title: Medication management of depression in the United States and Ontario.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare rates of contact for mental problems and receipt of appropriate antidepressant medication management for persons in the general population with major depression in the United States and Ontario, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey using the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey and the Mental Health Supplement of the Ontario Health Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  All persons with major depression as described in DSM-III-R in the previous 12 months, from a multistage random sample of persons aged 21 to 54 years living in households in the United States (n = 574) and Ontario (n = 250) in 1990.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-reported contact with general medical or mental health specialty providers for mental problems and appropriate medication management, defined as a combination of antidepressant medication use and four or more visits to any provider within the previous 12 months, were the main outcome measures. The proportion of depressed persons receiving appropriate management was lower in the United States than in Ontario (7.3% vs 14.9% in Ontario, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 95% CI 0.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2, 0.8). This difference was largely the result of fewer Americans than Canadians having any mental health care from general medical physicians (9.6% in the United States vs 25.8% in Ontario; AOR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1, 0.5) rather than from specialty providers (20.8% in the United States vs 28.9% in Ontario; AOR 0.7; 95% CI 0.4, 1.1). These between-country differences were much greater for the poor than for those with higher incomes. The Ontario-United States AOR of making contact with either type of clinical provider was 7.5 (95% CI 2.7, 20.7) for lowest-income persons but 2.1 (95% CI 0.3, 5.6) for highest-income persons. The proportions of depressed recipients of any mental health care who received appropriate management were similar between countries (23.9% in the United States vs 27.7% in Ontario; AOR 0.8; 95% CI 0.3, 1.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most persons with depression in the United States and Ontario do not receive appropriate medication management. The rate of appropriate medication management in the United States relative to Ontario is lower largely because there is less contact with general medical physicians for mental problems, especially for the poor. Economic barriers, rather than knowledge and attitudinal factors, appear to explain this difference.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0376, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004363:Drug Utilization; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents