title: Tachycardia preconditions infarct size in dogs: role of adenosine and protein kinase C.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myocardial ischemic preconditioning is a well-known phenomenon, however there is scant information in regard to nonischemic preconditioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied in anesthetized dogs the preconditioning effect of tachycardia and the mediation of adenosine and protein kinase C in this process. In a control group the anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 60 minutes and reperfused for 270 minutes. Heart rate was kept constant at 120 +/- 5 cycles/min and aortic pressure changes were damped. The infarct size (necrotic volume/risk region volume x 100) was 15.8 +/- 1.5%. In another group of dogs a similar protocol was followed, but five periods of tachycardia (213 +/- 12 cycles/min), 5 minutes in duration each, with 5 minutes of intervening periods at control heart rate, were induced previous to the coronary occlusion. The infarct size was reduced by 46% (P<.001) with respect to the nonpreconditioned group. This effect was not due to changes in collateral flow nor risk region size. During tachycardia, myocardial interstitial adenosine increased about twofold (P<.05); no metabolic, hemodynamic, or ECG evidences of ischemia were observed and the transmural vasodilatory reserve was preserved. The blockade of adenosine receptors with 8 phenyltheophylline, before or after the preconditioning tachycardia, reverted its protecting effect but it did not modify infarct size in nonpreconditioned dogs. No changes in cytosolic or particulate protein kinase C activity or translocation of alpha-, beta-, epsilon-, and zeta- protein kinase C isozyme by effect of tachycardia or ischemia were observed between preconditioned and nonpreconditioned dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tachycardia, in the absence of ischemia, mimics the preconditioning effect of ischemia in the dog. This effect is mediated by adenosine but not by changes in protein kinase C activity or its translocation.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Domenech
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Macho
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vélez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dhalla
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology; D003971:Diastole; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000009:adverse effects; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D013599:Systole; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000503:physiopathology; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D000241:Adenosine