title: Temporomandibular joint litigation: resolving issues of medical necessity and contract ambiguity.
abstract: Courts routinely award coverage for TMJ disorders under medical plans, despite exclusionary language and evidence that the insured failed to disclose preexisting treatment as required by the plan and neglected to attempt more conservative treatment first. Such decisions adversely affect both the health carrier and the plan participants. Various states have enacted legislation mandating coverage of TMJ; however, TMJ issues still exist and will remain a frequent topic for litigation until the judiciary recognizes that validating contract language ultimately benefits insureds as consumers and reinforces the integrity of the industry as a whole.
authors.affiliation: Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Minnesota, St. Paul 55164, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007342:Insurance Benefits / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D014481:United States