title: Creativity and mental illness: is there a link?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To critically assess the scientific evidence for associating creativity with mental illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and secondary literature searches identified 29 studies and 34 review articles on creativity and mental illness. All studies were critically evaluated. Reviews were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 29 studies that evaluated possible associations between creativity and mental illness, 15 found no evidence to link creativity and mental illness, 9 found positive evidence, and 5 had unclear findings. Most studies used flawed methodologies with weak (case series or case control) designs. There were no randomized or prospective cohort studies. Adequate criteria for determining causal association were not met. In 34 selective reviews, despite mixed evidence, many authors asserted that creativity and mental illness were positively or causally associated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is limited scientific evidence to associate creativity with mental illness. Despite this, many authors promoted a connection. Explanations for this contradiction are explored, and social and research implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Waddell
mesh_terms: D003405:Creativity; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards