title: Comparison of craniofacial and dentoalveolar morphologies of three Japanese monozygotic twin pairs with cleft lip and/or palate discordancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we analyzed the craniofacial and dentoalveolar morphologies of three pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in order to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on growth and development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Craniofacial and dentoalveolar morphologies revealed by analyses of cephalograms and dental casts were compared for each pair of twins discordant for CL/P.
  
  
  METHODS
  In case 1, the subjects were 10-year-old male twins, one of whom had a repaired unilateral cleft lip and alveolus and one of whom had an unrepaired unilateral cleft lip. In case 2, the subjects were 13-year-old female twins, one of whom had a repaired bilateral cleft lip and palate and one of whom had an unrepaired unilateral cleft lip. In case 3, the subjects were 9-year-old female twins, one of whom had a repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate and one of whom had no cleft.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cephalometric analysis disclosed distinguished intrapair differences in the maxillary and mandibular morphologies in cases 2 and 3. However, the tooth axes of the incisors in operated subjects were consistently influenced in all three cases. Dental cast analysis indicated that the shapes and sizes of the alveolar and dental arches in the operated subjects were affected in case 2 and, more severely, in case 3, while they looked fairly similar in case 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cephalometric and dental cast analyses demonstrated characteristic intrapair differences between the twins discordant for CL/P according to each cleft type. These morphological differences indicate that surgical closure of clefts may have considerable effects on craniofacial and dentoalveolar growth and development in CL/P patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, The University of Tokushima, Japan. moriyama@dent.tokushima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Motohashi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuroda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D004200:Diseases in Twins; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D003765:Models, Dental; D014071:Tooth Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic