title: Development of fluoroquinolone resistance and mutations involving GyrA and ParC proteins among Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the development of fluoroquinolone resistance among Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Japan and the frequency and patterns of mutations involving the GyrA and ParC proteins, which confer quinolone resistance to the bacteria, in isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antimicrobial susceptibilities of 145 gonococcal isolates, including 79 isolated from February 1992 through February 1993 and 66 isolated from February 1995 through February 1996, to six fluoroquinolones and several other antibiotics were compared with those of 27 isolates obtained from 1981 through 1984. To identify mutations in gyrA and parC genes of the isolates, the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the gyrA and parC genes were PCR-amplified and the PCR products were directly sequenced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of strains (MIC90) values of norfloxacin for the isolates from 1992 to 93 (4 microg./ml.) and 1995 to 96 (8 microg./ml.) were 16- and 32-fold, respectively, higher than those for isolates from 1981 to 84 (0.25 microg./ml.). The MIC90 values of ciprofloxacin for isolates from 1992 to 93 (0.5 microg./ml.) and 1995 to 96 (1 microg./ml.) showed increase of 8- and 16-fold, respectively, in comparison with those from 1981 to 84 (0.063 microg./ml.). The isolates from 1992 to 93 and 1995 to 96 were also less susceptible to newer fluoroquinolones including levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, DU-6859a and AM-1155, as compared with those from 1981 to 84. In 46 (67.6%) and 16 (23.5%) of the 68 gonococcal strains sequenced, GyrA and ParC mutations were identified, respectively. No ParC substitutions were identified in any isolates without co-existence of the GyrA mutation. A Ser-91 to Phe mutation, which was detected in 30 (65.2%) of the 46 isolates with GyrA mutations, was the most common GyrA mutation. Mutants with the single Ser-91 to Phe substitution in GyrA were 12-fold and at least 13-fold, respectively, less susceptible to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin than the wild type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained in this study suggest that a high prevalence of gonococcal isolates with the Ser-91 to Phe mutation in GyrA has reduced the susceptibility of this organism to fluoroquinolones in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saika
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumazawa
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027081:DNA Gyrase; D027101:DNA Topoisomerase IV; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / Q000235:genetics*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009154:Mutation; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014526:Urethritis / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D027101:DNA Topoisomerase IV; D027081:DNA Gyrase; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II