title: Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity localizes to preganglionic axon terminals in the rhesus monkey ciliary ganglion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize neuropeptide distribution in the ciliary ganglion of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cryostat tissue sections of fixed rhesus monkey ciliary, pterygopalatine, superior cervical, and trigeminal ganglia were incubated with antisera to neuropeptide Y (NPY), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). Antibody binding was visualized by indirect immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NPY-like immunoreactive (LI) nerve terminals surrounded 80% of ciliary ganglion cells, but ciliary ganglion cell somata were unstained. NPY-LI cells were present in the superior cervical ganglion, in which almost all cells were TH- and DBH-LI, and in the pterygopalatine ganglion, in which almost all cells were VIP-LI. Because neither TH, DBH, nor VIP immunoreactivity was detected in nerves contacting ciliary ganglion cells, the NPY-LI input to ciliary neurons does not likely derive from the autonomic ganglia. The trigeminal ganglion, another potential source, had no NPY-LI neurons. CGRP- and SP-LI axons from the nasociliary nerve traversed the ciliary ganglion; a small number of varicose axons were distributed among ganglion cells and rarely surrounded cell somata. Most ciliary ganglion cells were TH-LI, but only a few were DBH-LI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these patterns of peptide immunoreactivities, the NPY-LI nerve fibers investing ciliary ganglion cells in the rhesus monkey are most likely preganglionic axon terminals of mesencephalic parasympathetic neurons. Although the origin and function of these NPY-LI nerves remains to be established, the present finding adds to the remarkable diversity of neuropeptide immunoreactivity so far identified in preganglionic and postganglionic cells of the ciliary ganglion in different species of birds and mammals, including primates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6075, USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Grimes
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koeberlein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tigges
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001339:Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001369:Axons / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000032:analysis; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000294:innervation*; D004299:Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase / Q000032:analysis; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005724:Ganglia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005726:Ganglia, Parasympathetic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000032:analysis*; D013373:Substance P / Q000032:analysis; D017783:Superior Cervical Ganglion / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012668:Trigeminal Ganglion / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000032:analysis; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D013373:Substance P; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D004299:Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide