title: Aerosol cyclosporine prevents acute allograft rejection in experimental lung transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of acute rejection and the morbidity of systemic cyclosporine (INN: cyclosporine) after lung transplantation is significant. Experimental evidence suggests that the allograft locally modulates the immune mechanisms of acute rejection. The purpose of this study was to determine whether aerosolized cyclosporine would prevent acute cellular rejection, achieve effective graft concentrations with low systemic drug delivery, and locally affect production of the inflammatory cytokines involved in acute rejection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unilateral orthotopic left lung transplantation was performed in 64 rats (ACI to Lewis), which were divided into eight groups (each group, n = 8): group A, no treatment; groups B to D, aerosol cyclosporine 1 to 3 mg/kg per day, respectively; group E to H, systemic cyclosporine 2, 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg per day, respectively. After the animals were killed on postoperative day 2, 4, or 6, the transplanted lung, native lung, spleen, and blood were collected. Histologic studies, high-pressure liquid chromatography for trough cyclosporine concentrations, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for cytokine gene expression were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Untreated animals showed grade 4 rejection by postoperative day 6. Aerosol cyclosporine prevented acute rejection in a dose-dependent fashion, with group D animals (3 mg/kg per day) showing minimal grade 1 changes. Among animals receiving systemic cyclosporine, only group H (15 mg/kg per day) controlled (grade 1) rejection. However, aerosol cyclosporine, at an 80% lower dose, achieved significantly lower concentrations of cyclosporine in the graft (12,349 vs 28,714 ng/mg, p = 0.002004) and blood (725 vs 3306 ng/ml, p = 0.000378). Group F (systemic 5 mg/kg per day) had higher cyclosporine concentrations in the blood than group D (p = 0.004572) and similar tissue concentrations (p = 0.115180), yet had grade 2 rejection. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction demonstrated equivalent suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase but a 20- to 25-fold higher expression of interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and interferon-gamma in group D versus group H recipient allografts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local delivery of cyclosporine by aerosol inhalation dose-dependently prevented acute pulmonary allograft rejection. Effective graft levels and low systemic drug delivery required significantly lower doses than systemic therapy alone. The gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines involved in allograft rejection was suppressed by aerosol cyclosporine therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Mitruka
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zeevi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Burckart
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Yousem
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Griffith
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051381:Rats; D011912:Rats, Inbred ACI; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine