title: Measurement of facial soft tissue mobility in man.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The assessment of facial mobility is a key element in the treatment of patients with facial motor deficits. In this study, we explored the utility of a three-dimensional tracking system in the measurement of facial movements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First, the three-dimensional movement of potentially stable facial soft-tissue, headcap, and dental landmarks was measured with respect to a fixed space frame. Based on the assumption that the dental landmarks are stable, their motion during a series of standardized facial animations was subtracted from that of the facial and headcap landmarks to estimate their movement within the face. This residual movement was used to determine which points are relatively stable (< or = 1.5 mm of movement) and which are not (> or = 1.5 mm of movement). Headcap landmarks were found to be suitable as references during smile, cheek puff, and lip purse animations, and during talking. In contrast, skin-based landmarks were unsuitable as references because of their considerable and highly variable movement during facial animation. Second, the facial movements of patients with obvious facial deformities were compared with those of matched controls to characterize the face validity of three-dimensional tracking. In all instances, pictures that appear to be characteristic of the various functional deficits emerged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results argue that tracking instrumentation is a potentially useful tool in the measurement of facial mobility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1078, USA. ctrotman@umich.edu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Trotman
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Stohler
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002610:Cheek / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002680:Chin / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000503:physiopathology; D005149:Facial Expression; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008865:Microstomia / Q000503:physiopathology; D009068:Movement; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012867:Skin; D012904:Smiling / Q000502:physiology; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology; D014743:Videotape Recording