title: The mouse Mid1 gene: implications for the pathogenesis of Opitz syndrome and the evolution of the mammalian pseudoautosomal region.
abstract: We have recently reported isolation of the gene responsible for X-linked Opitz G/BBB syndrome, a defect of midline development. MID1 is located on the distal short arm of the human X chromosome (Xp22. 3) and encodes a novel member of the B box family of zinc finger proteins. We have now cloned the murine homolog of MID1 and performed preliminary expression studies during development. Mid1 expression in undifferentiated cells in the central nervous, gastrointestinal and urogenital systems suggests that abnormal cell proliferation may underlie the defect in midline development characteristic of Opitz syndrome. We have also found that Mid1 is located within the mouse pseudoautosomal region (PAR) in Mus musculus , while it seems to be X-specific in Mus spretus. Therefore, Mid1 is likely to be a recent acquisition of the M. musculus PAR. Genetic and FISH analyses also demonstrated a high frequency of unequal crossovers in the murine PAR, creating spontaneous deletion/duplication events involving Mid1. These data provide evidence for the first time that genetic instability of the PAR may affect functionally important genes. In addition, we show that MID1 is the first example of a gene subject to X-inactivation in man while escaping it in mouse. These data contribute to a better understanding of the molecular content and evolution of the rodent PAR.
authors.affiliation: Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dal Zotto
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Quaderi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lingerfelter
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carrel
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valsecchi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Montini
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kalcheva
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arrigo
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zuffardi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Willard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ballabio
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Disteche
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Rugarli
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008322:Mammals / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice / Q000235:genetics*; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008868:Microtubule Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011544:Pseudogenes; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D014960:X Chromosome; D016335:Zinc Fingers / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D008868:Microtubule Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C109052:MID1 protein, human; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases