title: Toxicity of intraocular lidocaine and bupivacaine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the toxicity of intraocular lidocaine, bupivacaine, and a combination of the two anesthetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The right eyes of 34 rabbits were divided into eight groups, and each was injected intravitreally with 0.2 ml of lidocaine hydrochloride in a 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.25% concentration, or bupivacaine hydrochloride in a 0.75%, 0.5%, or 0.25% concentration, or a 1:1 mixture of lidocaine 2% and bupivacaine 0.75%. The left eyes of four of these rabbits received an injection of balanced saline solution. Electroretinograms were recorded before injection and 30 minutes, 90 minutes, 3 hours, 6 hours, 24 hours, and 1 week after injection. The amplitude and the implicit time were analyzed. The rabbits were killed 1 week after injection and the eyes evaluated histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No adverse clinical reaction and no histologic abnormality was observed in any of the nine groups after injection. The a- and b-waves of the electroretinograms in the control group injected with balanced saline solution, and the a-waves of the experimental groups that received injections of lidocaine, bupivacaine, or the mixture, were normal. The b-waves of the experimental groups demonstrated a marked decrease in the amplitude and an increase (P < .05) in the implicit time after intravitreal injection. Electroretinogram responses recovered within 24 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravitreal injection of 0.2 ml of lidocaine up to 2%, or of bupivacaine up to 0.75%, and the mixture of lidocaine 2% and bupivacaine 0.75%, induced reversible electroretinogram changes in the rabbit retina. No histologic abnormalities were observed.
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University Eye Center, Louisiana State University Medical Center School of Medicine, New Orleans 70112-2234, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Peyman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000187:drug effects; D007267:Injections; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011817:Rabbits; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine