title: Preconditioning provides complete protection against retinal ischemic injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to examine whether preconditioning can decrease ischemic damage to the retina, by electroretinographic assessment of visual function and by histologic examination of retinal structure; to investigate the time course of the effectiveness of preconditioning; and to determine whether protein synthesis is involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retinal ischemia was produced for 60 minutes in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Recovery after ischemia was measured by electroretinography for a maximum period of 7 days. Retinal sections that were sliced 1 micron thick were examined 7 days after ischemia. Retinal ischemia for 5 minutes constituted the preconditioning stimulus. To assess the time course of preconditioning, animals first underwent preconditioning and then 60 minutes of ischemia 1, 24, 72, or 168 hours later; or they underwent a 5-minute sham experiment and 60 minutes of ischemia 24 hours later. An additional group of rats received 0.4 mg/kg cycloheximide, the protein synthesis inhibitor, intraperitoneally before preconditioning and underwent 60 minutes of ischemia 24 hours later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast to the nonpreconditioned rats, preconditioned rats had complete recovery of the a- and b-waves compared with preischemic baseline amplitudes, and ischemia-induced histologic damage was completely prevented when preconditioning was performed 24 or 72 hours (but not 168 hours) before ischemia. Separation of preconditioning and 60 minutes of ischemia by 1 hour caused an even greater impairment of functional retinal recovery compared with that seen in sham-preconditioned rats. Severe histologic damage was also noted. Block of protein synthesis by cycloheximide completely attenuated the protective effect of preconditioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preconditioning induces profound retinal tolerance to ischemia in vivo. The absence of a protective effect of preconditioning when there was a 1-hour or a 168-hour separation between the preconditioning stimulus and ischemia and the inhibition of preconditioning by cycloheximide support the hypothesis that a transient change in protein expression is necessary to provide this protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gidday
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004596:Electroretinography; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D003513:Cycloheximide