title: Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in healthy foals less than twenty-four hours old.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine pharmacokinetic variables that describe disposition of ketoprofen after its i.v. administration to foals < 24 hours old.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 healthy foals (1 male and 5 females); mean age, 12.5 (range, 8.5 to 17) hours at time of dose administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ketoprofen was administered i.v. to foals at a dosage of 2.2 mg/kg of body weight. Ketoprofen concentration in plasma samples was analyzed, using high-performance liquid chromatography. Concentration versus time profiles were analyzed according to standard pharmacokinetic techniques. Blood samples were obtained from foals by jugular venipuncture at defined times during a 48-hour period. Samples were centrifuged, and plasma was frozen at -70 C until analyzed. One-, two-, and three-compartment analyses were conducted. The most appropriate model was determined by use of Akaike's information criterion analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma concentration versus time profiles were best described, using a two-compartment open model. Clearance (normalized for body weight) was significantly lower than that determined for adult horses. Volume of distribution (normalized for body weight) was larger than that determined for adult horses. Mean (harmonic) plasma half-life for healthy foals < 24 hours old was 4.3 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although additional factors, such as dehydration or sepsis, must be considered on a case-by-case basis, the dose of ketoprofen administered to foals < 24 hours old should be different from the dose administered to adult horses. Under similar clinical circumstances, doses in foals should be increased by as much as 1.5 times to produce comparable therapeutic concentrations; longer dose intervals, based on clinical response, would be necessary to avoid drug toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wilcke
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Crisman
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Scarratt
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sams
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001835:Body Weight; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006736:Horses; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008954:Models, Biological; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007660:Ketoprofen