title: Medicolegal affairs. International Academy of Cytology Task Force summary. Diagnostic Cytology Towards the 21st Century: An International Expert Conference and Tutorial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increasing litigation over alleged false negative cervical cytologic (CC) smears threatens the viability of this test for cervical cancer detection. The problem appears to be largely American but is beginning to appear in some other countries. In the vast majority of cases there is either a settlement or jury verdict for the plaintiff based largely on the testimony of expert witnesses. Cases are judged on an individual basis without significant consideration of the general performance of the CC smear in laboratories operating in compliance with a wide array of laboratory regulations and with documented and comprehensive quality control practices in place. It is acknowledged that there are problem laboratories and cytology practitioners. There is an emerging issue of automated preparation and screening devices and issues of informed patient consent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytology professionals have done an extraordinary and commendable job of educating the public about the benefits of the CC smear. We have been less successful and conscientious about explaining and defining the limitations of the CC test. There is a need for public and professional education as to the benefits and limitations of the CC smear for cervical cancer detection. The process suggested is to work with women's groups, public health agencies, government agencies, and state and national legislatures and to coordinate professional committees working on liability issues. Contextual information could be included with the CC smear report to indicate that a negative report confers a low probability of developing cervical cancer. It is suggested that appropriate language and a menu of statements be developed. Increased efforts should be directed to physician education with respect to informed consent concerning the benefits and limitations of CC smear testing and the application of new technology to improve smear accuracy. The process should include development of appropriate statements on the use of alternative technology. The profession should develop "process guidelines" for review of CC smears in the context of possible litigation, including standardized methods for blind slide review of smears that reduce or eliminate context and outcome bias. It is suggested that review panels be anonymous, that the process be standardized and that there be limitations on liability for participating organizations. Professional cytopathology and pathology societies should formulate acceptable guidelines for expert witnesses. The standards should be applicable to both defendant and plaintiff experts. All materials to the extent practical, including consultant opinions, should be available for peer review. Professional cytopathology and pathology societies should monitor expert testimony for objectivity and scientific accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the near future, litigation will continue to focus on false negative CC smears on a case-by-case basis. Laboratories and individuals can reduce the risk of malpractice liability by directing their attention to proactive quality control and quality assurance methods. In the final analysis, consumer education about the benefits and limitations of the test is key to limiting malpractice claims. To stem the tide of continued medicolegal challenges to the integrity of cytology practice, the cytology community has now focused its efforts on developing and utilizing standards that convey to patients, attorneys and cytologists the contemporary status of and reasonable expectations for the practice of cytology. Guidelines such as those for uniform reporting terminology and clinical management of cervical abnormalities form the basis of cytology practice standards on which legal standards of practice can be based. Consensus conference reports, clinical management trials and scientifically valid studies of false negative rates that analyze the type, frequency and cause of missed cases represent sounder methods of establishing defensible
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298-0662, USA.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Frable
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Greening
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hillman
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Kobler
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Koss
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perey
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sidoti
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Somrak
mesh_terms: D003585:Cell Biology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003219:Confidentiality; D003675:Defensive Medicine; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D018450:Disease Progression; D005104:Expert Testimony; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D007351:Insurance, Liability; D007603:Jurisprudence; D008318:Malpractice; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D008487:Medical History Taking; D015588:Observer Variation; D010344:Patient Advocacy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011364:Professional Practice / Q000592:standards; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D014481:United States; D002577:Uterine Cervical Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014626:Vaginal Smears