title: Concomitant magnetic-field-induced artifacts in axial echo planar imaging.
abstract: When a linear magnetic field gradient is used, spatially higher-order magnetic fields are produced to satisfy the Maxwell equations. It has been observed that the higher-order magnetic field produced by the readout gradient causes axial echo planar images acquired with a horizontal solenoid magnet to shift along the phase-encoding direction and lose image intensities. Both the shift and intensity reduction become increasingly severe as the slice offset from the isocenter increases. These phenomena are quantitatively analyzed, and good correlation between experiments and theory has been established. The analysis also predicts a previously unreported Nyquist ghost on images with very large slice offsets. This ghost has been verified with computer simulations. Based on the analysis, several methods have been developed to eliminate the image shift, the intensity reduction, and the ghost. Selected methods have been implemented on a commercial scanner and proved effective in removing these image artifacts.
authors.affiliation: General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA.
authors.forename: X J
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Polzin
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008280:Magnetics; D008433:Mathematics; D008961:Models, Structural; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests