title: Intraumbilical oxytocin for the management of retained placenta: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ability of intraumbilical oxytocin injection as a treatment for retained placenta after vaginal delivery to reduce the incidence of manual removal and postpartum hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial was set up in a university and a district general hospital. We recruited 81 women with singleton pregnancies who underwent vaginal delivery and who failed to deliver the placenta after 20 minutes of active management of the third stage of labor. Study subjects were randomized to receive either 1) an intraumbilical injection of oxytocin (20 IU in 20 mL of saline); 2) an intraumbilical injection of saline (20 mL); or 3) no treatment. Outcome measures were expulsion of the placenta within 45 minutes of delivery, need for manual removal of the placenta under anesthesia, and postpartum hemorrhage (defined as a blood loss greater than 500 mL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women given an intraumbilical injection of oxytocin had a significant increase in spontaneous expulsion of the placenta within 45 minutes of delivery and fewer manual removals of the placenta, compared with women without treatment (odds ratio [OR] 11.6, 99% confidence interval [CI] 1.4, 272.8; and OR 7.4, 99% CI 1.1, 86.5; respectively). When women given intraumbilical oxytocin were compared with women given only intraumbilical saline, the difference was not statistically significant (OR 6.6, 99% CI 0.9, 77.2 for spontaneous expulsion of the placenta; and OR 4.7, 99% CI 0.8, 39.5 for manual removal). There was no significant difference in the incidence of spontaneous expulsion and manual removal of the placenta between women given intraumbilical saline injection and women without treatment (OR 1.8, 99% CI 0.1, 53.9; and OR 1.6, 99% CI 0.1, 22.4; respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study suggest a clinically important beneficial effect of intraumbilical oxytocin injection in the management of retained placenta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Liverpool Women's Hospital, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gazvani
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Luckas
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Drakeley
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Alfirevic
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Walkinshaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018457:Placenta, Retained / Q000628:therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014471:Umbilical Veins
chemical_list: D010121:Oxytocin