title: An inexpensive and reliable new haemoglobin colour scale for assessing anaemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a new inexpensive method (the WHO Colour Scale) for estimating haemoglobin concentration from a drop of blood by means of a colour scale, and to compare its reliability with a standard laboratory method of measuring haemoglobin, and its clinical usefulness in field trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  The new colour scale method was used to measure haemoglobin concentration in 1213 random venous blood samples from routine work in four laboratories (one each in the UK, South Africa, Thailand, and Switzerland). Limited field trials of the method for assessing clinical usefulness were done in a rural hospital (in South Africa) staffed by nurses, at two blood donor sessions (one each in South Africa and Thailand), and by nonlaboratory personnel in malaria clinics (in Thailand), following training and a short practice session.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the laboratory based comparability study the presence of anaemia was reliably detected using the new method with 91% sensitivity and 86% specificity. Clinically relevant levels of anaemia (mild to moderate, pronounced, and severe) were graded and serious anaemia (< 8 g/dl) was identified with an efficiency of 89%. The clinical trials showed the ease and reliability with which the colour scale could be used by non-laboratory persons after brief training. The blood donor trials showed it to be at least as reliable as the copper sulphate method with the advantage of being more convenient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preliminary studies have shown that the WHO Colour Scale is a reliable screening method for detecting anaemia, especially for diagnosing serious anaemia. Following a brief training session health workers found it simple to use and, at a cost of about 1/10th that for traditional photometric analysis, it should be of value in "countries in need" for primary health centres, obstetrical management, paediatric clinics, tropical disease control programmes, blood transfusion donor selection, as well as for industrial health checks and epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Stott
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Wynn
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology; D001782:Blood Donors; D003116:Color; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003906:Developing Countries; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006452:Hemoglobinometry / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019035:Rural Health Services; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014944:World Health Organization