title: In vivo XRF as a means to evaluate the risk of kidney effects in lead and cadmium exposed smelter workers.
abstract: The effect on kidney function was studied in 22 smelter workers with concomitant exposure to lead and cadmium. One active and five retired workers showed early signs of kidney dysfunction. They all had a long-term and high lead exposure, while their kidney cadmium concentrations measured in vivo by XRF techniques were low to moderate. Thus, the exposure to lead has been a greater risk, although an interaction between lead and cadmium could not be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gerhardsson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Börjesson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grubb
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hultberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mattsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schütz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skerfving
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D011507:Proteinuria; D012016:Reference Values; D012179:Retirement; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000379:methods; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase