title: Increased incidence of matrix metalloproteinases in urine of cancer patients.
abstract: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in mechanisms of metastasis in experimental cancer models and in human malignancies. In this study, we used substrate gel electrophoresis (zymography) to determine the frequency of detection of MMPs in urine of patients with a variety of cancers. Three molecular weight classes of urinary MMPs, Mr 72,000, Mr 92,000, and high molecular weight (Mr > or = 150,000) species, were detected reproducibly and correlated with disease status. The Mr 72,000 and Mr 92,000 species were identified as MMP-2 and MMP-9, respectively, by Western blot analysis. The presence of biologically active MMP-2 (P < 0.001) or MMP-9 (P = 0.002) was an independent predictor of organ-confined cancer, and the high molecular weight species (P < 0.001) was an independent predictor of metastatic cancer. This is the first study to demonstrate that analysis of urinary MMPs may be useful in determining disease status in a variety of human cancers, both within and outside of the urinary tract.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Surgical Research, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. moses_m@a1.tch.harvard.edu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wiederschain
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Loughlin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000652:urine; D017364:Collagenases / Q000652:urine; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005260:Female; D018093:Gelatinases / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000652:urine*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000652:urine*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000652:urine; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D017364:Collagenases; D018093:Gelatinases; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9