title: Sleep-disordered breathing in children with achondroplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to characterize sleep-disordered breathing in 88 children with achondroplasia aged 1 month to 12.6 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the time of their initial polysomnography, five children had previously undergone tracheostomy, and seven children required supplemental oxygen. Initial polysomnography demonstrated a median obstructive apnea index of 0 (range, 0 to 19.2 apneas/hr). The median number of central apneas with desaturation per study was 0.5 (0 to 49), the median oxygen saturation nadir was 91% (50% to 99%), and the median peak end-tidal pCO2 was 47 mm Hg (36 to 87 mm Hg). Forty-two children (47.7%) had abnormal initial study results, usually caused by hypoxemia. Two children with severe obstructive sleep apnea eventually required continuous positive airway pressure therapy, and three additional children required tracheostomies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Children with achondroplasia often have sleep-related respiratory disturbances, primarily hypoxemia. (2) The majority do not have significant obstructive or central apnea; however, a substantial minority are severely affected. (3) Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy decreases the degree of upper airway obstruction in most but not all children with achondroplasia and obstructive sleep apnea. (4) Restrictive lung disease can present at a young age in children with achondroplasia.
authors.affiliation: Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mogayzel
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Loughlin
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hurko
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Francomano
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Marcus
mesh_terms: D000130:Achondroplasia / Q000150:complications*; D000233:Adenoidectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D017286:Polysomnography; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014068:Tonsillectomy; D014139:Tracheostomy