title: Protection against blood-brain barrier disruption in focal cerebral ischemia by the type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor BBB022: a quantitative study.
abstract: We examined the effect of BBB022, a type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor, on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with halothane and subjected to 120 min of temporary MCAo by retrograde intraluminal insertion of a nylon suture coated with poly-L-lysine. The drug (BBB022 in saline, 1 mg kg-1 h-1, i.v.) or vehicle (0.9% saline, 1-2 ml kg-1 h-1) was administered by infusion after the onset of MCAo. Four animal groups were studied: Groups A and B were treated by infusion of vehicle or drug over 5 h, and groups C and D over 48 h. Damage to the BBB was judged by extravasation of Evans blue (EB) dye, which was administered i.v. at 3 h after the onset of MCAo in groups A and B; and at 46 h in groups C and D. Fluorometric quantitation of EB was performed 1 or 2 h later in six brain regions. In the 5-h infusion series (group B), BBB022 decreased dye extravasation in the ipsilateral cortex, striatum and hemisphere (hemisphere mean+/-S.E.M. : 41.2+/-5.4 vs. 82.4+/-9.2 microg/g, p=0.005) compared to the vehicle-treated group (A). The 48-h infusion of BBB022 (group D) also decreased dye extravasation in the ipsilateral cortex (7.4+/-2. 5 vs. 29.0+/-8.3 microg/g, p=0.05), striatum (17.2+/-2.2 vs. 50. 8+/-12.1 microg/g, p=0.03) and hemisphere (30.7+/-4.0 vs. 93.2+/-18 microg/g, p=0.01) compared to the vehicle-treated group (C). BBB022 also significantly improved the neurological score at 3 and 5 h after MCAo (in the 5-h infusion group) and at 60 min, 24 h and 48 h (in the 48-h infusion group) compared to the vehicle groups. These data indicate that BBB022 prevents ischemic damage to the BBB after focal cerebral ischemia in rats.
authors.affiliation: Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology (D4-5), University of Miami School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960, Miami, FL 33101, USA. lbelayev@stroke.med.miami.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belayev
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Busto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kajiwara
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
mesh_terms: D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; D005070:Evans Blue; D008297:Male; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020889:Rolipram; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C119913:BBB022A; D004396:Coloring Agents; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D005070:Evans Blue; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; D020889:Rolipram