title: Small volumes of enteral feedings normalise immune function in infants receiving parenteral nutrition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parenteral nutrition (PN) is associated with a risk of septicaemia. This may be caused by impairment of immune function related to PN. The authors investigated the effects of the addition of enteral feedings to PN on the immune status of human newborn infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten surgical infants (age less than 6 months) requiring PN were studied in two consecutive phases: (A) after 31.1+/-6.0 days (mean +/- SEM) of PN with no enteral feeding (total PN); and (B) after 4.7+/-1.1 days from the addition of small volumes of enteral feeding to PN. Full blood count and liver function tests were not significantly different between phases A and B. A control group (n = 9) of infants receiving a normal enteral diet was also studied. Host bactericidal activity against coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) was measured by an in vitro whole blood model. Bacterial killing was measured after a 45-minute bacterial challenge using the Miles-Misra technique. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after 2 hours of bacterial challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lowest level of CNS killing (37.7+/-5.2%), was observed in patients receiving total PN. This increased significantly after the addition of small enteral feeds (52.0+/-4.6%, P < .005) approaching the levels measured in controls (65.1+/-3.4%). TNF-alpha production was low during total PN (1467+/-297 pg/mL) and rose significantly after the addition of minimal enteral feeds (4,661+/-1,311 pg/mL, P < .05). The increase in CNS killing after the addition of small enteral feeds in patients on PN was significantly correlated with the duration of enteral feeding (r = 0.8, P = .006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the introduction of small volumes of enteral feed improve the impaired killing of CNS and the abnormal cytokine response observed during total PN. This implies that stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract may modulate immune function in neonates and prevent bacterial infection.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Surgery Unit, Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, University College London Medical School, England.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: van Saene
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierro
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D001770:Blood Bactericidal Activity / Q000276:immunology*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha