title: Radiotherapy options for localized prostate cancer based upon pretreatment serum prostate-specific antigen levels and biochemical control: a comprehensive review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review all the available radiotherapy (RT) literature on localized prostate cancer treatment where serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were used to both stratify patients and evaluate outcome and determine if any conclusions can be reached regarding an optimal radiotherapeutic management for this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search was conducted to obtain all articles in English on prostate cancer treatment employing RT from 1986-1997. Studies were considered eligible for review only if they met all the following criteria: 1) pretreatment PSA values were recorded and grouped for subsequent evaluation, 2) posttreatment PSA values were continuously monitored, 3) definitions of biochemical control were stated, and 4) the median follow-up was given.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 246 articles identified, only 20 met the inclusion criteria; 4 using conformal external beam RT, 8 using conventional external beam RT, and 8 using interstitial brachytherapy (4 using a permanent implant alone, 3 combining external beam RT with a permanent implant, and 1 combining a conformal temporary interstitial implant boost with external beam RT). No studies using neutrons (with or without external beam RT) or androgen deprivation (combined with external beam RT) were identified where patients were stratified by pretreatment PSA levels. Results for all therapies were extremely variable with the 3-5-year rates of biochemical control for patients with pretreatment PSA levels < or = 4 ng/ml ranging from 48 to 100%, for PSA levels >4 and < or = 10 ng/ml ranging from 44 to 90%, for PSA levels >10 and < or = 20 ng/ml ranging from 27 to 89%, and for PSA levels >20 ranging from 14 to 89%. The median Gleason score, T-stage, definition of biochemical control, and follow-up were substantially different from series to series. No RT option consistently produced superior results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When data are reviewed from studies using serum PSA levels to stratify patients and to evaluate treatment outcome, no consistently superior RT technique was identified. These data suggest that standard definitions of disease stage (combining clinical, pathologic, and biochemical criteria) and a common definition of biochemical cure (as developed by the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Consensus Panel) need to be adopted to evaluate treatment efficacy and advise patients on the most appropriate radiotherapeutic option for their disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Vicini
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Kini
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Stromberg
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen