title: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl on hospital wards: prospective experience with 1,030 surgical patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy and safety of patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) for postoperative analgesia on hospital wards was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postoperative analgesia was provided for 1,030 patients with PCEA using 0.05% bupivacaine and fentanyl, 4 microg/ml, in a standardized manner. Patients were seen at least twice a day by the staff of the anesthesia pain management service. Prospectively gathered data included verbal pain scores at rest and activity (0-10); consumption of bupivacaine and fentanyl; and incidences of pruritus, nausea, sedation, hypotension, motor block, and respiratory depression. Descriptive statistics were used. Risk factors for side effects were determined using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 552 women and 477 men who underwent a median (mode) of 3 (2) days of PCEA. Their mean age was 59 +/- 16 yr and their mean weight was 76 +/- 19 kg. There were 454 abdominal, 165 gynecologic, 126 urologic, 108 vascular, 90 thoracic, 83 orthopedic, and 4 plastic surgical procedures. Median (mode) pain scores were 1 (0) at rest and 4 (5) with activity on postoperative day 1. Incidences of side effects were 16.7% (pruritus), 14.8% (nausea), 13.2% (sedation), 6.8% (hypotension), 2% (motor block), and 0.3% (respiratory depression). Reasons for termination of PCEA were elective (82%), displaced epidural catheter (12%), anticoagulation (3%), infection (1%), side effects (1%), inadequate analgesia (1%), and other (<1%). Risk factors for side effects were female sex, patient weight <73 kg, patient age <58 yr, bupivacaine and fentanyl consumption >9 ml/h, use of analgesic adjuncts, and lumbar placement of epidural catheters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient-controlled epidural analgesia provides effective and safe postoperative analgesia on hospital wards.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, and the University of Washington, Seattle 98111, USA. anessl@vmmc.org
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Olsson
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012646:Self Administration; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine