Burn area color changes after superficial burns in childhood: can they be predicted?
Pigmentation changes after superficial burn injuries are often difficult to predict. We analyzed a sample of patients with burn injuries, looking for clinical indicators of predictable color changes in burn wounds. A sample of 50 children, predominantly those with pigmented skins, who had sustained superficial partial-thickness, (second degree) thermal, scald, or friction burns, were retrospectively grouped. Chemical and electric burns, and those needing skin grafts were excluded. Forty-one patients returned for interview and examination, an average of 63 months after injury (range, 3 to 276 months). All patients had their skin color graded in terms of the Fitzpatrick scale--a numeric scale that combines innate skin color plus reported history of skin response to sun exposure, to assign a value from 1 to 6, where white skin that reddens but does not tan on sun exposure is 1 and heavily pigmented black skin is 6. The burn site, as well as unburned areas of control skin, were tested for reflectance and luminance with use of a well-validated spectrophotometric technique. As an addendum, clinical photographs of a further 50 patients were similarly analyzed. During the first 3 years after injury, burn site color changes were variable. Subsequently, there was cumulative hyperpigmentation at the burn site, provided that the melanocyte-bearing deep dermis had not been destroyed. Hyperpigmentation correlated significantly with skin color, as quantified by the Fitzpatrick scale (p < 0.01), and with time after injury (p < 0.05).
de Chalain
T M
TM
Division of Plastic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Tang
C
C
Thomson
H G
HG
D002056:Burns / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017495:Hyperpigmentation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D017496:Hypopigmentation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013997:Time Factors