title: Bovine papillomavirus type 1 genomes and the E2 transactivator protein are closely associated with mitotic chromatin.
abstract: The bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 transactivator protein is required for viral transcriptional regulation and DNA replication and may be important for long-term episomal maintenance of viral genomes within replicating cells (M. Piirsoo, E. Ustav, T. Mandel, A. Stenlund, and M. Ustav, EMBO J. 15:1-11, 1996). We have evidence that, in contrast to most other transcriptional transactivators, the E2 transactivator protein is associated with mitotic chromosomes in dividing cells. The shorter E2-TR and E8/E2 repressor proteins do not bind to mitotic chromatin, and the N-terminal transactivation domain of the E2 protein is necessary for the association. However, the DNA binding function of E2 is not required. We have found that bovine papillomavirus type 1 genomes are also associated with mitotic chromosomes, and we propose a model in which E2-bound viral genomes are transiently associated with cellular chromosomes during mitosis to ensure that viral genomes are segregated to daughter cells in approximately equal numbers.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0455, USA.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Skiadopoulos
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: McBride
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming / Q000378:metabolism; D052688:Bovine papillomavirus 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016466:CHO Cells; D019556:COS Cells; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D002843:Chromatin; D006224:Cricetinae; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008938:Mitosis; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming; D002843:Chromatin; D004279:DNA, Viral; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C051550:E2 protein, Bovine papillomavirus; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014764:Viral Proteins