title: Patient-controlled versus anesthesiologist-controlled conscious sedation with propofol for dental treatment in anxious patients.
abstract: In a randomized, cross-over study, we prospectively compared the efficacy and quality of two methods to achieve conscious sedation with propofol in 11 unpremedicated, anxious dental patients. Each patient underwent two dental procedures, one that was conducted under target-controlled infusion (TCI) by the anesthesiologist (ACS), and the other that used patient-controlled sedation (PCS). The initial target concentration in the ACS mode was 2.5 microg/mL, which was manipulated in both directions until the desired clinical end point was achieved. In the PCS mode, a 4-mg bolus of propofol (10 mg/mL) was delivered at each activation of the machine, infused over 7 s without a lockout interval. The anxious dental patients could induce and maintain conscious sedation with the PCS settings. The mean (range) venous blood propofol concentrations were not significantly different with either mode: ACS 1.8 (0.8-2.7) microg/mL and PCS 1.2 (0.2-2.5) microg/mL. The level of patient satisfaction, quality of sedation, and treatability were not different for either mode of sedation. The intensity of amnesia for intraoperative events was related to the blood concentrations achieved. In the ACS mode, one patient became unresponsive (sedation level 4) immediately after the start of sedation. No adverse cardiorespiratory effects resulted from either mode of propofol sedation. Five patients expressed a strong preference for PCS, and three would prefer ACS in the future. The results of the present study suggest that with these PCS settings, a satisfactory level of conscious sedation and a high level of patient satisfaction was achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a randomized, cross-over study, the blood propofol concentrations necessary to achieve conscious sedation in anxious dental patients using a target-controlled infusion conducted by the anesthesiologist versus patient-controlled sedation were not different. With the patient-controlled sedation settings, a satisfactory level of conscious sedation and a high level of patient satisfaction were achieved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Oei-Lim
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kalkman
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Makkes
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Ooms
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000776:Anesthesiology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D015742:Propofol