title: Improving functional outcomes in older patients: lessons from an acute care for elders unit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hospitalization often marks the beginning, and may be partially responsible for, a downward trajectory characterized by declining function, worsening quality of life, placement in a long term care facility, and death. At the University Hospitals of Cleveland, an Acute Care for Elders (ACE) unit that reengineered the process of caring for older patients (> or = 70 years of age) to improve functional outcomes was established in September 1990.
  
  
  METHODS
  The general principles of ACE included an approach to care guided by the biopsychosocial model and recognition of the importance of fitting the hospital environment to the patient's needs. The design of the intervention was consistent with principles of comprehensive geriatric assessment and continuous quality improvement. Care, which focused on maintaining function, was directed by an interdisciplinary team that considered the patient's needs both at home and in the hospital. The major components of the ACE Unit intervention included patient-centered nursing care (daily assessment of functional needs by nursing, nursing-based protocols to improve outcomes, daily rounds by a multidisciplinary team), a prepared environment, planning for discharge, and medical care review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a randomized trial comparing ACE with usual care, patients receiving ACE had improved functional outcomes at discharge. The costs to the hospital for ACE unit care were less than for usual care. The functional status of ACE and usual care patients was similar 90 days after discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ACE unit intervention is being expanded to preserve the improvements observed during the hospitalization in the outpatient setting. In addition, needs other than function which are critical to patients' long-term quality of life are being considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. kec5@po.cwru.edu
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Covinsky
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kresevic
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kahana
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Counsell
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Fortinsky
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Landefeld
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006272:Health Facility Environment; D006754:Hospital Restructuring; D006757:Hospital Units / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009820:Ohio; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome