title: Influence of muscle forces on loads in internal spinal fixation devices.
abstract: METHODS
  The loads acting on an internal spinal fixation device were measured in vivo.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of muscle forces on implant loads.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Only limited information exists regarding the loads acting on spinal implants in vivo. Though the muscles greatly influence spinal load, they have been neglected in most studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Telemeterized internal spinal fixation devices were used to study the influence of muscle forces on the implant loads in three patients before and after anterior interbody fusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contracting abdominal or back muscles in a lying position was found to significantly increase implant loads. Hanging by the hands from wall bars as well as balancing with the hands on parallel bars reduced the implant loads compared with standing; however, hanging by the feet with the head upside down did not reduce implant loads compared with lying in a supine position. When lying on an operating table with only the foot end lowered so that the hips were bent, the patient had different load measurements in the conscious and anesthetized state before anterior interbody fusion. The anesthetized patient evidenced predominately extension moments in both fixators, whereas flexion moments were observed in the right fixator of the conscious patient. After anterior interbody fusion had occurred, the differences in implant loads resulting from anesthesia were small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The muscles greatly influence implant loads. They prevent an axial tensile load on the spine when part of the body weight is pulling, e.g., when the patient is hanging by his hands or feet. The implant loads may be strongly altered when the patient is under anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanics, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rohlmann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Graichen
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Mayer
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000758:Anesthesia; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D001415:Back / Q000502:physiology*; D003243:Consciousness; D003371:Cough; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013686:Telemetry; D016474:Weight-Bearing