title: The vasoactive peptide maxadilan from sand fly saliva inhibits TNF-alpha and induces IL-6 by mouse macrophages through interaction with the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptor.
abstract: Maxadilan is a vasodilatory peptide encoded by a gene cloned from Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary glands. In this study we investigated the effects of maxadilan on macrophage functions. Maxadilan treatment of LPS-stimulated BALB/c macrophages inhibited TNF-alpha release but increased IL-6. Further, it also induced IL-6 release in a dose-dependent manner from unstimulated macrophages. Maxadilan increased production of PGE2, and the inhibition of TNF-alpha was completely abrogated by indomethacin. Others have recently shown that maxadilan is a selective agonist of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) type I receptor. Treatment with the receptor antagonist PACAP 6-38 blocked maxadilan activities on macrophages. The natural endogenous ligand, PACAP 38, had the same effects as maxadilan on TNF-alpha and IL-6 production. Finally, in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, maxadilan induced the intracellular accumulation of cAMP in macrophages. Taken together, the results presented here indicate a modulatory effect of ligands of PACAP type I receptor on cytokine production by macrophages and suggest that activation of this receptor, with the subsequent elevation of intracellular cAMP in macrophages, could participate in a negative-feedback mechanism that controls certain inflammatory responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Titus
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bozza
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D011576:Psychodidae; D051236:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051237:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I; D011979:Receptors, Pituitary Hormone / Q000502:physiology*; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C495402:Adcyap1 protein, mouse; D019476:Insect Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009479:Neuropeptides; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051236:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051237:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I; D011979:Receptors, Pituitary Hormone; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C069147:maxadilan protein, insect; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D015232:Dinoprostone