title: Inhibition of growth of human vascular smooth muscle cells by overexpression of p21 gene through induction of apoptosis.
abstract: The senescent cell-derived inhibitor (sdi)-1 protein (p21 product) has been identified as a downstream mediator of the tumor suppressor p53 in the regulation of cell cycle progression through a G1 phase checkpoint. Given the importance of cell cycle inhibition for the treatment of restenosis, in this study we focused on the function of p21 gene in inhibiting proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). To test the hypothesis, we transfected human p21 gene into human aortic VSMC using hemagglutinating virus of Japan-liposome-mediated transfer. Initially, we examined the successful transfection of human p21 gene into VSMC. p21 protein was increased in VSMC transfected with p21 vector as compared with control vector. Accompanied by increased p21 protein, transfection of p21 vector resulted in a significant decrease in number of VSMC induced by 2% serum (P<.01). Although p21 has been reported to play an important role in the regulation of apoptosis in some cells, apoptosis mediated by p21 is still controversial. Therefore, we hypothesized that overexpression of p21 mediates apoptosis in human VSMC, in addition to the blockade of cell cycle progression. First, we assessed the concordance between morphologic analysis and apoptosis as determined by nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342. Cells transfected with p21 gene exhibited the characteristic features of cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, and rounding that are typical of apoptotic death. Of greater interest, a significant increase in apoptotic cells was observed in VSMC transfected with p21 vector as compared with control vector (P<.01). These results were confirmed by the measurement of DNA fragmentation. Consistent with nuclear staining, DNA fragmentation in VSMC transfected with human p21 gene was significantly increased as compared with that in VSMC transfected with control vector (P<.05). To study the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis mediated by overexpression of p21 gene, the protein levels of bax, a promoter of apoptosis, and bcl-2, an inhibitor of apoptosis, were also measured by Western blotting. Overexpression of p21 gene significantly increased protein of bax (P<.05), whereas transfection of p21 gene did not alter bcl-2 protein. Importantly, the ratio of bax to bcl-2 was significantly increased in VSMC transfected with human p21 vector as compared with control vector (P<.05). Overall, these results demonstrated that inhibition of VSMC growth by overexpression of human p21 gene was accompanied by induction of apoptosis through an inappropriate increase in bax protein. These results suggest that regulation of cell cycle by p21 may be closely linked to programmed cell death/apoptosis in human VSMC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morishita
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moriguchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaneda
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogihara
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta; D017209:Apoptosis; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018108:Respirovirus; D014162:Transfection; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: C494826:BAX protein, human; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008081:Liposomes; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein