title: Reduced ratio of male to female births in several industrial countries: a sentinel health indicator?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sex ratio of 1.06:1, the ratio of male to female births, has declined over the past decades. Recent reports from a number of industrialized countries indicate that the proportion of males born has significantly decreased, while some male reproductive tract disorders have increased.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the evidence for declines in the male proportion at birth and suspected causes for this decline, and to determine whether altered sex ratio can be considered a sentinel health event.
  
  
  METHODS
  Birth records were analyzed from national statistical agencies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published analyses of trends in ratio of males to females at birth and studies of sex determinants evaluating epidemiological and endocrinological factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportion of males born: 1950-1994 in Denmark; 1950-1994 in the Netherlands; 1970-1990 in Canada; and 1970-1990 in the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since 1950, significant declines in the proportion of males born have been reported in Denmark and the Netherlands. Similar declines have been reported for Canada and the United States since 1970 and parallel declines also have occurred in Sweden, Germany, Norway, and Finland. In Denmark, the proportion of males declined from 0.515 in 1950 to 0.513 in 1994. In the Netherlands, the proportion of males declined from 0.516 in 1950 to 0.513 in 1994. Similar declines in the proportion of males born in Canada and the United States are equivalent to a shift from male to female births of 8600 and 38000 births, respectively. Known and hypothesized risk factors for reduced sex ratio at birth cannot fully account for recent trends.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patterns of reduced sex ratio need to be carefully assessed to determine whether they are occurring more generally, whether temporal or spatial variations are evident, and whether they constitute a sentinel health event.
authors.affiliation: World Resources Institute, Washington, DC 20006, USA. devra@wri.org
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Stampnitzky
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D019049:Developed Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D019849:Sex Determination Processes; D012733:Sex Differentiation; D012744:Sex Ratio; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology