title: Suppression of the humoral immune response by mycophenolate mofetil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No conventional immunosuppressive agent preferentially inhibits antibody production. Studies in experimental animals and in human cells in vitro suggested mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) might have such an effect. If this was the case in vivo it could have significant implications in terms of both MMF toxicity and the rational design of immunotherapeutic regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were renal transplant recipients (25 patients treated with prednisolone, cyclosporine and azathioprine, and 13 treated with prednisolone, cyclosporine and MMF) and 20 normal controls. The three groups received influenza vaccination, and the antibody response to it was measured 4-6 weeks later using a standard haemagglutination assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMF profoundly suppressed the humoral immune response to influenza vaccination when added to prednisolone and cyclosporine. This effect could be seen when comparing the rise in the mean titre of antibody after vaccination. It was also reflected in the number of patients mounting responses deemed to be clinically protective by either demonstrating a 4-fold rise in titre or an increase in titre to > or = 40.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suppression of the humoral immune response by MMF has implications for the design of immunization protocols to protect the immunosuppressed, and raises the possibility that MMF use may be accompanied by more or different infections than complicate more conventional immunosuppression. More importantly, consideration should be given to harnessing the relatively specific effect of MMF on antibody production to treat antibody-mediated diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Isbel
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Catton
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Leydon
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid