title: Ultrasonographic evaluation of the cervical lymph nodes in preoperative staging of esophageal neoplasms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The detection of cervical lymph node metastases plays an important role in staging of patients affected by esophageal cancer to perform the best therapeutic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report our experience concerning the ultrasound evaluation of the cervical area in 174 patients with esophageal cancer. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the neck can be done with a 7.5- or 10 MHz transducer in all cases, with selective scanning of the lymph node chains of the internal jugular veins and supraclavicular regions. The short-to-long axis ratio (S/L) was a useful way to detect lymph node metastasis. Histopathologic diagnoses were obtained by sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At ultrasound examination, we found 18 (10.3%) patients with metastatic cervical nodes. Of these, 17 (94.4%) had metastatic cervical lymph nodes confirmed by cytology from fine-needle biopsy. Lymph node exceeding 5 mm in long axis and with an S/L over 0.5 showed a higher incidence of metastasis than those with an S/L under 0.5. Our experience shows a high incidence of lymph node metastases in patients with esophageal cancer localized to the thoracic supracarinal tract and in patients with cervical and lower esophageal cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the ultrasound evaluation of nodes, the most useful parameters are size of nodes, heterogeneity of internal echoes, morphology of the margins, and the deformation caused by compressive instrumental manipulation. These criteria, indicated by the Japanese Society for Esophageal Diseases, yield a high sensitivity and diagnostic specificity when the ultrasonographic studies are performed.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Oncologic Surgery, Padiglione Monteggia, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Doldi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lattuada
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zappa
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Cioffi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pieri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Massari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Simone
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peracchia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016629:Esophagectomy; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography