title: Physician resource utilization in radiation oncology: a model based on management of carcinoma of the prostate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a methodology to estimate the comparative cost of physician time in treating patients with localized prostate cancer, using as an example two-dimensional (2D) vs. three-dimensional (3D) conformal irradiation techniques, and to illustrate how current cost-accounting techniques can be used to quantify the cost of physician time and effort of any treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Activity-based costing, a recent innovation in accounting, widely recommended for estimating and managing the costs of specific activities, was used to derive physician resource utilization costs (actual cost of the physician services and related support services consumed).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients treated with 3D conformal irradiation consume about 50% more physician time than patients receiving 2D conventional radiation therapy. The average professional reimbursement for the 3D conformal irradiation is only about 26% more than for the 2D treatment. Substantial variations in cost are found depending on the total available physician working hours. In an academic institution, a physician working 40 hours a week would have to spend an average of about 60% of available time on clinical services to break even on a 2D treatment process and over 74% of available time on clinical work to break even on a 3D treatment process. The same physician working 50 hours a week would have to spend an average of about 48% of available time on 2D clinical services and about 60% of available time on 3D clinical work to break even. Current Medicare reimbursement for 3D treatment falls short of actual costs, even if physicians work 100% of a 50-hour week. Medicare reimbursement for 2D barely allows the department to break even for 2D treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Costs based on estimates of resource use can be substantially under- or overestimated. A consistent language (method) is needed to obtain and describe the costs of radiation therapy. The methodology described here can help practitioners and researchers more accurately interpret actual cost information. Future use of such cost-estimation methodologies could provide consistent and comparable costs for negotiations with health care providers and help assess different treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kobeissi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dopuch
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Michalski
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Antwerp
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Wasserman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D003361:Cost Allocation / Q000379:methods; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008923:Missouri; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D018787:Radiation Oncology / Q000191:economics*; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000191:economics*; D013996:Time and Motion Studies