title: Relations of restraint and negative affect to bulimic pathology: a longitudinal test of three competing models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although theorists have proposed that restraint and negative affect cause bulimia nervosa, it is possible that bulimic pathology promotes restraint and negative affect, or that bulimic symptoms are reciprocally related to these two factors. The present study tested these competing models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal data from a community sample of adolescent females (N = 218) was used to test these alternative models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prospective correlations suggested that bulimic pathology was reciprocally related to both restraint and negative affect. However, in more stringent tests controlling for the temporal stability of these factors, restraint was not related to subsequent bulimic symptoms, but bulimic pathology predicted future restraint. Negative affect and bulimic symptoms were not related over time when the stability of these factors was controlled, but they did show contemporaneous reciprocal relations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results provide some support for the negative affect model of bulimia, but raise questions about the restraint model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, California 94305-5722, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stice
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002032:Bulimia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires