title: Intravenous lipid emulsions are the major determinant of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia in very low birth weight newborns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravenous lipid emulsions and the i.v. catheters through which they were administered were the major risk factors for nosocomial coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CONS) bacteremia among newborns in our neonatal intensive care units a decade ago. However, medical practice is changing, and these and other interventions may have different effects in the current setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We determined the independent risk factors for CONS bacteremia in current very low birth weight newborns after adjusting for severity of underlying illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed 590 consecutively admitted newborns with birth weights < 1500 g hospitalized in 2 neonatal intensive care units and conducted a case-control study in a sample of 74 cases of CONS bacteremia and 74 pairs of matched controls. Adjusted relative odds of bacteremia were estimated for a number of attributes and therapeutic interventions in 2 time intervals before CONS bacteremia: any time before bacteremia and the week before bacteremia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using conditional logistic regression to adjust for indicators of severity of illness, two procedures were independently associated with subsequent risk of CONS bacteremia at any time during hospitalization: i.v. lipids, odds ratio (OR) = 9.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2 to 74.2]; and any surgical or percutaneously placed central venous catheter, OR = 2.0 (95% CI 1.1 to 3.9). Considering only the week immediately preceding bacteremia, the independent risk factors were: mechanical ventilation, OR = 3.2 (95% CI 1.3 to 7.6); and short peripheral venous catheters, OR = 2.6 (95% CI 1.0 to 6.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the last decade exposure to i.v. lipids any time during hospitalization has become an even more important risk factor for CONS bacteremia (OR = 9.4). Of these bacteremias 85% are now attributable to lipid therapy. In contrast the relative importance of intravenous catheters as independent risk factors has declined. Mechanical ventilation in the week before bacteremia has emerged as a risk factor for bacteremia.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Infantile de Mexico, Dr. Marquez, Mexico DF.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Avila-Figueroa
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Goldmann
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology*; D003030:Coagulase / Q000032:analysis*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D003030:Coagulase; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous