title: Mercuric compounds inhibit human monocyte function by inducing apoptosis: evidence for formation of reactive oxygen species, development of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition and loss of reductive reserve.
abstract: The focus of this investigation was to examine the effects of low concentrations of organic mercuric compounds on human monocyte function and to relate these effects to apoptosis. Following exposure of monocytes to 0-5 microM MeHgCl, phagocytic function and capacity to generate a respiratory burst, following PMA activation, were determined. We found that the mercury-treated cells exhibited reduced phagocytic activity. Exposure to the same mercury concentration range, also caused a marked increase in cell death. To ascertain if monocyte death was due to apoptosis, a number of flow cytometric studies were performed. Mercury-treated cells exhibited increased Hoechst 33258 fluorescence, while maintaining their ability to exclude the vital dye 7-aminoactinomycin D. Furthermore, monocytes exhibited changes in light scatter patterns that were consistent with apoptosis; these included decreased forward light scatter and increased side scatter. The percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis was dependent upon the mercury content of the medium, regardless of whether the metal was present as methyl, ethyl or phenyl mercury. Mercury-treated cells also exhibited changes in lipid organization within the plasma membrane as evidenced by increased uptake of the fluorescent probe, merocyanine 540, and by elevated annexin V binding to phosphatidylserine. Using the fluorescent probes DiOC6(3) and rhodamine 123 we noted that within 1 h of exposure to mercury, monocytes exhibited a decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (psi m). Since a decreased psi m is associated with altered mitochondrial function, the hypothesis that mercury potentiated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and that these species promoted apoptosis was tested. We noted that treated cells generated ROS, as evidenced by oxidation of hydroethidine and the generation of the fluorescent product, ethidium. Finally, since ROS would also lower monocyte reductive reserve, we also measured GSH levels in mercury-treated cells. Chemical measurement of GSH indicated that there was thiol depletion. We suggest that the low thiol reserve predisposes cells to ROS damage and at the same time activates death-signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6002, USA.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: InSug
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Datar
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Shenker
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010539:Permeability; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; C004925:methylmercuric chloride