title: Gut and liver: the organs responsible for increased nitric oxide production after trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine which organs produce the increased levels of nitric oxide (NO) seen after hemorrhage and resuscitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male rats underwent laparotomy (ie, trauma induced) and were bled to and maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg until 40% of the maximum bleedout volume was returned in the form of Ringer lactate. The rats were then resuscitated with Ringer lactate, 4 times the maximum bleedout volume for 1 hour. Sham-operated animals underwent only the surgical procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma levels of nitrate/nitrite (NO3-/NO2-, stable products of NO) were measured by colorimetric assay at the maximum bleedout volume; at the end of hemorrhage; at the end of resuscitation; and 1.5, 4, 8, and 24 hours after resuscitation. In additional rats, the heart, liver, small intestine, kidneys, and spleen were harvested 4 hours after resuscitation for the measurement of NO3-/NO2- levels. Moreover, tissue perfusion was determined in the above-mentioned organs by radioactive microspheres 4 hours after resuscitation in other groups of animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma levels of NO3-/NO2- were similar to those of sham-operated animals during hemorrhage and at the end of resuscitation. One and a half hours after the end of resuscitation, however, NO production increased significantly. The peak levels of plasma NO3-/NO2- occurred at 4 hours, and the levels remained elevated even 24 hours after resuscitation. Tissue NO3-/NO2- levels were significantly increased in the liver, small intestine, and spleen 4 hours after resuscitation. In contrast, the levels of NO3-/NO2- were similar to those of sham-operated animals in the heart and kidneys at all times. Blood flow in the heart was maintained after hemorrhage, whereas hepatic, intestinal, splenic, and renal perfusion decreased significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The gut and liver seem to be the sites responsible for the increased NO production seen after trauma and hemorrhage. The overproduction of NO is most likely caused by up-regulation of inducible NO synthase. Thus, attempts to reduce NO production using specific inhibitors for inducible NO synthase might be helpful for improving hepatic and intestinal functions after trauma and hemorrhagic shock.
authors.affiliation: Center for Surgical Research and the Department of Surgery, Brown University School of Medicine and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Smail
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Catania
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Cioffi
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Bland
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chaudry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism*; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007813:Laparotomy; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012151:Resuscitation; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat