title: Animal defensive reactions as a model for trauma-induced dissociative reactions.
abstract: Patients with complex dissociative disorders remain in alternating psychophysiological states which are discrete, discontinuous, and resistant against integrative tendencies. In this contribution, a parallel is drawn between animal defensive and recuperative states that are evoked in the face of severe threat and the characteristic responses of dissociative disorder patients as displayed in major dissociative states. Empirical data and clinical observations seem to be supportive of the idea that there are similarities between freezing, concomitant development of analgesia and anesthesia, and acute pain in threatened animals and severely traumatized human beings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Nijenhuis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vanderlinden
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spinhoven
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D004924:Escape Reaction / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D011603:Psychophysiology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications*