title: Evaluation of the insertion/deletion ACE gene polymorphism as a risk factor for carotid artery intima-media thickening and hypertension in young type 1 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the distribution of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene in young type 1 diabetic patients and to evaluate possible associations between the ACE genotype, arterial hypertension, and intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants were 148 type 1 diabetic patients (56 men and 92 women), aged 14-44 years, with a diabetes duration of > or = 2 years. HbA1c, albuminuria, and lipid status were assessed by standard laboratory techniques; the ACE genotypes were assessed by polymerase chain reaction. The patients were categorized according to the presence or absence of hypertension, nephropathy, and retinopathy. The IMT, which can be used to estimate early stages of atherosclerosis, was measured by high-resolution ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ACE genotypes were distributed as follows: 21% II, 37% ID, 42% DD. The IMT values did not differ among patients with various ACE genotypes (0.63 +/- 0.15 mm), but the prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in patients with DD (odds ratio, 4.26 versus II + ID; 95% CI, 1.64-11.06). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that only age, hypertension, and sex were determinants for the IMT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest a relationship between the prevalence of hypertension and the deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene in young type 1 diabetic patients, but we could not find an association between carotid artery IMT and ACE genotype in this population.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Medicine, Bürgerhospital Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfohl
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Häring
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Beischer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000419:Albuminuria; D000483:Alleles; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D016014:Linear Models; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A