title: Role of metabolic gases in bubble formation during hypobaric exposures.
abstract: Our hypothesis is that metabolic gases play a role in the initial explosive growth phase of bubble formation during hypobaric exposures. Models that account for optimal internal tensions of dissolved gases to predict the probability of occurrence of venous gas emboli were statistically fitted to 426 hypobaric exposures from National Aeronautics and Space Administration tests. The presence of venous gas emboli in the pulmonary artery was detected with an ultrasound Doppler detector. The model fit and parameter estimation were done by using the statistical method of maximum likelihood. The analysis results were as follows. 1) For the model without an input of noninert dissolved gas tissue tension, the log likelihood (in absolute value) was 255.01. 2) When an additional parameter was added to the model to account for the dissolved noninert gas tissue tension, the log likelihood was 251.70. The significance of the additional parameter was established based on the likelihood ratio test (P < 0.012). 3) The parameter estimate for the dissolved noninert gas tissue tension participating in bubble formation was 19. 1 kPa (143 mmHg). 4) The additional gas tissue tension, supposedly due to noninert gases, did not show an exponential decay as a function of time during denitrogenation, but it remained constant. 5) The positive sign for this parameter term in the model is characteristic of an outward radial pressure of gases in the bubble. This analysis suggests that dissolved gases other than N2 in tissues may facilitate the initial explosive bubble-growth phase.
authors.affiliation: Universities Space Research Association, Division of Space Life Sciences, Houston, Texas, 77058, USA.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conkin
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Waligora
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Chhikara
mesh_terms: D000399:Air Pressure; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D005740:Gases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009584:Nitrogen