title: Preoperative adjuvant epidural tramadol: the effect of different doses on postoperative analgesia and pain processing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tramadol is an analgesic with combined opioid agonist and monoamine reuptake blocker properties, which may be useful as a perioperative analgesic and antinociceptive adjuvant.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dose-dependent effects of adjuvant preoperative epidural tramadol on postoperative analgesia (pain scores and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) use) and pain processing (heat pain thresholds) were prospectively studied in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled 5-day trial. Forty patients undergoing knee or hip surgery received anaesthesia with epidural lidocaine and epidural tramadol 20, 50 or 100 mg or placebo as a preoperative adjuvant. Postoperative analgesia was by intravenous PCA tramadol in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative pain scores were similar in all groups. The time to first PCA use was shorter, the total dose and duration of PCA use greater, and side-effects more common with 20 mg tramadol than with 100 mg or placebo (P < 0.05). There were no differences in PCA doses required or side-effects between the tramadol 100 mg and placebo treatment groups. Heat pain tolerance thresholds were increased with 100 mg tramadol at 48 h postoperatively compared to baseline and placebo (P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative adjuvant epidural tramadol does not improve postoperative analgesia after lidocaine epidural anaesthesia compared to placebo. Tramadol 20 mg results in anti-analgesia and increased side-effects. While tramadol 100 mg depresses postoperative pain-processing, as measured by heat pain tolerance thresholds, this is not reflected in improved clinical pain measures.
authors.affiliation: University of Berne, Switzerland. nrgch@dial.eunet.ch
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wilder-Smith
authors.forename: O H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Wilder-Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farschtschian
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Naji
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009985:Orthopedics; D017288:Pain Threshold; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014147:Tramadol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol