title: A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) cDNA cloned from guinea-pig liver encodes a protein with similar properties to the mouse PPARalpha: implications for species differences in responses to peroxisome proliferators.
abstract: The peroxisome proliferator class of non-genotoxic rodent hepatocarcinogens cause hepatocyte DNA synthesis, peroxisome proliferation and liver tumours when administered to rats and mice, but fail to induce S-phase or peroxisome proliferation in hepatocytes from other species including guinea-pigs, dogs, and primates including humans. There are compelling data that implicate a nuclear receptor, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) as an important mediator of the toxic and carcinogenic effects of peroxisome proliferators (PPs). We were interested to consider the guinea-pig as a possible model for human responses to these compounds. This manuscript describes the isolation of a full-length cDNA encoding PPARalpha from guinea-pig liver that is closely related to receptors identified previously in mouse, rat and human. RNA hybridisation experiments suggested that the livers of the PP-responsive rat and mouse contained relatively high levels of PPARalpha transcripts, whereas in human and guinea-pig liver PPARalpha mRNA was much less abundant. Functional analyses suggested that the guinea-pig PPARalpha was able to be activated by PPs. DNA binding studies using in vitro translated proteins showed that the guinea-pig receptor was able to bind specifically to DNA in the presence of the retinoid X receptor (RXR), and transient transfection assays showed that the guinea-pig PPARalpha was capable of being transcriptionally activated in a concentration-dependent fashion by the PPs Wy-14,643 and nafenopin. Also, in guinea-pig primary hepatocyte cultures, a dominant negative repressor of PPARalpha ablated the suppression of spontaneous apoptosis by PPs. Taken together, these data show that the 'non-responsive' guinea-pig expresses active PPARalpha in the liver at reduced levels, and may be a useful model for exploring the mechanisms underlying the human response to PPs.
authors.affiliation: Zeneca Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Tugwood
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D051381:Rats; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013045:Species Specificity; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors