title: Historical perspective. Ernest Amory Codman, 1869-1940. A pioneer of evidence-based medicine: the end result idea.
abstract: Unappreciated during his career and largely uncelebrated today, Ernest A. Codman made profound contributions to medical practice and outcomes research. The origin of the present emphasis on evidence-based medicine began with Codman and his "end result" idea. Codman's ideas, courage, and persistence played a critical role in the transition from the 19th century artisan style of medical practice to the current scientific basis of medicine. This historical perspective is a tribute to Codman's contributions to medical science and highlights his remarkable career.
authors.affiliation: Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kaska
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006769:Hospitals, General / Q000266:history; D008404:Massachusetts