title: A comparison of heart rate, eye activity, EEG and subjective measures of pilot mental workload during flight.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mental workload is a major consideration in the design and operation of modern aircraft systems. Objective measures of mental workload that are sensitive and diagnostic are required to meet the needs of both pilots and designers. Due to the multifaceted nature of these complex mental demands multiple measures are required.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Psychophysiological and subjective measures provide unique information about mental workload during flight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiac, eye, brain and subjective data were collected during an actual flight scenario designed to provide tasks which required different piloting skills at several levels of mental workload.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rate was sensitive to the demands of flight but not diagnostic with regard to determining the cause of the workload. Heart rates increased during take offs and landings and to an intermediate level during instrument flight rules (IFR) segments. By showing sensitivity to only the visual demands of the various segments of flight eye activity was more diagnostic. The theta band of the EEG demonstrated increased power during those flight segments which required inflight mental calculations. The subjective measures showed trends suggesting different levels of mental demand but demonstrated few statistically significant differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple measures, especially psychophysiological measures, provide a comprehensive picture of the mental demands of flight. The measures used in this study were shown to provide unique, non-overlapping information. Because of the continuous nature of the psychophysiological data it may be possible to develop systems which provide on-line monitoring of mental workload that can provide feedback to the pilot and aircraft systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hankins
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D001767:Blinking; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005133:Eye Movements; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D005222:Mental Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008606:Mental Processes; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011603:Psychophysiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016526:Workload