title: Elevated second-trimester maternal serum hCG: a marker of inadequate angiogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure angiogenin, a potent inducer of neovascularization and interleukin-6, as an indicator of acute inflammation, in second-trimester amniotic fluid of patients with elevated maternal serum hCG.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this case-control study, 20 patients with elevated maternal serum hCG (at least 2.0 multiples of median) at triple screen were matched 2:1 with controls on the basis of year of amniocentesis, parity, and race. Inclusion criteria were 1) singleton gestation, 2) no evidence of anomalies, and 3) genetic amniocentesis. Amniotic fluid was immunoassayed for angiogenin and interleukin-6. The immunoassay sensitivity for angiogenin was 0.026 ng/mL, interassay coefficient of variation 4.6%, and intra-assay coefficient of variation 2.9%. For interleukin-6, the immunoassay sensitivity was 2.37 pg/mL, interassay coefficient of variation 2.7%, and intra-assay coefficient of variation 1.9%. Angiogenin and interleukin-6 values were normalized by using natural log transformation for statistical analysis. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance and stepwise regression, with P < .05 significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After correcting (by multivariate regression) for gestational age at sampling and nulliparity, amniotic fluid angiogenin levels were significantly lower in the study subjects than in controls (26%+/-11% lower, P=.004), whereas the interleukin-6 levels did not change significantly (34%+/-40% lower, P=.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amniotic fluid angiogenin levels are significantly lower in patients with elevated maternal serum hCG at triple screen, suggesting inadequate angiogenesis, but interleukin-6 values do not differ significantly.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Spong
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghidini
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Dildy
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Loucks
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Varner
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pezzullo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood*; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012259:Ribonuclease, Pancreatic
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011506:Proteins; C046366:angiogenin; D012259:Ribonuclease, Pancreatic