title: Optic disc hemorrhages in a population with and without signs of glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associations of optic disc hemorrhage in a well-defined older Australian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was a population-based, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3654 persons 49 years of age or older, representing 88% of permanent residents from an area west of Sydney, participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants underwent a detailed eye examination. The diagnosis of optic disc hemorrhage was made from masked photographic grading; disc hemorrhages were subclassified as flame or blot in shape. Open-angle glaucoma was diagnosed from matching visual field loss and optic disc rim thinning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of disc hemorrhage in either or both eyes was 1.4%. Disc hemorrhage prevalence was higher in women (odds radios [OR], 1.9; confidence interval [CI], 1.0-3.5) and increased with age (OR, 2.2 per decade; CI, 1.7-2.8 per decade). The overall prevalence in subjects with open-angle glaucoma was 13.8% (8% in high-pressure glaucoma and 25% in low-pressure glaucoma) and 1.5% in subjects with ocular hypertension. Disc hemorrhages were associated with increasing intraocular pressure (OR, 1.7 per 5 mmHg; CI, 1.3-2.3 per 5 mmHg), pseudoexfoliation (OR, 3.5; CI, 1.1-11.8), diabetes (OR, 2.9; CI, 1.4-6.3), and increasing systolic blood pressure (OR, 1.1 per 10 mmHg; CI, 1.0-1.3) after adjusting for age and gender. Among subjects without open-angle glaucoma, disc hemorrhages were more frequent in eyes with larger vertical cup-disc ratios and in subjects with a history of typical migraine headache (OR, 2.2; CI, 1.1-4.6). No associations were found among subjects with a history of vascular events, smoking, regular aspirin use, or myopia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disc hemorrhage prevalence in this population is higher than that in the two previous population-based reports. Although the strong association of disc hemorrhage with open-angle glaucoma was confirmed (particularly low-pressure glaucoma), most disc hemorrhages (70%) were found in participants without definite signs of glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Healey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D009898:Optic Disk; D015995:Prevalence; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000150:complications; D014794:Visual Fields