title: Cryotherapy of metastatic carcinoid tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To describe the use of hepatic cryotherapy to treat patients with symptomatic carcinoid metastates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatic cryotherapy was performed on five patients with carcinoid syndrome resulting from metastatic carcinoid tumors. Intraoperative ultrasound was used to guide the cryotherapy and to assess the adequacy of freezing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All five patients had relief of the carcinoid syndrome after treatment. In four of the five patients, the relief was prolonged (>3 months); in one patient, the relief of symptoms was transient (2 months). Four of five patients had a transient reduction in hormonal tumor markers (the fifth patient did not have hormonal-level follow-up). During a follow-up period of 2.5 years, four of the five patients died. The 6-month survival rate was 80%, the 1-year survival rate was 60%, the 2-year survival rate was 40%, and the 2.5-year survival was 20%. One patient is alive 30 months after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatic cryotherapy can provide symptomatic relief for patients with hepatic metastates producing the carcinoid syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shafir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Glajchen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D017679:Cryotherapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D008303:Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome / Q000401:mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed