title: Do calendars enhance posttraumatic temporal orientation?: a pilot study.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an in-room calendar to correct temporal disorientation in a brain-injured population. Thirty consecutive brain injured patients (16 traumatic, 14 non-traumatic) admitted to a brain injury rehabilitation unit were randomly assigned to either a group with in-room calendars (n = 14) or a group without calendars (n = 16). A baseline Temporal Orientation Test (TOT) score was obtained. Daily TOT scores were obtained for patients throughout their rehabilitation stay or until two consecutive normal scores were obtained. When orientation errors were made, they were corrected and the attention of the patient was drawn to the calendar. There were no statistically significant associations between group and age, gender or mean GCS (for patients with traumatic etiology). Only baseline length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) had a significant association with eventual emergence from PTA (as defined by a normal score on the TOT). Age and presence of calendar were not significant. In-room calendars have been espoused as orientation aides. The data from this pilot study suggest that calendars do not hasten re-orientation. This finding suggests that other widely held but not rigorously tested beliefs regarding cognitive rehabilitation may need to be examined.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit 48201, USA.
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Zafonte
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Millis
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000647:Amnesia / Q000503:physiopathology; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013995:Time; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology