title: Engineering Src family protein kinases with unnatural nucleotide specificity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein kinases play a central role in controlling diverse signal transduction pathways in all cells. The identification of the direct cellular substrates of individual protein kinases remains the key challenge in the field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe the protein engineering of v-Src to produce a kinase which preferentially uses an ATP analog, N6-(benzyl) ATP, as a substrate, rather than the natural v-Src substrate, ATP. The sidechain of a single residue (Ile338) controls specificity for N6-substituted ATP analogs in the binding pocket of v-Src. Elimination of this sidechain by mutation to glycine produces a v-Src kinase which preferentially utilizes N6-(benzyl) ATP as a phosphodonor substrate. Our engineering strategy is generally applicable to the Src family kinases: mutation of the corresponding residue (Thr339 to glycine) in the Fyn kinase confers specificity for N6-(benzyl) ATP on Fyn.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The v-Src tyrosine kinase has been engineered to exhibit specificity for an unnatural ATP analog, N6-(benzyl) ATP, even in a cellular context where high concentrations of natural ATP are present (1-5 mM), where preferential use of the ATP analog by the mutant kinase is essential. The mutant v-Src transfers phosphate more efficiently with the designed unnatural analog than with ATP. As the identical mutation in the Src-family kinase Fyn confers on Fyn the ability to recognize the same unnatural ATP analog, our strategy is likely to be generally applicable to other protein kinases and may help to identify the direct targets of specific kinases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Witucki
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Shokat
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed / Q000235:genetics; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism*; D015688:Oncogene Protein pp60(v-src) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D019000:Phosphotyrosine / Q000032:analysis; D015202:Protein Engineering; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051076:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn; D051572:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-hck; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D009711:Nucleotides; D010455:Peptides; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D015688:Oncogene Protein pp60(v-src); D051076:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn; D051572:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-hck