title: Evaluating skin-protective materials against contact irritants and allergens. An in vivo screening human model.
abstract: 2 acute irritants and 1 allergen were selected: sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) representative of irritant household and occupational contact dermatitis, the combination of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and urea to simulate diaper dermatitis, and Rhus to evaluate the effect of model protective materials. The putative protective materials and vehicle were applied to both ventral forearms of 10 subjects in each group, according to a randomized code. Test materials were spread over a marked 2.0 cm2 area, massaged in, allowed to dry for 30 min, and reapplied with another 30 min drying period. The model irritants and allergen were then applied (0.025 ml) to an Al-test occlusive patch, which in turn was placed for 24 h over each of the 8 designated sites. Inflammation was scored according to a clinical scale 72 h post-application. Paraffin wax plus Acetulan in cetyl alcohol, and beeswax plus Acetulan in cetyl alcohol, markedly (p < 0.001) suppressed SLS irritation. Paraffin wax plus beeswax in cetyl alcohol, and Acetulan in cetyl alcohol reduced NH4OH and urea irritation (p < 0.05), paraffin wax in cetyl alcohol significantly (p < 0.01) decreasing Rhus allergic contact dermatitis. This model, provides an easy approach to screening protectants. Its clinical significance requires comparison with an open rather than an occluded challenge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of California, School of Medicine 94143-0989, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Willard
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maibach
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D064753:Ammonium Hydroxide; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000209:etiology*; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D006801:Humans; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000009:adverse effects; D007509:Irritants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007809:Lanolin; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010232:Paraffin; D010328:Patch Tests; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D011897:Random Allocation; D012016:Reference Values; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D012251:Toxicodendron / Q000009:adverse effects; D014508:Urea / Q000009:adverse effects; D014885:Waxes
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D006878:Hydroxides; D007509:Irritants; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids; D014885:Waxes; C038228:beeswax; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D064753:Ammonium Hydroxide; D010232:Paraffin; D007809:Lanolin; D014508:Urea; C005031:cetyl alcohol