title: Metoclopramide: a novel and safe immunomodulating agent for restoring the depressed macrophage immune function after hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have shown that administration of the anterior pituitary hormone, prolactin, after hemorrhage restored the depressed immune responses that are observed under those conditions. Because metoclopramide (MCP) is known to increase prolactin secretion and ultimately plasma prolactin levels, we attempted to determine whether administration of metoclopramide after hemorrhage produces any beneficial effects on the depressed splenocyte and peritoneal macrophage immune function after severe hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were bled to and maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 35 mm Hg for 60 minutes, then adequately resuscitated and segregated into two groups. One group received saline vehicle; animals in the other group were treated with metoclopramide (100 microg/100 g body weight, subcutaneously) before resuscitation. Two hours after saline or MCP injection, the animals were killed and macrophage as well as splenocyte cultures established. Plasma corticosterone levels were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proliferative capacity of the splenocytes as well as their ability to release interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-3 in response to mitogen was markedly improved in animals that had hemorrhaged and that were treated with MCP compared with saline-injected mice. Moreover, the depressed splenic and peritoneal macrophage IL-1 and IL-6 release after hemorrhage was restored with MCP treatment. Furthermore, treatment with MCP prevented the increase in blood corticosterone levels seen after severe hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the concept that the immunosuppression after hemorrhage may be mediated by hormones from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Furthermore, MCP may be a useful adjuvant in the treatment of the trauma-hemorrhagic shock-induced immunosuppression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Brown University School of Medicine and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zellweger
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chaudry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D007377:Interleukin-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008787:Metoclopramide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D011897:Random Allocation; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007376:Interleukin-2; D007377:Interleukin-3; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008787:Metoclopramide