title: Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by exposure and/or cognitive restructuring: a controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unanswered questions from controlled studies of posttraumatic stress disorder concern the value of cognitive restructuring alone without prolonged exposure therapy and whether its combination with prolonged exposure is enhancing.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a controlled study, 87 patients with posttraumatic stress disorder of at least 6 months' duration were randomly assigned to have 10 sessions of 1 of 4 treatments: prolonged exposure (imaginal and live) alone; cognitive restructuring alone; combined prolonged exposure and cognitive restructuring; or relaxation without prolonged exposure or cognitive restructuring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Integrity of audiotaped treatment sessions was satisfactory when rated by an assessor unaware of the treatment assignment. Seventy-seven patients completed treatment. The pattern of results was similar regardless of rater, statistical method, measure, occasion, and therapist. Exposure and cognitive restructuring, singly or combined, improved posttraumatic stress disorder markedly on a broad front. Gains continued to 6-month follow-up and were significantly greater than the moderate improvement from relaxation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both prolonged exposure and cognitive restructuring were each therapeutic on their own, were not mutually enhancing when combined, and were each superior to relaxation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry and Bethlem-Maudsley Hospital, London, England. I.Marks@iop.bpmf.ac.uk
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lovell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noshirvani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Livanou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thrasher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome