title: India ink tattooing in the esophagus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Precise endoscopic measurement of esophageal landmarks is difficult and inaccurate because of the ability of the esophagus to lengthen and foreshorten.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients enrolled to date in a study of Barrett's esophagus had an India ink tattoo placed at the most proximal level of the squamocolumnar junction and were examined endoscopically at 3, 9, 15, 24, and 36 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen of nineteen patients (94.7%) were judged to have a good to excellent tattoo persistence at 3 months. One of the 19 patients (5.3%) had poor tattoo persistence and was retattooed at the 3-month interval. Eventually, 15 of the 15 patients (100%) who remained in the study had a good or excellent tattoo persistence at 36 months. There were no complications related to India ink tattooing including chest pain, bleeding, or perforation. At follow-up endoscopy, no ulcers, inflammation, break in the mucosa, or pain were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  India ink tattooing in the esophagus is safe and persistent and may be used as an effective method for longitudinal follow-up of lesions in the esophagus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6200, USA.
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Carrougher
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Root
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Angueira
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Szyjkowski
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kadakia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000473:pathology*; D002244:Carbon; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013653:Tattooing; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; C028433:chinese ink; D002244:Carbon