title: [The relationship between smoking behavior and self-esteem among elementary and junior high school students].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the relationship between smoking behavior and self-esteem among Japanese early adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample comprised 1,486 fourth through ninth grade students from 10 elementary schools and six junior high schools throughout nine prefectures. Data were collected using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire which included items measuring smoking behavior, self-esteem, intention to smoke in the future, self-efficacy to refuse peer pressure to smoke, the smoking behaviors of their parents, siblings and friends. Self-esteem was measured using the Harter Perceived Competence Scale which includes four areas: cognitive, social, physical, and general.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main results were as follows: 1) Ever smokers had lower cognitive and general competence scores, but a higher physical competence score than never smokers, especially among males. 2) Ever smokers had more smoking parents, siblings and friends than never smokers. 3) Ever smokers had stronger intention to smoke in the future than never smokers. 4) Ever smokers had lower self-efficacy to refuse peer pressure to smoke than never smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study about the relationship between smoking behavior and self-esteem were consistent with those of some previous studies in the U.S. Therefore, it is suggested that effective smoking prevention programs for Japanese early adolescents should include strategies to enhance self-esteem.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Development, Kobe University.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawabata
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimai
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishioka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012649:Self Concept; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*