title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of acetazolamide in patients with transient intraocular pressure elevation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of acetazolamide in patients with transient intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and to provide individual patients with the optimal dosage regimen for this drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 17 patients with transient IOP elevation, who were given 62.5-500 mg acetazolamide orally as single or repetitive doses. Plasma acetazolamide concentration and IOP were measured at approximately 1, 3, 5, and 9 h after the last acetazolamide administration. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were analyzed by nonlinear mixed-effect modeling using the program NONMEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The plasma concentration profile of acetazolamide was characterized by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption. The apparent oral clearance was related to the creatine clearance (CCR) which was estimated by the Cockcroft and Gault equation, as follows: 0.0468 x CCR1 x h(-1). The estimated apparent oral volume of distribution, first-order absorption rate constant, and absorption lag time were 0.231 l x kg(-1), 0.821 x h(-1), and 0.497 h, respectively. IOP after oral acetazolamide administration was characterized by an Emax model. The maximal effect in lowering the IOP (Emax) was 7.2 mmHg, and the concentration corresponding to 50% of the maximal effect (EC50) was 1.64 microg x ml(-1). As 70% of Emax was achieved at a plasma concentration of 4 microg x ml(-1), this concentration was considered satisfactory for lowering IOP. The recommended dosage was calculated so that the minimum plasma concentration at steady state exceeded this target concentration; 250 mg t.i.d., 125 mg t.i.d., 125 mg b.i.d., and 125 mg once daily for the patients with CCR values of 70, 50, 30, and 10 ml min(-1), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measuring plasma concentrations of acetazolamide and subsequent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses are useful for estimating its concentration-dependent effectiveness in lowering the IOP in individual patients. The dosage regimen presented in this study is expected to improve the benefits of acetazolamide pharmacotherapy in most elderly patients with transient rises in IOP following intraocular surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Kyoto University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inatani
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanihara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inui
mesh_terms: D000086:Acetazolamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D003404:Creatinine; D000086:Acetazolamide