title: Mechanisms of relaxation of rat aorta in response to progesterone and synthetic progestins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the acute effects of progesterone, chlormadinone acetate (CMA), norethisterone acetate (NETA) and dienogest (DNG) with those of 17 beta-estradiol (17 beta-E2) on the vascular reactivity of male rat thoracic aorta.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aortic rings with or without endothelium were placed in an organ bath for isometric tension recording. The integrity of the endothelium was assessed by the relaxant response of precontracted rings to acetylcholine (1 and 10 microM), which was diminished after mechanical removal of the endothelium. The concentrations of the steroid hormones were 0.01-10 microM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vessels precontracted with phenylephrine (1 microM), CaCl2 (3 mM) or KCl (30 mM), progesterone, CMA and NETA (10 microM each) an endothelium-independent relaxation of 20-35% resulted, with a maximum response after 20-30 min, while DNG had a negligible effect in all experiments. The same concentration of 17 beta-E2 was twice as potent as the progestins. Indomethacin, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor and glibenclamide, an inhibitor of the ATP-sensitive potassium channels, did not affect the relaxant responses. The antagonists of progesterone receptors J 867 (1 microM) as well as of estrogen receptors ICI 182780 (1 microM) did not counteract the relaxation induced by progesterone and 17 beta-E2, respectively. Progesterone (10 microM) did not interfere with endothelium-dependent acetylcholine-induced relaxation of precontracted aortic rings. Pretreatment of the vessels with the hormones attenuated the maximal contractile response to phenylephrine. In the presence of verapamil (1 microM) or progesterone (10 microM) or 17 beta-E2 (1 and 10 microM) the concentration-response curves for calcium-induced contractions in K(+)-depolarized vessels were shifted to the right, with suppression of the maximum response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies suggest that in addition to 17 beta-E2 the progestins, progesterone, CMA and NETA caused a reduction of vascular tone, probably due to blockade of voltage-dependent and/or receptor-operated calcium channels.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vascular Biology and Medicine, University of Jena, Medical Faculty, Erfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Glusa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gräser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oettel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002715:Chlormadinone Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009277:Nandrolone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000494:pharmacology; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D006727:Hormone Antagonists; D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D002715:Chlormadinone Acetate; D010656:Phenylephrine; D000077267:Fulvestrant; C023635:dienogest; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D009277:Nandrolone; D014700:Verapamil; D009640:Norethindrone