title: Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the anticonvulsant and electroencephalogram effects of phenytoin in rats.
abstract: In this study a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model is proposed for drugs with nonlinear elimination kinetics. We applied such an integrated approach to characterize the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of phenytoin. In parallel, the anticonvulsant effect and the electroencephalogram (EEG) effect were used to determine the pharmacodynamics. Male Wistar-derived rats received a single intravenous dose of 40 mg . kg-1 phenytoin. The increase in the threshold for generalized seizure activity (TGS) was used as the anticonvulsant effect and the increase in the total number of waves in the 11.5 to 30 Hz frequency band was taken as the EEG effect measure. Phenytoin pharmacokinetics was described by a saturation kinetics model with Michaelis-Menten elimination. Vmax and Km values were, respectively, 386 +/- 31 microg . min-1 and 15.4 +/- 2.2 microg . ml-1 for the anticonvulsant effect in the cortical stimulation model and 272 +/- 31 microg . min-1 and 5.9 +/- 0.7 microg . ml-1 for the EEG effect. In both groups, a delay to the onset of the effect was observed relative to plasma concentrations. The relationship between phenytoin plasma concentrations and effect site was estimated by an equilibration kinetics routine, yielding mean ke0 values of 0.108 and 0.077 min-1 for the anticonvulsant and EEG effects, respectively. The EEG changes in the total number of waves could be fitted by the sigmoid Emax model, but Emax values could not be estimated for the nonlinear relationship between concentration and the increase in TGS. An exponential equation (E = E0 + Bn . Cn) derived from the sigmoid Emax model was applied to describe the concentration-anticonvulsant effect relationship, under the assumption that Emax values cannot be reached within acceptable electric stimulation levels. This approach yielded a coefficient (B) of 2.0 +/- 0.4 microA . ml . microg-1 and an exponent (n) of 2.7 +/- 0.9. The derived EC50 value of 12.5 +/- 1. 3 microg . ml-1 for the EEG effect coincides with the "therapeutic range" in humans.
authors.affiliation: Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Pharmacology, University of Leiden, University of Leiden, P.O. Box. 9503, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: O E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Della Paschoa
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mandema
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Voskuyl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danhof
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004569:Electroencephalography; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D001798:Blood Proteins; D010672:Phenytoin