title: Auscultation revisited: the waveform and spectral characteristics of breath sounds during general anesthesia.
abstract: Although auscultation is commonly used as a continuous monitoring tool during anesthesia, the breath sounds of anesthetized patients have never been systematically studied. In this investigation we used digital audio technology to record and analyze the breath sounds of 14 healthy adult patients receiving general anesthesia with positive pressure ventilation. Sounds recorded from inside the esophagus were compared to those recorded from the surface of the chest, and corresponding airflow was measured with a pneumotachograph. The sound samples associated with inspiratory and expiratory phases were analyzed in the time domain (RMS amplitude) and frequency domain (peak frequency, spectral edge, and power ratios). There was a positive linear correlation (R2 > 0.9) between inspiratory flow and sound amplitude in the precordial and esophageal samples of all patients. The RMS amplitude of the inspiratory and expiratory sounds was approximately 13 times greater when recorded from inside the esophagus than from the surface of the chest in all patients at all flows (p < 0.001). The peak frequency (Hz) was significantly higher in the esophageal recordings than the precordial samples (298 +/- 9 vs 181 +/- 10, P < 0.0001), as was the 97% spectral edge (Hz) (740 +/- 7 vs 348 +/- 16, P < 0.0001). In the adult population esophageal stethoscopes yield higher frequencies and greater amplitude than precordial stethoscopes. Quantification of lung sounds may provide for improved monitoring and diagnostic capability during anesthesia and surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, N.Y. 11794, USA.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Manecke
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dilger
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kutner
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Poppers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001314:Auscultation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004947:Esophagus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012119:Respiration; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted