title: Treatment of mid- and lower ureteric calculi: extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy vs laser ureteroscopy. A comparison of costs, morbidity and effectiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy and costs of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) compared with ureteroscopy (URS) in the treatment of mid- and lower ureteric calculi.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of patients treated primarily by ESWL and URS were analysed retrospectively. Treatment with ESWL included 63 patients (42 men and 21 women, mean age 52 years, range 23-78, 19 mid- and 44 lower ureteric calculi). All patients received 4000 shock waves at a mean energy setting of 18.1 kV. URS was used in 105 patients, with a 7.2 F miniscope or the 7.1 F flexible scope. Stones were fragmented with a pulsed-dye laser lithotripter at 504 nm and a power of up to 130 mJ (mean 53 mJ) using a 200 or 320 microns fibre. All ureteroscopies were performed with the patient under general (n = 17) or spinal (n = 87) anaesthesia in a mean treatment duration of 34 min. Stones were located in the mid-ureter in 24 patients and in the lower ureter in 80. The outcome was assessed by stone-free rates, re-treatment rates, time to become stone-free, complication and costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ESWL for mid- and lower ureteric calculi resulted in a success rate of 90% and 81%, respectively, compared with 96% and 99% for URS. However, patients treated with URS were stone-free within 2 days, whereas patients in the ESWL group required up to 4 months. The best results for ESWL were achieved with stones of < 50 mm2. The costs of URS were higher than those for ESWL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESWL provides a noninvasive, simple and safe option for the management of mid- and lower ureteric calculi, provided that the stones are < 50 mm2; larger stones are best treated by URS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Academic Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Bierkens
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hendrikx
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: De La Rosette
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Stultiens
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Beerlage
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Arends
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Debruyne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*