title: Involvement of cytokines in normal CNS development and neurological diseases: recent progress and perspectives.
abstract: Cytokines have been recognized to play an important role both in normal development of the brain, when they act as neurotrophic factors, as well as following injury. While both the cytokines and their receptors are synthesized and expressed in the brain normally (albeit at low levels), it has become clear that elevated levels are associated with many neurological disorders. In this review, we have chosen to present the data for only a few of the cytokines, including interleukin-1beta, interleukin-3, interleukin-6, interferon-gamma, transforming growth factor-beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Data are presented that suggest roles they may play in human disorders, including stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and several psychiatric disorders. The results in human disease are compared with results obtained in a variety of transgenic animal models. The mouse models have very different disorders depending on whether a cytokine is overexpressed either peripherally or in either astrocytes or neurons. The potential significance of this to the understanding of human disease is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics Section, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1279, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines