title: Facile minimally invasive cardiac surgery via ministernotomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The public's and surgeons' perception of minimally invasive operations are frequently at odds. Nevertheless, real or perceived benefits may result from limiting skin and skeletal trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beginning in January 1996, we began approaching most infant and pediatric open heart procedures through an upper sternal split incision using a 1- to 3-inch skin opening and then extended this technique using a 2.5- to 3.5-inch incision for adult aortic and mitral valve replacement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 82 patients, 57 infants and children and 25 adults, have been operated on using this approach (age range, newborn to 81 years). Operations accomplished through ministernotomy have included aortic valvotomy, arterial switch, tetralogy of Fallot, atrial or ventricular septal defect closure, aortic valve replacement, mitral valve replacement and repair, redo aortic or mitral valve replacement, double valve replacement, aortic root replacement, and complex arch reconstruction. In adults, the sternum was divided and then a T incision was made at the second, third, or fourth intercostal space. The mitral valve was reached through the roof of the left atrium. In children, a lower sternal split was used for atrial septal defect repairs. All cannulas were introduced through the ministernotomy incision, eliminating femoral cannulation. No new instruments, retractors, or ports were used. Mediastinal drainage was accomplished through a Blake drain connected to Heimlich-valved grenade suction. All but 2 patients were extubated immediately. Hospital stay was from 1 to 20 days (median 2 days). Patient and family acceptance is very high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of this initial experience, we attempt all congenital cardiac and isolated adult valve operations through ministernotomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, California 92354, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gundry
authors.forename: O H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Shattuck
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Razzouk
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: del Rio
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Sardari
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Bailey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D004322:Drainage / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000601:surgery; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000601:surgery; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007902:Length of Stay; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012086:Reoperation; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery*; D013396:Suction / Q000295:instrumentation; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000601:surgery; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000379:methods*