title: Pelvic stress injuries: the relationship between osteitis pubis (symphysis pubis stress injury) and sacroiliac abnormalities in athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate with radiographic imaging the association between pubic stress injury and sacroiliac abnormalities in athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven athletes (9 men and 2 women), comprising seven male long-distance runners, one male soccer player, one male and two female basketball players, were imaged with plain films for complaints of pubic symphysis pain, sciatica, groin pain, or a combination of these complaints. In addition to the plain films, four patients were imaged with CT, two patients had MR imaging, and a bone scan was performed in three patients. Anteroposterior plain films of the pelvis of 20 patients without back pain or pubic pain were evaluated for comparison as a control group (ages 18-72 years, average 49 years; 11 women and 9 men).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All athletes showed plain film evidence of either sclerosis, erosions or offset at the pubic symphysis. Four had avulsion of cortical bone at the site of insertion of the gracilis tendon. Four patients demonstrated sacroiliac joint abnormalities on plain films consisting of sclerosis, erosions and osteophytes, and in one of these athletes, bilateral sacroiliac changes are present. Two patients with normal sacroiliac joints on plain films had a bone scan showing increased radionuclide uptake bilaterally at the sacroiliac joints. One patient with both plain film and CT evidence of sacroiliac abnormalities had an MR examination showing abnormal signal at both sacroiliac joints and at the pubic symphysis. A sacral stress fracture was found on CT in one patient with complaints of sciatica. In the control group, six patients, all over the age of 55 years, had mild sclerosis of the symphysis, but no plain film evidence of sacroiliac abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have found a group of athletes in whom stress injuries to the pubic symphysis are associated with changes in the sacroiliac joint as demonstrated by degenerative changes or in the sacrum as manifested as a sacral stress fracture. These findings are probably due to abnormal stresses across the pelvic ring structure that lead to a second abnormality in the pelvic ring. The abnormality in the sacrum is not always well seen with conventional imaging. Recognition of the association of stress injury of the symphysis with back pain is important in that it can help avoid inappropriate studies and diagnostic confusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Major
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Helms
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010000:Osteitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011630:Pubic Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012446:Sacroiliac Joint / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D013128:Spinal Osteophytosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D013177:Sports; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed