title: Propofol and ketamine only inhibit intracellular Ca2+ transients and contraction in rat ventricular myocytes at supraclinical concentrations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cellular mechanisms that mediate the cardiodepressant effects of intravenous anesthetic agents remain undefined. The objective of this study was to elucidate the direct effects of propofol and ketamine on cardiac excitation-contraction coupling by simultaneously measuring intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and shortening in individual, field-stimulated ventricular myocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Freshly isolated rat ventricular myocytes were loaded with the Ca2+ indicator, fura-2, and placed on the stage of an inverted fluorescence microscope in a temperature-regulated bath. [Ca2+]i and myocyte shortening (video edge detection) were monitored simultaneously in individual cells that were field-stimulated at 0.3 Hz.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline [Ca2+]i (mean +/- SEM) was 80 +/- 12 nM, and resting cell length was 112 +/- 2 microm. Field stimulation increased [Ca2+]i to 350 +/- 23 nM, and the myocytes shortened by 10% of diastolic cell length. Both intravenous anesthetic agents caused dose-dependent decreases in peak [Ca2+]i and shortening. At 300 microM, propofol prolonged time to peak concentration and time to 50% recovery for [Ca2+]i and shortening. In contrast, changes in time to peak concentration and time to 50% recovery in response to ketamine were observed only at the highest concentrations. Neither agent altered the amount of Ca2+ released from intracellular stores in response to caffeine. Propofol but not ketamine, however, caused a leftward shift in the dose-response curve to extracellular Ca2+ for shortening, with no concomitant effect on peak [Ca2+]i.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that both intravenous anesthetic agents have a direct negative inotropic effect, which is mediated by a decrease in the availability of [Ca2+]i. Propofol but not ketamine may also alter sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ handling and increase myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. The effects of propofol and ketamine are primarily apparent at supraclinical concentrations, however.
authors.affiliation: Center for Anesthesiology Research, Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanaya
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Damron
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002451:Cell Compartmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D002110:Caffeine; D007649:Ketamine; D002118:Calcium; D015742:Propofol