title: Gemcitabine induces programmed cell death and activates protein kinase C in BG-1 human ovarian cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cytosine arabinoside induces apoptosis and this cell death process is influenced by protein kinase C signaling events in leukemic cells. We present findings that extend these observations to include another deoxycytidine analog, gemcitabine, which is more potent in solid tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gemcitabine induced programmed cell death in BG-1 human ovarian cancer cells based on biochemical and morphologic analyses. The DNA was fragmented in BG-1 cells exposed to gemcitabine (0.5 microM, 1.0 microM and 10 microM) for 8 h, but gemcitabine treatment did not induce internucleosomal DNA degradation. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of BG-1 cells showed morphologic changes associated with apoptosis in response to gemcitabine: membrane blebbing, the formation of apoptotic bodies and chromatin condensation. Thus, BG-1 cells undergo programmed cell death in response to gemcitabine treatment without internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, gemcitabine (10 microM) activated protein kinase C in BG-1 cells and the phosphorylation of the endogenous protein kinase C substrate, myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate, was increased following exposure of BG-1 cells to gemcitabine for up to 6 h. Clonogenicity studies with gemcitabine in combination with various protein kinase C-modulating agents demonstrated that gemcitabine cytotoxicity was influenced by protein kinase C signaling events in BG-1 cells. Short-term (1 h) exposure to TPA (1 or 10 nM) followed by gemcitabine (0.5 microM for 4 h) did not alter the response to gemcitabine. However, a 24-h exposure to TPA followed by gemcitabine resulted in synergistic cytotoxicity, while coincubation of TPA with a PKC inhibitor (e.g. bisindolylmaleimide or calphostin-C) in this regimen abrogated the synergistic response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our findings, it is plausible that gemcitabine therapy could be improved by modulating PKC signaling events linked to drug-induced apoptosis/cytotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1082, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cartee
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Kucera
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000187:drug effects*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D000093542:Gemcitabine