title: Concurrent platinum and docetaxel chemotherapy and external radical radiotherapy in patients with invasive transitional cell bladder carcinoma. A preliminary report of tolerance and local control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aims to evaluate the feasibility, toxicity, and efficacy of concurrent chemotherapy with cisplatinum and docetaxel, and external radical radiotherapy for transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  42 patients (34 men, 8 females) with invasive bladder carcinoma (clinical stages T1-4) were treated after transurethral biopsy with chemotherapy and concomitant external radiotherapy. Chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin infusion (30 mg/m2) and Docetaxel (40 mg/m2) was given twice a week simultaneously with-irradiation during the whole treatment period (6-8 weeks) as follows: Cisplatin (D1,D8,D15,D22, D25,D36,D43,D50) and Docetaxel (D4, D11, D18, D25, D32, D39, D46, D53). An external irradiation scheme 1.8 to 2.0 Gy per fraction, 5 days a week was used up to 68-74 Gy (6MeV photons) total tumor dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All but S patients completed the planned chemoradiation protocol. The complete response rate (CR-rate) assessed at 3 months after completion of combined treatment was 100%, 63.6%, 46.15% and 95% for clinical stage (c) cT1 (9/9), cT2 (7/11), cT3 (6/13) and cT4 (1/4) cases respectively. None of 9 patients with T1 tumors had any local failure at 36.1 months mean follow-up time. In total, 9 of 37 patients (24.32%) relapsed locally and/or distantly and were followed for 25.04 months (mean time), 50% of the relapses occurred at a mean time of 7.25 months. The mortality rate was 10.81% (4/37). All these patients died with a mean time of 11 months. 32 cases remain alive 19-46 months after treatment; 27 of those are with no evidence of disease with a mean follow-up time of 32.24 months. In total, there was a 78.50% (30/37) and a 75.67%, (28/37) rate of overall survival and pelvic control respectively at 25.04 months mean follow-up time. Chemotherapy was discontinued in 2 cases due to acute gastrointestinal toxicity and in 3 more, due to patient compliance. There was 1 toxic death 2 months after treatment completion due to ureteral obstruction and impaired renal function. The acute toxicity was estimated as moderate to severe and caused the interruption of treatment for 5 to 10 days in 8 of 37 patients (21.62%). Myelotoxicity appeared in 22/37 patients but febrile grade III and IV neutropenia was observed in 3 patients (8.10%) and thrombocytopenia (Grade I-III) in 8 (21.62%). Concerning late effects a sigmoid stricture, a transient small bowel obstruction, 4 patients with contracted bladder and 1 case with renal failure were found. Grade I to III hypersensitivity reactions appeared in 8/37 patients (21.62%) while stomatitis (grade I-II) and grade II skin toxicity appeared in 3 and 4 patients respectively. These and other symptoms (Grade I to II peripheral edema, transient myalgias and arthralgias in 7/37 cases), paresthesias or numbness (3/37) and peripheral motor dysfunction (1/37) were responsible for early reduction of docetaxel dose from 40 mg/m2 to 20 mg/m2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary analysis suggest that the radiosensitizing effect of cisplatin and docetaxel to megavoltage irradiation yielded a high CR-rate in transitional cell bladder carcinoma patients with medium to severe early and late side effects. The value of such a combined treatment as far as the tumor eradication is concerned requires further evaluation, because of the small number of patients, the short follow-up, and the absence of other studies using docetaxel as a radiosensitizer in urothelial cell cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital of Iraklion, Crete.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Varveris
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Delakas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anezinis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haldeopoulos
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazonakis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Damilakis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Metaxaris
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chondros
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mavromanolakis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Daskalopoulos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dimitrakopoulos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kranidis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D000077143:Docetaxel; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012008:Recurrence; D015996:Survival Rate; D043823:Taxoids; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D043823:Taxoids; D000077143:Docetaxel; D017239:Paclitaxel; D002945:Cisplatin