title: Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) liquid formulation development using differential scanning calorimetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the solution conditions that confer stability of aqueous IL-1R using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Optimal pH conditions were determined by monitoring degradation products encountered during accelerated studies (at elevated temperatures) using SDS-PAGE. At the pH optimum, DSC screened for excipients that enhanced thermal stability by shifting the Tm to higher values. Using SEC the relationship between thermal unfolding and stability was investigated by considering if lower Tm's in the presence of preservatives correlated with degradation products at 37 degrees C over time. The degree of aggregation relative to that of a control determined the level of stability achieved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Circular dichroism (CD) measurements confirmed molecular modeling studies showing IL-1R to be about 39% beta-sheet. Two major transitions characterized the DSC data with Tm's observed near 47 degrees C and 66 degrees C. Among 21 excipients screened, NaCl exhibited the greatest stabilizing influences based on shifting the low temperature transition to 53 degrees C. The low temperature transition was later found to comprise two transitions, yielding a total of three melting transitions for IL-1R. High Tm's arising from the presence of preservatives correlated with the order of stability (i.e., 0.065% phenol > 0.1% m-Cresol > 0.9% benzyl alcohol).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three melting transitions are consistent in origin with the cooperative unfolding of three unique immunoglobulin-like domains of IL-1R. Optimal stability was achieved in 20 mM sodium citrate at pH 6 with sufficient NaCl to attain the tonicity of human serum. A correlation between the predicted ranking of stability and the extent of aggregation was demonstrated using DSC.
authors.affiliation: Immunex Corporation, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. rremmele@immunex.com
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Remmele
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Nightlinger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Gombotz
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D004355:Drug Stability; D005079:Excipients; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions / Q000737:chemistry*; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000737:chemistry*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D011994:Recombinant Proteins