title: Comparison of serum prostate-specific antigen levels and PSA density in African-American, white, and Hispanic men without prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of race or ethnicity on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and PSA density (PSAD) in a population of healthy men without clinically evident prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study was conducted between January 1988 and January 1993. The serum PSA levels were measured in 859 men (586 African Americans, 142 whites, and 131 Hispanics) who were participants in a prostate cancer screening program or had urinary symptoms suggestive of prostate gland pathology. All men underwent a detailed clinical examination, including digital rectal examination, serum PSA determination, and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). None of the subjects included had clinical or TRUS evidence of prostate cancer (furthermore, 283 men were pathologically proved to be cancer-free by prostate biopsies). Serum PSA levels and PSA densities as a function of each individual's ethnic background were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean serum PSA level in African Americans was 2.1 ng/mL, which was significantly higher than that of whites (mean PSA of 1.53 ng/mL) and Hispanics (mean PSA of 1.83 ng/mL) (P = 0.003). Similar differences among the three groups were observed in PSA density (the mean PSAD was 0.078, 0.057, and 0.065 for African Americans, whites, and Hispanics, respectively). A separate analysis for the biopsy-negative men was performed, and the findings were consistent with the observations for the entire study group. After adjustment for age and prostate volume, the differences remained statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among men without evidence of prostate cancer, African Americans have higher serum PSA levels and PSA densities than do whites or Hispanics. Race or ethnicity was an independent factor that affected serum PSA levels even after adjustment for age and prostate volume.
authors.affiliation: The University of Chicago/Michael Reese/University of Illinois Center for Radiation Oncology, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vaida
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vijayakumar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011467:Prostate / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen