title: Cryosurgery as a treatment for advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma: results, complications, and alcohol ablation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to investigate the use of cryosurgery and to determine whether there is a role for combined therapy with alcohol ablation in the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients with biopsy proven hepatocellular carcinoma underwent ultrasound-guided cryosurgical ablation of their liver tumor. Postoperative alcohol ablation was performed on those patients who were found to have residual tumor or recurrence after the cryosurgical procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 12 patients (9 males, 3 females) the size of the primary tumor ranged from 3-13 cm with average size of 7 cm in greatest dimension. Most patients had advanced disease according to the TNM staging system: 9 patients had Stage IVA disease, 2 Stage III, and 1 Stage II. Three patients had residual tumors after the cryosurgical procedure. The residual tumor was treated with alcohol ablation. The 1-year survival rate for the entire group was 50% (5 of 10) and the 2-year survival rate was 30% (3 of 10). At last follow-up, 1 patient with an 8-cm tumor was disease free for 3 years and another patient with a 13-cm tumor was disease free for 2.5 years. Both of these patients had Stage IVA disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors found cryosurgery to be promising in the treatment of this extremely aggressive form of cancer, with the ability to prolong patient survival. Follow-up treatment with alcohol ablation is an important adjunct in treating residual tumor and controlling recurrences.
authors.affiliation: Cryosurgical Center of Southern California, Alhambra Hospital, 91801, USA.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Gala
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011859:Radiography; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D000431:Ethanol