title: Peak exercise oxygen consumption in chronic heart failure: toward efficient use in the individual patient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to 1) assess the short-, medium-and long-term prognostic power of peak oxygen consumption (VO2) in patients with heart failure; 2) verify the consistency of a nonmeasurable anaerobic threshold (AT) as a criterion of nonapplicability of peak VO2; 3) develop simple rules for the efficient use of peak VO2 in individualized prognostic stratification and clinical decision making.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Peak VO2, when AT is identified, is among the indicators for heart transplant eligibility. However, in clinical practice the application of defined peak VO2 cutoff values to all patients could be inappropriate and misleading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred fifty-three patients consecutively considered for eligibility for heart transplantation were followed up. Outcomes (cardiac death and urgent transplantation) were determined when all survivors had a minimum of 6 months of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contraindication to the exercise test identified very high risk patients. The relatively small sample of women did not allow inferences to be drawn. In men, peak VO2 stratified into three levels (< or = 10, 10 to 18 and >18 ml/kg per min) identified groups at high, medium and low risk, respectively. The prognostic power of peak VO2 < or = 10 ml/kg per min was maintained even when the AT was not detected. In patients in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV, peak VO2 did not have prognostic power. In patients in functional class I or II, peak VO2 stratification was prognostically valuable, but less so at 6 than at 12 or 24 months. Age did not influence peak VO2 prognostic stratification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A contraindication to exercise testing should be considered a priority for listing patients for heart transplantation. Only in less symptomatic male patients does a peak VO2 < or = 10 ml/kg per min identify short-, medium- and long-term high risk groups. A peak VO2 >18 ml/kg per min implies good prognosis with medical therapy.
authors.affiliation: Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Institute of Care and Scientific Research, Medical Center of Montescano (Pavia), Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Opasich
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pinna
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bobbio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sisti
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Demichelis
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Febo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forni
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riccardi
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Riccardi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Capomolla
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cobelli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tavazzi
mesh_terms: D015308:Anaerobic Threshold; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D002908:Chronic Disease; D000075202:Contraindications; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D018579:Patient Selection; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis