title: Pure tone audiometry and impedance screening of school entrant children by nurses: evaluation in a practical setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Screening for hearing loss in English children at entry to school (age 5-6 years) is usually by pure tone audiometry sweep undertaken by school nurses. This study aimed to compare the validity and screening rates of pure tone audiometry with impedance screening in these children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two stage pure tone audiometry and impedance methods of screening were compared in 610 school entry children from 19 infant schools in north east England. Both procedures were completed by school nurses. The results of screening were validated against subsequent clinical assessment, including otological examination and actions taken by an independent assessor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both methods produced broadly similar validation indices after two stages of screening: sensitivity was 74.4% for both methods; specificity was 92.1% and 90.0%; and predicted values of a positive test 43.2% and 37.6% respectively for pure tone audiometry and impedance methods. Single stage screening in both methods produced higher sensitivity but lower specificity and predictive values of a positive test than two stage screening. Screening rates were appreciably higher with impedance methods than with pure tone audiometry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In choosing the method to be used, it must be borne in mind that the impedance method is technically more efficient but takes longer than pure tone audiometry screening. However, the latter method allows opportunity for other health inquiries in these children.
authors.affiliation: Tees Health Authority, Middlesbrough.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Holtby
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone / Q000379:methods*; D001364:Awareness; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004739:England; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012572:School Health Services; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity