title: Binder syndrome: literature review and long-term follow-up on two cases.
abstract: Binder syndrome has a characteristic clinical appearance including midface hypoplasia, flattened nose, convex upper lip, broad philtrum, crescent-shaped nostrils, and a deep fold or fossa between nose and upper lip. The incisors may be in crossbite with overangulation of the maxillary incisors, and a Class III occlusion is common. Radiographic features include small or absent anterior nasal spine, thin labial plate over incisor roots, nasomaxillary hypoplasia, and skeletal Class III relation. This article reviews the literature in reference to Binder syndrome and presents two patients treated by two different techniques with long-term follow-up. The first patient was treated with traditional orthognathic procedures, whereas the second was treated with a growth-center implant to the nose and orthodontics to treat the occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: McCollum
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wolford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002356:Cartilage / Q000637:transplantation; D002508:Cephalometry; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003394:Craniofacial Dysostosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000628:therapy; D008437:Maxilla / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000379:methods; D013577:Syndrome