title: Alfred Haviland's nineteenth-century map analysis of the geographical distribution of diseases in England and Wales.
abstract: The nineteenth-century English physician Alfred Haviland used the national mortality statistics for England and Wales to develop an elaborate geographical explanation based on map analysis for the cause of heart, cancer, and tuberculosis deaths. He found that females had higher rates for all three causes of death. However, although his technique was innovative his analysis was flawed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Atkinson College, York University, Ont., Canada.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Barrett
mesh_terms: D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D004813:Epidemiology / Q000266:history*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D008377:Maps as Topic; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology