title: Effects of stress resulting from short-term restraint on in vitro functional capacity of leukocytes obtained from pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the procedure used to snare and restrain pigs during collection of blood samples would alter in vitro functional capacity of leukocytes in the samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 gilts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Catheters were surgically inserted into the jugular vein of gilts to enable blood sample collection without restraint. After collection of a control sample, gilts were restrained by use of a snare and samples were collected at 0.5, 3.5, and 6.5 minutes after start of restraint (0 minutes). At each time point, plasma beta-endorphin and cortisol concentrations as well as WBC counts were recorded, and functional capacity of leukocytes in cultures of whole blood was assessed by means of mitogen-induced proliferation and interleukin-2 activity, virus-induced interferon-alpha concentration, and phagocytosis of zymosan particles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentrations of plasma beta-endorphin and cortisol were increased at 3.5 and 6.5 minutes after start of restraint. At these times, virus-induced interferon-alpha concentration was decreased, whereas proliferative response to Concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin increased in samples collected at 6.5 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was possible to snare pigs for the purpose of collecting blood samples and restrain them without causing excessive stress that would affect immunologic variables, provided that the collection procedure was completed within a few minutes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wattrang
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tsuma
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fossum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D011558:Herpesvirus 1, Suid / Q000276:immunology; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology; D010587:Phagocytosis; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016898:Interferon-alpha; D001615:beta-Endorphin; D006854:Hydrocortisone