title: Characterization of the transport pathways induced during low to moderate voltage iontophoresis in human epidermal membrane.
abstract: This report describes the results of iontophoresis experiments involving the transport of polar nonelectrolytes across human epidermal membrane (HEM) at a moderate applied voltage of 2.0 V and where the data are interpreted via a convective transport model and hindered transport theory. A principal finding is that although HEM iontophoresis at 2.0 V resulted in a large increase in HEM porosity, the pore radii of the newly induced pores in HEM as calculated from the iontophoresis data using the hindered transport theory were found to be in the range of 6-12 A. This supports the view that electroporation at these modest applied voltages results in pores with sizes the same order of magnitude but somewhat smaller than those estimated for the preexisting pores in HEM prior to electroporation. This outcome is also important from a practical standpoint, as flux enhancement for large molecules (such as oligonucleotides and polypeptides) arising from electroporation under these conditions would be expected to be significantly less than if the resulting pore sizes were much greater. Providing a "prepulse" of 4.0, 8.0, and 15 V prior to the 2.0 V iontophoresis generally gave greater increases in HEM conductance (and, therefore, in porosity) but did not significantly change the deduced effective pore radii (around 5-9 A). The alteration during and the recovery of HEM after iontophoresis was also investigated. The recovery behavior was found to be dependent upon both the duration of the applied voltage and the magnitude of its effects: the recovery for a HEM sample that experienced a large increase in electrical conductance during iontophoresis was generally poorer than that for a sample that was more resistant to the electric field. Incomplete recovery was generally observed in experiments with long iontophoresis duration (50 min) and with the higher voltages (4.0, 8.0 V, and 15 V). In these cases, the barrier properties of HEM were more greatly altered as indicated by larger increases in the electrical conductance and passive permeability of HEM after iontophoresis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Ghanem
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.forename: W I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Higuchi
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004817:Epidermis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008353:Mannitol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008566:Membranes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010539:Permeability; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014508:Urea / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008353:Mannitol; D013395:Sucrose; D014508:Urea