title: Indirect recognition of porcine xenoantigens by human CD4+ T cell clones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human T-cell response against xenogeneic antigens may occur either by direct recognition of antigens on xenogeneic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or by an indirect pathway mediated by autologous APCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proliferative response of human CD4+ T cells to porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs) was measured. From these T-cell lines, eight CD4+ T-cell clones were obtained by limiting dilution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD4+ T cells, in the absence of monocytes, proliferated in response to PAECs only after swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class II molecules were induced on PAECs. The proliferation was significantly better when autologous human monocytes were added back as APCs. All of the eight CD4+ T-cell clones demonstrated specific proliferative response when stimulator PAECs, but not PAECs of other porcine origins, were preincubated with autologous human APCs before addition of these clones. These results indicated that the clones are recognizing porcine xenoantigens presented by self-APCs. The proliferative response of CD4+ T-cell clones was blocked by antibodies directed against human leukocyte antigen class II and human CD4, but not by anti-SLA class II monoclonal antibodies. A marked inhibition in proliferation was also noted when human APCs were incubated with chloroquine before addition to the cultures, indicating that xenoantigens had to be processed in order to be recognized by the clones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human CD4+ T cells can recognize xenoantigens by either a direct or indirect pathway. The CD4+ T-cell clones developed against SLA class II-negative PAECs recognized strain-specific porcine xenoantigens indirectly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shishido
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Naziruddin
authors.forename: X C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mohanakumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000276:immunology*; D006681:HLA-D Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D006681:HLA-D Antigens; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D002738:Chloroquine