title: Atomic force microscopy in effusion cytology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether atomic force microscopy (AFM) in combination with classical light microscopy allows simple identification of surface structures of cells from pleural and ascitic fluids for diagnostic purposes in place of scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined a total of 180 cells obtained from 9 reactive pleural or peritoneal effusions, 14 associated with carcinomatosis from histologically confirmed tumors and 5 from mesotheliomas. Cells of interest were selected in air-dried, uncovered, May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG)-stained smears and subsequently investigated by AFM. Incorporation of a very compact AFM scanner into the nose piece of a conventional Axioscope light microscope allowed alternating application of both techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AFM was able to detect cell surface structures, such as microvilli, phagocytic pits, secretory blebs and lytic holes. The image resolution was sufficient but not as good as that with SEM. We found differences in number, length and diameter of microvilli between cells from mesotheliomas and from metastatic adenocarcinomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As AFM can be carried out in combination with light microscopy quickly and easily on uncovered, MGG-stained smears, we propose this method as a suitable tool for obtaining additional useful information in routine cytologic diagnosis of effusions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cytopathology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Motherby
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saurenbach
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frohn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kube
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Böcking
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000166:cytology*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008654:Mesothelioma / Q000473:pathology; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000379:methods; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000166:cytology*