title: Enalaprilat improves gut perfusion in critically injured patients.
abstract: Inadequate splanchnic perfusion, detected as a low gastric intramucosal pH (pHi), in the face of normal systemic perfusion predicts an increased risk for multiple organ failure after trauma. Although the exact etiology of this low pHi is unknown, angiotensin II is thought to be an important regulator of gut perfusion during and after resuscitation from shock. The purpose of this study is to determine whether enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, improves gut perfusion in critically injured patients. To test this hypothesis, 18 trauma patients monitored with a nasogastric tonometer and a pulmonary artery catheter were enrolled in a prospective study. A single dose of enalaprilat, .625 mg, was given as an i.v. bolus or a 4 h infusion following systemic resuscitation. Pre- and postdrug tonometric and hemodynamic data, including cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, right ventricular end-diastolic volume index, systemic vascular resistance index, and oxygen transport variables were compared using the paired t test. Results demonstrate that pHi was significantly improved after 4 h (7.13 +/- .04 to 7.19 +/- .03, p = .03) and after 24 h compared with baseline (7.14 +/- .04 to 7.25 +/- .04, p = .04). Overall, pHi increased in 12 of 18 patients. No significant differences were observed in any of the studied hemodynamic or systemic perfusion variables including mean arterial pressure (92 +/- 4 to 87 +/- 4, p = .24) and oxygen delivery (669 +/- 33 to 675 +/- 32, p = .82). In examining the determinants of pHi, the intramucosal-arterial PCO2 difference was improved after enalaprilat administration (27 +/- 6 to 17 +/- 3 mmHg, p = .04) while no difference was observed in arterial bicarbonate (19.5 +/- .7 to 19.7 +/- .8, p = .90). Additionally, the change in pHi observed with enalaprilat correlated with predrug intramucosal-arterial PCO2 difference (r = .74, r2 = .55, p = .0005). These results demonstrate that enalaprilat improves gut perfusion as measured by gastric tonometry in critically injured patients, and that this effect appears to be independent of changes in systemic perfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kincaid
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Meredith
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004064:Digestive System / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects; D015773:Enalaprilat / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D012151:Resuscitation; D012774:Shock, Traumatic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D019344:Lactic Acid; D015773:Enalaprilat; D010100:Oxygen