title: Goal-directed transesophageal echocardiography performed by intensivists to assess left ventricular function: comparison with pulmonary artery catheterization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a valuable procedure for assessing left ventricular (LV) function, but it has not been widely applied in critical care because of the limited number of intensivists who are trained in echocardiography. This prospective study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of training intensivists to perform a goal-directed, limited-scope TEE to assess LV function in critically ill patients using a pediatric monoplane TEE probe. A secondary goal was to compare the usefulness of the TEE data with that of data obtained by a simultaneous pulmonary artery catheter (PAC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, blinded.
  
  
  METHODS
  University teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred consecutive, intubated, intensive care unit patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five surgical intensivists with no previous background in echocardiography were trained under the supervision of two cardiologists to perform limited-scope TEE using a monoplane pediatric probe. One intensivist (A) reviewed the PAC data and recorded a diagnostic impression and therapeutic plan. A second intensivist (B), blinded to the PAC data, then performed TEE to determine cardiac volume, LV wall thickness, and LV global and regional wall motion. Intensivists A and B reviewed the data from both PAC and TEE, and intensivist A then formulated a new diagnosis and therapeutic plan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intensivists performed 48 TEE examinations under direct supervision of a cardiologist, and 52 without supervision, but reviewed poststudy. The average duration of TEE was 12 +/- 7 minutes. The intensivists' interpretations of TEE data were deemed correct in 93% of cases for LV wall thickness, 87% for intracardiac volume status, 81% for regional LV wall motion abnormalities, and 77% for global LV function. When the TEE and PAC technologies were compared, it was found that the TEE data disagreed with the PAC evaluation of intracardiac volume in 55% of cases and with the PAC assessment of myocardial function in 39% of cases. The post-PAC therapeutic recommendations were different from the post-TEE therapeutic recommendations in 58% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Training intensivists in limited-scope, goal-directed TEE, using a pediatric monoplane probe to evaluate LV function, can be done rapidly and safely, and yield data pertinent to management of critically ill patients even in the early stages of skill acquisition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, City University of New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Leibowitz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manasia
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oropello
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Geffroy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DelGiudice
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hufanda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002407:Catheterization, Swan-Ganz; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left