title: Adoption study of environmental modifications of the genetic influences on obesity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adult body mass index (BMI weight (kg)/height2 (m2)) usually shows familial correlations below 0.3, which are almost entirely due to genetic influences. The considerable remaining non-familial individual variation may be due to non-shared environmental influences which, however, may interact with or modify the genetic influence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the genetic influence on adult BMI is modified by various obesity-related environmental conditions during childhood and adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adoption study, in which the genetic influence is assessed by the correlations in adult BMI between adoptees and their biological fathers, mothers and full siblings. These correlations were compared between groups of families characterized by differences in rearing or adult environment of the adoptees and/or their biological relatives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Height, current weight and greatest weight ever, were obtained in 3651 subjects, who were adopted by non-related families in Copenhagen between 1924 and 1947. Groups representing thin, medium weight, overweight and obese proband adoptees were selected by current BMI (n = 540) and by maximum BMI (n = 524). The members of the biological and adoptive families of the proband adoptees were identified and their BMI was computed from height and weight obtained by mailed questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  Indicators related to the rearing environment of the adoptees were age of the adoptee at transfer to the adoptive family, region of residence, presence of adoptive siblings and, for the adoptive parents, year of birth, age at time of adoption, occupational rating, smoking habits and BMI. Indicators of the environment of both the adoptee and the biological relatives were: year of birth; occupational rating and smoking habits, and, of the environment of the biological parents, age and parity at birth of the adoptee.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correlations in BMI between adoptees and the biological fathers, mothers and siblings were 0.11, 0.15 and 0.26 for adoptees selected by current BMI, and 0.13, 0.16, and 0.27 for adoptees selected by maximum BMI, respectively (all P < 0.001), demonstrating the previously reported genetic influence. None of the environmental indicators showed consistent and significant effects on these six correlations. The same negative results were obtained in analysis of environmental indicators applied to the two adoptive parents together or to the adoptee and the biological relatives together.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The genetic influence on BMI was unaffected by several different environmental conditions otherwise associated with obesity.
authors.affiliation: Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark. tias-ipm@inet.uni-c.dk
authors.forename: T I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stunkard
mesh_terms: D000300:Adoption; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000235:genetics*; D003718:Denmark; D004777:Environment; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors