title: Efficacy and technical complications of long-term continuous intraspinal infusions of opioid and/or bupivacaine in refractory nonmalignant pain: a comparison between the epidural and the intrathecal approach with externalized or implanted catheters and infusion pumps.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare efficacies, failure rates, and technical complication rates of intraspinal treatments in patients with "refractory" nonmalignant pain conditions in relation to the approach (epidural/intrathecal), the drug (opioid/opioid-bupivacaine or bupivacaine), and the type of system used (externalized/internalized). In these comparisons, recent data from a companion paper (Nitescu et al., Clin J Pain 1998;14:17-28) were used as a reference to be compared with data from a literature review of different intraspinal treatment modalities in nonmalignant pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, cohort, nonrandomized, consecutive trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care center, institutional practice, hospitalized, and ambulatory care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five groups according to treatment modality: (a) externalized, long-term intrathecal nylon catheters, connected to external, electronic infusion pumps (companion paper), n = 90; (b) internalized, long-term intrathecal catheters (Silastic) connected to implanted SynchroMed pumps, n = 330 (literature review); (c) externalized, "short-term" epidural catheters for "temporary" infusions, n = 565 (literature review); (d) externalized, long-term epidural catheters, n = 50 (literature review); (e) internalized, long-term epidural catheters, n = 111, connected to implanted systems: Port-A-Cath injection ports, n = 58; Infusaid pumps, n = 46; and SynchroMed pumps, n = 7 (literature review).
  
  
  METHODS
  In reviewing the literature, we found 21 studies that reported on the intraspinal (epidural or intrathecal) administration of opioids with or without local anesthetics (usually bupivacaine). These studies were analyzed with respect to the rates of the variables satisfactory pain relief (efficacy), failures, and technical complications. A rate is the number of observations of a variable divided by the number of patients or the number of catheters or infusion systems, as logically indicated (e.g., the numbers of complications, such as epidural abscess and meningitis, were related to the number of patients and those of catheter occlusion or leakage to the number of the catheters). The variables were expressed as the means of the rates of a variable from studies belonging to various treatment modalities: approach (epidural vs. intrathecal), duration (short vs. long term), drugs administered intraspinally (opioid vs. opioid and/or local anesthetic), and type of infusion system (externalized vs. internalized). Further, the sums of all observations of one variable in different studies with various treatment modalities were related to the corresponding sums of the patients (alternatively, catheters or implanted devices). The proportions of these sums were tested for significance in relation to treatment modality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative rates of successful intraspinal treatment and its failures and complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (a) The intrathecal approach, compared with the epidural approach, was associated with higher rates of satisfactory pain relief for both externalized (86/90, 95% vs. 17/40, 42.5%, p < .0001) and internalized (295/336, 89% vs. 33/56, 59%, p < .0001) catheters; higher rates of treatment failures with externalized epidural catheters than with internalized intrathecal catheters (24/47, 51%, vs. 36/338, 11%, p < .0001); lower rates of treatment failures with internalized intrathecal catheters than with internalized epidural catheters (36/338, 11% vs. 29/76, 38%, p < .0001); higher rates of system replacement with internalized epidural catheters than with internalized intrathecal catheters (23/32, 72% vs. 6/49, 12%, p < .0001; higher rates of system removal with internalized epidural catheters than with internalized intrathecal catheters (22/49, 45% vs. 5/49, 10%, p < .001); higher rates of catheter-related complications with epidural than with intrathecal catheters (dislodgement 13/126, approximately 10% vs. 6/150, 4%, p < .05; leakage 5/51, approximately 10% vs. 1/116, 0.9%, p < .05; obstruction 2
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dahm
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nitescu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Appelgren
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Curelaru
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007260:Infusion Pumps / Q000009:adverse effects; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009294:Narcotics; D002045:Bupivacaine