title: A prospective study of predictors of disability at 3 months after non-central nervous system trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To delineate which injury-related, demographic, and psychosocial variables were predictive of severe disability (limitations in the performance of socially defined roles and tasks) at 3 months after discharge from acute hospitalization for non-central nervous system traumatic injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was prospective, longitudinal, and correlational. The sample consisted of 109 injured patients at three urban trauma centers. Data were obtained from patient interview using the Sickness Impact Profile, the Impact of Event Scale, and the Social Support Questionnaire; injury-related data were obtained from the medical record and computerized trauma registries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample had a mean age of 37.4 +/- 16.8 years, a mean number of injuries per person of 4.4 +/- 2.8, and a mean Injury Severity Score of 15.5 +/- 9.9. Motor vehicle crashes (34.9%) and violent injuries (33%) were the predominant causes of injuries. Patients experienced severe levels of disability (Sickness Impact Profile, mean = 26.1) and moderate levels of psychological distress (Impact of Event Scale, mean = 30.6; intrusion mean = 14.6 and avoidance mean = 16.0). Three variables were predictive of severe disability at 3 months: high levels of intrusive thoughts (odds ratio, 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-7.7); injury with a maximal Abbreviated Injury Scale score in an extremity (odds ratio, 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-6.9); and having not graduated from high school (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extremity injuries, lack of high school graduation, and high level of posttraumatic psychological distress with intrusive thoughts are risk factors for severe disability at 3 months after discharge from the hospital.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kauder
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Schwab
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000150:complications*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014193:Trauma Centers