title: The risks and prevention of contamination of beef feedlot cattle: the perspective of the United States of America.
abstract: There are currently no scientifically defined critical management points or critical control points to manage foodborne pathogens at the pre-harvest level. Research is ongoing: much of the pre-harvest research is funded by producer organisations. The beef industry has Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) programmes in place and these are dynamic. Groups of cattlemen have made a very strong commitment to reducing foodborne pathogens in beef. Fewer Escherichia coli O157:H7 organisms are shed by feedlot cattle near the end of the feeding period than by newly arrived cattle. Moreover, there is less shedding of the organisms in cattle of slaughter age than in younger cattle. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle is similar to that in range cattle. This suggests that concentrating cattle in feedlot dirt pens does not increase the risk of shedding E. coli organisms. Pen maintenance, considered a good management practice, appears to be an adequate means of keeping pathogen levels in pens low. It is not likely that pre-harvest food safety programmes will eliminate the threat of pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella. The management of foodborne pathogens will become part of an integrated programme to enhance food safety which includes the producer, the packer, the distributors, retailers and the consumer. The feedlot industry initiated a residue avoidance programme several years ago. As a result, the risk of chemical residues in beef from feedlots in the United States of America is near zero. Hazard analysis and critical control point-type prevention programmes, using scientifically based critical management points, will help ensure that the risk remains negligible.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dargatz
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000592:standards; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000592:standards*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D005503:Food Additives / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005513:Food Inspection / Q000592:standards; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000592:standards; D011786:Quality Control; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012475:Salmonella / Q000254:growth & development; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives