title: Modification of the copolymers poloxamer 407 and poloxamine 908 can affect the physical and biological properties of surface modified nanospheres.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of the modification of the copolymers poloxamer 407 and poloxamine 908 on the physical and biological properties surface modified polystyrene nanospheres.
  
  
  METHODS
  A method to modify poloxamer 407 and poloxamine 908, introducing a terminal amine group to each PEO chain has been developed. The aminated copolymers can be subsequently radiolabelled with Iodinated (I125) Bolton-Hunter reagent. The aminated copolymers were used to surface modify polystyrene nanospheres. The physical and biological properties of the coated nanospheres were studied using particle size, zeta potential, in vitro non-parenchymal cell uptake and in vivo biodistribution experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of protonated amine groups in the modified copolymers significantly affected the physical and biological properties of the resulting nanospheres, although the effects were copolyme specific. The protonated surface amine groups in both copolymers reduced the negative zeta potential of the nanospheres. Acetylation of the copolymer's free amine groups resulted in the production of nanospheres with comparable physical properties to control unmodified copolymer coated nanospheres. In vivo, the protonated amine groups in the copolymers increased the removal of the nanospheres by the liver and spleen, although these effects were more pronounced with the modified poloxamer 407 coated nanospheres. Acetylation of the amine groups improved the blood circulation time of the nanospheres providing modified poloxamine 908 coated nanospheres with comparable biological properties to control poloxamine 908 coated nanospheres. Similarly, modified poloxamer 407 coated nanospheres had only slightly reduced circulation times in comparison to control nanospheres.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experiments have demonstrated the importance of copolymer structure on the biological properties of surface modified nanospheres. Modified copolymers, which possess comparable properties to their unmodified forms, could be used in nanosphere systems where antibody fragments can be attached to the copolymers, thereby producing nanospheres which target to specific body sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, England.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stolnik
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Garnett
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Illum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005029:Ethylenediamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008863:Microspheres; D011060:Poloxalene / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013499:Surface Properties; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D005029:Ethylenediamines; C012571:tetronic 701; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011060:Poloxalene