title: Predictors of disability retirement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Disability retirement may increase as the work force ages, but there is little information on factors associated with retirement because of disability. This is the first prospective population-based study of predictors of disability retirement including information on workplace, socioeconomic, behavioral, and health-related factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 1038 Finnish men who were enrolled in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, who were 42, 48, 54, or 60 years of age at the beginning of the study, and who participated in a 4-year follow-up medical examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various job characteristics predicted disability retirement. Heavy work, work in uncomfortable positions, long workhours, noise at work, physical job strain, musculoskeletal strain, repetitive or continuous muscle strain, mental job strain, and job dissatisfaction were all significantly associated with the incidence of disability retirement. The ability to communicate with fellow workers and social support from supervisors tended to reduce the risk of disability retirement. The relationships persisted after control for socioeconomic factors, prevalent disease, and health behavior, which were also associated with disability retirement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strong associations found between workplace factors and the incidence of disability retirement link the problem of disability retirement to the problem of poor work conditions.
authors.affiliation: Human Population Laboratory, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, California, USA. nkrause@uclink4.berkeley.edu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Salonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012179:Retirement / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications