title: Postnatal maturation of the sacrum and coccyx: MR imaging, helical CT, and conventional radiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed radiologic description of the postnatal developmental anatomy of the sacrum and coccyx as revealed by MR imaging, helical CT, and conventional radiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ten imaging examinations of the sacrococcygeal spine were performed in patients who were newborn to 30 years old. Imaging included conventional radiography (n = 63), three-dimensional gradient-recalled echo MR imaging (n = 10), and helical CT with sagittal and angled coronal reformations (n = 37). A detailed analysis was performed of the ossification and fusion of the primary and secondary ossification centers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sacrum and coccyx were noted to develop from 58 to 60 sacral ossification centers and eight coccygeal centers, respectively. These centers were noted to ossify and fuse in an organized temporal pattern from the fetal period to the age of 30.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sacrum and coccyx are formed by a complex process that fuses primary and secondary ossification centers. Because the maturation process can be asymmetric, an understanding of this process may prove useful for distinguishing physeal plates from fracture lines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3498, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Broome
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hayman
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Herrick
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Braverman
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fahr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003050:Coccyx / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012447:Sacrum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed