title: 60 Hz electric fields and incandescent light as aversive stimuli controlling the behavior of rats responding under concurrent schedules of reinforcement.
abstract: Several reports have shown that animals will sometimes engage in behaviors that reduce their exposure to a 60 Hz electric field (E-field). The field, therefore, can function as an aversive stimulus. In other studies, the E-field at equivalent strengths failed to function as an aversive stimulus. The present experiment, using rats, demonstrates how factors other than field strength can influence whether a subject engages in behavior that reduces field exposure. The general design consisted of giving the rat a choice between two alternatives, one of which sometimes included an added stimulus. Each subject was trained to press each of two levers to obtain food. Pressing one lever was reinforced intermittently under a variable interval 2 min schedule (VI 2); pressing the other lever was reinforced by a second VI 2 schedule operating independently of the first. Under this concurrent schedule the rat spent 50% of the daily 50 min session responding to each of the levers, indicating that they were equally "valued." Next, while the schedules remained in effect, the first response to one of the levers turned on a 100 kV/m E-field which remained on until the rat pressed the other lever. The time spent responding under the schedule associated with the field was reduced by about 5-10%. When the procedure was changed so that no lever presses produced food, i.e., extinction, but the added stimulus contingency remained, the rats spent even less time in the presence of the field. Similar outcomes were observed during both the concurrent food or extinction schedules when incandescent light was used. Thus, both an E-field and incandescent light functioned as aversive stimuli, but the magnitude of the aversiveness was small. Aversiveness depended not only on stimulus intensity, but also on behavioral factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Laties
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000528:radiation effects; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004560:Electricity / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D051381:Rats; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule