title: Beta-chemokines are released from HIV-1-specific cytolytic T-cell granules complexed to proteoglycans.
abstract: CD8+ lymphocytes are believed to be important in host defence against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, inhibiting HIV-1 replication through both cytolytic and non-cytolytic pathways. The cytolytic pathway involves calcium-dependent exocytosis of perforin and granzyme proteases, as well as Fas-mediated programmed cell death, whereas the noncytolytic pathway involves the release of chemokines that prevent viral entry. Using granzyme A as a marker of cytolytic granule proteins, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and RANTES as markers of HIV-1 inhibitory chemokines, we show that these two very different mediators of viral inhibition are both localized in the cytolytic granules of HIV-1-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Following antigen-specific activation, these mediators are secreted together, facilitating both lysis of virion-producing cells and the inhibition of free virus. In addition, RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta are secreted by CTL as a macromolecular complex containing sulphated proteoglycans. This association appears to have a functional significance, because heparan sulphate facilitates RANTES inhibition of HIV-1 infection of monocytes.
authors.affiliation: Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown 02129, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: O O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Garcia-Zepeda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kalams
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pasternack
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Luster
mesh_terms: D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002999:Clone Cells; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000378:metabolism*; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D053804:Granzymes; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism*; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D011509:Proteoglycans; D053804:Granzymes; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; C509212:GZMA protein, human