title: Ovarian function during the use of a single contraceptive implant: Implanon compared with Norplant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the mechanism of action of Implanon, a single-rod contraceptive implant containing etonogestrel, in healthy women during 3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized comparison with Norplant. The study was conducted for 2 years in Sweden but was extended to 3 years in Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two outpatient clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two healthy women who were between 18 and 40 years of age with normal ovulatory cycles. Seven women receiving Implanon and three receiving Norplant participated in the third year.
  
  
  METHODS
  On or between days 1 and 5 of a spontaneous menstrual cycle, the subjects received either the etonogestrel-containing implant (Implanon) or the levonorgestrel-containing implant (Norplant).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasonography was performed and/or progesterone concentrations were determined to confirm ovulation in a control cycle. Follicular development, endometrial thickness, and serum concentrations of 17beta-estradiol and progesterone were assessed twice per week during 4-week periods at regular intervals and after implant removal for 6 weeks to monitor return of ovulation. Times required to remove the respective implants were evaluated, as were possible complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven women who received Implanon and three who received Norplant completed 3 years of study. There were no pregnancies. Ovulation was observed for the first time with Norplant after 18 months. The first ovulation with Implanon was observed after 30 months. Mean endometrial thickness was <4 mm during treatment with Implanon from month 12 onward. The mean (+/-SD) time to remove Implanon was 5.9 +/- 3.4 minutes. The mean (+/-SD) time to remove Norplant was 17.9 +/- 9.9 minutes. Ovulation resumed promptly after the use of either implant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from this study provide convincing evidence of 3-year contraceptive efficacy with Implanon, mainly by ovulation inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mäkäräinen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Beek
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tuomivaara
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Asplund
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Coelingh Bennink
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017135:Desogestrel; D004343:Drug Implants; D004717:Endometrium / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D008598:Menstruation / Q000187:drug effects; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D004343:Drug Implants; D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; C044815:etonogestrel; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D017135:Desogestrel