title: The risk of nephrectomy during local control in abdominal neuroblastoma.
abstract: METHODS
  Eight hundred sixty-eight children presenting from 1981 to 1991 were treated on five multiagent chemotherapy protocols by members of the Pediatric Oncology Group for advanced-stage neuroblastoma with large primary tumors crossing the midline or distant metastasis. Of these children, 696 had abdominal (adrenal or paravertebral) primary tumors. One hundred sixteen children underwent greater than 50% surgical resection of these abdominal primary tumors before chemotherapy, and 233 underwent similar surgery after induction chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 349 who underwent surgical resection, 52 children (14.9%) had nephrectomy or renal infarction during surgery for local control. There was a 25% incidence among those with initial resection (29 patients) and a 9.9% incidence in the postchemotherapy resections (23 patients). Reasons for nephrectomy given by the surgeons included direct involvement of the kidney by adjacent tumor (17 children), clinical impression that the tumor was a Wilms' tumor (11 children), renal vessels could not be separated from the tumor (10 children), extensive tumor surrounding the kidney (8 children), postoperative renal infarction (4 children), marked decrease in unilateral renal function after chemotherapy (1 child), and position of the tumor posterior to the kidney and vena cava making resection without nephrectomy impossible (1 child). Of the patients undergoing nephrectomy, four children had an upper pole nephrectomy in conjunction with their adrenalectomy and resection of the tumor. Pathological review of the resected tumor available in 47 cases demonstrated direct involvement of the renal parenchyma in 18 cases (38% of the nephrectomies) and in 5.2% of those undergoing resection. In children undergoing initial resection, the risk for nephrectomy (as calculated by the methods described by Gart) was more than twice compared with those undergoing resection after chemotherapy (P = .012; odds ratio, 2.32; 95% confidence interval of 1.23 to 4.42).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review confirms that renal parenchymal involvement does occur in a significant number of children with abdominal neuroblastoma. It also suggests that preoperative chemotherapy may decrease the number of nephrectomies required to achieve a total or subtotal resection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Shamberger
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Castleberry
mesh_terms: D000008:Abdominal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000315:Adrenalectomy; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007238:Infarction / Q000601:surgery; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009392:Nephrectomy; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors