title: Can we detect or predict the presence of occult nodal metastases in patients with squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When to do a neck dissection as part of the surgical treatment for a patient with squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue is controversial, particularly when the primary can be resected without entering the neck. If the patient who is at high risk for having occult nodal disease in the neck can be identified, node dissection with the glossectomy could be justified. To better identify patients for this procedure, we correlated various tumor and patient factors along with preoperative diagnostic studies with the presence or absence of pathologically positive nodes in a group of patients who underwent node dissection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-one previously untreated patients with biopsy-proved squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue were prospectively studied. All patients had a glossectomy and neck dissection as their initial treatment. The pathology findings (ie, lymph nodes with squamous cancer) were correlated with many preoperative and intraoperative factors, and a statistical analysis was made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of computed tomography and ultrasound was not better than the clinical examination in determining the presence or absence of nodal metastases. The best predictors were depth of muscle invasion, double DNA aneuploidy, and histologic differentiation of the tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All patients with stage T2-T4 squamous cancers of the oral tongue should have an elective dissection of the neck. Patients with T1N0 cancer who have a double DNA-aneuploid tumor, depth of muscle invasion > 4 mm, or have a poorly differentiated cancer should definitely undergo elective neck dissection. Ultrasound and computed tomography are of little value in predicting which patients have positive nodes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Byers
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: El-Naggar
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fornage
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sample
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hankins
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000782:Aneuploidy; D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D005927:Glossectomy; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009333:Neck; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm