title: The failure rate of surgery for gastro-oesophageal reflux.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to document the presenting symptomatology and radiological findings of failed fundoplication, to determine the risk factors involved in recurrent gastro-oesophageal reflux, and to assess the results of revisional surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six patients requiring redo fundoplication during the past 15 years were studied. Sixty children had their initial fundoplication performed at our institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median time from initial fundoplication to the diagnosis of failure was 1.5 years. The main presenting symptoms were severe retching (n = 33), recurrent vomiting and aspiration (n = 26) and intolerable gas bloat (n = 7). Severe dysphagia occurred in two children with tight Nissen fundoplications. Contrast radiographic studies demonstrated fundoplication failure and correlated with the operative findings in 85% of cases. Risk factors for failure comprised hypertonic cerebral palsy, severe learning difficulties, oesophageal atresia, CHARGE syndrome, and tracheomalacia. The cause for the fundoplication failure included herniation of the fundoplication into the posterior mediastinum (failed crural repair, n = 30), disruption of the wrap (n = 10), combination of herniation and disruption (n = 22), and a tight wrap (n = 4). After revisional surgery, 13 children had persisting symptoms, five of whom underwent a third antireflux procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The predominant cause of fundoplication failure is herniation into the posterior mediastinum, which occurred most frequently in children with hypertonic cerebral palsy. This may be prevented by meticulous attention to accurate apposition of the crura at initial procedure. Redo fundoplication failed to resolve the preoperative symptoms in 20%, with five children requiring a third fundoplication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, England.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kimber
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kiely
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spitz
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D011859:Radiography; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure