title: In vivo X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurement of uranium in bone.
abstract: This study investigates the applicability of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to measuring bone uranium concentrations, using a 57Co source to excite the uranium X-rays, with the source and detector in an approximate 180 degrees backscatter geometry relative to the sample position. It is demonstrated, by experiment and Monte Carlo simulation, that the X-ray to coherent peak ratio is linearly related to concentration and is independent of variations in source-sample geometry, thickness of overlying tissue and tibia size. Preliminary in vivo measurements indicate a minimum detectable concentration (MDC) of approximately 20 micrograms/g, which may not be sufficiently sensitive for monitoring occupational workers. However, a larger study of occupationally exposed individuals as well as work with subjects with known significant accidental uranium exposures is necessary to assess the clinical usefulness of this system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: O'Meara
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Chettle
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: McNeill
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Webber
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D002133:Calcium Sulfate; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000379:methods; D014501:Uranium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D014501:Uranium; D002133:Calcium Sulfate