title: Combined effect of smoking and human papillomavirus type 16 infection in cervical carcinogenesis.
abstract: To study the combined effect of smoking and human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 infection in high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, we analyzed data from a Norwegian population-based case-control study including 90 patients and 216 controls, 20-44 years of age. We assessed HPV-16 status both by polymerase chain reaction detecting virus DNA and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detecting antibodies against virus capsid. Smoking was associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade II-III in HPV-16-positive individuals. Using the jointly unexposed (HPV-16 DNA-negative never-smokers) as the reference group, we determined the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade II-III in HPV-16 DNA-positive never-smokers and HPV-16 DNA-positive ever-smokers (odds ratio = 15.7; 95% confidence limits = 3.2, 76.5, and odds ratio = 65.9; 95% confidence limits = 22.3, 194.3, respectively). The estimated proportion of cases among HPV-16-positive smokers that is attributable to the interaction between the two causes is 74%, based on HPV-16 DNA positivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health Sciences, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dillner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skrondal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magnus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral