title: Transcranial Doppler, MRA, and MRI as a screening examination for cerebrovascular disease in patients with sickle cell anemia: an 8-year study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors previously reported five transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) findings as significant in detecting clinical cerebrovascular disease in a 4-year study in patients with sickle cell disease. This is a follow-up to evaluate the validity of the original findings over another 4-year period during which the study population doubled. A clinical follow-up of the original asymptomatic sickle cell patients with positive TCD, MRA, and MRI was also made.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over an 8-year period TCD, MRI, and MRA were prospectively performed in 90 sickle cell patients who were clinically asymptomatic for stroke and in 27 sickle cell patients with clinical stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 4 out of original 46 control patients in 1992 who had positive MRA and TCD, 3 have subsequently had clinical stroke. None of the 9 original patients with positive TCD and positive MRI but negative MRA have developed stroke. All five original TCD indicators of disease were still significant (P < 0.05) for detecting clinical disease: maximum velocity in ophthalmic artery (OA) > 35 cm/s, mean velocity in middle cerebral artery (MCA) > 170 cm/s, resistive index (RI) in OA < 50, velocity in OA greater than in MCA, and velocity in posterior cerebral (PCA), vertebral, or basilar arteries greater than in MCA. An RI of < 60 in the DA was also now found to be significant [corrected]. Four additional factors were also significant: turbulence, PCA or ACA without MCA, RI < 30, and maximum velocity in MCA > 200 cm/s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positive MRA with a positive TCD in an asymptomatic patient in long-term follow-up suggests a trend for developing clinical stroke. A 4- to 8-year follow-up of nine patients with positive TCD, positive MRI, but not positive MRA did not show development of clinical stroke. Nine Doppler findings are significant in screening for clinically symptomatic vascular disease in sickle cell patients. It is recommended that children with sickle cell disease be screened for cerebrovascular disease with TCD. If one or two indicators of abnormality are present, MRA is recommended. If the MRA is positive, the patient may be considered for transfusion therapy or other treatment for prevention of stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology/Slot 105, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock 72202-3591, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Seibert
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Glasier
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Becton
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kinder
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Flick
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lairry
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Graves
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015588:Observer Variation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial