title: In vitro effects of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I and II (IGF-I and -II) on chromosome fragility and p53 protein expression in human lymphocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have reported previously that growth hormone (GH) therapy increases cell radiosensitivity; in this study we tested whether GH itself or IGFs induce chromosome aberrations and investigated the expression of p53 protein in response to DNA damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were incubated with GH [100 and 1000 microg L(-1)], insulin-like growth factor I [IGF-I; 150 and 1000 microg L(-1)] and IGF-II [600 and 1200 microg L(-1)] for 24 h. The radiomimetic agent bleomycin [BLM; 5 microgm L(-1)] was added in the last 3 h. Cytogenetic analysis was performed by assessing the percentages of damaged cells (%DC) and chromosome aberrations (%CA). The expression of p53 was investigated by flow cytometric assay using the monoclonal antibody DO-7, and expressed as percentage positive cells and mean fluorescence intensity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BLM significantly increased both percentage DC and percentage CA and p53 expression (P < 0.01). The %DC was unaffected by the tested peptides. IGF-I [150 microg L(-1)] increased spontaneous percentage CA (P < 0.01). All peptides further increased the BLM-induced chromosome breakage: GH 100 and 1000 microg L(-1) by 30% and 73% respectively, IGF-I 150 and 1000 microg L(-1) by 41% and 96% respectively and IGF-II 600 and 1200 microg L(-1) by 89% and 45% respectively. The spontaneous and BLM-induced expression of p53 was unaffected by GH, whereas it was significantly increased by IGFs (P < 0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the DNA-damaging effect of BLM is amplified by GH and, more markedly, IGF-I and -II. IGF-I and -II also stimulate p53 protein expression that, taking part in DNA repair, may counteract the IGF action on genome stability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy. CIANFARANI@UTOVRM.IT
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cianfarani
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tedeschi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Germani
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Prete
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vernole
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caporossi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boscherini
mesh_terms: D001761:Bleomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002873:Chromosome Fragility; D003582:Cytogenetics; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D001761:Bleomycin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II