title: DOTS in Cambodia. Directly observed treatment with short-course chemotherapy.
abstract: METHODS
  Since the 1970s, Cambodia, a country of 10 million people in South East Asia, has experienced war, genocide and the virtual dismantling of the health system. It has a severe tuberculosis (TB) problem, with a new tuberculosis case notification rate, all forms, of about 150 per 100000 population and a tuberculosis programme, established in the early 1980s, achieving cure rates of only 40-50% in the last decade.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the implementation of a DOTS programme (directly observed treatment with short-course chemotherapy) under difficult conditions and its rapid success on a nation-wide scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  The World Health Organisation's recommended strategy was implemented in a phased manner throughout the country from 1994. The resources for TB drugs and running costs came from 13 sources. The DOTS strategy was gradually introduced after training and with regular supervision into 120 TB units inside general public hospitals at provincial and district level, after a mapping exercise; 75% of tuberculosis cases, all forms, are hospitalized during the entire initial phase and 85% of the total number of tuberculosis cases received free food from the World Food Programme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two and a half years after the start of the new programme, DOTS was implemented in 85% of all public hospitals. In 1996, case-detection rates had reached 127 smear-positive PTB (pulmonary tuberculosis) and 149 PTB all forms per 100000 inhabitants; 90% of all tuberculosis patients received DOTS. From January 1994 to June 1995, 4164 new cases started category 1 treatment (2ERHZ/6EH). Of these, 89% were cured or completed treatment, 5% defaulted, 3% died, 1% were treatment failures and 2% transferred out.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DOTS strategy can be successfully implemented in even very difficult conditions such as those found in Cambodia.
authors.affiliation: WHO Cambodia. Norvalp@who.ch
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Norval
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: San
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bakhim
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Rith
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blanc
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002160:Cambodia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003581:Cytodiagnosis; D018563:Disease Notification; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D005378:Financial Support; D005522:Food Services; D006760:Hospitalization; D006767:Hospitals, District; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D010360:Patient Transfer; D012074:Remission Induction; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents