title: Dihydropyrancarboxamides related to zanamivir: a new series of inhibitors of influenza virus sialidases. 2. Crystallographic and molecular modeling study of complexes of 4-amino-4H-pyran-6-carboxamides and sialidase from influenza virus types A and B.
abstract: The first paper in this series (see previous article) described structure-activity studies of carboxamide analogues of zanamivir binding to influenza virus sialidase types A and B and showed that inhibitory activity of these compounds was much greater against influenza A enzyme. To understand the large differences in affinities, a number of protein-ligand complexes have been investigated using crystallography and molecular dynamics. The crystallographic studies show that the binding of ligands containing tertiary amide groups is accompanied by the formation of an intramolecular planar salt bridge between two amino acid residues in the active site of the enzyme. It is proposed that the unexpected strong binding of these inhibitors is a result of the burial of hydrophobic surface area and salt-bridge formation in an environment of low dielectric. In sialidase from type A virus, binding of the carboxamide moeity and salt-bridge formation have only a minor effect on the positions of the surrounding residues, whereas in type B enzyme, significant distortion of the protein is observed. The results suggest that the decreased affinity in enzyme from influenza B is directly correlated with the small changes that occur in the amino acid residue interactions accompanying ligand binding. Molecular dynamics calculations have shown that the tendency for salt-bridge formation is greater in influenza A sialidase than influenza B sialidase and that this tendency is a useful descriptor for the prediction of inhibitor potency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Structure, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development Limited, Hertfordshire, U.K.
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cleasby
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skarzynski
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wonacott
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Sollis
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Howes
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Cherry
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bethell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varghese
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001665:Binding Sites; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006146:Guanidines; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000201:enzymology*; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000201:enzymology*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011714:Pyrans / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D012794:Sialic Acids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D053243:Zanamivir
chemical_list: C111348:5-(acetylamino)-4-amino-6-(phenethylpropylcarbamoyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid; D000081:Acetamides; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006146:Guanidines; D011714:Pyrans; D012794:Sialic Acids; D009439:Neuraminidase; D053243:Zanamivir