title: Transition from cardiopulmonary bypass to the HeartMate left ventricular assist device.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Safe transition from cardiopulmonary bypass to the HeartMate left ventricular assist device without periods of low output, air emboli, or injury to the right ventricle is vital to its successful implantation. A right atrial-to-left ventricular shunt has been developed to purge quickly and completely all air from the system and prevent its reentry, as well as to assist the right ventricle during the transition from cardiopulmonary bypass to the HeartMate.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1994 through July 1996, we used an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation right atrial-to-left ventricular shunt during 17 HeartMate implantations in 16 patients. The shunt consists of the existing right atrial two-stage cannula, the bypass circuit, and a separate aortic line that fills the left ventricle using a 21F cannula in the lateral ventricular wall. Air is monitored in the heart and aorta using transesophageal echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten of the 16 patients are living and 8 have undergone transplantation. Two patients are still using the device and are awaiting transplantation. None of the patients have experienced postoperative neurologic events suggestive of air emboli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extracorporeal membrane oxygenation right atrial-to-left ventricular shunt is simple and inexpensive to construct. It provides for a smoother and safer transition from cardiopulmonary bypass to the HeartMate left ventricular assist device.
authors.affiliation: Infinity Heart Institute, St Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tector
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Kress
authors.forename: F X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Downey
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Schmahl
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dasse
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Poirier
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004867:Equipment Design; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans