title: Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and dose escalation: where do we stand?
abstract: Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy is an effective means of delivering high doses of radiation with enhanced precision. Several institutions have gained substantial experience using this modality for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Reports from these centers have demonstrated not only excellent tolerance despite the administration of higher radiation doses, but improved biochemical and local control outcomes as well. Meticulous attention to treatment technique and dose volume histogram analysis are critical for the safe implementation of these higher doses. The emergence of intensity-modulated treatment planning has provided the opportunity at our institution to further escalate the radiation dose to 86.4 Gy while still respecting the surrounding normal tissue tolerance. Phase I studies will need to continue to define more clearly the maximal dose of radiation that can be delivered safely with this modality. Current studies indicate a direct correlation between dose and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse-free survival response for patients with intermediate and high-risk prognostic features. These patients likely represent the ideal cohort for future studies designed to investigate the impact of dose on biochemical and disease-free survival outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zelefsky
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Leibel
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kutcher
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fuks
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen