title: Childhood bacterial meningitis in Saudi Arabia.
abstract: This study analysed the bacterial aetiology and outcome of childhood meningitis observed over an 11-year period. Charts of 70 children with this diagnosis were reviewed. Three children were under 1 month of age, five were between 1 and 3 months and 60 were between 3 months and 5 years. The remaining two were over 5 years. There were 36 females and 34 males. The presenting symptoms in decreasing order of frequency were fever 86%, vomiting 29%, poor feeding 19%, seizure 14% and lethargy 14%. Aetiological organisms were as follows: Haemophilus influenzae 66%, Streptococcus pneumoniae 24%, Neisseria meningitidis 4%, Group B Streptococci 4%, and Staphylococcus aureus 2%. All H. influenzae isolates except one were sensitive to ampicillin. None of the S. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to penicillin. Complications occurred in 26% of the patients and included subdural effusion 23%, hearing loss 14%, seizure disorder 10%, developmental delay 9%, hydrocephalus 6% and motor deficit 30%. One patient died. Among H. influenzae cases, one of the 15 patients treated with steroids developed hearing loss. In contrast, four out of 31 who did not receive steroid therapy suffered from hearing loss. Haemophilus influenzae type b is the predominant cause of childhood bacterial meningitis in Saudi Arabia. Universal H. influenzae type b vaccination for children is highly recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, King Fahad National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Almuneef
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Memish
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kagallwala
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alshaalan
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D008583:Meningitis, Haemophilus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D008585:Meningitis, Meningococcal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D008586:Meningitis, Pneumococcal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids