title: Extension of sensory blockade after thoracic epidural administration of a test dose of lidocaine at three different levels.
abstract: To evaluate the relationship between the level of thoracic epidural injection and the extension of sensory blockade, we inserted radiopaque epidural catheters in 87 patients at the high (C7-T2, n = 28), mid (T3-5, n = 29) or low (T7-9, n = 30) thoracic levels. Fifteen minutes after the epidural administration of 60 mg of lidocaine, the mean (+/- SD) sensory block extension varied from 5.4 +/- 3.1 to 7.7 +/- 1.8 segments. The level of epidural puncture was a statistically significant factor in determining the cranial and caudal borders of sensory blockade (P = 0.0001, analysis of variance), but in determining for the total number of segments blocked. The number of blocked dermatomes located cranially of the puncture level increased significantly with descending injection site (P = 0.0001). We acquired chest radiographs in 61 patients to determine epidural catheter tip position. Direction of the epidural catheter tip was not a significant factor in determining the extension or borders of sensory blockade. We conclude that the extension of sensory blockade in thoracic epidural anesthesia is not influenced by the level of epidural puncture or catheter tip direction. There is, however, a more cranial spread of sensory blockade in the low thoracic region compared with the high thoracic region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After evaluating the extension and pattern of sensory blockade in high, mid, and low thoracic epidural analgesia, the authors suggest that it is safe to use similar dosage regimens in all three regions, and that in high thoracic epidural analgesia, it is important to insert the epidural catheter at the level of the intended cranial border of blockade.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Liem
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Egmond
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gielen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007813:Laparotomy; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013908:Thoracotomy; D013909:Thorax
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine