title: Widespread cerebral structural changes in two patients with gelastic seizures and hypothalamic hamartomata.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that widespread extralesional abnormalities of cerebral structure exist in association with apparently isolated hypothalamic hamartomata, providing a structural basis for the poor response of seizures to removal of the hamartoma or other apparently focal epileptogenic zones present.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans of 2 patients with hypothalamic hamartomata were quantified by determination of regional distribution and symmetry of distribution of cortical gray matter and subcortical matter volumes. The results were compared with normal ranges for the distribution of such tissues in 33 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both patients had abnormalities of distribution of gray and subcortical matter, whereas control subjects did not. These abnormalities were beyond the hamartoma itself, in areas of cerebrum that on visual inspection alone appeared completely normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extralesional abnormalities of cerebral structure are present in the cerebrum of patients with hypothalamic hamartoma, as in most patients with other dysgeneses. These abnormalities may explain the poor outcome of epilepsy surgery in patients with this form of dysgenesis. These preliminary findings require further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Research Group, Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sisodiya
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Free
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Fish
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Shorvon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D006222:Hamartoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007029:Hypothalamic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D007845:Laughter; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male