title: Bond strength and interface micromorphology of an improved resin-modified glass ionomer cement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of surface treatment with 20% polyacrylic acid containing 3% aluminum chloride (AlCl3) on the shear bond strength of an improved resin-modified glass ionomer cement to enamel and dentin, and to analyze the micromorphology of the cement-tooth interface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flat enamel and dentin surfaces of bovine incisors were ground up with sequentially finer abrasives to 1000-grit silicon carbide paper. Each surface was treated with 10% polyacrylic acid (Dentin Conditioner: DC) for 20 seconds or with 20% polyacrylic acid containing 3% aluminum chloride (Cavity Conditioner: CC) for 10 seconds, rinsed, and gently air-dried. A resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji II LC) and its improved version (Fuji II LC-I) were applied to the tooth substrate, and bond strengths measured at periods of 5 minutes, 1 day, and 1 week after light curing. As a control, the resin-modified glass ionomer cements were applied to untreated surfaces and were tested at 1 day. To evaluate the interface micromorphology, specimens were prepared following the adhesive-sandwich technique, cut in equal halves, and observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Additionally, in order to observe the effect of surface pre-treatment of each conditioner on dentin, pre-treated dentin disks were freeze-dried, fractured, and the morphology of the treated and fractured surfaces were observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shear bond strength of CC+ Fuji II LC-I to enamel was significantly higher than that of DC+ Fuji II LC at 1 day and 1 week (P < 0.0001). As for dentin, the improved system showed significantly higher bond strength at 5 minutes after light curing (P < 0.001), but bond strengths were not statistically different at 1 day and 1 week. Fracture patterns, examined with a stereomicroscope, were mixed adhesive/cohesive within the cement for all groups. Interface micromorphology, observed with an SEM, suggested the formation of a resin-rich layer and an indistinct zone between the resin-modified glass ionomer cements and the underlying dentin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan. p.pereira.odnt@dent.tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tei
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tagami
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003806:Dentin Permeability; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D019563:Mechanics; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000737:chemistry; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; C079765:Fuji II LC cement; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D019279:Resin Cements; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; C006903:carbopol 940; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; C030242:phosphoric acid