title: Exendin(9-39)amide is an antagonist of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide in humans.
abstract: The gastrointestinal hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide (GLP-1) is released after a meal. The potency of synthetic GLP-1 in stimulating insulin secretion and in inhibiting glucagon secretion indicates the putative physiological function of GLP-1. In vitro, the nonmammalian peptide, exendin(9-39)amide [ex(9-39)NH2], is a specific and competitive antagonist of GLP-1. This in vivo study examined the efficacy of ex(9-39)NH2 as an antagonist of exogenous GLP-1 and the physiological role of endogenous GLP-1. Six healthy volunteers underwent 10 experiments in random order. In each experiment, a 30-min period of euglycemia was followed by an intravenous infusion of glucose for 150 min that established a stable hyperglycemia of 8 mmol/liter. There was a concomitant intravenous infusion of one of the following: (1) saline, (2) GLP-1 (for 60 min at 0.3 pmol . kg-1 . min-1 that established physiological postprandial plasma levels, and for another 60 min at 0.9 pmol . kg-1 . min-1 to induce supraphysiological plasma levels), (3-5) ex(9-39)NH2 at 30, 60, or 300 pmol . kg-1 . min-1 + GLP-1, (6-8) ex(9-39)NH2 at 30, 60, or 300 pmol . kg-1 . min-1 + saline, (9 and 10) GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; for 60 min at 0.8 pmol . kg-1 . min-1, with saline or ex(9-39)NH2 at 300 pmol . kg-1 . min-1). Each volunteer received each of these concomitant infusions on separate days. ex(9-39)NH2 dose-dependently reduced the insulinotropic action of GLP-1 with the inhibitory effect declining with increasing doses of GLP-1. ex(9-39)NH2 at 300 pmol . kg-1 . min-1 blocked the insulinotropic effect of physiological doses of GLP-1 and completely antagonized the glucagonostatic effect at both doses of GLP-1. Given alone, this load of ex(9-39)NH2 increased plasma glucagon levels during euglycemia and hyperglycemia. It had no effect on plasma levels of insulin during euglycemia but decreased plasma insulin during hyperglycemia. ex(9-39)NH2 did not alter GIP-stimulated insulin secretion. These data indicate that in humans, ex(9-39)NH2 is a potent GLP-1 antagonist without any agonistic properties. The pancreatic A cell is under a tonic inhibitory control of GLP-1. At hyperglycemia, the B cell is under a tonic stimulatory control of GLP-1.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Unit for Gastrointestinal Endocrinology and Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Philipps University, 35033 Marburg, Germany. schirra@mailer.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schirra
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leicht
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Göke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katschinski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D005934:Glucagon / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000097:blood; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002096:C-Peptide; C000593833:GLP1R protein, human; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D007328:Insulin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011498:Protein Precursors; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; C083773:exendin (9-39); D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon; D005947:Glucose