title: Violence during pregnancy: measurement issues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Standardized quantitative methods are needed to study occurrence and timing of violence in relation to pregnancy and to study the context in which pregnancy-related violence occurs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from three published studies of prevalence of violence during pregnancy are used to illustrate ways to measure the association of violence in relation to pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patterns of violence in relation to pregnancy are identified, and related research issues are discussed. Also, 2 population-based surveys that address the suggestions presented here are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Better measurement of the association between violence and pregnancy will facilitate development of data-based prevention and intervention programs.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724, USA.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Saltzman
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gazmararian
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Spitz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lazorick
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018585:Battered Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*