title: Total food duplicate study on nutrient intake of working women in Manila, the Philippines.
abstract: Intakes of various nutrients by working women in Manila, the Philippines, was surveyed by the total food duplicate method, with foci to elucidate relative weight of three meals and snack in addition to quantitative evaluation of nutrient intakes. In practice, 45 women (average age; 37.2 years) volunteered, who were all nonsmokers and nonhabitual drinkers, and mostly married. In parallel, hematology, serum biochemistry, anthropometry and clinical examinations were conducted. On average, the women took 1787 kcal energy, 57 g protein, and 54 g lipid daily. Comparison with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Filipinos showed that intakes of energy and major nutrients were adequate, whereas that of minerals (e.g., 15 mg Fe/day vs. 26 mg Fe/day as RDA) and vitamins (e.g., 0.65 mg vitamin B1/day vs. 1 mg/day as RDA) were generally insufficient. Prevalence of anemia was however rather low with an average hemoglobin concentration of 12.9 g/100 ml blood. Rice was the staple source of energy for daily life, and beef rather than fish and shellfish was the leading source of protein. Lunch was the richest meal of a day (with the largest intake of energy, protein and lipid), and snacks rather than dinner appeared to be next substantial.
authors.affiliation: Miyagi University, Taiwa-cho, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakatsuka
authors.forename: Z W
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Agetano
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Subida
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inouguchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimbo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higashikawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D004435:Eating; D002523:Edible Grain; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012275:Oryza; D010679:Philippines; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D014931:Women, Working
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins