title: Vegetative and psychological symptoms associated with depressed mood over the first two years after stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with acute physical illness, symptoms used in the diagnosis of major depression such as sleep or appetite disturbance may be nonspecific for depression. This study was undertaken to examine the association of depressed mood with other depressive symptoms to determine which symptoms were most useful in the accurate diagnosis of major depression after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a structured mental status examination, 142 patients with acute stroke were followed at three, six, twelve, and twenty-four months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median number of vegetative and psychological symptoms among patients with depressed mood was more than three times the respective rates among nondepressed patients at all time points over two years. Autonomic anxiety, morning depression, subjective anergia, worrying, brooding, loss of interest, hopelessness, and lack of self-confidence were significantly more frequent among depressed patients than nondepressed patients throughout the entire two-year period. Some symptoms such as anxious foreboding and loss of libido, as well as self-depreciation, feelings of guilt, and irritability were no longer significantly more common among depressed compared with nondepressed patients after six months. Standard DSM-IV diagnostic criteria and modified DSM-IV diagnostic criteria which included only specific symptoms of depression (i.e., symptoms which were significantly more frequent among depressed than nondepressed mood patients) yielded similar frequencies of major depression diagnosis. There were only a few patients (i.e., 2% to 3%) with depressive symptoms without a depressed mood (perhaps "masked" depression).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vegetative and psychological depressive symptoms are significantly more common in depressed patients over the first two years after stroke and DSM-IV criteria do not overdiagnose major depression even in this population with chronic physical illness. The symptoms which characterize major depression appear to change between the subacute and chronic post-stroke periods.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paradiso
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001143:Arousal; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000523:psychology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000523:psychology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012803:Sick Role