title: Nonspecific and immune-specific up-regulation of cytokines in rabbit dermal tuberculous (BCG) lesions.
abstract: To our knowledge, this is the first sequential study of cytokines in tissue sections of developing and healing tuberculous (BCG) lesions. In situ hybridization, immunohistochemical, and RT-PCR techniques were used. Cytokine mRNAs showed a biphasic pattern. The percentage of mononuclear cells (MN) containing IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and IL-8 mRNAs was highest in 1- to 3-day lesions, apparently because of the nonspecific inflammatory response caused by the tubercle bacilli in the BCG vaccine. At 5 days, this percentage was significantly reduced. With IFN-gamma, the peak and trough were delayed by 2 days. By 9 days, the percentage of MN containing the mRNAs of all five cytokines had again increased and the rabbits had become tuberculin-positive. In general, MCP-1 and TNF-alpha proteins and the vascular adhesion molecules, ICAM, VCAM, and perhaps ELAM, peaked at about 3 days. Many mononuclear cells surrounding the central areas of solid and liquefied caseous necrosis contained chemokine IL-8 mRNA. IL-8 is known to attract PMN, and PMN were present nearby. In contrast, MN containing chemokine MCP-1 mRNA were present more peripherally in areas rich in macrophages and lymphocytes. The early nonspecific cytokine response seems to be an adjuvant effect of the mycobacteria in BCG vaccine in that it causes a rapid entry of macrophages, lymphocytes, granulocytes, and probably dendritic cells into local sites of antigen deposition. This effect should be considered in developing improved vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis, because BCG vaccines producing a strong early cytokine response should be more immunogenic than BCG vaccines with similar antigens producing a weak response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugisaki
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dannenberg
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsuruta
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Converse
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mounts
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000276:immunology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011817:Rabbits; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014382:Tuberculosis, Cutaneous / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016207:Cytokines; D019040:E-Selectin; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D007371:Interferon-gamma