title: Effect of aging on cholecystokinin-induced panic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiologic surveys have found that the incidence and prevalence of panic disorder decline in later life. The goal of this study was to determine whether aging has an effect on healthy subjects' responses to the panicogenic agent cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled design: 40 subjects 20-35 years old and 40 subjects 65 years old or older were randomly assigned to receive an intravenous bolus of either 50 micrograms of CCK-4 or normal saline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When given CCK-4, older subjects had significantly fewer and less intense symptoms of panic, shorter duration of symptoms, and less of an increase in heart rate than did younger subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found an age-related change in responsiveness to CCK-4. Further research to delineate the mechanism of this change is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Quebec, Canada. aflint@torhosp.toronto.on.ca
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Flint
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koszycki
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Vaccarino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cadieux
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Boulenger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bradwejn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010919:Placebos; D013758:Tetragastrin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D013758:Tetragastrin