title: The external and internal anatomy of human mandibular canine teeth with two roots.
abstract: This study investigated the internal anatomy of 65 human mandibular canines with two well-defined roots. The teeth were decalcified and injected with gelatin coloured with india ink. Diaphanization was carried out using clear resin to allow permanent preservation. It was found that all mandibular canines with two roots had two root canals. Lateral canals were found in 68.9% of teeth and 19.7% had lateral canals at the bifurcation. The results of the external measurements (cusp tip to root apex) showed that the average buccal root length was 23.0 mm and the average lingual root length was 22.7 mm. The maximum and minimum buccal lengths were 26.7 mm and 17.9 mm respectively and the maximum and minimum lingual lengths were 27.2 mm and 17.1 mm respectively. The buccal root was the larger of the two in 47.7% of teeth and 43.1% had roots of equal size. The lingual root was larger than the buccal root in 9.2% of cases. Clinicians should be aware of the anatomical variation that exists for mandibular canines.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pécora
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lumley
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Walmsley
mesh_terms: D003481:Cuspid / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006652:Histological Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible; D009811:Odontometry / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000033:anatomy & histology*