title: Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide modulate endotoxin-induced IL-6 production by murine peritoneal macrophages.
abstract: Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide synthesized by immune cells that can modulate several immune aspects, including the function of cells involved in the inflammatory response, such as macrophages and monocytes. Production and release of cytokines by activated mononuclear phagocytes is an important event in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury. VIP has been shown to attenuate the deleterious consequences of this pathologic phenomenon. We have investigated the effects of VIP and PACAP38 on the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a proinflammatory cytokine, by endotoxin-activated murine macrophages. Both neuropeptides exhibit a dual effect on the IL-6 production by peritoneal macrophages. Whereas VIP and PACAP inhibit with similar dose-response curves the release of IL-6 from macrophages stimulated with a LPS dose range from 100 pg/mL to 10 microg/mL, both neuropeptides enhance IL-6 secretion in unstimulated macrophages and in macrophages stimulated with very low LPS concentrations (1-10 pg/mL). The inhibition on LPS-induced IL-6 production is specific, presumably mediated through a subtype of the PACAP-R. VIP and PACAP regulate the production of IL-6 at a transcriptional level. These results were correlated with an inhibition on both IL-6 expression and release in endotoxemic mice in vivo. These findings support the idea that in the absence of stimulation or in the presence of low doses of LPS, VIP and PACAP could play a role in immune system homeostasis. However, under toxicity conditions associated with high LPS doses, VIP and PACAP could act as protective mediators that regulate the excessive release of IL-6 in order to reduce inflammation or shock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pozo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leceta
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ganea
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Gomariz
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000502:physiology*; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C495402:Adcyap1 protein, mouse; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009479:Neuropeptides; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases