title: Biomarkers for responses to heavy metals.
abstract: Biomarkers for pathophysiological responses to heavy metals are described with special reference to immunotoxic responses to them. Autoantibody induction in animals by exposure to cadmium is exemplified and discussed on its relevance to pathogenesis of cadmium-induced renal disease. The availability of autoantibodies as a mechanism-oriented biomarker is discussed further in association with cases of autoantibody induction in heavy metal workers.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohsawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D000922:Immunotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D000922:Immunotoxins; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D002104:Cadmium; D008668:Metallothionein