title: Social determinants predict needle-sharing behaviour among injection drug users in Vancouver, Canada.
abstract: Despite the fact that needle exchange was introduced in Vancouver as early as 1988, needle sharing remains common. An analysis was conducted to identify determinants of borrowing used needles among subjects participating in a case-control study. IDUs had a documented HIV seroconversion after 1 January, 1994 (n = 89), or repeatedly tested HIV-seronegative after this date (n = 192). Interviewer-administered questionnaires focused on drug use, sexual behaviours, source of needles and depression. Subjects were asked if they had "ever been forced to have sex" as a child, youth or adult. Logistic regression identified determinants of borrowing needles. After controlling for HIV serostatus, factors independently associated with borrowing were injecting > 4 times/day, polydrug use, and ever experiencing non-consensual sex (AOR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.8, 6.5). Depression was associated with borrowing, although not independently so. Homosexual activity was independently associated with borrowing among males, whereas living with a sexual partner was an independent predictor for females. Access or barriers to clean needle use were not associated with borrowing. Social determinants, particularly a history of sexual abuse, are among the most significant predictors of needle borrowing among Vancouver's IDUs. Early identification of these factors should be a component of HIV prevention programmes.
authors.affiliation: BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Strathdee
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Archibald
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ofner
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Cornelisse
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rekart
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Schechter
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: O'Shaughnessy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001955:British Columbia; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000523:psychology; D006716:Homosexuality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016485:Needle Sharing / Q000523:psychology*; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012747:Sexual Partners; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000523:psychology*