title: Barriers to research utilization for oncology staff nurses and nurse managers/clinical nurse specialists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe and compare barriers to research utilization faced by oncology staff nurses and nurse managers/clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) and to compare these to barriers identified by other nurses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exploratory descriptive.
  
  
  METHODS
  National.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportional random sample of 2,000 Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) staff nurses (n = 769) from seven practice settings. ONS participants recruited oncology staff nurses (n = 331) and nurse managers/CNSs involved in cancer care (n = 407).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mailings, including a demographic questionnaire and Barriers Scale, were sent to ONS nurses, and reminder postcards were sent to increase the return rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Barrier categories: characteristics of the adopter (nurse), organization, innovation (research itself), and communication, individual item barriers. Nurse and worksite characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences existed in oncology nurses' perceptions of the extent to which the adopter, organization, and innovation characteristics served as obstacles to research utilization. Nurse managers/CNSs perceived that each of these acted as a greater barrier than did staff nurses. Both groups perceived communication characteristics as a moderate barrier. Oncology nurses, as a group, responded similarly to other nurse samples regarding research and communication characteristics. Perceptions of oncology nurse managers/CNSs were similar to those of administrators in other studies. Oncology staff nurses rated barriers lower than nurses, including clinicians, in other samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For oncology nurses, organization, research, and communication barriers persist as impediments to research utilization. Nurse adopter characteristics may be diminishing as obstacles for staff nurses but not for nurse managers/CNSs. The decreased strength that oncology nurses attributed to barriers may reflect a benefit of practicing nursing in a specialty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreasing known barriers would facilitate research-based practice in oncology. Nurse leaders can create environments conducive to research utilization by altering existing mechanisms, facilitating access to nursing research experts, supporting time for research utilization efforts, giving authority for practice changes, and offering continuing education related to research utilization processes. Nurse managers/CNSs need to increase their familiarity with research and research utilization, ensuring their awareness of pertinent clinical findings. Perceptual gaps between staff nurses and nurse managers/CNSs regarding research utilization require discussion and formal investigation. Researchers must communicate in clinician-friendly ways. All nurses need to demand and facilitate access to research findings.
authors.affiliation: Health Services, University of Virginia Center for Survey Research, Charlottesville, USA.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Rutledge
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ropka
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nail
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Mooney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003142:Communication; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D006801:Humans; D009718:Nurse Administrators; D009720:Nurse Clinicians; D015399:Nursing Research; D009859:Oncology Nursing; D016134:Organizational Policy; D014481:United States