title: Heat-induced hyperactivation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the sperm hyperactivation and related kinematic parameters at 40 degrees C after using four sperm wash procedures and (2) to correlate the heat-induced hyperactivation data with cases of clinical pregnancies from either artificial insemination or standard in vitro fertilization (IVF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Semen samples (n = 51) were collected by ejaculation, and semen analyses were carried out to determine the pretreatment data. Sperm kinematic measurements were performed using the Hamilton Thorn HTM-C computer-aided sperm analyzer. Hyperactivation was determined using the sort module on the HTM-C. Membrane integrity was assessed using the hypoosmotic sperm swelling procedure. Sperm morphology and acrosomal status were also determined using the Spermac stain. Each semen specimen was divided and processed through either the swim-up wash, the 1-h test-yolk buffer (TYB) wash, the 1 mg/ml pentoxifylline stimulant procedure, or the two-layer 90:47% gradient colloidal solution procedure. The washed sperm were incubated at 25 or at 40 degrees C for 4 hr. After incubation, kinematic parameters were assessed for the posttreatment data. Semen specimens were obtained on different occasions for artificial insemination or standard IVF. Data from intracytoplasmic sperm injection cases were not included to avoid confounding factors. Live births and/or pregnancies with fetal heart-beat examined by ultrasound were considered clinical pregnancies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heat-induced hyperactive motility was significantly higher in sperm of the male partner of pregnant (n = 7) patients compared with nonpregnant (n = 44) patients (mean +/- SE, 10.0 +/- 3.3 versus 5.5 +/- 0.8%) after TYB processing followed by 4 hr of incubation at 40 degrees C. This was also observed after colloid (Percoll) processing (11.6 +/- 4.6 versus 5.8 +/- 0.8%). There were no differences in hyperactivation after 4 hr at 23 degrees C between pregnant and nonpregnant cases. Parameters such as count, volume, motility, viability, and acrosomal status were not different for the groups. However, the percentage of sperm with normal morphology (WHO classification) was twice as high in the pregnant group versus the nonpregnant group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heat-induced hyperactivation was associated with fertile sperm and was predictive of pregnancy obtained after artificial insemination or IVF. The association was evident only after TYB or Percoll sperm processing. The study could not confirm the finding of significant decreases in motility after heat treatment of sperm derived from infertile males. The mechanism for heat-induced hyperactivation did not involve membrane integrity or the sperm acrosome, although an involvement of heat shock proteins was postulated. Interestingly, there were no pregnancies when sperm did not exhibit heat-induced hyperactivation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, California 92350, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: J U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Corselli
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000177:Acrosome / Q000502:physiology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D007315:Insemination, Artificial; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012661:Semen / Q000502:physiology; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000502:physiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature