title: Body fat and skeletal muscle mass in relation to physical disability in very old men and women of the Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low muscle mass has been assumed to be associated with disability, but no studies confirming this association have been published. High body weight and high body mass index, both rough indicators of body fatness, have been shown to increase the risk for disability; however, the specific role of body fatness has not been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relations of skeletal muscle mass and percent body fat with self-reported physical disability were studied in 753 men and women aged 72 to 95 years. Cross-sectional data from biennial examination 22 (1992-1993) of the Framingham Heart Study were used. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Disability was scored as any versus none on a 9-item questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total body and lower extremity muscle mass were not associated with disability in either men or women. However, a strong positive association between percent body fat and disability was observed. The odds ratio for disability in those in the highest tertile of body fatness was 2.69 (95% confidence interval 1.45-5.00) for women and 3.08 (1.22-7.81) for men compared to those in the lowest tertile. The increased risk could not be explained by age, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, estrogen use (women only), muscle mass, and health status. Analyses restricting disability to mobility items gave similar results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to current assumptions, low skeletal muscle mass was not associated with self-reported physical disability. Persons with a high percent body fat had high levels of disability. Because it cannot be ruled out that persons with low skeletal muscle mass dropped out earlier in the study, prospective studies are needed to further assess the relationship between body composition and physical disability.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Aging, Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. VisserM@gw.nia.nih.gov
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langlois
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hannan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roubenoff
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Felson
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Kiel
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000368:Aged / Q000502:physiology*; D000369:Aged, 80 and over / Q000502:physiology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001823:Body Composition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004522:Educational Status; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009929:Organ Size; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires