title: [The treatment with levamisole of frequently recurring steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The treatment of frequently relapsing steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children with established immunosuppressive drugs (steroids, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin A) sometimes presents problems because of the expected incidence of side effects. Stimulation of the immune system with the anthelminthic drug levamisole in this disease has been documented. Aim of this study was to assess in a prospective but uncontrolled series of observations its value and side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  25 patients (15 boys, ten girls; median age 10 [3.5-22] years) were given levamisole, 2 mg/kg/48 h. Before this treatment was started eight of the children/adolescents (32%) had frequent relapses and 17 (68%) had become steroid-dependent. Treatment was started during steroid-induced remission and continued for 3-24 (median 6) month, while steroids were discontinued after four weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relapse frequency per patient month was reduced from a mean of 0.5 (0.33-0.83) before to 0.31 (0-0.67) during levamisole administration (P < 0.001). In 12 patients (48%) no or considerably fewer relapses were observed. Patients with exclusively frequent relapses responded to levamisole better than those with steroid dependence (7/8 [87.5%] vs. 5/18 [27.7%], P = 0.01). Side effects were reversible leukopenia in two patients and nonspecific skin rash as well as epigastric pain in one patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levamisole is an efficacious addition or alternative, with a low incidence of side effects, in the treatment of frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome, particularly so in yet steroid-dependent patients.
authors.affiliation: Universitäts-Kinderklinik, Hamburg. kemper@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kemper
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Amon
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Timmermann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Altrogge
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Müller-Wiefel
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007978:Levamisole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012008:Recurrence; D013256:Steroids / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D013256:Steroids; D007978:Levamisole; D016572:Cyclosporine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide
vernacular_title: Die Behandlung des häufig rezidivierenden steroidsensiblen idiopathischen nephrotischen Syndroms im Kindesalter mit Levamisol.