title: New aerobic ammonium-dependent obligately oxalotrophic bacteria: description of Ammoniphilus oxalaticus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Ammoniphilus oxalivorans gen. nov., sp. nov.
abstract: The genus Ammoniphilus is proposed for aerobic endospore-forming Gram-variable rod-shaped bacteria, which are ammonium-dependent, obligately oxalotrophic and haloalkalitolerant, oxidase- and catalase-positive, mesophilic and motile by peritrichous flagella. Cell wall contained two electron-dense layers. The external layer consists of a chain of electron-dense granules morphologically resembling the cellulosomes of Clostridium thermocellum. Two species are described, Ammoniphilus oxalaticus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Ammoniphilus oxalivorans gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strains of these species are strains RAOx-1 (= DSM 11538) and RAOx-FS (= DSM 11537), respectively. Ammoniphilus strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of sorrel (Rumex acetosa) and from decaying wood. The strains require a high concentration of ammonium ions and use oxalate as the sole organic source of carbon and energy for growth; no growth factors were required. Growth occurred at pH 6.8-9.5. The optimum temperature and pH for growth were 28-30 degrees C and 8.0-8.5. All strains grew in a saturated solution of ammonium oxalate, and tolerated 3% NaCl. Whole-cell hydrolysates contain meso-diaminopimelic acid and glucose. The menaquinone of the strains was MK 7, and the major cellular fatty acids were 12-methyl tetradecanoic, cis-hexadec-9-enoic and hexadecanoic acids. The G + C content of the DNA was 45-46 mol% for A. oxalaticus and 42 mol% for A. oxalivorans. The almost complete 16S rDNA sequence of three strains of the two species of Ammoniphilus shows that the genus falls into the radiation of the Clostridium-Bacillus subphylum of Gram-positive bacteria. The closest phylogenetic neighbour of Ammoniphilus is Oxalophagus oxalicus. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strains RAOx-1 and RAOx-FS was 39.7%.
authors.affiliation: Juvegroup Oy Ltd, Rovaniemi, Finland. gennad.zaitsev@juvegroup.fi
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Zaitsev
authors.forename: I V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Tsitko
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Rainey
authors.forename: Y A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Trotsenko
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Uotila
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stackebrandt
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Salkinoja-Salonen
mesh_terms: D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D016937:Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Rods / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010070:Oxalates / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013455:Sulfur / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D010070:Oxalates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D013455:Sulfur; D009584:Nitrogen