title: Reproducibility and accuracy among primary care providers of a screening examination for foot ulcer risk among diabetic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A clinical examination has been shown to stratify patients by risk for diabetic foot ulcer; it is unknown whether primary care providers can reproducibly perform this examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-seven consecutive diabetic patients at six Veterans Affairs Medical Centers received a structured history and physical examination of the feet from each of two primary care providers; 88 of these patients were also examined by a foot care specialist. The examination consisted of a previously validated four-component diabetic foot ulcer risk stratification examination and a vascular disease history and physical examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-nine percent of patients were assessed as having elevated risk for development of foot ulcer. Interobserver agreement for risk stratification was moderate (kappa = 0.51; 95% CI 0.40, 0.62). The agreement for individual components of the stratification examination was variable, with kappa statistics ranging from 0.36 to 0.91. Primary care providers had good sensitivity and specificity for most components of the examination (compared with foot care specialist's examination as the criterion standard), but frequently were unable to identify pedal pulses [sensitivity 0.52 (95% CI 0.41, 0.61)] or foot deformity [sensitivity 0.51 (95% CI 0.46, 0.56)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A validated risk stratification foot examination for diabetic patients is reproducible and largely accurate when performed by primary care providers.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Carolina, USA. dedelman@acpub.duke.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edelman
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pogach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D011320:Primary Health Care; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity