title: Influence of recent antibiotic therapy on antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with acute otitis media in Spain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the high prevalence of penicillin resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in Spain (40 to 60% with MIC > or = 0.1 microg/ml), the data on acute otitis media (AOM) isolates are scarce. We conducted a prospective, longitudinal study to determine the rates of antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae isolates from children with AOM in our country and to analyze the effect of previous antibiotic therapy on these rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tympanocentesis was performed on 169 children diagnosed with AOM (age range, 1 month to 14 years). Two groups were considered: Group A, 113 patients with non-antibiotic-treated AOM, subdivided into Group A1 (collected from 1989 to 1992) and Group A2 (1992 to 1996); Group B, 56 patients from the period 1992 to 1996, with AOM clinical failure, defined as worsening or persistent symptoms after at least 2 days of appropriate antibiotic therapy. Amoxicillin-clavulanate was the most frequent antibiotic used (68%), followed by azithromycin (21%), cefaclor and cefixime (11%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 63 S. pneumoniae isolates were recovered, 42 in Group A and 21 in Group B. Resistance to penicillin (MIC > or = 0.1 microg/ml) was found in 38% of strains in Group A (32% in A1 and 50% in A2), but in Group B the rate of resistance reached 90% (P = 0.0002). Erythromycin resistance was also increased from 35% (Group A2) to 62% (Group B), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance rose from 64% to 81%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistance to penicillin among S. pneumoniae AOM isolates is frequent and is increasing in Spain. After failure of standard antibiotic therapy, the rates of penicillin resistance reached 90% of the isolates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Infantil La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: del Castillo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baquero-Artigao
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia-Perea
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013030:Spain; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects*