title: Altropane, a SPECT or PET imaging probe for dopamine neurons: II. Distribution to dopamine-rich regions of primate brain.
abstract: The dopamine transporter in brain, localized almost exclusively on dopamine neurons, is an effective window on dopamine neurons. SPECT or PET imaging of the transporter in brain requires selective imaging agents that display appropriate pharmacokinetic properties. We previously reported that [125I]altropane ([125I]IACFT,2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-n-(1- iodoprop-1-en-3-yl)nortropane) bound with high affinity (Kd: 5.33 nM) to a single site on the dopamine transporter and was selective for dopamine over the serotonin transporter in homogenates of monkey striatum. To determine whether the selective binding of [125I]altropane is reflected in its brain distribution, the in vitro and ex vivo distribution of [125I]altropane in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) brain was determined by quantitative autoradiography of coronal brain sections. In vitro, [125I]altropane (2 nM) distribution was discrete and was detectable primarily in the dopamine-rich putamen, caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens. The resulting putamen:cerebellum ratio exceeded 120:1 (n = 3). The selective in vitro binding of [125I]altropane to the dopamine transporter, at concentrations approaching its Kd value (Kd: 5.33 nM, a single high affinity site), highlight its suitability for investigating the density of the dopamine transporter in various brain regions in vitro. Ex vivo autoradiography was conducted in monkeys to determine whether the brain distribution of [125I]altropane in vitro was predictive of its brain distribution pattern after intravenous administration. Thirty minutes after intravenous injection, highest levels of [125I]altropane (0.3 nmol/kg) were detected in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens and lowest levels in the cerebellum and cortex. The putamen or caudate:cerebellum ratio was 7. SPECT imaging of the brain within 30 min of i.v. injection confirmed the rapid and selective accumulation of [123I]altropane to the striatum. The selective binding of altropane to the dopamine-rich striatum within 30 min of i.v. administration indicates that it is uniquely suited for SPECT or PET imaging of the dopamine transporter and associated dopamine neurons.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, USA. bmadras@warren.med.harvard.edu
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Madras
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gracz
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Meltzer
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Elmaleh
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fischman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D005260:Female; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D012453:Saimiri; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D008024:Ligands; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C102282:N-iodoallyl-2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D003042:Cocaine; D004298:Dopamine