title: Successful treatment of stage III neuroblastoma based on prospective biologic staging: a Children's Cancer Group study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify a biologically favorable and unfavorable subset of patients with Evans stage III neuroblastoma and to determine whether treatment stratification would improve the event-free survival (EFS) for high-risk patients and maintain excellent EFS for the lower-risk patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Risk stratification was performed by age, MYCN gene copy number, Shimada histopathologic classification, and serum ferritin level. Lower-risk patients were treated on the less intensive Children's Cancer Group (CCG)-3881, whereas high-risk patients were treated on CCG-3891, which included more intensive multimodality therapy and, in some cases, autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 228 Evans stage III patients entered onto the study, 92% also met the definition of International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage 3. One hundred forty-three patients met the lower-risk criteria, which included 89 patients less than 1 year of age and 54 patients 1 year of age or greater, and favorable biology, whereas 85 patients were 1 year of age or greater and biologically unfavorable. Biologically unfavorable patients 1 year of age or greater who underwent gross surgical resection had improved survival, whereas the outcome of infants or biologically favorable older patients did not change according to resection. The EFS rate at 4 years was 100% for the patients with favorable biology of any age, 90% for those less than 1 year of age but with at least one unfavorable characteristic, and 54% for Evans stage III patients 1 year of age or greater with unfavorable biology. Age, ferritin level, MYCN copy number, Shimada histopathology, primary site, and intraspinal extension were significant univariate prognostic factors for all patients, but only MYCN copy number and age were independent factors in multivariate analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The excellent survival of the biologically favorable group and the historically improved EFS of the biologically unfavorable group suggest that biologic staging should be used to define the prognosis and treatment of stage III neuroblastoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA. katekm@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Matthay
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Seeger
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Brodeur
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gerbing
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Stram
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Lukens
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D005293:Ferritins