title: Influence of smoking on the outcome of periodontal surgery. A 5-year follow-up.
abstract: The 5-year outcome following periodontal surgery was evaluated in 57 patients that had received regular maintenance care throughout the follow-up period. The study population included 20 smokers, 20 former smokers and 17 non-smokers in the age range 37-77 years. The clinical characteristics evaluated were supragingival plaque, gingival bleeding and pocket probing depth. The region assigned for surgery was, in addition, radiographically evaluated in terms of periodontal bone height. Furthermore, the occurrence of the periopathogens Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) and the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were assessed at follow-up. Plaque index was 28.5% at baseline and 32.9% at follow-up, indicating a good standard of oral hygiene, and gingival bleeding 31.7% and 24.9%, respectively, suggesting a low to moderate level of gingival inflammation. In regions assigned for surgery, pocket probing depth decreased significantly from on average 5.6 mm to 4.3 mm (p<0.0001) and periodontal bone height increased significantly from on average 62.5% to 67.5% (p<0.0001). In terms of bone height, the outcome was less favorable among smokers compared with non-smokers. There was a predominance of smokers among patients exhibiting loss of bone height after the 5 years of maintenance. No significant associations were found between the therapeutical outcome and supragingival plaque or subgingival occurrence of periopathogens. The associations between GCF levels of TNF-alpha and probing depth and bone height were unclear, whereas the level of TNF-alpha was significantly elevated in smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boström
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010512:Periodontal Index; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011859:Radiography; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha