title: The role of endoscopy in the staging and management of lung metastases.
abstract: Endoscopic evaluation of the patient with lung metastases takes on many forms depending upon the extent of disease and the intent of treatment, be that curative or palliative. Thorascopy, and occasionally mediastinoscopy, may be helpful in assessing operability in patients with extensive disease on a preoperative computed tomography scan. However, when in doubt, exploration is always indicated in the young, good risk patient. Palliative efforts usually concern airway obstruction and malignant effects. A variety of technologies, including laser, brachytherapy, and endoluminal stents, helps manage symptomatic bronchial or tracheal lesions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grondin
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000628:therapy; D001918:Brachytherapy; D001984:Bronchial Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008481:Mediastinoscopy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010166:Palliative Care; D016066:Pleural Effusion, Malignant / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014134:Tracheal Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary