title: Usefulness of gastric intramucosal pH for monitoring hemodynamic complications in critically ill children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of gastric intramucosal pH for the evaluation of tissue perfusion and prediction of hemodynamic complications in critically ill children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open prospective study without controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care university pediatric hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty critically ill children (16 boys and 14 girls), age range: 3 months-12 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A tonometry catheter was placed in the stomach of all patients on admission to the pediatric ICU. Simultaneous tonometry and arterial gas measurements were made on admittance and every 6-12 h throughout the study; a total of 202 measurements were made. The catheter was removed after extubation and/or when the patient was hemodynamically stable. Intramucosal pH was calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation based on the pCO2 of the tonometer and arterial bicarbonate. Intramucosal pH values between 7.30 and 7.45 were considered to be normal. The patient's condition was analyzed using the Pediatric Risk Mortality Score (PRISM). The relations between intramucosal pH and the presence of major hemodynamic complications (cardiopulmonary arrest, shock), minor hemodynamic complications (hypotension, hypovolemia or arrhythmia), death, PRISM score and the duration of the stay in the pediatric ICU were analyzed. Intramucosal pH on admission was 7.48 +/- 0.15 on average (range 7.04-7.68). Five patients (16%) had an intramucosal pH lower than 7.30 on admission; these patients did not have a higher incidence of hemodynamic complications. The 16 patients (53%) who had an intramucosal pH of less than 7.30 at some time during the course of their disease had more hemodynamic complications than the patients who did not have pH lower than 7.30 (p < 0.0001). Every case of cardiopulmonary arrest and shock was related to intramucosal pH of less than 7.30. Patients with major complications (cardiopulmonary arrest and shock) had lower intramucosal pHs than those with minor hemodynamic complications (p = 0.03); similarly, they had low intramucosal pH readings more often than those with minor complications (p = 0.0032). Intramucosal pH values less than 7.30 had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 98% as a predictor of hemodynamic complications. There was no relation between intramucosal pH lower than 7.30 and either PRISM or the duration of the stay in the pediatric ICU. Patients with intramucosal pH less than 7.20 had a higher PRISM than the patients who did not have pH lower than 7.20 (p < 0.05). A patient who died during the study due to cardiopulmonary arrest had prior intramucosal pH measurements of 7.23 and 7.10, and three patients died of late complications after the end of the study. Hemodynamic complications were not detected with arterial pH. Gap pH (arterial pH-intramucosal pH) and standard pH measurements yielded the same results as gastric intramucosal pH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intramucosal pH could provide a useful early indication of hemodynamic complications in critically ill children.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Intensive Care Service, La Paz Children's Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ruza
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Herce
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dorao
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arribas
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alvarado
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D012769:Shock / Q000503:physiopathology*