title: Costs and outcomes of patients admitted with chest pain and essentially normal electrocardiograms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although inroads have been made in the outpatient evaluation of chest pain, the majority of hospitals in the United States do not have chest pain centers and the direct costs associated with hospital admissions in low-risk patients is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study was undertaken to evaluate the cost and outcomes of admission to the hospital for patients with acute chest pain and essentially normal electrocardiograms (ECGs).
  
  
  METHODS
  For that purpose, we reviewed 1,670 patients presenting to our emergency department with chest pain over a 5-month period in 1994. Of these, 567 [34.0%, confidence interval (CI) 95%, 31.7-36.3%] patients were considered to be low risk by ECG criteria alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete clinical and financial data were available in 445 cases of which 152 had a previous history of coronary artery disease (CAD) and 31 (7.0%, CI 95%, 4.9-9.6%) were ultimately proven to have acute myocardial infarction (AMI). There were no deaths. All patients initially underwent noninvasive evaluation, and an additional 177 (39.8%) underwent subsequent cardiac catheterization. Of those, 107 (60.5%) had significant CAD (at least one vessel > 70% stenosis). We assumed an expected mortality rate of 1% in the AMI group based on previously reported series with all the mortalities preventable by hospitalization. This yielded a valuation of $1.7 million dollars per life saved. Sensitivity analysis revealed the practice of admission and in-patient evaluation for this group of patients was cost ineffective at all assumption levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The practice of hospital admission for patients with chest pain and essentially normal ECGs is not cost favorable, and all hospital facilities should consider outpatient chest pain evaluation strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ayad
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States