title: Radiographic appearance of the navicular bone and distal interphalangeal joint and their relationship with ossification of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx in Finnhorse cadaver forefeet.
abstract: Radiographic findings in the navicular bone and distal interphalangeal joint as well as the ossification status of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx were evaluated in 100 Finnhorse cadaver forefeet. The most common shapes of the proximal articular margin of the navicular bone were convex and straight. Remodeling of the navicular bone was common, especially on the lateral extremity. No bony fragments were identified at the distal flexor margin even though this area appeared irregular in several feet. Several large, rounded or lollipop-shaped synovial invaginations were identified in only six feet. The thickness of the flexor cortex varied considerably, and the corticomedullary junction was uni- or bilaterally indistinct in nine feet. The shape of the sagittal ridge of the flexor cortex was commonly flat but varied. It appeared locally irregular or indistinct in 17 feet, but changes elsewhere along the flexor cortex were rare. Osteophytosis on the dorsal and palmar margins of the distal interphalangeal joint and entheseophytosis on the dorsal aspect of the middle phalanx and on the extensor process of the distal phalanx were common. "Possibly significant" ossification of the collateral cartilages (high sidebones or separate centers of ossification) was present in 36 feet; all grades of ossification in the proximal/palmaroproximal direction as well as palmar ossification were seen. A statistically significant relationship was found between entheseophytosis on the proximal flexor margin of the navicular bone and "possibly significant" ossification. Osteophytosis on the palmarodistal margin of the middle phalanx was more common in feet with a relatively long distal phalanx, suggestive of palmar ossification. Radiographic changes in the navicular bone or in the distal interphalangeal joint did not otherwise appear to be associated with ossification of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx in Finnhorses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruohoniemi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ryhänen
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Tulamo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D002102:Cadaver; D002350:Carpus, Animal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002356:Cartilage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017885:Collateral Ligaments / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005552:Forelimb / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006736:Horses; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D011859:Radiography; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013710:Tendons / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014033:Toe Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology