title: [Endocrine reactions, circulatory and resuscitation behavior in ketamine-midazolam anesthesia. A comparative study of ketamine racemate vs. (S)-ketamine in knee surgery].
abstract: Clinically used ketamine is a racemic mixture of two isomers, (S)- and (R)-ketamine, in equal amounts. Previous investigations showed the anaesthetic potency of (S)-ketamine to be three times higher than that of (R)-ketamine. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of (S)-ketamine/midazolam and racemic ketamine/midazolam on endocrine and cardiovascular parameters, recovery, and side effects in unpremedicated patients during knee surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  41 patients scheduled for elective knee surgery were investigated in a prospective, double-blind, and randomised design. For induction of intravenous anesthesia, patients received 0.1 mg/kg midazolam, 0.003 mg/kg atropine, 1 mg/kg (S)-ketamine or 2 mg/kg racemic ketamine, respectively. For tracheal intubation, 1 mg vecuronium and 1.5 mg/kg suxamethonium were injected. After intubation and relaxation with a total dose of 0.1 mg/kg vecuronium, a continuous infusion of 0.5 mg/kg/h (S)- or 1 mg/kg/h racemic ketamine was administered throughout the surgery. In addition, 0.05 mg/kg/h midazolam was infused continuously in both groups throughout surgery. Ventilation was performed with N2O/O2 (FiO2 0.3). Blood samples were taken using a central venous line five times before induction as well as during and after surgery for analysis of adrenaline, noradrenaline (by high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection), anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol (by radioimmunoassay). In addition, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure (SAP, DAP), heart rate (HR), and arterial oxygen saturation were measured. The time intervals between the end of ketamine and midazolam infusion and the return of consciousness and orientation were recorded. The incidence and quality of dreams and other side effects were reported by the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biometric data of the groups were comparable. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline did not change significantly during anaesthesia. ADH increased significantly (p < 0.05) after skin incision in both groups.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum Anästhesie, Abteilung I, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bornscheuer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lübbe
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Mahr
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piepenbrock
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kirchner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018681:Anesthetics, General / Q000737:chemistry*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004702:Endocrine Glands / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D007717:Knee / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam
vernacular_title: Endokrine Reaktionen, Kreislauf- und Aufwach-verhalten bei Ketamin-/Midazolam-Narkosen. Eine Vergleichsstudie Ketamin-Razemat vs. (S)-Ketamin bei Eingriffen am Knie.