title: [The dose-dependent effects of oral premedication with midazolam].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the psychological effects, well-being and side effects after various doses of oral midazolam medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  After informed consent has been obtained and following the approval by the institutional ethical committee, 80 adult patients in the ASA physical status I and II were randomly assigned to one of five different premedication groups: 3.75, 7.5, 11.25, 15 mg midazolam, and placebo. The medication was given in a double-blind fashion 60 min before induction of general anaesthesia for various surgical procedures. At 3 definite stages (before premedication, 30 and 60 min after premedication), blood pressure, heart rate, transcutaneous oxygen saturation and respiratory rate were measured. Sedation and well-being were graded according to a 5-point scale, and the subjective anxiety level was assessed according a visual analogue scale (range 0-100 mm). Anterograde and retrograde amnesia were measured by recall of auditive and visual stimuli. Finally, patients were asked whether in case of future surgery they would prefer the same or a different medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Demographic data were similar in all groups. There was no significant difference in respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure or heart rate. Alertness declined only after 60 min in the groups treated with 7.5 mg and more midazolam. During the entire measurement period, anxiolysis was not different from placebo in any of the midazolam groups. In comparison to placebo, all midazolam groups showed a statistically significant and dose dependent anterograde amnesia for visual stimuli. Subjective well-being scores showed no differences between the groups. Only few side effects were seen following doses of 7.5 mg and higher, including ptosis, strabismus, diplopia, speech disorders, disorientation and vertigo. The majority of patients in all groups indicated a wish for the same medication in case of future anaesthesia for surgical interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Midazolam administered orally prior to surgical procedures showed marked interindividual variability. Sedation and amnesia were dose-dependent and were evaluated by the patients as acceptable. Anxiolysis was not significantly different from placebo. A dose of 7.5 mg midazolam showed the best relation between desirable and undesirable effects. Adequate attention given to the patient by the anaesthesiologist prior to surgery seems to be as important and beneficial as oral medication with midazolam.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsspital Zürich.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Biro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weidmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pietzsch
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alon
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brugger
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013607:Tablets; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D013607:Tablets; D008874:Midazolam
vernacular_title: Dosisabhängige Effekte der oralen Prämedikation mit Midazolam.