title: Active-site mutants of the VanC2 D-alanyl-D-serine ligase, characteristic of one vancomycin-resistant bacterial phenotype, revert towards wild-type D-alanyl-D-alanine ligases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rising number of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VREs) is a major concern to modern medicine because vancomycin is currently the 'last resort' drug for life-threatening infections. The D-alanyl-D-X ligases (where X is an hydroxy or amino acid) of bacteria catalyze a critical step in bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan assembly. In bacteria that produce glycopeptide antibiotics and in opportunistic pathogens, including VREs, D-, D-ligases serve as switches that confer antibiotic resistance on the bacteria themselves. Peptidoglycans in vancomycin-sensitive bacteria end in D-alanyl-D-alanine, whereas in vancomycin-resistant bacteria they end in D-alanyl-D-lactate or D-alanyl-D-serine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that the selective utilization of D-serine by the Enterococcus casseliflavus VanC2 ligase can be altered by mutagenesis of one of two residues identified by homology to the X-ray structure of the Escherichia coli D-alanyl-Dalanine ligase (DdlB). The Arg322-->Met (R322M) and Phe250-->Tyr (F250Y) ligase mutants show a 36-44-fold decrease in the use of D-serine, as well as broadened specificity for utilization of other D-amino acids in place of D-serine. The F250Y R322M double mutant is effectively disabled as a D-alanyl-D-serine ligase and retains 10% of the catalytic activity of wild-type D-alanyl-D-alanine ligases, reflecting a 6,000-fold switch to the D-alanyl-D-alanine peptide. Correspondingly, the Leu282-->Arg mutant of the wild-type E. coli DdlB produced a 560-fold switch towards D-alanyl-D-serine formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single-residue changes in the active-site regions of D-, D-ligases can cause substantial changes in recognition and activation of hydroxy or amino acids that have consequences for glycopeptide antibiotic efficacy. The observations reported here should provide an approach for combatting antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Healy
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D008025:Ligases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010453:Peptide Synthases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D017354:Point Mutation; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014169:Transformation, Bacterial; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D014640:Vancomycin; D008025:Ligases; D010453:Peptide Synthases; C108395:VanC protein, Enterococcus