title: Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of developing peripheral vascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among apparently healthy men, elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker for systemic inflammation, predict risk of myocardial infarction and thromboembolic stroke. Whether increased levels of CRP are also associated with the development of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a prospective, nested, case-control design, we measured baseline levels of CRP in 144 apparently healthy men participating in the Physicians' Health Study who subsequently developed symptomatic PAD (intermittent claudication or need for revascularization) and in an equal number of control subjects matched on the basis of age and smoking habit who remained free of vascular disease during a follow-up period of 60 months. Median CRP levels at baseline were significantly higher among those who subsequently developed PAD (1.34 versus 0.99 mg/L; P=.04). Furthermore, the risks of developing PAD increased significantly with each increasing quartile of baseline CRP concentration such that relative risks of PAD from lowest (referent) to highest quartile of CRP were 1.0, 1.3, 2.0, and 2.1 (Ptrend=.02). Compared with those with no clinical evidence of disease, the subgroup of case patients who required revascularization had the highest baseline CRP levels (median= 1.75 mg/L; P= .04); relative risks from lowest to highest quartile of CRP for this end point were 1.0, 1.8, 3.8, and 4.1 (Ptrend=.02). Risk estimates were similar after additional control for body mass index, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, and a family history of premature atherosclerosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These prospective data indicate that among apparently healthy men, baseline levels of CRP predict future risk of developing symptomatic PAD and thus provide further support for the hypothesis that chronic inflammation is important in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass 02115-1204, USA. pmridker@bics.bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ridker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cushman
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hennekens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001161:Arteriosclerosis; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D019207:beta Carotene; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D001241:Aspirin