title: Quantification of ethnic differences in facial profile.
abstract: The concept of facial aesthetics is becoming increasingly important and with the expanding application of orthodontic, orthognathic, plastic and reconstructive techniques to patients from continually diversifying ethnic backgrounds, it is timely that more elaborate methods for the evaluation of facial form are adopted. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the use of Fourier shape analysis in the quantification of facial profile and to investigate differences between racial groups. One hundred and twenty-two undergraduate dental students were photographed and surveyed for information pertaining to ethnic origin. Student's t-tests revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in higher-order (fourth- and above) Fourier harmonics between male and female profiles, as well as between intervention and non-intervention groups. A comparison of multiple means test revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the third-order Fourier harmonic (vertex projection) between the Asian group and three other groups--Anglo-Celtic, Eastern European and Western European. Differences correlated with convexity in the lower third of the face, which was demonstrated by Fourier reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Science, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Sheridan
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Clement
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004954:Esthetics; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010781:Photography; D013335:Students, Dental; D014739:Victoria