title: Reactions of 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal and related aldehydes with proteins studied by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
abstract: In order to understand the modifications of proteins produced by aldehydes of lipid peroxidation, [1-13C]-2(E)-hexenal, [1-13C]-4-oxopentanal, and a mixture of [1-13C]- and [2-13C]-4-hydroxynon-2(E)-enal were synthesized and the reaction of each of the labeled aldehydes with bovine serum albumin was analyzed by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Protein nucleophiles add to the 3-position of hexenal, and the resulting propanal moieties appear to undergo aldol condensation, form imine cross-links with lysyl residues, or lead to pyridinium rings. During the reaction of 4-oxopentanal with the lysyl residues of bovine serum albumin, only 1-alkyl-2-methylpyrrole and a possible intermediate leading to the pyrrole were observed. Hydroxypyrrolidine cross-links such as 25 could not be detected, leaving the pyrrole as the mediator of protein cross-linking. The Michael adducts are the major products in the reaction between 4-hydroxynon-2-enal and proteins. They exist almost exclusively in the cyclic hemiacetal form and do not appear to cross-link through imine formation with lysyl residues. A minor pathway involves the reaction of 4-hydroxynon-2-enal with the lysyl amino groups of protein resulting in 2-pentylpyrrole adducts that may mediate protein cross-linking. The Michael adducts appear not to be the direct source of the pyrrole, but the imine 32 and the enamine 35 are likely intermediates toward the five-membered ring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Amarnath
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Montine
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amarnath
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Bassett
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002417:Cattle; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal