title: Use of the polymerase chain reaction to sex the bovine fetus using cells recovered by ultrasound-guided fetal fluid aspiration.
abstract: The aim of this study was to carry out first trimester fetal sex diagnosis using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA from bovine fetal cells recovered by transvaginal ultrasound-guided uterine puncture and fetal fluid aspiration. For sex determination, a nested, allele-specific, PCR amplification of the bovine zfx and zfy gene fragments was utilised. The PCR assay was validated using fetal fluids recovered from uteri post mortem. Cells were harvested from the fetal fluids, genomic DNA extracted and the PCR assay applied. A technique which was developed for transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration was modified to recover fetal fluid from live animals. Small volumes of fetal fluid (0.5-5 ml) were recovered between days 61-97 of gestation and the PCR assay applied. The gender determined by PCR of fetal fluid cells was in all cases confirmed by visual inspection (n = 15 abattoir specimens) or ultrasound scanning (n = 7 live animals). Fetal death, attributed to the introduction of intrauterine infection, occurred in 4/4 cows in the first series of aspirations but in only 1/3 heifers in the second series of aspirations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Glasgow Veterinary School, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Makondo
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Amiridis
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Jeffcoate
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: O'Shaughnessy
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000482:Allantois / Q000737:chemistry*; D000649:Amniocentesis / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000196:embryology*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019849:Sex Determination Processes; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D004247:DNA