title: Interferon-gamma and retinoic acid down-regulate N-myc in neuroblastoma through complementary mechanisms of action.
abstract: The N-myc oncogene plays a key role in the biology of neuroblastoma and the differentiation process. N-myc expression is associated with metastatic disease, as well as the undifferentiated state of normal neuroblasts migrating from the neural crest during embryogenesis. Its down-regulation is a pivotal event in the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells by retinoic acid (RA). Our previous work has shown that RA works synergistically with other agents, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), to down-regulate N-myc expression and induce differentiation. The present study demonstrates that IFN-gamma, like RA, decreases N-myc transcription. However, functional analysis of N-myc upstream regulatory sequences using 5' deletion mutants of a promoter-CAT construct containing germ line sequences from nucleotide position -887 to +151 showed that IFN-gamma and RA act through different sites on the N-myc promoter. In addition to its transcriptional effect, IFN-gamma was also found to shorten the half-life of N-myc mRNA. Taken together, these findings provide a mechanistic basis for the synergistic action of IFN-gamma and RA in inducing neuroblastoma differentiation and a rationale for the possible development of combination differentiation therapy for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Honolulu 96813, USA.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yamashiro
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sidell
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D016259:Genes, myc; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012323:RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014212:Tretinoin; D007371:Interferon-gamma