title: Apoptotic cell clearance in systemic lupus erythematosus. I. Opsonization by antiphospholipid antibodies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To verify whether antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) recognize and opsonize apoptotic human cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apoptosis was induced via CD95 crosslinking or ultraviolet irradiation. IgG and anti-beta2-glycoprotein I (anti-beta2-GPI) antibodies were purified from patient sera by affinity chromatography. The aPL that bound to apoptotic cells were assessed by flow cytometry, and the subdomains recognized were identified by confocal microscopy. Human macrophages were derived from monocytes, and their ability to phagocytose 3H-labeled apoptotic bodies, whether opsonized or not opsonized by aPL, was assessed. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) secretion was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aPL, but not control Ig or Ig from aPL-negative patients, bound to apoptotic cells, but not to viable cells. Nuclear antigens were not recognized. Opsonization of apoptotic cells by aPL substantially enhanced recognition and binding by scavenger macrophages, with massive TNF alpha secretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antiphospholipid antibodies facilitate apoptotic cell clearance by macrophages and trigger TNF alpha release, possibly enhancing the immunogenicity of the autoantigens they contain.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Scientifico H. S. Raffaele and Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Manfredi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rovere
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Galati
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heltai
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bozzolo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Soldini
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davoust
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balestrieri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tincani
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sabbadini
mesh_terms: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000276:immunology*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009895:Opsonin Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D009895:Opsonin Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019014:fas Receptor