title: TGF-beta s stimulate cell proliferation via an autocrine production of FGF-2 in corneal stromal fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-beta s) inhibit epithelial cell proliferation, these same substances stimulate cell proliferation of fibroblasts. In order to elucidate the mechanism of stimulatory activity of TGF-beta on fibroblast, the present study was performed to determine whether TGF-beta might be an indirect mitogen acting through induction of an endogenous growth factor(s) that then acts as the direct mitogen in an autocrine manner in corneal stromal fibroblasts (CSFs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell proliferation was determined either by counting cell numbers or by analyzing the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA. The synthesis of TGF-beta, TGF-beta receptors, FGF-2 and p27 was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and TGF-beta 3 significantly stimulated cell proliferation of CSFs in a dose-dependent manner. The medium conditioned by CSFs and subsequently activated by acid-inhibited cell proliferation of corneal endothelial cells by 40%. When the acid-activated media conditioned by CSFs were immunoprecipitated with either combined anti-TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 antibodies or anti-TGF-beta 3 antibody, all three TGF-beta s, with an apparent molecular size of 25 kDa, were detected, whereas CSFs produced an 80-kDa latent form of TGF-beta 1. These cells can also express TGF-beta type II receptor and betaglycan. Interestingly, CSFs produced and secreted 18-kDa FGF-2, the synthesis of which is further stimulated by either TGF-beta 1 or TGF-beta 3, while both the neutralizing antibody to FGF-2 and the FGF-2 specific antisense oligonucleotide primers significantly inhibited the stimulatory activities of TGF-beta 1 in CSFs. The expression of p27, a negative regulator in cell cycle, was not altered by TGF-beta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that CSFs produce both TGF-beta s and FGF-2 and that FGF-2 appears to be a direct stimulator for TGF-beta-mediated cell proliferation in CSFs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ekay@hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Seong
authors.forename: Y G
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003319:Corneal Stroma / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D004261:DNA Replication; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000737:chemistry; D011817:Rabbits; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27