title: "In-line" bipolar, steroid-eluting, high impedance, epimyocardial pacing lead.
abstract: Recent advances in electrode surface designs have eliminated traditional threshold differences between endo- and epicardial pacing leads. Since the epicardial approach offers the potential of direct left ventricular pacing and the transvenous approach may not be feasible or warranted in all instances, more advanced leads are being designed to optimize epicardial pacing capabilities. This study was conducted to evaluate a bipolar epimyocardial lead. Six immature canines (age 3 months) were instrumented. The lead (Medtronic model 10389) is a single-pass, "in-line" bipolar electrode with low current drain and high impedance, with an intramyocardial steroid-eluting cathode and nonsteroid epicardial anode. Twelve ventricular leads were implanted (two per animal) and the animals followed for 6 months with weekly analysis of pacing and sensing capabilities. Results at explant were compared with implant values and showed no significant differences between sensed R waves or in R wave slew rates in unipolar or bipolar modes. Explant lead impedances remained high in both modes: bipolar, 1658 +/- 331; and unipolar, 1327 +/- 308 omega (P < 0.05). Chronic voltage (V) threshold at 0.5 ms showed no significant change from implant values during the study: unipolar, 0.3 +/- 0.06 versus 1.0 +/- 0.8; and bipolar, 0.4 +/- 0.06 versus 1.6 +/- 1.2. Histologic review showed negligible fibrous reaction at the electrode-tissue interface. This study introduces a high impedance, low threshold, "in-line" bipolar pacing lead design capable of stable chronic pacing with implant facilitated by a single suture technique.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, USA.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Karpawich
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schallhorn
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McVenes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000592:standards*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010496:Pericardium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013536:Suture Techniques; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D003907:Dexamethasone