title: Comparison of lidocaine with and without bupivacaine for local dental anesthesia.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a combination of bupivacaine and lidocaine and that of lidocaine alone for local dental anesthesia. First, on different days, healthy volunteers were given 2% lidocaine with 1/80,000 epinephrine or 2% lidocaine with 1/80,000 epinephrine + 0.5% bupivacaine, after which pain was produced with a pulp tester. No difference was found in the time until onset of anesthetic effect between the preparations. However, the duration of anesthetic effect was longer with both lidocaine and bupivacaine than with lidocaine alone. Next, patients undergoing dental surgery were given one of the anesthetic preparations, after which serum concentrations of the anesthetics and epinephrine were measured. The maximal serum concentration of lidocaine was higher and was reached sooner after injection in patients receiving lidocaine alone (1.74 microgram/ml after 5 min) than in patients receiving both anesthetics (0.85 microgram/ml after 3 min). The mean maximal serum concentration of lidocaine was higher in patients receiving lidocaine alone (1.77 +/- 0.03 microgram/ml) than in those receiving both anesthetics (0.99 +/- 0.45 microgram/ml). Furthermore, the mean plasma concentration of epinephrine 1 min after injection was significantly higher in patients receiving lidocaine alone (0.671 ng/ml) than in patients receiving both lidocaine and bupivacaine (0.323 ng/ml). The results of this study suggest that the combination of lidocaine with epinephrine and bupivacaine produces lower systemic levels of the anesthetic and epinephrine and a longer duration of activity than lidocaine with epinephrine alone for local dental anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan. oka_at_enamel2@dent.nihon-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shimamoto
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kyoda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Misaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000097:blood; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000097:blood; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000097:blood; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine; D004837:Epinephrine