title: Seat interface pressures of individuals with paraplegia: influence of dynamic wheelchair locomotion compared with static seated measurements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a comparison of the seat interface pressures between static seating and dynamic seating during wheelchair locomotion of individuals with paraplegia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) comparing two conditions: static seat and dynamic seat interface pressures.
  
  
  METHODS
  University campus and clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen participants, each of whom propelled a manual wheelchair for at least 5 hours per week over the previous 6 months and functioned with a spinal cord injury/ disability level of T1 or below.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peak pressure (PP) and pressure time integral (PTI) as measured by the Novel Pliance System, which consists of a flexible 32 x 32 capacitive sensor mat (each sensor 1.5 cm2) interfaced with a PC, was sampled at 10Hz. The participants were measured in their own wheelchair with a new Jay Active seat cushion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The repeated measures MANOVA showed a difference in the PP and PTI between the static and dynamic measurements (Wilk's = .00, p < .05). Follow-up dependent t tests yielded a difference in PP (t = 5.40, p < 0.025) and no difference in the PTI between static and dynamic conditions (t = 1.45, p > 0.025). The PP during static seating (mean = 16.2 +/- 5.0 kPa [121 +/- 37.5 mmHg]) was less than during dynamic seat interface pressures during wheelchair locomotion (20.03 +/- 6.6 kPa [152.3 +/- 49.5 mmHg]). PP varied by up to 42% during the wheelchair locomotion cycle. The PTI was similar between static (30.1 +/- 9.3 kPa [225.75 +/- 69 mmHg]) and dynamic conditions (36.2 +/- 18.1 kPa [271 +/- 135.7 mmHg]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study are consistent with some of the previous work on the nondisabled and a single case study, but with greater external validity because of the nature of the sample chosen and the methodology employed. PPs were greater during dynamic wheelchair locomotion compared with static seating interface pressures, with the peak varying up to 42% during the wheelchair locomotion cycle. The PTI indicates that the cumulative effect of the loading was comparable between conditions. The question that remains is whether this dynamic loading, resulting in a change in PP throughout the cycle, has a significant effect on tissue health.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse, USA.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kernozek
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lewin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002081:Buttocks / Q000502:physiology*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011312:Pressure; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology; D014910:Wheelchairs