title: Depression among cocaine abusers in treatment: relation to cocaine and alcohol use and treatment outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors investigated the theoretical and clinical role of depression among cocaine abusers in treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-nine cocaine-abusing patients underwent 2 weeks of substance abuse treatment. Posttreatment major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms before and after substance abuse treatment, and alcohol diagnoses were assessed and their relation to pretreatment substance use, cravings in high-risk situations, and 3-month follow-up status was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High rates of major depressive disorder were found but were unrelated to pretreatment substance use. The decrease in depressive symptoms during treatment was independent of major depressive disorder or alcohol diagnoses and predicted treatment attrition. Higher levels of depressive symptoms during treatment were associated with greater urge to use cocaine, alcohol, and other drugs in high-risk situations. Concurrent major depressive disorder and depressive symptoms did not predict cocaine use at follow-up. However, patients who had an alcohol relapse episode experienced more depressive symptoms during treatment than did those who abstained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results highlight the relationship of depression to alcohol use among cocaine abusers and suggest a need for further studies of the association between depression and substance use disorders.
authors.affiliation: Butler Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Monti
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rivinus
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Dubreuil
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rohsenow
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012008:Recurrence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D016896:Treatment Outcome