title: Induced production of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-6 in RAW 264.7 macrophages by streptomycetes from indoor air of moldy houses.
abstract: Dampness and mold growth in buildings cause spore generation into indoor air, which is associated with respiratory tract disorders. Specific agents or cellular mechanisms of diseases have not yet been identified. In this study, airborne spores of Streptomyces sp., isolated from moldy houses, stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, which produced tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 and induced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, with subsequent nitric oxide production. Spores of other microorganisms typically found in moldy houses did not markedly increase the production of these inflammatory mediators. The data implied a mechanism by which Streptomyces sp. may lead to respiratory tract disorders in individuals who live in moldy houses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health, National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Makkonen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mönkkönen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Savolainen
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D009235:Myxomycetes; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide