title: Effects of moderate blood alcohol concentrations on spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to gain a more complete picture of the influence of alcohol on visual performance, we measured contrast sensitivity for a range of spatial and temporal frequencies in individuals with moderate blood alcohol concentrations (BACs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were tested at blood alcohol concentrations of 0.06% in both the rising and falling phases of absorption. In the first part of the study, the performance of two men and four women on a number of simple screening measures and static contrast sensitivity was measured. In the second part (four men and three women), the grating patterns were contrast reversed at four different rates, allowing us to assess the effects of alcohol on temporal processing. The second study examined the relationship between blood alcohol concentrations and contrast sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although few significant changes in performance were found on the simple screening tests, we observed a significant reduction (43%) in stationary contrast sensitivity at the 0.06% BAC. This change in performance was greater at low and high spatial frequencies than at moderate ones. At high temporal frequencies, the reduction in sensitivity was 2.5 times that seen for lower temporal frequencies. With higher blood alcohol concentrations, the decrease in performance was found to be greatest for the high and low spatial frequencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that alcohol produces visual deficits that are not attributable to pursuit eye movements. It is suggested that these visual deficits, combined with changes in ocular-motor control and attentional deficits, may have a strong effect on performance under the influence of alcohol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Timney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D005425:Flicker Fusion / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000187:drug effects*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol