title: Central and regional hemodynamics during crystalloid fluid therapy after uncontrolled intra-abdominal bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of graded crystalloid fluid resuscitation on central hemodynamics and outcome after intra-abdominal hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten minutes after a 5-mm long laceration was produced in the infrarenal aorta, 32 pigs were randomized to receive either no fluid or Ringer's solution in the proportion 1:1, 2:1, or 3:1 to the expected amount of blood lost per hour (26 mL kg[-1]) over 2 hours. The hemodynamics were studied using arterial and pulmonary artery catheters and four blood flow probes placed over major blood vessels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first 40 minutes after the injury, the respective blood flow rates in the distal aorta were 39% (no fluid), 41% (1:1), 56% (2:1), and 56% (3:1) of the baseline flow. Fluid resuscitation increased cardiac output but had no effect on arterial pressure, oxygen consumption, pH, or base excess. Rebleeding occurred only with the 2:1 and 3:1 fluid programs. Survival was highest with the 1:1 and 2:1 programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Crystalloid fluid therapy improved the hemodynamic status but increased the risk of rebleeding. Therefore, a moderate fluid program offered the best chance of survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Söder Hospital, and the Swedish National Defense Research Establishment, Stockholm. Louis.riddez@demc.sos.sll.se
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Riddez
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000293:injuries*; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012008:Recurrence; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D000077331:Ringer's Solution; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013552:Swine; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D000077331:Ringer's Solution