title: Chemical synthesis and structural characterization of the RGD-protein decorsin: a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation.
abstract: Decorsin is a 39-residue RGD-protein crosslinked by three disulfide bridges isolated from the leech Macrobdella decora belonging to the family of GPIIb-IIIa antagonists and acting as a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Here we report the solid-phase synthesis of decorsin using the Fmoc strategy. The crude polypeptide was purified by reverse-phase HPLC in its reduced form and allowed to refold in the presence of glutathione. The homogeneity of the synthetic oxidized decorsin was established by reverse-phase HPLC and capillary zone electrophoresis. The results of amino acid analysis after acid hydrolysis of the synthetic protein, NH2-terminal sequencing and mass determination (4,377 Da) by electrospray mass spectrometry were in full agreement with this theory. The correct pairing of the three disulfide bridges in synthetic decorsin was determined by a combined approach of both peptide mapping using proteolytic enzymes and analysis of the disulfide chirality by CD spectroscopy in the near-UV region. Synthetic decorsin inhibited human platelet aggregation with an IC50 of approximately 0.1 microM, a figure quite similar to that determined utilizing decorsin from natural source. In particular, the synthetic protein was 2,000-fold more potent than a model RGD-peptide (e.g., Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser) in inhibiting platelet aggregation. Thermal denaturation experiments of synthetic decorsin, monitored by CD spectroscopy, revealed its high thermal stability (Tm approximately 74 degrees C). The features of the oxidative refolding process of reduced decorsin, as well as the thermal stability of the oxidized species, were compared with those previously determined for the NH2-terminal core domain fragment 1-41 or 1-43 from hirudin. This fragment shows similarity in size, pairing of the three disulfides and three-dimensional structure with those of decorsin, even if very low sequence similarity. It is suggested that the less efficient oxidative folding and the enhanced thermal stability of decorsin in respect to those of hirudin core domain likely can be ascribed to the presence of the six Pro residues in the decorsin chain, whereas none is present in the hirudin domain. The results of this study indicate that decorsin can be obtained by solid-phase methodology in purity and quantities suitable for structural and functional studies and thus open the way to prepare by chemical methods novel decorsin derivatives containing unusual amino acids or even non-peptidic moieties.
authors.affiliation: CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Polverino de Laureto
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scaramella
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Filippis
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Doni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fontana
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007865:Leeches; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D011506:Proteins / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D004220:Disulfides; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D011506:Proteins; C064478:decorsin; C047981:arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid