title: Preoperative chemoradiation for extraperitoneal T3 rectal cancer: acute toxicity, tumor response, and sphincter preservation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether or not an intermediate dose of preoperative external radiation therapy intensified by systemic chemotherapy could improve the tumor response, sphincter preservation, and tumor control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between March 1990 and December 1995, 83 consecutive patients with resectable extraperitoneal adenocarcinoma of the rectum were treated with preoperative chemoradiation: bolus i.v. mitomycin C (MMC), 10 mg/m2, Day 1 plus 24-h continuous infusion i.v. 5-fluorouracil (5FU) 1000 mg/m2, Days 1-4, and concurrent external beam radiotherapy (37.8 Gy). All but 2 patients had T3 disease. Surgery was performed 4-6 weeks after the end of chemoradiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total Grade 3-4 acute toxicity during chemoradiation was observed in 11 (13%) patients: hematological Grade 3 toxicity was recorded in 8 (10%) patients, and Grade 4 toxicity was recorded in 2 (2%) patients. Grade 3 diarrhea was seen in 2 (2%) patients. No patient had major skin or urological acute toxicity. Two patients had no surgery: 1 died before surgery from septic complications after Grade 4 hematological toxicity; 1 refused surgery and is still alive after 6 years. There was no postoperative mortality and the overall perioperative morbidity rate was 25%. The analysis of tumor response involved 81 patients. Overall, 9% (7) of 81 patients had a complete pathologic response. Comparing the stage at the diagnostic workup with the pathologic stage, tumor downstaging was observed in 46 (57%) patients. We had 7 (9%) pT0, 5 (6%) pT1, 33 (41%) pT2, and 36 (44%) pT3. Nodal status downstaging was detected in 46 patients (57%). No evidence of nodal involvement was observed in 59 patients (73%). The incidence of tumor response was affected significantly by the number of quarters of rectal circumference involved (p = 0.03) and, marginally, by the length of the tumor (p = 0.09). The distance between the lower pole of the tumor and the anorectal ring had no influence. Of the patients, 63 (78%) had a sphincter-saving surgical procedure. In 12 (44%) of 27 patients candidate for an APR, the sphincter was preserved, as it was in 19 (95%) of 20 probable candidates. Lengthening of the distance between the anorectal ring and the lower pole of the tumor > 20 mm was observed in 21 patients (26%). Of 63 patients, 4 (6%) had moderate soilage after the sphincter-saving procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative combined modality therapy seems to afford some potential advantages in nonrandomized trials: patients are able to tolerate higher chemotherapy doses and they experience a lower acute toxicity. Tumor downstaging and resectability rates are high; sphincter preservation is feasible. Larger T3 tumors remained less influenced by this treatment; thus, taking into account the low toxicity rate recorded, a more aggressive schedule should be applied in these resectable tumors.
authors.affiliation: Cattedra di Radioterapia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valentini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coco
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cellini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picciocchi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Genovesi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mantini
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barbaro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cogliandolo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mattana
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ambesi-Impiombato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tedesco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cosimelli
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001003:Anal Canal; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D016685:Mitomycin; D005472:Fluorouracil