title: Radiation and chemotherapy instead of surgery for low infiltrative rectal adenocarcinoma: a prospective trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this prospective study was to determine the possibility of treatment based exclusively on chemotherapy and radiotherapy for patients with low infiltrative rectal tumors in an attempt to preserve sphincter function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with rectal adenocarcinoma up to 3 cm above the pectineal line with initial indications for abdominoperineal resection (APR) were submitted to a 5040-cGy (28 x 180 cGy) radiotherapy dose and chemotherapy during the first 3 and last 3 days of radiotherapy, using 425 mg/m2/day of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and 20 mg/m2/day of folinic acid. Levamisole was used at 150 mg/day for 3 consecutive days at 2-week intervals throughout the period of therapy. Patients with a complete response were not submitted to APR, but received additional brachytherapy for curative purposes with doses from 2000 to 3000 cGy. Patients with recurrence after a complete response, with partial response, or with no response were submitted to APR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six patients (37.5%) presented a complete response, five (31.25%) presented a partial response, and five (31.35%) did not respond. The disease-free interval ranged from 1 to 34 months (mean = 11 months) among the six patients with complete response, and only one patient not submitted to APR is currently asymptomatic. Among the 15 patients with an indication for APR, three refused surgery because of full improvement of clinical symptoms and currently have tumor activity in the rectum. Mean patient follow-up was 23.8 months (8 to 43 months), and ten patients (62.5%) showed no evidence of active disease at last follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The therapeutic schedule used was not effective in preserving sphincter function in patients with low infiltrative rectal adenocarcinoma, because responses, although very frequent, were only temporary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pelvic Surgery, A.C. Camargo Hospital, Antonio Prudente Foundation, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Novaes
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Filho
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopes
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D000931:Antidotes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001918:Brachytherapy; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007978:Levamisole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D012074:Remission Induction; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016312:Treatment Refusal
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000931:Antidotes; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D007978:Levamisole; D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil