title: Diseases of the skull in pre-Columbian South American mummies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The majority of paleopathological investigations focus on the study of the skull. This is because the skull is the most frequently preserved part of the human body recovered from archaeological excavations. From studying the skull, a variety of information can be obtained regarding the individual, such as sex, age, nutritional status, and other disease processes, if present.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study represents the examination of more than 700 human skulls recovered from archaeological excavations from the Andean region of southern Peru and northern Chile and dating back more than 8000 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A variety of skull abnormalities were encountered. The nonmetric variables of Huschke's foramina and palatine tori were common. Cranial deformation was observed in more than 85% of the cases. There were two cases of sagittal synostosis. Iron deficiency anemia resulting in porotic hyperostosis of the skull was evident in certain cultures. Exostoses of the external auditory canal resulting from chronic otitis was evident only among coastal populations. One skull demonstrated a periostitis consistent with Treponema infection. Trephination was encountered only in the skulls from Peru. Fifty-four cases of skull fractures were observed, half of which showed evidence of healing. Finally, only two cases of neoplastic skull lesions were encountered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study of the human skull alone provides a large amount of information regarding the health and diseases of ancient populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gerszten
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gerszten
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Allison
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000747:Anemia, Hypochromic / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000473:pathology; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002677:Chile; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D004954:Esthetics / Q000266:history; D005096:Exostoses / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006314:Hearing Loss, Conductive / Q000266:history / Q000473:pathology; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American; D007223:Infant; D007897:Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous / Q000266:history / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009106:Mummies / Q000473:pathology*; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000473:pathology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000266:history / Q000473:pathology; D010016:Osteoma / Q000473:pathology; D010568:Peru; D012886:Skull / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000473:pathology; D012888:Skull Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D013587:Syphilis / Q000266:history / Q000473:pathology; D014207:Trephining