title: Amplitudes, durations, and timings of apically directed left ventricular myocardial velocities: I. Their normal pattern and coupling to ventricular filling and ejection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The left ventricular (LV) major axis shortening is an important determinant of its global function. But unlike the LV minor axis dynamics, the long-axis dynamics have not been well characterized. We investigated the amplitudes, durations, and timings of LV long-axis myocardial velocities and related them to LV filling and ejection in normal healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial velocities from the basal, mid, and distal portions of the four LV walls were recorded from the apical window with spectral Doppler tissue imaging in 20 normal individuals. The timings, amplitudes, and durations were measured and compared both longitudinally and circumferentially. These were also related to mitral inflow and LV ejection. Analysis of the recordings indicated that there were three principal myocardial velocities: apically directed systolic velocity and atrially directed early and late diastolic velocities. The LV posterior wall had the highest shortening velocity and the amount of shortening. The lateral wall had the greatest amplitude of early diastolic lengthening velocity, amount of lengthening, and early to late lengthening velocity and integral ratios, probably indicating most favorable early diastolic properties. There was a striking synchrony in the myocardial velocities circumferentially. The myocardial velocities dropped progressively as the sampling site was moved distally and the LV apex was practically stationary. Although the onsets of the velocity profiles were simultaneous in the meridional orientation, their durations were shorter distally. All myocardial velocities preceded the corresponding blood flow velocities. They also ended before the corresponding blood flow velocities, this being more pronounced in the distal myocardial segments, indicating the presence of inertial factors responsible for the terminal portions of mitral and aortic flows.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recording of apically directed myocardial velocities gives valuable insights into the regional myocardial function. These velocities show significant regional variations in healthy normal individuals. It is speculated that analysis of regional myocardial velocities may have a role in the diagnosis of early myocardial disease.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiology, Jerry L. Pettis VA Medical Center and Loma Linda University School of Medicine, California 92357, USA.
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left