title: Clinical signs for the recognition of children with moderate or severe anaemia in western Kenya.
abstract: Optimal treatment of Plasmodium falciparum-related paediatric anaemia can result in improved haematological recovery and survival. Clinical predictors are needed to identify children with anaemia in settings where laboratory measurements are not available. The use of conjunctival (eyelid), palmar, nailbed, and tongue pallor to detect children with moderate anaemia (haemoglobin, 5.0-7.9 g/dl) or severe anaemia (haemoglobin, < 5.0 g/dl) was evaluated among children seen at an outpatient and inpatient setting in a hospital in western Kenya. Severe nailbed or severe palmar pallor had the highest sensitivity (62% and 60%, resp.), compared with severe conjunctival pallor (sensitivity = 31%), to detect children with severe anaemia in the outpatient setting. Children with moderate anaemia were best identified by the presence of nailbed or palmar pallor (sensitivity = 90% for both signs), compared with conjunctival pallor (sensitivity = 81%). Clinical signs of respiratory distress, in addition to the presence of severe pallor, did not increase the recognition of children requiring hospitalization for severe anaemia. Among inpatients, the sensitivity of severe nailbed pallor (59%) was highest for detecting children with severe anaemia, although the sensitivity of severe conjunctival pallor and severe palmar pallor was the same (53% for both signs). Presence of conjunctival pallor (sensitivity = 74%) was similar in sensitivity to both nailbed and palmar pallor (70% for both signs) among children with moderate anaemia. The sensitivity of tongue pallor was low among all children evaluated. Low haemoglobin levels were significantly associated with the likelihood of being smear-positive for P. falciparum. This study demonstrates that clinical criteria can be used to identify children with moderate and severe anaemia, thus enabling implementation of treatment algorithms. Children aged < 36 months who live in an area with P. falciparum malaria should receive treatment with an effective antimalarial drug if they have pallor.
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitic Diseases (DPD), US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zucker
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Otieno
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Obonyo
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology; D000818:Animals; D002657:Child Development; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007630:Kenya; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000469:parasitology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D010808:Physical Examination; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins