title: Documenting life-support preferences in hospitalized patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article was to determine the extent to which patients at high risk of hospital death who undergo cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) have previously had their life support preferences addressed and documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients older than 18 years of age hospitalized for more than 24 hours who sustained a cardiac arrest with attempted CPR at our tertiary care university teaching hospital during 1994 (n = 71). We searched all hospital charts specifying ICD-9 codes: Cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, asystole, electromechanical dissociation, defibrillation, or CPR. Patients were selected if (1) they had a true cardiac arrest (abrupt cessation of spontaneous circulation) and (2) had attempted CPR or defibrillation. Patients were classified as "high risk" if they satisfied at least one of the following: modified prearrest morbidity index > or = 7, moderate/severe dementia, day 1 APACHE II score > 24 or > or = 4 dysfunctional organ systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We searched 147 charts; of 71 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 53 were high risk. Of patients at high risk of sustaining a cardiopulmonary arrest during the index hospital admission, 3 (6%) had preferences addressed within the first 24 hours of hospitalization, 7 (13%) had delayed discussion of preferences before arrest, 23 (43%) had preferences addressed post arrest, and 20 (38%) had no documented discussions. Of the 23 high-risk patients initially surviving cardiac arrest, all were subsequently given "do not resuscitate" orders. Univariate analysis of factors associated with life-support discussion before cardiac arrest were previous cardiac arrest (OR, 5.9) and APACHE II score > 24 (OR, 1.1), although neither reached statistical significance. None of the 32 patients with a modified PAM index > or = 7 (32 of 71) survived hospitalization. Only 3 patients survived to hospital discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early communication regarding life-support preferences is important in high-risk patients so that inappropriate or unwanted treatment is not implemented. Given that optimal care includes addressing and documenting life-support preferences in high-risk patients early in their hospitalization, this standard was infrequently met.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kernerman
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Griffith
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D016223:Advance Directives; D000368:Aged; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000401:mortality; D004282:Documentation / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000401:mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D016414:Resuscitation Orders; D012189:Retrospective Studies