title: Ventral abdominal approach for laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a ventral abdominal approach and a ligating loop technique for laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six horses, aged 1 to 5 years, with retained testes.
  
  
  METHODS
  One laparoscopic portal and three to four instrument portals were used for ventral abdominal laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy. Laparoscopic instruments were used to maneuver and secure the testis through a ligating loop (modified Roeder knot) that was secured from outside the abdominal cavity. Only minimal enlargement of one instrument portal was used to remove the testicle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three horses were bilateral cryptorchids, and three were unilateral (left side, two; right side, one) cryptorchids. Operative time, defined as the time from laparoscope insertion to removal, ranged from 20 to 25 minutes for unilateral cryptorchids and from 40 to 50 minutes for bilateral cryptorchids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported technique allowed decreased tension on the tissues during ligation and removal of the testis from the peritoneal cavity. Improved observation of the abdominal cavity, ligation security, shortened patient confinement time, and minimally invasive technique are all considered to be benefits of laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct observation of retained testes and intraabdominal castration are distinct advantages of the use of laparoscopy in horses that have had previous unsuccessful surgical attempts, horses with unknown histories that have retained testicular tissue, or bilateral abdominal cryptorchids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ragle
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Southwood
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Howlett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D006736:Horses / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000662:veterinary*; D011446:Prospective Studies