title: Complications associated with the use of the Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report four cases of subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum and pneumoperitoneum associated with the use of the Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube (ETC) during prehospital management of cardiac arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between September 1994 and April 1996, 1139 patients were resuscitated with the ETC and the semiautomated external defibrillator as part of the CPR protocol for prehospital management of cardiac arrest by basic emergency medical technicians. Eight of these patients presented with subcutaneous emphysema. Four of them, declared dead after arrival in the emergency room (ER), had autopsy studies. In two, autopsy revealed large (6 and 6.5 cm respectively) longitudinal transparietal lacerations of the anterior wall of the oesophagus. Multiple superficial lacerations of the oesophagus were also present in another patient, while no lesion of the airway or the oesophagus was found in the last patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These cases suggest that subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum and pneumoperitoneum might be complications associated with the use of the ETC. At least in two cases, oesophageal laceration appears to be the mechanism by which these complications occurred.
authors.affiliation: Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada. vezd@quebectel.com
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vézina
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lessard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bussières
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Topping
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Trépanier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001331:Automation; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians; D004947:Esophagus / Q000293:injuries; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007440:Intubation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008478:Mediastinal Emphysema / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010614:Pharynx / Q000293:injuries; D011027:Pneumoperitoneum / Q000209:etiology*; D012421:Rupture; D013352:Subcutaneous Emphysema / Q000209:etiology*