title: Alternative sequences of thyrotropin and free thyroxine assays for routine thyroid function testing. Quality and cost.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current guidelines and practices for thyroid function testing are strongly affected by the usually higher patient billing charges and Medicare reimbursement for thyrotropin (TSH) vs free thyroxine (FT4) tests, despite their comparable direct costs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Due to recently reduced laboratory costs, to reexamine the effectiveness and cost of alternative test sequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alternative test sequences involve using the TSH test first, followed, if the TSH test result is abnormal, by the FT4 test; the FT4 test first, followed by the TSH test; and doing both tests together. We applied these strategies to consecutive patients referred for any thyroid function test to a health maintenance organization, a multispecialty fee-for-service group, a military hospital, and a commercial laboratory. Effectiveness was determined from a literature review. The cost was determined from direct costs and the distribution of diagnostic categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TSH and FT4 tests have similar sensitivities for detecting clinical hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The TSH test detects subclinical function, and it monitors thyroxine treatment better; the FT4 test detects central hypothyroidism, and it monitors rapidly changing function better. Direct costs for both were equal, but charges for the TSH test were higher. The average direct cost per patient, starting with the FT4 test, was $4.61; starting with the TSH test, $5.90; and starting with both tests together, $6.50. Medicare reimbursements correlated poorly with costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Starting with the TSH test and reflexing to the FT4 test provides a better first-line all-purpose sequence than the reverse. In managed care settings, the slightly higher direct cost of this approach is offset by greater clinical effectiveness. In fee-for-service settings, cost differences can be nearly eliminated by equalizing TSH and FT4 charges to reflect current direct-cost realities. Obtaining both tests together overcomes the disadvantages of each at a slightly higher direct cost.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Straub Clinic and Hospital, Inc., Honolulu, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nordyke
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Reppun
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Madanay
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D006278:Medicare; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000032:analysis*; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000032:analysis*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine