title: Inhibition of HIV infectivity by human saliva.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human saliva is known to decrease HIV infectivity in vitro. The purpose of this study was to extend these findings and to focus on the mechanism of action of these salivary factor(s).
  
  
  METHODS
  A number of viruses and several assay systems have been utilized to determine if the effect of submandibular saliva is directly on the virus, on the host cell, or on the virus-cell interaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Submandibular saliva from seronegative donors was incubated with HIV-1, other retroviruses, or unrelated viruses. Viral infectivity was monitored either by determining p24 antigen levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or Sup T1 cells, or using HeLa cells expressing CD4 and an HIV derived long terminal repeat linked to the beta-galactosidase gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inhibition of viral infectivity by submandibular saliva is specific for HIV-1. While inhibition increases with time of incubation of saliva with virus, pretreatment of cells with saliva does not inhibit HIV production, and saliva has only modest inhibitory effects when added to HIV-infected cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It appears that the effect of submandibular saliva on decreasing the infectivity of HIV-1 is directly on the virus, rather than on the host cell.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6003, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malamud
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagashunmugam
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kream
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006367:HeLa Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D012463:Saliva / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000378:metabolism; D014774:Virulence; D014776:Virus Cultivation
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents