title: The association of educational achievement and school dropout with risk of alcoholism: a twenty-five-year prospective study of inner-city children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This prospective study is focused on the characteristics leading to alcohol use disorders in early adulthood among a cohort of black children. The principal aim of this work is to examine the impact of educational attainment, school dropout and early school adaptation on the development of alcohol abuse and dependence in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a population that consisted of 1,242 first graders in 1966-67, a total of 953 were interviewed at age 32-33 about their current alcohol and drug use, educational attainment, employment and family situation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diagnoses of alcohol abuse and dependence were defined according to DSM-III-R criteria resulting in identification of 13.5% as having a lifetime alcohol use disorder. Early predictions of an alcohol use disorder in adulthood included early reports of underachievement in first grade by the child's teacher, dropping out of high school, whether the family set definite rules about school during adolescence, and how often the adolescent worked on homework with his/her family.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that educational achievement and some early adaptive behaviors in school are associated with risk for alcohol use disorders. The public health importance of the findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Hygiene and Public Health & School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Crum
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ensminger
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCord
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013332:Student Dropouts / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*