title: Laparoscopic intra-abdominal ligation and removal of cryptorchid testes in horses.
abstract: Laparoscopic intra-abdominal ligation and removal of cryptorchid testes in horses was evaluated retrospectively in 50 horses that underwent the procedure between 1991 and 1996. Sixty-one cryptorchid testes were removed by one of the following methods; the use of 1) an endoscoping stapling and transection device, 2) an endoscopic clipping device, 3) an endoscopic ligating loop. Monopolar electrosurgery was combined with these methods to facilitate coagulation and cutting of tissue. In 8 horses, 9 testes were retained between the internal and external inguinal rings. The inguinal testes were removed by cutting the internal inguinal ring and bringing the testis back into the abdomen for removal. No attempt was made to close the internal inguinal ring. The most frequently employed and most cost effective method for laparoscopic intra-abdominal removal of cryptorchid testes in this study was the combined use of an endoscopic ligating loop and monopolar electrosurgery. One intra-operative complication (perforation of the small intestine) occurred and was dealt with successfully. One horse developed a fever attributed to upper respiratory tract infection post operatively and was treated successfully with antibiotic. Intra-abdominal ligation and transection of cryptorchid testes is an effective method for cryptorchid castration. This technique minimises the loss of insufflation, allows inspection of the cut tissue for haemorrhage and offers secure closure of the abdominal wall preventing inguinal herniation and excellent visualisation of the cryptorchid testis.
authors.affiliation: Chino Valley Equine Hospital, California 91710, USA.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vachon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000662:veterinary; D006736:Horses / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008026:Ligation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies