title: Gender, autoantibodies, and obesity in newly diagnosed diabetic patients aged 40-75 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the frequency of autoimmune markers (islet cell antibodies (ICA] and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies [GADA]) and clinical features in newly diagnosed people with diabetes aged 40-75 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred fifty-nine consecutive patients (aged 40-75 years) with newly suspected diabetes diagnosed during a 2-year period were studied. The diagnosis of newly discovered diabetes was confirmed in 203 patients. Gender, BMI, HbA1c, fasting C-peptide, ICA, and GADA were evaluated. The frequency of obesity was estimated using two different sets of criteria: 1) National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria, and 2) criteria based on a Swedish reference population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual incidence of diabetes was 106 per 100,000 people. The incidence of diabetes in those patients who were 40-54 years old was significantly higher in men than in women (odds ratio: 2.16; P = 0.001). ICA were detected in 16 of 203 patients (8%), whereas 17 of 203 patients (8%) were GADA+; 10 of 203 (5%) patients were positive for both ICA and GADA. Among the 203 diabetic patients, 19 (9.4%) were classified as having IDDM, giving an IDDM incidence of 10 per 100,000 people aged 40-75 years. The frequency of obesity in NIDDM was high but varied with its definition; the frequency of obesity was highest (P < 0.001) when NDDG criteria, and not Swedish reference values, were used (57 of 75 [76%] vs. 40 of 75 [53%] for women and 66 of 109 [61%] vs. 45 of 109 [41%] for men).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A striking male preponderance was found among incident cases of diabetes in people aged 40-54 years. Autoimmune markers were detected in 10% of incident cases of diabetes in people aged 40-75 years. Using a conservative estimation, as many as 10 of 100,000 middle-aged and elderly subjects developed IDDM. The frequency of obesity in NIDDM was high but this was also the case in the reference population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Malmö University Hospital, University of Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wroblewski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gottsater
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lindgarde
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fernlund
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sundkvist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D002096:C-Peptide; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin