title: Evidence for the HIV-1 phenotype switch as a causal factor in acquired immunodeficiency.
abstract: Both cellular and humoral immunodeficiency develop in vivo after prolonged infection with HIV-1, but the mechanisms are unclear. Initial infection with HIV-1 is transmitted by macrophage (M)-tropic/non-syncytia-inducing (NSI) viruses, which hyperactivate the immune system, and, in one view, cause immunodeficiency by "exhaustion" of lymphoid tissue. An alternative hypothesis is that immunodeficiency is caused by the replacement of M-tropic viruses by T cell (T)-tropic/syncytia-inducing (SI) viruses, which are known to be highly cytopathic in vitro and emerge late in infected individuals around the time of transition to AIDS (refs. 1, 7-9). To test these two possibilities, we have developed an ex vivo model of humoral immunity to recall antigens using human lymphoid tissue. This tissue supports productive infection with both M- and T-tropic HIV-1 isolates when cultured ex vivo. We found that specific immune responses were enhanced by productive infection of the tissue with M-tropic/NSI HIV-1 isolates, but were blocked by T-tropic/SI HIV-1 isolates. The mechanism involves specific irreversible effect on B-cell activity. Our results support the hypothesis that the phenotype switch to T-tropic viruses is a key determinant of acquired humoral immunodeficiency in patients infected with HIV.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1855, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glushakova
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Grivel
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sylwester
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zimmerberg
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Margolis
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D046508:Culture Techniques; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000821:virology; D018448:Models, Immunological; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D010641:Phenotype; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology