title: Blockade of the interleukin (IL)-2/IL-2 receptor pathway with a monoclonal anti-IL-2 receptor antibody (BT563) does not prevent the development of acute heart allograft rejection in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anti-interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (IL-2R) antibodies have been used as rejection prophylaxis after organ transplantation. Despite this induction treatment, acute rejections may occur. We wondered whether these rejections developed via the IL-2/IL-2R pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective trial using BT563, a murine IgG1 anti-IL-2R antibody, for rejection prophylaxis after heart transplantation, 20 patients were treated in combination with cyclosporine from the day of transplantation (group A). As a control group, 31 patients were also treated with BT563, but in these patients, cyclosporine treatment was initiated on day 3 (group B).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients from group A and two patients from group B died in the first postoperative month (of causes not related to acute rejection) and were left out of the analysis of rejection incidence. Freedom from acute rejection at 1 week after transplantation in group A (14/17; 82%) was lower than in group B (16/29; 55%), although the difference did not reach statistical significance. There was no difference in either the number of acute rejection episodes at 12 weeks or the required rejection treatments between groups A and B. Infectious complications were evenly distributed in both groups. Immunohistochemistry showed that during acute rejection, in the presence of circulating BT563, IL-2R-bearing cells were present in only one of five rejection biopsies (20%), whereas these cells were often present (6/8, or 75%) in rejections occurring in the absence of BT563. The presence of BT563 was associated with a similar difference in the mRNA expression of IL-2 (2/5 vs. 6/8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apparently, despite adequate blockade of the IL-2/IL-2R pathway, patients may develop acute rejection, reflecting the redundancy of the cytokine network. The ever-present IL-15 may well be a candidate for overtaking the role of IL-2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Rotterdam Dijkzigt, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Gelder
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Baan
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Balk
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Knoop
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Holweg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mochtar
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Zondervan
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Niesters
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weimar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016693:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015703:Antigens, CD; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D019409:Interleukin-15; D007376:Interleukin-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016693:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D015847:Interleukin-4; D016572:Cyclosporine; C079843:inolimomab