title: Substance-dependent, conduct-disordered adolescent males: severity of diagnosis predicts 2-year outcome.
abstract: Most delinquent youths have conduct disorder (CD), often with comorbid substance use disorder (SUD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression. Some youths' conduct problems later abate, while those of others persist into adult antisocial personality disorder. Earlier CD onset and ADHD reportedly predict persisting antisocial problems, but predictors of persisting SUD are poorly understood. Males aged 13-19 years (n = 89), most referred by criminal justice and social service agencies, received residential treatment for comorbid CD and SUD. They had diagnostic assessments for SUD at intake and for CD, ADHD, and depression (as well as drug-use assessments) at intake and 6, 12 and 24 months later. At intake nearly all had DSM-III-R substance dependence (usually on alcohol and marijuana) and CD with considerable violence and criminality. The 2-year follow-ups revealed improvements in criminality, CD, depression and ADHD, but substance use remained largely unchanged. Various aspects of conduct, crime and substance outcomes at 2 years were predicted by intake measures of intensity of substance involvement, and by CD severity and onset age, but not by severity of either ADHD or depression, nor by treatment duration. Earlier CD onset, more severe CD and more drug dependence predicted worse outcomes, supporting the validity of these diagnoses in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262, USA.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mikulich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: G O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Zerbe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010556:Personality Tests / Q000592:standards*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome