title: Cardiac arrhythmias with external fixed-rate signal generators in shock wave lithotripsy with the Medstone lithotripter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence and outcome of cardiac arrhythmias associated with an external fixed-rate generator and the Medstone lithotripter with regard to stone location, anesthesia type, patient age, and gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained on 933 patients who underwent shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) with the Medstone lithotripter. Patients were randomly divided into two study groups, including those with pre-existing cardiac disease, hypertension, and cardiac medications. Group 1 (576 patients) were treated with the external fixed-rate signal generator (cardiac simulator). Group 2 (357 patients) underwent electrocardiogram-gated SWL (no simulator). All patients were monitored for arrhythmias during SWL. Patients who developed arrhythmias on the simulator were converted to gated SWL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group 1, 463 patients (80%) had no arrhythmias during treatment, whereas 113 patients (20%) developed cardiac arrhythmias (primarily premature ventricular contractions [PVCs]) and were successfully converted to gated SWL. Only 1 patient in group 2 (0.3%) had a documented arrhythmia (PVC). Group 1 patients who developed arrhythmias with a cardiac simulator were more likely to have renal rather than ureteral stones. Chi-square analysis showed a significant correlation between patients with and without arrhythmias in group 1 with regard to stone location (P <0.0001). In group 1, regional anesthesia, intravenous anesthesia, and general anesthesia had an arrhythmia rate of 14%, 27%, and 38%, respectively. The only patient in group 2 who developed arrhythmias was under general anesthesia. The differences between groups 1 and 2, with regard to anesthesia type and arrhythmia, were statistically significant (P <0.001). No patients required additional medical therapy or hospitalization for cardiac events, and all patients safely completed the SWL treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With careful monitoring and adequate precautions, external fixed-rate signal generators are safe, effective methods for pacing the Medstone shock wave lithotripter and probably other extracorporeal shock wave lithotripters.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7235, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ganem
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Carson
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000628:therapy