title: Thrombosis prevention trial: randomised trial of low-intensity oral anticoagulation with warfarin and low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease in men at increased risk. The Medical Research Council's General Practice Research Framework.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to evaluate low intensity oral anticoagulation with warfarin and low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease (IHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  5499 men aged between 45 years and 69 years at high risk of IHD were recruited from 108 practices in the UK that belong to the Medical Research Council's General Practice Research Framework. Initially, warfarin or placebo was randomly allocated to 1427 men; 1013 of these men later moved to a factorial stage of the trial, retaining their warfarin or placebo warfarin allocation and adding randomly allocated active or placebo aspirin. Another 4072 men entered directly into the factorial stage making a total of 5085 men. The four factorial treatment groups were: active warfarin and active aspirin (WA, n = 1277), active warfarin and placebo aspirin (W, n = 1268), and placebo warfarin and active aspirin (A, n = 1268), and placebo warfarin and placebo aspirin (P, n = 1272). The primary end-point was all IHD defined as the sum of coronary death and fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean International Normalised Ratio (INR) of those on active warfarin was 1.47. The mean warfarin dose was 4.1 mg a day (range 0.5 mg-12.5 mg). There were 410 IHD events (142 fatal, 268 non-fatal). The main effect of warfarin (i.e., WA and W vs A and P) was a reduction in all IHD of 21% (95% CI 4-35, p = 0.02) chiefly due to a 39% reduction (15-57, p = 0.003) in fatal events so that warfarin reduced the death rate from all causes by 17% (1-30, p = 0.04). The main effect of aspirin (i.e., WA and A vs W and P) was a reduction in all IHD of 20% (1-35, p = 0.04) almost entirely due to a 32% reduction (12-48, p = 0.004) in non-fatal events. Absolute reductions in all IHD due to warfarin or aspirin were 2.6 and 2.3 per 1000 person years, respectively. WA reduced all IHD by 34% (11-51, p = 0.006) compared with P. WA increased haemorrhagic and fatal strokes. Ruptured aortic or dissecting aneurysms occurred in 15 of those who were or had been on warfarin compared with three of those who had not (p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results add to evidence that aspirin reduces non-fatal IHD. Warfarin reduced all IHD chiefly because of an effect on fatal events. Combined treatment with warfarin and aspirin is more effective in the reduction of IHD than either agent on its own.
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011322:Primary Prevention; D012307:Risk Factors; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D014859:Warfarin; D001241:Aspirin