title: Hyperosmolality causes growth arrest of murine kidney cells. Induction of GADD45 and GADD153 by osmosensing via stress-activated protein kinase 2.
abstract: Murine kidney cells of the inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD) were exposed to either isosmotic (300 mosmol/kg) or hyperosmotic medium (isosmotic medium + 150 mM NaCl) after seeding. We determined cell numbers, total nucleic acid, DNA, and RNA contents in both groups every day for a total period of 7 days. Based on all 4 parameters it was evident that growth of mIMCD3 cells is arrested for approximately 18 h following onset of hyperosmolality. However, none of the parameters measured indicated cell death because of hyperosmolality. Growth curves of hyperosmotic samples were shifted compared with isosmotic samples showing a gap of 18 h but had the same shape otherwise. We demonstrated that at 24 and 48 h after onset of hyperosmolality, but not in isosmotic controls, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible (GADD) proteins GADD45 and GADD153 are strongly induced. This result is consistent with growth arrest observed in hyperosmotic medium. We tested if mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascades are involved in osmosignaling that leads to GADD45 and GADD153 induction. Using phosphospecific antibodies we showed that extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK), SAPK1 (JNK), and SAPK2 (p38) are hyperosmotically activated in mIMCD cells. Hyperosmotic GADD45 induction was significantly decreased by 37.5% following inhibition of the SAPK2 pathway, whereas it was significantly increased (65.2%) after inhibition of the ERK pathway. We observed similar, although less pronounced effects of SAPK2 and ERK inhibition on hyperosmotic GADD153 induction. In conclusion, we demonstrate that mIMCD cells arrest growth following hyperosmotic shock, that this causes strong induction of GADD45 and GADD153, that GADD induction is partially dependent on osmosignaling via SAPK2 and ERK, and that SAPK2 and ERK pathways have opposite effects on GADD expression.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Kidney and Electrolyte Metabolism, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1603, USA. kultzd@gwgate.nhlbi.nih.gov
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kültz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madhany
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Burg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division; D002460:Cell Line; D004249:DNA Damage; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007679:Kidney Medulla / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007685:Kidney Tubules, Collecting / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010766:Phosphorylation; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011506:Proteins; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000097642:GADD45 Proteins
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D011506:Proteins; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; D014157:Transcription Factors; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000097642:GADD45 Proteins; C497250:Ddit3 protein, mouse