title: Lactated Ringer's solution resuscitation causes neutrophil activation after hemorrhagic shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the degree of neutrophil activation caused by hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Awake swine underwent 15-minute 40% blood volume hemorrhage, and a 1-hour shock period, followed by resuscitation with: group I, lactated Ringer's solution (LR); group II, shed blood; and group III, 7.5% hypertonic saline (HTS). Group IV underwent sham hemorrhage and LR infusion. Neutrophil activation was measured in whole blood using flow cytometry to detect intracellular superoxide burst activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neutrophil activation increased significantly immediately after hemorrhage, but it was greatest after resuscitation with LR (group I, 273 vs. 102%; p < 0.05). Animals that received shed blood (group II) and HTS (group III) had neutrophil activity return to baseline state after resuscitation. Group IV animals had an increase in neutrophil activation (259 vs. 129%; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neutrophil activation occurring after LR resuscitation and LR infusion without hemorrhage, but not after resuscitation with shed blood or HTS, suggests that the neutrophil activation may be caused by LR and not by reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burris
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pikoulis
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harviel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Waxman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001804:Blood Transfusion, Autologous; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic