title: Treatment of early-stage breast cancer in the elderly: a health-outcome-based approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the post-lumpectomy treatment of a nonpalpable, stage I, T1b tumor, mammographically detected, in a 74-year-old woman without comorbidities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov process, through 120 monthly cycles, was used to model patient progression through a treatment program, employing literature data and a health-outcome utility. Treatments considered were: observation; radiation totaling 5,000 cGy over six weeks; tamoxifen, 20 mg/day, for five years; simple mastectomy; and radiation therapy plus tamoxifen. Health states included absence of disease (NED), loco-regional recurrence, distant metastasis, age-sex-race (ASR)-adjusted death, cancer mortality, treatment complications, and post-mastectomy death. Transition probabilities were established from the literature. Health-state utilities were determined from the responses of health care professionals to a basic reference gamble.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were determined to be 8.19 for radiation plus tamoxifen, decreasing to 8.04 for mastectomy, a difference of only a 0.15 years (1.8 months). Sensitivity analysis, however, showed relative stability in the ranking among treatment options.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the model showed little difference between QALYs with the treatments, the combination of radiation and tamoxifen provides the optimal therapy for this case.
authors.affiliation: St. Elizabeth Health Center, Youngstown State University, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Ritchey
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Caccamo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gawdyda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003663:Decision Trees; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D018579:Patient Selection; D011379:Prognosis; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D013629:Tamoxifen