title: Causes of late mortality in pediatric liver transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to review the incidence and causes of death in children who have survived long-term (more than 1 year) after liver transplantation (LT).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  No studies of the causes of late mortality in pediatric LT recipients are currently available in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consists of 212 pediatric patients who survived more than 1 year after LT. Twenty-three of these patients subsequently died (mean follow-up = 5.3 yr). Hospital records, office charts, and autopsy records were reviewed retrospectively to identify the causes of death. The patients who died were further evaluated by age, gender, length of survival, primary diagnosis, immunosuppression, and retransplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common cause of death was graft failure, followed closely by infection. In patients dying from graft failure, eight of the nine patients underwent retransplantation and no child survived more than three liver transplants. Overwhelming infections occurred suddenly in eight children who had been previously healthy. Noncompliance was the third most common cause of death, primarily in older children. One child died from a posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Actuarial survival at 10 years is 83.7% (based on 100% survival at 1 year). There was no difference in survival based on primary disease. Retransplantation was far more prevalent in the nonsurvivors (47.8%) compared with survivors (13.7%) (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in survival based on age, gender, or immunosuppression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Late mortality in children continues to be directly related to complications of LT and immunosuppression, even after the first year of transplantation. This is in contrast to adult liver transplant recipients, where approximately 50% of late deaths were related to LT and the remainder were because of unrelated illnesses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Sudan
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Langnas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors