title: Labor affects cytokine production in newborns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the mode of delivery or the drugs given to the mother during labor may affect the newborns' immune system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of term newborns were included: A, spontaneously delivered with i.v. analgesia (n = 37); B, spontaneously delivered with epidural analgesia (n = 26); and C, delivered by cesarean section under general anesthesia (n = 29). Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, mitogenic response, and the capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to produce interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NK cell cytotoxicity increased significantly in all three groups of newborns on the second day of life. Decreased IL-2 production was observed in newborns delivered by cesarean section. Spontaneous IL-1 beta secretion was higher in newborns to mothers treated with epidural analgesia. Spontaneous IL-6 secretion was elevated in infants to mothers undergoing general anesthesia and surgery or epidural analgesia. TNF-alpha production was increased in newborns delivered by cesarean section.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The immune response of the newborn is affected by the mode of delivery and/or drugs given to the mother during labor.
authors.affiliation: Hematology and Immunology Research Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Petah-Tiqva, Israel.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bessler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuperman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beilin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klinger
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gurary
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mozes
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sirota
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical; D002585:Cesarean Section; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000502:physiology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins; D008934:Mitogens; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha