title: MacLeod revisited: sperm count distributions in 374 fertile men from 1971 to 1994.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There has been an enormous amount of interest as to whether sperm counts are declining over time. We sought to compare a contemporary group of fertile men to those from the MacLeod study of 1951 to ascertain whether sperm counts in fertile men have changed over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained sperm count data from 374 fertile men who banked sperm in Minnesota prior to vasectomy from 1971 to 1994 and compared them to sperm count distributions from the 1000 fertile men of MacLeod's study. Semen analyses were performed as per World Health Organization guidelines using identical techniques in both the present and MacLeod studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The contemporary group had a mean sperm count of 102 +/- 81 x 10(6)/mL (median 85 x 10(6)/mL) compared to 107 +/- 74 x 10(6)/mL (median 90 x 10(6)/mL) for MacLeod's data. There are no significant differences in mean or median sperm counts or sperm count distributions between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We find remarkable similarities in sperm count distributions in cohorts of fertile men from 1951 and 1971 to 1994. Sperm counts in fertile men have not changed appreciably in the 40 years since MacLeod's report.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10028, USA.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Emanuel
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Goluboff
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fisch
mesh_terms: D005298:Fertility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013076:Sperm Count; D013997:Time Factors