title: S-phase-specific activation of Cds1 kinase defines a subpathway of the checkpoint response in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
abstract: Checkpoints that respond to DNA structure changes were originally defined by the inability of yeast mutants to prevent mitosis following DNA damage or S-phase arrest. Genetic analysis has subsequently identified subpathways of the DNA structure checkpoints, including the reversible arrest of DNA synthesis. Here, we show that the Cds1 kinase is required to slow S phase in the presence of DNA-damaging agents. Cds1 is phosphorylated and activated by S-phase arrest and activated by DNA damage during S phase, but not during G1 or G2. Activation of Cds1 during S phase is dependent on all six checkpoint Rad proteins, and Cds1 interacts both genetically and physically with Rad26. Unlike its Saccharomyces cerevisiae counterpart Rad53, Cds1 is not required for the mitotic arrest checkpoints and, thus, defines an S-phase specific subpathway of the checkpoint response. We propose a model for the DNA structure checkpoints that offers a new perspective on the function of the DNA structure checkpoint proteins. This model suggests that an intrinsic mechanism linking S phase and mitosis may function independently of the known checkpoint proteins.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council (MRC) Cell Mutation Unit, Sussex University, Falmer, Sussex BN1 9RR, UK.
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: P U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Walworth
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000071877:Checkpoint Kinase 1; D064447:Checkpoint Kinase 2; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000502:physiology; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000502:physiology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D016153:Genes, Suppressor / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000494:pharmacology; D008938:Mitosis / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D016196:S Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D012568:Schizosaccharomyces / Q000201:enzymology*; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; C088086:rad26 protein, S pombe; D011494:Protein Kinases; D064447:Checkpoint Kinase 2; C578636:Cds1 protein, S pombe; D000071877:Checkpoint Kinase 1; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D006918:Hydroxyurea