title: Grapefruit juice increases oral nimodipine bioavailability.
abstract: The bioavailability of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers following oral administration was shown to be increased by concomitant intake of grapefruit juice for all drugs of this class tested up to now. Here we report a randomized crossover interaction study on the effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of nimodipine and its metabolites. Eight healthy young men (4 smokers/4 nonsmokers) were included. Nimodipine was given as a single 30 mg tablet (Nimotop) with either 250 ml of water or 250 ml of grapefruit juice (751 mg naringin/l). Drug concentrations in plasma withdrawn up to 24 hours postdose were measured by GC-ECD, and model-independent pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. The study was handled as an equivalence problem. Point estimators and ANOVA based 90% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the test (= grapefruit juice period) to reference (= water period) ratios using dose-normalized concentrations. The absence of a relevant interaction was assumed if the CIs were within the 0.67-1.50 range. Cmax for nimodipine reached 124% of the reference period (90% CI 0.76-2.01), AUC was increased to 151% (90% CI 114%-200%), respectively. The null hypothesis "relevant interaction" thus could not be rejected for the primary pharmacokinetic parameters AUC and Cmax. The ratios of metabolite AUC to parent drug AUC were slightly reduced with grapefruit juice intake. Additionally, there was evidence for a more pronounced hemodynamic response in the grapefruit juice period. To avoid the interaction, nimodipine should not be taken with grapefruit juice.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, Universität zu Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fuhr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maier-Brüggemann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blume
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mück
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuhlmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huschka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaigler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rietbrock
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Staib
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001628:Beverages; D001682:Biological Availability; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D002957:Citrus; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009553:Nimodipine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012016:Reference Values; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids; D014867:Water; D009553:Nimodipine; C005274:naringin