title: Obesity, health services use, and health care costs among members of a health maintenance organization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is an independent risk factor for a variety of chronic diseases and is therefore a potential source of avoidable excess health care expenditures. Previous studies of obesity and health care costs have used group level data, applying estimates of population-attributable risks to estimates of US total costs of care for each obesity-related disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the association between body mass index (BMI) and health services use and costs stratified by age and use source at the patient level, a level of detail not previously reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 17,118 respondents to a 1993 health survey of members of a large health maintenance organization, we ascertained through computerized databases all hospitalizations, laboratory services, outpatient visits, outpatient pharmacy and radiology services, and the direct costs of providing these services during 1993.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an association between BMI and annual rates of inpatient days, number and costs of outpatient visits, costs of outpatient pharmacy and laboratory services, and total costs (P < or = .003). Relative to BMI of 20 to 24.9, mean annual total costs were 25% greater among those with BMI of 30 to 34.9 (rate ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.41), and 44% greater among those with BMI of 35 or greater (rate ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-1.71). The association between BMI and coronary heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes largely explained these elevated costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the high prevalence of obesity and the associated elevated rates of health services use and costs, there is a significant potential for a reduction in health care expenditures through obesity prevention efforts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, Calif 94611, USA. cpq@dor.kaiser.org
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Quesenberry
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Caan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity; D014481:United States