title: Intraoperative transvesical cystoscopy for urogynecologic procedures.
abstract: Intraoperative cystoscopy is a useful adjunct to surgical procedures that may compromise the integrity of the lower urinary tract. Ureteral injury and the placement of intravesical sutures are risks, especially at teaching facilities, during operations such as retropubic urethropexy, paravaginal repair, or even simple hysterectomy. The conventional use of transurethral cystoscopy during open surgical cases may require repositioning of the patient if not previously placed in Allen stirrups. Alternative practices of bladder examination include placement of a standard cystoscope via an intentional cystotomy through the dome of the bladder. The authors have implemented the direct insertion of a 2 mm microlaparoscope through the bladder dome to verify an intact lower urinary system and found this method to be both efficacious and safe. Visualization is not compromised by the slightly smaller visual field compared to the standard 0 degrees or 30 degrees cystoscope. The perspective of the bladder neck region may be more easily oriented from the superior viewing angle. The authors prefer transvesical cystoscopy with the microlaparoscope for its ease of use, compared to their experience of performing a small cystotomy or routine transurethral cystoscopy.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pace
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klutke
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klutke
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kobak
mesh_terms: D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D012449:Safety; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000293:injuries; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000601:surgery*; D013519:Urogenital Surgical Procedures