title: Anger and blood pressure readings in children.
abstract: This study investigated the relationship of state and trait anger measured by the Jacob's Pediatric Anger Scale, patterns of anger expression measured by Jacob's Pediatric Anger Expression Scale, and blood pressure readings (BPR) in 230 third-grade children. Analysis of data revealed significant inverse relationships between anger suppression and diastolic BPR and anger reflection and control and both diastolic and systolic BPR. As anger suppression increased, diastolic BPR decreased. As anger reflection and control increased, both systolic and diastolic BPR decreased. When gender was considered, the relationship between anger reflection and control and systolic BPR was apparent only for girls, whereas the relationship between anger reflection and control and diastolic BPR was apparent only for boys. When correlations were computed based on gender and race, a significant inverse relationship between anger reflection and control and systolic BPR in Black girls was found. The results suggest that the influence of race and gender on the relationships between anger expression and systolic and diastolic BPR, which has been documented in adults, may be present in childhood.
authors.affiliation: Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hauber
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carmon
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002648:Child; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality; D012737:Sex Factors; D015144:Southeastern United States