title: Significance and management of early graft failure after coronary artery bypass grafting: feasibility and results of acute angiography and re-re-vascularization.
abstract: Perioperative ischaemia and infarction after CABG are associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study causes of perioperative ischaemia and infarction by acute re-angiography and to treat incomplete re-vascularization caused by graft failure or any other cause.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1990 and 1995, 2003 patients underwent an isolated CABG operation. Myocardial ischaemia was suspected if one or more of the following criteria were present: New changes in the ST-segment in the ECG; a CKMB value greater than 80 U/L; new Q-waves in the ECG; recurrent episodes of, or sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia; ventricular fibrillation; haemodynamic deterioration and left ventricular failure. Acute coronary angiography was performed in stable patients, while haemodynamically severely compromised patients were rushed to the operating room.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 71 (3.5%) patients of all CABGs with suspected graft failure were identified and included in the study. Patients were grouped according to whether they had an acute re-angiography (n = 59; group 1) or an immediate re-operation (n = 12; group 2) performed. In group 1, the acute re-angiography demonstrated graft failure/incomplete re-vascularization in 43 patients (73%). The angiographic findings were: Occluded vein graft(s) in 19 (32%); poor distal run-off to the grafted coronary artery in ten (17%); internal mammary artery stenosis in four (7%); internal mammary artery occlusion in three (5%); vein graft stenoses in three (5%); left mammary artery subclavian artery steal in two (3%); and the wrong coronary artery grafted in one (2%). Based on the angiography findings, 27 patients were re-operated and re-grafted. At the time of re-operation, 18 patients (67%) had evolving infarction documented by ECG or CKMB. Two patients (3%) experienced stroke in immediate relation to the re-angiography. The 30-day mortality was three (7%). In group 2, graft occlusions were found in 11 patients (92%). The 30-day mortality was six (50%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An acute re-angiography demonstrated graft failure or incomplete re-vascularization in the majority of patients with myocardial ischaemia early after CABG. Re-operation for re-re-vascularization was performed with low risk. Few patients with circulatory collapse could be saved by an immediate re-operation without preceding angiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. cras@rh.dk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Thiis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clemmensen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Efsen
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Arendrup
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saunamäki
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pettersson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization; D012086:Reoperation; D016896:Treatment Outcome