title: Depression in schizophrenia: I. Association with neuropsychological deficits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of depression in schizophrenia has been well described with regard to stage and symptoms of illness; however, little is known about the possible etiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an effort to advance the understanding of the neurobiology of depression in schizophrenia, we grouped patients with schizophrenia based on their ratings on the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. There were 63 patients (35 men, 28 women) in the high (> or = 18) depression group and 81 patients (52 men, 29 women) in the low (< 18) depression group. The groups were compared in demographic, clinical, and eight neuropsychological domains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two groups differed in age at onset of illness, severity of delusions, and performance in a single neuropsychological domain: attention. The specific component of impaired attention was vigilance, with poorest performance seen in women with higher depression scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of specific attentional impairment associated with depressive symptoms in schizophrenia is consistent with the hypothesis of frontal lobe dysfunction in depression, because these regions have been implicated in attentional processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-4283, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petty
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gur
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology