title: Effects of map orientation during learning on airport identification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  If an observer first learns to recognize an object in a specific orientation, a significant increase in processing time usually occurs when the object is subsequently seen in a different orientation; this phenomenon is called the "misorientation effect." The present study examines how quickly and how accurately human observers discriminate between airport maps that are viewed in orientations other than those in which they were initially learned.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were trained to discriminate between two navigation maps that were seen in only one orientation; they subsequently were tested with maps and aerial photographs of the same airports that were presented in various orientations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were three principal findings: a) discriminative responses to maps of airports were most rapid when the maps were seen in the same orientation as that in which they were initially learned; b) a significant reduction in reaction time (RT) occurred with repeated presentations of the misoriented stimuli; and c) information learned from navigation maps was not sufficient for all observers to recognize aerial photographs of the same airports.
authors.affiliation: NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mealey
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001359:Aviation; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation; D014796:Visual Perception