title: Percutaneous radiofrequency tissue ablation: does perfusion-mediated tissue cooling limit coagulation necrosis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine, by decreasing hepatic perfusion during radiofrequency (RF) ablation, whether perfusion-mediated tissue cooling can explain the reduced coagulation observed in in vivo studies compared to that seen with RF application in ex vivo tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  RF was applied in vivo with use of cooled-tip electrodes to normal porcine liver without (n = 8) and with balloon occlusion of the portal vein (n = 8), celiac artery (n = 3), or hepatic artery (n = 2), and to ex vivo calf liver (n = 10). In vivo trials of vasopressin (0.3-0.6 U/min) infusion during RF application with (n = 10) and without (n = 2) arterial balloon occlusion were also performed. Intraoperative RF was subsequently performed in seven patients with hepatic colorectal metastases with and without portal inflow occlusion. Remote thermometry was performed in four patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RF application (12 minutes) during portal venous occlusion produced larger areas of coagulation necrosis than RF with unaltered blood flow (2.9 cm +/- 0.1 vs 2.4 cm +/- 0.2 diameter; P < .01). With celiac and hepatic artery occlusion, coagulation diameter measured 2.7 cm +/- 0.2 and 2.5 cm +/- 0.1, respectively. Infusion of vasopressin without vascular occlusion reduced coagulation diameter to 1.1 cm. However, different methods of hepatic or celiac arterial balloon occlusion with simultaneous vasopressin infusion produced a mean 3.4 cm +/- 0.2 of necrosis. Coagulation in ex vivo liver was 2.9 cm +/- 0.1 in diameter. Clinical studies demonstrated greater coagulation diameter for metastases treated during portal inflow occlusion (4.0 cm +/- 1.3) than for tumors treated with normal blood flow (2.5 cm +/- 0.8; P < .05). Thermometry documented a 10 degrees C increase compared to baseline at 10 mm and 20 mm from the electrode after 5 minutes of portal inflow occlusion during constant RF application.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perfusion-mediated tissue cooling reduces coagulation necrosis achievable with RF ablation. Reduction of blood flow during RF application increases coagulation in both an animal model and human liver metastases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schima
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Athanasoulis
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Compton
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Solbiati
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gazelle
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D002404:Catheterization; D002417:Cattle; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006499:Hepatic Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D009336:Necrosis; D010477:Perfusion; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D013552:Swine; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014667:Vasopressins