title: Effect of prophylactic administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) on the frequency of nosocomial infections in patients with acute traumatic brain injury or cerebral hemorrhage. The Filgrastim Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the use of prophylactic recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) reduces the frequency of nosocomial infections in patients with either acute traumatic brain injury or cerebral hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter phase II study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intensive care units of seven medical centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with either acute traumatic brain injury or cerebral hemorrhage who were intubated within 6 hrs of admission and who were expected to be ventilated for >72 hrs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to receive daily subcutaneous injections of placebo (n = 21) or one of two doses of filgrastim (75 microg [n = 20] or 300 microg [n = 20]) for 10 days or until the absolute neutrophil count was >75,000 cells/mm3 or until extubation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  End points included increase in absolute neutrophil count, safety of filgrastim, and frequency of nosocomial infections (pneumonia, bacteremia, and urinary tract infection). Filgrastim caused a dose-dependent increase in absolute neutrophil count. There were no differences in the frequency of pneumonia or urinary tract infection; however, there was a dose-dependent decrease in the frequency of bacteremias (p < .05). Adverse events were similar among the three groups. There was one case of acute respiratory distress syndrome in the placebo group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this patient population, use of filgrastim was safe and the agent appeared to reduce the risk of primary bacteremias but had no beneficial effects on mortality, length of stay, or other nosocomial infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA.
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Heard
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Gamelli
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Solomkin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Trask
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Fabian
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Gerold
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Logan
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D000069585:Filgrastim; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D000069585:Filgrastim