title: Endocrine therapy in metastatic breast cancer.
abstract: Endocrine therapy represents a mainstay of effective, minimally toxic, palliative treatment for metastatic breast cancer. Research focusing on the mechanism of action of endocrine agents will provide new insights leading to new hormonal approaches in breast cancer treatment. Development of new agents, especially the 'pure' antiestrogens, is of great interest. Combining endocrine therapy with biologic agents, especially antiproliferative compounds, may lead to more effective treatment in the adjuvant as well as the advanced setting. Tables 4 and 5 summarize response rates to the different groups of endocrine agents used in metastatic breast cancer and doses of commonly used agents, respectively. At present, tamoxifen is the drug of choice as first-line endocrine therapy for metastatic breast cancer with no or minimal symptoms in premenopausal or postmenopausal women. Second-line therapy usually consists of megace. Aromatase inhibitors may be used as second- or third-line therapy in postmenopausal women. In premenopausal women, LHRH analogues are a reasonable choice. The other hormonal agents may be beneficial as salvage therapy. More effective endocrine approaches are under development.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, The Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Kimmick
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Muss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004967:Estrogens; D005260:Female; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000819:agonists; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000502:physiology; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D015735:Mifepristone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D010166:Palliative Care; D011372:Progestins / Q000009:adverse effects; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000187:drug effects; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000187:drug effects; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000187:drug effects; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D004967:Estrogens; D006133:Growth Substances; D006727:Hormone Antagonists; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011372:Progestins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D013629:Tamoxifen; D015735:Mifepristone; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone