title: Ophthalmologic findings in long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency caused by the G1528C mutation: a new type of hereditary metabolic chorioretinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to determine the nature and course of ophthalmic abnormalities in long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency, a recently discovered disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was a cohort (case series).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the records of 15 children who had died during their first 2 years was performed. Also performed were a longitudinal reanalysis and cross-sectional clinical examination of four long-term survivors aged 5 to 31 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visual acuity, refraction, visual fields, ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, biometry, corneal topography, electroretinography (ERG), visual-evoked potentials (VEPs), color vision, and dark adaptation were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In seven children, ophthalmoscopic findings were within normal limits at 3 days to 13 months of age (median, 4.8 months). In 11 children, a granular retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), with or without pigment clumping in the macula, was seen at 4 months to 5 years of age (median, 9 months). Two long-term survivors, 16 and 31 years of age, eventually had circumscribed atrophy of the choroid, RPE, and retina, which coincided with a posterior staphyloma type 1. They had progressive axial myopia starting at 6 and 12 years of age and later paracentral scotomas leading to poor central vision. They suffered from early difficulty with mesopic vision, glare, and a severe generalized color vision deficiency that started as a tritanomaly. A third survivor was mildly myopic at 5 years of age. All four surviving patients had visually insignificant, flake-like supranuclear opacities in the lens. The ERG initially was normal but deteriorated during the first decade and later was unrecordable. The VEP responses remained fairly normal. Initially, angiography showed no blockade of the choroidal fluorescence because of the thin RPE. Filling of choroidal vessels was delayed, and the choriocapillaris and, later, larger choroidal vessels in the posterior pole became nonperfused.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In LCHAD deficiency, the fundus is normal at birth (stage 1). Soon, however, pigment dispersion occurs in the RPE (stage 2), followed by circumscribed chorioretinal atrophy, occlusion of choroidal vessels, and deterioration of central vision, often with relative sparing of the peripheral fundus (stage 3). Finally, posterior staphylomas and central scotomas may develop (stage 4). Developmental cataract, progressive myopia, and deterioration of visual fields and color vision are new findings in LCHAD deficiency. The chorioretinopathy and abnormal ERG precede the development of myopia and posterior staphyloma, which, in turn, coincide with the loss of macular vision. The authors postulate that the RPE or choriocapillaris is primarily affected. Awareness of the characteristic ocular features is important because of an opportunity for dietary treatment, genetic counseling, and prenatal diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tyni
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kivelä
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lappi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Summanen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nikoskelainen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pihko
mesh_terms: D015094:3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015862:Choroid Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003118:Color Perception; D019781:Corneal Topography; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004596:Electroretinography; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D063989:Long-Chain-3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase; D008297:Male; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017354:Point Mutation; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014794:Visual Fields
chemical_list: D015094:3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases; D063989:Long-Chain-3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase