title: Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) increases neuronal damage after focal cerebral ischemia in wild-type and tPA-deficient mice.
abstract: Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is used to treat acute stroke because of its thrombolytic activity and its ability to restore circulation to the brain. However, this protease also promotes neurodegeneration after intracerebral injection of excitotoxins such as glutamate, and neuronal damage after a cerebral infarct is thought to be mediated by excitotoxins. To investigate the effects of tPA on cerebral viability during ischemia/reperfusion, we occluded the middle cerebral artery in wild-type and tPA-deficient mice with an intravascular filament. This procedure allowed us to examine the role of tPA in ischemia, independent of its effect as a thrombolytic agent. tPA-deficient mice exhibited approximately 50% smaller cerebral infarcts than wild-type mice. Intravenous injection of tPA into tPA-/- or wild-type mice produced larger infarcts, indicating that tPA can increase stroke-induced injury. Since tPA promotes desirable (thrombolytic) as well as undesirable (neurotoxic) outcomes during stroke, future therapies should be aimed at countering the excitotoxic damage of tPA to afford even better neuroprotection after an acute cerebral infarct.
authors.affiliation: Cerebrovascular and NeuroScience Research Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Tsirka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strickland
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Stieg
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Soriano
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lipton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; C036763:monocyte-macrophage differentiation antigen; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator