title: HIV type 1 in Thailand, 1994-1995: persistence of two subtypes with low genetic diversity.
abstract: Extensive transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in Thailand began in 1988, resulting in an estimated 800,000 cumulative infections by 1994. During 1994 and 1995, we collected blood specimens from 215 asymptomatic HIV-1-infected people with various risk behaviors from nine locations in all four regions of Thailand. HIV-1 subtypes and genetic heterogeneity were determined for 214 strains by a combination of direct DNA sequencing (n = 95), subtype-specific oligonucleotide probe testing (n = 201), and V3-loop peptide enzyme immunoassay (PEIA) (n = 214). All strains were either env subtype E (175; 81.8%) or B (39; 18.2%). Of the subtype B isolates, 37 (94.9%) were B' and 2 (5.1%) were more typical North American-like B strains (most subtype B strains in Thailand are part of a distinct subcluster within the subtype B branch on phylogenetic trees, termed B'; formerly Thai B or BB). Of 149 viruses from people with sexual risk behaviors from all regions, 146 (98.0%) were subtype E. Of 65 viruses from injecting drug users (IDUs), 29 (44.6%) were subtype E and 36 (55.4%) were subtype B, including 35 B' strains. There was regional variation in the proportions of subtypes E and B' among IDUs. The intrasubtype nucleotide divergence within the V3 and flanking regions of the env gene (mid-C2 to the start of the V4 region) was low (5.7% for subtype E and 3.1% for subtype B') compared with other HIV-1 group M subtypes from different countries. These findings of two subtypes with low heterogeneity indicate that Thailand may be a desirable setting for evaluating candidate HIV-1 vaccines. The mix of subtype E and B' strains among IDUs also offers the opportunity to study phenotypic differences between the two subtypes.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subbarao
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Limpakarnjanarat
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Mastro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bhumisawasdi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Warachit
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jayavasu
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kalish
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schochetman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015752:Genes, env; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012309:Risk-Taking; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; C059762:HIV envelope protein gp120 (305-321); D010446:Peptide Fragments