title: Esophageal/pyloric ligation enhances development of the murine fetal stomach in organ culture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors hypothesized that increased intraluminal pressure in the fetal stomach would enhance development in a murine organ culture model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gestation day 14 (Gd14) fetal stomachs from time-dated pregnant CD-1 mice (term, 20 days) were maintained in organ culture for 7 days. Some stomachs were ligated at the gastroesophageal (GE) and pyloroduodenal (PD) junctions. Others were left unligated. Gd14, Gd16, and Gd18 stomachs were taken as well to compare organogenesis in vivo. Tissues were processed for histological, morphometric, and immunohistochemical analysis, as well as total protein and DNA determination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ligated stomachs were visibly distended compared with unligated stomachs in organ culture after 7 days. The length and width of the 7-day in vitro ligated stomachs were significantly increased compared with unligated (2.97+/-0.04 mm v 2.48+/-0.05 mm and 2.14+/-0.04 mm v 1.57+/-0.08 mm, respectively, P < .05). Mucosal epithelial cells showed nuclear polarization, and there was a distinct outer muscle layer in the ligated stomachs, but not in the unligated stomachs, which demonstrated pseudostratified epithelial cells in the mucosa. The ligated stomachs had increased in mucosal thickness compared with unligated (31.4+/-1.3 microm vs 24.9+/-0.9 microm, p < 0.05). The ligated stomachs also had significantly increased protein and DNA content when compared with unligated stomachs (65.8+/-3.1 microg and 23.3+/-1.2 microg v 55.0+/-2.7 microg and 19.0+/-1.2 microg, respectively, P < .05). However, there were no significant differences noted between the protein to DNA ratios. Immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a marker for cell proliferation, demonstrated increased proliferative activity of the mucosal epithelial cells in the ligated stomachs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Esophageal and pyloric ligation enhanced the development of the fetal stomach in vitro in comparison with unligated stomachs cultured under similar conditions. Developmental characteristics of the ligated stomachs paralleled that of Gd16 stomachs in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey 17033, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Zgleszewski
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Blewett
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Cilley
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Krummel
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Chinoy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D004947:Esophagus / Q000502:physiology*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008026:Ligation; D051379:Mice; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011312:Pressure; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D011708:Pylorus / Q000502:physiology*; D013270:Stomach / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D011506:Proteins; D004247:DNA