title: Comparative toxicity of allelochemicals and their enzymatic oxidation products to maize fungal pathogens, emphasizing Fusarium graminearum.
abstract: A series of stable quinones and their precursors, and enzymatic oxidation products of plant allelochemicals were tested for their effect on maize fungal pathogens, primarily Fusarium graminearum. Benzoquinone was typically significantly more toxic than hydroquinone, while 1,2-naphthoquinone was typically significantly more toxic than 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene. Aspergillus flavus was the most resistant fungus to these compounds, while Phoma medicaginis was the most susceptible. Applying tyrosinase in conjunction with several phenolic compounds only increased the toxicity of gallic acid to Fusarium graminearum. Applying peroxidase generally increased toxicity of all compounds tested to this fungus in a dose-dependent fashion. Ferulic acid was generally the most toxic compound, both alone and when combined with peroxidase and H2O2, followed by coumaric acid. These results suggest that enzymatic oxidation of plant allelochemicals may result in the generation of products that either are directly toxic to maize pathogens, or indirectly inhibitory due to their ability to tie up nutrients.
authors.affiliation: U.S.D.A., Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Dowd
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Duvick
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rood
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects; D001231:Aspergillus flavus / Q000187:drug effects; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D003904:Mitosporic Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009284:Naphthols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011809:Quinones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016227:Benzoquinones; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D006873:Hydroquinones; D009284:Naphthols; D011809:Quinones; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase