title: Drug-induced neuroprotection from global ischemia is associated with prevention of persistent but not transient activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is an oxidative stress responsive transcription factor that is transiently activated in most forebrain neurons in response to transient global ischemia. However, in hippocampal CA1 neurons destined to die, NF-kappaB remains persistently activated. The present study was performed to determine whether an antioxidant (LY231617) that afforded neuroprotection in previous studies had any effect on NF-kappaB activation in hippocampal CA1 neurons after global ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were subjected to 30 minutes of forebrain ischemia by 4-vessel occlusion (4-VO) and killed at 24 and 72 hours after ischemia. LY231617 was administered orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg 30 minutes before 4-VO and again 4 hours after 4-VO. Neuronal damage was evaluated in sections stained with cresyl violet. Other sections were immunostained with antibodies to NF-kappaB p50 to assess nuclear localization. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay was performed on nuclear extracts from sham- and LY231617-treated rats at 24 and 72 hours after ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The administration of LY231617 had a significant protective effect on hippocampal CA1 neurons at 72 hours after ischemia (control group, 16 +/- 7 neurons/mm; treated group, 294 +/- 35 neurons/mm, P<.02) and prevented nuclear translocation of activated NF-kappaB as normally seen at 72 hours after ischemia in untreated controls. In contrast, the untreated controls showed activated NF-kappaB at 72 hours after ischemia. At 24 hours after ischemia, both the control group and the LY231617 group showed intense nuclear localization of NF-kappaB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation of NF-kappaB in vitro has been reported to promote proapoptotic as well as antiapoptotic mechanisms, depending on the cell type being investigated. In the present in vivo study, the role of the transient activation of NF-kappaB observed at 24 hours may be responsible for the induction of protective factors in neurons that survive the ischemic insult, whereas the persistent activation of NF-kappaB in hippocampal neurons could be responsible for the induction of proteins that result in CA1 neuronal death.
authors.affiliation: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Ind 46285-0814, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Smalstig
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Panetta
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Little
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000098:blood supply; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene; C081064:LY 231617