title: Effect of neuromuscular blockers and opiates on the cerebrovascular response to endotracheal suctioning in adults with severe head injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intracranial hypertension occurs in response to routine procedures such as endotracheal suctioning in patients with severe head injuries. In some patients, the intracranial pressure does not immediately return to baseline levels.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of drug administration on cerebrovascular response to endotracheal suctioning in adults with severe head injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-one subjects were divided into 3 groups: those who received no drugs, those treated with opiates only (morphine sulfate and fentanyl citrate), and those treated with a neuromuscular blocking agent (vecuronium bromide) plus opiates. A controlled protocol involving 2 sequences of endotracheal suctioning that included hyperoxygenation, hyperinflation, and suctioning was used for all subjects. Two-way repeated-measures analyses of variance were done with type of drug as the between-subject factor and phase of suctioning as the within-subject factor. Survival analysis was used to compare the return of intracranial pressure to baseline levels among the 3 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in intracranial pressure were significantly smaller in subjects who received a neuromuscular blocking agent plus opiates than in subjects who did not receive any drugs or received opiates only. The greatest increase in intracranial pressure from baseline was in the first and second phases of suctioning. The 3 groups showed no significant difference in the return of intracranial pressure to baseline level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuromuscular blockers attenuate the increases in intracranial pressure that occur with endotracheal suctioning. It is not known whether control of procedurally induced elevations in intracranial pressure affects long-term outcomes in adults with severe head injuries.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pa., USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sereika
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Orndoff
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rudy
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marion
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013396:Suction / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents