title: Comparison of single- and two-layer Percoll separation for selection of motile spermatozoa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sperm recovery using a single-layer Percoll procedure is significantly better than using the swim-up technique for infertile men and patients with normal sperm characteristics; however, in normal men results have been contradictory. Some studies have shown further improvement in semen quality with multiple layers. Therefore, this study compared the effect of single-layer and two-layer Percoll procedures on sperm characteristics of normozoospermic men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semen specimens from 10 normal donors were processed by layering 1 mL of the liquefied ejaculate on a single layer of 80% Percoll or on a two-layer (47% and 90%) Percoll gradient. Computer-assisted semen analysis was done to examine total motile sperm, percentage of recovery of motile cells, percent motility, curvilinear velocity, linearity, and amplitude of lateral head displacement. Each specimen was evaluated by the hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test, bovine cervical mucus penetration test, viability (eosin-nigrosin stain), and sperm morphology (World Health Organization and Kruger's strict criteria).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specimens processed with the two-layer Percoll procedure had significantly better recovery of spermatozoa, and significantly better percentage motility, linearity, amplitude of lateral head displacement, percentage tail swelling, and percentage viability than those separated on single-layer Percoll. Results for sperm morphology using WHO and Kruger's criteria were similar between the two methods (P = 0.92 for both sets of criteria).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In normozoospermic men, the two-layer Percoll separation procedure significantly improves semen characteristics compared with separation on a single layer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seifarth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002499:Centrifugation, Density Gradient / Q000379:methods*; D002582:Cervix Mucus; D003102:Colloids / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011205:Povidone / Q000737:chemistry*; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000502:physiology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; C016039:Percoll; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D011205:Povidone