title: Nighttime urinary incontinence and sleep disruption among nursing home residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship of urinary incontinence episodes to sleep disruption in a sample of nursing home residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive, case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three community nursing homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three incontinent residents of three nursing homes participating in a trial of a behavioral intervention for nighttime urinary incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected during a baseline and repeat baseline period about 2 months later in nursing homes serving as controls for the intervention homes. Incontinence episodes were identified by incontinence pads, which were wired to detect wetness of 10 mL or more. Sleep was monitored by wireless wrist actigraphs. Noise and light changes were monitored by bedside recording devices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recordings covered 403 nights, during which 1715 awakenings from 10 consecutive minutes of sleep were detected as were 1168 incontinent episodes. Only 4% of the awakenings were associated with an incontinence episode, and only 23% of the incontinence episodes occurred during periods of at least 10 consecutive minutes of sleep. Of the latter episodes, only 12% appeared to awaken the resident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data raise questions about the relevance of incontinence episodes to sleep disruption among chronically incontinent nursing home residents. Our findings must be interpreted cautiously because of limitations in the technologies and definitions we used to identify sleep, awakenings, and incontinence episodes. Although logistically and technically difficult to perform, studies using polysomnographic recordings of sleep are needed to examine further these important associations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Wesley Woods Geriatric Center at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ouslander
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Buxton
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Al-Samarrai
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cruise
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alessi
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Schnelle
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004775:Enuresis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017286:Polysomnography; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014851:Wakefulness