title: Bladder cancer in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with cyclophosphamide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We define the risk of bladder cancer in multiple sclerosis related to the use of indwelling catheters and cyclophosphamide administered as an immunomodulating agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of 2,351 patients with multiple sclerosis referred to the National Center for Multiple Sclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2,351 patients 2 women and 5 men (0.29%) had bladder cancer. Of the 850 chronically catheterized patients the incidence was 0.7%. One patient with cancer performed intermittent catheterization for a rate of 0.23% in this group. In a subgroup of 70 patients treated with cyclophosphamide 5 chronically catheterized patients (5.7%) had bladder cancer. Hematuria was the most common presenting symptom. These data were compared with those in the literature on bladder cancer in spinal cord injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest a possible synergistic role of cyclophosphamide and chronic catheterization in the induction of secondary bladder cancer. Regular cystoscopy is warranted in these patients to allow early detection of bladder tumors. Nitric oxide metabolism may be an important factor in the carcinogenesis of this type of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Catholic University Leuven, UZ Gasthuisberg, Belgium.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Ridder
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Poppel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Demonty
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: D'Hooghe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gonsette
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Carton
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baert
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000368:Aged; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000150:complications; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide