title: Endoscopic creation of reflux in the pig.
abstract: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in the animal model for experimental purposes can be created either by open transvesical or endoscopic techniques. The concept of reflux creation is the same for both techniques: incision of the roof of the intramural portion of the ureter at the 12 o'clock position. The open method has the disadvantages of requiring a cystotomy and a lengthy healing period prior to initiating a study, thereby incurring additional expense and the problem of introducing several confounding factors. The open method is unreliable because of the resolution of reflux over time. Herein, we present a simple transurethral endoscopic technique for creating VUR in pigs. This technique was successful in producing persistent Grade II or III reflux in 94% of the incised ureters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Elbahnasy
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shalhav
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hoenig
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Figenshau
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Clayman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D011859:Radiography; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology