title: Intrahepatic venous collaterals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to reevaluate the causes and sites of intrahepatic venous collaterals and to determine the role of color Doppler sonography in the diagnosis of this relatively rare vascular abnormality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time color Doppler sonography was used to study 21 patients with intrahepatic venous collaterals. The cause, distribution, and clinical manifestations of collaterals were determined, and Doppler waveforms obtained from the collaterals were also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First, the causes of intrahepatic venous collaterals were divided roughly into two groups according to the presence or absence of veno-occlusions. The former group included liver tumors (six cases), primary Budd-Chiari syndrome (five cases), and metastatic adrenal tumors invading the inferior vena cava (two cases). The latter group consisted of diaphragmatic hernia (three cases), Osler-Weber-Rendu disease (two cases), and congestive liver (one case). The cause was not determined in two cases. Second, venous collaterals were distributed throughout the entire liver in primary Budd-Chiari syndrome but localized in the other cases. Third, Doppler waveforms of the collaterals were divided into two patterns: flat flow and multiphasic flow. Flat flow pattern was seen in patients with veno-occlusive diseases, and multiphasic flow pattern was seen in patients without veno-occlusive disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between intrahepatic venous collaterals and veno-occlusive diseases has been emphasized in the literature, but the results of our series showed that they occurred under a wide variety of conditions, even without veno-occlusive diseases, including diaphragmatic hernia and Osler-Weber-Rendu disease. The analysis of the Doppler waveforms of the collaterals was useful in differentiating those due to veno-occlusive diseases and those not.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Hondo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naganuma
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konno
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komatsuda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamashima
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Masamune
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006502:Budd-Chiari Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D005260:Female; D006503:Hepatic Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color