title: Rapid active internal core cooling for induction of moderate hypothermia in head injury by use of an extracorporeal heat exchanger.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Moderate hypothermia (32 degrees C) may limit postischemic neuronal damage and is increasingly used clinically in head injury and stroke. For the use of hypothermia as a neuroprotective agent in the prevention of ischemic damage, it is necessary to induce it as soon as possible after the insult and to keep it at the lowest safe level. Active core cooling using an extracorporeal heat exchanger may circumvent the rather slow induction speed and temperature drifts experienced with surface cooling techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  In eight patients with severe head injuries (Glasgow Coma Scale score, 4-5), a venovenous extracorporeal circulation was established via a percutaneously introduced double-lumen cannula in the femoral vein. A heat exchanger was connected via a pressure-controlled roller pump. In addition to standard parameters, brain white matter temperature was continuously recorded as the target temperature. Cooling was initiated as early as possible with an extracorporeal temperature of 30 degrees C and maintained at a 32 degrees C brain temperature for 48 hours, and then gradual rewarming for 24 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cooling was able to be initiated within 6 hours and 48 minutes +/- 3 hours and 47 minutes (mean +/- standard deviation) after trauma. A brain temperature of 32 degrees C was reached within 1 hour and 53 minutes +/- 1 hour and 21 minutes after induction of cooling with a cooling speed of 3.5 degrees C per hour. Brain temperature was able to be controlled within 0.1 degrees C intervals, which was especially helpful in gradual rewarming. No cardiac abnormalities or statistically significant changes in coagulation parameters occurred. Mean platelet count decreased to 89,614+/-42,090 on Day 3 after treatment. No clinical bleeding complications or problems resulting from extracorporeal circulation occurred. Moderate hypothermia was a helpful tool for managing increased intracranial pressure; however, five patients of this series died either of their intracranial abnormalities (n = 4) or of a delayed septic shock after pneumonia (n = 1) at various points in time during therapy. The three survivors experienced either an excellent or a good recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this investigation suggest that the use of an extracorporeal heat exchanger to achieve active core cooling is suitable for fast and accurately controllable induction, maintenance, and reversal of moderate hypothermia in emergency situations with reliable control of temperature. In this small series of highly selected patients with severe head injuries, we did not note a beneficial effect of hypothermic therapy on outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piepgras
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schürer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tillmans
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quintel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmiedek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome