title: The development of treatment resistance in patients with schizophrenia: a clinical and pathophysiologic perspective.
abstract: The pathophysiologic process and clinical factors that contribute to the development of treatment resistance in schizophrenia are not well defined. This article describes data indicating that treatment resistance may evolve over the course of the patients' illness and maturational development. Data from multiepisode patients suggest that early effective intervention with clozapine can prevent treatment resistance. Early identification of patients with signs of treatment resistance is vital. Treatments must be effective and prevent relapse. At the first indication that a patient may be developing resistance (e.g., the emergence of extrapyramidal symptoms or increases in negative symptomatology) or may not be complying with treatment, clozapine therapy should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7160, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sheitman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chakos
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schooler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents