title: Secretory phospholipase A2 is the principal bactericide for staphylococci and other gram-positive bacteria in human tears.
abstract: We examined human tears for molecules that killed gram-positive bacteria. The principal mediator of bactericidal activity against staphylococci proved to be a calcium-dependent enzyme, secretory phospholipase A2. Whereas the concentration of secretory phospholipase A2 in the normal tear film exceeded 30 microg/ml, only 1.1 ng (<0.1 nM) of the enzyme per ml sufficed to kill Listeria monocytogenes and 15 to 80 ng/ml killed Staphylococcus aureus. Despite its efficacy against gram-positive bacteria, secretory phospholipase A2 lacked bactericidal activity against gram-negative organisms (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) when tested in the ionic environment of tears. Given the presence of secretory phospholipase A2 in tears, intestinal secretions, and leukocytes, this enzyme may play a substantial role in innate mucosal and systemic bactericidal defenses against gram-positive bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1690, USA.
authors.forename: X D
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Lehrer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002413:Cations, Divalent / Q000494:pharmacology; D005123:Eye / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009113:Muramidase / Q000494:pharmacology; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects*; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002413:Cations, Divalent; D010741:Phospholipases A; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D009113:Muramidase; D007781:Lactoferrin