title: Differential respiratory muscle recruitment induced by clonidine in awake goats.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that dysrhythmic breathing induced by the alpha2-agonist clonidine is accompanied by differential recruitment of respiratory muscles. In adult goats (n = 14) electromyographic (EMG) measurements were made from inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and parasternal intercostal) and expiratory muscles [triangularis sterni (TS) and transversus abdominis (Abd)]. EMG of the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle was used as an index of upper airway (glottal) patency. Peak EMG activities of all spinal inspiratory and expiratory muscles were augmented by central and peripheral chemoreceptor stimuli. Phasic TA was apparent in the postinspiratory phase of the breathing cycle under normoxic conditions. During dysrhythmic breathing episodes induced by clonidine, TS and Abd activities were attenuated or abolished, whereas diaphragm and parasternal intercostal activities were unchanged. There was no tonic activation of TS or Abd EMG during apneas; however, TA activity became tonic throughout the apnea. We conclude that 1) alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulation results in differential recruitment of respiratory muscles during respiratory dysrhythmias and 2) apneas are accompanied by active glottic closure in the awake goat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Hayward, California 94542, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hedrick
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Dwinell
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pizarro
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Bisgard
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001049:Apnea / Q000503:physiopathology; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004576:Electromyography; D005931:Glottis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D006041:Goats; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D003000:Clonidine; D004298:Dopamine