title: Cross sectional longitudinal study of spot morning urine protein:creatinine ratio, 24 hour urine protein excretion rate, glomerular filtration rate, and end stage renal failure in chronic renal disease in patients without diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether the protein:creatinine ratio in spot morning urine samples is a reliable indicator of 24 hour urinary protein excretion and predicts the rate of decline of glomerular filtration rate and progression to end stage renal failure in non-diabetic patients with chronic nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional correlation between the ratio and urinary protein excretion rate. Univariate and multivariate analysis of baseline predictors, including the ratio and 24 hour urinary protein, of decline in glomerular filtration rate and end stage renal failure in the long term.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research centre in Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  177 non-diabetic outpatients with chronic renal disease screened for participation in the ramipril efficacy in nephropathy study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rate of decline in filtration rate evaluated by repeated measurements of unlabelled iohexol plasma clearance and rate of progression to renal failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Protein:creatinine ratio was significantly correlated with absolute and log transformed 24 hour urinary protein values (P = 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively.) Ratios also had high predictive value for rate of decline of the glomerular filtration rate (univariate P = 0.0003, multivariate P = 0.004) and end stage renal failure (P = 0.002 and P = 0.04). Baseline protein:creatinine ratios and rate of decline of the glomerular filtration rate were also significantly correlated (P < 0.0005). In the lowest third of the protein:creatinine ratio (< 1.7) there was 3% renal failure compared with 21.2% in the highest third (> 2.7) (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protein:creatinine ratio in spot morning urine samples is a precise indicator of proteinuria and a reliable predictor of progression of disease in non-diabetic patients with chronic nephropathies and represents a simple and inexpensive procedure in establishing severity of renal disease and prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Clinical Research Centre for Rare Diseases, Bergamo, Italy. ruggenenti@irfmn.mnegri.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruggenenti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gaspari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perna
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Remuzzi
mesh_terms: D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000652:urine*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000652:urine*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine