title: Evaluation of a cacao drink as a simple oral stimulus to assess gallbladder contraction.
abstract: Gallbladder contractility plays an important role in the pathogenesis of gallstones and in the course of cholelithiasis. Furthermore, a functioning gallbladder is an important condition for performing a successful disolution of gallstones by bile acids. Therefore, a reliable simple physiological test is desired to assess gallbladder contractility. In ten volunteers gallbladder contraction was stimulated by 50 g chocolate, 330 ml cacao drink or in comparison by intramuscular injection of 0.3 microgram/kg ceruletide. Gallbladder volume was measured sonographically and CCK in serum was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) after 0, 15, 30 and 45 min. Additionally gallbladder contraction was determined in 20 patients with symptomatic gallstones using cacao drink on ceruletide. In health volunteers remaining gallbladder volume after 30 min was 28% +/- 5% using ceruletide and 37% +/- 7% using cacao. Stimulation by chocolate resulted in a remaining volume of 59% +/- 12% after 45 min only. Simultaneously to gallbladder contraction an increase of CCK in serum was registered. 30 min after cacao CCK had increased from 0.9 to 3.3 pmol/l. Using chocolate an increase of CCK amounted to 2.1 pmol/l after 45 min only. In patients with gallstones the positive predictive value of the cacao test for a functioning gallbladder was 91% and the negative predictive value was 78% in comparison to the unphysiologic stimulation by ceruletide injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cacao test but not chocolate is suitable and reliable to assess gallbladder contraction in patients with symptomatic gallstones.
authors.affiliation: I. Medizinische Universitätsklinik Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nitsche
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hinrichsen
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Herzig
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Höpfner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nustede
authors.forename: U R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Fölsch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001628:Beverages; D002099:Cacao; D002108:Ceruletide; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D016473:Gallbladder Emptying / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002108:Ceruletide; D002766:Cholecystokinin