title: Protein and amino acid metabolism in three- to twelve-month-old infants fed human milk or formulas with varying protein concentrations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The metabolic response to different protein intakes from breast milk and/or formulas varying in protein concentrations, in combination with supplementary foods, has not been studied in infants who are in the second half of infancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy infants, exclusively breast-fed until 3 months old, were randomly assigned to one of three groups, F13, F15, or F18, and were given formulas with 13, 15, or 18 g/l of protein, respectively. Infants breast-fed (B) and mixed-fed (M) (breast milk and formula) at 6 months formed the fourth and fifth groups. All infants received the same supplementary foods and were studied from ages 3 to 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentrations of albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin were similar in all groups. At 6 months, serum and urine urea concentrations were lower in B and M, compared with urea levels in the formula-fed groups of infants. At 12 months, urine urea was lower in B + M than it was in F18. At 6 months, plasma concentrations of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and methionine were higher in all formula-fed groups; and those of valine. isoleucine, and threonine were higher in F18 and F15 than they were in B and M. Plasma concentrations of methionine, valine, and threonine were higher in F18 than in F13. At 12 months, plasma levels of tyrosine, methionine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine were higher in F18 than they were in B + M.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many indexes of protein metabolism were similar in groups F13, B, and M, particularly at 6 months. In contrast, the provision of a formula with 18 g/l of protein resulted in a different metabolic pattern, which could indicate unnecessarily high protein intakes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Karlsland Akeson
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Axelsson
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Räihä
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain / Q000097:blood; D000601:Amino Acids, Essential / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D008895:Milk, Human; D011228:Prealbumin / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; D000601:Amino Acids, Essential; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D011228:Prealbumin; D011506:Proteins; D012709:Serum Albumin; D014168:Transferrin; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine