title: Prosopo-thoracopagus conjoined twins and other cephalopagus-thoracopagus intermediates: case report and review of the literature.
abstract: Prosopo-thoracopagus twins are united from the face down to the umbilicus, none with union in the brain but all with visceral anomalies intermediate between those of cephalopagus and thoracopagus. In a review of over 1200 cases of conjoined twins reported during the past 100 years, there were 14 that illustrate the continuum between cephalopagus and thoracopagus, including three that were united only from the cervical region to the umbilicus. Classic cephalopagus twins are joined from the top of the head to the umbilicus, sharing a single foregut as well as two relatively normal hearts, the "posterior" one often diminished. Typical thoracopagus, however, are conjoined only from the upper thorax to the umbilicus, each twin with a normal foregut but both sharing a single complex multiventricular heart. The intermediate cases shared either a single very abnormal heart or two hearts united by double aortic arches, and all except one had a single foregut. It is these cases intermediate between cephalopagus and thoracopagus which are the subject of this report.
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University School of Medicine and Clinical Associate Professor of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Robichaux
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced; D000328:Adult; D004200:Diseases in Twins; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D013909:Thorax / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014428:Twins, Conjoined / Q000473:pathology*