title: MR imaging of fetal cerebral anomalies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prenatal diagnosis of fetal brain anomalies relies mainly upon ultrasonography. However, even in the most experienced hands, the technique has limitations for some difficult diagnoses. MRI is an excellent imaging modality for the paediatric and adult brain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the value of prenatal MRI when a cerebral anomaly was detected by US and where the prognosis depended on the identification of other anomalies undetectable by US, or where fetuses were at risk for a CNS lesion even when the US was normal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred prenatal MRI examinations were performed since 1988, and confirmed by postnatal follow-up or pathological examination. Two-thirds of the examinations were performed after 25 weeks of gestation, one-third between 21 and 26 weeks. Fetal immobilisation was obtained by maternal premedication with flunitrazepam, administered orally 1 h before the examination. The examinations were performed on 1.5 T scanners using one or two surface coils.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prenatal MRI allowed the diagnosis of serious unsuspected lesions such as neuronal migration disorders, ischaemic and haemorrhagic lesions and the abnormalities observed in tuberous sclerosis. It helped to characterise ventricular dilatation and anomalies of the corpus callosum and of the posterior fossa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI is a valuable complementary tool when prenatal US is incomplete, doubtful or limited. Prenatal MRI is particularly useful for the detection of ischaemic and haemorrhagic lesions, neuronal migration disorders and tuberous sclerosis lesions. Detection of these associated anomalies worsens the fetal prognosis, has medico-legal implications and modifies obstetric management. Normal prenatal MRI does not exclude an anomaly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hôpital Des Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sévres, F-75 015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Sonigo
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Rypens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carteret
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Delezoide
authors.forename: F O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Brunelle
mesh_terms: D061085:Agenesis of Corpus Callosum; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology; D003337:Corpus Callosum / Q000473:pathology; D003616:Dandy-Walker Syndrome / Q000473:pathology; D016142:Holoprosencephaly / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D013997:Time Factors; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000473:pathology