title: Endocytic clathrin-coated pit formation is independent of receptor internalization signal levels.
abstract: The mechanisms responsible for coated pit formation in cells remain unknown, but indirect evidence has argued both for and against a critical role of receptor cytoplasmic domains in the process. If the endocytic motifs of receptors are responsible for recruiting AP2 to the plasma membrane, thereby driving coated pit formation, then the level of constitutively internalized receptors at the membrane would be expected to govern the steady-state level of coated pits in cells. Here we directly test this hypothesis for broad classes of receptors containing three distinct constitutive internalization signals. Chimeric proteins consisting of an integral membrane reporter protein (Tac) coupled to cytoplasmic domains bearing tyrosine-, di-leucine-, or acidic cluster/casein kinase II-based internalization signals were overexpressed to levels that saturated the internalization pathway. Quantitative confocal immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that the number of plasma membrane clathrin-coated pits and the concentration of their structural components were invariant when comparing cells expressing saturating levels of the chimeric receptors to nonexpressing cells or to cells expressing only the Tac reporter lacking cytoplasmic internalization signals. Biochemical analysis showed that the distribution of coat proteins between assembled coated pits and soluble pools was also not altered by receptor overexpression. Finally, the cellular localizations of AP2 and AP1 were similarly unaffected. These results provide a clear indication that receptor endocytic signals do not determine coated pit levels by directly recruiting AP2 molecules. Rather, the findings support a model in which coated pit formation proceeds through recruitment and activation of AP2, likely through a limited number of regulated docking sites that act independently of endocytic signals.
authors.affiliation: Kimmel Cancer Institute and the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Keen
mesh_terms: D033961:Adaptor Protein Complex 1; D033962:Adaptor Protein Complex 2; D033965:Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits; D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D047390:Casein Kinase II; D002458:Cell Fractionation; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002966:Clathrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D003034:Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D004705:Endocytosis; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007930:Leucine / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012995:Solubility; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D033961:Adaptor Protein Complex 1; D033962:Adaptor Protein Complex 2; D033965:Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits; D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; D002966:Clathrin; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D014443:Tyrosine; D047390:Casein Kinase II; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D007930:Leucine