title: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor improves host defense to resuscitated shock and polymicrobial sepsis without provoking generalized neutrophil-mediated damage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) increases production and release of neutrophil precursors and activates multiple functions of circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). G-CSF has therapeutic effects in many experimental models of sepsis; its actions with superimposed reperfusion insults are unknown. In traumatic conditions, G-CSF could exacerbate unregulated, PMN-dependent injury to otherwise normal host tissue or, it could partially reverse trauma-induced immune suppression, which may improve long-term outcome. This study tested whether stimulating PMN proliferation and function with G-CSF during recovery from trauma+sepsis potentiated reperfusion injury or whether it improved host defense.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthetized swine were subjected to cecal ligation and incision, 35% hemorrhage, and 1 hr of hypotension. Resuscitation consisted of intravenous G-CSF (5 microg/kg) or placebo followed by shed blood and 40 mL/kg of lactated Ringer's solution. The control group received laparotomy only. G-CSF or placebo was given daily. Animals were killed at 4 days. Observers, blind to the protocol, graded autopsy samples for localization of infection and quality of abscess wall formation. Data included complete blood count, granulocyte oxidative burst after phorbol myristate acetate stimulation in vitro (GO2B), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell count, BAL noncellular protein, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor production in whole blood in vitro (lipopolysaccharide-tumor necrosis factor), and lung tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neutrophilia and localization of infection, were significantly improved by G-CSF. Variables altered by G-CSF, though not significantly, showed GO2B potential increased by 50%, lipopolysaccharide-tumor necrosis factor decreased by 50%, and improved survival versus placebo (100% vs. 70%). G-CSF did not increase lung MPO, BAL cell count, or BAL protein. Both arterial and venous O2 saturations were unaltered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that G-CSF initiated at the time of resuscitation reduced the sequelae of posttrauma sepsis by increasing PMN proliferation and function without potentiating PMN-mediated lung reperfusion injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee, Memphis, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lyden
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Ragsdale
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Croce
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Fabian
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Proctor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012151:Resuscitation; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D010100:Oxygen