title: Tacrolimus impairs wound healing: a possible role of decreased nitric oxide synthesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus on wound healing is not known. Tacrolimus has been shown to decrease nitric oxide synthesis. The systemic inhibition of wound nitric oxide synthesis leads to impaired healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the effect of systemic tacrolimus treatment on wound-breaking strength and collagen deposition 10 days after wounding in rats and to correlate the outcome of healing with wound nitric oxide synthesis. Beginning at the day of wounding, rats were treated once daily by intraperitoneal injections with 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg tacrolimus/kg body weight. Nitrite and nitrate were measured in wound fluid as an index of wound nitric oxide synthesis. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the wound was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Splenic lymphocytes were tested for proliferative activity. Tacrolimus levels in blood and wound fluid were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systemic tacrolimus treatment was well tolerated by all rats. Tacrolimus accumulated in wound fluid. Tacrolimus levels in wound fluid were found to be approximately 10-fold higher than blood levels (P < 0.001). Tacrolimus (2.0 mg/kg/day) reduced wound-breaking strength (P < 0.01) and collagen deposition (P < 0.05). This was paralleled by decreased wound nitrite + nitrate levels (P < 0.001) and wound-inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Splenic lymphocyte proliferative activity was significantly decreased by 1.0 and 2.0 mg tacrolimus/kg body weight/day (P < 0.05), indicating that the tacrolimus doses used were immunosuppressive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show for the first time that tacrolimus impairs wound healing, and this is reflected by diminished wound nitric oxide synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Schäffer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Proksch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bongartz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beiter
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000378:metabolism; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D011161:Porifera; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D003094:Collagen; D006909:Hydroxyproline; D016559:Tacrolimus