title: A comparative study of insight scales and their relationship to psychopathological and clinical variables.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on the subject of insight has been hampered by difficulties in definition and reliable measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared several rating scales to measure insight on a group of 33 psychotic patients as well as assessing patients' psychopathology, clinical characteristics and cognitive functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most currently used scales showed a high degree of inter-correlation. Measures of insight related strongly to the presence of delusions; grandiosity (inversely), and depression (positively). Higher insight scores correlated with indices of treatment compliance and inversely with substance abuse. Measures of pre-morbid IQ and impaired executive functioning, including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test were not associated with poor insight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study highlights aspects of psychopathology and clinical variables particularly related to insight and supports the continued use of standardized scales in further research in this area.
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Psiquiatria, Hospital G. Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Constable
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lopez-Ibor
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: David
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000341:Affective Disorders, Psychotic / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003702:Delusions / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index