title: Choline deficiency causes increased localization of transforming growth factor-beta1 signaling proteins and apoptosis in the rat liver.
abstract: Dietary restriction is known to decrease cell proliferation and increase apoptosis in the liver; however, the role of withdrawal of single dietary factors on cells of the liver is less well understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of short-term choline deficiency (CD; also for choline deficient) on cell survival, proliferation and the expression of proteins related to the transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) growth-inhibitory signaling pathway in the liver. In animals fed a CD diet for 6 weeks, classical apoptotic bodies were detected in 0.28 +/- 0.04% of hepatocytes in CD livers compared to 0.096 +/- 0.006% of hepatocytes in control rats fed a choline-sufficient (CS) diet. These classical apoptotic cells exhibited DNA fragmentation when probed with an in situ end-labeling immunohistochemical method; TUNEL-positive nuclei were also seen in hepatocytes in CD livers which had accumulated large amounts of lipid, consistent with the known DNA-damaging effects of CD. In CS control livers, TGF-beta1 protein was found only in bile duct epithelium and nonparenchymal-type cells, and not in hepatocytes. However, the majority of hepatocytes in the CD liver expressed high levels of TGF-beta1 protein, as well as TGF-beta1 receptor types I and II. Nuclear localization of p27Kip1 protein, which may link TGF-beta1 expression to apoptosis, showed a 10-fold increase in CD hepatocytes (4.1 +/- 1.1 vs. 0.35 +/- 0.04% of cells) compared to controls. In addition, there was a 5-fold increase (0.54 +/- 0.031 vs. 0.011 +/- 0.007% of cells) in the mitotic index in CD-compared control livers. We conclude that feeding a CD diet for 6 weeks induces apoptosis in hepatocytes in the whole rat liver and that this form of cell death appears to be mediated, in part, by TGF-beta1 and related proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7400, USA. calbright@sophia.sph.unc.edu
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Albright
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zeisel
mesh_terms: D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002452:Cell Count; D002455:Cell Division; D002796:Choline Deficiency / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008055:Lipids; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; C000625843:Tgfbr1 protein, rat