title: Fish intake and cardiovascular risk among middle-aged Japanese in Japan and Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of immigrant populations are useful for analysis of the effects of environmental factors on cardiovascular disease. We have examined the association between dietary habit of fish intake and cardiovascular risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based samples of 433 middle-aged Japanese men and women in Japan (Shimane (group JS) and Okinawa (group JO)) and 269 Japanese immigrants in Brazil (Sâo Paulo (group BS) and Campo Grande (group BC)), who had originally moved to Brazil mainly from Shimane and Okinawa, were recruited to the study. They underwent blood pressure measurement, 24-h urine collection, blood tests and electrocardiographic examination, and completed a dietary questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant gradient through the groups, from JS to JO, BS and BC with respect to the prevalence of obesity, hypertension, increased glycohaemoglobin concentrations and ST-T segment change on the electrocardiogram (prevalences for men and women combined: group JS 2.0%, group JO 3.8%, group BS 3.9% and group BC 9.0%; P < 0.025). The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia was noted more frequently in groups BS and BC. Twenty-four-hour urinary taurine excretion in both sexes and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in plasma phospholipids in men were significantly higher in groups JS and JO than in groups BS and BC. A striking negative gradient in the frequency of fish intake per week was found from group JS (men/women, 4.7/4.8) to groups JO (3.8/3.6), BS (1.9/1.6) and BC (0.5/0.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests a possible association between fish intake and reduced cardiovascular risk, through the beneficial effects of taurine and n-3 PUFA and a habitual low intake of calories and fat.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mizushima
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Moriguchi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hekman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nara
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mimura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moriguchi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamori
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D044466:Asian People; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011897:Random Allocation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D017747:Seafood; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D002784:Cholesterol