title: An immunohistochemical study of innervation of lumbar spinal dura and longitudinal ligaments.
abstract: METHODS
  An immunocytochemical study of nerve fibers in lumbar spinal dura and longitudinal ligaments was conducted in New Zealand white rabbits.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the presence of nerve fibers and to establish the presence of nociceptive and sympathetic nerve fibers in lumbar dura and longitudinal ligaments.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The role of dura as a source of low back pain is still unclear, and the data present a somewhat conflicting picture of the nature of nociceptive innervation in this tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  An immunocytochemical method was used to study dura and longitudinal ligaments from New Zealand White rabbits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Numerous fine nerve fibers and some small bundles were demonstrated in both the dura and the longitudinal ligaments. In dorsal dura, the fibers were seen at lateral margins running toward midline. In ventral dura and longitudinal ligaments, the fibers were seen throughout the substance of these tissues. A population of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and tyrosine hydroxylase-reactive nerve fibers were observed in all the tissues. In addition, fibers exhibiting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase activity were also observed, indicating the presence of nitric oxide in dura.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results clearly demonstrate an extensive distribution of nerve fibers in dura and longitudinal ligaments. The presence of a significant number of putative nociceptive fibers supports a possible role for these structures as a source of low back pain and radicular pain.
authors.affiliation: Wayne State University, Bioengineering Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kallakuri
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cavanaugh
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Blagoev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008022:Ligaments / Q000294:innervation*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008297:Male; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism*; D013131:Spine / Q000294:innervation*; D013373:Substance P / Q000378:metabolism; D013869:Thiolester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase
chemical_list: D013373:Substance P; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase; D013869:Thiolester Hydrolases; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide