title: Three-dimensional shaded-surface rendering of MR images of the breast: technique, applications, and impact on surgical management of breast disease.
abstract: Contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is reported to be the most accurate modality for determining the extent of breast cancer before surgery. Three-dimensionally rendered MR images can be used as an adjunct in planning breast surgery. Semiautomated methods are used to isolate the breast tissue within high-resolution MR images and to render the skin with a shaded-surface method. Cut-away views reveal lesions in the interior of the breast. Cut-plane shaded-surface display provides the surgeon with information on the size, extent, and spatial relationships of a breast lesion in a simple, intuitive format. This technique can help the surgeon plan a breast biopsy, lumpectomy, or mastectomy that will maximize local control of breast cancer while minimizing cosmetic damage to the unaffected portions of the breast. In a review of 15 clinical cases, cut-plane shaded-surface rendering aided surgical planning in 10 cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jeffrey
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Birdwell
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sawyer-Glover
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Herfkens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008408:Mastectomy; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media