title: Evidence for cAMP-independent mechanisms mediating the effects of adrenomedullin, a new inotropic peptide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adrenomedullin (ADM), a new vasorelaxing and natriuretic peptide, may function as an endogenous regulator of cardiac function, because ADM and its binding sites have been found in the heart. We characterize herein the cardiac effects of ADM as well as the underlying signaling pathways in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In isolated perfused, paced rat heart preparation, infusion of ADM at concentrations of 0.1 to 1 nmol/L for 30 minutes induced a dose-dependent, gradual increase in developed tension, whereas proadrenomedullin N-20 (PAMP; 10 to 100 nmol/L), a peptide derived from the same gene as ADM, had no effect. The ADM-induced positive inotropic effect was not altered by a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist, CGRP8-37, or H-89, a cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor. ADM also failed to stimulate ventricular cAMP content of the perfused hearts. Ryanodine (3 nmol/L), a sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channel opener, suppressed the overall ADM-induced positive inotropic effect. Pretreatment with thapsigargin (30 nmol/L), which inhibits sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase and depletes intracellular Ca2+ stores, attenuated the early increase in developed tension produced by ADM. In addition, inhibition of protein kinase C by staurosporine (10 nmol/L) and blockade of L-type Ca2+ channels by diltiazem (1 micromol/L) significantly decreased the sustained phase of ADM-induced increase in developed tension. Superfusion of atrial myocytes with ADM (1 nmol/L) in isolated left atrial preparations resulted in a marked prolongation of action potential duration between 10 and -50 mV transmembrane voltage, consistent with an increase in L-type Ca2+ channel current during the plateau.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that ADM enhances cardiac contractility via cAMP-independent mechanisms including Ca2+ release from intracellular ryanodine- and thapsigargin-sensitive Ca2+ stores, activation of protein kinase C, and Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Szokodi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kinnunen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tavi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weckström
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tóth
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ruskoaho
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D053607:Adrenomedullin; D000818:Animals; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015290:Second Messenger Systems; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D010455:Peptides; D053607:Adrenomedullin; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D002118:Calcium