Emergence of a brain-expressed variant melanin-concentrating hormone gene during higher primate evolution: a gene "in search of a function".
Two related but distinct melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) gene systems, i.e., the authentic and variant genes, have been characterized in the human, while only a single MCH gene has been found in the rat. We previously established that the variant gene corresponds to exon-I-deleted copies of the authentic gene mapped on chromosomes 5 and 12, respectively. In this report, we examined the expression of the authentic and variant MCH genes in the human brain. Mature mRNAs of the authentic MCH gene appeared to be predominantly expressed in the hypothalamus, whereas putative unprocessed transcripts of the variant MCH gene were found in other brain areas but not in the hypothalamus. Several products of the variant MCH gene were identified by RACE-PCR in the fetal human brain. One of these transcripts encoded a putative protein of 72 amino acids, while another transcript may potentially generate a protein of 35 amino acids. Thereafter, we explored the question of MCH gene transposition during Primate evolution. Southern blotting, PCR analyses using several genomic DNAs of Primates, and in situ hybridization on metaphase chromosomes led us to define at least three types of genetic events associated with the emergence of the variant MCH gene: (1) translocation of an exon II-exon III copy of the authentic MCH gene onto the equivalent of the human chromosome 5p arm of Anthropoidea ancestors (between 25 and 55 MYA); (2) exon II truncation and mutations before divergence of the Hylobatidae (about 15 MYA); and (3) duplication of the variant gene on the equivalent of the human chromosome 5p and 5q arms in the Hominidae, i.e., 5-10 MYA. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that transposition/gene rearrangement processes could underlie the evolutionary emergence of new MCH-related genes expressed differentially in the brains of higher Primates, illustrating the concept of genes "in search of function" instead of true "pseudogenes."
Viale
A
A
Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, Valbonne, France.
Ortola
C
C
Richard
F
F
Vernier
P
P
Presse
F
F
Schilling
S
S
Dutrillaux
B
B
Nahon
J L
JL
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics; D002895:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005347:Fibroblasts; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005796:Genes; D006801:Humans; D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008322:Mammals / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010802:Phylogeny; D010907:Pituitary Hormones / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011323:Primates / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones; D008543:Melanins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D010907:Pituitary Hormones; C019463:melanin-concentrating hormone