title: Panic disorder associated with gastrointestinal disease: review and hypotheses.
abstract: An association between panic disorder and functional gastrointestinal disease has emerged since the introduction of reliable diagnostic criteria, first for psychiatric disorders and more recently for functional gastrointestinal disorders. At the same time, a more rigorous review of methodology of older reports linking structural gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease to psychiatric illness has cast doubt on the validity of their association. In this review original articles reporting an association between panic disorder and globus, functional chest pain of presumed esophageal origin, functional dyspepsia, and irritable bowel syndrome are critically reviewed and it is concluded that panic disorder is overrepresented in noncardiac chest pain and irritable bowel syndrome. Original reports of the prevalence of panic disorder in structural gastrointestinal disease are reviewed and it is concluded that they do not support an association with panic. Hypotheses explaining the statistical link of panic disorder and functional gastrointestinal disease are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Maunder
mesh_terms: D002637:Chest Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003109:Colonic Diseases, Functional / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003291:Conversion Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors