title: Age variance of left ventricular diameters in dogs with cardiac disease.
abstract: Ventricular size increases during growth, but often due to cardiac disease. This study aims to describe left ventricular dimension interrelations using a representation that is applicable to patients with cardiac disease, and subsequently to statistically study possible age and gender influences in a large population. In retrospect we analyzed echocardiographically obtained diameters of the left ventricle in 442 dogs of various breeds with congenital or acquired heart disease. Also, we compared our findings with published data on humans and other animals. Multivariate regression analysis was applied to assess possible influences of age and gender. A high correlation was found for end-systolic diameter (ESD) versus end-diastolic diameter (EDD): ESD (cm) = -1.01 cm + 0.93 x EDD (cm) with r = 0.94, p < .00001. Next, these patients were categorized into three age groups (divisions at 3 and 7 years). We detected a slight age dependent effect: the regression coefficients for the younger group differed from the two older groups. No significant gender-related influence was detected. The observation of a high correlation for the ESD versus EDD relationship could be confirmed by reanalysis of published data on normal individuals and human patients. The newly described relationship between ESD and EDD applies in particular to cardiac patients. This is a relevant finding, because clinically important indices of ventricular performance generally depend on ESD, EDD or both. Thus, ESD versus EDD offers a convenient framework for studies on cardiac volume regulation and performance in the cardiopathological spectrum, while permitting incorporation of modulating effects related to age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Kerkhof
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: ter Haar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kocsis
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Pijnenburg
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Stokhof
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology*; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002306:Cardiac Volume; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D003971:Diastole; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013599:Systole; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left