title: Cooperative strand displacement by peptide nucleic acid (PNA).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Synthetic homopyrimidine peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) can bind complementary targets in double-stranded DNA, generating strand-displacement complexes, and so offering an opportunity to modulate specific gene expression. Several issues remain to be addressed before these attributes can be exploited in vivo, however.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The kinetics of the interaction between a homopyrimidine PNA and a complementary homopurine target on double-stranded DNA were analyzed in the presence or absence of a preformed strand-displacement complex proximal to the target. The complex was established under low salt conditions by the binding of a different homopyrimidine PNA to a target situated adjacent to the first PNA target. These two targets were placed next to each other on opposite strands at distances of 0, 2, 4 and 8 base pairs apart. The presence of a preformed strand-displacement complex near the target accelerates the binding of PNA to double-stranded DNA in a salt-dependent manner. The influence of salt on the binding rates was also examined. The binding rate is increased by a factor of 1 x exp(70[NaCl]), that is, 16-fold at 40 mM NaCl and more than 10(4)-fold if extrapolated to 140 mM NaCl. This effect is significantly reduced if the two targets are 2 base pairs apart and completely absent if the distance is 4 base pairs or more.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The perturbation of the DNA helix imposed by a PNA strand-displacement complex only propagates a few base pairs. It is therefore possible to target sites in the immediate vicinity of strand invasion complexes specifically. The results presented have implications for the mechanism of strand displacement and for the application of PNA in a genomic context.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurakin
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D018390:Gene Targeting / Q000379:methods; D007700:Kinetics; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D009691:Nucleic Acid Denaturation; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010455:Peptides; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000737:chemistry; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D010455:Peptides; D011743:Pyrimidines; D004247:DNA