[Drug or plant substances which antagonize venoms or potentiate antivenins].
Dendroaspis jamesoni (Elapidae) and Echis oceliatus (Viperidae) are responsible for most of severe evenomation in Cameroon. Toxicity of venoms of these two species has been measured using mice according to the method of Spearman & Kàrber. The effect on experimental envenomation of various drugs (atropine, promethazine, neostigmine, hydrocortisone, pentosane sulfuric polyester, heparin, tranexamic acid and aminocaproic acid) and plant extracts (Schumanniophyton magnificum, Bidens pilosa, Securidaca longepedunculata and Garcinia lucida) has been observed associated or not with the antivenom lpser Afrique (SAV). The venom of D. jamesoni contains neurotoxins agonizing and antagonising acetylcholine. The toxicity of the venom did not depend on the route of injection. Atropine, promethazine, neostigmine and hydrocortisone protected animals against a venom dose up to 2 LD50. Moreover, atropine and promethazine potentiated the SAV. Similar results have been obtained with extracts from S. magnificum and B. pilosa. The venom of E. ocellatus induces haemorrhage and necrosis. The toxicity increased by 3-fold when the venom was injected through intravenous or intraperitoneal route, compared to intramuscular route. Pentosane sulfuric polyester and tranexamic acid protected mice against doses up to 3 LD50. Pentosane sulfuric polyester, hydrocortisone, heparin and aminocaproic acid increased the SAV protective titre by 50%. However, tried plant extracts weakly antagonised the venom and did not potentiate the SAV.
Chippaux
J P
JP
Antenne ORSTOM auprès du Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Adresse actuelle, Niamey, Niger.
Rakotonirina
V S
VS
Rakotonirina
A
A
Dzikouk
G
G
D000614:Aminocaproates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001681:Biological Assay; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D009388:Neostigmine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010426:Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011398:Promethazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D014757:Viper Venoms / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology*
D000614:Aminocaproates; D000997:Antivenins; D004546:Elapid Venoms; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014757:Viper Venoms; D010426:Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester; D009388:Neostigmine; D014148:Tranexamic Acid; D001285:Atropine; D006493:Heparin; D011398:Promethazine; D006854:Hydrocortisone
Substances médicamenteuses ou végétales antagonistes du venin ou potentialisant le sérum antivenimeux.