title: Scalp-recorded, ictal focal DC shift in a patient with tonic seizure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We recorded focal ictal DC shifts from scalp electrodes in a 9-year-old boy with intractable, clinically generalized tonic seizures. The patient had a high intensity signal abnormality of the left temporal cortex with thickening of the gyri on T2-weighted MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scalp digital EEGs were recorded using electrodes made of silver/silver chloride. The low frequency filter (LFF) was set at 0.016 Hz. Recorded seizures were subsequently analyzed with LFF settings of 1.0, 0.016 and 0.03 Hz.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All recorded seizures initially showed diffuse, low voltage, high frequency activity (electrodecremental pattern) followed 10-20 s later by quasirhythmic activity over the left frontotemporal region. In two seizures, LFF of 0.016-0.03 Hz revealed a slow negative shift over the left frontotemporal area simultaneously with onset of the bilateral electrodecremental pattern. However, in the other seizures, this initial slow negative shift was obscured by artifacts. Subsequent electrocorticography (ECoG) delineated frequent epileptiform discharges in the left temporal as well as frontal cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scalp-recorded ictal DC shifts may help identify focal epileptogenic brain area in patients with clinically generalized seizures although the technique is vulnerable to artifact.
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain Pathophysiology, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yazawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kunieda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Taki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shibasaki
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014743:Videotape Recording