title: Cardiac failure in transgenic mice with myocardial expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a multifunctional cytokine that has been detected in several human cardiac-related conditions, including congestive heart failure and septic cardiomyopathy. In these conditions, the origin of TNF-alpha secretion is, at least in part, cardiac myocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To determine the consequences of TNF-alpha production by cardiac myocytes in vivo, we developed transgenic mice in which expression of a murine TNF-alpha coding sequence was driven by the murine alpha-myosin heavy chain promoter. Four transgenic founders developed an identical illness consisting of tachypnea, decreased activity, and hunched posture. In vivo, ECG-gated MRI of symptomatic transgenic mice documented a severe impairment of cardiac function evidenced by biventricular dilatation and depressed ejection fractions. All transgenic mice died prematurely. Pathological examination of affected animals revealed a globular dilated heart, bilateral pleural effusions, myocyte apoptosis, and transmural myocarditis in both the right and left ventricular free walls, septum, and atrial chambers. In all terminally ill animals, there was significant biventricular fibrosis and atrial thrombosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report detailing the effects of tissue-specific production of TNF-alpha by cardiac myocytes in vivo. These findings indicate that production of TNF-alpha by cardiac myocytes is sufficient to cause severe cardiac disease and support a causal role for this cytokine in the pathogenesis of human cardiac disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9063, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peshock
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giroir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha