title: New strategies for old problems: tardive dyskinesia (TD). Review and report on severe TD cases treated with clozapine, with 12, 8 and 5 years of video follow-up.
abstract: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is the most feared and troublesome extrapyramidal side-effect of prolonged neuroleptic (NL) treatment. We present a review of TD. Its pathophysiology remains elusive, although extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) increase the liability for TD. Nowadays, therefore, avoidance of all EPS remains the best preventive strategy, as it is not possible to predict which liable patients will develop TD, or of what type or severity. TD frequently includes dystonic features, and is more disabling when these dystonias are present. Clozapine (CLZ) has been reported to be effective in suppressing nearly 60% of TD syndromes, specially those with dystonic features. Based on the few reports in the literature on CLZ and TD by the early 1980s, we started to videotape the first severe TD patient treated with CLZ in 1984. We present the first three case reports of severe TD, with prominent disabling dystonic features, treated with CLZ and videotaped since pretreatment and then periodically for 12, 8 and 5 years of follow-up, respectively. The patients' current diagnosis, gender and age are: Case 1, DSM-IV Schizophrenia Residual Type, male, 39 years; Case 2, DSM-IV Polysubstance Related Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, female, 28 years; Case 3, DSM-IV Schizoaffective Disorder, male, 40 years. Two of them presented with a recurrence of TD because of CLZ interruption within the first 2 months of treatment, with no further breakthrough to date. The first two cases have complete remission of TD; the third case is still improving after 5 years of CLZ treatment, with only minor dystonic features persisting that constitute no impairment for work or daily routines at present. All patients, independent of their psychiatric primary diagnosis, have shown significant and progressive improvement in both motor and psychosocial aspects. None of them has been rehospitalized. Long-term treatment and follow-up is required to avoid TD recurrence and to assure full assessment of treatment effectiveness. Ideally, periodic video recording with standardized examination is advisable for long-term follow-up and outcome assessment. At present, CLZ could be regarded as the drug of choice for patients with TD, specially for those with disabling and or dystonic features and who require ongoing NL therapy. The use of novel antipsychotic agents for TD treatment and prevention, with their low EPS liability, is promising, but has yet to be tested.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Sur, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
authors.forename: V W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Larach
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Zamboni
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gallardo
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: R Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Tognolini
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Rueda
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rueda
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Torres
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications; D014743:Videotape Recording
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine