title: The role of glucagon administration in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with tumor hypoglycemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor hypoglycemia can be recurrent and severe enough to interfere with definitive antineoplastic treatment. Therefore, rapid commencement of effective therapy is essential. This is best accomplished by identifying which of the hypoglycemic processes is involved, as treatments differ. Some patients present with hypoglycemia and liver metastases; among them, only a few develop hypoglycemia as a result of a failure of hepatic glucose production. Most develop hypoglycemia as a result of an insulin-mediated process--either the secretion of insulin by an islet-cell tumor or the secretion of insulin-like growth factor-II by an extrapancreatic tumor. Administration of glucagon can rapidly make the two groups distinguishable, thus allowing institution of therapy and prompt symptomatic control of hypoglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The charts of seven patients with tumor hypoglycemia and liver metastases who had a glucagon stimulation test (serial glucose measurements after a 1 mg infusion of glucagon) as part of the workup for hypoglycemia were retrospectively reviewed. Those patients whose test revealed a rise in serum glucose of >30 mg/ dL were subsequently treated as outpatients, with a continuous glucagon infusion delivered by a portable pump.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients had an insulinoma and four had non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) due to hepatocellular carcinoma, colon carcinoma, meningeal sarcoma, and hemangiopericytoma, respectively. All of the patients had liver metastases. Evaluation of these patients included a glucagon stimulation test (1 mg intravenous push), which quickly provided information about the mechanism of tumor hypoglycemia and the direction towards therapy. All patients with insulinoma responded to glucagon with a rise in blood serum glucose levels, indicating adequate glycogen stores. The four patients with NICTH had mixed responses: in two patients, the response suggested that hypoglycemia was due to an insulin-like tumor product; glucose levels did not rise in the other two cases, indicating that hypoglycemia was due to poor hepatic glycogen reserve/liver failure. In all cases, a glycemic response to glucagon predicted good response to long term treatment with glucagon (0.06-0.3 mg/hour, via intravenous infusion pump).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The glucagon stimulation test is a simple and fast approach that serves to clarify the etiology of hypoglycemia (diagnostic use) and guide effective long term strategies for its control (therapeutic use) in patients with neoplastic diseases and liver metastases.
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vassilopoulou-Sellin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006393:Hemangiopericytoma / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007340:Insulinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005934:Glucagon