title: Childhood-onset schizophrenia: an open-label study of olanzapine in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Olanzapine, a potent 5-HT2a/2c, dopamine D1D2D4 antagonist with anticholinergic activity, has a profile of known receptor affinity similar to that of clozapine. This pilot study examined the efficacy of olanzapine for treatment-refractory childhood-onset schizophrenia in eight patients who had received 8-week open-label trials. For comparison, data are included from 15 patients who had received 6-week open-label clozapine trials using identical rating instruments (largely by the same raters) in the same treatment setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three children and adolescents with an onset of DSM-III-R schizophrenia by age 12 for whom at least two different typical neuroleptics had been ineffective participated in the two separate studies. Some of the patients were intolerant of clozapine, although it had been effective (n = 4). Patients receiving olanzapine were evaluated over 8 weeks with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and the Clinical Global Impressions Scale for Improvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the eight patients who received olanzapine trials, at week 8 there was a 17% improvement in the BPRS total score, a 27% improvement in the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and a 1% improvement in the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, relative to "ideal" admission status on typical neuroleptics. In contrast, the magnitude of the effect sizes for each of the clinical ratings was larger at week 6 of the previous clozapine trial than for an 8-week olanzapine trial, relative to admission status on typical neuroleptics. For the four children who had received both clozapine and olanzapine, BPRS total scores were significantly lower at week 6 of clozapine treatment compared with week 6 of olanzapine treatment (p = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide preliminary evidence for the efficacy of olanzapine for some children and adolescents with treatment-refractory schizophrenia, but they also suggest the need for a more rigorous double-blind comparison of these two atypical antipsychotics.
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumra
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lenane
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Karp
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bedwell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Malanga
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamburger
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rapoport
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002648:Child; D003024:Clozapine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010890:Pirenzepine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D010890:Pirenzepine; D003024:Clozapine; D000077152:Olanzapine