title: Effects of clozapine therapy in schizophrenic individuals at risk for tardive dyskinesia.
abstract: Neuroleptics were the first modern class of pharmacotherapeutic agents available for the treatment of schizophrenia. Although they were effective in reducing florid psychotic symptoms, up to 90% of treated individuals subsequently developed extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) (akathisia, dystonia, or parkinsonism), and about 20% developed tardive dyskinesia (TD). When clozapine became commercially available for treatment-resistant and treatment-intolerant (i.e., prone to EPS and TD) schizophrenic individuals, it became apparent that an antipsychotic need not induce motor side effects to be efficacious in reducing the symptomatology of schizophrenia. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical predictors of TD are useful in identifying a subset of schizophrenic individuals who would benefit from treatment with clozapine, the prototype atypical antipsychotic whose efficacy and motor side effect profile are superior to those of chlorpromazine. This favorable motor side effect profile of clozapine contributes to improved patient outcomes by reducing noncompliance, substance abuse, and suicide, resulting in improved quality of life and savings on health care costs.
authors.affiliation: Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, and the Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Casey
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016312:Treatment Refusal; D000092864:Suicide Prevention
chemical_list: D003024:Clozapine