title: Pharmacokinetics of cefepime and comparison with those of ceftiofur in horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine pharmacokinetics of i.v., i.m., and oral administration of cefepime in horses and to compare pharmacokinetics of i.m. administration of cefepime with those of ceftiofur sodium.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 clinically normal adult horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Horses received 3 doses of cefepime (11 mg/kg of body weight, PO; 2.2 mg/kg, i.v.; and 2.2 mg/kg, i.m.) and 1 dose of ceftiofur (2.2 mg/kg, i.m.). Two horses also received L-arginine, p.o. and i.v., at doses identical to those contained in the cefepime dihydrochloride-L-arginine preparations previously administered. Blood samples were collected for 24 hours after administration of cefepime or ceftiofur and were assayed for cefepime and ceftiofur concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharmacokinetic analysis of disposition data indicated that i.v. administration data were best described by a 2-compartment open model, whereas i.m. administration data were best described by a 1-compartment absorption model. Median elimination half-life and volume of distribution after i.v. administration of cefepime were 125.7 minutes and 225 ml/kg, respectively. After i.m. administration of cefepime, mean maximal plasma concentration of (8.13 microg/ml) was reached at a mean time of 80 minutes. Absorption of cefepime after i.m. administration was complete, with a median bioavailability of 1.11. Intramuscular administration of ceftiofur resulted in similar mean maximal plasma concentration (7.98 microg/ml) and mean time to this concentration (82 minutes). Cefepime was not detected in samples collected after oral administration. Adverse effects consisting principally of gastrointestinal disturbances were observed after oral and i.m. administration of cefepime and after 1 i.m. administration of ceftiofur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cefepime, administered i.v. or i.m. at a dosage of 2.2 mg/kg, every 8 hours is likely to provide effective antibacterial therapy for cefepime-sensitive organisms in horses. Further studies are needed to evaluate adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Guglick
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: MacAllister
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pollet
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hague
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D000077723:Cefepime; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D000077723:Cefepime; C053503:ceftiofur