title: Intravenous infusion of Galalpha1-3Gal oligosaccharides in baboons delays hyperacute rejection of porcine heart xenografts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperacute rejection (HAR) of pig-to-primate discordant xenografts is caused by the deposition of preexisting natural antibodies that recognize Galalpha1-3Gal (alphaGal)-terminating oligosaccharides on glycoproteins and glycolipids, followed by complement-mediated lysis of the graft's endothelium. In vitro, these natural xenoantibodies can be blocked by alphaGal-containing oligosaccharides. We undertook in vivo pig-to-baboon cardiac xenotransplantation experiments to evaluate free oligosaccharides as inhibitors of HAR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initial 15-min intravenous infusions of alphaGal-oligosaccharides into baboons were used to measure pharmacokinetic parameters, and to assess the extent of neutralization of anti-alphaGal antibody activity. AlphaGal trisaccharide (Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc) or pentasaccharide (Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc ) was administered at 0.5 mmol/kg into baboons. Next, two baboons that received porcine heterotopic heart xenografts were continuously infused with alphaGal pentasaccharide for 4-5 hr, maintaining the serum oligosaccharide concentration in the millimolar range.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that the oligosaccharides were rapidly cleared from the blood, with a serum half-life of 50 min. In the period during which blood oligosaccharide concentration was above 1 mM, as determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography, the serum cytotoxic activity against porcine cells was completely abolished. HAR of the xenograft was inhibited during the infusions, although there was some histological and immunohistological evidence of antibody-mediated injury on biopsies taken at the end of this period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous alphaGal oligosaccharides, by inhibiting anti-alphaGal antibody activity, delay but do not abolish the onset of HAR.
authors.affiliation: Neose Technologies, Inc., Horsham, Pennsylvania 19044, USA. simonpm@aol.com
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Neethling
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Goode
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zopf
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010215:Papio; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D004187:Disaccharides; D009844:Oligosaccharides; C055075:galactosyl-(1-3)galactose