title: Ocular changes associated with Giardia lamblia infection in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The protozoan disease giardiasis can cause ocular complications, including "salt and pepper" retinal changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ophthalmic examinations were performed in 141 children (mean age 4.7 (SD 2.0) years) with active or past giardiasis diagnosed on the basis of microscopic examination of stool specimens or duodenal secretions--53 were newly diagnosed and untreated (group A), 50 had active infections in spite of metronidazole therapy (group B), and 38 had been successfully treated, with negative stool specimens for 1-3 years (group C). 300 children with no evidence of giardiasis were used as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Salt and pepper retinal changes (with normal electroretinographic findings) were diagnosed in 28 (19.9%) of the patients with giardiasis (11 from group A, 10 from group B, and seven from group C), including five pairs of siblings. In all subgroups, the children with retinal changes were consistently younger than those with normal retinas. In eight cases, the lesions could be visualised only with direct ophthalmoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that asymptomatic, non-progressive retinal lesions are particularly common in younger children with giardiasis. This risk does not seem to be related to the severity of the infection, its duration, or the use of metronidazole but may reflect a genetic predisposition.
authors.affiliation: Cattedra di Ottica Fisiopatologica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corsi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nucci
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Knafelz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bulgarini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Iorio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polito
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Risi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ardenti Morini
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Paone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015822:Eye Infections, Parasitic / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D008795:Metronidazole