title: Determination of water in forages and animal feeds by Karl Fischer titration.
abstract: Oven methods for determining moisture (volatiles) in forages and other animal feeds are empirical. The moisture concentration obtained depends upon the time and temperature the sample was dried and is influenced by the presence of other volatiles than water. A validated reference method to measure water in forages and animal feeds could be used to evaluate the appropriateness of oven methods for various types of animal feeds and forages. Karl Fischer titration is a well-established method for determining water. However, thorough extraction of water from forages and feeds is a challenge because they often contain cellular structures that release water slowly. Water was successfully extracted into methanol-formamide (50 + 50) by high-speed homogenization and then titrated directly at 50 degrees C with a one-component Karl Fischer reagent based on imidazole. The method is described in detail, results of day-to-day repeatability and laboratory-to-laboratory reproducibility are reported, and preliminary comparison data between oven methods are provided.
authors.affiliation: South Dakota State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brookings, SD 57007-1217, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Erem
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thiex
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pohmer
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Poffenbarger
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D007093:Imidazoles; D006109:Poaceae; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013696:Temperature; D017186:Titrimetry / Q000379:methods; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D014867:Water; C029899:imidazole