title: Measurement of cerebral blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass with near-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A novel noninvasive method for repeatedly measuring cerebral blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass by near-infrared spectroscopy is described. The reproducibility of the method is investigated and a comparison is made with an established technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The method is derived from the Fick principle and uses indocyanine green dye, injected into the bypass circuit, as an intravascular tracer. Cerebral blood flow was measured in nine children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass on a total of 49 occasions. Results from this study suggest that an integrating period of 4 seconds provided a consistent measurement of global cerebral blood flow. The values obtained ranged from 3.2 to 32.4 (median 15.9) ml.100 gm-1.min-1. In an additional 10 children in whom repeated measurements were made, the coefficient of variation was 11% +/- 7% (mean +/- standard deviation). In a further study, the method was compared with microsphere injection in five piglets undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. The comparison within each animal with the linear least squares method gave values for R2 in the range 0.91 to 0.99. The gradients of the fits ranged from 0.5 to 1.8 (median 1.0). The mean difference between the two techniques was 5.7 ml.100 gm-1.min-1 or 7%. The coefficient of variation for the piglets was 14% +/- 9% (mean +/- standard deviation).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indocyanine green and near-infrared spectroscopy allow frequent and repeated measurements of cerebral blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass. The measurements are reproducible and accurately reflect changes in cerebral blood flow. It may be widely applicable both in research and clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Child Health (UCL), London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fallon
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Kirkham
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kirshbom
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004396:Coloring Agents; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D007223:Infant; D008863:Microspheres; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green