title: Phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of aminopterin in patients with refractory malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aminopterin (AMT) is a potent folate analog that is no longer in routine clinical use. Because of laboratory data that suggests improved metabolism of AMT versus methotrexate (MTX) in lymphoblasts, we developed a phase I trial to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), and pharmacokinetic profile of AMT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with refractory malignancies were treated. The starting dose of AMT was 2.5 mg/m2 every 12 hours for two doses weekly: the dose of AMT was decreased and leucovorin (LV) rescue was added after the DLT was observed. Pharmacokinetics were performed after both intravenous (i.v.) and oral AMT administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mucosal toxicity was dose-limiting and resulted in the need for a dose reduction (dose level 2: AMT 2 mg/m2 every 12 hours for two doses weekly) and, subsequently, the addition of scheduled LV rescue (dose level 3: AMT 2 mg/m2 every 12 hours for two doses followed by LV 5 mg/m2 orally every 12 hours for two doses, starting 24 hours after the second dose of AMT). The mean areas under the curve (AUC) for the i.v. (n = 14) and oral (n = 13) doses were 1.20 +/- 0.09 (SE) and 1.05 +/- 0.14 micromol x h/L respectively. The half-life was 3.64 +/- 0.28 hours and the oral bioavailability in 12 matched subjects was 83.5% +/- 8.3%. One patient with endometrial adenocarcinoma achieved a complete response (CR) and remains on therapy at 11+ months. Seven patients had stable disease (SD) for 8 weeks or greater, which included one patient with a metastatic nerve sheath tumor who was stable for 9 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that AMT has good oral bioavailability and that, when given on a q12 hour x two weekly schedule, the MTD is 2 mg/m2 with delayed LV rescue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9063, USA. aratli@mednet.swmed.edu
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ratliff
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marling-Cason
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Winick
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kamen
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000630:Aminopterin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists; D000630:Aminopterin; D002955:Leucovorin