title: Assessment of potential indicators for protein-energy malnutrition in the algorithm for integrated management of childhood illness.
abstract: Potential indicators were assessed for the two classifications of protein-energy malnutrition in the guidelines for integrated management of childhood illness: severe malnutrition, which requires immediate referral to hospital, and very low weight, which calls for feeding assessment, nutritional counselling and follow-up. Children aged < 2 years require feeding assessment and counselling as a preventive intervention. For severe malnutrition, we examined 1202 children admitted to a Kenyan hospital for any association of the indicators with mortality within one month. Bipedal oedema indicating kwashiorkor, and two marasmus indicators (visible severe wasting and weight-for-height (WFH) Z-score of < -3) were associated with a significantly increased mortality risk (odds ratios, 3.1-3.9). Very low weight-for-age (WFA) (Z-score of < -4.4) was not associated with an increased risk of mortality. Because first-level health facilities generally lack length-boards, bipedal oedema and visible severe wasting were chosen as indicators of severe malnutrition. To assess potential WFA thresholds for the very low weight classification, our primary source of data came from 1785 Kenyan outpatient children, but we also examined data from surveys in Nepal, Bolivia, and Togo. We examined the performance of WFA at various thresholds to identify children with low WFH and, for children aged < or = 2 years, low height-for-age (HFA). Use of a WFA threshold Z-score of < -2 identified a considerable proportion of children (from 13% in Bolivia to 68% in Nepal) which, in most settings, would pose an enormous burden on the health facility. Among ill children in Kenya, a threshold WFA Z-score of < -3 had a sensitivity of 89-100% to detect children with WFH Z-scores of < -3, and, with an identification rate of 9%, would avoid overburdening the clinics. Potential modifications include use of a more restrictive cut-off in countries with high rates of stunting, or the elimination of the WFA screen in order to concentrate efforts on intervention for all children below the 2-year age cut-off. Key issues in every country include the capacity to provide counselling for many children and linkage to nutritional improvement programmes in the community.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bern
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zucker
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Otieno
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Oloo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yip
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000465:Algorithms; D001835:Body Weight; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007630:Kenya; D007732:Kwashiorkor / Q000175:diagnosis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity