title: Changes in self-rated health, disability and contact with services in a very elderly cohort: a 6-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the relationships between global self-rated health, reported physical symptoms and depressive symptoms and the receipt of community services by very elderly people, and to examine changes in these variables over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-wave study with follow-up at 2.4 and 6 years after first interview. Structured interview, incorporating cognitive examination (Mini-Mental State Examination) and enquiring specifically about overall self-rated health, physical symptoms and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community setting in city of Cambridge, UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  2609 were initially recruited: all patients aged 75 years and over from lists of six general practices (and one in three from a seventh practice). At 2.4 years, 1173 individuals re-examined and at 6 years 628 individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  General health self-rated in comparison to others of similar age and individual physical and depressive symptoms self-rated as present or absent. Symptoms were added to produce physical health and depressive symptom scores. Data presented from cross-sectional analysis of 6-year sample; also examined longitudinal data from all three waves of study for ageing and cohort effects. Finally the effect of health variables on the receipt of services was examined. Statistics used included chi(2) and non-parametric statistics for continuous data, also odds ratios for likelihood of receiving services.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 6 years, 70% rated their overall health as good or very good. Overall self-rated health showed both ageing and cohort effects, improving with increasing age and especially with more recent cohort. Reported physical symptoms increased with ageing. Depression scores also increased with ageing but the relationship between depressive symptoms and ageing was less clear-cut. Receipt of services was associated with poor self-rated health and reported physical symptoms as well as with ageing. Higher depression scores at 2.4 years were associated with increased service receipt at 6 years, indicating a lag between the symptoms and the service response. Individuals in the more recent cohort were less likely to receive services, but those who did so received more frequent contact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although very elderly people have a high prevalence of reported physical symptoms, they often rate their overall health as good. There was a stronger relationship between ageing and physical symptoms than with depressive symptoms. Symptoms of both kinds influenced the likelihood of receiving services, although there was a lag between depressive symptoms and service response. Cohort effects on service receipt may reflect changes in public service policy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke's NHS Trust, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Dening
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brayne
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Huppert
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Paykel
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: O'Connor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006299:Health Services for the Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008609:Mental Status Schedule / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012803:Sick Role