title: A chloride-inducible acid resistance mechanism in Lactococcus lactis and its regulation.
abstract: Previously, a promoter was identified in Lactococcus lactis that is specifically induced by chloride. Here, we describe the nucleotide sequence and functional analysis of two genes transcribed from this promoter, gadC and gadB. GadC is homologous to putative glutamate-gamma-aminobutyrate antiporters of Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri and contains 12 putative membrane-spanning domains. GadB shows similarity to glutamate decarboxylases. A L. lactis gadB mutant and a strain that is unable to express both gadB and gadC was more sensitive to low pH than the wild type when NaCl and glutamate were present. Expression of gadCB in L. lactis in the presence of chloride was increased when the culture pH was allowed to decrease to low levels by omitting buffer from the medium, while glutamate also stimulated gadCB expression. Apparently, these genes encode a glutamate-dependent acid resistance mechanism of L. lactis that is optimally active under conditions in which it is needed to maintain viability. Immediately upstream of the chloride-dependent gadCB promoter Pgad, a third gene encodes a protein (GadR) that is homologous to the activator Rgg from Streptococcus gordonii. gadR expression is chloride and glutamate independent. A gadR mutant did not produce the 3kb gadCB mRNA that is found in wild-type cells in the presence of NaCl, indicating that GadR is an activator of the gadCB operon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leenhouts
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burghoorn
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Brands
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Venema
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kok
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001483:Base Sequence; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D013294:Lactococcus lactis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002712:Chlorides; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C491226:GadC protein, E coli; C103589:GadC protein, bacteria; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D019344:Lactic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid