title: Environmental and biological monitoring of exposure to mancozeb, ethylenethiourea, and dimethoate during industrial formulation.
abstract: The results of environmental (11 subjects) and biological (57 subjects) monitoring of exposure to mancozeb, ethylenethiourea (ETU), and dimethoate are reported for employees of a firm producing commercial formulations containing these active ingredients. Urinary excretion [GM(GSD)] of ETU (microg/g creatinine) and alkylphosphates [dimethylphosphate (DMP) + dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) + dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP)] (nmol/g creatinine) was 65.3(4.8) and 419.2(2.1), respectively, for employees engaged in the formulation of a product containing 80% mancozeb (n = 9), 36.6(1.9) and 296.4(2.4) for those formulating a product containing 35% mancozeb (n = 9), 9.5(6.1) and 1022.4(3.0) for those engaged in plant maintenance and internal transport of materials (n = 6), 10.3(4.2) and 322.8(3.3) for those engaged in packaging the mancozeb formulations (n = 16), 4.4(3.3) and 2545.4(3.9) for those formulating a product containing 40% dimethoate (n = 11), and 3.0(2.7) and 871.7(3.3) for those bottling the same dimethoate formulation (n = 10). Air concentrations (microg/m3) ranged from 25.3 to 194.4 for dimethoate, from 0.2 to 1.3 for ETU, and from 139.9 to 949.0 for mancozeb. Urinary excretion of ETU and alkylphosphates showed a significant correlation with mancozeb (r2 = .971), and ETU (r2 = .858), and dimethoate (r2 = .955) contamination of the hands. Potential dose estimates showed that the potential respiratory doses of mancozeb and dimethoate accounted, on the average, for 38% of the total potential dose. The potential respiratory dose of ETU was 7% of the total potential dose. Total estimated absorption did not exceed the accepted daily dose (ADI) for ETU and mancozeb, but the ADI for dimethoate was exceeded. Serum and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities in workers formulating dimethoate products were not significantly different before and after exposure.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Medicine, Siena University, Italy. maaprea@tin.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aprea
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sciarra
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sartorelli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Luca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002617:Chemical Industry; D004117:Dimethoate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D005031:Ethylenethiourea / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D007587:Job Description; D008297:Male; D008344:Maneb / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D015038:Zineb / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007306:Insecticides; D008344:Maneb; D005031:Ethylenethiourea; C013099:mancozeb; D004117:Dimethoate; D015038:Zineb