title: Carotid blood flow changes with behavioral states in the late gestation llama fetus in utero.
abstract: This study tested the hypothesis that in the llama fetus changes in cerebral blood flow are closely associated with changes in cerebral oxidative metabolism such as occur during transitions between electrocortical states. For the first time reported in any species, instantaneous changes in common carotid blood flow, employed as a continuous index of cerebrovascular perfusion, were related to instantaneous changes in electrocortical activity. Three late gestation fetal llamas were surgically prepared under general anesthesia with vascular catheters, a tracheal and amniotic catheter, and with electrodes implanted to monitor the fetal electrocorticogram (ECoG). In addition, Transonic flow probes were placed around a common carotid artery and a femoral artery. At least 4 days after surgery fetal arterial blood, amniotic and tracheal pressures, carotid and femoral blood flows and the fetal ECoG were recorded continuously. Our results suggest a close association between increases in common carotid blood flow and low voltage ECoG in the llama fetus. Close coupling between instantaneous changes in carotid blood flow and electrocortical states together with the lack of an increase in brain blood flow without increased cerebral oxygen extraction during hypoxemia in the llama fetus supports a fall in cerebral oxidative metabolism in this species during hypoxemic episodes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands. cbl@skin.azm.nl
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Giussani
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Riquelme
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Llanos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age