title: Pineal opioid receptors and analgesic action of melatonin.
abstract: Physicians have noted since antiquity that their patients complained of less pain and required fewer analgesics at night times. In most species, including the humans, the circulating levels of melatonin, a substance with analgesic and hypnotic properties, exhibit a pronounced circadian rhythm with serum levels being high at night and very low during day times. Moreover, melatonin exhibits maximal analgesic effects at night, pinealectomy abolishes the analgesic effects of melatonin, and mu opioid receptor antagonists disrupt the day-night rhythm of nociception. It is believed that melatonin, with its sedative and analgesic effects, is capable of providing a pain free sleep so that the body may recuperate and restore itself to function again at its peak capacity. Moreover, in conditions when pain is associated with extensive tissue injury, melatonin's ability to scavenge free radicals and abort oxidative stress is yet another beneficial effect to be realized. Since melatonin may behave as a mixed opioid receptor agonist-antagonist, it is doubtful that a physician simply could potentiate the analgesic efficacy of narcotics such as morphine by coadministering melatonin. Therefore, future research may synthesize highly efficacious melatonin analogues capable of providing maximum analgesia and hopefully being devoid of addiction liability now associated with currently available narcotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha 68198-6260, USA. mebadi@mail.unmc.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebadi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Govitrapong
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Phansuwan-Pujito
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Reiter
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008550:Melatonin / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D010870:Pineal Gland / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D008550:Melatonin