title: Comparison of stapled and hand-sewn esophagogastric anastomoses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Esophagogastric anastomotic leaks continue to be a major source of morbidity and mortality after esophagectomy. Leaks usually result from technical errors or occult ischemia of the mobilized gastric fundus. The introduction of stapled esophagogastric anastomoses was initially very promising; leak rates appeared to be reduced.
  
  
  METHODS
  The English language medical literature was searched for publications comparing stapled and hand-sewn esophagogastric anastomoses. We reviewed data from four randomized trials and seven nonrandomized comparative studies to determine if stapling was superior to hand suturing for esophagogastric anastomoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pooled data from randomized trials comparing stapled with hand-sewn esophagogastric anastomoses showed no significant difference for leaks (stapled 9%, hand-sewn 8%, P <0.67), but a higher incidence of strictures in stapled anastomoses (stapled 27%, hand-sewn 16%, P < 0.02). In nonrandomized studies, stapled anastomoses had a lower leak rate (stapled 6%, hand-sewn 11%, P < 0.0001), but strictures were more frequent (stapled 31%, hand-sewn 16%, P < 0.0001). A major source of bias in the nonrandomized studies was the comparison of contemporary stapled experience and earlier hand-sewn experience. This bias was not present in three of seven nonrandomized studies that featured prospective data collection. Pooled data from these three studies showed no difference in anastomotic leak rate (stapled 4%, hand-sewn 6%, P < 0.28).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stapled and hand-sewn esophagogastric anastomotic techniques have equivalent anastomotic leak rates, but strictures are more common in stapled anastomoses. Irrespective of which technique is used, surgical experience and meticulous attention to detail are required to prevent anastomotic complications. Anastomotic technical modifications alone are unlikely to eliminate the problem of leaks, since they do not address the problem of gastric fundal ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263-0001, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Beitler
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Urschel
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013270:Stomach / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects*