title: Effects of lisinopril and nifedipine on the progression to overt albuminuria in IDDM patients with incipient nephropathy and normal blood pressure. The Italian Microalbuminuria Study Group in IDDM.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intervention trials on renal function in IDDM patients with microalbuminuria (MA) should adopt the rate of decline of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as an outcome measure. However, normotensive IDDM patients with MA show no change in GFR over a follow-up period of 10 years. Thus, in the present study, we used the cumulative incidence of progression to albuminuria (albumin excretion rate [AER] > 200 micrograms/min) from MA as the primary endpoint and the yearly increase in AER at a rate of 50% above baseline as the secondary end-point of renal function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-two normotensive IDDM patients underwent double-blind, double-dummy treatment with either lisinopril or slow-release nifedipine in comparison with placebo. Ten patients discontinued the study during the 3-year follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 3-year follow-up period, 7 of 34 placebo-treated (20.6%), 2 of 32 lisinopril-treated (6.3%), and 2 of 26 nifedipine-treated (7.7%) patients progressed to clinical albuminuria (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.03). Time-to-event analysis indicated a reduction in the risk of progression to macroalbuminuria of 58.1% (95% CI 27.8-68.4%) in the 32 patients on lisinopril (P < 0.02) and of 62.5% (95% CI 32.5-73.4%) in the 26 patients on nifedipine (P < 0.02) after adjustment for mean blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, and baseline AER in comparison with the 34 patients on placebo. Baseline AER was 71 micrograms/min (range: 20.7-187.3) in progressors and 73 micrograms/min (range: 20.2-174.1) in nonprogressors (NS). The percentage of patients who showed a > 50% yearly increase of AER above baseline values was significantly lower in the lisinopril group (13 of 32, 40.6%, P < 0.02), but not in the nifedipine group (15 of 26, 57.7%), than in the placebo group (23 of 34, 67.6%). The lisinopril group had significantly lower blood pressure values during follow-up than either the nifedipine (P < 0.05) or the placebo (P < 0.01) group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that both lisinopril and nifedipine are effective in delaying the occurrence of macroalbuminuria in normotensive IDDM patients with MA. As overt proteinuria strongly predicts end-stage renal failure, both treatments appear capable of preventing such a complication in normotensive IDDM patients with MA. However, lisinopril appears more powerful in slowing the course of nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Medicina Interna, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crepaldi
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Carta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deferrari
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mangili
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Navalesi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santeusanio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spalluto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vanasia
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nosadini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D018450:Disease Progression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D017706:Lisinopril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D012907:Smoking; D013997:Time Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D003404:Creatinine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D017706:Lisinopril; D009543:Nifedipine; D011188:Potassium; D014665:Vasodilator Agents