title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in heart failure: physicians' prescribing behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies document an underuse of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) in heart failure (HF) patients, despite their proven efficacy and good tolerability. Also, there is some evidence that the doses used in clinical practice are far lower than those used in clinical trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To identify patterns of ACEI use in HF patients this study examined data collected on admission day regarding demographic, clinical, and medical care characteristics of 355 patients hospitalized because of decompensated HF who were treated with and without ACEIs. Additionally, measures of in-hospital outcome were compared among the two groups. Fifty-eight point six percent of patients were receiving ACEIs at admission and 80.6% were treated with ACEIs during hospitalization. The average ACEI does was low. No differences were observed in age and measures of severity of HF between ACEI-prescribed and nonprescribed patients. Patterns that could explain ACEI underuse included female sex, lower systolic blood pressure, worse renal function, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, use of alternate drugs (eg, spironolactone), and overall less intense medical management. Patterns associated with the use of lower doses of ACEIs included older age, higher New York Heart Association functional class, and lower systolic blood pressure. In-hospital death rates were significantly higher for patients not treated with ACEIs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that many patients eligible for ACEI treatment were deprived of the advantages of these drugs because of erroneous clinical strategies. Nevertheless, the patterns of ACEI use were similar to those reported by other studies. Clinical trials conducted to determine the risk/benefit ratio of ACEI use in patients with renal dysfunction and the utility of ACEIs in diastolic HF, as well as programs to educate care providers on proper use of ACEIs in HF patients, are strongly recommended.
authors.affiliation: Servico de Medicina 3, Hospital de S. João, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bettencourt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cortez
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cerqueira-Gomes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors