title: Effect of formula supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid on fatty acid status and visual acuity in term infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Docosahexaenoic acid is present in high concentration in retina and does not influence visual development in preterm infants. It is still under discussion whether docosahexaenoic acid is important for visual development in term infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven infants fed formula for a median of 14 days were randomized at median age of 25 days to three formulas: a) DHAGF: 0.3 wt% docosahexaenoic acid and 0.5 wt% gamma-linolenic acid; b) DHAF 0.3 wt% docosahexaenoic acid; or c) STF: standard formula without long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and 17 breast-fed infants were observed, using blood samples and anthropometric measurements from 1 to 4 months of age. At 4 months, visual acuity was measured by swept steady-state visual evoked potential. A cross-sectional study on 25 breast-fed infants was carried out as a reference group for the analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants fed the two docosahexaenoic acid-supplemented formula had relative docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in red blood cell phospholipids almost as high as those in breast-fed infants, whereas infants in the standard formula group had significantly lower levels. The addition of gamma-linolenic acid to the formula had a positive effect on red blood cell arachidonic acid levels, compared with levels obtained using fish oil only. Visual acuity was significantly different among all feeding groups (analysis of variance; p = 0.05, means +/- standard deviation: breast-fed, 0.37+/-0.06 logMAR; DHAF and DHAGF combined, 0.40+/-0.07 logMAR; and standard formula 0.44+/-0.07 logMAR. However, there was no statistical difference among the formula groups. In a multiple regression analysis including all formula-fed infants, weight at delivery (p = 0.002), but not type of formula, was significantly associated with visual acuity at 4 months of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of docosahexaenoic acid resulted in concentrations in red blood cells at similar levels as those in breast-fed infants, whereas the increase in visual acuity did not reach significance. The addition of gamma-linolenic acid resulted in higher arachidonic acid concentrations in red blood cells.
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Food Studies and Research Department of Human Nutrition, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hørby Jørgensen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hølmer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hernell
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Michaelsen
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000097:blood; D001942:Breast Feeding; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014792:Visual Acuity; D017965:gamma-Linolenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005395:Fish Oils; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D017965:gamma-Linolenic Acid