title: Awkward moments in patient-physician communication about HIV risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physicians frequently encounter patients who are at risk for HIV infection, but they often evaluate risk behaviors ineffectively.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the barriers to and facilitators of comprehensive HIV risk evaluation in primary care office visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative thematic and sequential analysis of videotaped patient-physician discussions about HIV risk. Tapes were reviewed independently by physician and patient and were coded by the research team.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physicians' offices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convenience sample of 17 family physicians and general internists. Twenty-six consenting patients 18 to 45 years of age who indicated concern about or risks for HIV infection on a 10-item questionnaire administered before the physician visit were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  A thematic coding scheme and a five-level description of the depth of HIV-related discussion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 73% of the encounters, physicians did not elicit enough information to characterize patients' HIV risk status. The outcome of HIV-related discussions was substantially influenced by the manner in which the physician introduced the topic, handled awkward moments, and dealt with problematic language and the extent to which the physician sought the patient's perspective. Feelings of ineffectiveness and strong emotions interfered with some physicians' ability to assess HIV risk. Physicians easily recognized problematic communication during reviews of their own videotapes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comprehensive HIV risk discussions included providing a rationale for discussion, effectively negotiating awkward moments, repairing problematic language, persevering with the topic, eliciting the patient's perspective, responding to fears and expectations, and being empathic. Educational programs should use videotape review and should concentrate on physicians' personal reactions to discussing emotionally charged topics.
authors.affiliation: Highland Hospital Primary Care Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14620, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frarey
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Beckman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012309:Risk-Taking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014743:Videotape Recording