title: Estimation of the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure from transesophageal pulsed Doppler echocardiography of pulmonary venous flow: influence of the respiratory cycle during mechanical ventilation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pulsed Doppler measurement of pulmonary venous flow (PVF) in the left superior pulmonary vein has been suggested as a noninvasive method to evaluate pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP). In previous studies, PVF was measured at end-expiration, and it is unknown to what extent PVF is affected by the respiratory cycle. It is hypothesized that phasic variations of PVF during mechanical ventilation may be used to estimate PCWP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  At multiple intervals during the surgery, the PVF was measured with transesophageal pulsed Doppler echocardiography, and measurements of PCWP and airway pressure were simultaneously obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Components of PVF evaluated were the systolic (X), diastolic (Y), and atrial (Z) waves with their velocity-time integrals (VTI). The systolic fraction (SF = VTI X/[VTI X + VTI Y]) and respiratory variations of each component of PVF were determined and compared with PCWP. There was a greater respiratory variation of the X wave (X expiratory-X inspiratory/X expiratory) in patients with PCWP < 18 mmHg than in patients with PCWP > or = 18 mmHg (0.19 +/- 0.19 v 0.14 +/- 0.13, respectively, p < 0.01). PVF components measured at end-expiration that related best with PCWP were the X/Y peak velocities (r = -0.53), VTI X/VTI Y ratio (r = -0.42), and the SF (r = -0.49). When measured during end-inspiration, the relation of the X/Y ratio, VTI X/VTI Y, and SF with the PCWP were r = -0.54, r = -0.41, and r = -0.50, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It has been documented that PVF velocity is influenced by the respiratory cycle during mechanical ventilation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and the magnitude of this variation is influenced by PCWP. However, it is not actually possible to predict PCWP accurately using these findings. Further studies are needed in which preload is varied acutely to confirm the usefulness of the results.
authors.affiliation: Départements d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Chirurgie Cardiaque, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Couture
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boudreault
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Normandin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Denault
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Girard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D018619:Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000502:physiology*; D011669:Pulmonary Wedge Pressure; D012119:Respiration; D012121:Respiration, Artificial