title: [Current status of combined modality therapy for esophageal cancer: from the standpoint of medical oncology].
abstract: Surgery is considered to be a standard therapy for stage III or the earlier stage of esophageal cancer. However, the standard therapy is changing because of the recent advances in the non-surgical approach, especially chemoradiotherapy. Various obstacles remain to estimate the outcomes of combined modality therapy, while the consensus of the treatment for such stage excluding T4 diseases are as follows: 1) Concurrent chemoradiotherapy has a superior outcome to radiation alone in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. 2) Recent chemoradiotherapy without surgery achieves results comparable to surgery alone. 3) Preoperative chemoradiotherapy can achieve better results than surgery alone in patients with adenocarcinoma. 4) Preoperative chemotherapy is still experimental. Our preliminary results of chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer also showed comparable data to extended surgery in terms of survival. Some significant points to be elucidated regarding combined modalities in stage III or earlier are: 1) the comparison of definitive chemoradiotherapy with Japanese extended surgery, and 2) evaluation of efficacy of surgery after chemoradiotherapy. However, these studies require randomized trials comparing surgery with non-surgical treatment, which appears to present significant obstacles. Critical estimation for each study should be recommended based on accurate clinical staging, biological behavior, and intention-to-treat.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohtsu
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016629:Esophagectomy; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage
chemical_list: D002945:Cisplatin; D005472:Fluorouracil