title: Levofloxacin and sparfloxacin: new quinolone antibiotics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, spectrum of activity, clinical trials, and adverse effects of levofloxacin and sparfloxacin, two new fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature was identified by a MEDLINE search from January 1985 to September 1997. Abstracts and presentations were identified by review of program abstracts from the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy from 1988 to 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled clinical studies were selected for evaluation; however, uncontrolled studies were included when data were limited for indications approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In vitro data were selected from comparison trials whenever available. Only in vitro trials that provided data on the minimum inhibitory concentrations required to inhibit 90% of isolates were used. Data from North American studies were selected whenever available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were evaluated with respect to in vitro activity, study design, clinical and microbiologic outcomes, and adverse drug reactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levofloxacin and sparfloxacin are active against pathogens frequently involved in community-acquired upper and lower respiratory tract infections, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Both compounds have enhanced activity compared with ciprofloxacin against most gram-positive bacteria, including enterococci, streptococci, and staphylococci, and retain good activity against most Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sparfloxacin has greater anaerobic activity than levofloxacin, which is more active than ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin. Although many clinical studies are available only in abstract form, the clinical data demonstrate that these new quinolones are effective for most community-acquired upper and lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis, and skin and skin structure infections. FDA-approved indications are limited for both compounds to date.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levofloxacin and sparfloxacin have improved gram-positive activity compared with that of older fluoroquinolones, and are administered once daily. Sparfloxacin-associated photosensitivity may limit its therapeutic usefulness. Clinical trials confirm that these agents are as effective as traditional therapies for the management of community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, acute gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis, and skin and skin structure infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo, OH 43606, USA. smartin2@pop3.utoledo.edu
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chuck
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Messick
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pendland
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000188:drug therapy; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D064704:Levofloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000188:drug therapy; D015363:Quinolones / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D015363:Quinolones; D064704:Levofloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin; C061363:sparfloxacin