title: Effect of composite type, light intensity, configuration factor and laser polymerization on polymerization contraction forces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of composite type, light intensity, configuration factor and laser polymerization on polymerization contraction force.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glass rods (10 pairs/group) were etched with HF acid, silanated, unfilled resin applied and light cured for 20 s. Rods were held vertically in chucks on a Zwick machine. A cylindrical matrix was filled with Silar chemical cure, Silux Plus microfill or Z-100 hybrid composite and the crosshead of the UTM positioned at an inter-rod distance corresponding to a specific ratio of bound to unbound composite surface area (configuration factor or C). Exposure time with the Demetron 401 conventional visible light curing unit (D401) was 40 s/side (80 s total). Exposure times for the ILT Model D5500 air cooled laser (LAC) and Model 5500ABL water cooled laser (LWC) was 20 s/side (40 s total). Experimental groups, n = 10 with constant factors in parentheses, included: (1) Silar chemical-cured (C = 3); (2) Z-100 hybrid (C = 3, D401, 100% intensity); (3) Silux Plus microfill (C = 3, D401, 100% intensity); (4) D401 100% light intensity = 476 mW (Z-100, C = 3, D401); (5) D401 50% intensity = 238 mW (Z-100, C = 3, D401); (6) D401 25% intensity = 119 mW (Z-100, C = 3, D401); (7-9) C = 5, 3 & 1 respectively (Z-100, D401, 100% intensity); (10) D401 with 13 mm tip = 391 mW/cm2 (Z-100, C = 3; D401); (11) D401 with Turbo Tip = 811 mW/cm2 (Z-100, C = 3; D401); (12) LAC = 265 mW, 689 mW/cm2 (Z-100, C = 3); (13) LWC = 365 mW, 1100 mW/cm2 (Z-100, C = 3). One Way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (alpha = 0.05) were performed separately for each variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Homogeneous subsets by variable were: composite type Group 1 (25N) < Group 3 (65.8N) < Group 2 (90.4N); intensity Group 6 (73.9N) = Group 5 (77.7N) < Group 4 (90.4N); C-Factor Group 7 (81.8N) < Group 8 (90.4N) < Group 9 (103.4N); light source Group 12 (77.4N) = Group 13 (79.1N) < Group 10 (90.4N) = Group 11.(89.4N). The chemical-cured composite had the lowest maximum polymerization contraction force, the microfill was intermediate and the hybrid composite had the highest recorded force. Increases in light intensity increased the maximum force on the force/time curve. Maximum forces were inversely related to C-factor (C5 < C3 < C1) and directly related to composite volume in a non-rigid system which allowed compliance. Maximum force was not significantly different with the two tips tested on the conventional curing light. Forces obtained with laser polymerization were similar for the two laser groups, which were both statistically lower than the conventional light tested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1001, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bouschlicher
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Boyer
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001128:Argon; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007834:Lasers; D008027:Light; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013674:Technology, Dental; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D011108:Polymers; C083568:Z100 composite resin; C074741:Silux Plus; D001128:Argon; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D015040:Zirconium