title: Epidemiology of tension-type headache.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tension-type headache is a highly prevalent condition. Because few population-based studies have been performed, little is known about its epidemiology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the 1-year period prevalence of episodic tension-type headache (ETTH) and chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) in a population-based study; to describe differences in 1-year period prevalence by sex, age, education, and race; and to describe attack frequency and headache pain intensity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Telephone survey conducted 1993 to 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baltimore County, Maryland.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 13 345 subjects from the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percentage of respondentswith diagnoses of headache using International Headache Society criteria. Workdays lost and reduced effectiveness at work, home, and school because of headache, based on self-report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of ETTH in the past year was 38.3%. Women had a higher 1-year ETTH prevalence than men in all age, race, and education groups, with an overall prevalence ratio of 1.16. Prevalence peaked in the 30- to 39-year-old age group in both men (42.3%) and women (46.9%). Whites had a higher 1-year prevalence than African Americans in men (40.1% vs. 22.8%) and women (46.8% vs 30.9%). Prevalence increased with increasing educational levels in both sexes, reaching a peak in subjects with graduate school educations of 48.5% for men and 48.9% for women. The 1-year period prevalence of CTTH was 2.2%; prevalence was higher in women and declined with increasing education. Of subjects with ETTH, 8.3% reported lost workdays because of their headaches, while 43.6% reported decreased effectiveness at work, home, or school. Subjects with CTTH reported more lost workdays (mean of 27.4 days vs 8.9 days for those reporting lost workdays) and reduced-effectiveness days (mean of 20.4 vs 5.0 days for those reporting reduced effectiveness) compared with subjects with ETTH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Episodic tension-type headache is a highly prevalent condition with a significant functional impact at work, home, and school. Chronic tension-type headache is much less prevalent than ETTH; despite its greater individual impact, CTTH has a smaller societal impact than ETTH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Md 21205, USA.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lipton
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data