title: Effect of alpha 2-adrenergic, cholinergic, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on myoelectric activity of ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon and on cecal emptying of radiolabeled markers in clinically normal ponies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine effect of xylazine hydrochloride (XYL), yohimbine hydrochloride (YOH), bethanechol chloride (BET), neostigmine methyl sulfate (NEO), or flunixin meglumine (FLU) on ileocecocolic myoelectric activity and passage of radiolabeled markers from the cecum.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 healthy adult ponies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cecal cannula was surgically implanted, and 12 were sutured to the ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon. After a 12-hour nonfeeding period, 370 MBq of technetium 99m-labeled sulfur colloid in egg albumen and 37 MBq of indium 111-labeled diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid in 60 ml of water were injected into the cecal apex. All drugs were administered i.v. as a bolus, with the exception of NEO, which was given SC: XYL, 0.5 mg/kg of body weight; YOH, 0.075 mg/kg; BET, 0.025 mg/kg; NEO, 0.025 mg/kg; FLU, 1.1 mg/kg; and saline solution (SAL), 10 ml. Drugs were administered in a randomized complete block design, each treatment was administered twice to each pony, and dual-phase scintigraphic images were obtained. The time to 50% emptying (t50) and the slope of the emptying curve (beta) were derived from the calculated power exponential equation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The t50 after BET (184.8 +/- 16.5 minutes) and NEO (124.7 +/- 16.5 minutes) administration were significantly shorter than values after saline (230.2 +/- 17.1 minutes) administration. The t50 after XYL administration (250.5 +/- 18.6 minutes) was longer, and that after YOH administration (190.1 +/- 16.2 minutes) was shorter, than the t50 after saline administration, but neither difference was significant. The t50 and beta after FLU administration differed from those after saline administration. Myoelectric data appeared to be well correlated with drug-induced alterations in isotope clearance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cholinergic agonists, BET and NEO, have significant effects on the myoelectric activity of ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon, with the net effect of hastening cecal emptying.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0125, USA.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Merritt
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Neuwirth
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vetro-Widenhouse
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steible
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018723:Bethanechol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002432:Cecum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003002:Clonixin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D003106:Colon / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000187:drug effects / Q000662:veterinary; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D007082:Ileum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009388:Neostigmine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004369:Pentetic Acid; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid; D014991:Xylazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D018723:Bethanechol; D014991:Xylazine; D015016:Yohimbine; D009388:Neostigmine; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid; D004369:Pentetic Acid; C014558:flunixin meglumine; D003002:Clonixin