title: The use of pain measurement scales in the Zimbabwean context.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although pain intensity is difficult to assess and quantify, different assessment tools have been developed for this purpose. The most widely used are verbal and numerical pain rating scales. This study aimed to establish the reliability in the Zimbabwean setting of four standardised scales.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used a prospective, descriptive cross sectional design.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 40 females inpatients of the two government maternity units in Harare who had undergone caesarian section, one to three days prior to participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each subject responded twice to four scales, the Visual Analogue, the Box Numerical, the Hewer and the McGill verbal descriptive scales with a one hour interval between each response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Spearman's rank correlation showed significant positive correlations between each pain rating scale for the whole sample for the first responses. There were non significant correlations between the first and second responses for each scale for those with seven years or less years of education. There were positive significant correlations between first and second responses on each scale for those with more than seven years of education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the numerical and verbal scales measure the same construct of pain experience. The scales are reliable when used with the more educated of the Zimbabwean population. It is recommended that the scales should not be used on a population who have less than seven years of education. More research is needed to determine the validity of pain scales within the Zimbabwean context.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jelsma
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Machiri
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Madzivire
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000592:standards*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015030:Zimbabwe