Are children given insufficient pain-relieving medication postoperatively?
The literature often suggests and assumes that children are under-medicated postoperatively. A review of the literature leads to the conclusion that only a few studies answer the question of whether children's pain is relieved insufficiently. The lack of consensus on expected pain intensity after surgery and caution about prescribing analgesics could explain why analgesics are often prescribed on a pro re nata (prn) basis. Prescription on a prn basis, in fact, means that the nurse makes the decision whether or not an analgesic should be administered. Some studies suggest, however, that nurses under-medicate children and that postoperative pain is relieved insufficiently. In some situations, nurses under-estimate the child's pain, while in others, nurses' attitudes, beliefs and knowledge regarding pain relief strategies play an important role. On the basis of this review of the literature standard prescription of pain medication instead of prn is recommended. Furthermore, research on the incidence and prevalence of pain in children and on the effectiveness of analgesic administration postoperatively is warranted.
Hamers
J P
JP
Department of Nursing Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
Abu-Saad
H H
HH
van den Hout
M A
MA
Halfens
R J
RJ
D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000451:nursing*; D010371:Pediatric Nursing
D000700:Analgesics