title: Reproducibility and accuracy of measurements with a hand held autorefractor in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine reproducibility and accuracy of the Nikon Retinomax autorefractor when used with children who were made cycloplegic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Autorefraction and retinoscopy or subjectively refined retinoscopy (where, under the patient's direction, the refraction was varied until the best visual acuity was achieved) were performed on the right eye of 47 children, age 11-93 months. Autorefraction was performed using the Nikon Retinomax, which provides up to eight measured values of refractive error and one representative measurement of refractive error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Autorefractor measurements were successfully obtained from 7/9 children age 3 years or younger, and from all older children. Vector methods were used to calculate differences. Retinomax reproducibility averaged 0.43 D. Unbiased Retinomax and retinoscopy measurements differed by an average of 0.82 D. Unbiased Retinomax and subjectively refined retinoscopy differed by an average of 1.03 D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reproducibility of Retinomax measured values in children is comparable with reproducibility of retinoscopy, subjective refraction, and autorefraction measurements in adults. Agreement between Retinomax and retinoscopy and agreement between Retinomax and subjective refinement in children is comparable with agreement between autorefraction and subjective refraction in adults. The study indicates that the Retinomax is a useful instrument for measuring refractive errors in young children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85719, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dobson
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003519:Cyclopentolate; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009184:Mydriatics; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000295:instrumentation; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000187:drug effects; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D009184:Mydriatics; D003519:Cyclopentolate