title: Anxiety and depression in patients receiving implanted cardioverter-defibrillators: a longitudinal investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) has dramatically improved survival rates following sudden cardiac death episodes. However, researchers have devoted little attention to the psychosocial consequences of living with the device. The current study used a longitudinal design to evaluate the impact of adaptation to the ICD on incidence and severity of anxiety and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  ICD recipients were administered standardized anxiety and depression questionnaires as well as questions evaluating quality of life related to the ICD in two consecutive yearly assessments. A preliminary evaluation of potentially important theoretical variables, such as the perceived predictability and controllability of shock onset was also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-third of the study population (N = 38) had clinically significant levels of anxiety, depressed mood, and fear of symptoms of autonomic arousal. These negative affective states persisted over time, with 40 to 63 percent of subjects continuing to have ongoing difficulties over a one-year time period. Anxiety about the ICD firing was closely associated with the occurrence of depression, while avoidance of activities was associated with anxiety. "Worry" about the ICD and a belief that ICD firing can be predicted were associated with anxiety sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive and anxiety states in ICD recipients may be frequent, clinically significant, and resistant to spontaneous resolution. Early signs of anxiety and depression in ICD recipients should be evaluated. Implications for future research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Dartmouth Medical School, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hegel
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Griegel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goulden
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozahowski
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011788:Quality of Life; D012803:Sick Role