title: Continuous infusion of epidural morphine in frostbite.
abstract: After frostbite injury, the phases of rewarming and progressive injury may cause intense pain for the patient. Although parenteral narcotic agents are the usual method of pain relief, they have well-described adverse effects such as heavy sedation, respiratory depression, and nausea and vomiting. In frostbite injury of the lower extremities, epidural blockade has the potential to provide good pain relief with fewer of those complications. However, the associated sympathetic blockade is believed by many clinicians to be of no benefit and by some to be potentially harmful. Epidural narcotics have the selective advantage of providing analgesia without sympathetic blockade. In this case report, the use of continuous epidural morphine during the first 24 hours after severe bilateral frostbite injury to the feet is described. The technique provided effective pain control, and no complications occurred. To our knowledge, use of continuous epidural morphine after frostbite injury has not been reported previously. Further use of this technique will be required to clarify its efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Punja
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cartotto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D018409:Foot Injuries / Q000150:complications; D005627:Frostbite / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D009020:Morphine