title: Salivary cortisol and cardiovascular activity during stress in oppositional-defiant disorder boys and normal controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arousal-regulating mechanisms are important in explaining individual differences in antisocial behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alterations in salivary cortisol concentration and cardiovascular activity were studied in 21 boys with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and 31 normal controls (NC) during a 2-hour stressful procedure involving frustration and provocation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline levels of heart rate (HR) were significantly lower in the ODD group, but their HR levels were higher during provocation and frustration. Cortisol levels in the ODD group were overall lower than those of the NC group, and the effect of stress seemed to be minimal and similar for both groups; however, individual differences were large. Since anxiety plays an important mediating role in cortisol response, subjects were divided into one of four groups based on the intensity of their externalizing behavior and anxiousness. Cortisol increase due to stress exposure was strongest in highly externalizing and highly anxious subjects; cortisol decrease was strongest in those subjects who were high in externalizing behavior and low in anxiousness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study support an important role for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis sympathetic autonomic functioning in persistent antisocial behavior in young boys.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Utrecht University Hospital, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: van Goozen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Matthys
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Cohen-Kettenis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gispen-de Wied
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Wiegant
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Engeland
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002667:Child Reactive Disorders / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone