title: Acute cholecystitis in AIDS patients: correlation of Tc-99m hepatobiliary scintigraphy with histopathologic laboratory findings and CD4 counts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  AIDS patients are susceptible to opportunistic gastrointestinal infections including ascending cholangitis and cholecystitis, especially if CD4 count is < 200. Incidence of acalculous cholecystitis has not been reported previously.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aim to evaluate the incidence of acalculous cholecystitis in AIDS patients and to identify causative organisms and mortality rate following cholecystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the files of 46 patients in order to meet the objectives of this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD4 counts were < 200 in 31 patients and > 200 in 15 patients. HIDA imaging was performed in 31 patients; in 8, the CD4 count was > 200 and all had calculous cholecystitis. The gallbladder was visualized in 3 patients for a sensitivity of 63% and no organisms were found in the gallbladder specimens. In 23 patients, the CD4 count was < 200; the gallbladder was visualized in 5 patients for a HIDA sensitivity of 78%; 16 (52%) had acalculous cholecystitis; and 15 had calculous cholecystitis. In acalculous cholecystitis, Cryptosporidium was found in six cases, cytomegalovirus (CMV) in six cases, and fungus, yeast, tuberculosis, and mycobacterium avium intracellular each in one case. The thirty day mortality rate was 18%; 5 of 28 who underwent open cholecystectomy died within 30 days, 4 of them with a CD4 count < 200. There was no mortality in the 26 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Because of the high incidence of 52% of acalculous cholecystitis in AIDS patients with a CD4 count < 200, we recommend using intravenous cholecystokinin if the gallbladder is visualized on hepatobiliary scintigraphy in order to determine gallbladder ejection fraction and exclude acalculous cholecystitis. (2) Laparoscopic rather than open cholecystectomy should be the surgical procedure of choice in AIDS patients especially if the CD4 count is < 200.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center of New York, Valhalla 10011, USA.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Cacciarelli
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Naddaf
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: el-Zeftawy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Atay
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abujudeh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gillooley
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Abdel-Dayem
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D000208:Acute Disease; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019780:Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin
chemical_list: D019780:Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin