title: Incidence, timing, and causes of cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy with regional anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Controversy exists regarding the best technique to identify cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Regional anesthesia allows continuous evaluation of neurologic function and therefore can help determine the incidence, timing, and causes of cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The timing and clinical manifestations of any neurologic event during CEA and as long as 30 days afterward was determined by review of operative reports, hospital charts, and outpatient records of consecutive patients who underwent CEA under regional anesthesia over a 68-month period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred patients underwent CEA; indications were asymptomatic stenosis > 60% in 25%, transient ischemic attack with stenosis > 50% in 52%, and prior stroke with stenosis > 50% in 23%. Eight patients (4%) were converted to general anesthesia for non-ischemic reasons. Of the remaining 192 patients, 183 (95.5%) underwent the procedure with regional anesthesia and no shunt, 2% had cerebral ischemia and underwent shunt placement, and 2.5% had cerebral ischemia, were converted to general anesthesia, and underwent shunt placement. Cerebral ischemia developed in nine patients after carotid cross-clamping, manifested by loss of consciousness in four, confusion in two, dysarthria and confusion in one, and decreased contralateral motor strength in two. Immediate cerebral ischemia developed in four of the nine patients within 1 minute of cross-damping; all four underwent shunt placement. In five of the nine patients, cerebral ischemia occurred between 20 and 30 minutes after cross-clamping; all occurred during relative intraoperative hypotension (average reduction of 35 mm Hg in the systolic pressure). All awake patients in whom ischemic symptoms developed immediately regained and maintained normal neurologic function with shunt placement. Five of 26 patients (19%) with contralateral occlusion required a shunt; none had postoperative ischemia. The mean carotid cross-clamp time was 27 minutes. Postoperative (30 day) complications included a 0.5% stroke rate, a 0.5% rate of postoperative transient ischemic attack, a 0.5% rate of worsening of preexisting acute stroke, and a 0.5% rate of myocardial infarction (no deaths). Of the nine patients who had intraoperative ischemic changes, none had a postoperative neurologic deficit; the three patients who had postoperative neurologic changes had no intraoperative ischemic symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CEA with regional anesthesia allows continuous neurologic monitoring and can be performed safely even when contralateral occlusion coexists; intraoperative shunting for ischemia is necessary in 4.5% of all cases and in 19% of patients with contralateral occlusion. Intraoperative ischemia was flow-related in our patients; it occurred early from ipsilateral carotid clamping and late from reduced collateral flow as a result of hypotension. Monitoring should be continued throughout cross-clamping to identify late cerebral ischemia. Postoperative cerebral ischemia is not associated with intraoperative ischemia, if corrected.
authors.affiliation: University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Salt Lake City 84132, USA.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jicha
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhirangi
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Dobrin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000601:surgery; D002572:Cervical Plexus; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome