title: Postimaging brain distortion: magnitude, correlates, and impact on neuronavigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This prospective study was conducted to quantify brain shifts during open cranial surgery, to determine correlations between these shifts and image characteristics, and to assess the impact of postimaging brain distortion on neuronavigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 48 operations, movements of the cortex on opening, the deep tumor margin, and the cortex at completion were measured relative to the preoperative image position with the aid of an image-guidance system. Bone surface offset was used to assess system accuracy and correct for registration errors. Preoperative images were examined for the presence of edema and to determine tumor volume, midline shift, and depth of the lesion below the skin surface. Results were analyzed for all cases together and separately for four tumor groups: 13 meningiomas, 18 gliomas, 11 nonglial intraaxial lesions, and six skull base lesions. For all 48 cases the mean shift of the cortex after dural opening was 4.6 mm, shift of the deep tumor margin was 5.1 mm, and shift of the cortex at completion was 6.7 mm. Each tumor group displayed unique patterns of shift, with significantly greater shift at depth in meningiomas than gliomas (p = 0.007) and significantly less shift in skull base cases than other groups (p = 0.003). Whereas the preoperative image characteristics correlating with shift of the cortex on opening were the presence of edema and depth of the tumor below skin surface, predictors of shift at depth were the presence of edema, the lesion volume, midline shift, and magnitude of shift of the cortex on opening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study quantified intraoperative brain distortion, determined the different behavior of tumors in four pathological groups, and identified preoperative predictors of shift with which the reliability of neuronavigation may be estimated.
authors.affiliation: Gough-Cooper Department of Neurological Surgery, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Dorward
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Velani
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Gerritsen
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Harkness
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Kitchen
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted