title: Initial hydrophobic collapse is not necessary for folding RNase A.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the main distinctions between different theories describing protein folding is the predicted sequence of secondary structure formation and compaction during the folding process. Whether secondary structure formation precedes compaction of the protein molecules or secondary structure formation is driven by a hydrophobic collapse cannot be decided unequivocally on the basis of existing experimental data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we investigate the refolding of chemically denatured, disulfide-intact ribonuclease A (RNase A) by monitoring compaction and secondary structure formation using stopped-flow dynamic light scattering and stopped-flow CD, respectively. Our data reveal the formation of a considerable amount of secondary structure early in the refolding of the slow folding species of RNase A without a significant compaction of the molecules. A simultaneous formation of secondary structure and compaction is observed in the subsequent rate-limiting step of folding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During folding of RNase A an initial global hydrophobicity is not observed, which contradicts the view that this is a general requirement for protein folding. This folding behavior could be typical of similar, moderately hydrophobic proteins.
authors.affiliation: Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13122, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nöppert
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gast
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zirwer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Damaschun
mesh_terms: D002942:Circular Dichroism; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis; D019791:Guanidine; D007700:Kinetics; D008027:Light; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D017510:Protein Folding; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D012259:Ribonuclease, Pancreatic / Q000737:chemistry*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation
chemical_list: D012259:Ribonuclease, Pancreatic; D019791:Guanidine