title: Prevalence of hypophosphatemia in sepsis and infection: the role of cytokines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sepsis occurs following the presence of bacteria in the circulation and is associated with fever, hyperthermia, and hypotension. Hypophosphatemia develops in the early stages of sepsis. High levels of inflammatory cytokines also characterize early sepsis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to correlate hypophosphatemia with cytokines and cytokine receptor levels during early sepsis. We aimed to reestablish the results obtained from patients in an in vivo experimental model, in order to understand the mechanism of hypophosphatemia induction in early sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-nine patients were enrolled in this study and their clinical condition was classified as the presence of infection, sepsis, and bacterial growth in blood cultures. Phosphate levels and cytokine levels were recorded. In order to determine whether hypophosphatemia is correlated to the increased inflammatory cytokines, we injected normal mice with recombinant cytokines and studied their effect on phosphate levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results revealed that 80% of the septic patients had hypophosphatemia associated with very high levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 and of soluble IL receptor (sIL)-2R and IL-6R, especially in those patients with positive blood cultures. Injection of IL-6, TNFalpha and IL-1beta in mice markedly decreased the phosphate serum levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant associations were demonstrated between high levels of inflammatory cytokines and their receptors and between serum phosphate levels, especially in patients with positive blood culture. Our results point to a correlation between the high inflammatory cytokines levels and hypophosphatemia during early sepsis. Cytokine levels and hypophosphatemia may be included in sepsis evaluation and prognosis. Anticytokine strategies might, therefore, reverse hypophosphatemia and other parameters of sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Laboratory for Tumor Diagnosis, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kalickman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nisman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gurman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoenfeld
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D017674:Hypophosphatemia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D015995:Prevalence; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000097:blood*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha