title: Venous chest anatomy: clinical implications.
abstract: This article provides a practical approach to the clinical implications and importance of understanding the collateral venous anatomy of the thorax. Routine radiography, conventional venography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies provide correlative anatomic models for the demonstration of how interconnecting collateral vascular networks within the thorax maintain venous stability at all times. Five major systems comprise the collateral venous network of the thorax (Fig. 1). These include the paravertebral, azygos-hemiazygos, internal mammary, lateral thoracic, and anterior jugular venous systems (AJVS). The five systems are presented in the following sequence: (a) a brief introduction to the importance of catheter position and malposition in understanding access to the thoracic venous system, (b) the anatomy of the azygos-hemiazygos systems and their relationship with the paravertebral plexus, (c) the importance of the AJVS, (d) 'loop' concepts interconnecting the internal mammary and azygos-hemiazygos systems by means of the lateral thoracic and intercostal veins, and (e) the interconnecting venous networks on the thoracic side of the thoracoabdominal junction. Certain aspects of the venous anatomy of the thorax will not be discussed in this chapter and include (a) the intra-abdominal anastomoses between the superior and inferior vena cavae (IVC) via the internal mammary, lateral thoracic, and azygos-hemiazygos systems (beyond the scope of this article), (b) potential collateral vessels involving vertebral, parascapular, thyroidal, thymic, and other smaller veins that might anastomose with the major systems, and (c) anatomic variants and pitfalls that may mimic pathologic conditions (space limitations).
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chasen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Charnsangavej
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000098:blood supply; D001401:Azygos Vein / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D006801:Humans; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000098:blood supply; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000098:blood supply; D010690:Phlebography; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D013131:Spine / Q000098:blood supply; D013909:Thorax / Q000098:blood supply*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014680:Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology