title: Short-chain fatty acids induce cell cycle inhibitors in colonocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that short-chain organic acids in the colon derived from dietary pectin, wheat bran, and oat bran are protective against the development of colon cancer because they induce transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, which in turn inhibits cell growth by inducing cyclin-directed kinase (cdk) inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  U4 human colon carcinoma cells differentiate into water- and salt-transporting columnar enterocytes and therefore model normal colonocytes. The composition and kinase activity of cdk/cyclin complexes were determined by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting studies in U4 cells treated in vitro with short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) mixtures that mimic the digestion products of wheat bran, oat bran, pectin, and cellulose (as control), which is largely unfermentable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Induction of the cdk inhibitors p21cip1 and p27kip1 by fiber-mimicking SCFA mixtures occurs much more rapidly and is many-fold greater than their induction by TGF-beta1. The SCFA mixtures most effective in causing growth inhibition and cdk inhibitor production mimicked those from wheat bran > oat bran > pectin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  cdk inhibitor induction by SCFA mixtures is not mediated by TGF-beta1. The SCFA mixture mimicking digested wheat bran fiber was the most effective of all mixtures tested in inhibiting cell growth through induction of cdk inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, State University of New York Health Science Center-Syracuse, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000378:metabolism; D004063:Digestion / Q000502:physiology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005227:Fatty Acids; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases