title: Spectroscopic studies of three osseointegrated implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the surface characteristics of titanium implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The chemical state of the surfaces of three types of osseointegrated titanium implant, Brånemark (Nobelpharma, Göteborg, Sweden), IMZ (Friatec, Mannheim, Germany) and ITI-Bonefit (Straumann, Waldenburg, Switzerland), were analysed by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The outermost layers of the implants investigated were speculated to be TiO2. In the Brånemark implants pure titanium was found under the TiO2 layer. By contrast, in the IMZ and ITI-Bonefit implants which are titanium plasma spray coated, oxygen atoms were observed at considerable depths by AES, and the material under the TiO2 layer showed a chemical shift by XPS. Furthermore, shifted peaks were not of pure titanium or of titanium oxide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three titanium implants investigated were found to have different surface characteristics when examined by spectroscopy. As these implants show similar osseointegration it is suggested that they may be found to interact differently with vital bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crown and Bridge Prosthodontics, Nagasaki University School of Dentistry, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawase
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hatada
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atsuta
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015921:Dental Implants; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006801:Humans; D016348:Osseointegration; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015921:Dental Implants; C009495:titanium dioxide; D002244:Carbon; D014025:Titanium; D010100:Oxygen