title: Improved fluorescence and dual color detection with enhanced blue and green variants of the green fluorescent protein.
abstract: The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria is a versatile reporter protein for monitoring gene expression and protein localization in a variety of systems. Applications using GFP reporters have expanded greatly due to the availability of mutants with altered spectral properties, including several blue emission variants, all of which contain the single point mutation Tyr-66 to His in the chromophore region of the protein. However, previously described "BFP" reporters have limited utility, primarily due to relatively dim fluorescence and low expression levels attained in higher eukaryotes with such variants. To improve upon these qualities, we have combined a blue emission mutant of GFP containing four point mutations (Phe-64 to Leu, Ser-65 to Thr, Tyr-66 to His, and Tyr-145 to Phe) with a synthetic gene sequence containing codons preferentially found in highly expressed human proteins. These mutations were chosen to optimize expression of properly folded fluorescent protein in mammalian cells cultured at 37 degreesC and to maximize signal intensity. The combination of improved fluorescence and higher expression levels yield an enhanced blue fluorescent protein that provides greater sensitivity and is suitable for dual color detection with green-emitting fluorophores.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Group, Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Palo Alto, California 94303, USA.
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sinai
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kitts
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lybarger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chervenak
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Piston
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kain
mesh_terms: D005453:Fluorescence; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D017354:Point Mutation
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins