title: Assessment of vascularity in reactive lymph nodes by means of D-galactose contrast-enhanced Doppler sonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prospective study in signal-enhanced Doppler sonography of lymph nodes that were assumed pretherapeutically to be benign was performed to investigate characteristic sonomorphologic features and vascularity of reactively enlarged lymph nodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four patients with enlarged superficial lymph nodes of the neck were examined first by B-scan sonography then by Doppler sonography before and after administration of an ultrasound signal-enhancing agent. In B-scan sonography, lymph nodes were classified into three groups according to their sonomorphologic features: (1) homogeneous parenchyma, (2) a centrally located echogenoic line, and (3) a echogenoic "hilus reflex." In conventional and contrast-enhanced Doppler sonography, peak flow rate, pulsatility index, and resistive index were assessed. Sonomorphologic criteria were compared with histologic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reactively enlarged lymph nodes showed characteristic sonomorphologic patterns correlating to their histologic features. Echogenicity of the hilus corresponded to fibrosis (centrally located echogenoic line in 13 nodes; 38.2%) or fatty involution of the hili (echogenoic hilus reflex in 15 nodes; 44.1%). Administration of the galactose-based ultrasound contrast enhancer facilitated the assessment of hilar vessels, which projected to the echogenoic hili, respectively, actually additionally visualized a hilar vascularity in 10 of the 34 lymph nodes compared with conventional Doppler. Measured Doppler indices gave not a significant clue for identifying reactive lymph nodes or for differential diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Qualitative sonomorphologic assessment of characteristic sonomorphologic features of reactive lymph nodes may serve as a valuable tool for examining reactively enlarged lymph nodes. Administration of an ultrasound echo enhancer allows the assessment of a characteristic nodal vascularity in reactive lymph nodes and were superior to conventional B-mode and conventional Doppler sonography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Charité-Virchow-Klinikum, Medizinische Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Willam
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mäurer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hidajat
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bier
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Felix
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005690:Galactose; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
chemical_list: D005690:Galactose