title: Anaphase A chromosome movement and poleward spindle microtubule flux occur At similar rates in Xenopus extract spindles.
abstract: We have used local fluorescence photoactivation to mark the lattice of spindle microtubules during anaphase A in Xenopus extract spindles. We find that both poleward spindle microtubule flux and anaphase A chromosome movement occur at similar rates ( approximately 2 microm/min). This result suggests that poleward microtubule flux, coupled to microtubule depolymerization near the spindle poles, is the predominant mechanism for anaphase A in Xenopus egg extracts. In contrast, in vertebrate somatic cells a "Pacman" kinetochore mechanism, coupled to microtubule depolymerization near the kinetochore, predominates during anaphase A. Consistent with the conclusion from fluorescence photoactivation analysis, both anaphase A chromosome movement and poleward spindle microtubule flux respond similarly to pharmacological perturbations in Xenopus extracts. Furthermore, the pharmacological profile of anaphase A in Xenopus extracts differs from the previously established profile for anaphase A in vertebrate somatic cells. The difference between these profiles is consistent with poleward microtubule flux playing the predominant role in anaphase chromosome movement in Xenopus extracts, but not in vertebrate somatic cells. We discuss the possible biological implications of the existence of two distinct anaphase A mechanisms and their differential contributions to poleward chromosome movement in different cell types.
authors.affiliation: Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA. Arshad_Desai@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Maddox
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Mitchison
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Salmon
mesh_terms: D000266:Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000705:Anaphase / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018386:Kinetochores; D008677:Metaphase / Q000502:physiology; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010063:Ovum; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011494:Protein Kinases; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D000266:Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate; D011494:Protein Kinases; C102333:histone H1 kinase