title: Identification of the structural region of taxol that may be responsible for cytokine gene induction and cytotoxicity in human ovarian cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a pleiotropic chemokine with both chemoattractant and angiogenic properties. In addition to its cytotoxic effects on ovarian cancer cells, taxol can transcriptionally activate genes such as IL-8 that may play a role in tumorigenesis. Utilizing IL-8 as a prototypic marker of tumor-derived modulators of growth, we undertook a systematic study of taxol and 11 structurally modified taxol analogs to identify the region of the taxane skeleton responsible for IL-8 gene induction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The human ovarian cancer cell line OVCA-420 was exposed to taxol or taxol analogs. IL-8 gene induction was assessed by Northern blot analysis after 6 h and cytotoxicity after 72 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in the southern hemisphere (C-1 to C-4) of the taxane skeleton had greater effects on IL-8 induction than changes in the northern hemisphere (C-7 to C-11). Some of the taxol analogs modified at positions C-1 and/or C-2 with increased hydrophobicity induced IL-8 expression more than threefold over that induced by taxol or taxotere and more than 20-fold over control cells. Cells that failed to induce IL-8 gene expression in response to taxol were only marginally responsive to the analogs unless first primed with IL-1beta. Modifications to the northern hemisphere did not alter taxol's effect on IL-8 expression in human cells, but did influence TNFalpha expression in murine macrophage cells, suggesting species and/or gene specificity. We found a direct correlation between IL-8 induction and cytotoxicity, in that analogs that dramatically upregulated IL-8 expression proved to be the most cytotoxic, inhibiting cell survival by > 90%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together our results demonstrate that changes in the southern hemisphere of the taxane skeleton influence both the gene induction and cytotoxic potential of taxol in human ovarian cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7295, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kingston
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Chordia
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rinehart
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Haskill
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D017239:Paclitaxel