title: Immediate and long term outcome of human parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate more precisely the risk of fetal loss and congenital abnormalities after maternal parvovirus B19 infection, and to assess the long term outcome for surviving infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study of pregnant women with confirmed B19 infection with follow up of the surviving infants. The rate of fetal loss in the study cohort was compared with that in pregnant women with varicella.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases reported by laboratories in England and Wales between 1985-1988 and 1992-1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and twenty-seven pregnant women with B19 infection and 367 surviving infants of whom 129 were followed up at 7-10 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires to obstetricians and general practitioners on outcome of pregnancy and health of surviving infants. Maternal infection confirmed by B19-specific IgM assay and/or IgG seroconversion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The excess rate of fetal loss in women with B19 infection was confined to the first 20 weeks of gestation and averaged 9%. Seven cases of fetal hydrops followed maternal infections between 9 and 20 weeks of gestation (observed risk 2.9%, 95% CI 1.2-5.9). No abnormalities attributable to B19 infection were found at birth in surviving infants (observed risk 0%, upper 95% CI 0.86%). No late effects were found at 7-10 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Around 1 in 10 women infected before 20 weeks of gestation will suffer a fetal loss due to B19. The risk of an adverse outcome of pregnancy after this stage is remote. Infected women can be reassured that the maximum possible risk of a congenital abnormality due to B19 is under 1% and that long term development will be normal.
authors.affiliation: Immunisation Division, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, London, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Fairley
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seng
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015160:Hydrops Fetalis / Q000453:epidemiology; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000151:congenital / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D016732:Parvovirus B19, Human; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology