title: Uncertainty in prostate cancer. Ethnic and family patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate cancer occurs 37% more often in African-American men than in white men. Patients and their family care providers (FCPs) may have different experiences of cancer and its treatment. This report addresses two questions: 1) What is the relationship of uncertainty to family coping, psychological adjustment to illness, and spiritual factors? and 2) Are these patterns of relationship similar for patients and their family care givers and for whites and African-Americans?
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of white and African-American men and their family care givers (N = 403) was drawn from an ongoing study, testing the efficacy of an uncertainty management intervention with men with stage B prostate cancer. Data were collected at study entry, either 1 week after post-surgical catheter removal or at the beginning of primary radiation treatment. Measures of uncertainty, adult role behavior, problem solving, social support, importance of God in one's life, family coping, psychological adjustment to illness, and perceptions of health and illness met standard criteria for internal consistency. Analyses of baseline data using Pearson's product moment correlations were conducted to examine the relationships of person, disease, and contextual factors to uncertainty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For family coping, uncertainty was significantly and positively related to two domains in white family care providers only. In African-American and white family care providers, the more uncertainty experienced, the less positive they felt about treatment. Uncertainty for all care givers was related inversely to positive feelings about the patient recovering from the illness. For all patients and for white family members, uncertainty was related inversely to the quality of the domestic environment. For everyone, uncertainty was related inversely to psychological distress. Higher levels of uncertainty were related to a poorer social environment for African-American patients and for white family members. For white patients and their family members, higher levels of uncertainty were related to lower scores on adult role behavior (shopping, running errands). For white family members, higher levels of uncertainty were related to less active problem solving and less perceived social support. Finally, higher levels of uncertainty were related to the importance of God for white patients and family care providers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clearest finding of the present study is that there are ethnic differences in the relationship of uncertainty to a number of quality-of-life and coping variables. This has immediate implications for the assessment of psychosocial responses to cancer and cancer treatment. Much of what is in curricula is based on clinical and research experience primarily with white individuals. The experience of uncertainty related to cancer and its treatment is influenced by the cultural perspectives of patients and their families. To assist patients and families with the inevitable uncertainties of the cancer experience, healthcare providers need to reconsider their ethnocentric assumptions and develop more skill in assessing patient and family beliefs, values, cultural perspectives, and the influence of these on patient and family uncertainties.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599, USA.
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Germino
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mishel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belyea
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mohler
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D005190:Family / Q000208:ethnology*; D005239:Fear; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D012803:Sick Role; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*