title: The Leicester 500 Project. Social support and the development of postnatal depressive symptoms, a prospective cohort survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A prospective epidemiology study evaluated the role of specific social and psychological variables in the prediction of depressive symptomatology and disorders following childbirth in a community sample. Measures of social support used previously in clinically depressed populations facilitated further comparison.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nulliparous pregnant women (N = 507) were interviewed during pregnancy with the Interview Measure of Social Relationships (IMSR) and a contextual assessment of pregnancy-related support and adversity and 427 were followed up at 3 months postpartum with the 30-item GHQ, including six depression items. To establish the clinical representativeness of the GHQ, high GHQ scorers and a random subsample of low scorers were interviewed using the SCAN. Regression models were developed using the GHQ Depression scale (GHQ-D), the IMSR and other risk factor data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GHQ-D after childbirth was predicted by lack of perceived support from members of the woman's primary group and lack of support in relation to the event becoming pregnant; this held even after controlling for antenatal depression, neuroticism, family and personal psychiatric history and adversity. Informant-rated deficits in provision of social support also predicted later depression. The size of the primary social network group previously found to be related to depression in women, did not predict depressive symptom development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Predictors of depressive symptom development differ from predictors of recovery from clinical depression in women. Interventions should be designed to reduce specific deficits in social support observed in particular study populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Leicester.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Brugha
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weisender
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Britto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shinkwin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sherrif
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kirwan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D017533:Marital Status; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012944:Social Support