title: A mechanism for trabecular meshwork cell retraction: ethacrynic acid initiates the dephosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins.
abstract: Ethacrynic acid (ECA) increases aqueous humor outflow facility in human and animal model systems, and causes cellular retraction in cultured trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. ECA-induced retraction, a possible correlate to the opening of spaces in the outflow pathway in vivo, takes place coincident with disruption of cell-cell attachments and actin stress fibers. Tyrosine phosphorylated proteins are located predominantly where actin filaments terminate at sites of cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate adhesion, and are understood to regulate cellular adhesions and filamentous (F) actin organization in many cell types. In the present study we investigated whether ECA might affect cell adhesions and F-actin in TM cells by altering levels of phosphotyrosine. We analysed levels of phosphotyrosine in cultured human TM and calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells after exposure to ECA. Using immunoflourescence microscopy and antibodies to phosphotyrosinated proteins we found a rapid decrease in phosphotyrosine levels at the focal contacts of cells treated with ECA. Immunoblots of whole cell extracts showed a decrease in phosphotyrosine predominantly in a band running at about 120 kD, with a more subtle decrease in a band about 65 kD. Reprobing the blot with antibodies to pp120 focal adhesion kinase (FAK) or paxillin indicated that the 120 kD band was FAK and the 65 kD band was likely paxillin. Immunoprecipitation of FAK or paxillin and probing the resulting blot with antibodies to phosphotyrosine confirmed that these proteins were rapidly dephosphorylated after ECA addition. Loss of FAK and paxillin proteins in cells was then confirmed using immunofluorescence microscopy. Dephosphorylation of these proteins was detected before the onset of retraction, stress fiber disruption, or complete disruption of focal adhesions. A pure microtubule inhibitor (colchicine), did not cause stress fiber disruption or decrease focal adhesion phosphorylation. We postulate that dephosphorylation of FAK and paxillin by ECA disrupts signaling pathways that normally maintain the stability of the actin cytoskeleton and cellular adhesions, and that this action leads both to cell shape change in culture, and to facility changes in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kinch
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D048429:Cell Size; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003078:Colchicine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D004976:Ethacrynic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D006801:Humans; D051419:Paxillin; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D019000:Phosphotyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000166:cytology; D014129:Trabecular Meshwork / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; C496061:PXN protein, human; D051419:Paxillin; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C496050:PTK2 protein, human; D004976:Ethacrynic Acid; D003078:Colchicine