title: Apical extrusion of debris using two hand and two rotary instrumentation techniques.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the quantity of apical debris produced in vitro using two hand and two rotary instrumentation techniques. Sixty minimally curved, mature human mandibular premolars with single canals were divided into 4 groups of 15 teeth each and prepared using step-back instrumentation with K-files, balanced force with Flex-R files, Lightspeed nickel-titanium instruments, or .04 taper ProFile Series 29 rotary nickel-titanium files. Debris extruded through the apical foramen during instrumentation was collected on preweighed filters. The mean weight of extruded debris for each group was statistically analyzed using a Kruskal Wallis one-way analysis of variance and a Mann-Whitney U rank sum tested. Although all instrumentation techniques produced apically extruded debris, step-back instrumentation produced significantly more debris than the other methods (p < 0.0001). There was no difference between balanced force hand instrumentation and the two rotary nickel-titanium instrumentation methods (p > 0.05). Hand or engine-driven instrumentation that uses rotation seems to reduce significantly the amount of debris extruded apically when compared with a push-pull (filing) technique. Decreased apical extrusion of debris has strong implications for a decreased incidence of postoperative inflammation and pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Medicine, Albert Einstein Medicine Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141-3098, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hicks
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003763:Dental Leakage; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008334:Mandible; D009532:Nickel; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014025:Titanium; D019227:Tooth Apex
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium