title: A double-blind study of lorazepam versus the combination of haloperidol and lorazepam in managing agitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the utility of intramuscular lorazepam (LZ) with the combination of intramuscular haloperidol (HDL) and LZ to control acutely agitated behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized double-blind comparison.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychiatric emergency service of a large, university-affiliated, municipal hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty subjects treated on the psychiatric emergency service.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received an injection of either LZ 2 mg (11 patients) or HDL 5 mg plus LZ 2 mg (9 patients). The Overt Aggression Scale (OAS), visual analog scales reflecting agitation and hostility, and the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) severity scale were administered at baseline and 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after the injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Planned data comparisons included categoric assignment of patients as improved, as defined by decreases in outcome measures 60 minutes after the injection, as well as continuous variables up to 180 minutes after the injection. A significantly greater percentage of subjects receiving combined treatment improved on the specific measures 60 minutes after dosing (p<0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses showed significant between-group differences in survival curves plotted for the entire study period (p<0.05). Repeated measures analyses of variance studying group differences showed that both groups improved over time, but between-group differences were not significant. The powers of these analyses were low due to the small sample. No serious adverse effects occurred in either treatment group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest superior efficacy for HDL-LZ over LZ alone. Categoric tests of improvement at 60 minutes provided the strongest evidence of group differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, School of Medicine, FL, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bieniek
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ownby
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Penalver
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dominguez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006220:Haloperidol; D008140:Lorazepam