title: The pharmacodynamics of thiopental, medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine in beagle dogs.
abstract: This study evaluated the quality of anaesthesia and some of the haemodynamic effects induced by a combination of thiopental, medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine in healthy beagle dogs (n = 12). Following premedication with atropine (ATR, 0.022 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.)) and butorphanol (BUT, 0.22 mg/kg i.v.), medetomidine (MED, 22 micrograms/kg intramuscularly (i.m.)) was administered followed in 5 min by thiopental (THIO, 2.2 mg/kg i.v.). Heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) were monitored continuously with an ECG and direct arterial blood pressure monitor. Atipamezole (ATI, 110 micrograms/kg i.v.) was administered to half of the dogs (n = 6) following surgery to evaluate the speed and quality of arousal from anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was characterized by excellent muscle relaxation, analgesia and absence of purposeful movement in response to surgical castration. Arousal following antagonism of medetomidine was significantly faster (P < 0.05) than in unantagonized dogs. Recoveries were smooth but recovery times following atipamezole administration were highly variable among dogs (sternal time range 6-38 min, standing time range 9-56 min). Medetomidine caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in SBP, DBP and MBP. Atropine prevented the medetomidine induced bradycardia. In conclusion, this combination provided adequate surgical anaesthesia in healthy beagle dogs. At the dosages used in this study, it seems prudent that this combination should be reserved for dogs free of myocardial disease.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Urbana 61801, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Thurmon
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Tranquilli
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Benson
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D001285:Atropine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D020926:Medetomidine; D013874:Thiopental / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007093:Imidazoles; C050701:atipamezole; D001285:Atropine; D013874:Thiopental; D020926:Medetomidine; D002077:Butorphanol