title: Laparoscopic biliary injury: more than a learning curve problem.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increase in the incidence of iatrogenic injury to the extrahepatic biliary tree that has been documented since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has been explained as a 'learning curve' problem. The early New Zealand experience has been published and the present study was undertaken to determine whether there had been any change in the incidence, nature and management of laparoscopic biliary injuries (LBI) after further experience with LC.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationwide audit was undertaken in 1995 by two confidential postal questionnaires: to all active general surgeons (n=184, response rate 60%), and to all endoscopists performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (n=18, response rate 100%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total number of LBI was 21, compared with 41 for 1991-92. The site and nature of the injuries were similar for the two survey periods. More of the injuries appeared to be diagnosed after the operation and prior to discharge (25% vs 47%). Calculating the national incidence of LBI was not possible without complete reporting, but in the subset of surgeons responsible for the LBI there was no apparent decrease in the incidence of all LBI (2.8% vs 2.9%), those requiring active re-intervention (2.4% vs 2.7%) and major duct injury (1.1% vs 0.7%), despite a significant increase in the surgeons' prior experience with LC (20% vs 61% of surgeons had performed more than 100 LC). There were some concerning trends in management: a less frequent use of ERCP in patients with LBI diagnosed after surgery (76% vs 65%) and a higher proportion of patients with minor injuries managed by re-operation (26% vs 50%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates that iatrogenic biliary injury is a persistent problem in New Zealand, despite increasing experience with LC, and suggests the need for more intensive scrutiny of operative technique and training. There is scope to manage more patients with minor duct injuries conservatively.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Skills Training Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand. j.windsor@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Windsor
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pong
mesh_terms: D017734:Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic / Q000293:injuries*; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000293:injuries*; D003549:Cystic Duct / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D015994:Incidence; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D008485:Medical Audit; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology