title: Validation of an improved reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography assay with reductive electrochemical detection for the determination of artemisinin derivatives in man.
abstract: For the determination of artemisinin (ART) and analogs, a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method using reductive electrochemical detection (ED) was set up with some important modifications as compared to previously published assays. A different technique of deoxygenating resulted in a factor 2-3 lower background current. A Spectroflow 400 liquid chromatograph in combination with a Triathlon autoinjector coupled to a Decade electrochemical detector was used. The detector was operated in the reductive mode as a closed system under chromatography grade helium to exclude any access of oxygen. The Decade has a glassy carbon electrode and a reference Ag/AgCl electrode. Infrequent electropolishing was required implicating a very stable system. By increasing acetonitril or lowering the pH of the mobile phase, the various derivatives could be determined in the same chromatogram. The assay was validated using artemether (ATM) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) as test substances. In the concentration range seen in people after usual doses (5 to 220 ng/ml), the assay performs with adequate accuracy and precision. The interassay and intraassay precision are < 6% for ATM. For DHA, the interassay and intraassay precision are < 9%. The accuracy expressed as the deviation from the expected concentration varies from -1% to +4.5% for the intraassay ATM-determinations and from +1% to +6.3% for the interassay measurements. For DHA, the accuracy is somewhat less, varying from -0.3% to -9.5% for the intraassay measurements and -0.6% to +2.6% for the interassay measurements. The reproducibility of the assay, measured over a time period of 3 months, is good for ATM and DHA with an interassay precision of < 18% in 70 repetitive samples and an accuracy varying from -0.6% to +7.6%. In a cross-check with two other reference laboratories who used comparable methods of determination, a strong correlation (correlation coefficient > 0.98) was achieved. The method was applied in a study in which artemether was administered orally to healthy white subjects. We consider high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection an accurate and precise method for quantitative determination of artemisinin derivatives in pharmacokinetic studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Agtmael
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Butter
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Portier
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van Boxtel
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D037621:Artemisinins; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D006801:Humans; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C039060:artenimol; C031327:artemisinin