title: Neurologic injuries associated with all-terrain vehicles and recommendations for protective measures for the pediatric population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present data and case studies illustrating the danger, especially in the pediatric population, of all-terrain vehicle (ATV) use, and to provide recommendations for pediatricians on how to educate parents concerning ATVs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of 33 patients with neurologic injuries sustained in ATV accidents presenting to one institution over a 40-month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emergency department and neurosurgery service at Arkansas Children's Hospital and two other hospitals that make up the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients (n = 33) who presented between January 1993 and April 1996 at the emergency departments with neurologic injuries sustained in accidents involving either a three- or four-wheel ATV requiring hospitalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depending on the nature of the injury, various treatments, as described herein.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic measures, the mechanisms of injury, the types of injuries; the current data available regarding the number of injuries nationwide; and the precautionary measures parents should be advised to take.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ages ranged from four to 68 years (mean, 18; median, 14), 21 of the patients were < 16 years old. The predominant age range was 12 to 15 years; most common mechanisms of injury were being thrown to the ground, striking a tree, and flipping backward. Most injuries were cranial (21) or spinal (11). Nationwide, the proportionate number of injuries are decreasing, but the consequences remain severe. Using a helmet and restricting the use of these vehicles will reduce the number and magnitude of injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although perceived as recreational toys, ATVs can be extremely unsafe, especially for children and adolescents; pediatricians should educate parents and patients on the dangers of riding these vehicles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Boop
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Cherny
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Ligon
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015541:Off-Road Motor Vehicles / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries