title: Spatial reproducibility of the ring and tandem high-dose rate cervix applicator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High-dose rate (HDR) applicators for uterine cervix brachytherapy are used with increasing frequency. Because multiple HDR fractions are required for treatment, the applicator position reproducibility is of most importance. To study this effect, the clinical data from patients with uterine cervix cancer were examined retrospectively to evaluate the interfraction geometric variation of the HDR applicator and its potential treatment impact.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients with invasive cervical cancer who were treated with definitive radiotherapy at William Beaumont Hospital were included in the study. Patients were treated with 45-50.4 Gy megavoltage external beam to the pelvis, and 35 Gy to the prescription point A from 7 fractions of HDR brachytherapy. The 3-dimensional (3D) interfraction geometrical variation of the ring and tandem (R & T) applicator was measured using predefined reference points in the 7 sets of orthogonal simulation films obtained prior to each HDR application. Spatial reproducibility of the R & T insertion and time-trend of the R & T position variation related to patient's anatomy during the treatment course were analyzed with respect to different groups of patients who had either early or advanced disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The translational variation of the applicator position for all patients was 6.5, 5.9, and 7.7 mm (one standard deviation), respectively, in the patient's superior-to-inferior (SI), right-to-left lateral (RL), and anterior-to-posterior (AP) direction. The rotational variation was 3.4, 4.6, and 6.0 degrees (one standard deviation) in the patient's coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes. When the patients were grouped based on early disease or advanced disease, the latter demonstrated substantially larger variation (factor of 2) in the applicator position than the former. Furthermore, the time-trend of position variation was observable for both groups of patients. The variations occurred primarily during the first 3 fractions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the good spatial reproducibility observed in our study, the current clinical procedure for the HDR R & T applicator placement is reliable. Positional reproducibility of the R & T applicator is highly dependent upon the size of tumor volume, which, in turn, deviates the applicator during the early course of HDR brachytherapy. Attention to the construction of the midline block is of paramount importance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bahena
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mele
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Edmunson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brabbins
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gustafson
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*