title: A 25-year review of the acute scrotum in children.
abstract: Controversy persists with regard to the diagnosis and treatment of the acute scrotum in children. The differential diagnosis includes torsion of the testis, torsion of one of the appendices testis and epididymo-orchitis. Clinical differentiation is notoriously difficult and our policy has been to explore the scrotum of all who present with signs of an acute scrotum. The medical records of 199 boys aged less than 13 years who presented with an acute scrotum at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital in Cape Town during the period 1970-1996 were retrospectively reviewed. Diagnosis was made clinically in all cases. Sixty-two boys (31%) were found on exploration to have torsion of the testis (mean age 6.3 years), the left side being affecting 2.5 times more frequently than the right (1 neonate had bilateral torsion), 62 (31%) had torsion of testicular appendages and 56 (28%) had epididymo-orchitis. Nineteen were grouped separately and 13 (6.5%) of these were treated conservatively. Boys needing an orchidectomy (N = 38) for testicular torsion presented three times later than those who did not (48 v. 16.5 hours). Successful conservation of the testis was directly related to the time interval of symptom development and surgical derotation. Boys with torsion of a testicular appendage presented later (mean 51 hours) and were older (mean 10 years) than boys in the other two groups. Those with epididymo-orchitis were younger (mean 3.3 years) and 40% were younger than 1 year. Only in one-third was there any clinical supportive evidence of the diagnosis. Surgical complications were infrequent. We advocate expedient surgical exploration and derotation with contralateral orchidopexy, since clinical differentiation between torsion of the testis, testicular appendages and epididymo-orchitis is inexact, even with highly specialised investigation such as Doppler ultrasound and radionuclide scanning, which may not be widely available, may delay definitive treatment and suggest a lack of urgency where time is of the essence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sidler
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rode
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cywes
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004823:Epididymitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012611:Scrotum / Q000601:surgery; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors