title: Interleukin 1 alpha hematological examination in mechanics exposed to low benzene concentrations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the hypothesis of Renz and Kalf relative to the involvement of interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) in the development of anemia in benzene-exposed workers. According to this hypothesis, benzene inhibits the cleavage of the IL-1 alpha precursor (proIL-1 alpha) to mature IL-1 alpha and the lack of this cytokine is responsible for benzene-induced bone marrow suppression. This inhibition of the processing of proIL-1 alpha is attributed to an inhibition of calpain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selection of a population of mechanics exposed to low levels of benzene from fuels, assessment of usual exposure and lifetime exposure duration, and measurements of concentrations of workplace-air benzene and urinary benzene metabolites. Determination of IL-1 alpha concentrations was done by a whole-blood assay after lipopolysaccharide stimulation and a hematological examination was carried out. Statistical analysis considered several possible confounding factors, particularly smoking and drinking habits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of exposure of the mechanics to benzene from fuels was mostly well below 1 ppm. IL-1 alpha production was not decreased in mechanics exposed to benzene from fuels, and no correlation between IL-1 alpha concentrations and red blood cell counts appeared. With the exception of a slight decrease in red blood cell counts in mechanics, no hint of a toxic effect of exposure on hematological parameters was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hypothesis of Renz and Kalf could not be confirmed. Although the low level exposure of the study population and methodological factors are possible explanations, it cannot be excluded that the hypothesis of Renz and Kalf is not generalizable to benzene-exposed humans. Presently, one cannot advise the measurement of IL-1 alpha production for biological effect monitoring of workers exposed to low concentrations of benzene.
authors.affiliation: Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, University of Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hotz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carbonnelle
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Scheiff
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tschopp
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lauwerys
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000747:Anemia, Hypochromic / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D001554:Benzene / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002617:Chemical Industry; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D004906:Erythrocyte Count; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007375:Interleukin-1; D001554:Benzene