title: Thermal modeling of laser welding for titanium dental restorations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concerns of laser welding for titanium dental prostheses are the limited depth of laser beam penetration and extensive surface damage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study used numerical heat transfer simulation to explain this behavior and offers an alternate multiple-pulsed method.
  
  
  METHODS
  A one-dimensional finite difference analysis was used to simulate heat transfer in pure titanium and gold during laser welding with a custom-constructed software program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The thermal gradient profiles revealed the problem to be inherent in titanium's low thermal conductivity; gold did not have this problem. Time-elapsed multiple pulses on titanium relieved this problem by giving the energy time to diffuse into the depth of the material.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With single-pulse laser irradiation on titanium, an increase in power could not greatly increase melting depth. The excess energy only vaporized the material surface.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Case Western Reserve University, School of Dentistry, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D012994:Dental Soldering; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods; D004055:Differential Thermal Analysis; D004735:Energy Transfer; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D007834:Lasers; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014896:Welding
chemical_list: D006046:Gold; D014025:Titanium