title: Autonomic innervation of the human middle ear: an immunohistochemical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although there have been numerous studies of autonomic innervation of the middle ear mucosa, and the mechanism of effusion into the middle ear cavity in animals, the autonomic innervation of the human middle ear has not received much attention. The purpose of this study is to show the presence of catecholaminergic nerve fibers in the human middle-ear mucus membrane that may play an important role in the pathogenesis of middle-ear effusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 126 celloidin-embedded temporal bone sections from the temporal bone bank at the House Ear Institute were used for immunohistochemical study. A polyclonal antibody to tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme was used to show the presence of catecholaminergic nerve fibers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive nerve fibers containing numerous fine varicosities along their course, characteristic of noradrenergic neurons, were observed throughout the middle-ear mucosa including the promontary, sinus tympani, mesotympanum, and hypotympanum. In addition, these nerve fibers were seen in close promixity to the small-caliber blood vessels. A striking variation in the intensity of staining as well as in the amount of nerve fibers was observed among the temporal bone sections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible that the catecholaminergic nerve fibers, like elsewhere in the body, may exert a direct influence on the middle-ear mucosal blood vessels. We speculate that the effusion into the middle-ear space is an active, rather than a passive process. It is conceivable that cholinergic-sympathetic nerves might exist in the human middle-ear mucus membrane, and that these autonomic nerves, in conjunction with the neuropeptides, may play an active role in the pathogenesis of human middle-ear effusion.
authors.affiliation: Temporal Bone Histopathology Laboratory, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90057-9927, USA.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Nagaraj
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Linthicum
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000906:Antibodies; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000294:innervation; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000032:analysis; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000209:etiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D009638:Norepinephrine