title: Incorporation of a set enumeration trees-based classifier into a hybrid computer-assisted diagnosis scheme for mass detection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors evaluated whether a hybrid classifier of two independent computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) schemes, the set enumeration (SE) trees approach and an artificial neural network (ANN), could improve the detection of masses on digitized mammograms. The potential benefits resulting from the interpretability of the SE trees model was also explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred thirty verified mass regions and 230 negative but suspicious regions were randomly selected from 618 digitized mammograms. Each region was represented by a 24-parameter feature vector. These features were used as input data for the SE trees and ANN-based schemes. After the positive and negative regions were randomly segmented into five exclusive partitions, a fivefold cross-validation method was applied to evaluate and compare the performance of the SE trees, ANN, and hybrid system in the identification of masses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The performance of the SE trees approach was comparable to that of the ANN. The average area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for all five partitions was 0.88 (standard deviation, 0.04). Owing to the relatively low correlation between the region-based results of the SE trees and ANN methods, the hybrid classifier yielded a significantly improved performance, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.94 (standard deviation, 0.02; P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hybrid CAD scheme significantly improved performance. The amenability of the SE trees models to interpretation may aid in the assessment of the importance of specific features.
authors.affiliation: Intelligent System Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pa., USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rymon
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gur
mesh_terms: D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D012372:ROC Curve; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D011897:Random Allocation