title: [Chronic tinnitus in children and adolescents].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The problem of tinnitus in adults is reviewed systematically in nearly all standard otolaryngology reference works, whereas textbooks and monographs that focus on pediatric otorhinolaryngology or audiology and hearing in children and adolescents provide only little information concerning the epidemiology, etiology and therapy of tinnitus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychosomatic aspects of chronic tinnitus in this younger age group. A rational diagnostic approach is discussed as to which diagnostic measures are necessary in the pediatric group for deciding which therapeutic option to chose. The therapeutic outcome of tinnitus counselling in non-severe cases and of parenteral lidocaine infusions in cases of a troublesome tinnitus is presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1992 to December 1995, 31 children and adolescents in the age range from 6 to 17 years were treated for a chronic tinnitus without a measurable hearing loss. In 20 cases the tinnitus was bilateral; in 11 cases it was unilateral, without side preference. In 24 patients the case history gave no hint of a major annoyance by the tinnitus or significant psychological components. In these cases tinnitus counselling was carried out. In 7 cases-3 girls and 4 boys in the age range from 10 to 17 years-the kind and grade of symptom satisfied the ICD-10 criteria of a depressive episode. These patients were hospitalized for 10 days and a lidocaine infusion therapy (2 mg/kg Xylocain Cor in 500 ml HAES 6%) was performed as treatment for the somatic component of the disorder. Data were analyzed catamnestically using the patients' files.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all cases normal hearing threshold and speech intelligibility were ascertained by pure-tone and speech audiometry. Auditory evoked brainstem potentials gave no further information. The measurement of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions gave no consistent results in either of the two groups. Tinnitus measurement and audiometric masking could only be carried out in patients older than 10 years and showed non-reproducible results. In all cases with no major symptoms tinnitus disappeared. During a follow-up of 12-44 months, 4 cases treated with lidocaine achieved complete remission; in 3 cases the tinnitus eased off to such an extent that it was no longer regarded as annoying. In one girl of the lidocaine group a somatisation disorder developed independently of the tinnitus and was treated by psychotherapy. No side-effects of the lidocaine occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All aspects of chronic tinnitus in children and adolescents can be covered best when regarding this symptom as a psychosomatic disorder. The diagnostic approach in this age group has to include a detailed case history embracing both organic and psychological and social aspects. It should also include pure-tone and speech audiometry. Only in cases with an uncertain hearing threshold auditory evoked brainstem potentials have to be measured. Otoacoustic emissions give no further information about the development and therapeutic outcome of the tinnitus. In this age group tinnitus measurement and masking is of no diagnostic value. In patients with no signs of a hearing loss and no other organic symptoms there is no need for further diagnostic measures such as imaging or serological investigations. In cases with severe annoyance, tinnitus counselling is sufficient therapy. In cases with severe symptoms, lidocaine infusion therapy may be a therapeutic option for the somatic component of the disorder. In adolescents with chronic tinnitus psychotherapy will be necessary only in rare cases. The overall prognosis of this disorder is good.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Phoniatrie und Pädaudiologie, Universitäts-HNO-Klinik Erlangen.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rosanowski
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pröschel
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Eysholdt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D001302:Audiometry, Speech; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003376:Counseling; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine
vernacular_title: Chronischer Tinnitus bei Kindern und Jugendlichen.