title: Effortful echolalia.
abstract: We report three cases of effortful echolalia in patients with cerebral infarction. The clinical picture of speech disturbance is associated with Type 1 Transcortical Motor Aphasia (TCMA, Goldstein, 1915). The patients always spoke nonfluently with loss of speech initiative, dysarthria, dysprosody, agrammatism, and increased effort and were unable to repeat sentences longer than those containing four or six words. In conversation, they first repeated a few words spoken to them, and then produced self initiated speech. The initial repetition as well as the subsequent self initiated speech, which were realized equally laboriously, can be regarded as mitigated echolalia (Pick, 1924). They were always aware of their own echolalia and tried to control it without effect. These cases demonstrate that neither the ability to repeat nor fluent speech are always necessary for echolalia. The possibility that a lesion in the left medial frontal lobe, including the supplementary motor area, plays an important role in effortful echolalia is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychogeriatrics, National Institute of Mental Health (NCNP), Nagoya. hadano@ncnp-k.go.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hadano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hamanaka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D004454:Echolalia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed