title: Risk factors for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy and severe visual loss: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report #18.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors for the development of high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and for the development of severe visual loss or vitrectomy (SVLV) in eyes assigned to deferral of photocoagulation in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariable Cox models were constructed to evaluate the strength and statistical significance of baseline risk factors for development of high-risk PDR and of SVLV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The baseline characteristics identified as risk factors for high-risk PDR were increased severity of retinopathy, decreased visual acuity (or increased extent of macular edema), higher glycosylated hemoglobin, history of diabetic neuropathy, lower hematocrit, elevated triglycerides, lower serum albumin, and persons with mild to moderate nonproliferative retinopathy, younger age (or type 1 diabetes). The predominant risk factor for development of SVLV was the prior development of high-risk PDR. The only other clearly significant factor was decreased visual acuity at baseline. In the eyes that developed SVLV before high-risk proliferative retinopathy was observed, baseline risk factors were decreased visual acuity (or increased extent of macular edema), older age (or type 2 diabetes), and female gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These analyses supported the view that the retinopathy-inhibiting effect of better glycemic control extends across all ages, both diabetes types, and all stages of retinopathy up to and including the severe nonproliferative and early proliferative stages and the possibility that reducing elevated blood lipids and treating anemia slow the progression of retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gangnon
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Aiello
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Ferris
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Knatterud
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000150:complications; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014821:Vitrectomy; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001241:Aspirin; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D012709:Serum Albumin; D014280:Triglycerides