title: Human amniotic fluid mathematical model: determination and effect of intramembranous sodium flux.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A recently described mathematical model of human amniotic fluid dynamics used known and estimated rates of fetal fluid production (lung liquid and urine) and composition (osmolality) to enable calculation of previously unmeasured routes of amniotic fluid resorption, including fetal swallowing and intramembranous (across the amnion) water flow. This "osmolar" model assumed that only free water resorption occurred across the intramembranous route. We hypothesized that intramembranous flow also may include solutes and electrolytes because significant concentration gradients exist between amniotic fluid and fetal plasma. We used mass balance analysis to determine the direction and magnitude of intramembranous sodium flux and to assess the ability of a newly described "sodium" model to predict changes in amniotic fluid volume in response to changes in intramembranous electrolyte flow. Mathematical modeling was used to predict changes in amniotic fluid volume in response to changes in intramembranous electrolyte flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Model predictions were calculated using published values for human amniotic fluid and fetal urine composition and volume. Ovine studies were used to derive lung fluid volumes and composition. Fetal swallowing and intramembranous flow were independently determined using net amniotic fluid osmolar (osmolality model) and sodium (sodium model) balance. Differences between osmolality and sodium model predictions were normalized to calculate the net intramembranous sodium flux, assuming a net balance of intramembranous osmotic solute flow.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both sodium and osmolality models predicted swallowed volume to be greater than intramembranous flow until 28 to 32 weeks' gestation, after which the relationship reversed. However, the sodium model predicted greater intramembranous flow and lower swallowing rates compared with the osmolality model at all gestational ages. Osmolar mass balance required daily intramembranous sodium flux into the amniotic fluid, which increased with gestational age. Furthermore, assuming stable swallowing and intramembranous water flow, the model predicts that 5% increases or decreases in amniotic fluid solute concentrations caused by intramembranous flux result in polyhydramnios or oligohydramnios, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sodium and osmolality models demonstrate similarities in determinations of amniotic fluid dynamics. However, mass balance equations demonstrate a net intramembranous flow of sodium into the amniotic fluid under normal conditions. Mathematical modeling suggests that small alterations in daily intramembranous sodium flux may evoke large changes in amniotic fluid volume.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Curran
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nijland
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D016104:Oligohydramnios / Q000503:physiopathology; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D006831:Polyhydramnios / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012964:Sodium / Q000502:physiology*; D014556:Urine
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium