title: Neuromuscular specializations of the pharyngeal dilator muscles: I. Compartments of the canine geniohyoid muscle.
abstract: Little is known about the structure and innervation of the geniohyoid muscle (GH), which is an important pharyngeal dilator muscle activated in swallowing and respiration.
  
  
  
  The neuromuscular specializations of the canine GH were studied in detail by using a combination of histological, histochemical, and anatomical techniques. First, hematoxylin and eosin staining, Gomori's rapid one-step trichrome stain, and silver impregnation were used to determine the terminations of muscle fibers and existence of fibrous septa within the muscle (n = 8). Second, myofibrillar ATPase staining was employed to document the muscle fiber type distribution (n = 8). Finally, Sihler's stain (n = 10) and wholemount acetylcholinesterase staining (n = 8) were used to examine the distribution of the nerve supply within the muscle.
  
  
  
  The canine GH is divided into rostral and caudal compartments, which are arranged in series and separated by a transverse fibrous septum. Each compartment receives its own primary nerve branch, which supplies a separate motor endplate zone. The rostral compartment is innervated bilaterally, whereas the caudal compartment is innervated ipsilaterally. The rostral compartment was composed of significantly more type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers (56%) than the caudal compartment (25%).
  
  
  
  The canine GH is composed of two in-series neuromuscular compartments rather than a single muscle as traditionally believed. This anatomical finding suggests that these two compartments may function independently under different physiological conditions.
authors.affiliation: Grabscheid Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sanders
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000032:analysis; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004285:Dogs; D009045:Motor Endplate / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D018656:Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D018657:Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D009210:Myofibrils / Q000201:enzymology; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000294:innervation*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases