title: Prolonged immunodepression after trauma and hemorrhagic shock.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although hemorrhage or trauma (laparotomy) alone in mice produces a marked immunosuppression for 3 to 4 days and trauma plus hemorrhage produces immune depression for 5 days after resuscitation, it remains unknown when the immune functions return to normal after trauma-hemorrhage and whether lymphocyte and macrophage functions are similarly affected by trauma-hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male C3H/HeN mice underwent either sham operation, trauma (laparotomy), hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial blood pressure of 35 +/- 5 mm Hg for 60 minutes, followed by fluid resuscitation), or trauma plus hemorrhage. Plasma, splenocytes, splenic macrophages, and peritoneal macrophages were harvested at 7 or 10 days after the operation. Plasma and macrophage tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-6, and splenocyte IL-2 and IL-3 release were determined by bioassay, and splenocyte proliferation was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Splenocyte proliferation, splenocyte lymphokine release, and splenic and peritoneal macrophage cytokine release were still markedly decreased in the trauma-hemorrhage group compared with other groups at 7 days but returned to normal by day 10. Tumor necrosis factor and IL-6 levels, however, were not detectable in plasma of any groups at 7 or 10 days after operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that a more severe and prolonged immunodepression occurs after combined trauma and hemorrhage than after trauma or hemorrhage alone.
authors.affiliation: Center for Surgical Research and the Department of Surgery, Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Y X
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chaudry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000378:metabolism; D007813:Laparotomy; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D015846:Monokines / Q000378:metabolism; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins; D008222:Lymphokines; D015846:Monokines