title: Surgical orthotopic implantation allows high lung and lymph node metastatic expression of human prostate carcinoma cell line PC-3 in nude mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of male death in the United States. When diagnosed, nearly half the cases have metastatic lesions. An animal model of human prostate cancer demonstrating spontaneous metastasis from the orthotopic site after tumor implantation should be of great help for us to understand the disease and to formulate treatment strategy. We report here a high metastatic model of human prostate cancer PC-3.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed microsurgical techniques, termed surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI), to implant histologically intact tumor tissues orthotopically in immunodeficient mice. In this study intact tissue of the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3, harvested from a subcutaneous tumor in a nude mouse, was implanted to the ventral lateral lobes of the prostate gland in a series of nude mice. Mice were sacrificed when found moribund, and autopsy and histology were performed subsequently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high frequency of lymph node and lung metastasis was noted upon histological examination. The extensive and widespread lung metastasis following orthotopic implantation of PC-3 is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to orthotopic injection of cell suspensions, no multiple metastatic cell selection was necessary after SOI for significant expression of the metastatic potential of PC-3. We conclude that the stromal tissue architecture maintained in the implanted tumor played a critical role in tumor growth and progression.
authors.affiliation: AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, California 92111, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Moossa
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D011467:Prostate / Q000601:surgery; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured