title: Does Horner's syndrome in infancy require investigation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether isolated Horner's syndrome presenting in the first year of life warrants investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of 23 children presenting with Horner's syndrome in the first year of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 16 patients (70%) no cause was identified. Birth trauma was the most common identifiable cause (four patients). Twenty one children (91%) had urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) measured and 13 patients (57%) underwent either computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of the chest and neck. These investigations revealed previously undisclosed pathology in only two--one ganglioneuroma of the left pulmonary apex and one cervical neuroblastoma. A further patient was known to have abdominal neuroblastoma before presenting with Horner's syndrome. There were no cases of Horner's syndrome occurring after cardiothoracic surgery. Long term follow up of the patients (mean 9.3 years) has not revealed further pathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine diagnostic imaging of isolated Horner's syndrome in infancy is unnecessary. Infants should be examined for cervical or abdominal masses and involvement of other cranial nerves. If the Horner's syndrome is truly isolated then urinary VMA levels and follow up in conjunction with a paediatrician should detect any cases associated with neuroblastoma. Further investigation is warranted if the Horner's syndrome is acquired or associated with other signs such as increasing heterochromia, a cervical mass, or cranial nerve palsies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, UCSF, USA.
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hoyt
mesh_terms: D000008:Abdominal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005729:Ganglioneuroma / Q000150:complications*; D006732:Horner Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000150:complications*; D012189:Retrospective Studies