title: High blood glucose concentration is a risk factor for mortality in middle-aged nondiabetic men. 20-year follow-up in the Whitehall Study, the Paris Prospective Study, and the Helsinki Policemen Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association between high but nondiabetic blood glucose levels and the risk of death from all causes, coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular disease, and neoplasms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the 20-year mortality of non-diabetic, working men, age 44-55 years, in three European cohorts known as the Whitehall Study (n = 10,025), the Paris Prospective Study (n = 6,629), and the Helsinki Policeman Study (n = 631). These men were identified by their 2-h glucose levels following an oral glucose tolerance test and by the absence of a prior diagnosis of diabetes. As the protocol for the oral glucose tolerance test and methods for measuring glucose differed between studies, mortality was analyzed according to the percentiles of the 2-h and fasting glucose distributions, using the Cox's proportional hazards model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men in the upper 20% of the 2-h glucose distributions and those in the upper 2.5% for fasting glucose had a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality in comparison with men in the lower 80% of these distributions, with age-adjusted hazard ratios of 1.6 (95% CI 1.4-1.9) and 2.0 (1.6-2.6) for the upper 2.5%. For death from cardiovascular and CHD, men in the upper 2.5% of the 2-h and fasting glucose distributions were at higher risk, with age-adjusted hazard ratios for CHD of 1.8 (1.4-2.4) and 2.7 (1.7-4.4), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If early intervention aimed at lowering blood glucose concentrations can be shown to reduce mortality, it may be justified to lower the levels of both 2-h and fasting glucose, which define diabetes.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U21, Villejuif, France. balkau@vjf.inserm.fr
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balkau
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shipley
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jarrett
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pyörälä
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pyörälä
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forhan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eschwège
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose