title: Reduction in excitability of the auditory nerve following acute electrical stimulation at high stimulus rates: III. Capacitive versus non-capacitive coupling of the stimulating electrodes.
abstract: Safe electrical stimulation of neural tissue is typically achieved using charge-balanced biphasic current pulses, which are designed to minimize the generation of direct current (DC) and the production of harmful electrochemical products. However, due to the kinetics of the charge injection process, neural stimulators must also use capacitive coupling or electrode shorting techniques, to ensure DC levels are minimal. Previous studies have reported a reduction in excitability of the auditory nerve following acute simulation at high rates and intensities. Elevated levels of DC were reported in these studies despite using charge-balanced biphasic pulses and electrode shorting. The present study was designed to investigate the extent to which DC contributed to these stimulus induced reductions in auditory nerve excitability. Adult guinea pigs were bilaterally implanted and unilaterally stimulated for two hours using charge-balanced biphasic current pulses and stimulus rates of 200, 400 or 1000 pulses/s (pps) at a stimulus intensity well above clinical levels (0.34 microC/phase). DC levels were controlled using either electrode shorting, or electrode shorting with capacitive coupling. Electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (EABRs) were recorded before and periodically following the acute stimulation. It was found that the extent of reduction in the EABR amplitude was a function of stimulus rate. While there was little change in the EABR following stimulation at 200 pps, significant post-stimulus reductions in the EABR amplitude were observed at stimulus rates of 400 and 1000 pps during the three hour post-stimulus monitoring period. Stimulation using capacitively coupled electrodes, which eliminated all DCs, showed reductions in EABR amplitudes similar to those observed following stimulation using electrode shorting alone. While there was no significant difference in the extent of reduction in EABR amplitudes for capacitive coupling versus electrode shorting at stimulus rates of 200 pps (P > 0.05) and 400 pps (P > 0.05), there was a significant difference at 1000 pps (P< 0.001). The present findings indicate that the major component of the stimulus induced reductions observed in auditory nerve excitability appear to be associated with stimulus induced neuronal activity, although elevated levels of DC ( > 2.5 microA) can also contribute to these changes. However, although statistically significant, the effects of DC are very small compared to the effects of high rate, high intensity stimulation per se.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: C Q
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Seligman
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D000159:Vestibulocochlear Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D061285:Vestibulocochlear Nerve Injuries