title: Development of parthenogenetic and cloned ovine embryos: effect of activation protocols.
abstract: Preliminary experiments carried out on ovine oocytes were designed to establish correlations between activation protocols and subsequent rates of embryonic development. The best activation protocols were thereafter used in studies on ovine parthenogenesis and cloning. The first study established that chemical activators induce pronuclear development at a slightly higher rate than physical activation (ionomycin, 96%; ethanol, 95%; electro activation, 80%). Inhibition of second polar body extrusion and one single pronucleus were observed in the majority of the oocytes (approximately 90%) treated for 3 h with 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) following either ionomycin or ethanol activation. While over 80% of these oocytes cleaved after transfer to the oviducts of recipients, progression to the blastocyst stage was higher after ionomycin as compared with ethanol activation (58% vs. 19%). The ionomycin plus 6-DMAP activation protocol was used to produce parthenogenetic blastocysts whose subsequent development was monitored both by ultrasonography and by direct fetal examination. Over 70% of parthenogenotes were viable on Day 21 of pregnancy but dead by Day 25. The effects of 6-DMAP on nuclear remodeling and fetal development of cloned embryos was then investigated. Control cloned embryos underwent nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD), premature chromatin condensation (PCC), and inhibition of DNA synthesis. By contrast, reconstructed embryos treated with 6-DMAP exhibited intact nuclear membranes, interphase chromatin, and no interference on DNA synthesis. Moreover, cloned embryos developed to blastocyst stage in higher percentage after 6-DMAP treatment (83% vs. 25%). We conclude that ionomycin followed by 6-DMAP incubation yields high percentages of diploid parthenogenetic embryos that develop to Day 25 before dying. Cloned embryos activated by the ionomycin-6-DMAP protocol develop readily to term.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zootecnico e Caseario per la Sardegna, Olmedo, Italy. izcsrip@tin.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ledda
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fulka
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cappai
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Moor
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002999:Clone Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004171:Diploidy; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010312:Parthenogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D012756:Sheep; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C001020:N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenine; D000225:Adenine