title: Hyperopia is predominantly axial in nature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Myopia has been found to be predominantly axial in nature, i.e. myopic eyes have longer than normal axial lengths, with corneal radius variations having only a small influence on the magnitude of the refractive error. In this study we assess whether a similar relationship exists for hyperopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biometric data were collected on 57 subjects with either emmetropic or hyperopic refractive errors ranging in magnitude from -0.37 D to +17.25 D. Our main analysis concentrated on subjects with less than +10 D of hyperopia (group 1, n = 53), as subjects with +10 D of hyperopia or more (group 2, n = 4) exhibited marked differences in their biometric characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of group 1 data revealed a significant relationship (r2 = 0.611, p = 0.0001) between the degree of hyperopia and the measured axial lengths. A weak but statistically significant relationship (r2 = 0.128, p = 0.009) was also found between mean corneal radius measures and mean spherical refractive errors, with the mean corneal radius flattening with increasing hyperopia. In group 2, three of the four subjects exhibited much steeper corneal characteristics than predicted from the group 1 data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that hyperopia, like myopia, is predominantly axial in nature, although the corneal radius also plays a role in determining refractive error magnitude. These results have implications for refractive surgery and visual performance in hyperopic eyes.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research, School of Optometry, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. n.strang@qut.edu.au
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Strang
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Carney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001699:Biometry; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology; D019781:Corneal Topography; D005123:Eye / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged