title: The role of Müller's muscle reconsidered.
abstract: It is a traditional teaching that the levator aponeurosis is the main transmitter of the levator palpebrae muscle. However, there are several points that raise doubts in this fundamental concept of the levator aponeurosis as being the primary interconnecting mechanism in upper lid elevation. Despite the structural integrity of the levator complex, drooping of the upper eyelids is seen to develop in situations such as Horner's syndrome and in times of excessive fatigue and sleepiness. Amid the controversy in the literature regarding the specific role of the levator aponeurosis in the lid-elevating mechanism, we have observed that the levator aponeurosis fails to make constant attachment to the tarsal plate. This has led us to speculate on the possible role of the posterior lamella - Müller's muscle - as the primary transmitter of the levator muscle action to the tarsal plate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery at Inha General Hospital, Songnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Roh
mesh_terms: D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology*; D005205:Fascia / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000503:physiopathology; D006732:Horner Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology