title: Early experience and learning curve associated with laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic approach for hiatal hernia repair is relatively new. Information on the learning curve is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1994 to September 1996, 280 patients underwent antireflux surgery at our institution. A laparoscopic repair was attempted in 60 patients (21.4%). There were 38 men and 22 women. Median age was 49 years (range 21 to 78 years). Indications for operation were gastroesophageal reflux in 59 patients and a large paraesophageal hernia in one. A Nissen fundoplication was performed in all patients; 53 (88.3%) had concomitant hiatal hernia repair.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In eight patients (13.3%) the operation was converted to an open procedure. Median operative time for the 52 patients who had laparoscopic repair was 215 minutes (range 104 to 320 minutes). There were no deaths. Complications occurred in five patients (9.6%). Median hospitalization was 2 days (range 1 to 5 days). Median operative time and median hospitalization were significantly longer in the first 26 patients than in the subsequent 25 patients (248 vs 203 minutes and 2 days vs 1 day, respectively; p = 0.03). Seven of the first 30 patients (23.3%) required laparotomy as compared with two of the second 30 (6.7%) (p = 0.07). Follow-up in the 51 patients who had laparoscopic fundoplication for reflux was complete in 50 (98.0%) and ranged from 7 to 38 months (median 13 months). Functional results were classified as excellent in 34 patients (68.0%), good in 6 (12.0%), fair in 7 (14.0%), and poor in 3 (6.0%). Three patients were reoperated on for recurrent reflux symptoms at 5, 5, and 11 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication can be performed safely. The operative time, hospitalization, and conversion rate to laparotomy are higher during the early part of the experience, but all are reduced after the learning curve.
authors.affiliation: Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minn 55905, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deschamps
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Trastek
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Pairolero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000379:methods*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007813:Laparotomy; D007858:Learning; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome