title: Emergence of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae ocular infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately 15-20% of Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates in the United States are not susceptible to penicillin. Isolates with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.12-1.0 mg/ml are intermediately resistant, and those with an MIC > 2.0 microg/ml are classified as having high-level penicillin resistance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We determined the proportion of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae recovered from ocular and periocular infections from 1976 through 1995, compared these cases with penicillin-susceptible controls, and evaluated the susceptibility of penicillin-resistant isolates to selected cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones.
  
  
  METHODS
  MICs for cephalothin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin were determined for available isolates by the E test. We performed a case-comparison study to evaluate differences between patients with penicillin-susceptible and -nonsusceptible ocular pneumococcal infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 173 ocular isolates of S. pneumoniae isolated in the 20-year period, 12 (7%) were not susceptible to penicillin, including eight (5%) intermediate isolates and four (2%) highly resistant isolates. Penicillin-intermediate and -resistant pneumococci were recovered at a rate of none of 46 isolates from 1976 through 1980, one (4%) of 25 from 1981 through 1985, one (2%) of 51 from 1986 through 1990, and 10 (20%) of 51 from 1991 through 1995 (p < 0.0004). We found no significant differences in presenting characteristics between patients with ocular infections due to penicillin-susceptible pneumococci and those caused by nonsusceptible strains. All retested isolates with intermediate susceptibility to penicillin had a cephalothin MIC < or = 1.5 microg/ml, and all retested isolates with high-level penicillin resistance had a cephalothin MIC > or = 4 microg/ml. The ceftazidime MIC for all penicillin-resistant isolates was > or = 24 microg/ml. All penicillin-nonsusceptible isolates had MICs < or = 1.5 microg/ml for ciprofloxacin and < or = 3 microg/ml for ofloxacin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Penicillin resistance has recently emerged among ocular S. pneumoniae. Cephalothin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin have good activity against some ocular isolates with intermediate penicillin susceptibility, although another agent such as vancomycin may be needed for pneumococci with high-level penicillin-resistance.
authors.affiliation: Sid W. Richardson Ocular Microbiology Laboratory, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Penland
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Wilhelmus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D010406:Penicillins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D010406:Penicillins