title: Blepharoptosis repair by selective use of superiorly based muscle flaps.
abstract: Thirty-three patients with severe blepharoptosis were treated by the superiorly based orbicularis oculi muscles, interdigitated orbicularis oculi-frontalis muscle flaps, or frontalis muscle flaps. The superiorly based muscle flaps are modifications of direct transplantation of the frontalis muscle to the tarsal plate on the basis of anatomic study that the frontalis muscle and its fascia are connected with the orbicularis oculi muscle at the eyebrow region. The selection of muscle flaps is based on the extent of levator function of patients. When eyelid excursion is moderate (3 to 5 mm), the orbicularis oculi muscle flap technique was effective. For patients with weak eyelid excursion (2 to 4 mm), the interdigitated orbicularis oculi-frontalis muscle flap was the procedure of choice. For patients with minimal eyelid excursion (less than 2 mm), frontalis muscle flap technique is indicated. The majority of patients recorded as satisfactory results according to the criteria of Souther and Jordan after an average follow-up period of 18.5 months. Even though four patients showed undercorrection, there has been no complete failure or laxity of the advanced flaps in our series. The orbicularis oculi muscle technique or the interdigitated orbicularis oculi-frontalis muscle flap technique offers several advantages over the conventional frontalis muscle flap technique, such as being a simple technique with a good operative field, single incision on supratarsal fold, no depression on the forehead, no risk of neurovascular injury, and relatively easy technique with less complication. The frontalis muscle flap technique is better in patients with less than 2-mm eyelid excursion to avoid recurrence even if the superiorly based frontalis muscle flap technique has some inherent shortcomings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the Catholic University of Taegu, Korea.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Baik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005143:Eyelids / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000637:transplantation*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000637:transplantation; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012008:Recurrence; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects; D013536:Suture Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome