title: Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of thromboembolism in high-risk patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators Committee on Echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) visualizes potential sources of embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation, but the clinical significance of TEE findings has not been prospectively established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define TEE predictors of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation and to examine response to antithrombotic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective correlation of TEE findings at study entry with subsequent ischemic stroke during 1.1-year mean follow-up of participants in a randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 echocardiography laboratories.
  
  
  METHODS
  382 patients with atrial fibrillation at high risk for thromboembolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adjusted-dose warfarin (international normalized ratio, 2 to 3) or low-intensity warfarin (international normalized ratio, 1.2 to 1.5) plus aspirin (325 mg/d).
  
  
  METHODS
  Size of left atrium and left atrial appendage, flow velocity, spontaneous echocardiographic contrast, thrombus, and plaque on the aortic arch.
  
  
  RESULTS
  23 ischemic strokes occurred. In patients with dense spontaneous echocardiographic contrast (20%), the rate of stroke was 18.2% per year with combination therapy (2.9 times the rate in patients without this finding; P = 0.06) and 4.5% per year with adjusted-dose warfarin (P = 0.09 for rate reduction). Appendage thrombus, detected in 10% of patients, was associated with dense spontaneous echocardiographic contrast (P < 0.001), was seen more frequently after 2 weeks of combination therapy (15%) than after 2 weeks of adjusted-dose warfarin (4%) (P = 0.004), and tripled the overall rate of stroke (P = 0.04). Patients with complex aortic plaque (35%) had a fourfold increased rate of stroke compared with plaque-free patients (P = 0.005); adjusted-dose warfarin decreased risk by 75% (P = 0.02). Dense spontaneous echocardiographic contrast and complex aortic plaque were independent of each other as predictors of thromboembolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation, subsequent rates of thromboembolism are correlated with dense spontaneous echocardiographic contrast, thrombus of the atrial appendage, and aortic plaque. Adjusted-dose warfarin reduces the rate of stroke among patients with dense contrast and complex plaque. In patients with atrial fibrillation, the pathogenesis of stroke is multifactorial, and warfarin seems effective for the diverse mechanisms.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D014859:Warfarin; D001241:Aspirin