title: Aluminum in total parenteral nutrition solutions produces portal inflammation in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aluminum contaminates parenteral nutrition solutions and accumulates in bone and liver of patients receiving total parenteral nutrition therapy. Although previous reports have shown that parenteral administration of aluminum in pharmacologic doses to rats results in the production of elevated total serum bile acid concentrations alone or in combination with decreased bile flow, they have failed to demonstrate any abnormalities in the histologic appearance of liver tissue. The effects of aluminum in total parenteral nutrition and of aluminum chloride on total serum bile acid concentrations, aluminum contents of the liver, and histopathologic changes in the liver were studied in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aluminum concentrations in the aluminum chloride solution and total parenteral nutrition formula were equal (300 microg/l). They were given intraperitoneally as follows: control group, 0.9% saline for 14 days; T7 group, total parenteral nutrition for 7 days; A7 group, aluminum chloride for 7 days; A14 group, aluminum chloride for 14 days; T7A7 group, total parenteral nutrition for 7 days and aluminum chloride for the next 7 days; and T7O7 group, total parenteral nutrition for 7 days and 0.9% saline for the next 7 days. Volumes of 0.9% saline, aluminum chloride, and total parenteral nutrition given to rats were equal. During the experiment, rats were maintained on rat chow and water ad libitum. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and bile acid concentrations and aluminum content of the liver were measured. The liver was evaluated histopathologically by light microscope, and a morphologic portal inflammation index was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Portal inflammation was present in all groups except the control group. The morphologic portal inflammation correlated with hepatic aluminum accumulation in all groups and was the highest in the T7A7 group. Levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase did not correlate with the histopathologic findings, but serum bile acid concentrations correlated with morphologic portal inflammation and hepatic aluminum accumulation in all groups. Hepatic aluminum accumulation also correlated with the duration of exposure to total parenteral nutrition and aluminum chloride concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aluminum in contaminating doses, not in pharmacologic doses, accumulates in the liver and can produce hepatobiliary dysfunction characterized by portal inflammation detectable in histologic examination of liver tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ege University Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Demircan
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ergün
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coker
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Avanoglu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ozok
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000535:Aluminum / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000077410:Aluminum Chloride; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000097:blood; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000473:pathology*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D051381:Rats; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D002712:Chlorides; D012996:Solutions; D000077410:Aluminum Chloride; D000535:Aluminum; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase