title: Boron neutron-capture therapy (BNCT) for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) using the epithermal neutron beam at the Brookhaven National Laboratory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Boron neutron-capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary form of radiation therapy based on the nuclear reactions that occur when boron (10B) is exposed to thermal neutrons. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of p-boronophenylalanine (BPA)-based BNCT. The objectives of the Phase I/II trial were to study the feasibility and safety of single-fraction BNCT in patients with GBM.
  
  
  METHODS
  The trial design required (a) a BPA biodistribution study performed at the time of craniotomy; and (b) BNCT within approximately 4 weeks of the biodistribution study. From September 1994 to July 1995, 10 patients were treated. For biodistribution, patients received a 2-hour intravenous (i.v.) infusion of BPA-fructose complex (BPA-F). Blood samples, taken during and after infusion, and multiple tissue samples collected during surgical debulking were analyzed for 10B concentration. For BNCT, all patients received a dose of 250 mg BPA/kg administered by a 2-hour i.v. infusion of BPA-F, followed by neutron beam irradiation at the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor (BMRR). The average blood 10B concentrations measured before and during treatment were used to calculate the time of reactor irradiation that would deliver the prescribed dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  10B concentrations in specimens of scalp and tumor were higher than in blood by factors of approximately 1.5 and approximately 3.5, respectively. The 10B concentration in the normal brain was < or = that in the blood; however, for purposes of estimating radiation doses to normal brain endothelium, it was always assumed to be equal to blood. BNCT doses are expressed as gray-equivalent (Gy-Eq), which is the sum of the various physical dose components multiplied to appropriate biologic effectiveness factors. The dose to a 1-cm3 volume where the thermal flux reached a maximum was 10.6 +/- 0.3 Gy-Eq in 9 patients and 13.8 Gy-Eq in 1 patient. The minimum dose in tumor ranged from 20 to 32.3 Gy-Eq. The minimum dose in the target volume (tumor plus 2 cm margin) ranged from 7.8 to 16.2 Gy-Eq. Dose to scalp ranged from 10 to 16 Gy-Eq. All patients experienced in-field alopecia. No CNS toxicity attributed to BNCT was observed. The median time to local disease progression following BNCT was 6 months (range 2.7 to 9.0). The median time to local disease progression was longer in patients who received a higher tumor dose. The median survival time from diagnosis was 13.5 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is feasible to safely deliver a single fraction of BPA-based BNCT. At the dose prescribed, the patients did not experience any morbidity. To further evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of BNCT, a dose-escalation study delivering a minimum target volume dose of 17 Gy-Eq is in progress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Health Care Systems, New York, NY 10003, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chadha
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Capala
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Coderre
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Elowitz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iwai
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Joel
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wielopolski
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Chanana
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001895:Boron / Q000378:metabolism; D001896:Boron Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016754:Boron Neutron Capture Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001896:Boron Compounds; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D010649:Phenylalanine; D001895:Boron; C033685:4-boronophenylalanine