title: Failure of cytarabine in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 243 Team.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy affects about 4 percent of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and survival after the diagnosis of leukoencephalopathy averages only about three months. There have been anecdotal reports of improvement but no controlled trials of therapy with antiretroviral treatment plus intravenous or intrathecal cytarabine.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this multicenter trial, 57 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and biopsy-confirmed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments: antiretroviral therapy alone, antiretroviral therapy plus intravenous cytarabine, or antiretroviral therapy plus intrathecal cytarabine. After a lead-in period of 1 to 2 weeks, active treatment was given for 24 weeks. For most patients, antiretroviral therapy consisted of zidovudine plus either didanosine or stavudine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the time of the last analysis, 14 patients in each treatment group had died, and there were no significant differences in survival among the three groups (P=0.85 by the log-rank test). The median survival times (11, 8, and 15 weeks, respectively) were similar to those in previous studies. Only seven patients completed the 24 weeks of treatment. Anemia and thrombocytopenia were more frequent in patients who received antiretroviral therapy in combination with intravenous cytarabine than in the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytarabine administered either intravenously or intrathecally does not improve the prognosis of HIV-infected patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy who are treated with the antiretroviral agents we used, nor does high-dose antiretroviral therapy alone appear to improve survival over that reported in untreated patients.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 27599-7025, USA.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dafni
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Wetherill
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McArthur
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yainnoutsos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Major
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Timpone
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007968:Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D003561:Cytarabine