title: Amoxicillin middle ear fluid penetration and pharmacokinetics in children with acute otitis media.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common childhood infectious disease. The efficacy of antibiotic dosing regimens is usually assessed by antibiotic plasma pharmacokinetics or middle ear fluid (MEF) concentration at one or two time points. Viral coinfection in AOM reduced antibacterial efficacy of antibiotics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine amoxicillin MEF penetration and pharmacokinetics in bacterial and combined bacterial and viral AOM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four children with AOM were enrolled, and MEF was collected by tympanocentesis for bacterial culture and viral studies. Nasal wash and venous blood were also obtained for viral culture and serologic studies, respectively. Subjects were treated with amoxicillin 40 mg/kg/day orally, divided in equal doses every 8 h. During the second visit (48 to 72 h later) the subjects, with the regular morning amoxicillin dose withheld, were given an oral amoxicillin dose of 25 mg/kg. Thereafter two blood samples and one MEF sample by tympanocentesis were collected from each child at selected times between 0.5 and 4.0 h after dosing for bacterial and viral studies and amoxicillin concentration determination by high performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven (37%) children had only bacterial infection, 6 (20%) had viral infection only, 6 (20%) had both bacterial and viral infections and in 7 (23%) neither bacterial nor viral pathogens were recovered. MEF bacterial culture was positive in 23 of 40 ears (57.5%) before treatment with amoxicillin (40 mg/kg/day) and was still positive in 4 of 38 ears (10.5%) after 2 to 3 days of treatment. Amoxicillin plasma concentration reached its peak at 1.0 to 1.5 h after a 25-mg/kg oral dose. The estimated MEF concentration peak occurred 3.0 h after the dose with MEF concentrations ranging from undetectable to 20.6 microg/ml and a mean of approximately 9.5 microg/ml. Geometric mean amoxicillin concentrations were lowest in virus-infected children (2.7 microg/ml), nearly the same in culture-negative samples from children without viral infection (2.9 microg/ml), higher in children with combined bacterial and viral infection (4.1 microg/ml) and highest in children with bacterial-only infection (5.7 microg/ml).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MEF amoxicillin penetration tended to be lower in children with viral infection. The current amoxicillin dosing recommendation of 40 mg/kg/day in three divided dose is inadequate to effectively eradicate resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, particularly during viral coinfection. A dosing regimen of 75 to 90 mg/kg/day is recommended for AOM.
authors.affiliation: Otitis Media Research Center, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Canafax
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chonmaitree
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deka
authors.forename: H Q
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Russlie
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Giebink
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D010406:Penicillins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014777:Virus Diseases
chemical_list: D010406:Penicillins; D000658:Amoxicillin