title: Effect of ammonium chloride on energy metabolism of astrocytes and C6-glioma cells in vitro.
abstract: Increased ammonia has been considered a key factor in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. The high concentration of ammonia interferes with oxidative metabolism in the brain through an inhibitory effect on the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Inhibition of the TCA cycle may result in depletion of ATP. Due to the involvement of astrocytes in brain detoxification of ammonia, these cells are good candidates for studying ammonia's effect on energy stores in the brain. C6-glioma cells, which have altered glycolytic rates, may show greater sensitivity to the toxicity of ammonium chloride than astrocytes. To study the effect of ammonium chloride on energy storage of both astrocytes and C6-glioma, we observed the acute and chronic effects of NH4Cl (7.5 or 15 mM) on the metabolism of isolated astrocytes and C6-glioma cells. Primary astrocytes were isolated from the cerebral hemispheres of 1-2 day old Sprague-Dawley rats, and C6-glioma cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Following treatment of the cells with ammonia, glucose, lactate, glutamate, ATP, and PCr were assayed. Our data showed that at 15 min following treatment with NH4Cl, there were no significant differences in the concentration of metabolites measured in astrocytes. However, following 15 min of treatment with NH4Cl, the concentration of some metabolites, for example, ATP and lactate, changed significantly in C6-glioma cells. We have shown that 24 h of treatment was sufficient time to see significant biochemical changes but not morphological changes in either cell type. Simultaneous biochemical and morphological changes were observed 48 h following treatment in C6-glioma cells and at 9-10 days following treatment in primary astrocytes. In primary astrocytes at 24 h following treatment, glucose utilization increased. This high utilization of glucose was in accordance with the increase in lactate and glutamate production and the decrease in ATP and PCr formation. In C6-glioma cells the utilization of glucose increased but this high utilization of glucose was consistent with a significant decrease in the concentration of lactate, glutamate and ATP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Finch University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haghighat
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: McCandless
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000643:Ammonium Chloride; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005947:Glucose