title: Urinary tract infections and pregnancy in women who underwent antireflux surgery in childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For several decades ureteroneocystostomy has been performed in children to correct primary vesicoureteral reflux. A purported indication for antireflux surgery is to prevent significant upper urinary tract infection during pregnancy. We performed a long-term followup of women who underwent antireflux surgery during childhood to determine outcome in regard to urinary tract infection history and pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 227 women of childbearing age who underwent ureteral reimplantation for primary vesicoureteral reflux from 1964 through 1981. Of the 122 women contacted 41 had been pregnant (77 total pregnancies). Cystitis or asymptomatic bacteriuria and pyelonephritis developed during 18 and 5 pregnancies, respectively. The 77 pregnancies resulted in 57 term births, 7 voluntary pregnancy interruptions and 13 spontaneous abortions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients who previously underwent successful antireflux surgery continued to have a significant number of urinary tract infections through the intervening years. Despite a higher than expected incidence of pyelonephritis, they had relatively little hypertension and renal insufficiency. During pregnancy the incidence of pyelonephritis was only slightly higher than that of the general population. However, severe complications of pregnancy, such as preeclampsia, premature birth and acute renal failure, occurred more frequently in women with a history of renal scarring or hypertension (7 of 12) than in those with a history of recurrent infection alone (3 of 10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When renal scarring is present, reflux should be corrected before pregnancy to minimize maternal and fetal morbidity. When scarring is not present, the literature suggests that women with a history of reflux are at increased risk for pyelonephritis during pregnancy whether or not ureterocystostomy was performed. Pregnant women with a history of reflux may benefit from prophylactic antibiotics and women with reflux nephropathy should be followed throughout life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, USA.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Bukowski
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Betrus
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Aquilina
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Perlmutter
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003556:Cystitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000601:surgery*