title: A unified method for calculating the center of pressure during wheelchair propulsion.
abstract: The measurement of the center of pressure (COP) has been and continues to be a successful tool for gait analysis. The definition of a similar COP for wheelchair propulsion. however, is not straightforward. Previously, a COP definition similar to that used in force plate analysis had been proposed. Unfortunately, this solution has the disadvantage of requiring a separate COP definition for each plane of analysis. A definition of the generalized center of pressure (GCOP) which is consistent in all planes of analysis is derived here. This definition is based on the placement of a force-moment system, equivalent to the force-moment system at the hub, on a line in space where the moment vector (wrench moment) is parallel to the force vector. The parallel force-moment system is then intersected with three planes defined by anatomical landmarks on the hand. Data were collected using eight subjects at propulsion speeds of 1.34 m/s and 2.24 m/s (1.34 m/s only for subject 1, 0.894 m/s and 1.79 m/s for subject 8). Each subject propelled a wheelchair instrumented with a SMARTwheel. A PEAK 5 video system was used to determine the position of anatomical markers attached to each subject's upper extremity. The GCOP in the transverse plane of the wrist formed clusters for all subject's except subject 2 at 1.34 m/s. The clustering of the GCOP indicates that the line of action for the force applied by the hand is approximately perpendicular to the transverse plane through the wrist. When comparing the magnitude of the moment vector part of the wrench with the moment of the force vector of the wrench about the hub, the wrench moment is approximately an order of magnitude smaller. This indicates that the role of the wrist for wheelchair propulsion is primarily to stabilize the force applied by the arm and shoulder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA. davidv@pitt.edu
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: VanSickle
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Boninger
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Shimada
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D006225:Hand / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009038:Motion; D011312:Pressure; D014910:Wheelchairs