title: Effect of temperature and pH adjustment of bupivacaine for intradermal anesthesia.
abstract: To determine the effects of warming and buffering of 0.5% bupivacaine on the pain associated with intradermal injection and the time of onset of anesthesia, 40 adult volunteers were entered into a randomized, double-blind study conducted at a community teaching hospital. The three-part study compared room temperature (20 degrees) bupivacaine buffered to a pH of 7.1 with the following solutions: buffered bupivacaine warmed to 37 degrees C, unbuffered bupivacaine at room temperature, and unbuffered bupivacaine warmed to 37 degrees C. The same crossover protocol was followed for each part of the study. Subjects received 0.5-mL intradermal injections through 27-gauge needles over 30 seconds, one study solution in each forearm. Immediately after each injection, pain was assessed using a 100-mm visual analog pain scale. The time of onset of anesthesia (loss of intradermal sensation to pinprick) was measured by stopwatch. The mean perceived pain score for the warm buffered bupivacaine (51 mm) was significantly lower than for the room temperature buffered solution (63 mm, P = .003). Similarly, there was a statistical difference between the room temperature buffered and unbuffered solutions (65 v 78 mm, P < .001). The differences in mean pain scores for the room temperature buffered bupivacaine, compared with the other three solutions, suggest that warming and buffering have an additive effect. In this model, the latency of action of bupivacaine was not affected by alkalinization. However, warming bupivacaine to 37 degrees C reduced the time of onset to intradermal anesthesia by 12.1 seconds (95% confidence interval, 0.6 to 23.6). These results suggest that warming is more effective than buffering to reduce the pain of infiltration of bupivacaine and the time of onset of intradermal anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Butterworth Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Plzak
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Wynn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000468:Alkalies / Q000737:chemistry; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D002021:Buffers; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005542:Forearm; D006764:Hospitals, Community; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007271:Injections, Intradermal / Q000009:adverse effects; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012677:Sensation / Q000187:drug effects; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000468:Alkalies; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002021:Buffers; D002045:Bupivacaine