title: Buccal absorption of etomidate from a solid formulation in dogs.
abstract: Etomidate is typically administered i.v. for the induction of general anesthesia. We believe that oral transmucosal absorption may extend etomidate's use to premedication and conscious sedation. Our objective was to study the oral mucosal absorption kinetics and bioavailability of etomidate in a solid dose form in dogs. A solid dose form containing 50 mg of etomidate in sorbitol for buccal administration was prepared. Each dog was administered both i.v. etomidate and buccal etomidate on separate days. Serum etomidate concentrations after i.v. administration were fit to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The rates at which etomidate enters the systemic circulation via buccal mucosal absorption were calculated from serum concentrations from mucosal and i.v. administrations using model-dependent constrained numerical deconvolution. The apparent permeability coefficient and bioavailability were also determined. The mean (+/- SD) maximal serum etomidate concentration after buccal mucosal absorption from the 50-mg dose unit was 239 +/- 79 ng/mL. The time to reach maximal serum concentration was 12.5 +/- 1.8 min. Peak absorption rate of etomidate into the systemic circulation was 832 +/- 417 microg/min. For all dogs, 90% or more of the absorption via buccal mucosa took place during the period in which the drug was in contact with the mucosa (15 min). The apparent transbuccal mucosal permeability coefficient was 9.1 +/- 4.2 x 10(-4) cm/s, higher than values of any other compounds examined. Bioavailability calculated using the area under the serum etomidate concentration versus time curve method and the deconvolution method was 13.6% +/- 10.7% and 16.6% +/- 7.6%, respectively. In conclusion, etomidate is highly permeable through the canine buccal mucosa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Etomidate is highly permeable through the canine buccal mucosa. Both the onset and the termination of buccal mucosal absorption of etomidate are rapid, which suggests that titratable delivery of etomidate may be possible by buccal administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City 84132, USA. jzhang@anesth.med.utah.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maland
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hague
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Streisand
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002610:Cheek; D004285:Dogs; D005045:Etomidate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D010539:Permeability
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D005045:Etomidate