title: Hepatic Helicobacter species identified in bile and gallbladder tissue from Chileans with chronic cholecystitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cancer of the gallbladder is the number one cause of cancer mortality in Chilean women. Incidence rates for this tumor vary widely on a worldwide basis, being approximately 30 times higher in high-risk than in low-risk populations, suggesting that environmental factors such as infectious microorganisms, carcinogens, and nutrition play a role in its pathogenesis. Because several Helicobacter sp. colonize the livers of animals and induce hepatitis, the aim of this study was to determine whether Helicobacter infection was associated with cholecystitis in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bile or resected gallbladder tissue from 46 Chileans with chronic cholecystitis undergoing cholecystectomy were cultured for Helicobacter sp. and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using Helicobacter-specific 16S ribosomal RNA primers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recovery of Helicobacter sp. from frozen specimens was unsuccessful. However, by PCR analysis, 13 of 23 bile samples and 9 of 23 gallbladder tissues were positive for Helicobacter. Eight of the Helicobacter-specific PCR amplicons were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Five sequences represented strains of H. bilis, two strains of "Flexispira rappini" (ATCC 49317), and one strain of H. pullorum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support an association of bile-resistant Helicobacter sp. with gallbladder disease. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether similar Helicobacter sp. play a causative role in the development of gallbladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA. jgfox@mit.edu
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Dewhirst
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Paster
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ericson
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Araya
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001646:Bile / Q000382:microbiology*; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000382:microbiology*; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D016998:Helicobacter / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S