title: Interactive effects of subanesthetic ketamine and subhypnotic lorazepam in humans.
abstract: Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist with psychotogenic and dissociative effects in healthy humans. These cognitive and perceptual effects in humans are reportedly reduced by benzodiazepine premedication. This study assessed the interactive effects of a ketamine (i.v. bolus of 0.26 mg/kg followed by an infusion of 0.65 mg/kg per hour) and lorazepam 2 mg., PO, in humans. Twenty-three healthy subjects completed 4 test days involving the oral administration of lorazepam or matched placebo 2 h prior to the i.v. infusion of ketamine or placebo. Ketamine: 1) produced behaviors similar to the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia as assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS); 2) evoked perceptual alterations as measured by the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS); 3) impaired performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and other tests sensitive to frontal cortical impairment; and 4) had amnestic effects. Lorazepam produced attention impairments, concrete proverb interpretations, and recall impairments. Lorazepam reduced ketamine-associated emotional distress and there was a non-significant trend for it to decrease perceptual alterations produced by ketamine. However, it failed to reduce many cognitive and behavioral effects of ketamine, including psychosis. Further, lorazepam exacerbated the sedative, attention-impairing, and amnestic effects of ketamine. There was no evidence of pharmacokinetic interaction between these medications. These data suggest that subhypnotic lorazepam and ketamine show a spectrum of interactive effects, ranging from antagonism to potentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Krystal
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Karper
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: D'Souza
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abi-Dargham
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morrissey
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abi-Saab
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bremner
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bowers
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Suckow
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stetson
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Heninger
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Charney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000187:drug effects*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006728:Hormones; D007649:Ketamine; D008140:Lorazepam