title: The acute effect of topical beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents on retinal and optic nerve head circulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Topical beta-blockers are the most common treatment for ocular hypertension in glaucoma, but their ocular hemodynamic effects are not well known. We investigated the acute effects of betaxolol (beta-1 selective antagonist), levobunolol (non-selective antagonist with active polar metabolite), and timolol (non-selective antagonist) on retinal and superficial optic nerve head circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraocular pressure (IOP), heart rate, blood pressure, and retinal circulation were evaluated in 12 healthy subjects (6F/6M; mean age=24+/-2 years) before and two hours after instillation of each drug on separate occasions at least two weeks apart. Macular capillary blood velocity (MCBV), epipapillary blood velocities (EBV), arteriovenous passage (AVP) times, and arterial and venous diameters were measured by digital image analysis of scanning laser fluorescein angiograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All drugs significantly (p<0.05) reduced IOP. There was no significant effect on blood pressure or calculated ocular perfusion pressure. Only levobunolol significantly lowered heart rate (p<0.05). Each drug produced a significant (p<0.01) decrease in AVP time of approximately 25%. MCBV was significantly (p<0.01) increased by approximately 20% in all three conditions; each drug also produced significant (p<0.01) increases in EBV. Arterial and venous diameters remained unaffected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All three drugs, despite different beta-adrenergic properties, increased blood velocities in retinal and epipapillary capillaries. These changes, occurring as they do in concert with decreased retinal arteriovenous passage time at constant retinal arterial and venous diameter, may indicate improved retinal perfusion after drug treatment. Improved circulation, if it indeed occurs, in tandem with reduced IOP, might explain in part the beneficial effect of beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents in glaucomatous patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Technical University of Aachen, Germany. Arend@RWTH-Aachen.de
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Arend
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arend
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Remky
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D015784:Betaxolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D001775:Blood Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002040:Levobunolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects*; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013999:Timolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D013999:Timolol; D002040:Levobunolol; D015784:Betaxolol