title: Lack of association between antiphospholipid antibodies and first-trimester spontaneous abortion: prospective study of pregnancies detected within 21 days of conception.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role of antiphospholipid antibodies and anticardiolipin antibodies in first-trimester losses, addressing experimental pitfalls that preclude excluding the possibility that these antibodies reflect merely the selection bias of studying couples only after they have already experienced losses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Given that retrospective studies cannot exclude the possibility that such antibodies arise as a result of the fetal death, blood samples were obtained either before pregnancy or very early in pregnancy. Sera were obtained within 21 days of conception.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter university-based hospitals (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development collaborative study).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects for the current study were 93 women who later experienced pregnancy loss (48 diabetic; 45 nondiabetic), matched 2:1 with 190 controls (93 diabetic and 97 nondiabetic) who subsequently had normal live-born offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sera from these 283 women were analyzed for antiphospholipid antibodies by enzyme immunoassay. In 260 of the 283 women (87 with pregnancy losses; 173 with live-born infants), sera were also available to perform assays for anticardiolipin antibodies by enzyme immunoassay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnancy losses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No association was observed between pregnancy loss and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies or anticardiolipin antibodies. Levels of antiphospholipid antibodies were 6-19 PL/mL in 62.4% of the pregnancies that ended in losses and > or = 20 PL/mL in 5.4%; among pregnancies resulting in live-born infants, the percentages were 56.8% and 6.8%, respectively. Of the pregnancies that ended in a loss, 5.7% had anticardiolipin antibodies > or = 16 GPL/mL, compared with 5.2% of those ending in a live birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This prospective study suggests that anticardiolipin antibodies and antiphospholipid antibodies are not associated with an increased risk for first-trimester pregnancy loss.
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chesney
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Conley
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aarons
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jovanovic-Peterson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knopp
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mills
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000209:etiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid