Further observations of "linking" of atrial excitation during clinical atrial fibrillation.
The objective of this article was to look for evidence of nonrandom behavior during atrial fibrillation by examining long (> 15 minutes) recordings. We have previously reported transient "linking" of atrial activation during atrial fibrillation, and showed that activation was not entirely random. Over the few episodes of linking seen during 1 minute, activation directions apparently repeated, indicating a possible anatomical or physiological constraint. In the present study, we examined atrial fibrillation over longer time periods to see if this constancy of direction was stable. Endocardial recordings were made from 12 patients with atrial fibrillation using a catheter with three orthogonal bipoles, allowing measurements of local activation directions in three dimensions. The direction was calculated using Pipberger's half-area method, and episodes of transient linking were identified. An average direction for each episode of linking was calculated and plotted in two dimensions using spherical coordinates (altitude and azimuth). In addition, the nature of initiation and termination of linking was examined. Of the twelve patients, 611 episodes of linking (range 1 to 169 per patient, mean 51) were identified. The episodes for most patients clustered closely in direction. In contrast, directions measured for all activations (i.e., linked and not linked) filled up the entire available range. Linking in most cases subjectively appeared to initiate and terminate suddenly. The results indicate that the local anatomy, pathology, or physiology of the atrium has a strong constraining effect on the electrical activations occurring during atrial fibrillation, and revises our perception of activation during atrial fibrillation as "random." The demonstration that local properties greatly influence conduction during fibrillation has important implications for ablation or pacing therapy.
Schoenwald
A T
AT
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
Sahakian
A V
AV
Sih
H J
HJ
Swiryn
S
S
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000503:physiopathology; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted