title: Imipramine treatment of opiate-dependent patients with depressive disorders. A placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The literature is inconclusive on the role of antidepressant medications in treating drug dependence. Studies have either not focused on depressed patients or have selected patients with depressive disorders based on cross-sectional symptoms rather than a syndromal diagnosis. A clinical trial of an antidepressant was, therefore, conducted on drug-dependent patients with syndromal depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients receiving methadone hydrochloride maintenance treatment were selected if they met the criteria for a DSM-III-R depressive disorder that was chronologically primary, had persisted during a past abstinent period or was long-standing, and persisted during at least 1 month of stable methadone treatment. Subjects were randomized to a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of imipramine hydrochloride. A favorable response was defined as a Clinical Global Impression scale score for depression of 2 ("much improved") or 1 ("very much improved") and at least a 75% reduction in self-reported drug or alcohol use or abstinence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirty-seven patients were randomized, and 84 completed a minimum adequate trial of at least 6 weeks. Among the 84 adequately treated patients, 57% (24/42) receiving imipramine were rated as responders compared with 7% (3/42) receiving placebo (P < .001). On measures of mood, there was a robust effect of imipramine. Imipramine was superior to placebo on some self-reported measures of substance use and craving, and mood improvement was associated with improvement in self-reported substance use. However, few patients achieved urine-confirmed abstinence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Imipramine was an effective antidepressant in patients receiving methadone who were selected via syndromal criteria for depressive illness. Imipramine may reduce substance abuse among patients whose mood improves; however, this effect was less robust.
authors.affiliation: Depression Evaluation Service, New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA.
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Quitkin
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deliyannides
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ocepek-Welikson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Woody
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007099:Imipramine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012651:Self Medication / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D007099:Imipramine; D008691:Methadone