title: Topical retinoic acid reduces skin papilloma formation but resistant papillomas are at high risk for malignant conversion.
abstract: Retinoic acid (RA) was topically applied to the skin of Sencar mice during the promotion phase of specific tumor induction protocols that produce papillomas at low (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate promoted, TPA) or high (mezerein-promoted) risk for premalignant progression and malignant conversion. RA consistently reduced the yield of papillomas and carcinomas in both protocols, but the frequency of malignant conversion in papillomas that emerged during RA treatment was not reduced. When TPA was reapplied after cessation of RA treatment, the number of papillomas increased 2-fold, suggesting that RA had not eliminated initiated cells. In vitro, RA prevented the emergence of transformed keratinocytes in an assay that mimics malignant conversion, suggesting that RA can suppress conversion if applied during the stage of premalignant progression. Examination of tumor markers at weeks 14 and 22 of the tumor-induction experiments in vivo indicated that papillomas evolving during RA treatment exhibited a phenotype of high progression risk, even in the TPA-promoted groups. In the majority of these tumors, the alpha6beta4 integrin and retinoid X receptor alpha transcripts were detected suprabasally, indicating an advanced state of premalignant progression. RA-treated tumors also expressed higher levels of transcripts for transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and localized TGF-beta1 peptide in the basal portions of the tumor fronds. Because up-regulated expression of TGF-beta1 suppresses papilloma formation, these studies suggest a mechanism whereby RA can prevent papilloma eruption via a TGF-beta intermediate, but papillomas resistant to RA may have altered TGF-beta signaling and progress to carcinomas at an increased frequency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tennenbaum
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lowry
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Darwiche
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gartsbein
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hennings
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yuspa
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002273:Carcinogens; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D018450:Disease Progression; D004224:Diterpenes; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018632:Mice, Inbred SENCAR; D010212:Papilloma / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010641:Phenotype; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D012307:Risk Factors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013729:Terpenes; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002273:Carcinogens; D004224:Diterpenes; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D013729:Terpenes; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C011309:mezerein; D014212:Tretinoin; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate