title: Malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection among male employees of a sugar estate in Malawi.
abstract: In sub-saharan Africa, where malaria is endemic and diagnostic and laboratory services are limited, fever is generally presumed to be due to malaria; however, the proportion of fevers actually related to malaria is unknown in most places. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between fever, malaria parasitaemia and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Between February and April 1994, 643 consenting adult male workers of the Sugar Corporation of Malawi (SUCOMA) in Nchalo, Chikwawa District, Malawi were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Participants underwent routine physical examinations and data were collected on age, axillary temperature, and history of fever or other illness in the 2 weeks before enrollment. Patients with axillary temperature > or = 37.5 degrees C were considered to be febrile. Blood was collected and thick blood films were prepared and examined for the presence of malaria parasites. HIV testing was done using the Wellcozyme enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Complete information was obtained from 605 subjects (94%), of whom 248 (41%) reported a history of fever (only 15% of the fever reporters were parasitaemic), 139 (23%) were HIV positive, and 131 (22%) received an antimalarial drug. HIV infection was significantly associated with fever but not with parasitaemia. Fever reporters and non-fever reporters were of similar age (means 32.8 and 33.1 years, respectively). These data suggest that in this population there was both high HIV seroprevalence and gross overestimation of fever as malaria. High HIV prevalence makes it necessary to re-examine the common practice in Malawi of treating all fever among adults as malaria.
authors.affiliation: Community Health Sciences Unit, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: O C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Nwanyanwu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumwenda
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Kazembe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jemu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ziba
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Nkhoma
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Redd
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005334:Fever / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials