title: Task performance in endoscopic surgery is influenced by location of the image display.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of image display location on endoscopic task performance in endoscopic surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The image display system is the only visual interface between the surgeon or interventionist and the operative field. Several factors influence the correct perceptual processing and endoscopic manipulation from images. One of these is location of the image display with respect to the surgeon and to the operative site. The present study was conducted to investigate whether endoscopic task performance improves under two conditions: when the surgeon-to-monitor visual axis is aligned with the forearm-instrument motor axis and when the image display is close to the operator's manipulation workspace.
  
  
  METHODS
  An endoscopic task (tying an intracorporeal surgeon's knot) was performed under standardized conditions except for varying monitor locations. These altered the direction of view--in front of, to the left, and to the right of the operator's head and hands. In each of these view directions, the monitor was placed at the surgeon's eye level and lower down, at the level of the operator's hands. The outcome measures were the execution time, knot quality score and performance quality score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Task performance was better with frontal view direction: execution time was shorter (p < 0.0001) and the performance score was higher (p < 0.005) than with side viewing, with no significant difference between right and left viewing directions. With frontal view direction, hand-level "gaze-down" viewing resulted in a shorter execution time (p < 0.01) and a higher performance score (p < 0.01) than eye-level viewing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Task performance improves when the image display is placed in front of the operator, at a level below the head and close to the hands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Tayside, Scotland.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shimi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuschieri
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003626:Data Display; D019723:Endoscopes; D006801:Humans; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors