title: Response (re-)programming in aging: a kinematic analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age-related motor slowing may reflect either motor programming deficits, poorer movement execution, or mere strategic preferences for online guidance of movement. We controlled such preferences, limiting the extent to which movements could be programmed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four young and 24 older adults performed a line drawing task that allowed movements to be prepared in advance in one case (i.e., cue initially available indicating target location) and not in another (i.e., no cue initially available as to target location). Participants connected large or small targets illuminated by light-emitting diodes upon a graphics tablet that sampled pen tip position at 200 Hz.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Older adults had a disproportionate difficulty initiating movement when prevented from programming in advance. Older adults produced slower, less efficient movements, particularly when prevented from programming under greater precision requirements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The slower movements of older adults do not simply reflect a preference for online control, as older adults have less efficient movements when forced to reprogram their movements. Age-related motor slowing kinematically resembles that seen in patients with cerebellar dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bellgrove
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Gallucci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time