title: The effects of exogenous free fatty acids on lipoprotein migration in serum high-resolution electrophoresis: addition of free fatty acids improves visualization of normal and abnormal alpha1-antitrypsin.
abstract: Abnormalities in the alpha1 region are occasionally difficult to interpret on high-resolution electrophoresis (HRE) gels because alpha1-antitrypsin (A1AT) can be obscured by elevated levels of lipoprotein. The addition of saturated free fatty acids (SFFAs) to serum samples causes a selective anodal migration of lipoproteins when examined by HRE. This "clearing" of the alpha1 region improves visualization of A1AT. In this study, we evaluated 6- to 24-carbon SFFAs for their ability to cause anodal migration of serum lipoproteins; identified the optimal SFFA and determined its effects on other proteins; and applied the SFFA to problematic serum samples, including those containing dense alpha lipoprotein regions. When added to serum samples, a mixture of medium-chain (12-18 carbon) SFFAs caused a dose-dependent anodal migration of the alpha and beta lipoproteins and albumin. Lauric acid (C(12:0); 3.2-6.5 mmol/L) caused an optimal effect--maximal anodal migration of alpha lipoproteins and clearing of the alpha1 region, facilitating inspection of that area for A1AT variants. At the optimal C(12:0) concentration, the migration and resolution of A1AT were minimally affected, anodal slurring of beta lipoproteins and albumin were slight, and there was no effect on interpretation of monoclonal proteins. At higher concentrations, C(12:0) increased anodal migration of beta lipoproteins and decreased the resolution of A1AT. C(12:0) at 3.2 mmol/L in serum samples of heparinized patients showed an exaggerated effect similar to higher concentrations of C(12:0) in nonheparinized serum samples. Hyperbilirubinemia did not alter the effect of C(12:0) on serum proteins. C(12:0) treatment of serum samples displaying dense alpha lipoprotein bands on HRE dramatically improved visualization of A1AT. We report the incidental identification of A1AT variants in two such samples treated with C(12:0). The addition of C(12:0) to serum samples markedly improves visualization of normal and abnormal A1AT in the alpha1 region in HRE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Keren
mesh_terms: D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014361:Trypsin Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis*; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D008074:Lipoproteins; D014361:Trypsin Inhibitors; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin