title: Nurse staffing and patient outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nursing studies have shown that nursing care delivery changes affect staff and organizational outcomes, but the effects on client outcomes have not been studied sufficiently.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe, at the level of the nursing care unit, the relationships among total hours of nursing care, registered nurse (RN) skill mix, and adverse patient outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The adverse outcomes included unit rates of medication errors, patient falls, skin breakdown, patient and family complaints, infections, and deaths. The correlations among staffing variables and outcome variables were determined, and multivariate analyses, controlling for patient acuity, were completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Units with higher average patient acuity had lower rates of medication errors and patient falls but higher rates of the other adverse outcomes. With average patient acuity on the unit controlled, the proportion of hours of care delivered by RNs was inversely related to the unit rates of medication errors, decubiti, and patient complaints. Total hours of care from all nursing personnel were associated directly with the rates of decubiti, complaints, and mortality. An unexpected finding was that the relationship between RN proportion of care was curvilinear; as the RN proportion increased, rates of adverse outcomes decreased up to 87.5%. Above that level, as RN proportion increased, the adverse outcome rates also increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher the RN skill mix, the lower the incidence of adverse occurrences on inpatient care units.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Blegen
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Goode
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reed
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009026:Mortality; D009726:Nurses / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000592:standards; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000592:standards*; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology; D011787:Quality of Health Care