title: Connections among functional areas in the mustached bat auditory cortex.
abstract: Connections among functional areas in the mustached bat's auditory cortex were examined by placing anatomical tracers in physiologically defined locations. We identified at least two and probably three channels connecting the various areas. One channel is formed by interconnections among areas containing neurons sensitive to frequency-modulated components (FMs) of the pulse and echo. These neurons are tuned to echo delay, a cue for target range, and thus define a ranging channel. An additional one or two channels are formed by interconnections among areas that contain neurons sensitive to the constant frequency components (CFs) of echoes. These neurons are of two main types: either sensitive to CFs of both pulse and echo (CF/CF neurons) or sensitive to a pulse FM and echo CF (FM-CF neurons). There was only a weak connection between the largest area of each type, suggesting they lie in different channels. Connections among areas in the ranging channel and echo CF-sensitive channel(s) were weak. Thus, the interconnections among functional areas in the mustached bat's auditory cortex define parallel channels for processing different types of biosonar information. Most corticocortical connections were patchy, in a manner suggestive of a columnar organization. The average width of the patches was approximately 360 microm. Based on the sizes of the functional areas, we estimate the auditory cortex contains a total of approximately 150 columns. Individual areas contain from as many as approximately 20 to as few as 1-4 columns. Each area had abundant projections outside of the auditory cortex. Connections within the cortex included the frontal, anterior cingulate, retrosplenial and perirhinal cortices, and the claustrum. Subcortical targets included the amygdyla, auditory thalamus, pons, pretectum, superior and inferior colliculi, and central gray. Projections within the cortex were of modest strength compared with several of the subcortical projections. Thus, the auditory areas themselves are the primary source of cortically processed biosonar information to the rest of the brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA. dcf@neuron.uchc.edu
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000502:physiology*; D007267:Injections; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D013017:Sound Localization; D013788:Thalamus / Q000502:physiology