Deciphering the physician-older patient interaction.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this article is to provide a commentary on non-verbal communication in the physician-older patient interaction.


METHODS
A literature review of physician-older patient communication yielded several published studies on this topic. Nonverbal behaviors were rarely examined in this body of literature even though the need to adopt a more "biopsychosocial" model of care was mentioned in several of the articles. The nonverbal communication literature was also reviewed to determine whether aging had been a variable of interest with regard to encoding (sending) and decoding communication (receiving) skills.


RESULTS
To date there have been very few studies that have investigated the role of nonverbal communication in the physician-older patient interaction. Selected encoding and decoding characteristics for both physicians and patients are discussed with the context of the aging process. In lieu of direct evidence linking nonverbal behavior and physician-older patient communication, possible implications are offered for the following characteristics: expression of emotion, pain expression, gestures, gaze, touch, hearing, and vocal affect. Three relevant outcomes (satisfaction with care, quality of life, and health status) are also discussed within the nonverbal behavior-aging framework.


CONCLUSIONS
The connection between nonverbal behavior and how physicians and older patients interact with one another has not been rigorously examined. Identifying and improving nonverbal communication will likely enhance the verbal exchange in the medical encounter and may improve the older patient's quality of care.
Irish
J T
JT
New England Research Institutes, Massachusetts, USA. juliei@neri.org
D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D014705:Verbal Behavior