title: Blood pressure, lipids, lipoproteins, body fat and physical activity of Singapore children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine body composition, coronary risk factors and physical activity and the inter-relationships of these variables in Singaporean school children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined 1681 children (784 boys and 897 girls) from eight primary and seven secondary schools to determine percentiles for body stature and composition, blood pressure, lipids/lipoproteins and blood glucose by gender for three age divisions. An exercise and leisure pursuit questionnaire was administered to ascertain self-reported physical activity patterns. Anthropometric data and blood pressure readings were taken. Capillary blood was drawn from each child via finger prick sampling following an overnight fast. The concentrations of total cholesterol (TCHOL), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and glucose (GLU) were determined from plasma using a dry chemistry analyser. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and the TCHOL/HDL-C ratio were determined by calculation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While 47.7% of boys and 22.0% of girls disclosed active lifestyles, differences between the active and non-active children were found in coronary risk factors TCHOL, LDL-C, TG, TCHOL/HDL-C and per cent body fat. No differences were shown between the two groups in HDL-C, GLU and blood pressure. There was a high correlation between the various measures of body composition with the highest correlation (r = 0.806, P < 0.001) found between body mass index (BMI) and waist measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children in this study who reported no activity or relatively little activity were found to have TCHOL, LDL-C, TG, TCHOL/HDL-C and per cent body fat that were higher than those who reported moderately high or vigorous physical activity patterns.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education, Nanyang Technological University, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stensel
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Walkuski
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001824:Body Constitution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D003327:Coronary Disease; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol