title: Genetic differences between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subpopulations in faeces and serum.
abstract: To study human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) compartmentalization between intestine and blood, paired faecal and serum samples were collected from 204 HIV-1-infected persons. Direct sequencing of the gp120 V3 region obtained from 33 persons showed that faecal and serum sequences could be nearly homologous (0.3% different) or very dissimilar (11.3% different). Individual clones were obtained and sequenced from the faecal and serum samples of 13 persons. In 6 persons the HIV-1 subpopulations in faeces and serum were similar, whereas in 7 persons, distribution of V3 genotypes showed a marked difference. Genetic characterization of the HIV-1 subpopulations showed less heterogeneity in faecal subpopulations than in serum subpopulations in 5 of the 7 subjects. Furthermore, faecal and serum subpopulations differed predominantly by nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions (in 6 of 7 persons). Comparison of the HIV-1 subpopulations in faeces and serum of these 7 persons, using resampling techniques, revealed a significant difference between faecal and serum subpopulations at an N-linked glycosylation site, C-terminal of the V3 loop (amino acids 331-333). Sequences from faecal subpopulations of all 7 persons contained a glycosylation site at amino acid position 331-333. Four of these 7 harboured serum variants lacking a glycosylation site at this position. The faecal subpopulations in these 4 persons showed limited nonsynonymous substitutions compared to synonymous substitutions, indicating that purifying selection is operational on these subpopulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. L.VANDERHOEK@AMC.UVA.NL
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van der Hoek
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sol
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maas
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Lukashov
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Kuiken
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goudsmit
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000821:virology*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001769:Blood / Q000821:virology; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120