title: Resilience-recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events.
abstract: Structural equation modeling procedures were used to examine relationships among several war zone stressor dimensions, resilience-recovery factors, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in a national sample of 1,632 Vietnam veterans (26% women and 74% men). A 9-factor measurement model was specified on a mixed-gender subsample of the data and then replicated on separate subsamples of female and male veterans. For both genders, the structural models supported strong mediation effects for the intrapersonal resource characteristic of hardiness, postwar structural and functional social support, and additional negative life events in the postwar period. Support for moderator effects or buffering in terms of interactions between war zone stressor level and resilience-recovery factors was minimal.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Boston Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Massachusetts 02130, USA. king.lynda@boston.va.gov
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fairbank
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D013694:Temperament; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*; D014744:Vietnam; D014857:Warfare