title: Scoring method for assessing rate adaptive pacemakers: application to two different activity sensors.
abstract: To optimize programming of rate adaptive pacemakers (RAPs), we explored a new mathematical method to assess the performance of RAPs during daily-life tests, using customized Windows-based software. By stepwise discriminant analysis and linear regression, this method allows calculation of the acceleration and deceleration capacity of pacemakers and their general behavior during effort and recovery phases. Twenty-three patients (10 females and 13 males; 68 +/- 8 years) with chronic atrial fibrillation and a slow ventricular response were evaluated. They randomly received an accelerometer-controlled VVIR Dash Intermedics pacemaker (10 patients) or a vibration piezoelectric-controlled VVIR Sensolog III Siemens pacemaker (13 patients). All patients underwent the same test protocol: 6 minutes walking, 1.5 minutes climbing stairs, 1.5 minutes descending stairs, and 0.5 minutes sit-ups. By definition, the pacemaker responsiveness slope was programmed so that the heart rate response of paced patients during the walking test corresponded best to that of healthy controls. The slope was left unchanged for the other tests. We considered four scores: an acceleration score (EA score), an effort rate score (ER score), a deceleration score (RD score), and a recovery rate score (RR score). Scores ranged from -10 (hypochronotropic behavior of the pacemaker) to +10 (hyperchronotropic behavior), based on daily-life tests of 15 healthy controls (7 females and 8 males, 65 +/- 9 years). A score of 0 represented exact concordance with healthy controls. During stair descent, the Sensolog III produced excessive acceleration (EA score = +2.9 +/- 1.1) compared to: (1) stair climbing (EA score = -4.0 +/- 1.9; P = 0.01, with the same pacemakers); and (2) the Dash (+1.8 +/- 1.9; P = 0.04) and healthy controls (P = 0.02). The sit-up tests revealed a hypochronotropic response of both pacemakers compared to healthy controls, with a larger difference for the Sensolog III (EA score = -2.0 +/- 5.8; P = 0.04; RD score = -6.8 +/- 3.8' P = 0.02). We conclude that activity-driven pacemakers can accommodate brief activities, except for isovolumetric exercise such as sit-ups. During daily activities, accelerometer-driven pacemakers seem to provide a heart rate resoibse closer to that of healthy controls. Our new mathematical analysis is a simple and reproducible method for evaluating and quantifying the efficacy of any sensor-driven pacemaker.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, Pessac, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garrigue
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chaix
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gencel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jaïs
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dartigues
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haïssaguerre
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clémenty
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004562:Electrocardiography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000592:standards*; D012044:Regression Analysis