title: Diabetes and lower-limb amputations in the community. A retrospective cohort study. DARTS/MEMO Collaboration. Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Scotland/Medicines Monitoring Unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are few U.K. data on the incidence rates of amputation in diabetic subjects compared with the nondiabetic population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a historical cohort study of first lower-extremity amputations based in Tayside, Scotland (population 364,880) from 1 January 1993 to 31 December 1994. The Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Scotland (DARTS) database was used to identify a prevalence cohort of 7,079 diabetic patients on 1 January 1993. We estimated age-specific and standardized incidence rates of lower-limb amputations in the diabetic and nondiabetic cohorts. Results were compared with a previous study that evaluated lower-extremity amputations in diabetic patients in Tayside in 1980-1982.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 221 subjects who underwent a total of 258 nontraumatic amputations. Of the 221 subjects, 60 (27%) patients were diabetic (93% NIDDM), and 63% were first amputations. The median duration of diabetes was 6 years (range: newly diagnosed to 41 years). Nonhealing ulceration (31%) and gangrene (29%) were the two main indications for amputation in the diabetic subjects. Of the 161 nondiabetic subjects, 140 (80%) underwent first amputations. The adjusted incidences in the diabetic and nondiabetic groups were 248 and 20 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. Tayside patients with diabetes thus had a 12.3-fold risk of an amputation compared with nondiabetic residents (95% CI 8.6-17.5). The estimated proportion of diabetic patients in the population rose from 0.81% in 1980-1982 to 1.94% in 1993-1994, whereas the absolute rate of amputation in diabetic subjects was unchanged from that in 1980-1982.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These population-based U.K. amputation data are similar to amputation rates in the U.S. Amputation rates appear to have decreased significantly since 1980-1982. The impact of diabetes education and prevention programs that target the processes leading to amputation can now be evaluated.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, U.K. amorris@clinpharm.dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McAlpine
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steinke
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vasudev
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Leese
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology