title: Venous thromboembolic complications after kidney and kidney-pancreas transplantation: a multivariate analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We reviewed the incidence of and risk factors for venous thromboembolic complications in our population of kidney (KTx) and simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplant (SPK) recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was collected retrospectively from a database on 1833 KTx and 276 SPK recipients who underwent transplant surgery between January 1985 and August 1995.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was 6.2% (n= 132), with significantly higher rates after SPK (18.1%) vs. KTx (4.5%) (P < 0.001). The number of DVT episodes was highest in the first month; 17.5% occurred during this time. For KTx recipients, early thrombotic events were more common on the side of the graft (P=0.03); however, after 1 month, no correlation existed between the side of the graft and the side of DVT. For SPK recipients, DVT tended to be more common on the side of the pancreas (57%) vs. the kidney (43%) (P=0.10). By multivariate analysis, risk factors for DVT were: age > 40 years (odds ratio [OR]=2.2, P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR=2.0, P=0.002), previous DVT (OR=4.4, P=0.001), and SPK transplant (OR=2.8, P < 0.001). Pulmonary embolus (PE) was identified in 44 recipients (incidence, 2.1%) and was fatal in 13 (30%). The incidence was significantly higher in SPK (4.71%) vs. KTx recipients (1.69%) (P < 0.01). The risk of death from PE was 0.5% in KTx recipients and 1.37% in SPK recipients (P=0.08). Risk factors for PE included DM (OR=2.6, P=0.005) and recent DVT (OR=8.9, P=0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on risk and extrapolating from the general surgical literature, our recommendations for prophylaxis against DVT are use of graduated compression stockings for all recipients and, in addition, low-dose heparin for moderate and high-risk recipients (previous DVT, SPK, age > 40 years, DM).
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Humar
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Gillingham
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Wrenshall
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Najarian
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gruessner
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Matas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control