title: Possible effectiveness of clarithromycin and rifabutin for cryptosporidiosis chemoprophylaxis in HIV disease. HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) Investigators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cryptosporidium parvum infection, a common cause of diarrhea in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is difficult to treat or prevent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate relative rates of cryptosporidiosis in HIV-infected patients who were either receiving or not receiving chemoprophylaxis or treatment for Mycobacterium avium complex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of prospectively collected data from HIV-infected patients' visits to their physicians since 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten (8 private, 2 publicly funded) HIV clinics in 9 US cities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1019 HIV-infected patients with CD4+ cell counts less than 0.075 x 10(9)/L.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of clinical cryptosporidiosis during treatment with clarithromycin, rifabutin, and azithromycin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five of the 312 patients reportedly taking clarithromycin developed cryptosporidiosis vs 30 of the 707 patients not taking clarithromycin (relative hazard [RH], 0.25 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.10-0.67]; P=.004). Two of the 214 patients taking rifabutin developed cryptosporidiosis vs 33 of the 805 not taking rifabutin (RH, 0.15 [95% CI, 0.04-0.62]; P=.01). Prophylactic efficacy of either drug was 75% or greater. No protective effect was seen in the 54 patients reportedly taking azithromycin (RH, 1.48 [95% CI, 0.44-5.04]; P=.46).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clarithromycin and rifabutin were highly protective against development of cryptosporidiosis in immune-suppressed HIV-infected persons in this analysis; further study is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga 30333, USA.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Moorman
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Von Bargen
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Palella
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Loveless
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Navin
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017828:Rifabutin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D017828:Rifabutin; D017963:Azithromycin; D017291:Clarithromycin