title: Embryonic heart rate in early pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heart rates in embryos (6-8 weeks' gestation) have rarely been studied. We attempted to identify embryonic heart rates at 4 stages during 6-8 weeks' gestation and to relate our findings to fetal outcome at the end of the first trimester. We also tried to determine the lower limit of the heart rate associated with a favorable outcome for each group.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied 2,164 singleton pregnancies between 1992 and 1995. Gestational age was calculated from the known date of the beginning of the last menstrual period and was confirmed by sonographic measurement of the crown-rump length. M-mode sonography was used to calculate the embryonic heart rate as the mean of at least 3 waves in beats/minute.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean embryonic heart rates (+/-standard deviation) were 111+/-14 beats/min for group 1 (42-45 days), 125+/-15 beats/min for group 2 (46-49 days), 145+/-14 beats/min for group 3 (50-52 days), and 157+/-13 beats/min for group 4 (53-56 days). Statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) in the mean heart rates were seen between all groups. A heart rate between 116 and 125 beats/min was associated with the fewest losses in groups 1 (10.8% losses) and 2 (8.6%). In groups 3 and 4, a heart rate of 146 beats/min or more was associated with the fewest losses (5.5% and 3.3%, respectively). A highly significant (p < 0.01) linear decrease was seen in fetal losses with increasing gestational age. Embryos with heart rates below 85 beats/ min during 6-8 weeks' gestation did not survive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The heart rate during 6-8 weeks' gestation is associated with fetal outcome at the end of the first trimester and identifies those embryos that are in jeopardy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, University of Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: T I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Stefos
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lolis
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sotiriadis
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Ziakas
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal