Hmong/medicine interactions: improving cross-cultural health care.
OBJECTIVE
There are now more than 100,000 Hmong (Southeast Asian) refugees in the United States. This study examined interactions between Hmong patients and their health care providers and identified specific factors that either enable or obstruct health care delivery.


METHODS
We used semistructured interview techniques to investigate patients' and providers' experiences, looking for attitudes, ideas, or behaviors that could be modified to improve health care delivery. Interviews with 23 Hmong patients, 18 health care providers, and six translators were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed by a multidisciplinary team. Methods included text analysis, theme identification, rank ordering, participant observation, immersion-crystallization, and open-ended discussion.


RESULTS
Hmong patients and their US-trained health care providers have different health belief systems. Both linguistic and cultural translation were seen as problematic. Additionally, an overwhelming number of patients identified kindness, caring, and a positive attitude as important provider characteristics. Providers noted difficulties in understanding Hmong conceptions of acute versus chronic diseases, illness prevention, and pain, both physical and psychological. Many respondents gave suggestions for improvement: 1) learn more about each other's cultures, 2) be patient, kind, and positive, 3) avoid negative statements or predictions, 4) improve translation quality, 5) explain medical terms using visual aids, 6) respect Hmong family-centered decision making, 7) increase the time allotted for translated clinical encounters, and 8) train Hmong health care providers.


CONCLUSIONS
Many basic issues in relations between clinicians and Hmong patients must be addressed to improve health care communication.
Barrett
B
B
Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA. bbarrett@igc.org
Shadick
K
K
Schilling
R
R
Spencer
L
L
del Rosario
S
S
Moua
K
K
Vang
M
M
D001210:Asia, Southeastern / Q000208:ethnology; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D012036:Refugees / Q000523:psychology*; D014922:Wisconsin