title: Evaluation of a high-hardness COMBO medium and frozen algae for Daphnia magna.
abstract: A new high-hardness (H-H) COMBO medium for long-term culturing and bioassay testing of Daphnia magna was evaluated in 21-day survival, growth, and reproduction studies. The COMBO medium originally designed for softwater daphnid species (i.e., D. pulicaria) was modified for the hardwater species D. magna. This medium also allowed continuous culturing of a green algal food source for daphnids, Ankistrodesmus falcatus. After 12 generations of culturing in H-H COMBO medium, the mean fecundity was 128 +/- 12 (coefficient of variation = 9.4%). No significant observations of dead young, aborted eggs, or reduced antennas were made during the 6 months of continuous culturing. The no-observable-effect concentration (NOEC) for a reference toxicant standard, 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA), was 8.3 micrograms/liter, which is similar to published values. These studies demonstrate that H-H COMBO is an acceptable medium for use for culturing and bioassay testing with D. magna. Additional experiments using frozen aliquots of A. falcatus were conducted. Although mean fecundity (64 +/- 7) and adult length were significantly decreased from the values for daphnids fed fresh algae, the NOEC for 3,4-DCA was > 25 micrograms/liter. The use of this alternative food source in bioassay testing appears promising, but further optimization of feeding rates is warranted.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Division of Toxicology, Northeast Louisiana University, Monroe, USA. pybaer@alpha.nlu.edu
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Baer
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Goulden
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D003470:Culture Media; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D006244:Hardness; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D012015:Reference Standards; D012034:Refrigeration; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012492:Salts / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000633:toxicity*; D014815:Vitamins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D003470:Culture Media; D012492:Salts; D014131:Trace Elements; D014815:Vitamins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C014464:3,4-dichloroaniline