title: In vivo pressure measurements of lithotripsy shock waves in pigs.
abstract: Stone comminution and tissue damage in lithotripsy are sensitive to the acoustic field within the kidney, yet knowledge of shock waves in vivo is limited. We have made measurements of lithotripsy shock waves inside pigs with small hydrophones constructed of a 25-microm PVDF membrane stretched over a 21-mm diameter ring. A thin layer of silicone rubber was used to isolate the membrane electrically from pig fluid. A hydrophone was positioned around the pig kidney following a flank incision. Hydrophones were placed on either the anterior (shock wave entrance) or the posterior (shock wave exit) surface of the left kidney. Fluoroscopic imaging was used to orient the hydrophone perpendicular to the shock wave. For each pig, the voltage settings (12-24 kV) and the position of the shock wave focus within the kidney were varied. Waveforms measured within the pig had a shape very similar to those measured in water, but the peak pressure was about 70% of that in water. The focal region in vivo was 82 mm x 20 mm, larger than that measured in vitro (57 mm x 12 mm). It appeared that a combination of nonlinear effects and inhomogeneities in the tissue broadened the focus of the lithotripter. The shock rise time was on the order of 100 ns, substantially more than the rise time measured in water, and was attributed to higher absorption in tissue.
authors.affiliation: Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle 98105, USA. robinc@bu.edu
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Cleveland
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lifshitz
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Connors
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Evan
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Crum
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D011312:Pressure; D013552:Swine