title: Case-control study of the D2 dopamine receptor gene and smoking status in lung cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interindividual differences in the structure and expression of the dopamine receptor genes affect dopamine availability and may be the genetic basis for variation in vulnerability to tobacco smoking. In this study, prevalences of polymorphisms in the TaqIA allele (A1 and A2) and the TaqIB allele (B1 and B2) of the D2 dopamine receptor gene in 157 lung cancer case patients and 126 control subjects were determined to assess whether individuals homozygous or heterozygous for the less common A1 and B1 alleles are more vulnerable to nicotine addiction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case and control subjects were accrued from an ongoing epidemiologic study. Blood samples were collected from them and subjected to molecular genetic analyses. Subjects were interviewed to obtain relevant information. Current and former smokers were administered a questionnaire to quantify their addiction to nicotine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combined B1B2 genotypes appeared to be more prevalent in ever smokers than in never smokers among case patients (30.3% versus 13.3%; two-sided P = .233) and among control subjects (30.9% and 0%; two-sided P = .02); statistically significant differences were not observed among those with A1 genotypes. Statistically significant correlations between the presence of the A1 and B1 alleles were observed (r = .73 for case subjects and r = .76 for control subjects; two-sided P<.001). Individuals with rarer genotypes reported having been substantially younger at the time of smoking initiation (statistically significant for both A1 and B1) and having attempted to quit smoking fewer times (statistically significant for only A1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variant alleles of the D2 dopamine receptor gene may play a role in determining nicotine addiction, although the associations between the at-risk genotypes and measures of nicotine addiction were not entirely consistent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Spitz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hudmon
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Amos
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cinciripini
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2