title: Health evaluation of free-ranging and hand-reared macaws (Ara spp.) in Peru.
abstract: As part of ongoing ecological studies and reproduction enhancement efforts for macaws in southwestern Peru, a health survey of parent- and hand-reared scarlet macaws (Ara macao) and blue and gold macaws (Ara ararauna) was conducted in 1994. Thirty-three birds were examined during handling procedures, and blood samples were collected from 27 (9 parent reared, 18 hand reared) for laboratory analysis. All but one bird appeared to be in good condition, with no abnormality noted during physical examination. Hematology, plasma chemistries, and plasma vitamin and mineral levels were studied and correlated with the results of bacterial and viral serology. Positive antibody titers for Salmonella and psittacine herpesvirus were found. These diseases have the potential to affect wildlife population dynamics, and Salmonella may have public health significance. Serological tests for avian influenza, infectious laryngotracheitis, paramyxovirus-1, -2, -3, polyoma virus, chlamydiosis, and aspergillosis were negative. Differences in disease prevalence were found between rearing situations.
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA.
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Karesh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: del Campo
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Braselton
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Puche
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D000835:Animals, Wild; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004798:Enzymes / Q000097:blood; D006304:Health Status; D006403:Hematologic Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000662:veterinary; D008670:Metals / Q000097:blood; D010273:Parasitic Diseases, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000662:veterinary; D011563:Psittaciformes / Q000097:blood / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004798:Enzymes; D008670:Metals