title: Intraoperative high dose rate brachytherapy in recurrent or metastatic colorectal carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The survival of patients with recurrent or metastatic colorectal cancer usually is less than 12 months. In an attempt to improve this dismal prognosis, we investigated the role of intraoperative high dose rate brachytherapy (IOHDR) in the management of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 1992 to December 1996, 26 patients with locally recurrent or metastatic colorectal carcinoma were treated with maximal surgical resection and IOHDR. Intraoperative radiation dose ranged from 10 to 20 Gy, prescribed at 0.5 cm depth. The residual tumor irradiated was microscopic in 16 patients (62%) and gross residual in 10 patients (38%). Six patients received postoperative external beam radiation therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a median follow-up of 28 months (range 6 to 54 months), seven of 15 evaluable patients (47%) failed in the area treated with IOHDR. The median time to local failure was 21 months (range 4 to 52 months). The median survival was 23 months (microscopic 24 months; gross 17 months), with a 4-year actuarial survival rate of 36%. Major morbidity was observed in 7 patients (47%) and usually was surgery-related.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of IOHDR in association with radical resection increases local control in patients with recurrent or metastatic colorectal cancer. Patients with microscopic residual disease achieved a better result than do those with gross residual disease. Future strategies include the addition of limited EBRT dose to IOHDR, even for previously irradiated patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nag
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martinez-Monge
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grecula
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nieroda
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D010386:Pelvic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome