title: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: improved evaluation with echo-enhanced color Doppler sonography, power Doppler sonography, and spectral duplex sonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the feasibility of contrast-enhanced color Doppler, power Doppler, and spectral duplex sonography for visualization and quantification of flow through transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) in patients in whom the baseline sonographic evaluation was unsatisfactory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three patients underwent color Doppler, power Doppler, and spectral duplex sonography after TIPS insertion or before TIPS revision (mean time interval +/- SD, 1 +/- 1 day). All sonograms were obtained before and after patients received echo-enhancing contrast material. Sonography was evaluated with regard to presence or absence of flow in the mid portion, portal segment, and hepatic segment of the shunt. The maximal peak velocity was measured in the mid portion of the shunt. For identifying and quantifying stenoses, the percentage of luminal diameter reduction was calculated at the tightest part of the shunt. Shunt angiography and measurements of portosystemic pressure gradients were independently evaluated and compared with the sonographic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow visualization on unenhanced color Doppler sonography was significantly improved through the use of power Doppler sonography and contrast-enhanced color Doppler and power Doppler sonography (p < .01). Between contrast-enhanced power Doppler and contrast-enhanced color Doppler sonography, a significant difference was found in the portal and hepatic segments (p < .05). All shunt stenoses (n = 8) and occlusions (n = 3) were revealed by power Doppler sonography, whereas color Doppler sonography failed to reveal six of eight stenoses. Compared with unenhanced sonography, the quality of spectral duplex sonography was improved in eight patients after contrast enhancement (p < .05). Maximal peak velocity ranged from 54 to 252 cm/sec (mean +/- SD, 132.7 +/- 52.1 cm/sec) in normal shunts and from 24.5 to 70.0 cm/sec (mean +/- SD, 45.0 +/- 18.9 cm/sec) in stenosed shunts. No correlation was found between maximal peak velocity and portosystemic pressure gradients (r = .28).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unenhanced power Doppler and contrast-enhanced color and power Doppler sonography can be helpful in the assessment of TIPS status in patients who previously underwent unsatisfactory sonography. These techniques may allow anatomic evaluation and quantification of shunt stenosis in most patients. Contrast enhancement may also considerably improve the quality of spectral duplex sonography.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fürst
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malms
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heyer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohnen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frieling
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weule
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media