title: Radon exposures in a Jerusalem public school.
abstract: In December 1995, ambient radon levels exceeding 10,000 Bq/m3 were measured in a basement shelter workroom of a multilevel East Talpiot, Jerusalem, public elementary school (six grades, 600 students). The measurements were taken after cancers (breast and multiple myeloma) were diagnosed in two workers who spent their workdays in basement rooms. The school was located on a hill that geologic maps show to be rich in phosphate deposits, which are a recognized source for radon gas and its daughter products. Levels exceeding 1000,000 Bq/m3 were measured at the mouth of a pipe in the basement shelter workroom, the major point of radon entry. The school was closed and charcoal and electret ion chamber detectors were used to carry out repeated 5-day measurements in all rooms in the multilevel building over a period of several months. Radon concentrations were generally higher in rooms in the four levels of the building that were below ground level. There were some ground-level rooms in the building in which levels reached up to 1300 Bq/m3. In rooms above ground level, however, peak levels did not exceed 300 Bq/m3. Exposure control based on sealing and positive pressure ventilation was inadequate. These findings suggested that radon diffused from highly contaminated basement and ground-floor rooms to other areas of the building and that sealing off the source may have led to reaccumulation of radon beneath the building. Later, subslab venting of below-ground radon pockets to the outside air was followed by more sustained reductions in indoor radon levels to levels below 75 Bq/m3. Even so, radon accumulated in certain rooms when the building was closed. This sentinel episode called attention to the need for a national radon policy requiring threshold exposure levels for response and control. A uniform nationwide standard for school buildings below 75 Bq/m3 level was suggested after considering prudent avoidance, the controversies over risk assessment of prolonged low-level exposures in children, and the fact that exposures in most locations in the Talpiot school could be reduced below this level. Proposal of this stringent standard stimulated the search for a strategy of risk control and management based on control at the source. This strategy was more effective and probably more cost effective than one based on suppression of exposure based on sealing and ventilation. Because many Israeli areas and much of the West Bank area of the Palestinian National Authority sit on the same phosphate deposits, regional joint projects for surveillance and control may be indicated.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel. elir@cc.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Neeman
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berdugo
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Westin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kleinstern
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Margaliot
mesh_terms: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011886:Radon / Q000032:analysis*; D017687:Radon Daughters / Q000032:analysis*; D012574:Schools
chemical_list: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D017687:Radon Daughters; D011886:Radon