title: Incidence of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and the feasibility of molecular screening for the disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic disorders that predispose people to colorectal cancer include the polyposis syndromes and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. In contrast to the polyposis syndromes, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer lacks distinctive clinical features. However, a germ-line mutation of DNA mismatch-repair genes is a characteristic molecular feature of the disease. Since clinical screening of carriers of such mutations can help prevent cancer, it is important to devise strategies applicable to molecular screening for this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively screened tumor specimens obtained from 509 consecutive patients with colorectal adenocarcinomas for DNA replication errors, which are characteristic of hereditary colorectal cancers. These replication errors were detected through microsatellite-marker analyses of tumor DNA. DNA from normal tissue from the patients with replication errors was screened for germ-line mutations of the mismatch-repair genes MLH1 and MSH2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 509 patients, 63 (12 percent) had replication errors. Specimens of normal tissue from 10 of these 63 patients had a germ-line mutation of MLH1 or MSH2. Of these 10 patients (2 percent of the 509 patients), 9 had a first-degree relative with endometrial or colorectal cancer, 7 were under 50 years of age, and 4 had had colorectal or endometrial cancer previously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series of patients with colorectal cancer in Finland, at least 2 percent had hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. We recommend testing for replication errors in all patients with colorectal cancer who meet one or more of the following criteria: a family history of colorectal or endometrial cancer, an age of less than 50 years, and a history of multiple colorectal or endometrial cancers. Patients found to have replication errors should undergo further analysis for germ-line mutations in DNA mismatch-repair genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Aaltonen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salovaara
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kristo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Canzian
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hemminki
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peltomäki
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Chadwick
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kääriäinen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eskelinen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Järvinen
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mecklin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de la Chapelle
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000368:Aged; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods; D004260:DNA Repair; D004261:DNA Replication; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005820:Genetic Testing; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008875:Middle Aged; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein