title: Distribution of verapamil and norverapamil in the eye and systemic circulation after topical administration of verapamil in rabbits.
abstract: Our purpose was to determine the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its active metabolite norverapamil after topical administration of verapamil in rabbits. New Zealand white albino rabbits were given 50 microl of verapamil ophthalmic formulation topically in each eye. Samples obtained at various time points were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The elimination half-life of verapamil after treatment with 0.5% verapamil was 0.76 hour for aqueous, 4.34 hours for vitreous, and 1.82 hours for serum. The peak concentrations for aqueous, vitreous, and serum were 2.34 x 10(-6) M by 0.5 hour, 1.57 x 10(-7) M at 2 hours, and 3.39 x 10(-8) M by 0.5 hour following instillation of one drop of 0.5% verapamil; and 1.41 x 10(-6) M by 0.5 hour, 5.48 x 10(-8) M at 4 hours, and 1.20 x 10(-8) M by 0.5 hour following 0.25% verapamil, respectively. The metabolite norverapamil was found at peak concentrations of 8.65 x 10-(8) M by 0.5 hour in aqueous, 1.65 x 10(-8) M at 2 hours in vitreous, and 1.30 x 10(-9) M by 0.5 hr in serum following administration of 0.5% verapamil. The elimination half-life of norverapamil for aqueous, vitreous, and serum following treatment with 0.5% verapamil was 0.91 hour, 1.43 hours, and 3.60 hours, respectively. We conclude that topical verapamil, administered to the rabbit eye, is rapidly absorbed in the aqueous, vitreous, and blood. Norverapamil, which is an active metabolite of verapamil, can be detected in the aqueous and vitreous of the rabbit eye after topical administration, suggesting enzymatic degradation of verapamil within the eye.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Siegner
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Giovanoni
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Netland
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006207:Half-Life; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011817:Rabbits; D014700:Verapamil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; C016904:norverapamil; D014700:Verapamil