title: Inguinal cystoceles: a previously overlooked etiology of prostatism in men without bladder outlet obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determine whether inguinal cystoceles, a type of extraperitoneal herniation of the bladder, are responsible for symptoms consistent with prostatism in men without bladder outlet obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1996 to February 1997 inguinal cystoceles were treated with surgical repair of the floor of the inguinal canal in 8 men with a relatively long history of symptoms consistent with prostatism. The diagnosis of inguinal cystoceles was based on the filling phase of video urodynamic studies done with the patient standing. The clinical outcome of surgery was assessed using the International Prostate Symptom Score and urodynamic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All inguinal cystoceles studied were physically occult but clearly detected as wide-mouthed, mild protrusions of the bladder wall in the inguinal region on cystograms obtained with the patient standing. Although clear cystoceles were present on radiography on the right side in 1 case, the left side in 2 and bilaterally in 5, apparent bilateral weakness in Hesselbach's triangle was noted in all at surgery. High detrusor opening pressure and a relatively long opening time were regarded as urodynamic parameters characteristic of this condition. These parameters and subjective symptoms dramatically improved after bilateral surgical repair of the floor of the inguinal canal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inguinal cystoceles negatively affect voiding dynamics by increasing opening pressure and opening time, indicating that they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of men with symptoms consistent with prostatism. Video urodynamics is mandatory to detect this condition, which to our knowledge has been previously overlooked on radiography and urodynamics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Okayama University Medical School, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kumon
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Chancellor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006547:Hernia; D006801:Humans; D007264:Inguinal Canal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics