title: The effect of the renal portal system on pharmacokinetic parameters in the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans).
abstract: The premise that drugs not be injected into the caudal body of reptiles because they will be carried by the renal portal system to the kidneys, where they may be nephrotoxic or rapidly excreted, was tested by comparing the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin (excreted via glomerular filtration in mammals) and carbenicillin (excreted partly via renal tubular secretion in mammals) following injection into the forelimb or hindlimb of red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). Ten sliders received intramuscular gentamicin (10 mg/kg) in a forelimb (n = 5) or a hindlimb (n = 5), and plasma levels of the drug were assayed over time. Following drug clearance, the experiment was repeated with the site of injection reversed so that each animal acted as its own control. Another 10 sliders were similarly treated, using intramuscular carbenicillin (200 mg/kg). Injection site of gentamicin had no effect on any pharmacokinetic parameter (time to maximum plasma concentration, maximum plasma concentration, half-life, area under the curve, clearance, and volume of distribution). However, the area under the curve of plasma carbenicillin concentration vs. time was significantly lower following hindlimb injection, in comparison with forelimb injection, at 1, 4, and 8 hr, which may reflect reduced bioavailability of the drug, as would be expected with renal portal perfusion and tubular excretion on first pass through the kidney. This effect on carbenicillin likely is not clinically important because plasma levels remained above recommended minimum inhibitory concentrations. Because blood draining the caudal body of reptiles passes through the kidneys or the liver before reaching the central circulation, the effect on the pharmacokinetics of a drug injected in that region will vary with its renal or hepatic extraction rate. Generally, this effect is unlikely to be significant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holz
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Crawshaw
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Conlon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002228:Carbenicillin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005552:Forelimb; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006207:Half-Life; D006614:Hindlimb; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply*; D010406:Penicillins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011168:Portal System / Q000502:physiology*; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D014426:Turtles / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D010406:Penicillins; D002228:Carbenicillin