title: Phase II trial of chemoembolization for the treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma to the liver and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatic artery chemoembolization represents an alternative treatment for patients whose neoplastic lesions are not amenable or have become refractory to other treatment modalities. This project was designed to test the feasibility of regional chemoembolization for patients with colorectal carcinoma metastasis to the liver who had experienced failure with one or more systemic treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients who met the study entry criteria underwent one to three hepatic artery chemoembolizations. The chemoembolization regimen consisted of an injection of a bovine collagen material with cisplatin (10 mg/mL), doxorubicin (3 mg/mL), and mitomycin C (3 mg/mL). Repeat treatments were performed at 6- to 8-week intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiologic responses, as measured by a decrease in lesion density of at least 75% of the lesion or a 25% decrease in the size of the lesion, occurred in 63% of the cases. A decrease of at least 25% of the baseline carcinoembryonic antigen level occurred in 95% of the cases. All responses were transient. Median survival for all 30 patients was 8.6 months after the initiation of chemoembolization and 29 months after the initial diagnosis of metastasis to the liver. Common toxicities included a "postembolization syndrome," which consisted of fever > 101 degrees F (83%), pain in the right upper quadrant (100%), nausea, and vomiting. Lethargy was a common occurrence (in 60+% of cases) and lasted up to 6 weeks. Hematologic toxicities included leukocytosis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemoembolization is a feasible treatment modality for patients with colorectal carcinoma metastasis to the liver who have experienced failure with other systemic treatments. It results in high response rates with transient mild-to-moderate toxicity. Responses are measured in months, however, and all patients have eventual progression of disease. Patients who are able to undergo three or more chemoembolization procedures may receive the most clinical benefit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tellez
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lyster
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Talamonti
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nemcek
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Vogelzang
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen