title: Cerebral infarction in young adults: the Baltimore-Washington Cooperative Young Stroke Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few reports on stroke in young adults have included cases from all community and referral hospitals in a defined geographic region.
  
  
  METHODS
  At 46 hospitals in Baltimore City, 5 central Maryland counties, and Washington, DC, the chart of every patient 15 to 44 years of age with a primary or secondary diagnosis of possible cerebral arterial infarction during 1988 and 1991 was abstracted. Probable and possible etiologies were assigned following written guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 428 first strokes, 212 (49.5%) were assigned at least one probable cause, 80 (18.7%) had no probable cause but at least one possible cause, and 136 (31.8%) had no identified probable or possible cause. Of the 212 with at least one probable cause, the distribution of etiologies was cardiac embolism (31.1%), hematologic and other (19.8%), small vessel (lacunar) disease (19.8%), nonatherosclerotic vasculopathy (11.3%), illicit drug use (9.4%), oral contraceptive use (5.2%), large artery atherosclerotic disease (3.8%), and migraine (1.4%). There were an additional 69 recurrent stroke patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this hospital-based registry within a region characterized by racial/ethnic diversity, cardiac embolism, hematologic and other causes, and lacunar stroke were the most common etiologies of cerebral infarction in young adults. Nearly a third of both first and recurrent strokes had no identified cause.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kittner
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wozniak
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Buchholz
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Earley
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Feeser
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Macko
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McCarter
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sherwin
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wityk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000209:etiology*; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D002542:Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012008:Recurrence; D012042:Registries; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D013287:Illicit Drugs