title: Evaluation of X-ray beam angulation for successful twin canal identification in mandibular incisors.
abstract: This study was undertaken to determine the most effective horizontal beam angulation for the diagnosis of twin canals in mandibular incisors. Two hundred extracted mandibular incisor teeth, in groups of four, were aligned in the form of a lower dental arch and radiographed using a beam alignment device at 10 degrees intervals between 0 degree and 50 degrees from both right and left sides. Five observers with varying degrees of experience were asked to assess the number of canals in each of the four teeth from these radiographs. A further radiograph of each individual tooth was taken at 90 degrees through the mesio-distal plane to identify the number of twin canals present. A random sample of 10% of the radiographs were viewed for a second time 3 months later to assess intra-observer variation. The 20 degrees right and 30 degrees left horizontal beam angulations showed significantly more accurate diagnosis of twin canals than the ortho-radial view (0 degree) by all five observers. Analysis of the inter-observer results suggests that the experienced viewers were no better but more consistent at identifying twin canals in mandibular incisors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Restorative Dentistry, Leeds Dental Institute, UK.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Blake
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Nattress
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Hirschmann
mesh_terms: D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007180:Incisor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008334:Mandible; D015588:Observer Variation; D011861:Radiography, Dental / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity