title: Distribution and stability of antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides in rodent brain following direct intraparenchymal controlled-rate infusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High-flow microinfusion is a novel technique for delivery of compounds directly into brain parenchyma, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. The feasibility of this technique has been demonstrated with low-molecular-weight compounds, macromolecular dyes, and proteins. Delivery of antisense oligonucleotides into brain parenchyma represents an additional potential application of this technique not previously described. In this report the authors sought to examine the distribution and disposition of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (PS-ODN) for this reason.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 18-mer 35S-PS-ODN (Mr approximately 6000) was infused over 1 hour into the caudate putamen of Fischer 344 rats. At 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after beginning the infusion, the brains were extracted and analyzed using quantitative autoradiographic techniques. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was also aspirated from the cisterna magna and was analyzed to determine the radioactivity and stability of the 35S-PS-ODN. At 1 hour, the infused ODN was uniformly distributed in brain tissue, with a maximum average concentration of 4806.5 +/- 210.5 nCi/g. This represents a tissue concentration of 19.2 +/- 0.84 microM. Extensive spread into surrounding parenchyma was observed over the ensuing 47 hours. The 35S-PS-ODN radioactivity peaked in the CSF at the end of the 1-hour infusion, containing 1% (50 +/- 20 nCi) of the infused radioactivity. Activity then decayed exponentially over 11 hours, but stabilized at a lower CSF content of 0.2% (1 +/- 0.1 nCi) thereafter. The volume of distribution was 105 +/- 7.9 mm3 at 1 hour, representing a volume of distribution/volume of infusion ratio of 5.2. The volume of distribution increased to 443 +/- 62.3 mm3 at the end of 48 hours, whereas the average minimum tissue concentration decreased from 15.2 microM to 3.2 microM. Undegraded 18-mer was observed throughout the 48-hour period by means of 20% polyacrylamide/7 M urea gel electrophoresis. The animals tolerated the infusion without evidence of toxicity and minimal structural changes in tissue were observed on histological investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors found that PS-ODNs can be safely delivered in high concentrations to wide areas of rat brain by using high-flow microinfusion and are stable even after 48 hours in situ.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0631, USA.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Broaddus
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Gillies
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Z J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fillmore
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D004355:Drug Stability; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000235:genetics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D010710:Phosphates; D013873:Thionucleotides; C035638:thiophosphoric acid