title: Outcome measures for urinary incontinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVES; To discuss the rudiments of data that need to be collected in order to develop validated, reproducible, well-accepted efficacy instruments for assessing treatment outcomes in urinary incontinence (UI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Information is presented from two reports issued by the Urodynamics Society: "Definition and Classification of Urinary Incontinence" and "Standards of Efficacy for Evaluation of Treatment Outcomes in Urinary Incontinence."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Instruments to assess the efficacy of treatment should be reliable and valid. Such instruments include structured histories, questionnaires, structured physical examinations, urodynamics, voiding diaries, and pad tests. Recommended primary outcome variables include the number of incontinent episodes, volume of urinary loss, and type of incontinence. Secondary measures include patient satisfaction, quality of life, bladder symptoms, uroflow, postvoid residual urine, and other urodynamic variables. General considerations for the development of clinical trials include 1) using a standard lexicon, 2) consistent timing of follow-up, 3) proper outcome assessment at each follow-up, 4) proper data collection, 5) proper data analysis, and 6) formulating conclusions that are supported by the data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the present time, there are no validated, reproducible, well-accepted efficacy instruments for assessing treatment outcomes in UI. Further work directed toward the development of such instruments is warranted.
authors.affiliation: New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Blaivas
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012106:Research; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*