title: Fetal dose evaluation during breast cancer radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the work was to estimate the radiation dose delivered to the fetus in a pregnant patient irradiated for breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 45-year woman was treated for left breast cancer using a 6 MV photon beam with two isocentric opposing tangential unwedged fields. Daily dose was 2.3 Gy at 95% isodose line given by two fields/day, 5 days/week. A total dose of 46 Gy was given in 20 fractions over a 4-week period. Pregnancy confirmed during the second therapeutic week. Treatment lasted between the second and sixth gestation week. Radiation dose to fetus was estimated from in vivo and phantom measurements using thermoluminescence dosimeters and an ionization chamber. In vivo measurements were performed by inserting either a catheter with TL dosimeters or ionization chamber into the patient's rectum. Phantom measurements were performed by simulating the treatment conditions on an anthropomorphic phantom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TLD measurements (in vivo and phantom) revealed fetal dose to be 0.085% of the tumor dose, corresponding to a cumulative fetal dose of 3.9 cGy for the entire treatment of 46 Gy. Chamber measurements (in vivo and phantom) revealed a fetal dose less than the TLD result: 0.079 and 0.083% of the tumor dose corresponding to cumulative fetal dose of 3.6 cGy and 3.8 cGy for in vivo and phantom measurement, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that the cumulative dose delivered to the unshielded fetus was 3.9 cGy for a 46 Gy total tumor dose. The estimated fetal dose is low compared to the total tumor dose given due to the early stage of pregnancy, the large distance between fundus-radiation field, and the fact that no wedges and/or lead blocks were used. No deterministic biological effects of radiation on the live-born embryo are expected. The lifetime risk for radiation-induced fatal cancer is higher than the normal incidence, but is considered as inconsequential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Areteion Hospital, Greece.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antypas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sandilos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kouvaris
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balafouta
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karinou
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kollaros
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vlahos
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods