title: Breast cancer risk and lifetime occupational history: employment in professional and managerial occupations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this case-control study, occupational histories were used to assess the relation between risk of breast cancer and employment in professional and managerial occupations while adjusting for reproductive and other risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incident, primary, female cases of breast cancer diagnosed between 1986 and 1991, and randomly selected controls were interviewed to obtain detailed medical, reproductive, and occupational histories. Mantel-Haenszel crude odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to estimate risk of breast cancer related to the job of longest duration. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted ORs and 95% CIs associated with having ever been employed and duration of employment in a professional or managerial occupation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A non-significant threefold increase in risk was found among premenopausal women whose major job was in the occupational category of precision production, craft, and repair (95% CI 0.90 to 20.35). No increase in risk was found for premenopausal women whose major job was a managerial or professional occupation. However, an inverse relation between risk of premenopausal breast cancer and having ever held a professional or managerial job was observed (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.82). This relation was strongest for women who worked one to 10 years (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.77). Postmenopausal breast cancer was not related to professional and managerial employment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population, employment in professional and managerial occupations is not associated with postmenopausal risk of breast cancer, but seems to be related to a reduction in risk of premenopausal breast cancer. Methodological limitations of this study including response rates are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Petralia
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Vena
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Freudenheim
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michalek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brasure
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D009790:Occupations; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D012307:Risk Factors