title: Tenoscopic anatomy of the equine carpal flexor synovial sheath.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the tenoscopic anatomy of the carpal sheath of the flexor tendons (carpal sheath) viewed from a lateral approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tenoscopic observation of structures within the carpal sheath subsequently confirmed by dissection.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 equine cadaveric forelimbs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The limbs were positioned lateral side up with the carpus slightly flexed. After distention of the carpal sheath, a portal for the arthroscope was made approximately 3 cm proximal to the distal radial physis and 2.5 cm caudal to the radius between the tendons of the ulnaris lateralis and lateral digital extensor muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A lateral tenoscopic approach was adequate to identify all structures within the carpal sheath. From proximal to distal, structures identified using this approach were the radial head of the deep digital flexor muscle, accessory ligament of the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle, distal radial physis, tendons of the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles, accessory carpal bone, antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints, and vincula of the tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A lateral tenoscopic approach offered an easy, repeatable entry into the carpal sheath and allowed good observation of all structures within the sheath except for the medial borders of the tendons of the deep and superficial digital flexor muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Applications of a lateral tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath include diagnostic procedures, lavage and synovial resection for septic tenosynovitis, desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle for flexural deformity or tendinitis, and removal of osteochondromas from the distal radial metaphysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Southwood
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Stashak
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kainer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000662:veterinary; D002102:Cadaver; D002350:Carpus, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology*