title: Reasons for removal of rigid internal fixation devices in craniofacial surgery.
abstract: Despite the widespread use of rigid fixation techniques in craniofacial surgery, there is a paucity of studies in the literature that serve to better define the reasons for the subsequent removal of plates and screws. The current study appears to be the first to attempt to assess these issues among a broad range of craniofacial surgery patients. Fifty-five patients who underwent hardware removal following craniofacial surgery at the University of Michigan Medical Center between 1989 and 1995 were retrospectively studied via an in-depth chart review. Common reasons for hardware removal included palpable/prominent hardware in 19 patients (34.5%), loosening of plates and screws in 14 patients (25.5%), pain in 14 patients (25.5%), infection in 13 patients (23.6%), wound dehiscence/exposure of hardware in 11 patients (20%), and removal at the time of secondary procedures in 5 patients (9.1%). It is hoped that this study will serve as a tool to define more completely the risk of needing subsequent hardware removal among craniofacial surgery patients treated with rigid internal fixation.
authors.affiliation: Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Orringer
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barcelona
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Buchman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001860:Bone Plates / Q000009:adverse effects; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016268:Internal Fixators / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*