title: A microcosm study on remediation of explosives-contaminated groundwater using constructed wetlands.
abstract: Anaerobic degradation of TNT and TNB in gravel systems was rapid and similar to removal rates in parrot feather lagoons. Planted and unplanted anaerobic gravel systems were the only treatments that provided significant reduction of RDX and HMX. Planted systems with parrot feather had no effect on removal rates of explosives in anaerobic gravel systems. Reciprocating wetlands were not effective in biodegrading RDX or HMX, but were very efficient at removing COD. A scaled-up concept for bioremediating contaminated groundwater can be envisioned with the data obtained in the current study. The effectiveness of anaerobic gravel systems indicate an anaerobic subsurface-flow constructed wetland can be established as the primary treatment for remediation with C added to the influent or step fed down the length of the wetland. Another option would be to add compost as a more permanent source of C to the gravel substrate. With time, the need for C supplementation may be reduced with the C exudates and redox lowering potential of certain plants like canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea). As a secondary treatment, a reciprocating wetland would appear to be a logical choice to quickly remove C released in effluent waters of the anaerobic wetland.
authors.affiliation: TVA Environmental Research Center, Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35660, USA.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Sikora
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Behrends
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Coonrod
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Bader
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001392:Azocines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors; D006256:Hazardous Waste; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism*; D013714:Tennessee; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014301:Trinitrobenzenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001392:Azocines; D006256:Hazardous Waste; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D014227:Triazines; D014301:Trinitrobenzenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; C029222:sym-trinitrobenzene; C007950:octogen; D010100:Oxygen; C009160:cyclonite