title: Rat jejunal permeability and metabolism of mu-selective tetrapeptides in gastrointestinal fluids from humans and rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study intestinal transport and metabolism of three new mu-selective tetrapeptide enkephalin analogues, LEF537, LEF553 and TAPP. These peptides are stabilized against enzymatic hydrolysis by having a D-amino acid in position 2 and a blocked COOH-terminal.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a single-pass perfusion technique to study the transport of the peptides in rat jejunum. To reduce luminal and/or brush-border metabolism during the perfusion we used protease inhibitors (Pefabloc SC, bestatin and thiorphan). The rate of metabolism was studied by incubations in rat jejunal homogenate, rat jejunal fluid and human gastric and jejunal fluid with and without these inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The jejunal permeabilities (Peff) of the peptides were 0.43-0.78 x 10(-4) cm/s without inhibitors and 0.09-0.45 x 10(-4) cm/s in presence of the inhibitors. All three peptides were rather rapidly degraded by enzymes in rat jejunal homogenate with half-lives of between 11.9 +/- 0.5 and 31.7 +/- 1.5 min. The addition of inhibitors to the homogenate prolonged the half-lives substantially for LEF553 (167 +/- 35 min) and TAPP (147 +/- 2 min), but only slightly for LEF537 (16.4 +/- 0.5 min). LEF553 and TAPP were both hydrolyzed in rat and human jejunal fluid, while LEF537 was metabolized less in these fluids. When LEF553 and TAPP were incubated with intestinal fluid in the presence of inhibitors, metabolism was almost completely inhibited. There was no metabolism for any of the peptides in human gastric juice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The replacement of the terminal free carboxylic group with an amide group did not increase the stability of the peptides in jejunal tissue enough to allow successful oral drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krondahl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orzechowski
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ekström
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lennernäs
mesh_terms: D000578:Amidines / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D004355:Drug Stability; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007583:Jejunum / Q000378:metabolism*; D007930:Leucine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008871:Microvilli / Q000378:metabolism; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology; D015244:Thiorphan / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000578:Amidines; D004745:Enkephalins; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D013450:Sulfones; C034807:tetra-4-amidinophenoxypropane; C111155:tyrosyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl-norvalylamide; C111156:tyrosyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl-phenylaninamide; C002010:4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride; D015244:Thiorphan; D007930:Leucine; C012211:ubenimex