title: Occupational chromate allergy in Singapore: a study of 87 patients and a review from 1983 to 1995.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of chromate allergy among all patients tested at the Contact and Occupational Dermatoses Clinic at the National Skin Centre in Singapore had fallen progressively from 1983 to 1989. Chromate has also become a less common occupational allergen because of the decline in the number of cases of allergic contact dermatitis from cement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this report was to study and update the epidemiology of occupational chromate allergy among workers seen in a tertiary dermatology referral centre in Singapore from 1990 to 1995 and to review the changing trends of occupational chromate allergy in our local setting since 1983. The occurrence of concomitant contact allergens among was also studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients diagnosed to have occupational allergic contact dermatitis together with positive reactions to chromate, at the Joint Occupational Dermatosis Clinic at the National Skin Centre in Singapore, between January 1990 to December 1995, were included. Causes of chromate allergy and frequency of occurrence of concomitant contact allergens among construction and nonconstruction workers were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight hundred and fifty workers were seen during the 6-year-study period. Six hundred and thirty three (74.5%) were diagnosed to have occupational contact dermatitis, of which 257 (40.6%) had allergic contact dermatitis. Eighty-seven (33.8%) of these workers had positive reaction to chromate on patch testing. Ninety-five percent of these workers were men with a mean age of 33.4 years. The construction industry contributed 59% of the workers with chromate allergy. Cement (61%) remained the most common source of chromate allergy in our workers, and chromate from sources other than cement (39%) accounted for the rest. Of workers allergic to chromate from cement, 96% (51 of 53) came from the construction industry. Sixty percent of the workers with chromate allergy had concomitant contact allergens and the coexistence of two or more allergens was significantly more common among nonconstruction workers (53%) than construction workers (22%). The three most common concomitant contact allergens were cobalt (28%), rubber chemicals (21%) and nickel (18%). Nonconstruction workers had significantly higher rates of nickel allergy (36% v 6%) than construction workers (P < .03). Simultaneous reactivity to cobalt and nickel was also significantly more common among nonconstruction workers (22%) than construction workers (6%) (P < .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chromate has progressively become a less common occupational allergen at the National Skin Centre in Singapore from 1983 to 1989, because of a progressive fall in the number of cases of allergic contact dermatitis from cement. However, our study showed that occupational chromate allergy had now increased from 1990 to 1995, because of an increase in chromate allergy from sources other than cement. Chromate allergy from cement is declining, although still frequent, and sources other than cement are increasing in recent years. Concomitant nickel allergy, as well as simultaneous nickel and cobalt allergies, were more common among nonconstruction workers than construction workers.
authors.affiliation: National Skin Centre, Singapore.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Goh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002840:Chromates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002840:Chromates