title: Management of faecal incontinence following obstetric injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Faecal incontinence is common in women and the major aetiological factor is childbirth. Increasing numbers of women with faecal incontinence are presenting to surgical clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed on Medline database for English language publications an obstetric injury. The incidence, presentation, assessment and treatment of faecal incontinence following obstetric injury were evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Third-degree tear occurs in association with less than 1 per cent of vaginal deliveries, but occult sphincter injury occurs at one-third of deliveries and may be significant in later life. Incontinence may result from sphincter damage or nerve injury, or both. Risk factors for these injuries can be identified. Clinical evaluation, anorectal physiology and endoanal ultrasonography allow accurate planning of subsequent surgery. Overlapping anterior anal sphincter repair provides symptomatic control of continence in 80 per cent of patients. Repair of an acute anal sphincter injury after a third-degree tear is controversial and a defined policy should be agreed between obstetric and colorectal teams.
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Mortensen
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000293:injuries*; D004841:Episiotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005113:Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure