title: HLA DQB1*0602 is associated with cataplexy in 509 narcoleptic patients.
abstract: Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder associated with HLA DR15 (DR2) and DQB1*0602. We HLA typed 509 patients enrolled in a clinical trial for the drug modafinil and analyzed the results in relation to cataplexy, a symptom of narcolepsy characterized by muscle weakness triggered by emotions. The patients were either subjects with cataplexy who had a mean sleep latency (SL) of less than 8 minutes and two or more sleep onset rapid eye movement (REM) periods (SOREMPs) during a multiple sleep latency test, or narcoleptic patients without cataplexy but with a mean SL shorter than 5 minutes and two or more SOREMPs. The respective values of DRB1*15 (DR2) and DQB1*0602 as markers for narcolepsy were first compared in different ethnic groups and in patients with and without cataplexy. DQB1*0602 was found to be a more sensitive marker for narcolepsy than DRB1*15 across all ethnic groups. DQB1*0602 frequency was strikingly higher in patients with cataplexy versus patients without cataplexy (76.1% in 421 patients versus 40.9% in 88 patients). Positivity was highest in patients with severe cataplexy (94.8%) and progressively decreased to 54.2% in patients with the mildest cataplexy. A voluntary 50-item questionnaire focusing on cataplexy was also analyzed in 212 of the 509 HLA-typed patients. Subjects with definite cataplexy as observed by an experienced clinician were more frequently HLA DQB1*0602-positive than those with doubtful cataplexy, and the manifestations of cataplexy were clinically more typical in DQB1*0602-positive patients. These results show that the HLA association is as tight as previously reported (85-95%) when cataplexy is clinically typical or severe. We also found that patients with mild, atypical, or no cataplexy have a significantly increased DQB1*0602 frequency (40-60%) in comparison with ethnically matched controls (24%). These results could be explained by increased disease heterogeneity in the noncataplexy group or by a direct effect of the HLA DQB1*0602 genotype on the clinical expression of narcolepsy.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Center for Narcolepsy, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mignot
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hayduk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Grumet
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guilleminault
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002385:Cataplexy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077408:Modafinil; D009290:Narcolepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D044469:Racial Groups; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D000077408:Modafinil