title: Pathological changes in surgically resected angiographically occult vascular malformations after radiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to evaluate the pathological changes associated with radiation treatment (stereotactic radiosurgery or conventional irradiation) of angiographically occult vascular malformations (AOVMs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients underwent surgical resection of an AOVM in the mesial temporal lobe, brain stem, thalamus, or basal ganglia after previous radiation treatment. The indications for surgery were recurrent symptomatic bleeding from the lesion in 10 patients and recurrent intractable seizures in 1 patient. Radiation was used as the initial therapy because the risk of surgical resection was deemed too high. Three patients received conventional radiation therapy of 3000 to 5400 rads at an outside institution. One patient received radiosurgery with the gamma knife at another institution using a dose of 15 Gy to the margin. The remaining 7 patients received stereotactic radiosurgery with a helium-ion particle beam. The dose range was from 18 to 26 Gy equivalents. The interval from radiation to surgical resection ranged from 1 to 10 years, with a mean of 3.5 years. These lesions were compared with 10 nonirradiated cavernous malformations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One irradiated lesion was identified pathologically as a true arteriovenous malformation despite being angiographically occult. This lesion did not demonstrate significant changes in the vasculature but did have radiation necrosis of the surrounding brain 5 years after 25 Gy equivalents of helium-ion radiosurgery. Two other specimens were too small to identify the type of vascular malformation adequately. Of the remaining eight malformations identified as cavernous malformations, six showed a combination of marked fibrosis of the vascular channels, fibrinoid necrosis, and ferrugination. However, the fibrinoid necrosis was the only finding unique to the irradiated lesions compared with nonirradiated controls. All the irradiated lesions still had patent vascular channels; none were completely thrombosed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiosurgery or conventional radiation therapy did not cause histologic vascular obliteration in intracranial AOVMs evaluated 1 to 10 years (mean 3.5 yr) after radiation delivery. It should be recognized that these patients are irradiation failures who may not be representative of all irradiated patients. However, recurrent bleeding from AOVMs may relate to poor radiation response in some patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gewirtz
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D016634:Radiosurgery; D019233:Retreatment; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome