title: [Prevention of thromboembolism as a cause of thromboembolic complications. A study of the incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A life-threatening complication of the thrombembolism prophylaxis with heparin is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) type II. HIT type II is based on immunological mechanisms. Even low, subcutaneously applied doses may produce HIT type II. In those patients, continued application may cause thromboembolic complications. The most important symptom of HIT type II is a decrease of platelets.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, we investigated the incidence of HIT type II within the period from 01.07.95 to 30.06.96 in orthopedic patients. We also evaluated the importance of the daily platelet count from the fifth postoperative day for the early diagnosis of HIT type II and a possible reduction of the thrombosis rate. The study included 307 patients after primary implantation of hip and knee endoprosthesis and after hip endoprosthesis replacement. All patients received 3 x 5000 IU/d of unfractionated heparin subcutaneously. Whenever there was a decrease of platelets of at least 50% in relation to the preoperative value or whenever thrombembolic complications occurred, serum was analyzed by the heparin-induced platelet activation test (HIPA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  20 patients developed HIT type II. This corresponds to an incidence of 6.5%. 10 of the HIT type II antibody positive patients (50%) developed thrombembolic complications. 3 patients (0.9%) of the group studied developed clinically symptomatic thrombembolic complications without evidence of heparin antibodies. The total risk of getting thrombembolic complications was 4.2% (13 patients). 3.3% (10 patients) of the entire group developed HIT type II antibody associated thrombembolic complications; 1 patient died. The lethality in the HIT type II antibody positive patient group amounted to 5%. The patients with HIT type II received LMW heparinoid Orgaran (AKZO-Organon, The Netherlands) or hirudin (as a clinical trial). The comparison group (retrospective study from 17.10.92 to 16.10.93) was composed of 262 patients with the same operations and equal thromboembolism prophylaxis. The platelet count was made only as part of routine diagnostic tests. 21 patients (8.0%) developed clinically symptomatic thrombembolic complications. The difference in the thrombosis rate between these two groups of patients is statistically significant. Unrecognized HIT type II is probably the reason for the high thrombembolic complication rate in the comparison group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The daily platelet count from the fifth postoperative day and from the first day in case of reexposure to heparin is an important measure for the early diagnosis of HIT type II.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Orthopädie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ganzer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gutezeit
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greinacher
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eichler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006629:Hirudins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007720:Knee Prosthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009985:Orthopedics; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D010976:Platelet Count / Q000187:drug effects; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013924:Thrombophlebitis / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D006629:Hirudins; D006493:Heparin
vernacular_title: Thromboembolieprophylaxe als Auslöser thrombembolischer Komplikationen. Eine Untersuchung zur Inzidenz der Heparin-induzierten Thrombozytopenie (HIT) Typ II.