title: Sex-lethal, the master sex-determining gene in Drosophila, is not sex-specifically regulated in Musca domestica.
abstract: Sex-lethal (Sxl) is the master switch gene for somatic sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster. In XX animals, Sxl becomes activated and imposes female development; in X(Y) animals, Sxl remains inactive and male development ensues. A switch gene for sex determination, called F, has also been identified in the housefly, Musca domestica. An active F dictates female development, while male development ensues when F is inactive. To test if the switch functions of Sxl and F are founded on a common molecular basis, we isolated the homologous Sxl gene in the housefly. Though highly conserved in sequence, Musca-Sxl is not sex-specifically regulated: the same transcripts and protein isoforms are expressed in both male and female animals throughout development. Musca-Sxl is apparently not controlled by the primary sex-determining signal and, thus, is unlikely to correspond to the F gene. Ectopic expression of Musca-SXL protein in Drosophila does not exert any noticeable effects on the known target genes of endogenous Sxl. Instead, forced overexpression of the transgene eventually results in lethality of both XY and XX animals and in developmental abnormalities in some escaper XY animals. Similar results were obtained with the Sxl homologue of Ceratitis capitata (Saccone, G., Peluso, I., Artiaco, D. , Giodano, E., Bopp, D. and Polito, L. C. (1998) Development 125, 1495-1500) suggesting that, in these non-drosophilid species, Sxl performs a function different from that in sex determination.
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute, University of Zürich-Irchel, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meise
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hilfiker-Kleiner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dübendorfer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nöthiger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bopp
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D017931:DNA Primers; D004175:Diptera / Q000235:genetics; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006793:Houseflies / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D007301:Insect Hormones / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D019849:Sex Determination Processes; D012733:Sex Differentiation; D013045:Species Specificity; D014960:X Chromosome; D014998:Y Chromosome
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D007301:Insect Hormones; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C067777:Sxl protein, Drosophila