title: Use of calcium channel blockers and risk of suicide: ecological findings confirmed in population based cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate possible associations between use of cardiovascular drugs and suicide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional ecological study based on rates of use of eight cardiovascular drug groups by outpatients. A population based cohort study including users of drugs to control hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ecological study included 152 of Sweden's 284 municipalities. The cohort study included all inhabitants of one Swedish municipality who during 1988 or 1989 had purchased cardiovascular agents from pharmacies within the municipality. Six hundred and seventeen subjects (18.2%) were classified as users of calcium channel blockers and 2780 (81.8%) as non-users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Partial correlations (least squares method) between rates of use of cardiovascular drugs and age standardised mortality from suicide in Swedish municipalities. Hazard ratios for risk of suicide with adjustments for difference in age and sex in users of calcium channel blockers compared with users of other hypertensive drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the Swedish municipalities the use of each cardiovascular drug group except angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors correlated significantly and positively with suicide rates. After adjustment for the use of other cardiovascular drug groups, as a substitute for the prevalence of cardiovascular morbidity, only the correlation with calcium channel blockers remained significant (r = 0.29, P < 0.001). In the cohort study, five users and four non-users of calcium channel blockers committed suicide during the follow up until the end of 1994. The absolute risk associated with use of calcium channel blockers was 1.1 suicides per 1000 person years. The relative risk, adjusted for differences in age and sex, among users versus non-users was 5.4 (95% confidence interval 1.4 to 20.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of calcium channel blockers may increase the risk of suicide.
authors.affiliation: Swedish Network for Pharmacoepidemiology, Foundation, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden. gunnar.lindberg@nepi.a.se
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bingefors
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ranstam
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Råstam
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melander
mesh_terms: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers