title: Ischemic preconditioning prior to myocardial protection with cold blood cardioplegia in coronary surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Encouraging results on myocardial preconditioning in experimental models of infarction, stunning or prolonged ischemia raise the question whether preconditioning techniques may enhance conventional cardioplegic protection used for routine coronary surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective clinical trial was conducted to investigate the effect of additional ischemic normothermic preconditioning prior to cardioplegic arrest applying cold blood cardioplegia in patients scheduled for routine coronary surgery (3 vessel disease, left ventricular ejection fraction > 50%). Two cross clamp periods of 5 min with the hearts beating in sinus rhythm were applied followed by 10 min of reperfusion, each (n = 7, group I). Inducing moderate hypothermia cold blood cardioplegia was delivered antegradely. In control groups, cold intermittent blood cardioplegia (n = 7, group II) was used alone. Coronary sinus effluents were analyzed for release of creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, lactate, and troponin T at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. In addition, postoperative catecholamine requirements were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The procedure was tolerated well, and no perioperative myocardial infarction in any of the groups studied occurred. Concentrations of lactate tended to be higher in group I, but this difference was not significant. In addition, no significant differences for concentrations of CK, CK-MB, and troponin T were found. Following ischemic preconditioning an increased dosage of dopamine was required within the first 12 h postoperatively (group I: 2.63 +/- 1.44 microg/kg/min, group II: 0.89 +/- 1.06 microg/kg/min).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining ischemic preconditioning and cardioplegic protection with cold blood cardioplegia does not appear to ameliorate myocardial protection when compared to cardioplegic protection applying cold blood cardioplegia alone. Inversely, contractile function seemed to be impaired when applying this protocol of ischemic preconditioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cremer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steinhoff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karck
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahnsell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: O E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Teebken
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haverich
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003080:Cold Temperature; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004298:Dopamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014336:Troponin / Q000097:blood; D020107:Troponin T
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007773:Lactates; D014336:Troponin; D020107:Troponin T; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D004298:Dopamine