title: Perioperative use of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate for the prevention of alveolar osteitis: efficacy and risk factor analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to evaluate the use of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate as a prophylactic therapy for the prevention of alveolar osteitis and to further examine subject-based risk factors associated with alveolar osteitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study conducted among 279 subjects, each of whom required oral surgery for the removal of a minimum of one impacted mandibular third molar. Subjects were instructed to rinse twice daily with 15 ml of chlorhexidine or placebo mouthrinse for 30 seconds for 1 week before and 1 week after the surgical extractions. This regimen included a supervised presurgical rinse. Alveolar osteitis diagnosis was based on the subjective finding of increasing postoperative pain at the surgical site that was not relieved with mild analgesics, supported by clinical evidence of one or more of the following: loss of blood clot, necrosis of blood clot, and exposed alveolar bone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with use of the placebo mouthrinse, prophylactic use of the chlorhexidine mouthrinse resulted in statistically significant (p < 0.05) reductions in the incidence of alveolar osteitis. With chlorhexidine therapy, the subject- and extraction-based incidences of alveolar osteitis in the evaluable subset (271 subjects) were reduced, relative to placebo, by 38% and 44%, respectively. The corresponding odds ratios that describe the increased odds of experiencing alveolar osteitis in the placebo group were 1.87 and 2.05 for subject- and extraction-based analyses, respectively. In comparison with nonuse of oral contraceptives, the use of oral contraceptives in female subjects was related to a statistically significant increase in the incidence of alveolar osteitis (odds ratio = 1.92, p = 0.035). Relative to male subjects, the observed incidence of alveolar osteitis for female subjects not using oral contraceptives was not statistically significant (odds ratio = 1.18, p = 0.64). Smoking did not increase the incidence of alveolar osteitis relative to not smoking (odds ratio = 1.20, p = 0.33).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data confirm that the prophylactic use of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse results in a significant reduction in the incidence of alveolar osteitis after the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars. In addition, oral contraceptive use in females was confirmed to be a risk factor for the development of alveolar osteitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hermesch
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Biesbrock
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cain-Hamlin
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: McClanahan
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gerlach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000473:pathology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D018890:Chemoprevention; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004368:Dry Socket / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000601:surgery; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009336:Necrosis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D010919:Placebos; D011292:Premedication; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D009067:Mouthwashes; D010919:Placebos; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine