title: Correcting scaling errors in tomographic images using a nine degree of freedom registration algorithm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical imaging systems, especially MR scanners, frequently have errors of a few percent in their voxel dimensions. We evaluate a nine degree of freedom registration algorithm that maximizes mutual information for determining scaling errors. We evaluate it by registering MR and CT images for each of five patients (patient scaling) and by registering MR images of a phantom to a computer model of the phantom (phantom scaling).
  
  
  METHODS
  Each scaling method was validated using bone-implanted markers localized in the patient images and also intraoperatively. The root mean square residual in the alignment of the fiducial markers [fiducial registration error (FRE)] was determined without scale correction, with patient scaling, and with phantom scaling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each scaling method significantly reduced the average FRE (p < 0.05) for MR to CT registration and for MR to physical space registration, indicating that voxel scaling errors were reduced. The greater reduction in scaling errors was achieved using the phantom scaling method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated that a nine degree of freedom registration algorithm that maximizes mutual information can significantly reduce scaling errors in MR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, UMDS, Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, England.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Studholme
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hawkes
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002138:Calibration; D003287:Contrast Media; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA