title: Treatment of strabismus and nystagmus with botulinum toxin type A. An evaluation of effects and complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Injection of botulinum toxin type A into eye muscles leads to a temporary paralysis and the effects have been evaluated in strabismus or nystagmus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 112 patients with different types of concomitant and paralytic strabismus and acquired nystagmus were treated with botulinum toxin, according to well-established indications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lasting effects of the injections on strabismic angle were largest in esotropia, consecutive exotropia and abducens palsy, and amounted to, on an average, 12 prism diopters or 6 degrees. The larger the strabismus the better was the effect. Repeated injections reduced the angle further. In complex nystagmus forms retrobulbar injections could be used. The side effects were mostly due to spread of botulinum toxin to the levator, producing ptosis (8%), or the inferior rectus muscle, causing vertical strabismus (10%). On an average 42% of the patients were later operated for strabismus and nystagmus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injection of botulinum toxin A into eye muscles is a valuable adjunct to surgery in the treatment of strabismus and nystagmus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lennerstrand
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Nordbø
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eriksson-Derouet
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000187:drug effects*; D013285:Strabismus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A