title: Naltrexone effects on diazepam intoxication and pharmacokinetics in humans.
abstract: The opiate antagonist naltrexone (NTX) blocks relapse drinking in alcoholics and modifies some of the subjective effects of alcohol intoxication. Benzodiazepines have demonstrated cross-dependence and cross-tolerance to alcohol. Furthermore, benzodiazepine intoxication has effects on mood and psychomotor performance that are similar to alcohol intoxication. The effects of NTX on diazepam intoxication were investigated in non-drug abusing individuals. Eighteen men and eight women were randomly assigned to receive either 50 mg NTX or placebo PO, on two different occasions in a within-subjects, crossover, double-blind protocol. Diazepam was taken by mouth, 90 min after NTX. At -90, 45, 75, 135, 210 min, subjects were tested with repeated assessments of several mood and sensation scales and a computer-generated psychomotor test battery (CTB). Blood samples were also obtained and analyzed for serum diazepam levels. Diazepam induced several sensations and mood effects similar to those induced by alcohol. Negative mood states such as sedation, fatigue, and anxiety were higher for NTX than for placebo. Positive mood states such as friendliness, vigor, liking the effects of diazepam, and feeling high from diazepam were all lower for NTX than for placebo. There were no group differences on the CTB performance. NTX delayed the time to reach peak diazepam levels, so that peak levels occurred at 75 min for placebo compared to 135 min for NTX. A sub-analysis was conducted with 14 subjects who were FHP for alcoholism, but no differences were found on these outcome measures.
authors.affiliation: Roger Williams Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Providence, RI 02908, USA. Robert-Swift@brown.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fitz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Camara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D000368:Aged; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology; D003975:Diazepam / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D003708:Nordazepam / Q000097:blood; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D000431:Ethanol; D009271:Naltrexone; D003708:Nordazepam; D003975:Diazepam