title: Effect of direct current shocks on left atrial mechanical function in patients with structural heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the effect of endocardial and transthoracic direct current (DC) shocks on left atrial and left atrial appendage function in humans with structural heart disease.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  DC cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) to sinus rhythm is associated with transient left atrial and left atrial appendage dysfunction and the development of spontaneous echo contrast (SEC). This phenomenon has been termed atrial "stunning" and may be associated with thrombus formation and embolic stroke. To what extent the shock itself contributes to atrial stunning is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen patients in sinus rhythm undergoing implantation of a ventricular implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) were prospectively evaluated. All patients had significant structural heart disease. To evaluate the effects of DC shocks on left atrial and left atrial appendage function, biphasic R wave synchronized endocardial shocks of 1, 10 and 20 J were delivered between the right ventricular electrode and the left pectoral generator of the ICD in sinus rhythm. R wave synchronized transthoracic shocks of 360 J were also delivered between anteriorly and posteriorly positioned chest electrodes. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed to evaluate left atrial appendage velocities, mitral inflow velocities and the presence of SEC before and immediately after each DC shock.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant changes in left atrial or left atrial appendage function after endocardial or transthoracic DC shocks. Left atrial SEC did not develop after endocardial or transthoracic DC shocks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endocardial and transthoracic DC shocks are not directly responsible for left atrial and left atrial appendage stunning and do not contribute to the stunning that is observed after the cardioversion of AF to sinus rhythm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Vohra
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Mond
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jayaprakash
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Yapanis
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Grigg
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kalman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016279:Atrial Function, Left; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004554:Electric Countershock; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies