title: Effects of pH and osmolality on phlebitic potential of infusion solutions for peripheral parenteral nutrition.
abstract: In this study, we investigated the phlebitic potentials of several infusion solutions for peripheral parenteral nutrition to clarify the effects of pH and osmolality on the development of infusion phlebitis. A 10% glucose solution with electrolytes (GE, pH 4.93, 727 mOsm/kg), a 10% amino acid solution (AA, pH 6.95, 929 mOsm/kg), or a 5:2 admixture of GE and AA (GEAA, pH 6.46, 779 mOsm/kg) was infused into the rabbit ear vein for 6 hr at 10 mL/kg/hr, and the infused veins were examined histopathologically. Both GE and AA caused phlebitic changes, such as loss of venous endothelial cells, inflammatory cell infiltration, and perivascular edema. However, their admixture, GEAA, caused scant phlebitic changes. These results were as follows: 1) rabbit peripheral veins could tolerate the pH (6.46) and the osmolality (779 mOsm/kg) of GEAA under the conditions of this study; 2) GE caused phlebitis due to its acidity (pH 4.93); 3) AA caused phlebitis due to its hyperosmolality (929 mOsm/kg); and 4) mixing GE and AA eliminated the factors causing phlebitis in each solution. The admixture of GE and another 10% amino acid solution (AB, pH 6.04) at the ratio of 5:2 (GEAB, pH 5.76, 758 mOsm/kg) caused phlebitic changes. Since its osmolality was lower than that of GEAA, it was considered that GEAB caused phlebitic changes due to its acidity (pH 5.76), which was attributed to the acidic amino acid solution used as a component.
authors.affiliation: Naruto Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuwahara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asanami
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneda
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010689:Phlebitis / Q000209:etiology*; D011817:Rabbits; D012996:Solutions / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004573:Electrolytes; D012996:Solutions; D005947:Glucose