title: Inhibitor and NAD+ binding to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase as derived from crystal structures and homology modeling.
abstract: Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP, EC 2.4.2.30) are of clinical interest because they have potential for improving radiation therapy and chemotherapy of cancer. The refined binding structures of four such inhibitors are reported together with the refined structure of the unligated catalytic fragment of the enzyme. Following their design, all inhibitors bind at the position of the nicotinamide moiety of the substrate NAD+. The observed binding mode suggests inhibitor improvements that avoid other NAD(+)-binding enzymes. Because the binding pocket of NAD+ has been strongly conserved during evolution, the homology with ADP-ribosylating bacterial toxins could be used to extend the bound nicotinamide, which is marked by the inhibitors, to the full NAD+ molecule.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruf
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Murcia
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Schulz
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D002645:Chickens; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004167:Diphtheria Toxin / Q000737:chemistry; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D004167:Diphtheria Toxin; D007546:Isoquinolines; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D009243:NAD; C068870:3,4-dihydro-5-methyl-1(2H)-isoquinolinone; D009536:Niacinamide; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases