title: Meningococcal meningitis among Rwandan refugees: diagnosis, management, and outcome in a field hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the diagnostic process, clinical course, and outcome of Rwandan refugees with meningococcal meningitis, treated in an Israeli field hospital in Goma, Zaire, in the summer of 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient hospital charts and laboratory records were reviewed with critical evaluation of clinical presentation and diagnostic tests. Patients were treated as part of a disaster relief effort in a refugee camp experiencing several coexisting lethal epidemics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 65 patients were identified as having group A meningococcal meningitis. Latex agglutination test for Neisseria meningitidis soluble antigen in the cerebrospinal fluid was found to be a superior diagnostic tool, as compared to Gram stain, and at least as effective as culture. The mortality rate was 14%; mortality was markedly affected by co-morbidity (e.g., dysentery, pneumonia, and malnutrition).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcome of patients with meningococcal meningitis, treated in referral centers within a disaster area may be favorable, despite overwhelming coexisting epidemics, and may be comparable to that achieved in advanced medical facilities. Encephalopathy may be a diagnostic pitfall in the perspective of coexisting epidemics, requiring a high index of suspicion and routine lumbar puncture. The latex agglutination test is highly useful in achieving prompt diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis, in particular when sample handling for culture and microscopy is suboptimal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hospital, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Heyman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ginosar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amir
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maayan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D019468:Disease Management; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006772:Hospitals, Military; D006801:Humans; D007841:Latex Fixation Tests; D008297:Male; D008585:Meningitis, Meningococcal / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000276:immunology; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012036:Refugees; D012066:Relief Work; D012432:Rwanda; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D010406:Penicillins; D002701:Chloramphenicol