title: [Pseudomembranous colitis: report of four cases].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clostridium difficile is the cause of 25-30% of cases of antibiotic-induced diarrhea. Pseudomembranous colitis is the most dramatic manifestation of C. difficile infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report four cases of pseudomembranous colitis and review the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three of the four patients, were over 80 years old and had other underlying illnesses. Before they developed colitis, all had received cephalosporins (cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefalexine) and one of them also clindamycin. All the patients had severe watery bowel movements, with mucus (one patient had also bloody stools), abdominal pain, nausea, vomit and fever. Blood tests disclosed leucocytosis with neutrophilia and increased band neutrophils in all patients. One patient had anasarca and hypo-albuminemia, suggestive of protein losing enteropathy. Sigmoidoscopy showed raised, yellow plaques covering the rectum, sigmoid and descendent colon mucosa. The response to oral metronidazole or vancomycin was good. The response to intravenous metronidazole was good in one patient and poor in another one. Two of our patients had relapses. The response of the relapses to oral metronidazole was good. One patient had two relapses eventually responding to oral metronidazole and Saccharomyces boulardii.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pseudomem-branous colitis has high morbility in debilitated elderly patients. Relapses are frequent in these patients. If other studies should confirm it, Saccharomyces boulardii could be useful in the prevention and treatment of relapses of this colitis.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Español de México, México, D.F.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Solana de Lope
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aguilera
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Vinageras
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez Manauta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
vernacular_title: Colitis pseudomembranosa: presentación de cuatro casos.