title: Neuroradiologic findings in children with mitochondrial disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report the neuroradiologic findings in 25 children with various mitochondrial diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two children with a mitochondrial disorder had MR imaging of the brain and three children had CT studies. In all cases, the diagnosis was based on examination of muscle morphology, analysis of oxygen consumption and respiratory chain enzyme activity in isolated muscle mitochondria, and analysis of rearrangements of the mitochondrial DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen patients were found to have the classical syndromes of mitochondrial diseases. Four children had Kearns-Sayre syndrome, but only one had the typical neuroradiologic findings of basal ganglia and brain stem lesions, T2 hyperintensity of the cerebral white matter, and cerebellar atrophy; the others had nonspecific or normal findings. Eight patients had Leigh syndrome, and all showed changes in the putamina. Involvement of the caudate nuclei, globus pallidi, thalami, and brain stem was common, and diffuse supratentorial white matter T2 hyperintensity was seen in two of these patients. Three patients had mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes (MELAS), with infarctlike lesions that did not correspond to the vascular territories. Ten children with complex I or IV deficiencies and abnormal muscle morphology had nonspecific imaging findings, such as atrophy and abnormal or delayed myelination. One patient with combined complex I and IV deficiency had extensive white matter changes. None of the patients with clinical encephalopathy had normal findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MR imaging is helpful in the diagnosis of the classical mitochondrial diseases; however, nonspecific findings are common.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valanne
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ketonen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majander
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suomalainen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pihko
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007625:Kearns-Sayre Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D007888:Leigh Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D017241:MELAS Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D017237:Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial