title: Experimental use of tetrodotoxin for corneal pain after excimer laser keratectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the duration of anesthesia, effect on corneal reepithelialization, and systemic toxicity of topical tetrodotoxin (TTX) administered after excimer laser keratectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of six rabbits each underwent excimer laser keratectomy in the right eye to create a 5-mm-diameter wound, 75 mm in depth. One group then received a 40-microl aliquot of topical 1 mM TTX into the injured eye, whereas the other group received 40 microl of the sodium citrate vehicle as a control. The rabbits were treated with TTX or vehicle again at 6, 12, 18, and 24 h. Corneal sensation was tested at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30, 32, and 40 h. To determine whether TTX inhibited corneal reepithelialization, compared with vehicle-treated control eyes, the healing rate of the epithelial defect was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of TTX every 6 h for 24 h produced nearly complete anesthesia for > or = 30 h. At 32 h, 8 h after the final application of TTX, there was still significant anesthesia of the TTX-treated corneas (p = 0.0325, Wilcoxon test). Normal corneal sensation in all TTX-treated animals returned at 40 h, or 16 h after the final dose. In contrast, vehicle-treated eyes all had normal sensation for nearly the entire duration of the experiment. At 40 h, the TTX-treated eyes had slightly larger defects than vehicle-treated eyes, 7.85+/-1.74 versus 4.54+/-1.31 mm2 (p < 0.025, t test). However, at 49 h and thereafter, both groups were equally healed (p > 0.05, t test). No systemic toxicity was observed in any of the rabbits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical TTX is a long-acting and nontoxic local anesthetic in a rabbit model of excimer laser keratectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0730, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Duncan
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D054018:Lasers, Excimer; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D018903:Photorefractive Keratectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011817:Rabbits; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D013779:Tetrodotoxin