title: Pregnancy in women with von Willebrand's disease or factor XI deficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the obstetric outcome in women with von Willebrand's disease or factor XI deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Haemophilia Centre and Haemostasis Unit, The Royal Free Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with von Willebrand's disease (n = 31) and with factor XI deficiency (n = 11) registered at the Royal Free Hospital Haemophilia Centre who had had a pregnancy within the previous 17 years (1980-1996), including 84 in women with von Willebrand's disease and 28 in women with factor XI deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women were interviewed and details of the obstetric history were obtained. The records of the Haemophilia Centre and the women's maternity records were also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Threatened miscarriage occurred in 33% and 14% of pregnancies with von Willebrand's disease and factor XI deficiency, respectively. Excluding recurrent miscarriages, 14/68 (21%) of pregnancies with von Willebrand's disease and one pregnancy with factor XI deficiency miscarried spontaneously. There was an increased incidence of primary and secondary post-abortal bleeding complications. Factor VIII and von Willebrand factor antigen and activity levels increased significantly in pregnancy in all women apart from those with severe von Willebrand's disease. Factor XI, however, did not show any significant change. No neonatal haemorrhagic complications in association with the birth process were reported, although ventouse and difficult forceps deliveries were avoided. Extensive perineal bruising and haematoma was reported in three women with von Willebrand's disease; two of these were associated with forceps delivery. The incidence of primary postpartum haemorrhage was 18.5% in von Willebrand's disease and 16% in factor XI deficiency. Blood transfusion was required in six cases of von Willebrand's disease and two cases of factor XI deficiency. Ten of fourteen instances of primary postpartum haemorrhage occurred when maternal factor levels were < 50 IU/dL with no prophylactic treatment for labour. The incidence of secondary postpartum haemorrhage was 20% in von Willebrand's disease and 24% in factor XI deficiency. None of the women who had prophylactic treatment during labour or the puerperium suffered any significant bleeding complications. There were three neonatal bleeding complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnancy, labour and the puerperium are associated with significant bleeding problems in women with von Willebrand's disease or factor XI deficiency, but these are largely preventable. Specialist obstetric care in close liaison with the haemophilia centre is essential to minimise maternal and neonatal complications.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Free Hospital, London.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kadir
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sabin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Economides
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000209:etiology; D000033:Abortion, Threatened / Q000209:etiology; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction; D000941:Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D001724:Birth Weight; D003288:Contusions / Q000209:etiology; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005167:Factor VII / Q000032:analysis; D005172:Factor XI / Q000032:analysis; D005173:Factor XI Deficiency / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011250:Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic / Q000097:blood*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D014842:von Willebrand Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; C029417:Von Willebrand antigen; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D005167:Factor VII; D005172:Factor XI