title: The double switch procedure for anatomical repair of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries in infants and children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess outcomes of anatomical repair (double switch procedure) in infants and children with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between September 1993 and August 1996, 17 patients with congenitally corrected transposition underwent surgery at UCSF. Anatomical repair was performed in 11 of these patients, at ages ranging from 4.8 months to 7.8 years (median 3.2 years). The remaining six patients did not undergo anatomical repair due to unfavourable anatomy (n = 2), prior conduit repair (n = 2), biventricular dysfunction (n = 1), and isolated complete atrioventricular block (n = 1). The 11 patients who underwent anatomical repair make up the study group for the present report. All 11 patients had a malalignment ventricular septal defect, while pulmonary outflow tract obstruction was present in nine patients and significant tricuspid valve pathology or dysfunction was present in five. Anatomical repair was achieved with a Senning (n = 7) or a Mustard (n = 4) procedure combined with an arterial switch operation plus ventricular septal defect closure (n = 4), or a Rastelli procedure with left ventricle to aortic baffle and right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit (n = 7). There was one early death and no patients developed surgical complete atrioventricular block. At a median follow-up of 22 months, there were no late deaths. Two patients required a total of three late reoperations, and all patients were asymptomatic on no cardiac medication. Follow-up echocardiography revealed normal biventricular function in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anatomical repair of corrected transposition can be achieved with low rates of early mortality and surgical heart block, and favourable mid-term results. Long-term follow-up will be necessary to determine if the double switch approach improves the natural history of corrected transposition when compared to less aggressive surgical approaches that leave the right ventricle in the systemic circulation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McElhinney
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Hanley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome