title: The economics of treatment for infants with respiratory distress syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define clinical outcomes and prevailing patterns of care for the initial hospitalization of infants at greatest risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS); to estimate direct medical care costs associated with the initial hospitalization; and to introduce and demonstrate a simulation technique for the economic evaluation of health care technologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical outcomes and usual-care algorithms were determined for infants with RDS in three birthweight categories (500-1,000g; >1,000-1,500g; and >1,500g) using literature- and expert-panel-based data. The experts were practitioners from major U.S. hospitals who were directly involved in the clinical care of such infants. Using the framework derived from the usual care patterns and outcomes, the authors developed an itemized "micro-costing" economic model to simulate the costs associated with the initial hospitalization of a hypothetical RDS patient. The model is computerized and dynamic; unit costs, frequencies, number of days, probabilities and population multipliers are all variable and can be modified on the basis of new information or local conditions. Aggregated unit costs are used to estimate the expected medical costs of treatment per patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expected costs of initial hospitalization per uncomplicated surviving infant with RDS were estimated to be $101,867 for 500-1,000g infants; $64,524 for >1,000-1,500g infants; and $27,224 for >1,500g infants. Incremental costs of complications among survivors were estimated to be $22,155 (500-1,000g); $11,041 (>1,000-1,500g); and $2,448 (>1,500 g). Expected costs of initial hospitalization per case (including non-survivors) were $100,603; $72,353; and $28,756, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An itemized model such as the one developed here serves as a benchmark for the economic assessment of treatment costs and utilization. Moreover, it offers a powerful tool for the prospective evaluation of new technologies or procedures designed to reduce the incidence of, severity of, and/or total hospital resource use ascribed to RDS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-8773, USA. njneil@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neil
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lessler
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D003697:Delphi Technique; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000191:economics*; D018803:Models, Economic; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology