title: Stressful life events and smoking were associated with Graves' disease in women, but not in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although psychological stress and smoking have been proposed as contributing factors to Graves' disease, their independent roles in the pathogenesis of this disease have not been determined. We assessed the association between Graves' disease and psychological stress and smoking by using multivariate analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  By a matched case-control method, we investigated the association between Graves' disease and stressful life events, daily hassles, smoking, drinking habits, coping skills, and social support in 228 patients (182 women and 46 men) with newly diagnosed Graves' disease; we used the conditional maximum likelihood method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After data were adjusted for daily hassles, smoking, drinking habits, social support, and coping skills, we found that stressful life events were significantly associated with the risk of Graves' disease in women. The relative risk was 7.7 for women with the highest stress score compared with women with the lowest stress score (95% confidence interval, 2.2 to 27, p for trend < .001). Smoking was also independently associated with the risk of Graves' disease in women. The relative risk for women with the highest number group compared with women with the lowest number group for smoking cigarettes was 5.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 27; p for trend < .001). These factors were not significantly associated with Graves' disease in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychological stress and smoking were associated with Graves' disease in women, but not in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshiuchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kumano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanaji
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuboki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suematsu
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008016:Life Change Events; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*