title: Role of the ketogenic diet in children with intractable seizures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a review of the mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and therapeutic considerations associated with the use of a ketogenic diet to manage patients with intractable seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search from January 1966 to the present and relevant articles from journals were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ketogenic diet has been used as a treatment modality since the early 1920s to control intractable seizures. The exact mechanism of action is unknown. Overall, uncontrolled clinical studies have reported that approximately one-third of patients with intractable seizures have become seizure-free on the ketogenic diet. Common adverse events attributed to the diet include dehydration, gastrointestinal symptoms, hypoglycemia, as well as carnitine and vitamin deficiencies. Cognitive effects, hyperlipidemia, impaired neutrophil function, urolithiasis, optic neuropathy, osteoporosis, and protein deficiency may also occur in some patients. Carbohydrate content and drug formulation in the selection of medications while on the diet are important. Acetazolamide, phenobarbital, and valproic acid have been reported to interact with the ketogenic diet. Medications that cause carnitine deficiency or influence carbohydrate metabolism should also be used with caution. The carbohydrate content of drugs in various therapeutic classes is presented to aid in the selection of the most appropriate drug and formulation for patients on the ketogenic diet. The success of the diet in controlling intractable seizures is related to the patient's close adherence to the diet. Minimizing carbohydrate ingestion from medications along with a multidisciplinary team approach to the selection and monitoring of the diet are important to the success of the ketogenic diet in controlling seizures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ketogenic diet has shown promising results in controlling intractable seizures; however, carefully controlled clinical trials are needed to better assess the efficacy of the diet during its use and after discontinuation.
authors.affiliation: Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Tallian
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Nahata
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Tsao
mesh_terms: D000086:Acetazolamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001361:Avitaminosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003681:Dehydration / Q000139:chemically induced; D005526:Food, Formulated / Q000009:adverse effects; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012640:Seizures / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000086:Acetazolamide; D010634:Phenobarbital