title: Advances in instrumentation in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and related liquid-introduction techniques.
abstract: In the past few years, the instrumental developments in the field of combined liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and related liquid-introduction techniques has been extremely fast. Soon after the demonstration of the ability to obtain multiply-charged ions from proteins by electrospray ionization, a major impetus was given to the field. Numerous LC-MS systems based on atmospheric-pressure ionization sources have now been described. This paper reviews these instrumental developments with reference to currently available commercial LC-MS systems. Not only low and high flow-rate electrospray on quadrupole instrument is discussed, but also electrospray on ion-trap, double-focusing sector, time-of-flight, and Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron resonance instruments are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Hyphen Mass Spectrometry Consultancy, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Niessen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation*