title: Freeze-drying of tert-butyl alcohol/water cosolvent systems: effects of formulation and process variables on residual solvents.
abstract: The objective of this study was to identify significant formulation and processing variables affecting levels of tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in freeze-dried solids prepared from TBA/water cosolvent systems. The variables examined were the physical state of the solute (crystalline vs amorphous), initial TBA concentration, freezing rate, cake thickness, and the temperature and duration of secondary drying. Sucrose and glycine were used as models for noncrystallizing and crystallizing solutes, respectively. The TBA concentration above which eutectic crystallization takes place was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Model formulations were subjected to extremes of freezing rate by either dipping in liquid nitrogen or by slowly freezing on the shelf of a freeze-dryer. Dynamics of solvent loss during secondary drying was determined by withdrawing samples as a function of time at different shelf temperatures using a thief system. On the basis of these studies, the most important determinant of residual TBA level is the physical state of the solute. Freeze-dried glycine contained very low levels of residual TBA (0.01-0.03%) regardless of freezing rate or initial TBA concentration. For freeze-dried sucrose, residual TBA levels were approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher and were significantly affected by initial TBA concentration and freezing rate. For the sucrose/TBA/water system, relatively low residual TBA levels were obtained when the initial TBA level was above the threshold concentration for eutectic crystallization of TBA, whereas samples freeze-dried from solutions containing TBA concentrations below this threshold contained significantly higher levels of TBA. Residual IPA levels increased continuously with initial concentration of TBA in the sucrose/TBA/water system. Formulations of sucrose/TBA/water which were frozen rapidly contained residual TBA levels which were approximately twice those measured in the same formulation after slow freezing and drying under the same conditions. For the sucrose/TBA/water system, the temperature and time of secondary drying had only minimal influence on residual TBA in the freeze-dried solid. At low initial TBA concentrations (2%), residual TBA increases with increased cake thickness, perhaps because of the influence of depth of fill on effective freezing rate.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wittaya-Areekul
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Nail
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D005612:Freeze Drying; D012997:Solvents; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D020002:tert-Butyl Alcohol / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D020002:tert-Butyl Alcohol