title: Effects of combination therapy with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and thiazide diuretic on insulin action in essential hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether combination of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor with a high dose of thiazide diuretic avoids adverse metabolic consequences of thiazide diuretics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind randomized crossover study of two 12-week treatment periods with captopril (up to 100 mg/day) either alone or in combination with 5 mg bendrofluazide given after a 6-week placebo run-in period. Treatment periods were separated by a 6-week placebo washout period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient clinics in greater Belfast.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen white non-diabetic essential hypertensives (seven male) aged < 65 years recruited from general practices in greater Belfast.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and peripheral and hepatic insulin action.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients failed to complete the study. Blood pressure was lowered (139/89+/-18/7 mmHg combination versus 160/97+/-21/7 mmHg captopril; P < 0.001). Fasting insulin level was raised (7.9+/-3.6 mU/l combination versus 6.2+/-3.2 mU/l baseline; P < 0.001). There were no differences between treatments for glucose, urate, cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Serum potassium level was lowered (3.8+/-0.4 mmol/l combination versus 4.2+/-0.4 mmol/l captopril, P < 0.05). Postabsorptive endogenous glucose production was raised (10.8+/-1.7 micromol/kg per min combination versus 10.0+/-1.5 micromol/kg per min captopril; P < 0.01) and was greater than baseline (9.7+/-2.1 micromol/kg per min, P < 0.05). Suppression of glucose production by insulin was similar with both treatments. Exogenous glucose infusion rates required to maintain euglycaemia did not differ (32.4+/-7.6 micromol/kg per min captopril, 32.7+/-6.2 micromol/kg per min combination, 31.5+/-7.2 micromol/kg per min baseline).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination therapy increased glucose production (compared with captopril alone), indicating hepatic insulin resistance. It cannot be assumed that combined preparations with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors will ameliorate adverse effects of high doses of thiazide diuretics on insulin action.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Ennis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Crothers
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sheridan
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001539:Bendroflumethiazide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002216:Captopril / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004232:Diuretics; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D001539:Bendroflumethiazide; D002216:Captopril