title: Vitamins A and E serum levels in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease: effect of disease activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypovitaminosis and fat-soluble vitamin deficiency have been reported in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A prospective study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of low serum levels of vitamins A and E in children and young adults with IBD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical information and serum for vitamin levels was gathered prospectively from 61 patients with Crohn's disease, 36 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 23 control subjects. Disease activity and disease location were determined for IBD patients. Serum retinol and alpha-tocopherol levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of hypovitaminosis A (defined as serum vitamin A < 20 micrograms/dl) or hypovitaminosis E (defined as serum vitamin E < 5 mg/l) was 16% in the pediatric IBD population studied. Low vitamin A levels were more common than low vitamin E levels. Serum retinol levels correlated significantly with alpha-tocopherol levels. Hypovitaminosis was significantly more prevalent in the Crohn's disease patients who had active disease, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of more than 25 mm/hour, or a serum albumin level less than 3 mg/dl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children and young adults with active IBD frequently have low serum levels of vitamin A or vitamin E. The severity of disease activity is a better predictor of risk for hypovitaminosis than is nutritional status. Further work is necessary to determine whether the hypovitaminosis seen in children with IBD reflects true deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Combined Program in Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bousvaros
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rifai
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leichtner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000209:etiology*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood; D014811:Vitamin E Deficiency / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E