title: Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) is an NMDA antagonist, neuroprotectant and neurotoxin.
abstract: Extensive research has failed to clarify the mechanism of action of nitrous oxide (N2O, laughing gas), a widely used inhalational anesthetic and drug of abuse. Other general anesthetics are thought to act by one of two mechanisms-blockade of NMDA glutamate receptors or enhancement of GABAergic inhibition. Here we show that N2O, at anesthetically-relevant concentrations, inhibits both ionic currents and excitotoxic neurodegeneration mediated through NMDA receptors and, like other NMDA antagonists, produces neurotoxic side effects which can be prevented by drugs that enhance GABAergic inhibition. The favorable safety record of N2O may be explained by the low concentrations typically used and by the fact that it is usually used in combination with GABAergic anesthetics that counteract its neurotoxic potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jevtović-Todorović
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Todorović
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mennerick
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dikranian
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Benshoff
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Zorumski
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Olney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009336:Necrosis; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D009609:Nitrous Oxide