title: Efficacy and safety of iodine in the postpartum period in an area of mild iodine deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iodine deficiency (even moderate) plays a major role in pregnancy associated goiter development, which is only party reversible after pregnancy. The prevalence of post partum thyroiditis is reported to be slightly lower in areas of iodine deficiency. Thus iodine supplementation may be effective in decreasing pregnancy associated increase in thyroid volume, but enhances the risk of increasing the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in the post partum period. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of iodine supplementation (with two different doses: 50 microg and 250 microg) on the prevalence of post partum thyroiditis and the decrease in thyroid volume up to 8 months post partum in an area of mild iodine deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thyroid volume of 56 women was evaluated 5 days and 3 months after delivery (study I). In an intervention study (Study II) 70 women were randomized to receive 50 or 250 microg of potassium iodide for a period of 8 months post partum beginning five days after delivery. Thyroid volume, the echogenecity of the thyroid gland, thyroid hormone parameters (T4, T3, fT4, TSH) and thyroid antibodies (TPO and Tg-Ab) were measured 5 days, 3 and 8 months after delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total number of 11 women developed postpartum thyroid dysfunction: 4 women developed manifest thyroid dysfunction (3 hyperthyroidism and 1 hypothyroidism) 3 months post partum. The remaining seven had subclinical hypo- or hyperthyroidism. All changes were clinically mild and transient as evidenced by normalization of thyroid hormone parameters on reexamination at 8 months. Among the eleven, 6 women in the 50 microg iodine group and 5 women of the 250 microg iodine group developed thyroid dysfunction, suggesting that the iodine dose did not affect post partum thyroiditis. The administration of only 50 microg iodine was associated with a significant fall of thyroid size already 3 months after delivery (25.4 +/- 1.5 ml (mean +/- sem) to 18.2 +/- 1.25 p <0.001). The application of 250 microg iodine was equally effective. 8 months post partum a slight but further decrease could be demonstrated. On the other hand, in study I no significant reduction in thyroid volume was observed in women receiving no supplementary iodine (thyroid volume at delivery 29 +/- 2.2 ml; at 3 months 27.5 +/- 3.0 ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The administration of supplementary iodine (up to 250 microg) to an unselected population, residing in an area of mild iodine deficiency, in the post partum period is save as indicated by a prevalence of 5.7% manifest thyroid dysfunction. These changes are clinically mild and transient. Even the amount of 50 microg of iodine supplementation seems to by very efficient in reducing pregnancy associated increments in thyroid volume.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen, D-45122, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kohl
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hollmann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klapp
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benker
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reinwein
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006042:Goiter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency*; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D013966:Thyroiditis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D007455:Iodine