title: Phase I clinical and pharmacologic study of eniluracil plus fluorouracil in patients with advanced cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the highest dose of fluorouracil (5-FU) that could be safely administered with Eniluracil (776C85; Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC), an inactivator of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), on a daily schedule for 5 days, and to define the toxicities of the combination and the pharmacokinetics of 5-FU when administered with 776C85.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with advanced solid tumors refractory to standard therapy were enrolled at two institutions. The study consisted of three periods designed to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of 776C85 alone (period 1); the effects of 776C85 on the pharmacokinetics of 5-FU (period 2); and the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of 5-FU, with or without leucovorin, that could be safely administered with 776C85 (period 3). Cohorts of at least three patients each received oral 776C85 alone at doses of 3.7 mg/m2/d, 18.5 mg/m2/d and 0.74 mg/m2/d. After a 14-day washout period, each patient then received 776C85 daily for 3 days, with a single intravenous (i.v.) bolus dose of 5-FU 10 mg/m2 on day 2. After a second washout period, patients were treated with 776C85 daily for 7 days and 5-FU i.v. bolus on days 2 through 6. The starting dose of 5-FU 10 mg/m2/d was escalated until the MTD was determined. After determination of the MTD of 5-FU given with 776C85, oral leucovorin 50 mg/d on days 2 through 6 was added to determine the MTD of 5-FU with leucovorin in the presence of 776C85. Near the completion of the study, additional cohorts of patients were treated with 776C85 at 50 mg/d and oral 5-FU with or without leucovorin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-five patients were enrolled onto the study and 60 were assessable for toxicity and response. Bone marrow suppression was the primary and dose-limiting toxicity of this regimen. Other toxicities included diarrhea, mucositis, anemia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. 776C85 suppressed DPD activity in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by at least 90% for at least 24 hours at all dose levels tested. In the presence of 776C85, 5-FU half-life was prolonged, clearance was reduced, and the drug displayed linear pharmacokinetics. Recommended doses for further testing on a daily for 5-day schedule are 776C85 10 mg/d with i.v. 5-FU 25 mg/m2/d; 776C85 10 mg/d with i.v. 5-FU 20 mg/m2/d plus leucovorin 50 mg/d; 776C85 50 mg/d with 5-FU given orally at 15 mg/m2/d with leucovorin at 50 mg/d.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  5-FU can be safely administered with 776C85; however, the MTDs are considerably lower than those conventionally used, caused, at least in part, by marked alterations in 5-FU plasma pharmacokinetics.
authors.affiliation: University of Chicago Cancer Research Center and the University of Chicago Committee on Clinical Pharmacology, IL 60637, USA. rlschils@mcis.bsd.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Schilsky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hohneker
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ratain
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Janisch
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smetzer
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Khor
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Diasio
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Von Hoff
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Burris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D014498:Uracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C073482:eniluracil; D014498:Uracil; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil