title: Stability of expressed emotion in relatives of those with schizophrenia and its relationship with burden of care and perception of patients' social functioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is evidence that high expressed emotion (EE) in relatives of patients with schizophrenia is associated with higher levels of burden of care, and with worse perception of patient's social functioning. However, it is not clear whether changes in EE levels over time are associated with changes in relatives' burden of care and their perception of patients' social functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 50 relatives were included in the study soon after patients' admission to hospital. Thirty-six relatives and 31 patients were re-assessed 9 months after patients' discharge. Both assessments included patients' symptomatology and relatives' EE levels, burden of care, and perception of patients' social functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three relatives (64%) had the same EE level in both assessments, nine (25%) had changed from high to low EE, and four (11%) from low to high EE. Improvement in burden and perception of patients' social role performance were significantly more accentuated among relatives who changed from high to low EE than among relatives who had a stable EE level. Variables that best predicted changes in EE levels were changes in burden scores and number of hours of contact between patients and relatives at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Change in EE is associated with change in circumstances and burden. Findings support the idea that EE is better understood in an integrative model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scazufca
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuipers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003858:Dependency, Psychological; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012938:Social Perception