title: The pathway of membrane fusion catalyzed by influenza hemagglutinin: restriction of lipids, hemifusion, and lipidic fusion pore formation.
abstract: The mechanism of bilayer unification in biological fusion is unclear. We reversibly arrested hemagglutinin (HA)-mediated cell-cell fusion right before fusion pore opening. A low-pH conformation of HA was required to form this intermediate and to ensure fusion beyond it. We present evidence indicating that outer monolayers of the fusing membranes were merged and continuous in this intermediate, but HA restricted lipid mixing. Depending on the surface density of HA and the membrane lipid composition, this restricted hemifusion intermediate either transformed into a fusion pore or expanded into an unrestricted hemifusion, without pores but with unrestricted lipid mixing. Our results suggest that restriction of lipid flux by a ring of activated HA is necessary for successful fusion, during which a lipidic fusion pore develops in a local and transient hemifusion diaphragm.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1855, USA. lchern@helix.nih.gov
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Chernomordik
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Frolov
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leikina
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bronk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zimmerberg
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000378:metabolism*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008561:Membrane Fusion / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D011487:Protein Conformation
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D008051:Lipid Bilayers