title: Self expandable stents for relief of venous baffle obstruction after the Mustard operation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obstruction of the venous pathways after Mustard repair for transposition of the great arteries is associated with an increased risk of arrhythmia and sudden death. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the largest (tracheal 22 x 40 mm) Wallstents in treating baffle obstructions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of patients with stented venous pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients with baffle obstruction after Mustard repair for transposition of the great arteries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stenoses were dilated with an 18 or 20 mm balloon. However, recoil was noticed in 11 patients: immediately (n = 7) or on repeat angiography (n = 4). Eighteen stents were implanted (mean (SD)) 18 (3.3) years postoperatively. After dilatation a tracheal Wallstent (11.5 F) was deployed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relief of obstruction, haemodynamic improvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the inferior vena cava, 10 stents were deployed in seven baffle obstructions with an increase in diameter from 9.8 (2.4) mm to 16.5 (1.4) mm (p < 0.01) and a mean (SD) pressure gradient decrease from 5.1 (3.6) mm Hg to 1.4 (2.0) mm Hg; in the superior vena cava, eight stents were implanted increasing the diameter from 9.1 (3.7) mm to 15.6 (3.8) mm (p < 0.001) with a decrease in mean pressure gradient from 5.1 (2.7) mm Hg to 1.9 (1.5) mm Hg. No complications were experienced during implantation. No anticoagulation was prescribed. During follow up (1.7 (0.6) years; range, 0.9-2.6) no problems were noted; five patients were re-catheterised without change in measurements. There was no evidence of peal formation in any of the stents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that Wallstents are safe, easy to use, and effective in relieving baffle obstruction. Anticoagulation does not seem necessary.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eyskens
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stockx
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dumoulin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gewillig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging