title: Recovery of storage and emptying functions of the urinary bladder after spinal anesthesia with lidocaine and with bupivacaine in men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of spinal anesthesia with lidocaine and with bupivacaine on urinary bladder function in healthy men who were scheduled for minor orthopaedic surgical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty men were randomly allocated to receive either bupivacaine or lidocaine. Before spinal anesthesia, filling cystometry was performed with the patient in the supine position and a pressure flow study was done with the patient in the standing position. After operation, cystometric measurements were continued until the patient could void urine spontaneously. The levels of analgesia and of motor blockade were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The urge to void disappeared immediately after injection of the local anesthetics. There was no difference in the duration of lower extremity motor blockade between bupivacaine and lidocaine. Detrusor blockade lasted significantly longer in the bupivacaine group (means +/- SD, 460 +/- 60 min) than in the lidocaine group (235 +/- 30 min). Total fluid intake and urine volume accumulated during the detrusor blockade were significantly higher in the bupivacaine group than in the lidocaine group. In the bupivacaine group, the total volume of accumulated urine (875 +/- 385 ml) was also significantly higher than cystometric bladder capacity (505 +/- 120 ml) with the risk of over distension of the bladder. Spontaneous voiding of urine did not occur until segmental sensory analgesia had regressed to the third sacral segment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal anesthesia with lidocaine and with bupivacaine causes a clinically significant disturbance of bladder function due to interruption of the micturition reflex. The urge to void disappears quickly and bladder function remains impaired until the block has regressed to the third sacral segment in all patients. With long-acting local anesthetics, the volume of accumulated urine may exceed the cystometric bladder capacity. With respect to recovery of urinary bladder function, the use of short-acting local anesthetics for spinal anesthesia seems to be preferable.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anesthesiology and Department of Urology, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Kamphuis
authors.forename: T I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Ionescu
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Gier
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: van Venrooij
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Boon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation; D014554:Urination / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine