title: The role of surveillance endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in preventing episodic cholangitis in patients with recurrent common bile duct stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Approximately 2-7% of patients who have undergone previous removal of bile duct stones have recurrence often presenting as ascending cholangitis. The aim of this study was to identify the incidence, clinical presentation, and objective findings in this group of patients. Additionally, the effect of surveillance endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in preventing cholangitis, was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two thousand and ninety-six patients who underwent ERCP for cholelithiasis were studied with 45 of these patients being identified as having recurrent common bile duct stones. Of the 45, 13 had two or more recurrences without having any obvious predisposing factors. The mean age of the 13 patients was 57 years. The characteristics of 13 patients were reviewed, including sphincterotomy size, liver function tests, and contrast drainage time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 13 patients with recurrent stones presented with ascending cholangitis. Stones were found to be soft, brown and accompanied by a large amount of sludge. The common bile duct in all 13 patients was noted to be dilated and had notable, widely patent sphincterotomes. There was significant delayed drainage in 77% of these patients. Yearly surveillance ERCPs were performed in the 13 patients, the incidence of acute cholangitis episodes per patient decreased from 2 to 0.6 with a four-year follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a subgroup of patients with multiple common bile duct stone recurrences, annual surveillance ERCP with stone removal decreases the incidence of recurrent episodes of ascending cholangitis as well as its associated morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Pancreatic Biliary Center, St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Geenen
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Geenen
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Jafri
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schmalz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies