title: Lipophilic siderophores of Mycobacterium tuberculosis prevent cardiac reperfusion injury.
abstract: Reperfusion injury, which occurs upon the reintroduction of blood flow to an ischemic organ, is responsible for considerable damage in heart attacks and strokes. However, no treatment for reperfusion injury is currently available. A major cause of reperfusion injury is the iron-mediated generation of hydroxyl radical (.OH). In this study we have explored the capacity of novel iron chelators called "exochelins" to prevent reperfusion injury. Exochelins, siderophores of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are unique iron chelators because they are lipid soluble, and hence able to enter cells rapidly. In the iron-free state, exochelins prevented .OH formation. Desferri-exochelins prevented oxidative injury to cultured cardiac myocytes, and did so more rapidly and effectively than the nonlipid soluble iron chelator deferoxamine. The capacity of various desferri-exochelins to protect myocytes from oxidative injury varied directly with their solubility in lipid. Infused into isolated rabbit hearts during reperfusion after a period of ischemia, desferri-exochelins dramatically improved systolic and diastolic left ventricular function, preserved coronary flow, reduced release of the cardiac enzyme lactic dehydrogenase, and reduced myocardial concentrations of .OH metabolites. Thus, highly diffusible desferri-exochelins block injury caused by .OH production and have potential for the treatment of reperfusion injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA. Lawrence.Horwitz@UCHSC.edu
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Pike
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gobin
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Fennessey
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Horwitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000737:chemistry; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017262:Siderophores / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012995:Solubility; D013481:Superoxides / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017262:Siderophores; C010953:exochelins; D013481:Superoxides; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide