title: Systemic cytokine response to hepatic resections under total vascular exclusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the systemic cytokine response to major liver surgery as the basis for assessing potential new treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital, UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen patients undergoing elective hepatic resections that involved total vascular exclusion of the liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were taken preoperatively, during the operation, and during the first four postoperative days. Concentrations of endotoxin, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endotoxin concentrations were raised in 3/13 patients before operation and in 6 patients during the postoperative period. TNFalpha concentrations were undetectable. IFN-gamma and IL-1 responses followed a low and inconclusive pattern. IL-6 was significantly increased from 6 hours after operation to the third postoperative day, peaking at 699 (+/-277) pg/ml at 24 hours (p < 0.01). The two patients who died had the highest postoperative concentrations of IL-6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a pronounced systemic response to hepatic resection under total vascular exclusion that is reflected by the increase in IL-6 concentration and correlates with the operative blood loss and postoperative outcome. This might be used as an indicator of the response to specific treatments in this type of surgery. Treatments that minimise the IL-6 response to major hepatic resection may be of value.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Badia
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ayton
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nawfal
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kinderman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zografos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uemoto
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Habib
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015996:Survival Rate; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D004731:Endotoxins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma