title: Linked polymorphisms upstream of exons 1 and 2 of the human cholecystokinin gene are not associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
abstract: The evidence for a significant genetic contribution to the functional psychoses (schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) is now well established. However, in both cases, the non-mendelian mode of inheritance has made the identification of susceptibility loci particularly challenging. The neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) is present both in the gut and the CNS. Studies of CCK-like immunoreactivity and CCK mRNA levels in human brains have revealed high concentrations in numerous loci and shown colocalisation of CCK with, for example, dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase. Furthermore, antagonists of CCK-B receptors, which are found most frequently in the brain, inhibit the activity of brain dopamine neurons. Such findings suggest that, with respect to neuropsychiatric disorders, CCK is a suitable candidate for analysis using methods to detect gene variations which have the potential to affect protein structure or expression. In the present study, mutation analyses were carried out on the human CCK gene. Linked polymorphisms were found in the promoter region and in intron 1 close to the 3' mRNA splice acceptor site. However, the allele frequencies of these polymorphisms in samples of individuals affected with either schizophrenia (n=117) or bipolar disorder (n=124) did not differ from those of control subjects (n=234), suggesting that these variations do not confer a predisposition to either of the functional psychoses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK. bowent@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Cardno
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGuffin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Craddock
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: O'Donovan
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Owen
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D017398:Alternative Splicing; D001483:Base Sequence; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005091:Exons; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D012016:Reference Values; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D002766:Cholecystokinin