title: Importance of functional measures in predicting mortality among older hospitalized patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measures of physical and cognitive function are strong prognostic predictors of hospital outcomes for older persons, but current risk adjustment and burden of illness assessment indices do not include these measures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and validate the contribution of functional measures to the ability of 5 standard burden of illness indices (Charlson, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation [APACHE] II, Disease Staging, All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Groups, and a clinician's subjective rating) in predicting 90-day and 2-year mortality among older hospitalized patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two prospective cohort studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  General medicine service, university teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the development cohort, 207 consecutive patients aged 70 years or older, and for the validation cohort, 318 comparable patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Death within 90 days and 2 years from the index admission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the development cohort, 29 patients (14%) and 81 patients (39%) died within 90 days and 2 years, respectively. A functional axis was developed using 3 independent risk factors: impairment in instrumental activities of daily living, Mini-Mental State Examination score of less than 20, and shortened Geriatric Depression Scale score of 7 or higher, creating low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups with associated mortality rates of 20%, 32%, and 60%, respectively (P<.001); the C statistic for the final model was 0.69. The corresponding mortality rates in the validation cohort, in which 59 (19%) and 138 (43%) died within 90 days and 2 years, respectively, were 24%, 45%, and 60% (P<.001); the C statistic for the final model was 0.66. For each burden of illness index, the functional axis contributed significantly to the predictive ability of the model for both 90 days and 2 years. When the functional axis and each burden of illness measure were analyzed in cross-stratified format, mortality rates increased progressively from low-risk to high-risk functional groups within strata of burden of illness indices (double-gradient phenomenon). The contributions of functional and burden of illness measures were substantive and interrelated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional measures are strong predictors of 90-day and 2-year mortality after hospitalization. Furthermore, these measures contribute substantially to the prognostic ability of 5 burden of illness indices. Optimal risk adjustment for older hospitalized patients should incorporate functional status variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06504, USA.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Inouye
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Peduzzi
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Robison
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Concato
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D003237:Connecticut; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D006746:Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009026:Mortality; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis