title: Endovascular treatment of intractable oronasal bleeding associated with severe craniofacial injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe craniofacial injury may cause intractable oronasal bleeding, which is refractory to conventional treatments. This study will evaluate the efficacy of endovascular treatment for such oronasal bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine males between the ages of 19 and 62 years who had intractable oronasal bleeding resulting from severe craniofacial injuries received treatments of transarterial embolization using Gelfoam pledgets, polyvinyl alcohol particles, or platinum coils. We then reviewed their clinical and neuroradiologic characteristics retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all but one case, angiography demonstrated bleeding points as extravasation. These bleeding points were multiple in seven cases. Except for bleeding from ethmoidal arteries, selective embolization was successful. In all cases, intractable oronasal bleeding was controlled. Patient survival was not directly related to oronasal bleeding, but rather was strongly correlated with associated brain injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovascular treatment is an acceptable treatment for intractable oronasal bleeding associated with severe craniofacial injuries when conventional treatments have failed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan. komiyama@japan-mail.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komiyama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shigemoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaji
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D005781:Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma; D006472:Oral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D010984:Platinum; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D010984:Platinum; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol