title: Cardiovascular evaluation of lowland gorillas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design a diagnostic protocol that uses appropriate techniques, including ultrasonography, to assess cardiovascular health and detect primary cardiac diseases in gorillas and to establish a database of reference values for cardiac measurements in clinically normal gorillas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  5 adult male lowland gorillas from 11 to 18 years old.
  
  
  METHODS
  A complete cardiac evaluation was performed on anesthetized gorillas, including physical examination, thoracic radiography, electrocardiography, echocardiography, blood pressure determination, CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and serologic assay for viral diseases. Standard cardiac measurements were made from images collected during ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac measurements derived from ultrasonographic images were consistent with those considered normal in human beings. Results of other diagnostic tests were also considered normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac disease is the primary cause of mortality in old captive gorillas. The technique used here provided excellent evaluation of cardiac function. Use of these techniques will allow early detection of cardiac disease, making treatment or medical management possible.
authors.affiliation: St Louis Zoological Park, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Junge
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Mezei
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Muhlbauer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000662:veterinary; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000662:veterinary; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000662:veterinary; D006071:Gorilla gorilla / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000662:veterinary; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral