title: Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in the Western Region, The Gambia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children in the developing world. The recent development of pneumococcal polysaccharide/protein conjugate vaccines may make possible prevention of this infection. However, little is known about the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in children in the developing world.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence and epidemiologic features of invasive pneumococcal disease in children resident in a semiurban area of The Gambia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was part of a large trial of an Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine that recruited 42 848 children at the age of 2 months during the period March, 1993, to October, 1995. Follow-up of study children continued until December 31, 1995; therefore the first children to enter the trial were followed for 2.5 years and the last for just a few months. During the period of surveillance, 2256 children were investigated for possible invasive pneumococcal disease when they presented to a hospital or health center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected 110 cases of pneumococcal disease. Pneumonia was the most common form of invasive pneumococcal disease observed (75.5% of patients). The incidence of pneumococcal disease was 224 [95% confidence interval (CI) 171, 277] per 100,000 child years among children ages 2 to 11 months, 139 (95% CI 93, 184) per 100,000 among children ages 12 to 23 months and 82 (95% CI 21, 143) per 100,000 among children ages 24 to 35 months. Pneumococci of serogroups 14, 6, 5, 23, 19, 46 and 2 were isolated most frequently. Susceptibility to pneumococcal disease was not increased significantly among Haemophilus influenzae type b-vaccinated children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pneumococcus is a major cause of bacterial infection in The Gambia. A proposed nine-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for developing countries containing conjugates of serogroups 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 18, 19 and 23 would cover 74% of cases of invasive pneumococcal disease in children resident in the Western Region of The Gambia.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia, West Africa.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Usen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adegbola
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mulholland
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaffar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oparaugo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Omosigho
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lahai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Corrah
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Greenwood
mesh_terms: D016667:Bacterial Capsules; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005714:Gambia / Q000453:epidemiology; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; C044237:Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial