title: Liver damage in human small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some rodent strains with experimental small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) unrelated to jejunoileal bypass are susceptible to hepatic damage, possibly because of increased small intestinal permeability to proinflammatory bacterial polymers. However, data on the prevalence of hepatic damage in human subjects with SIBO in this setting are lacking. This study addressed this issue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy adult subjects were investigated for possible SIBO and hepatic damage with bacteriological analysis of small intestinal aspirates and measurement of serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. Nutritional indices (serum albumin and anthropometry) and the urinary lactulose/mannitol ratio, an index of small intestinal permeability, were measured in all subjects with SIBO and liver damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SIBO was present in 40 of 70 subjects (57.1%). Overgrowth flora included salivary-type bacteria alone in 11 subjects and colonic-type bacteria in 29 subjects (facultative anaerobes [Enterobacteriaceae] alone in 21 subjects and both facultative and obligate anaerobes [Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides spp] in eight subjects). Biochemical evidence of liver damage was found in zero of 30 subjects without SIBO, zero of 11 subjects with SIBO with salivary-type bacteria alone, zero of 21 subjects with SIBO with facultative but not obligate anaerobic colonic-type bacteria, and in one of eight subjects (12.5%) with SIBO with obligate anaerobic colonic-type bacteria, in whom serum alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels were elevated. Nutritional indices were normal in this patient. Small intestinal permeability was increased and, along with liver enzyme abnormalities, normalized after eradication of SIBO. Small intestinal permeability was also increased in three of six patients (50.0%) with SIBO with obligate anaerobic colonic-type bacteria who had no evidence of liver damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SIBO per se is not a major risk factor for liver damage in humans, even when the overgrowth flora includes obligate anaerobes. Liver damage is not a necessary consequence of increased small intestinal permeability in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hepatology, University College London Medical School, England.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Riordan
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McIver
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D010539:Permeability; D012307:Risk Factors; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase