title: Randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as infection prophylaxis in oncologic surgery. Leukine Surgical Prophylaxis Research Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postoperative infections are a frequent source of preventable morbidity and mortality in the oncologic population. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a potent modulator of immune effector cells in vitro and in vivo. This study was conducted to determine whether GM-CSF, when administered perioperatively, could reduce the incidence of surgical infections in cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Cancer patients at high risk of infectious surgical morbidity were randomized to receive GM-CSF 125 microg/m2 per day or placebo subcutaneously for 8 days beginning 3 days preoperatively. Routine antibiotic prophylaxis was administered to all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred ninety-nine patients were enrolled, with 198 randomized to receive GM-CSF. Twenty-one percent of patients experienced infections during the first 2 weeks postoperatively, and there was no difference in infection rate between the study groups. The most common sites of infection were respiratory tract (53%) and surgical wound (25%). The duration of operation and American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) physical status classification were the most significant predictors of infection in multivariate analysis. GM-CSF was well tolerated and was not associated with fever.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The eligibility criteria for this study were successful at defining a patient subgroup at high risk for postoperative infections. At an immunomodulatory dose of 125 microg/m2 per day, GM-CSF was safe and well tolerated, but did not reduce the incidence of postoperative infections in this high-risk oncologic population. Infectious morbidity in surgical oncology remains an important subject for continued clinical investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. meropol@sc3101.med.buffalo.edu
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Meropol
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nemunaitis
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Petrelli
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lipman
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Agosti
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Whitmore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor