title: Stereoselective differences in the vasorelaxing effects of S(+) and R(-) ketamine on rat isolated aorta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  S(+) ketamine, because of its higher anesthetic potency and lower risk of psychotomimetic reactions, has been suggested to be superior to presently available racemic ketamine. The racemate is a direct vasodilator in vivo, and thus the authors investigated the vasorelaxing effects of ketamine enantiomers on rat aorta.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat isolated aortic rings with and without endothelium were contracted with 3 x 10(-7) M norepinephrine. Then 10(-5) to 3 x 10(-3) M S(+), R(-), or racemic ketamine were added cumulatively. Vascular responses to ketamine were further studied in rings pretreated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (NNLA), the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+ channel antagonist glibenclamide, and the L-type calcium channel blocking agent D888.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ketamine enantiomers and the racemate produced concentration-dependent vasorelaxation. The relaxing effect of S(+) ketamine was significantly weaker compared with R(-) ketamine and the racemate reflected by the half-maximum effective concentration (EC50) values of 11.6 x 10(-4), 4.8 x 10(-4), and 6 x 10(-4) M, respectively. Removal of the endothelium and NNLA or glibenclamide pretreatment did not significantly alter the vasorelaxing effect of ketamine. In contrast, D888 pretreatment significantly shifted the concentration-effect curves of both S(+) and R(-) ketamine rightward (EC50 values of 18.9 x 10(-4) and 8.5 x 10(-4) M, respectively), whereas the difference between the isomers was not affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vasorelaxation by ketamine enantiomers is quantitatively stereoselective: The effect of S(+)ketamine is significantly weaker compared with that of the racemate and R(-) ketamine. This stereoselective difference is not due to nitric oxide release, activation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels, or differential inhibition of L-type calcium channels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanellopoulos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mühlbauer
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005905:Glyburide / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007649:Ketamine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D007649:Ketamine; C043184:4-desmethoxyverapamil; D014700:Verapamil; D005905:Glyburide; D002118:Calcium; D009638:Norepinephrine