title: 1995 National Clinical Pharmacy Services Study.
abstract: To determine the extent of hospital-based clinical pharmacy services in 1995, we surveyed 1109 United States acute care, general, medical-surgical, and pediatric hospitals with 50 or more licensed beds. Fifteen clinical pharmacy services were assessed to determine pharmacists' specific patient care responsibilities. The percentage of hospitals offering services grew between 1992 and 1995: pharmacokinetic consultations (16% increase), drug therapy protocol management (15%), drug therapy monitoring (8%), drug counseling (13%), and parenteral-enteral nutrition team (6%). All other services increased 0-5%. Pharmacists conducted clinical research in 14% of hospitals, averaging 6.3+/-22.1 protocols/department annually; total budget $96,219+/-$262,026. Patient-focused care predominated in 20% of hospitals, although most pharmacists reported to directors of pharmacy through traditional pharmacy department channels. Clinical pharmacy services continue to expand, with pharmacists providing higher-level direct patient care activities related to drug therapy management and monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo 79106, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Raehl
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pitterle
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D003625:Data Collection; D004282:Documentation / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004346:Drug Information Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000628:therapy; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018529:Nutritional Support; D005791:Patient Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012106:Research / Q000706:statistics & numerical data