title: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of metrifonate in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Metrifonate is converted nonenzymatically to 2.2, dimethyl dichlorovinyl phosphate (DDVP), an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This 21-day, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of metrifonate in patients with Alzheimer's disease (n = 27) evaluated four doses, each administered orally once daily. All patients received a loading dose (LD) for 6 days followed by a maintenance dose (MD) for 15 days. The treatment groups were: panel 1, LD = 1.5 mg/kg (75-135 mg), MD = 0.25 mg/kg (12.5-25 mg); panel 2, LD = 2.5 mg/kg (125-225 mg), MD = 0.40 mg/kg (20-35 mg); panel 3, LD = 4.0 mg/kg (200-335 mg), MD = 0.65 mg/kg (30-60 mg); and panel 4, LD = 4.0 mg/kg (200-335 mg), MD = 1.0 mg/kg (50-90 mg). All metrifonate doses were well tolerated. Most adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity, gastrointestinal in nature, and transient. Mean area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) for both metrifonate and DDVP increased in relation to dose. Metrifonate and DDVP had similar, largely dose-independent mean values for time to Cmax (tmax) and half-life (t1/2). There was little or no accumulation of either metrifonate or DDVP with long-term administration. After 21 days of treatment, mean percent erythrocyte AChE inhibition was 14%, 35%, 66%, 77%, and 82% for placebo and panels 1 through 4, respectively. Cognitive improvement was observed with the two highest metrifonate doses. These results reflect favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles for the use of metrifonate in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington 40536-0230, USA.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Pettigrew
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bieber
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lettieri
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Wermeling
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tikhtman
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ashford
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Wekstein
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Markesbery
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Orazem
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Ruzicka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mas
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gulanski
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014236:Trichlorfon / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D010710:Phosphates; D014236:Trichlorfon; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase