title: Direct reconstruction of the pulmonary artery during the arterial switch operation: an interesting surgical option with excellent hemodynamic results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In transposition of the great arteries, reconstruction of the neo-pulmonary artery is a challenging surgical detail during the arterial switch procedure. We present early and midterm clinical and hemodynamic results of a direct reconstruction of the pulmonary artery avoiding prosthetic and autologous material.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1990 and June 1996, a total of 189 patients underwent the arterial switch procedure because of D-transposition of the great vessels. Of them, 47 underwent direct pulmonary artery reconstruction. Mean age at operation was 5.2+/-4.1 days and mean weight was 3.75+/-0.85 kg. Simple transposition of the great arteries was present in 13, transposition of the great arteries plus ventricular septal defect in 27, and more complex forms of transposition of the great arteries in 7 patients. The great vessels were side-by-side in 4 patients and in the anteroposterior position in 43 patients. The technique of direct pulmonary reconstruction includes extensive mobilization of both pulmonary artery branches into the hilum, posterior incision of the mean pulmonary artery into the bifurcation, and resuspension of the posterior commissure of the neo-pulmonary valve. A large anastomosis without any tension is then performed, using the anterior remnant aortic sinus of Valsalva to fit out the expected size of the neo-pulmonary artery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early mortality was 8.5% (4/47) in this particular group of patients. Postoperative echocardiography was performed before hospital discharge, 3 to 6 months postoperatively, and after a mean follow-up of 24 months. Of the 43 survivors, 37 patients had a pressure gradient across the pulmonary valve of less than 15 mm Hg. Mild pulmonary stenosis (pressure gradient of 15 to 30 mm Hg) was present in 4 and more severe supravalvar stenosis (pressure gradient > 30 mm Hg) in 2 patients. After a mean follow-up of 36 months, there was one redo operation to enlarge the right ventricular outflow tract.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct reconstruction of the neo-pulmonary artery-avoiding autologous pericardium and prosthetic material-may represent an interesting option during the arterial switch operation when the great vessels lie in the anteroposterior position. This technique is simple, and the hemodynamic midterm results are very favorable. The incidence of postoperative supravalvar pulmonary stenosis is low, and there may be considerable potential for unlimited tissue growth.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carrel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mattila
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pfammatter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leijala
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D001011:Aorta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D001017:Aortic Coarctation / Q000601:surgery; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight; D004310:Double Outlet Right Ventricle / Q000601:surgery; D004452:Echocardiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D010351:Patient Discharge; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011664:Pulmonary Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000209:etiology; D012086:Reoperation; D012850:Sinus of Valsalva / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate; D013536:Suture Techniques; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery