title: Multiple resistance modulators combined with carboplatin for resistant malignancies: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemotherapy resistance is probably multifactorial; hence, we assessed the feasibility of adding to carboplatin 6 concurrent resistance modulators in 53 patients with resistant cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pentoxifylline and dipyridamole were added to carboplatin 400 mg/m2 in cohort 1, and metronidazole was also given in cohort 2. Mannitol and saline were administered in each cohort with the theoretical objective of improving carboplatin delivery to tumors by reducing blood viscosity. Because of excessive toxicity in cohort 2, cohort 3 received the same modulators as in cohort 2 but with a reduced dose of carboplatin (200 mg/m2). Subsequent patients had the following drugs added to those in the previous cohort: novobiocin (cohort 4), tamoxifen (cohort 5), ketoconazole (cohort 6). Cohort 7 patients received the 6 cohort 6 modulators along with carboplatin 300 mg/m2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thrombocytopenia was excessive in early cohorts with a carboplatin dose of 400 mg/m2, but was minimal at lower doses. Other toxicity was generally tolerable and reversible, particularly at carboplatin doses < or = 300 mg/m2, although gastrointestinal and neurological toxicity tended to worsen as additional modulators were added. No major responses (but 4 minor responses) were seen in this patient population with heavily pretreated or primarily resistant cancers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acceptable doses for phase II studies are carboplatin 300 mg/m2, 20% mannitol 250 ml plus normal saline 500 ml over 1 hr prior to carboplatin, pentoxifylline 700 mg/m2/day p.o. from 3 days before carboplatin to cessation of therapy, dipyridamole 100 mg/m2 p.o. q6h x 6 days starting 24 hr before carboplatin, metronidazole (750 mg/m2 p.o. 12 hr and immediately before, and 24 hr after carboplatin; 250 mg/m2 suppository p.r. 12 hr and immediately before, and 6 and 24 hr after carboplatin; and 500 mg/m2 i.v. right after carboplatin), novobiocin 600 mg/m2 p.o. q12h x 6 days starting 24 hr before carboplatin, and tamoxifen 100 mg/m2/day plus ketoconazole 700 mg/m2/day x 3 days starting the day before carboplatin, with oral dexamethasone and ondansetron as antimetics.
authors.affiliation: Ontario Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Canada.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cripps
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001809:Blood Viscosity / Q000187:drug effects; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D006402:Hematologic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010865:Pilot Projects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016190:Carboplatin