title: Clinical and pharmacokinetic studies of high-dose levamisole in combination with 5-fluorouracil in patients with advanced cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) and activity of levamisole administered concurrently with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in a standard 5-day course. To determine the pharmacokinetics of levamisole during the course of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levamisole was administered to 38 patients orally three times a day for 5 days concurrently with a course of 5-FU administered daily by rapid intravenous injection for 5 days. Toxicity was evaluated in 20 patients who received escalating doses of levamisole. The activity of the combination was evaluated in 18 patients who received levamisole at the MTD with 5-FU. The pharmacokinetics of levamisole were characterized in ten patients at the MTD level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intractable vomiting, confusion and vertigo were the major dose-limiting toxicities. The MTD of oral levamisole was 100 mg/m2 administered three times a day concurrently with 450 mg/m2 per day intravenous 5-FU for 5 consecutive days. Partial responses lasting 5 and 11 months were observed in 2/18 patients with measurable disease at the MTD. Peak plasma concentrations of 1 microg/ml (range 0.6-1.3 microg/ml) were achieved 90 min (range 60-360 min) after an oral dose of 100 mg/m2 levamisole with a 3.5-fold accumulation noted following 4 days of administration. Peak plasma concentrations of p-hydroxylevamisole were about 5% of parent drug. Little parent drug (2-5%) was detected in urine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levamisole may be administered safely with 5-FU at doses which are up to four to five times greater than those presently given in conventional regimens. The recommended dose of levamisole combined with 5-FU for future research protocols is 75 mg/m2 t.i.d for 5 days.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kovach
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Bagniewski
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Moertel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003221:Confusion / Q000139:chemically induced; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007978:Levamisole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014717:Vertigo / Q000139:chemically induced; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D007978:Levamisole; C048326:4-hydroxylevamisole; D005472:Fluorouracil