title: Coronary venous hypertension prevents the formation of the electrophysiological arrhythmogenic substrate of acute ischemia in the dog: salutary effects of preserved myocardial hydration.
abstract: Coronary venous hypertension induced by partial coronary sinus obstruction (CSO) in the dog, prevents or delays the predictable ventricular fibrillation (VF) of the early phase of acute ischemia. Also, CSO acting presumably through enhanced myocardial hydration, normalizes the inhomogenous extracellular potassium ([K+]o) accumulation, a major factor in producing the electrophysiological disparities, characteristic of arrhythmogenic substrate. To further clarify the mechanism of early ischemic VF prevention in dogs, radioactive microspheres were used to evaluate regional perfusion changes, resulting from CSO sufficient to raise the coronary sinus pressure to 40 mmHg, before and during ischemia induced by double coronary artery occlusion (CAO) (n=5). Also, global or regional unipolar electrogram mapping was used to assess changes of epicardial ventricular activation times (AT) and sequence and activation recovery intervals (ARI) during CSO, CAO and combined CSO and CAO, induced in random order (n=8). CSO did not affect regional perfusion nor improved collateral blood flow during ischemia. With CSO, AT shortened modestly over time (0.41+/-1.1 ms/min, r=0.85, P<0. 05) and ARI transiently decreased by up to 5.5%. With CAO, AT became variably delayed and isochrone map distortions were indicative of localized conduction delays or blocks, consistent with elevated [K+]o. In contrast, when CAO was preceded by CSO, AT delays were homogenous and normal activation sequence was preserved. Also, whereas with CAO, ARI shortened unequally over the ischemic region by as much as 43% at individual sites (average of 38.3+/-6.8 ms, P<0. 001), with combined CSO and CAO, ARI shortening was less pronounced and more homogenous (26.1+/-5.6 ms, P<0.05), not exceeding 29% at any site. Thus, in accordance with previous findings of enhanced [K+]o homogeneity, coronary venous hypertension reduces the disparities of activation and refractoriness of ischemia attributable, at least in part, to disparate [K+]o accumulation. Since no collateral blood flow improvement could be identified, the salutary electrophysiological effects of CSO may reflect a more homogenous extracellular environment, due to preservation of normal microvascular pressure (Pmv) and sustained filtration and lymph flow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cardiology Section, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84148, USA.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kralios
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Kralios
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leonard
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D003250:Constriction; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004285:Dogs; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D011188:Potassium