title: Generation of endogenous tumour necrosis factor-alpha in MOLT-4 cells during the acute replication phase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 determines the subsequent latent infection.
abstract: We have characterized the mechanism for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) latent infection in a human T cell line MOLT-4 subclone no. 8 (MOLT-#8). The inocula used were HIV-1 recovered from MT-4 during the acute (NL-A) and persistent (NL-P) phases after HIV-1 infection. On infection of MOLT-#8 with NL-A, viral antigens first appeared in almost 100% of the cells whereafter the numbers of viable antigen-positive cells declined. In contrast, following infection with NL-P the expression of viral antigens was maintained in almost 100% of the cells. In fact, limiting dilution of NL-P-infected cells allowed us to isolate 43 subclones, all of which were positive for viral antigen expression in almost 100% of the cells (type I). In sharp contrast, only two of 41 subclones from NL-A-infected cells were of type I. Seven subclones were latently infected with HIV-1; latent HIV-1 in six subclones (type II), but not in one type III subclone, was activated by tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The remaining subclones were negative for the viral genome. Of particular note is the effect of endogenous TNF-alpha generated during the acute phase of virus replication which shifted the virus phenotype. Thus, the presence of TNF-alpha during the acute phase of virus replication seems to play a key role in the selective destruction of cells expressing higher levels of viral antigens and in subsequent establishment of latent infection in host T cells.
authors.affiliation: Section of Serology, Institute of Immunological Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujinaga
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakaya
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikuta
mesh_terms: D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002460:Cell Line; D002472:Cell Transformation, Viral; D002999:Clone Cells; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D015368:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D013601:T-Lymphocytes; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017735:Virus Latency; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate