title: Development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in Koreans with NIDDM.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence and risk factors for the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in Korean patients with NIDDM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 186 patients with NIDDM who did not have proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) at baseline were prospectively studied for 5.3 +/- 1.0 years in an outpatient clinic of a university hospital. The incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy was determined by annual funduscopic examination by an ophthalmologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 130 patients who were free of diabetic retinopathy at baseline, 30 developed it, giving an incidence of 44.4/1,000 person-years. Age and known duration of diabetes, mean fasting plasma glucose, and HbA1 levels during the follow-up period were higher in the patients who developed diabetic retinopathy. Of the 56 patients who had nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy at baseline, 11 developed PDR, giving an incidence of 37.5/1,000 person-years. The patients who progressed to PDR during follow-up (progressors) had a higher change of BMI and urinary albumin excretion rate at baseline and a higher mean HbA1 during the follow-up period than the nonprogressors. Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that mean HbA1 was the only independent risk factor for both the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of PDR in Korean NIDDM patients is comparable to that reported in other populations. Poor glycemic control is the most important risk factor for both the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in NIDDM patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: K U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014280:Triglycerides