title: Endoscopic sphincterotomy for the treatment of gallstone pancreatitis during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gallstones are the most common cause of acute pancreatitis during pregnancy. Without intervention, gallstone pancreatitis during pregnancy is associated with an antepartum recurrence rate of 70%, which exposes the mother and fetus to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. A safe, effective means to prevent recurrent gallstone pancreatitis during pregnancy is desirable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1991, we have managed gallstone pancreatitis in three pregnant patients with endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram (ERC), followed by spincterotomy, despite the absence of common bile duct stones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients were judged to have mild pancreatitis by modified Ranson criteria and the Multiorgan System Failure criteria. During cholangiogram, fetal shielding was employed and fluoroscopy times ranged from 36 s to 7.2 min. One patient experienced postprocedure pancreatitis of 48-h duration. None of the patients experienced further episodes of pancreatitis and none underwent predelivery cholecystectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In pregnancy-associated gallstone pancreatitis, endoscopic sphincterotomy prevents recurrence of pancreatitis and the need for cholecystectomy during gestation. We believe endoscopic sphincterotomy represents a promising management alternative for gallstone pancreatitis during pregnancy. Further investigation is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, MA-421, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Barthel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Miedema
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000601:surgery*; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic