title: Sickle cell trait as a risk factor for secondary hemorrhage in children with traumatic hyphema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine risk factors for secondary hemorrhage and poor visual outcome in children with traumatic hyphemas.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 99 eyes of 97 children younger than 18 years who had been hospitalized for hyphema within 48 hours of blunt eye trauma. Inpatient records were examined for race, age, sickle cell trait status, size of hyphema and intraocular pressure at admission, secondary hemorrhage (rebleed of hyphema), and medications while hospitalized. Fifty-five eyes of 53 children had at least 1 month of follow-up or attained best-corrected visual acuity of 20/50 or better at their last outpatient visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 99 eyes of 97 children with traumatic hyphema, secondary hemorrhage occurred in nine eyes (9%). Among 72 eyes of 70 African-American children, secondary hemorrhage occurred in nine eyes (14%), whereas in 27 eyes of 27 white children, there were no secondary hemorrhages. However, when the 14 eyes of 13 sickle cell trait-positive children were excluded from the African-American group, the 57 eyes of sickle cell trait-negative African-American and white children did not have any secondary hemorrhages. The sickle cell trait-positive group had secondary hemorrhages in nine of 14 eyes (64%), significantly (P < .005) different from the 0% rate in the 57 eyes of African-American sickle cell trait-negative and white children. The sickle cell trait-positive group also had higher intraocular pressure and permanent visual impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sickle cell trait is a significant risk factor for secondary hemorrhage, increased intraocular pressure, and permanent visual impairment in children who have traumatic hyphemas following blunt trauma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nasrullah
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Kerr
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000867:Anterior Chamber / Q000293:injuries*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044383:Black People; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006801:Humans; D006988:Hyphema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012805:Sickle Cell Trait / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D044465:White People; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids