title: Cefaclor, an alternative to third generation cephalosporins for the treatment of gonococcal urethritis in the developing world?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To reassess the in vivo and in vitro efficacy of cefaclor for the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open clinical trail conducted in South Africa among consecutive male patients with symptoms and signs of uncomplicated urethritis and laboratory evidence of gonorrhoea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were treated with 3 g of cefaclor plus 1 g probenecid as a single dose. Urethral specimens were cultured for Neisseria gonorrhoeae at the initial visit and at follow up. Patients were considered cured if follow up cultures were negative. Treatment was considered to have failed in the patients infected with identical gonococcal strains at the initial and at the control visit. Those with evidence of infection at the follow up visit were administered 400 mg of ofloxacin and doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 7 days. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of cefaclor were determined by an agar dilution technique on the gonococcal isolates from the study subjects. The results were compared with those of isolates from three other African countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 155 patients evaluated, 151 were cured (97%). Thirty per cent of the patients complained of adverse effects, mainly gastrointestinal. Even though MICs for the isolates from the three other African countries were significantly higher than those for the isolates from the study, none was considered resistant to cefaclor in vitro. MICs were markedly influenced by the type of test medium used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The trial demonstrated the efficacy of a single oral dose of cefaclor with probenecid for the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in South Africa. Its potential as an alternative therapy to third generation cephalosporins deserves to be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: Intervention Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crabbé
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Grobbelaar
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Dyck
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dangor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laga
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ballard
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D002433:Cefaclor / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011339:Probenecid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013019:South Africa; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014526:Urethritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014528:Uricosuric Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D014528:Uricosuric Agents; D002433:Cefaclor; D011339:Probenecid