title: Sex steroid hormones modulate serum ionized magnesium and calcium levels throughout the menstrual cycle in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the serum concentrations of the sex steroid hormones with respect to the concentrations of the biologically active fractions of magnesium and calcium during the different phases of the menstrual cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  An academic research environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six parous and four nulliparous healthy cycling female volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentrations of the sex steroid hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone as well as the ionized Ca and Mg levels were measured in the serum of normal cycling women during five different stages: the menstrual, early follicular, late follicular, ovulatory (ovulatory/early luteal), and luteal phases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In each woman, there was a comparatively high ionized Mg level coincident with the early follicular phase, a statistically significant decrease in ionized Mg around the time of ovulation, a significant decrease in ionized and total Mg when the serum progesterone concentration peaked, and a significant increase in the serum Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio at both the ovulatory and luteal phases. In addition, a decrease in ionized Mg was found with increased testosterone levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthy women of reproductive age demonstrate recurring cycling of ionized Mg and cyclic alterations in the ionized Ca to Mg ratio in their serum. The changes in serum concentrations of these important physiologically active cations, in the range at which they occur, can affect such entities as the vasculature, synaptic transmission, and excitation-secretion coupling and thus can produce the well-known premenstrual syndromes during the luteal phase in women who are somewhat deficient in Mg or in those who have an unusually increased Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio.
authors.affiliation: State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, New York, New York 11203, USA.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Muneyvirci-Delale
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Nacharaju
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Altura
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Altura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood*; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000097:blood*; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000097:blood; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium