title: Efficient CD28 signalling leads to increases in the kinase activities of the TEC family tyrosine kinase EMT/ITK/TSK and the SRC family tyrosine kinase LCK.
abstract: Optimal T cell activation requires crosslinking of the T cell receptor (TCR) concurrently with an accessory receptor, most efficiently CD28. Crosslinking of CD28 leads to increased interleukin 2 (IL2) production, inhibition of anergy and prevention of programmed cell death. Crosslinking of CD28 leads to rapid increases in tyrosine phosphorylation of specific intracellular substrates including CD28 itself. Since CD28 does not encode an intrinsic tyrosine kinase domain, CD28 must activate an intracellular tyrosine kinase(s). Indeed, crosslinking of CD28 increases the activity of the intracellular tyrosine kinases EMT/ITK and LCK. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and GRB2 binding site in CD28 is dispensable for optimal IL2 production in Jurkat T cells. We demonstrate herein that murine Y170 (equivalent to human Y173) in CD28 is also dispensable for activation of the SRC family tyrosine kinase LCK and the TEC family tyrosine kinase EMT/ITK. In contrast, the distal three tyrosines in CD28 are required for optimal IL2 production as well as for optimal activation of the LCK and EMT/ITK tyrosine kinases. The distal three tyrosines of CD28, however, are not required for recruitment of PI3K to CD28. Furthermore, PI3K is recruited to CD28 in JCaM1 cells which lack LCK and in which EMT/ITK is not activated by ligation of CD28. Thus optimal activation of LCK or EMT/ITK is not obligatory for recruitment of PI3K to CD28 and thus is also not required for tyrosine phosphorylation of the YMNM motif in CD28. Taken together the data indicate that the distal three tyrosines in CD28 are integral to the activation of LCK and EMT/ITK and for subsequent IL2 production.
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas M.D., Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Oncology, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Box 92, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Truitt
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lapushin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Imboden
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mills
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D017635:Clonal Anergy; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D051380:GRB2 Adaptor Protein; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D019860:Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck) / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013601:T-Lymphocytes; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D051380:GRB2 Adaptor Protein; C495948:GRB2 protein, human; C495949:Grb2 protein, mouse; D007376:Interleukin-2; D010455:Peptides; D011506:Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D019860:Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck); C080813:emt protein-tyrosine kinase