title: Lacrimal-duct-probing-induced bacteremia: should children with congenital heart defects receive antibiotic prophylaxis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of bacteremia following lacrimal-duct probing in children, and to evaluate the potential need for antibiotic prophylaxis in children who are at an increased risk of infectious endocarditis (IE).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study beginning in October 1994, 40 consecutive children requiring lacrimal-duct probing performed by a single pediatric ophthalmologist received preoperative lacrimal and blood cultures followed by postoperative probe-induced transient bacteremia that was defined as a negative preoperative blood culture, followed by a positive postoperative blood culture of the same bacteria identified in the positive lacrimal culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall infection rate as described above was 7 of 40 children (17.5%) with a 95% confidence interval of 7.3% to 32.8%. Of these, four children had positive postoperative cultures for Haemophilus influenzae (10.0%) and 3 were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae (7.5%) One child had a negative preoperative blood and lacrimal culture with a postoperative blood culture positive for Streptococcus viridans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows a significant incidence of lacrimal-probe-induced bacteremia with organisms that have been documented as etiological agents for IE in children. IE, although less common in children, remains a serious, potentially life threatening infection with high mortality. Although lacrimal-duct probing has never been clearly associated with documented endocarditis, it is the authors' recommendation that it be prudent for patients who are at known high risk for endocarditis to receive SBE prophylaxis considering the low cost/benefit ratio.
authors.affiliation: Summa Health System, Akron, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Eippert
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Burnstine
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bates
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003608:Dacryocystorhinostomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000151:congenital; D008297:Male; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000209:etiology*