title: Low back pain in college athletes. A prospective study correlating lower extremity overuse or acquired ligamentous laxity with low back pain.
abstract: METHODS
  A prospective evaluation of the incidence of low back pain in college athletes was undertaken.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate prospectively leg length discrepancy, hip flexor tightness, and lower extremity acquired laxity or overuse as predictive factors for low back pain in college athletes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A pilot study found an association between low back pain and the factors to be studied. Several allusions to the kinetic chain theory appear in the literature, but little prospective research has been done in examining the effects of lower extremity involvement on the back.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-hundred fifty-seven college athletes representing nine varsity sports were screened during a preseason sports physical examination. Measures of flexibility, ligamentous stability, leg length discrepancy, and overuse syndromes were recorded. Athletes were observed throughout the ensuing year for low back pain requiring treatment by the athletic trainer. Those athletes with low back pain as the result of direct trauma to the region were excluded from the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four athletes (9.3%) received treatment for low back pain. Thirteen of 87 women (15%) compared with 11 of 170 men (6%) required treatment for low back pain (P = 0.048). Of 57 athletes with lower extremity acquired laxity or overuse, low back pain developed in 14 (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Athletes with lower extremity acquired ligamentous laxity or overuse may be at risk for the development of noncontact low back pain during athletic competition. Female athletes with lower extremity involvement appeared to have a higher incidence of low back pain treatment compared with their male counterparts. Inflexibility of the lower extremities or leg length discrepancy were not associated with future low back pain treatment.
authors.affiliation: University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, USA.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Nadler
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Galski
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Feinberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D008022:Ligaments / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013177:Sports