Simultaneous chiral separation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphet- amine, 3-4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyethylam- phetamine, ephedrine, amphetamine and methamphetamine by capillary electrophoresis in uncoated and coated capillaries with native beta-cyclodextrin as the chiral selector: preliminary application to the analysis of urine and hair.
The importance of the chiral analysis of amphetamine-related substances in both clandestine preparations and biological samples is widely recognized. For this purpose, capillary electrophoresis was successfully applied by several authors, but only few reports concerned ring-substituted amphetamines, which represent the main components of "ecstasy", a widely abused "recreational" substance. In the present work, the simultaneous chiral analysis of ephedrine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3-4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methalenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE) is reported, by using capillary electrophoresis with native beta-cyclodextrin (15 mM) as the chiral selector. After preliminary tests at different pH values (phosphate buffer 100 mM, pH 2.5-9.0) and with bare or coated fused-silica capillaries, the optimized conditions were: pH 2.5 phosphate, uncoated capillary (45 cm x 50 microm inner diameter), potential 10 kV. Detection was either by fixed wavelength (200 nm) or multiwavelength (190-400 nm) UV absorbance. Under these conditions, good resolution was obtained for all the analytes, with excellent chiral selectivity and efficiency. The sensitivity for the individual enantiomers was better than 0.2 microg/mL, analytical precision was characterized by relative standard deviation values < 0.8% (< or = 0.15% with internal standardization) for migration times intra-day and < 2.0% (< or = 0.54% with internal standardization) day-to-day; linearity, in the range 0.156-40 microg/mL, and accuracy were also satisfactory. After a simple liquid-liquid extraction, urine samples could be analyzed with a sensitivity well below the recommended NIDA cut-off of 500 ng/mL. For hair samples, it was necessary to increase the sensitivity by applying a field-amplified sample stacking procedure, which allowed the chiral determination of MDA, MDMA and MDE at concentrations occurring in real samples from ecstasy users, with the possibility of recording UV spectra of the peaks.
Tagliaro
F
F
Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Italy. ftmedl@borgoroma.univr.it
Manetto
G
G
Bellini
S
S
Scarcella
D
D
Smith
F P
FP
Marigo
M
M
D000662:Amphetamines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D003505:Cyclodextrins; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins
D000662:Amphetamines; D003505:Cyclodextrins; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; D004809:Ephedrine; C031215:betadex; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine