title: Cost-effectiveness of tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group.
abstract: Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been shown to improve 3-month outcome in stroke patients treated within 3 hours of symptom onset. The costs associated with this new treatment will be a factor in determining the extent of its utilization. Data from the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial and the medical literature were used to estimate the health and economic outcomes associated with using tPA in acute stroke patients. A Markov model was developed to estimate the costs per 1,000 patients eligible for treatment with tPA compared with the costs per 1,000 untreated patients. One-way and multiway sensitivity analyses (using Monte Carlo simulation) were performed to estimate the overall uncertainty of the model results. In the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial, the average length of stay was significantly shorter in tPA-treated patients than in placebo-treated patients (10.9 versus 12.4 days; p = 0.02) and more tPA patients were discharged to home than to inpatient rehabilitation or a nursing home (48% versus 36%; p = 0.002). The Markov model estimated an increase in hospitalization costs of $1.7 million and a decrease in rehabilitation costs of $1.4 million and nursing home cost of $4.8 million per 1,000 eligible treated patients for a health care system that includes acute through long-term care facilities. Multiway sensitivity analysis revealed a greater than 90% probability of cost savings. The estimated impact on long-term health outcomes was 564 (3 to 850) quality-adjusted life-years saved over 30 years of the model per 1,000 patients. Treating acute ischemic stroke patients with tPA within 3 hours of symptom onset improves functional outcome at 3 months and is likely to result in a net cost savings to the health care system.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petitta
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Tilley
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Marler
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Broderick
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kwiatkowski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Brott
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator