title: The safety and efficacy of gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy.
abstract: More than 12,000 pregnant patients in the United States per year have conditions normally evaluated by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). More than 6000 pregnant patient in the United States per year have conditions normally evaluated by sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. Endoscopy during pregnancy raises the unique issue of fetal safety, and endoscopic medications comprise a significant component of fetal risks from endoscopy. This article analyzes the safety of endoscopic medications during pregnancy, reviews the literature on the safety of gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy, proposes guidelines for endoscopic indications during pregnancy, and describes modifications of gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy to increase fetal and maternal safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cappell
mesh_terms: D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis*