title: A classification tree analysis of selection for discretionary treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study treatment bias in observational outcomes research, the authors present a nonlinear classification tree model of clinical and psychosocial factors influencing selection for interventional management (lower extremity bypass surgery or angioplasty) for patients with intermittent claudication.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample includes 532 patients with mild to moderate lower extremity vascular disease, without prior peripheral revascularization procedures or symptoms of disease progression. All patients were enrolled in a prospective outcomes study at the time of an initial referral visit for claudication to one of the 16 Chicago-area vascular surgery offices or clinics in 1993-95. The influence of baseline sociodemographic, clinical, and patient self-reported health status data on subsequent treatment is analyzed. Study variables were derived from lower extremity blood flow records and patient questionnaires. Follow-up home health visits were used to ascertain the frequency of lower extremity revascularization procedures within 6 months of study enrollment. Hierarchically optimal classification tree analysis (CTA) was used to obtain a nonlinear model of treatment selection. The model retains attributes with the highest sensitivity at each node based on cutpoints that maximize classification accuracy. Experimentwise Type I error is ensured at P < 0.05 by the Bonferroni method and jackknife validity analysis is used to assess model stability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-one of 532 patients (13.3%) underwent interventional procedures within 6 months. Ten patient attributes were used in the CTA model, which had an overall classification accuracy of 89.5% (67.6% sensitive and 92.9% specific), achieving 57.7% of the theoretical possible improvement in classification accuracy beyond chance. Eleven model prediction endpoints reflected a 33-fold difference in odds of undergoing lower extremity revascularization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial ankle-brachial index (100%), leg symptom status over the previous six months (89%), self-reported community walking distance (74%) and prior willingness to undergo a lower extremity hospital procedure (39%) were used to classify most patients in the sample. These attributes are critical control variables for a valid observational study of treatment effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feinglass
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Yarnold
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D017130:Angioplasty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015982:Bias; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003663:Decision Trees; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000145:classification* / Q000601:surgery; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome