MAP kinase-dependent pathways in cell cycle control.
Mitogen-activated protein kinases such as Erk1 and Erk2 serve as a paradigm for a growing family of proline-directed protein kinases that mediate entry, progression and exit from the cell cycle in diverse eukaryotic cells. These enzymes function within highly conserved modules of sequentially activating protein kinases that transduce signals from diverse extracellular stimuli. In vertebrates, at least three distinct kinases modules have been characterized. Mitogens induce the sequential activation of the kinases Raf1-->Mek1-->Erk2-->Rsk via the G-protein Ras. Stress factors stimulate c-Jun activation through a related kinase pathway involving Mekk-->Sek-->SAPK c-Jun, and hsp27 phosphorylation via the MKK3-->Hog-->MAPKAPK-2 hsp27 route. Genetic and biochemical studies, for example from budding yeast, imply the existence of several related protein kinase modules that can operate in parallel or within integrated systems.
Pelech
S L
SL
Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Charest
D L
DL
D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism; D014982:Xenopus laevis
D003470:Culture Media; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D015801:Helminth Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3