title: Posterosuperior glenoid rim impingement as a cause of shoulder pain in top level waterpolo players.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To further define the impingement occurring between the undersurface of the rotator cuff and the posterosuperior glenoid rim as a cause of shoulder pain in waterpolo athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective design was used in the last three years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected in Science Sports Institute of Rome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven top level waterpolo players of both sexes all members of Italian National Waterpolo teams complaining of shoulder pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  All the eleven cases were previously examined with clinical test and X-ray and MR imaging in conventional and functional views, and then underwent arthroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In four cases, X-ray showed erosions of the posterosuperior glenoid and in 5 cases, osteochondral defects on the posterior aspect of humeral head. In eleven cases, MR detected posterosuperior labral damages, partial tears of the undersurface of the rotator cuff and posterosuperior glenoid impingement. Furthermore arthroscopy detected in all cases the pathological findings associated with the posterosuperior glenoid impingement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even if the shoulder pain in the overhead athlete may be multifactorial, this study provides further evidence that the posterosuperior glenoid impingement may be the major cause of shoulder pain in waterpolo athletes.
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Department, Sports Science Institute, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giombini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Pettrone
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dragoni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000209:etiology*; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012399:Rotation; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D012421:Rupture; D019534:Shoulder Impingement Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery