title: Antimicrobial peptides melittin and cecropin inhibit replication of human immunodeficiency virus 1 by suppressing viral gene expression.
abstract: Antimicrobial peptides are effectors of innate immunity, providing their hosts with rapid non-specific defence against parasitic invaders. In this report, the effects are assessed of two well-characterized antimicrobial amphipathic peptides (melittin and cecropin) on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication and gene expression in acutely infected cells at subtoxic concentrations. Production of infectious, cell-free virus was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, with ID50 values in the range 0.9-1.5 microM for melittin and 2-3 microM for cecropin. Analysis of the effect of melittin on cell-associated virus production revealed decreased levels of Gag antigen and HIV-1 mRNAs. Transient transfection assays with HIV long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven reporter gene plasmids indicated that melittin has a direct suppressive effect on activity of the HIV LTR. HIV LTR activity was also reduced in human cells stably transfected with retroviral expression plasmids for the melittin or cecropin gene. It is concluded that antimicrobial peptides such as melittin and cecropin are capable of inhibiting cell-associated production of HIV-1 by suppressing HIV-1 gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Virology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wachinger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kleinschmidt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Winder
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: von Pechmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ludvigsen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holle
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salmons
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Erfle
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brack-Werner
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005814:Genes, Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat / Q000187:drug effects; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008555:Melitten / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014162:Transfection; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D017931:DNA Primers; D010455:Peptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins; D008555:Melitten; C031161:cecropin A