title: Anaplastic ganglioglioma with dissemination to the spinal cord: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gangliogliomas are rare tumors that generally arise in the temporal lobe. Although most are benign, malignant gangliogliomas have been reported. The clinical course of anaplastic gangliogliomas has not been well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  An anaplastic ganglioglioma of the right parieto-occipital lobe is reported in a 7-year-old girl who presented with left homonymous hemianopsia and papilledema. Neurologic examination revealed a choked disc and a left homonymous hemianopsia. A computed tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging showed a large enhancing mass with calcification. Radiation therapy was administered after subtotal resection of the tumor. Histologic and immunohistochemical studies showed a typical appearance of anaplastic ganglioglioma. Spinal dissemination developed 3 months after the operation. In spite of spinal axis radiation and chemotherapy, she expired 15 months after the diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the clinical course of anaplastic gangliogliomas is not always aggressive, our case indicates the importance of strict follow-up assessments of the whole craniospinal axis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Ohtsu, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kidooka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakasu
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D018303:Ganglioglioma / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D013120:Spinal Cord Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*