title: Identification of photoacoustic transients during pulsed laser ablation of the human temporal bone: an experimental model.
abstract: Laser ablation of hard tissues during neurotologic operations has been accomplished with continuous-wave (CW) lasers in the visible and midinfrared spectrum. The mechanism of ablation at these wavelengths is secondary to photothermal-induced tissue destruction. As a result, significant thermal damage to surrounding tissue may occur. Pulsed ultraviolet (UV) lasers have been suggested as an alternative to the argon, KTP-532, and CO2 lasers currently used in clinical practice. The pulse length of Excimer lasers are considerably shorter than the thermal diffusion time of bone tissue, and as a consequence thermal injury is minimal. This makes pulsed lasers an attractive tool for tissue ablation in the ear: in essence a "cold knife." However, the short pulse width of Excimer lasers (typically 10-150 ns) can create large thermoelastic stresses in the ablation specimen. This study identifies the presence of these photoacoustic waves during the Excimer laser treatment of the cadaveric human temporal bone. A XeCl (lambda = 308 nm, tau p = 12 ns) excimer laser was used to ablate hard tissue surrounding the oval window and facial ridge with energies of 75, 45, 25, and 12 mJ/pulse. Spot size was estimated to be 0.5 mm2. Custom high-frequency polyvinyldifluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric film transducers were fabricated and attached to the promontory, round window niche, and facial ridges. The signals were amplified using a low-noise preamplifier and recorded on a digitizing oscilloscope. Photoacoustic waves were clearly identified. Notably, large acoustic waves were measured on the promontory and on both sides of the facial ridge. The implications and clinical relevance of these findings is discussed and compared to findings obtained from a model system.
authors.affiliation: Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 92715, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Berns
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neev
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D002712:Chlorides; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007834:Lasers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009991:Oscillometry; D010046:Oval Window, Ear / Q000601:surgery*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014978:Xenon
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D014978:Xenon; C048006:xenon chloride