title: Comparison of anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol in ferrets.
abstract: Nine ferrests were used in a crossover study to determine the anesthetic effects of intramuscular (i.m.) administration of a low dose of tiletamine-zolazepam (1.5 mg/kg body weight)-xylazine (1.5 mg/kg body weight); a high dose of tiletamine-zolazepam (3 mg/kg body weight)-xylazine (3 mg/kg body weight); and tiletamine-zolazepam (1.5 mg/kg body weight)-xylazine (1.5 mg/kg body weight)-butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg body weight). All ferrets became laterally recumbent within two minutes following the administration of each drug combination. The tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol combination induced significantly longer (p less than 0.05) durations of tail clamp analgesia (mean +/- standard deviation [SD], 90.0 +/- 17.1 min versus 17.8 +/- 15.8 min and 41.9 +/- 26.3 min) and endotracheal intubation (mean +/- SD, 84.8 +/- 21.7 min versus 5.2 +/- 10.3 min and 26.3 +/- 29.8 min) than the low-dose tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine and high-dose tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine combinations, respectively. Heart rates and the times from dorsal recumbency to standing were not significantly different among the three treatment groups. However, systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol group. Ventilatory function was more depressed in the tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol group than in the low-dose tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine and high-dose tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine groups. A short period of hypoxia was observed in the tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol-treated ferrets. Tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol was found to be the best of the three combinations evaluated in these ferrets. The addition of butorphanol to the low-dose tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine combination greatly enhanced the duration of analgesia, endotracheal intubation, and dorsal recumbency. However, since hypoxemia occurred during the tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol anesthesia, oxygen (O2) insufflation is recommended. Doubling the dose of the low-dose tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine increased the duration of analgesia and endotracheal intubation without prolonging the recovery when compared to the low-dose tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0136, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Nicklin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005289:Ferrets / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013992:Tiletamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D015041:Zolazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D014991:Xylazine; D013992:Tiletamine; D015041:Zolazepam; D002077:Butorphanol