title: Low-dose clozapine in acute and continuation treatment of severe borderline personality disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychotic-like symptoms in patients affected by borderline personality disorder (BPD) are usually treated with low-dose neuroleptics, which show controversial acute effects and lead to a worsening of affective-related symptoms and to severe neurologic side effects after prolonged administration. Clozapine lacks the neurologic side effects of traditional neuroleptics and has been shown to successfully treat psychotic-like symptoms in BPD patients at medium dose. We performed an open-label trial of low-dose clozapine in severe BPD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve BPD inpatients (DSM-IV criteria) with severe psychotic-like symptoms were studied. Exclusion criteria included comorbid Axis I and medical pathologies. All patients had followed a therapeutic program without improvement for at least 4 months before admission. The clozapine dose was titrated upward on an individual basis until the complete disappearance of psychotic-like symptoms was achieved. Clinician-rated scales were completed at the beginning of the study and after 4 and 16 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients completed the 16-week study. Individual clozapine doses ranged from 25 to 100 mg/day. Psychotic-like symptoms decreased within the first 3 weeks of treatment, as confirmed by a statistically significant decrease in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores. This amelioration was coupled with an overall improvement, including a reduction in impulsive behaviors and in affective-related symptoms (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression) and an increase in global functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose clozapine for acute and continuation treatment led to improvement in overall symptomatology in a small sample of severe BPD patients.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Scientifico Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, University of Milan, School of Medicine, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sforzini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maffei
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smeraldi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003024:Clozapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine