title: Topical hypothermia: ineffective and deleterious as adjunct to cardioplegia for myocardial protection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Topical hypothermia, an early method developed for myocardial protection by virtue of its reduction of cardiac metabolic rate, is not without sequelae such as phrenic nerve paralysis and pulmonary complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hospital records of 505 nonrandomized consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting between 1991 and 1995 at the University of South Alabama were reviewed to evaluate the effectiveness of topical hypothermia and its relationship to pulmonary complications. Group A included 191 patients between 1991 and 1992 who received systemic hypothermia and topical hypothermia with iced slush in addition to cold blood cardioplegia. Group B included 314 patients between 1993 and 1995 who received systemic hypothermia and intermittent cold blood cardioplegia without iced slush.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial temperature mapping did not reveal any difference between the two groups. Postoperative cardiac morbidity, manifested as intraaortic balloon use, low cardiac output, inotrope use, and perioperative myocardial infarction, was decreased in group B, but the difference failed to achieve statistical significance. Mortality (group A, 3.14%; group B, 3.82%) and rates of significant morbidity such as sternal infection, stroke, reoperation for bleeding, renal failure, and prolonged ventilation were comparable between the two groups. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of diaphragmatic paralysis between group A and group B. Group A had a 25% incidence of diaphragmatic paralysis on the first postoperative day, 18% on the 15th postoperative day, and 8% at 6 months, as opposed to group B, which had incidences of 2% on the first postoperative day, 1% on the 15th postoperative day, and 1% at 6 months (p < 0.001). Also, there was a significant difference in incidence of pleural effusions (60% versus 25%) and rate of thoracentesis (25% versus 8%) between groups A and B (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that topical hypothermia did not offer any additional cardioprotective benefit above systemic hypothermia and cold blood cardioplegia alone in coronary bypass patients, but significantly increased the incidence of diaphragmatic paralysis and associated pulmonary complications.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nikas
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Ramadan
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Elefteriades
mesh_terms: D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010243:Paralysis / Q000209:etiology; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications