Cortical asymmetries direct the establishment of cell polarity and the plane of cell division in the Fucus embryo.
External gradients, such as unilateral light, applied to apolar zygotes of Fucus result in a cortical asymmetry expressed as the actin-dependent translocation of existing plasma membrane molecules (e.g., DHP receptors) to the shaded side (Fig. 1a). This process corresponds to the alignment of the polar axis. The localized cortical domain identified by the accumulation of DHP receptors, F-actin, and free calcium forms a target site for Golgi vesicle (F granule) secretion. Localized secretion of F granules is essential to stabilize the polar axis (Fig. 1b), and to complete a structural complex at the site for polar growth, postulated to span the plasma membrane, from the actin cytoskeleton to the cell wall (Fig. 2). Furthermore, targeted secretion of the contents of F granules into the plasma membrane and/or cell wall appears to provide localized positional information required to orient the first cell division plane and to differentiate the rhizoid and thallus cells of the two-celled embryo (Fig. 1c). Our cytological approaches using Fucus zygotes point to the importance of directed vesicle movement and secretion in creating asymmetries in the plasma membrane/cell wall during embryogenesis, which appear to have a critical role in cell morphogenesis. Conclusions drawn from these results may provide a useful paradigm for the study of cell morphogenesis and pattern formation in higher plant embryos and vegetative tissues.
Quatrano
R S
RS
Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-3280, USA.
D002455:Cell Division; D016764:Cell Polarity; D012624:Seaweed / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology