title: Neurobiology of panic disorder.
abstract: Various provocative agents, including sodium lactate, carbon dioxide (CO2), caffeine, yohimbine, serotoninergic agents, and cholecystokinin (CCK), have been utilized as panicogenics in studies on healthy volunteers as well as in panic disorder patients. An overview of the utilization of these agents to study the neurobiology of panic disorder is presented. The possible roles of several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the etiology of panic disorder and in the actions of drugs used in its treatment are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: GIS Médicament, Groupe de Recherche Neurobiologie de l'anxiété ER 302, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bourin
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bradwejn
mesh_terms: D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology*; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D019354:Sodium Lactate / Q000494:pharmacology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects*; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D010879:Piperazines; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D015016:Yohimbine; D002110:Caffeine; D002766:Cholecystokinin; C015068:1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine; D019354:Sodium Lactate