title: Signal processing of the echo signatures returned by submerged shells insonified by dolphin "clicks:" active classification.
abstract: A large set of dolphin-emitted acoustic pulses ("echolocation clicks") have been examined, which were reflected from various elastic shells that were suspended, underwater, 4.5 m in front of the animal in a large test site in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. A carefully instrumented analog-to-digital system continuously captured the emitted clicks and also the returned, backscattered echoes (A/D conversion at 500 kHz). Using standard conditioning techniques and food reinforces, the dolphin is taught to push an underwater paddle when the "correct" target-the one he has been trained to identify-is presented to him. He communicates his consistently correct identifying choices in this manner. Many echoes returned by three types of cylindrical shells in both the time and frequency domains as well as in the joint time-frequency (t-f) domain, by means of Wigner-type distributions have been examined. It will be shown exactly how specific features observable in these displays are directly related to the physical characteristics of the shells. This processing takes advantage of certain fundamental resonance principles to show which echo features contain information about the size, shape, wall thickness, and material composition of both the shell and its filler substance. In the same fashion that these resonance features give the identifying characteristics of each shell, it is believed they may also give them to the dolphin. These echo features may allow him to extract the target properties by inspection without any need for computations. It is claimed that this may be the fundamental physical explanation of the dolphin's amazing target ID feats, upon which they base their recognition choices. This claim may be substantiated by the detailed analysis of many typical echoes returned by various shells, when they are interrogated by several dolphins. Thus far, this analysis of many echoes from many shells has only been carried out for a single dolphin.
authors.affiliation: Naval Surface Warfare Center, White Oak, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-5640, USA.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Gaunaurd
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brill
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Strifors
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004455:Echolocation / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D019576:Porpoises / Q000502:physiology; D011571:Psychoacoustics