title: Treatment of patients with retrograde ejaculation in the era of modern assisted reproduction technology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined a rational strategy for treatment of patients with retrograde ejaculation in the era of modern assisted reproduction technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 7 consecutive patients medical treatment or retrieval of spermatozoa from the bladder was performed at a male infertility clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antegrade ejaculation was restored in 3 patients, and spermatozoa were retrieved from the bladder and used for assisted reproduction in 3. Spermatozoa with good oolemma penetrating ability were collected by seminal vesicle massage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modern assisted reproduction technology is a powerful treatment option for retrograde ejaculation when combined with a technique to retrieve spermatozoa of good quality from the bladder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujioka
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tatsumi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanzaki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gohji
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamidono
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004542:Ejaculation; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012099:Reproductive Techniques; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013081:Sperm Motility