title: Correlated heart/limb anomalies in Mendelian syndromes provide evidence for a cardiomelic developmental field.
abstract: Coordinated development of heart and limbs is suggested by a review of human abortus, chromosomal, and teratogenic syndromes, and characterized by an analysis of Mendelian disorders that affect the limbs, heart, or both (672, 202, or 107, respectively). Mendelian syndromes with altered limb patterns often include cardiac anomalies, as shown by limb duplications (34%), deficiencies (30%), hypoplasias (23%), or dysplasias (9.3%). Syndromes with particular cardiac anomalies, illustrated by VSD (85%) or ASD (90%), frequently include limb defects. Positional correlations of anterior (preaxial/conotruncal), posterior (postaxial/atrial), or lateral (mirror hand/atrial isometry) heart/limb anomalies are consistent with the existence of a cardiomelic developmental field. Vertebrate comparisons suggest an early D-V limb-heart gradient, influenced by the neural crest, with distal limb segments (80% of syndromic defects) at its dorsal extreme. The proposed cardiomelic field relates the genetic heterogeneity of disorders such as Holt-Oram syndrome to a cascade of molecules, including the brachyury, sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic protein, retinoic acid receptor, and transforming growth factor-beta families.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9063, USA. Wilson@utsw.swmed.edu
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D013577:Syndrome