title: Clinical study of renal cell carcinoma with brain metastasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical outcome of patients with renal cell carcinoma with brain metastasis was analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients (median age, 60 years) with primary renal cell carcinoma and distant metastasis, including brain metastasis, were treated. The median time to the development of brain metastasis was 15 months after the initial visit. Patients with poor performance status or progressive disease were treated with interferon or conservative therapy alone. Patients with good performance status and other well-controlled metastatic foci were treated either with radiotherapy, or by tumorectomy of brain metastasis, or both. The median follow-up was 26 months after the initial visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 1-year, cause-specific survival rate was 17%. Of the 5 patients treated with alpha-interferon alone, all died of disease after the treatments, without improvement of performance status, 1 to 4 months after the diagnosis of brain metastasis. Two of 4 patients who underwent radiotherapy were treated with a combination of gamma-knife and tumorectomy of brain metastasis. They remained alive 10 and 22 months after diagnosis of brain metastasis. The 2 patients who underwent the combination treatment of gamma-knife and tumorectomy showed improvement of their performance status after these treatments for brain metastasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain metastasis is an unfavorable prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma. Although a larger number of patients would be necessary to demonstrate the definitive effects of gamma-knife treatment, our results suggest that the combination of gamma-knife and tumorectomy of brain metastases may be recommended for selected patients with good performance status and other well-controlled metastatic foci.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gohji
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gotoh
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takechi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tamada
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamidono
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D016634:Radiosurgery; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome