title: Low intensity ultrasound as a probe to elucidate the relative follicular contribution to total transdermal absorption.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of ultrasound on the histological integrity and permeability properties of whole rat skin in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  A defined, field-free source of ultrasound was used to irradiate excised rat skin prior to in vitro transport studies in Franz-type cells using sucrose, mannitol, hydrocortisone, 5-fluorouracil and aminopyrine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High intensity ultrasound irradiation (1 to 2 W cm-2) irreversibly damaged cutaneous structures and increased the percutaneous transport rate of permeants. In contrast, skin integrity was largely maintained with low intensity ultrasound (0.1 to 1 W cm-2) which merely discharged sebum from the sebaceous glands so as to fill much of the hair follicle shafts. This effect caused the transfollicular absorption pathway to be blocked for hydrophilic molecules that penetrate via this route and reduced the transport rate significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This phenomenon may be used as a probe to elucidate the relative follicular contribution to total penetration for hydrophilic permeants. It was demonstrated that the shunt pathway was responsible for virtually all mannitol and sucrose penetration, perhaps half of hydrocortisone transport but negligible aminopyrine and 5-fluorouracil penetration.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Meidan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Docker
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Walmsley
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Irwin
mesh_terms: D000632:Aminopyrine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000528:radiation effects; D004234:Diuretics, Osmotic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008353:Mannitol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013010:Sonication; D013395:Sucrose / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004234:Diuretics, Osmotic; D000632:Aminopyrine; D008353:Mannitol; D013395:Sucrose; D005472:Fluorouracil; D006854:Hydrocortisone