title: Systemic absorption and effects of nicotine from smokeless tobacco.
abstract: Nicotine is absorbed in substantial quantities from smokeless tobacco and could contribute to the adverse consequences of smokeless tobacco use. Chronic systemic exposure to nicotine could contribute to accelerated coronary artery disease, acute cardiac ischemic events, and hypertension. Systemic absorption of sodium and mutagenic chemicals from smokeless tobacco could aggravate hypertension or cardiac failure, or contribute to cancer, respectively. Information concerning the potential hazards of nicotine and other systemically absorbed toxins may be incorporated into educational programs to discourage the use of smokeless tobacco.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Benowitz
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D012964:Sodium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D012964:Sodium