title: Clozapine therapy for older veterans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effectiveness of clozapine treatment in a treatment-refractory sample of older adult veterans with primary psychosis was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected over a five-year period for patients age 55 and older who were given clozapine because of a history of treatment-refractory or treatment-intolerant psychosis. At initiation of clozapine therapy, baseline demographic, clinical, and psychopathology data were collected. At baseline and quarterly, patients' psychopathology was rated with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and involuntary movements were rated with the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 329 patients age 55 or older who received clozapine during the study period represented 10 percent of all patients on clozapine therapy in the VA system. Of the 312 patients for whom demographic information was available, 294 were men and 18 were women. Overall, patients improved on clozapine therapy, although wide variation in drug response was observed. Complete BPRS and AIMS data were available for 97 patients. The 55- to 64-year-old group had a mean improvement in total BPRS score of 19.8 percent, with 42.6 percent showing more than a 20 percent improvement; those age 65 and older had a mean improvement of 5.7 percent, with 17.2 percent showing an improvement greater than 20 percent. The 97 patients with complete AIMS data showed a mean improvement of 16.6 percent in total score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clozapine is an important therapeutic agent for older adults with treatment-refractory psychosis. Patients between the ages of 55 and 64 may have a better response than those age 65 and older.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Brecksville, Ohio 44141, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sajatovic
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garver
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ripper
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Lehmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000341:Affective Disorders, Psychotic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine