title: Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM197 in United States infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal saccharide vaccine (serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 23F) individually conjugated to CRM197 (PNCRM7), administered at 2, 4, 6, and 12 to 15 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred twelve healthy 2-month-old infants were equally randomized to receive four consecutive doses of PNCRM7 or an investigational meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine, which served as a control. Concomitantly administered routine vaccines were oral polio vaccine and combined diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and whole cell pertussis vaccine/Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine consisting of capsular oligosaccharides conjugated to CRM197 (DTP/HbOC) at 2, 4, and 6 months, and either measles-mumps-rubella vaccine or HbOC at 12 to 15 months. Active safety surveillance was conducted for 3 days after each dose. Antibody concentrations to each of the 7 pneumococcal serotypes were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay prevaccination, after doses two and three, prebooster, and postbooster.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly fewer children experienced local reactions at the PNCRM7 injection site than at the DTP/HbOC site. There was no increase in the incidence or severity of local reactions at the PNCRM7 site with increasing doses of vaccine. Mild to moderate postvaccination fever was common in both the PNCRM7 and control vaccine groups, however DTP/HbOC was administered concurrently. All 7 vaccine serotypes were immunogenic. The kinetics of the immune responses were serotype-specific. After three doses of PNCRM7, between 92% to 100% of children had >/=0.15 microg/mL of antibody, and 51% to 90% achieved a level of >/=1 microg/mL against specific serotypes. A booster dose of PNCRM7 resulted in a brisk anamnestic response to all 7 vaccine serotypes, demonstrating effective stimulation of T-cell memory by the primary series of vaccinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary immunization followed by a booster dose of PNCRM7 seemed to be acceptably safe and resulted in significant rises in antibody to all 7 serotypes. Implications. Studies to assess vaccine efficacy of PNCRM7 for prevention of systemic disease, nasopharyngeal colonization, and acute otitis media are in progress. If PNCRM7 proves to be protective, there is the potential to prevent up to 85% of invasive pneumococcal disease occurring in US children.
authors.affiliation: Center for Vaccine Development and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Rennels
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Keyserling
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Reisinger
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hogerman
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Madore
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Paradiso
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Malinoski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology*; D014481:United States; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate