title: Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on conjugated bile acids and progesterone metabolites in serum and urine of patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanism(s) behind the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on serum steroid sulphate profiles in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is not clear. Conjugated progesterone metabolites and bile acids have therefore been analysed in serum and urine of patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy before and during treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid using chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentration of glycine-/taurine-conjugated bile acids decreased from 8.9+/-3 micromol/l (mean+/-SEM) before treatment to 1.8+/-0.6 micromol/l during treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid. The total bile acid excretion in urine decreased from 56+/-14 to 32+/-5.6 micromol/g creatinine. The proportion of cholic acid in serum and urine, and of 1beta-, 2beta- and 6alpha-hydroxylated cholic acids in urine decreased markedly during ursodeoxycholic acid while the percentages of 3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholenoic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were unchanged. The levels in serum and excretion in urine of sulphated steroids decreased during ursodeoxycholic acid, by 45-49% for disulphates and 33-35% for monosulphates. The ratios of 3alpha- to 3beta-hydroxysteroid disulphates were lowered by ursodeoxycholic acid from 1.1 (mean) to 0.68 in serum, and from 1.2 to 0.70 in urine. The corresponding ratios for monosulphates before and during ursodeoxycholic acid were 6.9 and 4.5, respectively, in serum, and 21 and 5.2, respectively, in urine. The major monosulphates in urine, dominated by 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha, 20alpha-diol, were also conjugated with N-acetylglucosamine. The excretion of these double conjugates decreased from 27+/-8.4 to 15+/-5.3 micromol/g creatinine during ursodeoxycholic acid. In contrast to sulphated steroids, the concentrations of glucuronides were unchanged in serum and their excretion in urine tended to increase during ursodeoxycholic acid. The metabolism of ursodeoxycholic acid was similar to that described in nonpregnant subjects. In addition to metabolites hydroxylated in the 1beta-, 5beta-, 6alpha/beta and 22-positions, a 4-hydroxy-ursodeoxycholic acid was tentatively identified. This occurred predominantly as a double conjugate with glycine/taurine and glucuronic acid, as did other 4-hydroxylated bile acids of probable foetal origin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are compatible with the contention that ursodeoxycholic acid stimulates the biliary excretion of sulphated progesterone metabolites, particularly those with a 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha(H) configuration and disulphates. The effect(s) appears to be independent of the stimulation of bile acid secretion. An effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on the reductive metabolism of progesterone cannot be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ribalta
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sjövall
mesh_terms: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism*; D002780:Cholestasis, Intrahepatic / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000378:metabolism; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D005998:Glycine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D013654:Taurine / Q000378:metabolism; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D005965:Glucuronates; D013654:Taurine; D011374:Progesterone; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D005998:Glycine