title: Multicenter study of oxygen-insensitive handheld glucose point-of-care testing in critical care/hospital/ambulatory patients in the United States and Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Existing handheld glucose meters are glucose oxidase (GO)-based. Oxygen side reactions can introduce oxygen dependency, increase potential error, and limit clinical use. Our primary objectives were to: a) introduce a new glucose dehydrogenase (GD)-based electrochemical biosensor for point-of-care testing; b) determine the oxygen-sensitivity of GO- and GD-based electrochemical biosensor test strips; and c) evaluate the clinical performance of the new GD-based glucose meter system in critical care/hospital/ambulatory patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter study sites compared glucose levels determined with GD-based biosensors to glucose levels determined in whole blood with a perchloric acid deproteinization hexokinase reference method. One site also studied GO-based biosensors and venous plasma glucose measured with a chemistry analyzer. Biosensor test strips were used with a handheld glucose monitoring system. Bench and clinical oxygen sensitivity, hematocrit effect, and precision were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed at eight U.S. medical centers and one Canadian medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 1,248 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GO-based biosensor was oxygen-sensitive. The new GD-based biosensor was oxygen-insensitive. GD-based biosensor performance was acceptable: 2,104 (96.1%) of 2,189 glucose meter measurements were within +/-15 mg/dL (+/-0.83 mmol/L) for glucose levels of < or = 100 mg/dL (< or = 5.55 mmol/L) or within +/-15% for glucose levels of > 100 mg/dL, compared with the whole-blood reference method results. With the GD-based biosensor, the percentages of glucose measurements that were not within the error tolerance were comparable for different specimen types and clinical groups. Bracket predictive values were acceptable for glucose levels used in therapeutic management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The performance of GD-based, oxygen-insensitive, handheld glucose testing was technically suitable for arterial specimens in critical care patients, cord blood and heelstick specimens in neonates, and capillary and venous specimens in other patients. Multicenter findings benchmark the performance of bedside glucose testing devices. With the new +/-15 mg/dL --> 100 mg/dL --> +/-15% accuracy criterion, point-of-care systems for handheld glucose testing should score 95% (or better), as compared with the recommended reference method. Physiologic changes, preanalytical factors, confounding variables, and treatment goals must be taken into consideration when interpreting glucose results, especially in critically ill patients, for whom arterial blood glucose measurements will reflect systemic glucose levels.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kost
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bourgeois
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Kiechle
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Okorodudu
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Podczasy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Whitlow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003422:Critical Care; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D042843:Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase; D005948:Glucose Dehydrogenases; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D011934:Reagent Strips; D014680:Veins
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D011934:Reagent Strips; D005948:Glucose Dehydrogenases; D042843:Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase; D010100:Oxygen