title: Tuberculosis control in remote districts of Nepal comparing patient-responsible short-course chemotherapy with long-course treatment.
abstract: METHODS
  A tuberculosis programme in hill and mountain districts of Nepal supported by an international non-governmental organisation (NGO).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate under programme conditions the effectiveness of unsupervised monthly-monitored treatment using an oral short-course regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective cohort study, outcomes for new cases of smear-positive tuberculosis starting treatment over a two-year period in four districts in which a 6-month rifampicin-containing regimen was introduced as first-line treatment (subjects) were compared to outcomes for similarly defined cases in four districts where a 12-month regimen with daily streptomycin injections in the intensive phase continued to be used (controls).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 359 subjects started on the 6-month regimen, 85.2% completed an initial course of treatment compared to 62.8% of 304 controls started on the 12-month regimen (P < 0.001); 78.8% of subjects and 51.0% of controls were confirmed smear-negative at the end of treatment (P < 0.001). The case-fatality rate during treatment was 5.0% among subjects and 11.2% among controls (P = 0.003). Among those whose status was known at two years, 76.9% of subjects were smear-negative without retreatment, compared to 60.9% of controls (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an NGO-supported tuberculosis control programme in remote districts of Nepal, patient-responsible short-course therapy supported by rapid tracing of defaulters achieved acceptable outcomes. Where access and health care infrastructure are poor, district-level tuberculosis teams responsible for treatment planning, drug delivery and programme monitoring can be an appropriate service model.
authors.affiliation: International Division, Nuffield Institute for Health, Leeds, UK. k.jochem@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jochem
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Fryatt
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luitel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dahal
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D009390:Nepal; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012293:Rifampin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019035:Rural Health Services; D012646:Self Administration; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D012293:Rifampin; D013307:Streptomycin