title: Relation of infant diet to childhood health: seven year follow up of cohort of children in Dundee infant feeding study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relation of infant feeding practice to childhood respiratory illness, growth, body composition, and blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Follow up study of a cohort of children (mean age 7.3 years) who had detailed infant feeding and demographic data collected prospectively during the first two years of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dundee.
  
  
  METHODS
  674 infants, of whom 545 (81%) were available for study. Data on respiratory illness were available for 545 children (mean age 7.3 (range 6.1-9.9) years); height for 410 children; weight and body mass index for 412 children; body composition for 405 children; blood pressure for 301 children (mean age 7.2 (range 6.9-10.0) years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Respiratory illness, weight, height, body mass index, percentage body fat, and blood pressure in relation to duration of breast feeding and timing of introduction of solids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for the significant confounding variables the estimated probability of ever having respiratory illness in children who received breast milk exclusively for at least 15 weeks was consistently lower (17.0% (95% confidence interval 15.9% to 18.1%) for exclusive breast feeding, 31.0% (26.8% to 35.2%) for partial breast feeding, and 32.2% (30.7% to 33.7%) for bottle feeding. Solid feeding before 15 weeks was associated with an increased probability of wheeze during childhood (21.0% (19.9% to 22.1%) v 9.7% (8.6% to 10.8%)). It was also associated with increased percentage body fat and weight in childhood (mean body fat 18.5% (18.2% to 18.8%) v 16.5% (16.0% to 17.0%); weight standard deviation score 0.02 (-0.02 to 0.06) v -0.09 (-0.16 to 0.02). Systolic blood pressure was raised significantly in children who were exclusively bottle fed compared with children who received breast milk (mean 94.2 (93.5 to 94.9) mm Hg v 90.7 (89.9 to 91.7) mm Hg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The probability of respiratory illness occurring at any time during childhood is significantly reduced if the child is fed exclusively breast milk for 15 weeks and no solid foods are introduced during this time. Breast feeding and the late introduction of solids may have a beneficial effect on childhood health and subsequent adult disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Forsyth
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hau
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Howie
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D012606:Scotland; D012923:Social Class; D014886:Weaning