title: Cost savings in duodenal ulcer therapy through Helicobacter pylori eradication compared with conventional therapies: results of a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial. Gastrointestinal Utilization Trial Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We hypothesized that treatment of duodenal ulcer disease with antibiotic therapy directed toward Helicobacter pylori infection is more cost-effective than therapy with antisecretory agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial of adult patients with active duodenal ulcer and H. pylori infection was conducted. Patients were randomized to receive 500 mg of clarithromycin 3 times a day plus 40 mg of omeprazole daily for 14 days followed by 20 mg of omeprazole daily for an additional 14 days (group 1), 20 mg of omeprazole daily for 28 days (group 2), or 150 mg of ranitidine hydrochloride twice a day for 28 days (group 3). The use of ulcer-related health care resources was documented during monthly interviews for 1 year after the initial therapy. Clinical success was evaluated 4 to 6 weeks and 1 year after the end of therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 819 patients enrolled, 727 completed the study. Group 1 included 243 patients; group 2, 248 patients; and group 3, 236 patients. Patients in group 1 used fewer ulcer-related health care resources during the 1 year after therapy compared with groups 2 and 3 (comparisons are given as group 1 vs group 2 and group 1 vs group 3, respectively): the number of endoscopies performed, 28 vs 76 (P<.001) and vs 71 (P<.001); patients receiving drugs to treat an ulcer, 118 vs 180 (P<.001) and vs 168 (P<.001); clinic visits, 83 vs 135 (P=.05) and vs 161 (P<.001); hospitalizations, 0 vs 5 (P=.045) and vs 6 (P=.02); and length of hospital stay, 0 vs 24 days (P=.04) and vs 37 (P=.04). When ulcer-related costs were defined as the outcome variable in a multivariate linear regression analysis, therapy was determined to have a significant influence on costs (group 1 vs group 2, P<.001; group 1 vs group 3, P=.008). Clinical success rates at the end of the study and cure of H. pylori infection were significantly greater in group 1 compared with groups 2 and 3 (P<.001). Therapy with clarithromycin plus omeprazole provided savings of $1.94 and $2.96 (compared with therapy with omeprazole and with ranitidine hydrochloride, respectively) per dollar spent within the first year after therapy. This incremental cost-benefit translates to savings of $547 or $835 per patient in group 1 (compared with patients in group 2 or group 3, respectively) during the first year after therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination therapy with clarithromycin and omeprazole resulted in significantly fewer uses of ulcer-related health care resources than conventional antisecretory therapy during a 1-year follow-up and significant savings in associated costs during the same period. Patients who received clarithromycin plus omeprazole also showed a significantly improved clinical outcome compared with patients who received only omeprazole or ranitidine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87108, USA. sonnbrg@unm.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sonnenberg
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vakil
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Bloom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011899:Ranitidine / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D011899:Ranitidine; D017291:Clarithromycin; D009853:Omeprazole