title: Removal of anti-porcine natural antibodies from human and nonhuman primate plasma in vitro and in vivo by a Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4betaGlc-X immunoaffinity column.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Natural antibodies (NAbs) against a terminal alpha1-3 galactosyl (alphaGal) epitope have been identified as the major human anti-pig NAbs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used two synthetic alphaGal trisaccharides--type 6 (alphaGal6) and type 2(alphaGal2)--linked to an inert matrix to remove NAbs from human plasma in vitro. Flow cytometry indicated that an average of 85% of the NAb binding activity was depleted by adsorption with alphaGal6. By measuring the binding of NAbs to pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bone marrow cells, we demonstrated that alphaGal6 was more effective than alphaGal2 in removing NAbs, and the combination of alphaGal6 + alphaGal2 did not further increase removal of NAbs. The specificity of the removal of NAbs (IgM and IgG) reactive with the alphaGal epitope by alphaGal6 matrix was shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In vivo studies in nonhuman primates compared plasma perfusion through a alphaGal6 immunoaffinity column with hemoperfusion through a pig liver for changes in blood pressure, hematocrit, platelets, and NAb adsorption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both methods reduced the level of anti-pig IgM and IgG xenoreactive antibodies to nearly background, but column perfusion caused less hypotension and reduction in platelets than liver perfusion. Four pig kidneys transplanted into monkeys after column perfusion did not undergo hyperacute rejection, remaining functional for 2-10 days, with a mean functional period of 7 days, demonstrating that a pig kidney can support renal function in a primate.
authors.affiliation: BioTransplant Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lorf
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sablinski
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gianello
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bailin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Monroy
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kozlowski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Awwad
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Sachs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007164:Immunosorbents; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D010215:Papio; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D011323:Primates; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology*; D014312:Trisaccharides / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000939:Epitopes; D007164:Immunosorbents; D014312:Trisaccharides; C076569:alpha-galactosyl epitope