title: Restoration of anal sphincter function by single-stage dynamic graciloplasty with a modified (split sling) technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controlled muscle fiber conversion by electrostimulation makes transformation of fast twitching type II muscle fibers to slow twitching type I fibers possible, which gives skeletal muscles the capacity for tetanic contraction. This phenomenon has been recently applied in the so-called "dynamic graciloplasty" to restore function of an insufficient or excised anal sphincter. This paper describes our results with this method in patients with fecal incontinence or following an abdomino-perineal resection (APR) of the anorectum.
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 1992 through April 1997, 28 patients (12 women and 16 men) were treated by dynamic graciloplasty. The median age was 53.5 years (range 16 to 79). Indications were as follows: APR + synchronous restoration of the excised sphincter by graciloplasty (n = 12); total anorectal reconstruction (TAR) following APR in the past (n = 6); Patients with acquired fecal incontinence (n = 4); and Congenital atresia (n = 6). Muscle transposition, implantation of stimulation electrodes and pulse generator were done as a single-stage procedure, the "neosphincter" was wrapped in a modified technique (split-sling technique). Muscle transformation was performed by controlled neuromuscular stimulation during 8 weeks (from 1992 to 1995) and 4 weeks (since 1996), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No postoperative mortality (90 days) was observed in either group. In our early experience, rectal injury occurred in 4 patients as the most prominent complication. Evaluation of the functional outcome showed the best results in patients operated either for congenital of acquired incontinence who achieved a continence for solids and liquids or solids alone, respectively (1 or 2 according to Williams' score) in 90%, while patients following APR showed a satisfying outcome (continence for solids and liquids, solids alone or with occasional episodes for liquids) in only 55.5%. In patients following APR, defecation disorders turned out to be the most prominent functional problem and had to be treated by enemas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series, we have been able to perform dynamic graciloplasty as a one-stage procedure using a modified muscle wrap (split-sling-technique) thus reducing the time period until continence could be achieved to 7 weeks. We found the appropriate tension of the muscle wrap essential to prevent direct injury to the rectum as it was seen in our early experience. For this reason, we have introduced a modified device to perform intraoperative anal manometry and to measure pressures created by the neosphincter objectively.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Research Institute for Surgical Oncology, Danube Hospital / SMZ-Ost, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Novi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zoech
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Feil
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Urbarz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schiessel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome