title: Early postoperative glucose control predicts nosocomial infection rate in diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determined the relationship between perioperative glucose control and postoperative nosocomial infection rate is 100 consecutive diabetic patients undergoing elective surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred initially uninfected diabetic patients undergoing elective surgery were prospectively monitored for perioperative glucose control and postoperative nosocomial infection rate. Glucose control was determined by the attending surgeon or diabetologist.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large tertiary care hospital that serves as the in-patient facility for a local diabetes center.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients were screened for infection preoperatively. Only initially uninfected patients were enrolled, and all patients received perioperative antibiotic coverage. Perioperative glucose control and postoperative nosocomial infection rate were monitored prospectively. APACHE II scores were determined on all patients. Patients were stratified into two groups: those with relatively "good" perioperative glucose control (all values < or = 220 mg/dL) and those with "poor" control (at least one value > 220 mg/dL). Contingency tables were generated, comparing nosocomial infection rates vs perioperative glucose control. Correlation coefficients between APACHE II score and maximum and mean glucose values were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A serum glucose > 220 mg/dL on postoperative day one (POD 1) was a sensitive (87.5%) but relatively nonspecific (33.3%) predictor of the later development of postoperative nosocomial infection. In patients with hyperglycemia (> 220 mg/dL) on POD 1, the infection rate was 2.7 times that observed (31.3% vs 11.5%) in diabetic patients with all serum glucose values < 220 mg/dL. When minor infection of the urinary tract was excluded, the relative risk for "serious" postoperative infection increased to 5.7 when any POD 1 blood glucose level was > 220 mg/dL. On the basis of correlation coefficients between serum glucose values and APACHE II score, only 18% of the variance in the highest serum glucose could be explained by disease severity alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that diabetic patients undergoing major cardiovascular or abdominal surgery have an increased risk of infection that is further exacerbated by early postoperative hyperglycemia. The high rate of nosocomial infection observed in diabetic patients with poor glucose control suggests that hyperglycemia itself may be an independent risk factor for the development of infection. Efforts to improve perioperative glucose homeostasis in diabetic patients may reduce the incidence of nosocomial infection and thereby improve outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Beth Israel/Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pomposelli
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Babineau
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Pomfret
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Driscoll
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Forse
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bistrian
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose