title: Inactivation of the tumor suppressor PTEN/MMAC1 in advanced human prostate cancer through loss of expression.
abstract: The recently identified PTEN/MMAC1 gene is a candidate tumor suppressor implicated in multiple tumor types based on mutations or homozygous deletions of the gene in certain human cancers. No studies of PTEN/MMAC1 mRNA or protein expression in cancer cells have been reported, primarily because of significant numbers of normal cells contaminating most tumor samples and because of the lack of antibody reagents. We examined PTEN/MMAC1 in advanced prostate cancer for gene mutations or abnormalities in expression by using a series of recently derived xenografts free of normal human cells and a PTEN/MMAC1-specific antibody. Only 1 of 10 tumors contained a homozygous deletion of PTEN/MMAC1, and no mutations were detected in the entire coding region of the remaining nine xenografts. However, five of these showed reduced or absent PTEN/MMAC1 expression by Northern analysis and reverse transcription-PCR of mRNA. PTEN/MMAC1 mRNA expression was restored in nonexpressing prostate cancer cells by in vitro treatment with the demethylating agent 5-azadeoxycytidine. Alterations in PTEN/MMAC1 expression were confirmed at the protein level by immunoblot analysis, and immunohistochemical studies show that the endogenous wild-type PTEN/MMAC1 protein is localized exclusively in the cytoplasm. These results demonstrate that loss of PTEN/MMAC1 expression occurs frequently in advanced prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Y E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Whang
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Reiter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Vessella
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Isaacs
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sawyers
mesh_terms: D001374:Azacitidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002451:Cell Compartmentation; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000235:genetics; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D001374:Azacitidine