title: The relationship between physical restraint removal and falls and injuries among nursing home residents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major reason cited for continued restraint use in American nursing homes is the widely held belief that restraint reduction will lead to fall-related incidents and injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study represents an analysis of data collected in a clinical trial of interventions aimed at reducing the use of restraints in nursing homes. Two different designs were employed to test the relationship between restraint reduction and falls/injuries. First, multiple logistic regression was used to compare fall/injury rates in subjects who had restraints removed (n = 38) to those who continued to be restrained (n = 88); second, survival analysis was employed to test the relationship between physical restraint removal and falls/injuries at the institutional level by comparing fall/injury rates among three nursing homes (n = 633) with varying rates of restraint reduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the multiple logistic regression analysis, there was no indication of increased risk of falls or injuries with restraint removal. Moreover, restraint removal significantly decreased the chance of minor injuries due to falls (adjusted odds ratio: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1, 0.9; p < .05). The survival analysis demonstrated that the nursing home that had the least restraint reduction (11%) had a 50% higher rate of falls (p < .01) and more than twice the rate of fall-related minor injuries (p < .001) when compared to the homes with 23% and 56% restraint reduction, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical restraint removal does not lead to increases in falls or subsequent fall-related injury in older nursing home residents.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Capezuti
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Strumpf
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Grisso
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maislin
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003071:Cognition; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs