title: Around-the-clock nursing care for the elderly in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the first phase of creating a Japanese model of community-based long-term care, called around-the-clock care (ACC), by operationally defining the components of ACC, identifying those eligible for the program, clarifying methods of planning and organization, and exploring outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exploratory evaluation for the population of frail elderly Japanese citizens living at home. A convenience sample of 44 patients receiving care from four visiting-nurse-service stations during 3 months in 1994 was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Needs assessments; record reviews of patient encounters; evaluations by patients, families, and visiting nurses; and reviews of administrative data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurses perceived that ACC stabilized medical status, reduced the emotional and physical burden of treatment, and improved hygiene. It also reduced family caregiving burdens and the stress of family caregivers' employment responsibilities. The highest rating of ACC by patient and families was for those with the most complex physical needs. Skilled nursing at home permitted early identification and treatment of problems before they became crises or required hospitalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early findings suggest 24-hour nurse-home helper teamwork may be an effective system of community-based long-term care and should be considered a key element of future Japanese health policy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murashima
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Zerwekh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tagami
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003152:Community Health Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006299:Health Services for the Aged / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008134:Long-Term Care; D016294:Models, Nursing; D015397:Program Evaluation