title: Effects of volatile anesthetic agents on in situ vascular smooth muscle transmembrane potential in resistance- and capacitance-regulating blood vessels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to compare the inhibitory effect of inhaled volatile anesthetic agents on in situ sympathetic neural versus nonneural regulation of vascular smooth muscle transmembrane potentials as correlates of vascular smooth muscle tone in resistance- and capacitance-regulating blood vessels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vascular smooth muscle transmembrane potentials were measured in situ with glass microelectrodes in neurally intact, small (200-300 m OD) mesenteric arteries and veins of rats before, during, and after inhaled halothane, isoflurane, or sevoflurane (0.5 or 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]). Such transmembrane potentials and their anesthetically induced changes were compared, respectively, with those measured in similar vessel preparations after local sympathetic neural denervation with 6-hydroxydopamine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In neurally intact vessels, transmembrane potentials (in millivolts, mean +/- SD) before inhalation of the anesthetic agent were -39 +/- 2.8 (artery) and -43 +/- 4.6 (vein). At 1.0 MAC, halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane induced respective hyperpolarizations (in millivolts, mean +/- SD) of 9 +/- 3.1, 6 +/- 2.7, and 9 +/- 4.0 in arteries and 6 +/- 4.4, 2.8 +/- 3.0, and 8.7 +/- 5.6 in veins. Sympathetic denervation significantly attenuated these hyperpolarizations (except for venous response to isoflurane). At 0.5 MAC, transmembrane potential responses to all three volatile anesthetic agents were small and not consistently significant in either the intact or denervated vessels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In resistance-regulating arteries in situ, inhaled halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane (1.0 MAC) attenuate both sympathetic neural and nonneural regulation of vascular smooth muscle transmembrane potentials (and tone). In capacitance-regulating veins in situ, sevoflurane (1.0 MAC) also attenuates both regulatory mechanisms, whereas halothane and isoflurane primarily attenuate nonneural mechanisms. At 0.5 MAC, none of these agents significantly affected either mode of regulation of vascular smooth muscle transmembrane potentials in arteries or veins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Stekiel
authors.forename: Z J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Bosnjak
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kampine
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Stekiel
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D003714:Denervation; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects*; D008638:Mesenteric Arteries / Q000187:drug effects; D008642:Mesenteric Veins / Q000187:drug effects; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D018924:Vascular Capacitance / Q000187:drug effects; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D006221:Halothane