title: Heterogeneity of hemochromatosis in Italy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with hemochromatosis show variable phenotype expression. We evaluated the frequency of hemochromatosis gene (HFE) mutations and the contribution of HFE genotype, ancestral haplotype, ethnic background, and additional factors (alcohol intake, hepatitis viruses, and beta-thalassemia trait) to the severity of iron overload in a large series of Italian patients with a hemochromatosis phenotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  HFE genotype was studied in 188 patients. Phenotype evaluation was available in 153 men and 20 women and was based mainly on iron removed. HFE genotype was determined by a polymerase chain reaction restriction assay and ancestral haplotype through D6S265 and D6S105 microsatellite analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of C282Y homozygotes was 64%, with a decreasing gradient from north to south. C282Y homozygotes showed more severe iron overload than the other HFE genotypes. In the same group, ancestral haplotype was associated with a more severe phenotype. Additional factors may favor the development of a relatively mild hemochromatosis phenotype in patients nonhomozygous for the C282Y mutation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemochromatosis in Italy is a nonhomogenous disorder in which genetic and acquired factors are involved. In patients with a single or no HFE mutation, further studies will enable a differentiation between true genetic disorders and interactions between genetic and acquired factors.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Milano, Divisione di Medicina I, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piperno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sampietro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pietrangelo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arosio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lupica
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Montosi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vergani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fraquelli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Girelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pasquero
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roetto
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gasparini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fargion
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Camaschella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000502:physiology; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000502:physiology; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype