title: Reflex jaw motions and jaw stiffness pertaining to whiplash injury of the neck.
abstract: Because a so-called mandibular whiplash injury requires the absence of short-latency jaw-closing reflexes in order to explain the postulated mechanism of injury (excessive jaw opening); the authors studied the presence and absence and more importantly, the kinematics (duration, displacement, velocity, acceleration) of monosynaptic and possibly, polysynaptic myotatic (stretch) reflexes in the jaw elevator muscles. In six healthy adults jaw jerk maneuvers were elicited through a brisk tap on the chin, and surface electromyography identified elevator reflexes while translational electrognathography identified the kinematics of the reflexes. The maneuvers were done while maintaining the rest position (3% MVC) and moderate clenching of the teeth (30% MVC). Electromyography was also used to identify phasic elevator excitations during a passive brisk neck extension maneuver. A sudden and unexpected elongation of the jaw elevators released autogenic reflex responses that, in conjunction with augmented tissue elasticity (stiffness), elevated the mandible into centric occlusion within approximately 150 milliseconds. In 86% of trials, the responses occurred regardless of the prevailing resting and clenching contractile activities. There was no evidence of a depressor force that consistently would and could anchor the mandible in a position of extreme or moderate depression, the theoretical linchpin of the mandibular whiplash injury. It was concluded that the mandibular locomotor system is very efficient in maintaining the rest and intercuspal positions of the mandible. This study found no evidence corroborating the mechanism claimed to release a so-called mandibular whiplash injury.
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: McKay
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019245:Compressive Strength; D004548:Elasticity; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D007574:Jaw Relation Record; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009068:Movement; D009127:Muscle Rigidity / Q000209:etiology; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D012023:Reflex, Monosynaptic; D012026:Reflex, Stretch; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019415:Torque; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*