title: Evolution of repellent tolerances in representative arthropods.
abstract: Eight commercial insect repellents were tested against Ornithodoros parkeri (Acari: Argasidae), Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae), Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), and Xenopsylla cheopis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Patterns of tolerance to the test materials were distinctive for each test species. Levels of tolerance were coded as character state 0 (sensitive), 1 (intermediate), or 2 (tolerant) and mapped on a cladogram reflecting the accepted classification of the test species. Character state 0 was regarded as primitive, as indicated by the ontology of repellent tolerances in ticks. Aedes aegypti was least evolved and X. cheopis was most evolved in tolerance to repellents. Multiple parallelism of the arachnid and X. cheopis lines occurred in the evolution of the observed tolerances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100, USA.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rutledge
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Z A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Mehr
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003870:Dermacentor; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007302:Insect Repellents; D005423:Siphonaptera; D013987:Ticks
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents