title: Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide after major abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of glutamine (Gln) dipeptide-enriched total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on selected metabolic, immunologic, and clinical variables in surgical patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Depletion of Gln stores might lead to severe clinical complications. Recent studies indicate that the parenteral provision of Gln or Gln-containing dipeptides improves nitrogen balance, maintains the intracellular Gln pool, preserves intestinal permeability and absorption, and shortens hospital stay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight patients (age range, 42-86 years, mean 68 years) undergoing elective abdominal surgery were allocated, after randomization, to two groups to receive isonitrogenous (0.24 g nitrogen kg(-1) day(-1)) and isoenergetic (29 kcal/122 kJ kg(-1) day(-1)) TPN over 5 days. Controls received 1.5 g of amino acids kg(-1) day(-1), and the test group received 1.2 g of amino acids and 0.3 g of L-alanyl-L-glutamine (Ala-Gln) kg(-1) day(-1). Venous heparinized blood samples were obtained before surgery and on days 1, 3, and 6 after surgery for routine clinical chemistry and for the measurement of plasma free amino acids. Lymphocytes were counted and the generation of cysteinyl-leukotrienes from polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes was analyzed before surgery and on days 1 and 6 after surgery. Nitrogen balances were calculated postoperatively on days 2, 3, 4, and 5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No side effects or complaints were noted. Patients receiving Gln dipeptide revealed improved nitrogen balances (cumulative balance over 5 days: -7.9 +/- 3.6 vs. -23.0 +/- 2.6 g nitrogen), improved lymphocyte recovery on day 6 (2.41 +/- 0.27 vs. 1.52 +/- 0.17 lymphocytes/nL) and improved generation of cysteinyl-leukotrienes from polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (25.7 +/- 4.89 vs. 5.03 +/- 3.11 ng/mL). Postoperative hospital stay was 6.2 days shorter in the dipeptide-supplemented group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirm the beneficial effects of Gln dipeptide-supplemented TPN on nitrogen economy, maintenance of plasma Gln concentration, lymphocyte recovery, cysteinyl-leukotriene generation, and shortened hospital stay in surgical patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Morlion
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stehle
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wachtler
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Siedhoff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Köller
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fürst
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Puchstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D004151:Dipeptides; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004151:Dipeptides; C054122:alanylglutamine