title: Small spot sign of rectal carcinoma by endorectal ultrasonography: histologic relation and clinical impact on postoperative recurrence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We observed small spots at the margin of rectal carcinomas on endorectal ultrasonography. Our aim was to study the relationship between ultrasonographic evidence of these spots and histologic characteristics of disease and postoperative recurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group comprised 55 patients, 36 men and 19 women, with rectal carcinoma as confirmed by biopsy. The patients were followed up at three-month intervals for six months to three years and six months after the operation. Endorectal ultrasonography was performed in the usual manner. Surgically resected specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and histologically examined. Vessel invasion was graded from 0 (not invasive) to 3 (most invasive).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 55 patients studied, 3 had Stage T2,N0,M0 rectal carcinomas and 35 had Stage T3,N0,M0 carcinomas, 5 (14.3 percent) of whom had echographic evidence of small spots. Thirteen patients had Stage T3,N1/2,M0 carcinomas, comprising 12 (92.3 percent) with small spots, and four patients had T3,N1/2,M1 carcinomas, all with small spots. Vessel invasion of Grade 2 or higher was observed around the carcinomas in 20 of 21 patients who had small spots. Ten of 13 patients with many spots at the margin of the carcinoma (a spot grade of ++) histologically had marked venous or lymphatic invasion (an invasion Grade 3). The presence of small spots was closely associated with massive venous or lymphatic invasion (a vessel invasion grade of 2 or more). Four patients had synchronous liver metastases, and small spots were found in all four. Distant metastases and local recurrence were found in 11 of 21 patients with small spots. We found no recurrence in any patient without small spots on endorectal ultrasonography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small spots indicate the presence of massive venous or lymphatic invasion and a high risk of postoperative recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kawakita General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sunouchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Namiki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011379:Prognosis; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging