title: Somatic function, mental health and psychosocial functioning in 22 adolescents with bladder exstrophy and epispadias.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report the long-term somatic outcome, mental health and psychosocial adjustment in adolescents with bladder exstrophy and epispadias.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 22 adolescents 11 to 20 years old (median age 14.5), including 19 with bladder exstrophy and 3 with epispadias, were assessed for urogenital status, stoma, renal and bowel function, anorectal physiology, mental health and psychosocial functioning by physical examinations, semistructured interviews and standardized questionnaires. The parents of 21 patients were interviewed and completed questionnaires. Information was also obtained on control groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 22 patients 9 (41%) had no urinary diversion and were urinary incontinent, 6 (27%) had persistent fecal staining and anal canal pressures that were lower than the controls, 10 (59%) were dissatisfied with the penile appearance and 11 (50%) met the criteria for psychiatric diagnoses. The main predictors of mental health were parental warmth and patient genital appraisal in the 11 to 14-year age group, and parental warmth and urinary continence function in the 15 to 20-year age group. Psychosocial dysfunction was predicted by fecal incontinence in the younger group and worries about future sexual relationships in the older group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present multimodal outcome study revealed that adolescents with bladder exstrophy and epispadias had significant physical and mental problems. Genital malformation, and urinary and fecal incontinence may have a negative impact on mental health and psychosocial functioning. Our findings emphasize the need to include psychosocial experts on health care teams to reveal the amount of distress caused by these anomalies and to offer psychosocial support.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Diseth
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bjordal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stange
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Emblem
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D004842:Epispadias / Q000523:psychology*; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology; D014563:Urodynamics