title: Quantitative assessment of color vision impairment in workers exposed to toluene.
abstract: Color vision was examined by the Lanthony-D-15 desaturated test in two groups of workers occupationally exposed to toluene and in a control group. Biological parameters of toluene exposure were analyzed: toluene in air and in venous blood, orthocresol, and hippuric acid in urine after workshift. The first exposed group, Group E1, comprised 41 workers (toluene exposure ranged from 11.30 to 49.30 ppm), and the second exposed group, Group E2, comprised 32 workers (toluene exposure ranged from 66.00 to 250.00 ppm). The nonexposed group, Group NE, comprised 83 subjects. Each group was divided into two subgroups; alcohol consumers and nonconsumers. Color vision loss was expressed as a color confusion index (CCI) and as age and alcohol intake-adjusted color confusion index (AACCI). Significantly higher values of CCI and AACCI (both P < 0.0001) in Group E2 in comparison to Group NE, and significantly higher CCI (P < 0.0001) and AACCI (P < 0.05) values in Group E2 in comparison to Group E1 were established. The significant difference in CCI value between alcohol consumers and nonconsumers was established only in Group NE (P < 0.05). In Group NE significant correlation was found between CCI value as a dependent and age and alcohol intake as independent cofactors (R2 = 0.45; P = 0.0000). In Group E2 significant correlation was established between CCI as a dependent factor and age, toluene in air, and alcohol intake (R2 = 0.72; P = 0.0001), or between CCI as dependent and age, toluene in blood and alcohol intake as independent cofactors (R2 = 0.68; P = 0.0002). In Group E1 significant correlation was established only between CCI and age (P <0.005). In Group E2, AACCI value significantly correlated with toluene in air (P < 0.0001), toluene in blood (r < 0.0005), orthocresol (P < 0.005) and hippuric acid (P < 0.005) in urine after workshift. There were no differences between smokers and nonsmokers in CCI values in the examined groups. Results of this study indicate that toluene in exposed workers can impair color vision. The role of alcohol intake and age influence on color vision loss cannot be ignored in such workers.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zavalić
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mandić
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Turk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bogadi-Sare
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Plavec
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D003118:Color Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D003119:Color Perception Tests; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003408:Cresols / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006626:Hippurates / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011327:Printing; D012775:Shoes; D012907:Smoking; D013997:Time Factors; D014050:Toluene / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D003408:Cresols; D006626:Hippurates; D014050:Toluene; C030514:hippuric acid; C034047:2-cresol