title: Human supplementary motor area is active in preparation for both voluntary muscle relaxation and contraction: subdural recording of Bereitschaftspotential.
abstract: Bereitschaftspotentials (BPs) preceding muscle relaxation and contraction were compared by using subdural electrodes which were implanted onto the right medial frontal surface in two patients with supplementary motor area (SMA) seizure. The applied movement paradigm (muscle relaxation and contraction tasks) was completely the same as employed in our previous study [Terada, K., Ikeda, A., Nagamine, T. and Shibasaki, H., Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 95 (1995) 335-345]. In both patients, either negative or positive BPs were observed in the SMA-proper and supplementary negative motor area (SNMA) starting at 1.2-1.8 prior to both movements. In one patient, BP was more widespread in the relaxation task whereas more restricted to the hand area in the contraction task. In the other patient, the BPs were observed in the cortical area rostral to SNMA (pre-SMA), in addition to the SMA-proper, in both tasks. It is concluded that SMA-proper and SNMA, and probably pre-SMA as well, in humans are similarly active in preparation for both voluntary muscle contraction and relaxation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yazawa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kunieda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagamine
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Taki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shibasaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation / Q000502:physiology*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*