title: The Drug Evaluation Classification Program: using ocular and other signs to detect drug intoxication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A systematic approach to determining drug intoxication has been developed for use by police officers. By considering specific physiological signs, trained officers can detect the effects of seven major drug types.
  
  
  METHODS
  Officers follow a 12-step testing sequence and evaluate signs such as pupil sizes and responses, eye movements, heart rate, body temperature, mental timing, and balance. A matrix is then used to compare that subject's signs to those that would be produced by the seven types of drugs. If a pattern match is found, the officer concludes that the subject is under the influence of a drug and specifies the drug type.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several field and laboratory validation studies have been conducted using these procedures. In general, officers were 70% to 90% accurate in determining intoxication status and drug classification, but poly-drug use and drug rebound effects can sometimes cause problems in interpretation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ocular and other physiological signs can be used to detect drug intoxication and classify the type of drug taken. Knowledge of the procedures used in the Drug Recognition Program can enable optometrists to serve as consultants to the police and as expert witnesses in cases involving the use of ocular signs that indicate illicit drug use.
authors.affiliation: Pacific University College of Optometry, Forest Grove, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kosnoski
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Yolton
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Citek
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D000431:Ethanol / Q000145:classification*; D005133:Eye Movements; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D009294:Narcotics / Q000145:classification*; D004856:Postural Balance; D011603:Psychophysiology / Q000379:methods; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014787:Vision Tests
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D000431:Ethanol