title: Is there any evidence for a post-tubal sterilization syndrome?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature on menstrual and hormonal changes in women who under go tubal sterilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review through MEDLINE and a literature search identified more than 200 articles in the English literature from which the most relevant were selected for this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many authors have investigated the sequelae of female sterilization. Increased premenstrual distress, heavier and more prolonged menstrual bleeding, and increased dysmenorrhea have been reported. However, failure to control for age, parity, obesity, previous contraceptive use, interval since sterilization, or type of sterilization may have affected study results. Most studies that have controlled for these important variables have not reported significant changes, except in women who undergo sterilization between 20 and 29 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tubal sterilization is not associated with an increased risk of menstrual dysfunction, dysmenorrhea, or increased premenstrual distress in women who undergo the procedure after age 30 years. There may be some increased risk for younger women, although they do not appear to undergo significant hormonal changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn 11203, USA.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Gentile
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Helbig
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000209:etiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013246:Sterilization, Tubal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones