title: Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the incidence of serious and fatal adverse drug reactions (ADR) in hospital patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four electronic databases were searched from 1966 to 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 153, we selected 39 prospective studies from US hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data extracted independently by 2 investigators were analyzed by a random-effects model. To obtain the overall incidence of ADRs in hospitalized patients, we combined the incidence of ADRs occurring while in the hospital plus the incidence of ADRs causing admission to hospital. We excluded errors in drug administration, noncompliance, overdose, drug abuse, therapeutic failures, and possible ADRs. Serious ADRs were defined as those that required hospitalization, were permanently disabling, or resulted in death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of serious ADRs was 6.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.2%-8.2%) and of fatal ADRs was 0.32% (95% CI, 0.23%-0.41%) of hospitalized patients. We estimated that in 1994 overall 2216000 (1721000-2711000) hospitalized patients had serious ADRs and 106000 (76000-137000) had fatal ADRs, making these reactions between the fourth and sixth leading cause of death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of serious and fatal ADRs in US hospitals was found to be extremely high. While our results must be viewed with circumspection because of heterogeneity among studies and small biases in the samples, these data nevertheless suggest that ADRs represent an important clinical issue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lazarou
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Pomeranz
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Corey
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016014:Linear Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology