title: Effect of anticoagulation protocol on outcome in patients undergoing CABG with heparin-bonded cardiopulmonary bypass circuits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have demonstrated that the use of heparin-bonded cardiopulmonary bypass circuits (HBCs) combined with a lower anticoagulation protocol as an adjunct to an integrated blood conservation strategy decreases the incidence and magnitude of homologous transfusion and improves clinical outcome in patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass grafting. It is not known whether it is the lower anticoagulation protocol that influences outcome in patients treated with HBCs. Furthermore, the thrombogenic risk of using lower anticoagulation with HBCs still is debated.
  
  
  METHODS
  To answer these questions, a prospective randomized study was conducted in which 244 patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass grafting were treated with HBCs and randomized to undergo either a full (activated clotting time, > 450 seconds) or a lower (activated clotting time, > 250 seconds) anticoagulation protocol. In addition to clinical outcome, levels of thrombin generation markers during and after cardiopulmonary bypass were assessed in a consecutive subset of 58 patients (full anticoagulation profile = 28, lower anticoagulation profile = 30) by measuring thrombin-antithrombin complexes and prothrombin fragment 1.2. Levels of these markers also were correlated with the activated clotting time during cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperative and intraoperative risk profiles and other characteristics were similar in both groups, with more than 60% of patients undergoing nonelective operation. Compared with the full anticoagulation protocol group, patients in the lower anticoagulation protocol group were less likely to require blood products (24.2% versus 35.8%, respectively; p = 0.047) and received substantially fewer homologous donor units (0.50 +/- 0.92 versus 1.08 +/- 2.10 U, respectively; p = 0.005). Clinical outcomes were uniformly outstanding (but similar) in both treatment groups, with a modest reduction in the length of the hospital stay in the lower anticoagulation protocol group (5.26 +/- 1.23 versus 5.63 +/- 1.73 days, respectively; p = 0.05). The use of HBCs with a lower anticoagulation protocol was not associated with any adverse clinical events. Thrombin generation increased during cardiopulmonary bypass in both treatment groups, but was unrelated to the anticoagulation protocol or the activated clotting time (r2 = 0.03). No differences between the full and lower anticoagulation protocol groups were noted in the number of microemboli detected by transcranial Doppler analyses during cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 40) or in the postoperative neurologic and neuropsychologic outcomes (n = 30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study definitively demonstrates that, when used appropriately, patients who are treated with HBCs and a lower anticoagulation protocol have a lower incidence and magnitude of homologous transfusion and are not at any added risk for clinical, hematologic (thrombin-antithrombin complex and fragment 1.2 measurements), or microscopic (transcranial Doppler analyses) thromboembolic complications or for neurologic or neuropsychologic deficits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Boston University Medical Center, Massachusetts 02118-2393, USA.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Aldea
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Gara
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Shapira
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Treanor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patalis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arkin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Babikian
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lazar
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shemin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000032:analysis; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000032:analysis; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000032:analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C046193:antithrombin III-protease complex; C045879:prothrombin fragment 1.2; D000990:Antithrombin III; D011516:Prothrombin; D006493:Heparin; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases