title: Resting coronary flow and coronary flow reserve in human infants after repair or palliation of congenital heart defects as measured by positron emission tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coronary physiology in infants with congenital heart disease remains unclear. Our objective was to better understand coronary physiology in infants with congenital heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used positron emission tomography with nitrogen 13-labeled ammonia to measure myocardial perfusion at rest and with adenosine (142 micrograms/kg/min x 6 minutes) in five infants after anatomic repair of a congenital heart lesion (group I), and in five infants after Norwood palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (group II). The groups were matched for age, weight, and time from the operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resting coronary flow in the left ventricle in group I was 1.8 +/- 0.2 ml/min/gm; resting flow in the right ventricle in group II was 1.0 +/- 0.3 ml/min/gm (p = 0.003). Coronary flow with adenosine was 2.6 +/- 0.5 ml/min/gm in group I and 1.5 +/- 0.7 ml/min/gm in group II (p = 0.02). Absolute coronary flow reserve was the same in both groups (1.5 +/- 0.2 in group I vs 1.6 +/- 0.3 in group II, p = 0.45). Oxygen delivery was reduced in group II compared with group I at rest (16.1 +/- 4.2 ml/min/100 gm vs 28.9 +/- 4.42 ml/min/100 gm, p = 0.02) and with adenosine (25.5 +/- 8.1 ml/min/100 gm vs 42.3 +/- 5.8 ml/min/100 gm, p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infants with repaired heart disease have higher resting flow and less coronary flow reserve than previously reported for adults. After Norwood palliation, infants have less perfusion and oxygen delivery to the systemic ventricle than do infants with a repaired lesion. This may in part explain why the outcome for patients with Norwood palliation is less favorable than for others.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Raffel
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Shulkin
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Corbett
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Bove
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mosca
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kulik
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine; D000641:Ammonia; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D010166:Palliative Care; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D000641:Ammonia; D000241:Adenosine