title: Interaction of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor with heparin inhibits proteases involved in asthma.
abstract: Protease inhibition by secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is accelerated by the sulfated polysaccharides. The nature of the SLPI-polysaccharide interaction, explored with affinity chromatography, indicated that this interaction was sensitive to the charge and type of polysaccharide. Dextran and chondroitin had the lowest affinity for SLPI, followed by dermatan, heparan, and dextran sulfates. While heparin bound SLPI tightly, the highest affinity heparin chains unexpectedly contained a lower level of sulfation than more weakly interacting chains. Heparin oligosaccharides, prepared using heparin lyase I were SLPI-affinity fractionated. Surprisingly, undersulfated heparin oligosaccharides bound SLPI with the highest affinity, suggesting the importance of free hydroxyl groups for high affinity interaction. Isothermal titration calorimetry was used to determine the thermodynamics of SLPI interaction with a low molecular weight heparin, an undersulfated decasaccharide and a tetrasaccharide. The studies showed 12-14 saccharide units, corresponding to molecular weight of approximately 4,800, were required for a 1:1 (SLPI:heparin) binding stoichiometry. Furthermore, an undersulfated decasaccharide was able to bind SLPI tightly (Kd approximately 13 nM), resulting in its activation and the inhibition of neutrophil elastase and pancreatic chymotrypsin. The in vitro assessment of heparin and the decasaccharide and tetrasaccharide using stopped-flow kinetics suggested that heparin was the optimal choice to study SLPI-based in vivo protease inhibition. SLPI and heparin were co-administered by inhalation in therapy against antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in a sheep bronchoprovocation model. Heparin, in combination with SLPI demonstrated in vivo efficacy reducing early and late phase bronchoconstriction. Heparin also increased the therapeutic activity of SLPI against antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fath
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hileman
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Linhardt
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kashem
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Abraham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000201:enzymology*; D002151:Calorimetry / Q000379:methods; D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D002417:Cattle; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D053491:Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D053481:Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D012756:Sheep; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides; D053491:Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory; D011506:Proteins; C506814:SLPI protein, human; D053481:Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D006493:Heparin