title: The effects of abdominal muscle coactivation on lumbar spine stability.
abstract: METHODS
  A biomechanical model of the lumbar spine was used to calculate the effects of abdominal muscle coactivation on spinal stability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the effects of abdominal muscle coactivation on lumbar spine stability, muscle fatigue rate, and lumbar spine compression forces.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The activation of human trunk muscles has been found to involve coactivation of antagonistic muscles, which has not been adequately predicted by biomechanical models. Antagonistic activation of abdominal muscles might produce flexion moments resulting from abdominal pressurization. Qualitatively, antagonistic activity also has been attributed to the need to stabilize the spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spinal loads and spinal stability were calculated for maximum and submaximum (40%, 60% and 80%) efforts in extension and lateral bending using a previously published, anatomically realistic biomechanical model of the lumbar spine and its musculature. Three different antagonistic abdominal muscle coactivation patterns were imposed, and results were compared with those found in a model with no imposed coactivation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results were quantified in terms of the sum of cubed muscle stresses (sigma sigma m3, which is related to the muscle fatigue rate), the maximum compressive loading on the lumbar spine, and the critical value of the muscle stiffness parameter (q) required for the spine to be stable. Forcing antagonistic coactivation increased stability, but at the cost of an increase in sigma sigma m3 and a small increase in maximum spinal compression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These analyses provide estimates of the effects of antagonistic abdominal muscle coactivation, indicating that its probable role is to stabilize the spine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gardner-Morse
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Stokes
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016474:Weight-Bearing