title: Correlation of clinical, radiographic, and surgical localization of intervertebral disc extrusion in small-breed dogs: a prospective study of 50 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare prospectively clinical, radiographic, and surgical findings of intervertebral disc extrusion (IDE) localization in small-breed dogs and to determine the best means of lesion localization for the purpose of hemilaminectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical, radiographic, and surgical findings of small-breed dogs with thoracolumbar IDE were prospectively compared for agreement on lesion localization.
  
  
  METHODS
  50 small-breed dogs with IDE treated at the three participating veterinary hospitals were included in the study if no other confounding diseases were identified and if the owner gave permission for diagnostic tests and surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and surgical findings were recorded by the surgeon assigned to the case. Radiographic studies were evaluated independently by two radiologists blinded as to the clinical and surgical findings. kappa values and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for agreement on lesion localization by clinical, radiographic, and surgical means and for agreement between radiologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  kappa values for agreement of lesion localization were as follows: clinical versus surgical, 0.595; radiologist A versus radiologist B, 0.81; radiologist A versus surgical findings, 0.60; radiologist B versus surgical findings, 0.71. Both radiologists' interpretation of IDE localization agreed with surgical localization in 60% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical lateralization of IDE was found to be the least reliable factor of those studied for determining on which side the hemilaminectomy should be performed. Results of this study differ from those of previous studies examining the reliability of myelography to localize the site of IDE accurately. The results of this study further suggest that surgery may not be an absolute standard for determination of the localization of IDE in small-breed dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intervertebral disc extrusion in small-breed dogs frequently results in bilateral distribution of extruded material. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging may be necessary to delineate completely the distribution of extruded disc material in IDE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Waldron
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006941:Hyperesthesia / Q000662:veterinary; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D007796:Laminectomy / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D009192:Myelography / Q000662:veterinary; D011446:Prospective Studies