title: The alpha-helical domain near the amino terminus is essential for dimerization of vascular endothelial growth factor.
abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial cell-specific mitogen and a key mediator of aberrant endothelial cell proliferation and vascular permeability in a variety of human pathological situations such as tumor angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, or psoriasis. By amino-terminal deletion analysis and by site-directed mutagenesis we have identified a new domain within the amino-terminal alpha-helix that is essential for dimerization of VEGF. VEGF121 variants containing amino acids 8 to 121 or 14 to 121, respectively, either expressed in Escherichia coli and refolded in vitro, or expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, were in a dimeric conformation and showed full binding activity to VEGF receptors and stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation as compared with wild-type VEGF. In contrast, a VEGF121 variant covering amino acids 18 to 121, as well as a variant in which the hydrophobic amino acids Val14, Val15, Phe17, and Met18 within the amphipathic alpha-helix near the amino terminus were replaced by serine, failed to form biological active VEGF dimers. From these data we conclude that a domain between amino acids His12 and Asp19 within the amino-terminal alpha-helix is essential for formation of VEGF dimers, and we propose hydrophobic interactions between VEGF monomers to stabilize or favor dimerization.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Medicine, Tumor Biology Center, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siemeister
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marmé
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martiny-Baron
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D019281:Dimerization; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors