title: An examination of nursing attitudes and pain management practices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this evaluation is to examine the relationship among nurses' pain management attitudes and pain management practices and to begin to explore the theoretical underpinnings that may influence this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 29 female registered nurses working in hospice or home health settings participated in an educational program 1 day per week for 6 weeks. All participants were asked to complete the Cancer Pain Knowledge Inventory and Survey of Expectations and Pain Assessment Questionnaire 5 weeks before, immediately before, immediately after, 6 months after, and 12 months after the program. Seventeen participants completed all questionnaires at the 6-month follow-up; 16 participants completed all questionnaires at the 1-year follow-up. Personal beliefs about pain were evaluated in relation to the dimensions and treatment of pain. Intentions and expectations to perform specific activities were evaluated in relation to in-depth assessments, equianalgesic conversions, demonstration of new ideas, and communication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurses' attitudes, beliefs, intentions, and expectations about pain and pain management influenced nurses' patient care and educational activities. Nurses who believed that patients should be pain free and nurses who focused on both the dimensions and treatment of pain implemented more pain management activities. In general, nurses who had high intentions and expectations performed more pain management activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although nurses reported change in attitude, and high expectancy for change, feelings of increased credibility, and increased motivation as advocates for new approaches to practice, nurses sometimes found it difficult to implement new practices because of constraints in time and collaborative efforts. To implement new knowledge and achieve individualized goals for change, nurses must be allowed adequate time to analyze the relationships between their beliefs about pain and the ways that they solve patients' pain problems. In addition, more support for multidisciplinary collaboration is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult and Geriatric Health, School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Blau
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Youngblood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D009859:Oncology Nursing / Q000193:education*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires