title: Baseball and beer: an analysis of alcohol consumption patterns among male spectators at major-league sporting events.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examination of alcohol consumption patterns of male spectators at two major-league baseball stadiums.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study was conducted at two stadiums over the course of three games at each venue. We approached 1,084 male spectators of drinking age in a consecutive fashion at two junctures: at the entrance gate and during the fifth inning inside the stadium's concourse. Of those approached, 747 (68.9%) participated. After verbal consent, participants completed a questionnaire and blew into a breath analyzer. The results were blinded and later analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-one percent of all participants tested positive for alcohol. The highest consumption occurred in the 20- to 35-year-old age group. In this age group, 50.8% had consumed some alcohol, and 10.8% had a blood alcohol level of .08% (intoxicated) or higher. Almost 5% of all participants tested during the fifth inning collection were intoxicated and claimed to be driving.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of the spectators tested, those in the 20- to 35-year-old age group were most likely to have consumed alcohol and to be legally intoxicated. A disturbing number of spectators who had blood alcohol levels of .08% or higher late in the game claimed to be driving home.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford/Kaiser Hospital, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001484:Baseball / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001944:Breath Tests; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008571:Men; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol