title: A study of the interactive effects of oral contraceptive use and dietary fat intake on blood pressure, cardiovascular reactivity and glucose tolerance in normotensive women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the interactive effects of oral contraceptive pill use and dietary fat intake on cardiovascular haemodynamics and metabolic parameters in young normotensive women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two women participated, of whom 16 were taking oral contraceptive pills (ethinyl-oestradiol plus levonorgestrel) and 16 were age-matched and weight-matched controls not taking such pills. Subjects consumed either a high-fat or a low-fat diet for 2 weeks in an open, randomized, crossover study lasting 6 weeks. Investigations were performed at the end of each diet during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood pressure was measured by 24 h ambulatory recording; cardiovascular reactivity was determined by examining blood pressure responses to systemic infusions of noradrenaline and angiotensin II and to the cold pressor test; and carbohydrate metabolism was investigated by an intravenous glucose-tolerance test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma triglyceride levels were significantly higher in women taking oral contraceptive pills compared with non-users on both diets; however, responses of lipoprotein levels to the two diets did not differ between study groups (total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased by 15 and 17% in oral contraceptive pill users and by 14% each in non-users, on the low-fat compared with the high-fat diet). Fasting plasma insulin levels, the insulin-production response to administration of glucose (insulin area under the curve) and resting clinic and night-time systolic blood pressures were all significantly reduced on the low-fat diet, but only in non-users. Blood pressure responses to noradrenaline and maximal heart rate response to cold were significantly attenuated during the low-fat diet in oral contraceptive pill users. During the low-fat diet, resting systolic, 24 h systolic and diastolic blood pressures and insulin area under the curve were all significantly higher for women taking the oral contraceptive pills. Users of these pills also exhibited a greater systolic sensitivity to administration both of noradrenaline and of angiotensin II and had a higher plasma renin activity irrespective of dietary phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm that oral contraceptive pills have the potential to cause adverse effects on blood pressure, cardiovascular reactivity and the insulin-production response to administration of glucose and suggest that some of the beneficial effects of a low-fat diet on these parameters may be negated in women taking oral contraceptive pills.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Straznicky
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Barrington
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Branley
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Louis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D012083:Renin; D009638:Norepinephrine