title: Site of opioid action in the human brain: mu and kappa agonists' subjective and cerebral blood flow effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Humans experience the subjective effects of mu and kappa opioid agonists differently: mu agonists produce mainly euphoria, while kappa agonists are more likely to produce dysphoria. This study tested the hypothesis that these subjective effects would be associated with anatomically distinct changes in regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) relative to baseline as assessed with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine nondependent opioid abusers participated in the study. In the first phase of the study, the participants were acclimated to effects of the study drugs. In the second phase they underwent repeat challenges with the study drugs followed by an assessment of CBF with use of the SPECT tracer [99mTc]HMPAO. Medications tested were the prototypic mu agonist hydromorphone, the mixed agonist/antagonist butorphanol (which has a kappa agonist component of activity), and saline placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjective effects of the drugs were distinctly different. Hydromorphone produced increased ratings of "good effects," while butorphanol led to more "bad effects." Hydromorphone significantly increased regional CBF in the anterior cingulate cortex, both amygdalae, and the thalamus--all structures belonging to the limbic system. Butorphanol caused a less distinct picture of regional CBF increases, mainly in the area of both temporal lobes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that opioids with different subjective effects also produce statistically significant patterns of change in regional CBF from baseline, and the regions of statistical significance appear in different brain regions. In addition, these results demonstrate the applicability of SPECT functional neuroimaging in the study of medications with potential abuse liability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland. schlaepf@welch-link.welch.jhu.edu
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Schlaepfer
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Strain
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lancaster
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Bigelow
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Barta
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pearlson
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects*; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects; D005059:Euphoria / Q000187:drug effects; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D004091:Hydromorphone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D010919:Placebos; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000187:drug effects; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D013788:Thalamus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D010919:Placebos; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D004091:Hydromorphone; D002077:Butorphanol