title: Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with Fontan repair of functional single ventricle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the neurodevelopmental status of children after Fontan repair of functional single ventricle and to examine the relationship between cognitive function and selected patient characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurodevelopmental tests including the Stanford-Binet Intelligence (IQ) scale and the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI) were administered to 32 children (26 months to 16 years of age) with complex single ventricle. The mean and distribution of IQ and VMI scores were compared with population norms. The relationship between test scores and patient characteristics was examined utilizing analysis of variance and correlational methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of children had intellectual function within the normal range (mean, 97.5 +/- 12.1). Below average VMI scores were found in 21.4% of children. There were no significant correlations between intellectual function or visual motor integration ability and preoperative oxygen saturation or age at Fontan. Children who had deep hypothermic circulatory arrest during a prior Norwood procedure tended to have a lower IQ score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intellectual development in children with Fontan repair of complex heart defects is essentially within the normal range. Visual motor integration deficits may be more prevalent in these children. In our population, the duration and degree of preoperative hypoxemia had no apparent effect on cognitive function.
authors.affiliation: Children's Heart Institute, San Diego, California 92123, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uzark
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lincoln
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lamberti
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mainwaring
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Spicer
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D013195:Stanford-Binet Test