title: Functional and metabolic evaluation of the athlete's heart by magnetic resonance imaging and dobutamine stress magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The question of whether training-induced left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes is a physiological rather than a pathophysiological phenomenon remains unresolved. The purpose of the present study was to detect any abnormalities in cardiac function in hypertrophic hearts of elite cyclists and to examine the response of myocardial high-energy phosphate metabolism to high workloads induced by atropine-dobutamine stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 21 elite cyclists and 12 healthy control subjects. Left ventricular mass, volume, and function were determined by cine MRI. Myocardial high-energy phosphates were examined by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. There were no significant differences between cyclists and control subjects for left ventricular ejection fraction (59+/-5% versus 61+/-4%), left ventricular cardiac index (3.4+/-0.4 versus 3.4+/-0.4 L x min(-1) x m[-2]), peak early filling rate (562+/-93 versus 535+/-81 mL/s), peak atrial filling rate (315+/-93 versus 333+/-65 mL/s), ratio of early and atrial filling volumes (3.0+/-1.0 versus 2.6+/-0.6), mean acceleration gradient of early filling (5.2+/-1.4 versus 5.8+/-1.9 L/s2), mean deceleration gradient of early filling(-3.1 +/- 0.9 versus -3.2 +/- 0.7 L/s2), mean acceleration gradient of atrial filling (3.6+/-1.8 versus 4.5+/-1.7 L/s2), and atrial filling fraction (0.23+/-0.06 versus 0.26+/-0.04, respectively). Cyclists and control subjects showed similar decreases in the ratio of myocardial phosphocreatine to ATP measured with 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy during atropine-dobutamine stress (1.41+/-0.20 versus 1.41+/-0.18 at rest to 1.21+/-0.20 versus 1.16+/-0.13 during stress, both P=NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Left ventricular hypertrophy in cyclists is not associated with significant abnormalities of cardiac function or metabolism as assessed by MRI and spectroscopy. These observations suggest that training-induced left ventricular hypertrophy in cyclists is predominantly a physiological phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of The Netherlands, Utrecht.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Pluim
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kayser
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leujes
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Beyerbacht
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Zwinderman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Laarse
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Vliegen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Roos
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: van der Wall
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis*; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001642:Bicycling; D003971:Diastole; D004280:Dobutamine; D006325:Heart Atria; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000032:analysis*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013599:Systole; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D010725:Phosphocreatine; D004280:Dobutamine; D001285:Atropine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate