title: Prolonged central intravenous ketorolac continuous infusion in a cancer patient with intractable bone pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the case of a prolonged intravenous ketorolac continuous infusion given via a central line in a cancer patient with intractable bone pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 56-year-old Hispanic man with stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer and multiple bone metastases was admitted to the hospital for intractable pain inadequately controlled at home by conventional therapy. He was treated with an intravenous continuous infusion of ketorolac 120 mg in 250 mL of NaCl 0.9% infused over 24 hours. The ketorolac was given via a central line for 14 days in addition to fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia. Over this time period the patient reported his pain to be well controlled. His requests for bolus doses of fentanyl decreased dramatically and the dose of the continuous intravenous fentanyl was reduced by 22%. In addition, the total daily dose of ketorolac was reduced following a change from intermittent bolus dosing to a continuous infusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The management of cancer pain secondary to bone metastasis is a difficult and challenging problem frequently encountered by the healthcare team. The use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as adjuvant therapy is a common practice. However, many terminally ill patients are unable to take oral medications, thus limiting NSAID treatment options. Ketorolac tromethamine is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a parenteral NSAID. As with other NSAIDs, the risk of adverse drug reactions must be considered when using this class of medication. The FDA has approved ketorolac for the short-term (< or = 5 d) management of moderately severe acute pain that requires analgesia at the opioid level, usually in the postoperative setting. However, certain patients may benefit from long-term use exceeding the FDA-recommended guidelines of 5 days of maximum therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A prolonged central intravenous ketorolac continuous infusion was successful in treating a cancer patient with intractable bone pain secondary to widely metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000556:secondary; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000556:secondary*; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014325:Tromethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014325:Tromethamine; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D014046:Tolmetin; D005283:Fentanyl