title: Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human infection with an avian influenza A virus (subtype H5N1) was reported recently in Hong Kong. We describe the clinical presentation of the first 12 patients and options for rapid viral diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case notes of 12 patients with virus-culture-confirmed influenza A H5N1 infection were analysed. The clinical presentation and risk factors associated with severe disease were defined and the results of methods for rapid virus diagnosis were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients ranged from 1 to 60 years of age. Clinical presentation was that of an influenza-like illness with evidence of pneumonia in seven patients. All seven patients older than 13 years had severe disease (four deaths), whereas children 5 years or younger had mild symptoms with the exception of one who died with Reye's syndrome associated with intake of aspirin. Gastrointestinal manifestations, raised liver enzymes, renal failure unrelated to rhabdomyolysis, and pancytopenia were unusually prominent. Factors associated with severe disease included older age, delay in hospitalisation, lower-respiratory-tract involvement, and a low total peripheral white blood cell count or lymphopenia at admission. An H5-specific reverse-transcription PCR assay (RT-PCR) was useful for rapid detection of virus directly in respiratory specimens. A commercially available enzyme immunoassay was more sensitive than direct immunofluorescence for rapid viral diagnosis. Direct immunofluorescence with an H5-specific monoclonal antibody pool was useful for rapid exclusion of H5-subtype infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Avian Influenza A H5N1 virus causes human influenza-like illness with a high rate of complications in adults admitted to hospital. Rapid H5-subtype-specific laboratory diagnosis can be made by RT-PCR applied directly to clinical specimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peiris
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Que
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Shortridge
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: To
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D019085:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007223:Infant; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors