title: Multivariate analysis of risk factors in stage 4 neuroblastoma patients over the age of one year treated with megatherapy and stem-cell transplantation: a report from the European Bone Marrow Transplantation Solid Tumor Registry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The European Bone Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) Solid Tumor Registry (STR) contains detailed information on children with advanced neuroblastoma who, after standard-dose induction chemotherapy and surgery, received myeloablative megatherapy (MGT) followed by stem-cell transplantation (SCT). This data base was analyzed to identify factors that predict event-free survival (EFS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligibility criteria were stage IV neuroblastoma, age over 1 year at diagnosis, and no relapse before MGT/SCT. Between February 1978 and July 1992, 549 patients were registered by 36 European transplant centers. The median age at diagnosis was 36 months (range, 13 to 216 months) and the male-female ratio was 1:45. Before MGT, 157 patients were in complete remission (CR), 156 in very good partial remission (VGPR), and 208 in partial remission (PR), whereas 24 had had only a minor response (MR). One hundred ten of 546 patients had undergone two successive MGT procedures. The median observation time was 60 months (range, 12 to 187 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Actuarial EFS is 26% at 5 years. Multivariate analysis by the Cox proportional hazards regression model included 529 patients with complete data sets. After adjustment for treatment duration before MGT and double MGT procedures, two adverse, independent risk factors that influenced EFS were identified: (1) persisting skeletal lesions before MGT as defined by technetium (99TC) scans and/or meta-iodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) scans (P = .004) and (2) persisting bone marrow involvement before MGT (P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After induction treatment, persisting skeletal disease as defined above and persisting bone marrow involvement may be predictive of a particularly poor outcome. Physicians may consider this an additional important tool to decide the patient's management.
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Unit, Coordinating Center of the European Bone Marrow Transplantation Solid Tumor Working Party, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France. ladenstein@ccri.univie.ac.at
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ladenstein
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Philip
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lasset
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garaventa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinkerton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pritchard
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klingebiel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kremens
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coze
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paolucci
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frappaz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gadner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chauvin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012074:Remission Induction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis