title: [Analgesic efficacy of ketorolac and fentanyl in pediatric intensive care].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of the two different drugs (Ketorolac and Fentanyl), used singularly or in association, in the management of postoperative pain in Picu.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized and prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  52 children were randomly assigned to receive intravenous Ketorolac and/or Fentanyl, according to four different analgesic treatments: A) Ketorolac 1.2 mg/kg every six hrs; B) Ketorolac 1.2 mg/kg (bolus) + 0.21 mg/ kg/hr; C) Fentanyl 1 gamma/kg/hr; D) Fentanyl 1 gamma/kg/hr + Ketorolac 0.21 mg/kg/hr. Each protocol was given to 13 children. The efficacy of treatments were evaluated by child's behaviour (Affective Facial Scale and CHEOPS score) and hemodynamical parameters (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, breathing rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation and oxygen arterial pressure) and analysed by statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The children treated with protocol B (Ketorolac in continuous in infusion) showed better pain relief in respect to those treated with protocol A (Ketorolac in bolus), while the most efficient analgesia was obtained with the association of the two analgesic drugs (protocol D). Two cases of bradycardia, one case of hyperazotemia and one case of transaminase increase were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketorolac presents a good efficient analgesia, particularly evident when administered in continuous intravenous infusion. However, the association of this NSAID with an opioid drug can be favourably proposed in postoperative pain therapy of moderate to severe grade, since the confirmed analgesic efficacy is not aggravated by important side effects.
authors.affiliation: Unità di Terapia Intensiva Pediatrica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiaretti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simeone
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Butera
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piastra
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tortorolo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Polidori
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D020910:Ketorolac; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D014046:Tolmetin; D005283:Fentanyl; D020910:Ketorolac
vernacular_title: Efficacia analgesica del Ketorolac e del Fentanyl in Terapia Intensiva Pediatrica.