title: Benign obstruction of the hepatic inferior vena cava complicated by hepatocellular carcinoma: combined interventional management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma is increased with benign obstruction of the hepatic inferior vena cava (IVC). The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of combined interventional treatment for benign obstruction of the hepatic IVC associated with hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective review of 51 patients with benign obstruction of the hepatic IVC, hepatocellular carcinoma was detected in 15 patients coincidentally or during the follow-up period. Obstruction of the IVC was treated with percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty in five patients and metallic stent placement in two patients. Immediate postprocedural and follow-up venacavography was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of this interventional management. Hepatocellular carcinomas were managed with transcatheter chemoembolization in all 15 patients using an emulsion of 3-12 ml of an iodized oil and 20-50 mg of doxorubicin hydrochloride. Gelfoam embolization was performed in three patients. Transcatheter chemoembolizations were repeated in seven patients. Initial response and long-term response to treatment were evaluated by monitoring the level of serum alpha-fetoprotein and by follow-up CT and angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up period (1-8 years), the IVC was widely open except in one patient who developed moderate stenosis. Clinical symptoms of vena caval obstruction disappeared in all patients. After initial transcatheter chemoembolization, complete remission of the tumor occurred in six patients and partial remission occurred in seven patients. Five of the seven patients who underwent further chemoembolizations remained unchanged or in remission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiologic interventional treatment plays a significant role in managing both kinds of lesions in patients with benign obstruction of the hepatic IVC complicated by, hepatocellular carcinoma. A follow-up regimen should be designed to detect small hepatocellular carcinoma as early as possible after obstruction of the hepatic IVC is diagnosed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology