title: Cr(III)-mediated crosslinks of glutathione or amino acids to the DNA phosphate backbone are mutagenic in human cells.
abstract: Carcinogenic Cr(VI) compounds were previously found to induce amino acid/glutathione-Cr(III)-DNA crosslinks with the site of adduction on the phosphate backbone. Utilizing the pSP189 shuttle vector plasmid we found that these ternary DNA adducts were mutagenic in human fibroblasts. The Cr(III)-glutathione adduct was the most potent in this assay, followed by Cr(III)-His and Cr(III)-Cys adducts. Binary Cr(III)-DNA complexes were only weakly mutagenic, inducing a significant response only at a 10 times higher number of adducts compared with Cr(III)-glutathione. Single base substitutions at the G:C base pairs were the predominant type of mutations for all Cr(III) adducts. Cr(III), Cr(III)-Cys and Cr(III)-His adducts induced G:C-->A:T transitions and G:C-->T:A transversions with almost equal frequency, whereas the Cr(III)-glutathione mutational spectrum was dominated by G:C-->T:A transversions. Adduct-induced mutations were targeted toward G:C base pairs with either A or G in the 3' position to the mutated G, while spontaneous mutations occurred mostly at G:C base pairs with a 3' A. No correlation was found between the sites of DNA adduction and positions of base substitution, as adducts were formed randomly on DNA with no base specificity. The observed mutagenicity of Cr(III)-induced phosphotriesters demonstrates the importance of a Cr(III)-dependent pathway in Cr(VI) carcinogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine and The Kaplan Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York University Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Voitkun
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhitkovich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine; D001482:Base Composition; D001483:Base Sequence; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D003596:Cytosine; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000633:toxicity*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000633:toxicity*; D006147:Guanine; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016296:Mutagenesis; D010957:Plasmids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013941:Thymine; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D018736:DNA Adducts; D002857:Chromium; D006147:Guanine; D003596:Cytosine; D005978:Glutathione; D000225:Adenine; D013941:Thymine