title: Inhibition of protein synthesis by nitric oxide correlates with cytostatic activity: nitric oxide induces phosphorylation of initiation factor eIF-2 alpha.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitric oxide (NO) is cytostatic for proliferating cells, inhibits microbial growth, and down-regulates the synthesis of specific proteins. Studies were undertaken to determine the mechanism by which NO inhibits total protein synthesis and whether the inhibition correlates with established cytostatic activities of NO.
  
  
  METHODS
  In in vitro experiments, various cell types were exposed to NO using either donors or expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). The capacity of NO to suppress total protein synthesis, measured by incorporation of 35S-methionine into protein, was correlated with the capacity of NO to suppress cell proliferation, viral replication, or iNOS expression. Phosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha was examined as a possible mechanism for the suppressed protein synthesis by NO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both NO donors and expression of the iNOS suppressed total protein synthesis in L929 cells and A2008 human ovarian tumor cells in parallel with decreased cell proliferation. Suppressed protein synthesis was also shown to correlate with decreased vaccinia virus proliferation in murine peritoneal macrophages in an iNOS-dependent manner. Furthermore, iNOS expression in pancreatic islets or RAW264.7 cells almost completely inhibited total protein synthesis, suggesting that nonspecific inhibition of protein synthesis may be the mechanism by which NO inhibited the synthesis of specific proteins such as insulin or iNOS itself. This possibility was confirmed in RAW264.7 cells where the inhibition of total protein synthesis correlated with the decreased iNOS protein. The decrease in protein levels occurred without changes in iNOS mRNA levels, implicating an inhibition of translation. Mechanistic studies revealed that iNOS expression in RAW264.7 cells resulted in the phosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha and inhibition of the 80S ribosomal complex formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that NO suppresses protein synthesis by stimulating the phosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha. Furthermore, our observations indicate that nonspecific inhibition of protein synthesis may be a generalized response of cells exposed to high levels of NO and that inhibition of protein synthesis may contribute to many of the described cytostatic actions of NO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tzeng
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hierholzer
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Billiar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D007739:L Cells; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000502:physiology; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D010396:Penicillamine