title: Ischemic preconditioning in the intact rat heart is mediated by delta1- but not mu- or kappa-opioid receptors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our laboratory has previously shown that delta-opioid receptors are involved in the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning in the rat heart. However, this class of receptors consists of two subtypes, delta1, and delta2, and mu- or kappa-opioid receptors may also exist in the heart. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that ischemic preconditioning is mediated through stimulation of one or both delta-opioid receptor subtypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anesthetized, open chest, male Wistar rats were assigned to 1 of 14 groups. All animals were subjected to 30 minutes of occlusion and 2 hours of reperfusion. Ischemic preconditioning was elicited by three 5-minute occlusion periods interspersed with 5 minutes of reperfusion. Two doses of 7-benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX; 1 and 3 mg/kg i.v.), a selective delta1-opioid receptor antagonist, or naltriben (NTB; 1 and 3 mg/kg i.v.), a selective delta2-opioid receptor antagonist, were given before ischemic preconditioning. To test for a role of mu-opioid receptors, rats were pretreated with beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA; 15 mg/kg s.c), an irreversible mu-opioid receptor antagonist, 24 hours before ischemic preconditioning or given the mu-opioid receptor agonist D-Ala,2N-Me-Phe,4glycerol5-enkephalin (DAMGO) as three 5-minute infusions (1, 10, and 100 microg/kg per infusion i.v., respectively) interspersed with 5-minute drug-free periods before the prolonged ischemic and reperfusion periods (lowDAMGO, medDAMGO, and hiDAMGO, respectively). The involvement of kappa-opioid receptors was tested by administering one of two doses of nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI; 1 and 5 mg/kg i.v.) before ischemic preconditioning. Infarct size (IS) as a percent of the area at risk (AAR) was measured by triphenyltetrazolium stain. Ischemic preconditioning markedly reduced IS/AAR (14+/-4%, P<.05) compared with control (55+/-4%). NTB, beta-FNA, and nor-BNI were unable to block the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning. In addition, DAMGO had no effect on IS/AAR. However, the high dose of BNTX (3 mg/kg i.v.) significantly attenuated the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning (39+/-5%; P<.05 versus control and ischemic preconditioning).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that delta1-opioid receptors play an important role in the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning in the rat heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001597:Benzylidene Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001597:Benzylidene Compounds; D004745:Enkephalins; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; C068868:naltrindole benzofuran; C077358:7-benzylidenenaltrexone; C051844:norbinaltorphimine; D009271:Naltrexone; C024524:beta-funaltrexamine