title: Psychological sequelae of torture and organised violence suffered by refugees from Iraq. Trauma-related factors compared with social factors in exile.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Refugees who have suffered traumatic events present complex therapeutic challenges to health professionals. There is little research into post-exile factors that may be amenable to change, and therefore reduce morbidity. We examined the importance of social factors in exile and of trauma factors in producing the different elements of psychological sequelae of severe trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four male Iraqi refugees were interviewed. Adverse events and level of social support were measured. Various measures of psychological morbidity were applied, all of which have been used in previous trauma research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Social factors in exile, particularly the level of "affective" social support, proved important in determining the severity of both post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive reactions, particularly when combined with a severe level of trauma/torture. Poor social support is a stronger predictor of depressive morbidity than trauma factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some of the most important factors in producing psychological morbidity in refugees may be alleviated by planned, integrated rehabilitation programmes and attention to social support and family reunion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Greenwich District Hospital, Vanbrugh Hill, London.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gorst-Unsworth
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D006801:Humans; D007493:Iraq; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012036:Refugees; D012919:Social Behavior; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D014104:Torture; D014754:Violence