title: Epidemiology and outcomes associated with moderate to heavy Candida colonization during pregnancy. Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to determine the risk factors, physical findings, microflora, and pregnancy outcome among pregnant women with moderate to heavy vaginal growth of Candida albicans and other Candida species.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter cohort of 13,914 women were enrolled between 23 and 26 weeks' gestation. Women completed a questionnaire, underwent a physical examination, and had genital specimens taken for culture. A subset of 1459 women were reexamined during the third trimester. Pregnancy outcomes were recorded at delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of moderate to heavy Candida colonization at midgestation was 10%. Colonized women, 83% of whom carried C. albicans, were more likely to be black or Hispanic, unmarried, a previous oral contraceptive user, and to manifest clinical signs indicative of Candida carriage. Candida colonization was positively associated with Trichomonas vaginalis, group B streptococci, and aerobic Lactobacillus and was not associated with adverse pregnancy outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that Candida colonization is not associated with low birth weight or preterm delivery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Cotch
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hillier
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Eschenbach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044383:Black People; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000254:growth & development; D002181:Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017533:Marital Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral