title: The use of pharmacoscintigraphy to elucidate food effects observed with a novel protease inhibitor (saquinavir).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate mechanistically the effect of food on the absorption and gastrointestinal transit of the protease inhibitor saquinavir.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacoscintigraphic investigation in eight healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gastric emptying occurred rapidly in the fasted state with some capsules leaving the stomach prior to disintegration. Unmeasurable plasma concentrations were observed in several subjects when dosed under fasted conditions. Following post-prandial administration the radioactive marker became re-distributed within the stomach contents and consequently slower gastric emptying resulted. Plasma concentrations under fed conditions were measurable up to 12 hrs after administration in seven of the eight subjects. Six of the eight plasma profiles showed secondary peaks at c. 4 hours post-dose; two of which coincided with the gastrocolonic response following ingestion of lunch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bioavailability of saquinavir is significantly improved in the presence of food. Emptying of intact capsules in the fasted state may further reduce bioavailability. In the fed state, capsules disintegrate rapidly and gastric emptying is prolonged which may improve exposure of the drug to target absorption sites. Saquinavir may be absorbed from the colon. Second peaks in the absorption profile can only be attributed to gastrocolonic response following ingestion of a meal in some cases. Increased absorption is more likely to be due to an increase in dissolved drug being available for absorption due to general increased motility and secretion stimulated by ingestion of a meal.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Profiles Limited, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kenyon
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Wilding
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002214:Capsules; D003106:Colon / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013667:Technetium
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D013667:Technetium; D019258:Saquinavir