title: Gnathostomulida--an enigmatic metazoan phylum from both morphological and molecular perspectives.
abstract: On the basis of few and contentious morphological characters Gnathostomulids have been thought to be the sister-group of either the Platyhelminthes or the Syndermata (Rotifera + Acanthocephala). We provide a full 18S rDNA sequence for a species of Gnathostomula and attempt to resolve its position among the Metazoa, on the basis of molecular evidence. Sixty sequences, representing 30 nominal phyla and including new entoproct and gastrotrich sequences, were used to reconstruct phylogenies using maximum-parsimony, neighbor-joining, and minimum evolution models. We were unable to support either of the morphological hypotheses outright and, moreover, our data supported more strongly a third possible relationship with the gnathostomulids as a member of the Nematoda + Chaetognatha clade. Superficially, as active benthic, vermiform creatures with sclerotized cuticular jaws, they fit a predicted ancestral form of the Nematoda + Chaetognatha clade and, as such, would arguably be members of the Ecdysozoa. The molecular data at least call for a reevaluation of the morphological data and a denser sampling of the lesser phyla. Data from morphology and molecules act synergistically in estimating phylogeny; morphology alone provided limited phylogenetic signal and alternative phylogenetic hypotheses, whereas the molecular solution suggested an alternative topology which, when interpreted in the light of comparative anatomy, may suggest previously unconsidered possibilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom. dtl@nhm.ac.uk
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Littlewood
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Telford
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Clough
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rohde
mesh_terms: D000049:Acanthocephala / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009348:Nematoda / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D010986:Platyhelminths / Q000235:genetics*; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012403:Rotifera / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S