title: Alcohol consumption and atherosclerosis: what is the relation? Prospective results from the Bruneck Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Potential effects of regular alcohol consumption on atherogenesis are still controversial mainly due to the lack of prospective population-based studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Bruneck Study is a prospective population-based survey of atherosclerosis and its risk factors. The study population comprises a sex- and age-stratified random sample of men and women aged 40 to 79 years. Participation and follow-up were more than 90% complete. Changes in carotid atherosclerosis between the 1990 baseline and the first follow-up in 1995 were monitored by high-resolution duplex ultrasonography. Alcohol intake was quantified with a standardized questionnaire and prospective diet records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol consumption less than once a week (occasional drinking) had no effect on atherogenesis. The association between regular alcohol intake and incident carotid atherosclerosis (early atherogenesis) was J-shaped, with light drinkers facing a lower risk than either heavy drinkers or abstainers. Protection offered by alcohol consumption of <50 g/d appeared to act through inhibition of the injurious action of high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Excess risk of incident atherosclerosis observed among heavy alcohol consumers (> or =100 g/d) clearly surpassed the risk burden afforded by heavy smoking. The association between regular alcohol intake and incident carotid stenosis (advanced atherogenesis) was U-shaped. Odds ratios were generally shifted toward protection and did not rely on LDL cholesterol levels. We failed to find any differential effects of alcohol from various sources. All associations remained independently significant when we adjusted for lifestyle, coincidental smoking, and the metabolic complex associated with drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support the view that adverse and beneficial effects of alcohol on arterial disease are mediated in part by a dose-dependent promotion or deceleration of atherogenesis. The protection afforded by light drinking may possibly be attributed to antithrombotic effects and inhibition of the atherogenic action of high levels of LDL cholesterol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Innsbruck University Clinic, Austria.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiechl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Willeit
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rungger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Egger
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oberhollenzer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonora
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000378:metabolism; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001515:Beer; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003971:Diastole; D015930:Diet Records; D018450:Disease Progression; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016014:Linear Models; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013599:Systole; D013997:Time Factors; D014920:Wine; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D000431:Ethanol; D000990:Antithrombin III; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase