title: Randomised placebo-controlled trial of ritonavir in advanced HIV-1 disease. The Advanced HIV Disease Ritonavir Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ritonavir is a potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. We undertook an international, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ritonavir in patients with HIV-1 infection and CD4-lymphocyte counts of 100 cells/microL or less, who had previously been treated with antiretroviral drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  1090 patients were randomly assigned twice-daily liquid oral ritonavir 600 mg (n = 543) or placebo (n = 547) while continuing treatment with up to two licensed nucleoside agents. The primary study outcome was any first new, or specified recurrent, AIDS-defining event or death. Open-label ritonavir was provided after 16 weeks in the study to any patient who had an AIDS defining event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The baseline median CD4-lymphocyte count was 18 (IQR 10-43)/microL in the ritonavir group and 22 (10-47)/microL in the placebo group. Study medication was discontinued in 114 (21.1%) ritonavir-group patients and 45 (8.3%) placebo-group patients mainly because of initial adverse symptoms. Outcomes of AIDS-defining illness or death occurred in 119 (21.9%) ritonavir-group patients and 205 (37.5%) placebo-group patients (hazard ratio 0.53 [95% CI 0.42-0.66]; log-rank p < 0.0001) during median follow-up of 28.9 weeks, with loss to follow-up of 15 (1.4%) patients. Ritonavir was then offered to all patients; at median follow-up of 51 weeks, 87 (16%) ritonavir-group patients had died of any cause versus 126 (23%) placebo-group patients (hazard ratio 0.69 [95% CI 0.52-0.91], log-rank p = 0.0072).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although earlier intervention with combination therapy may provide much more effective treatment, ritonavir in patients with advanced disease and extensive previous antiretroviral use is safe and effective, lowers the risk of AIDS complications, and prolongs survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa General Hospital, Canada.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heath-Chiozzi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Danner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kravcik
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maurath
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rode
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Potthoff
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leonard
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; D018450:Disease Progression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015996:Survival Rate; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019438:Ritonavir