title: Ex vivo human carotid artery bifurcation stenting: correlation of lesion characteristics with embolic potential.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an ex vivo human carotid artery stenting model that can be used for the quantitative analysis of risk for embolization associated with balloon angioplasty and stenting and to correlate this risk with lesion characteristics to define lesions suitable for balloon angioplasty and stenting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens of carotid plaque (n = 24) were obtained circumferentially intact from patients undergoing standard carotid endarterectomy. Carotid lesions were prospectively characterized on the basis of angiographic and duplex findings before endarterectomy and clinical findings. Specimens were encased in a polytetrafluoroethylene wrap and mounted in a flow chamber that allowed access for endovascular procedures and observations. Balloon angioplasty and stenting were performed under fluoroscopic guidance with either a Palmaz stent or a Wallstent endoprosthesis. Ex vivo angiograms were obtained before and after intervention. Effluent from each specimen was filtered for released embolic particles, which were microscopically examined, counted, and correlated with various plaque characteristics by means of multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Balloon angioplasty and stenting produced embolic particles that consisted of atherosclerotic debris, organized thrombus, and calcified material. The number of embolic particles detected after balloon angioplasty and stenting was not related to preoperative symptoms, sex, plaque ulceration or calcification, or artery size. However, echolucent plaques generated a higher number of particles compared with echogenic plaques (p < 0.01). In addition, increased lesion stenosis also significantly correlated with the total number of particles produced by balloon angioplasty and stenting (r = 0.55). Multivariate analysis revealed that these two characteristics were independent risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Echolucent plaques and plaques with stenosis > or = 90% produced a higher number of embolic particles and therefore may be less suitable for balloon angioplasty and stenting. This ex vivo model can be used to identify high-risk lesions for balloon angioplasty and stenting and can aid in the evaluation of new devices being considered for carotid balloon angioplasty and stenting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital for the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10467, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohki
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lyon
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Berdejo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soundararajan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohki
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Faries
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wain
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Suggs
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Veith
mesh_terms: D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D004548:Elasticity; D004617:Embolism / Q000209:etiology*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*