title: Rhodopsins from three frog and toad species: sequences and functional comparisons.
abstract: The frequency of thermal 'dark events' in the membrane current of rhodopsin rods of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, is considerably lower than observed in rods of two toad species, even though all three rhodopsins have approximately the same absorbance characteristics. In order to map amino acid substitutions possibly associated with thermal stability in the genus Rana, the cDNA's coding for the rhodopsins of Bufo bufo, B. marinus and R. temporaria were sequenced and the conceptually translated protein sequences aligned to the previously sequenced rhodopsins of R. catesbeiana, R. pipiens and Xenopus laevis. Across the six anuran species studied, there are sixteen non-conserved substitutions and six changes that include gain or loss of a hydroxyl group. Serine or threonine at position 220 is unique to the three Rana species, phenylalanine at position 270 is unique to all three Ranas and to X. laevis, and phenylalanine at position 274 is unique to both species of the genus Bufo. This investigation produces a list of substitutions that are candidates for future studies of thermal stability. In addition, a number of amino acids are identified that apparently do not influence absorbance characteristics, at least not cumulatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fyhrquist
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Donner
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hargrave
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: McDowell
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Popp
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002023:Bufo bufo / Q000378:metabolism*; D002024:Bufo marinus / Q000378:metabolism*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011896:Rana temporaria / Q000378:metabolism*; D011898:Ranidae / Q000378:metabolism; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D010649:Phenylalanine; D004247:DNA; D012243:Rhodopsin