title: Radiosurgery for cavernous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors examined 22 patients with cavernous malformations (CMs) who had undergone gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) to assess the value of this procedure in treating these lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  At the Karolinska Hospital, GKRS was used to treat 23 patients with CMs during the period of 1985 through 1996. One of the patients was lost to follow up and the treatment results of the 22 remaining patients were analyzed. In the first half of the series, the CMs were treated with high doses of radiation (> 15-Gy dose to the periphery); in the second half of the series, lower doses were used. Nine of the 22 patients suffered a post-GKRS hemorrhage and six developed a radiation-induced complication (two of these patients experienced both). Some time after GKRS was performed, surgical removal of the CM had to be undertaken in four patients because of hemorrhage and in two patients because of radiation-induced complications. Four of the nine patients who experienced no post-GKRS hemorrhage or radiation-induced complication were treated before 1990; recent magnetic resonance imaging revealed a decrease in the size of the CM in three of these individuals and no size change in the other. The annual post-GKRS hemorrhage rate was 8% in this group. There was a trend in the hemorrhage rate to decrease 4 years postsurgery. There was also a trend for higher radiation doses administered to the periphery of the lesion to result in a lower risk of posttreatment hemorrhage. However, it could not be concluded whether GKRS affects the natural course of a CM. The incidence of radiation-induced complications was approximately seven times higher than that expected if the same number of patients had been treated by GKRS with the same radiation dose distributions for arteriovenous malformations instead of CMs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high incidence of radiation-induced complications does not seem to justify the limited protection the treatment may afford in only exceptional cases. A prospective randomized study is needed before the role of radiosurgery in the management of these lesions can be defined. Until such a study has proved differently, a caveat must be raised for the treatment of CM with GKRS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kihlström
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lindquist
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ericson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steiner
mesh_terms: D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome