title: Identification of diphtheria toxin via screening as a potent cell cycle and p53-independent cytotoxin for human prostate cancer therapeutics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metastatic human prostate cancer requires novel therapeutic strategies in order to overcome its low proliferative rate and its resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. To identify potential cytotoxin gene products for use in experimental therapeutics such as in vivo gene therapy, an in vitro screen was designed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight recombinant cellular toxins were tested for activity against a spectrum of metastatic human prostate cancer cell phenotypes. Pseudomonas exotoxin A, ricin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), diphtheria toxin (DT), Crotalus durissus terrificus toxin, crotalus adamenteus toxin, Naja naja toxin, and Naja mocambique toxin were evaluated. Comparative survival distinguished the relative potencies of these cytotoxins for irreparable prostate cancer cell death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the phospholipase A2 toxins, Crotalus durissus terrificus and Naja mocambique are active against the PSA secreting LNCaP cell line; however, the effect is reversible, and no other hormone refractory prostate cell line tested is sensitive. Screening identified toxin-specific differences: dose-dependent cytotoxic activity against all human prostate cancer cell lines tested was only identified for ricin and diphtheria toxin (DT) as highly potent. DT has an IC50 in the range of 20-00 pM by clonogenic survival and kills irreversibly by both apoptosis as well as nonapototic pathways. Acquisition of p53 mutant status conferred no reduction in sensitivity to DT cytotoxicity. Cell cycle arrest by aphidicolin did not protect human prostate cells from irreversible DT-induced cell death. TNF-alpha had modest cytostatic activity in the screen; however, the combination of TNF-alpha and DT resulted in marked acceleration of the time to prostate cancer cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rational screening of cytotoxins allows the identification of cell cycle-independent agents of variable potency against human prostate cancer. DT-mediated cell death is cell cycle independent, and p53 independent, making it particularly attractive for application to cytoreductive gene therapy, targeted monoclonal antibodies, and prodrug delivery of toxins applied to human prostate cancer therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bartkowski
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Simons
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004167:Diphtheria Toxin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004167:Diphtheria Toxin; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53