title: Competitive forces and academic plastic surgery.
abstract: Economic constraints developing as a result of rising health care costs in the United States pose significant challenges for and threats to the survival of academic plastic surgery. Declining clinical revenues, competition for patients and resources from other health care providers, and reductions in support of its education and research efforts necessitate a paradigm shift if it is to survive. Questionnaires were used to collect data from 92 of the 100 postgraduate training program directors of plastic surgery in the United States. The most common source of clinical income on a national basis was indemnity insurance. Sources of clinical income varied by region. The majority of programs, 80 percent, report that at least 75 percent of the income support for faculty came from practice income. Financial support for ancillary and research personnel, in large part, came from this same source. Resident salaries and benefits came largely from other resources. Generally as population density within the metropolitan area in which a program was located increased, so too did the number of competing plastic surgeons, including graduates of the program and nonacademic cosmetic and hand surgeons. However, levels of competition for cosmetic surgery in smaller metropolitan areas of some regions seem to be similar to those reported by programs in larger communities. Plastic surgery programs in very competitive communities received significantly greater amounts of their income from indemnity insurance and self-paying patients than did programs in less competitive metropolitan areas. Internal competition from other surgical and nonsurgical specialists within the same institution is likewise keen. Virtually all respondents, 93 percent, report that their institutions provided patient care in a least one designated center of excellence in the following disciplines: hand, microsurgery, craniofacial, cleft lip and palate, burn, and cosmetic surgery. This study suggests that centers of excellence are more likely to be present in metropolitan areas with fewer competing surgeons than in areas with large numbers of competing surgeons. The data did not demonstrate that the presence of a center of excellence substantially affected the sources or levels of clinical income. To survive as an academic entity, program directors must correctly perceive and fulfill the needs and wants of its stakeholders, particularly with regard to quality of life issues.
authors.affiliation: Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, Calif, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D002056:Burns / Q000601:surgery; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery; D004465:Economic Competition; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery; D005180:Faculty, Medical; D005378:Financial Support; D005382:Financing, Personal; D006225:Hand / Q000601:surgery; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006295:Health Resources; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007341:Insurance; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000191:economics; D008866:Microsurgery; D011788:Quality of Life; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits; D012886:Skull / Q000601:surgery; D013043:Specialties, Surgical / Q000191:economics; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000191:economics* / Q000193:education; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014146:Training Support; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population; D000078329:Workforce