title: Efficacy of meningococcal vaccine and barriers to vaccination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of the quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine for control of outbreaks has increased in recent years, but the efficacy of meningococcal vaccine during mass vaccination campaigns in US civilian populations has not been assessed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of the quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine against serogroup C meningococcal disease in a community outbreak setting and to evaluate potentially modifiable barriers to vaccination in an area with persistent meningococcal disease following immunization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Matched case-control study of vaccine efficacy using cases of serogroup C meningococcal disease in persons eligible for vaccination during mass vaccination campaigns. Control patients were matched by neighborhood and age. The control group was used to identify possible barriers to vaccination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gregg County, Texas, population 106076, from 1993 to 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 17 case patients with serogroup C meningococcal disease eligible for vaccine and 84 control patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vaccine efficacy and risk factors associated with nonvaccination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vaccine efficacy among 2- to 29-year-olds was 85% (95% confidence interval, 27%-97%) and did not change in bivariate analyses with other risk factors that were significant in univariate analysis. Among control patients, older age was strongly associated with nonvaccination; vaccination rates for 2- to 4-year-olds, 5- to 18-year-olds, and 19- to 29-year-olds were 67%, 48%, and 20%, respectively (chi2 for linear trend, P=.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine was effective against serogroup C meningococcal disease in this community outbreak. Although specific barriers to vaccination were not identified, older age was a risk factor for nonvaccination in the target population of 2- to 29-year-olds. In future outbreaks, emphasis should be placed on achieving high vaccination coverage, with special efforts to vaccinate young adults.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga 30333, USA. nar5@cdc.gov
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rosenstein
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Plikaytis
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Perkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012703:Serotyping; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines