title: Structural analysis of the human RFC-1 gene encoding a folate transporter reveals multiple promoters and alternatively spliced transcripts with 5' end heterogeneity.
abstract: The organization and structure of the human RFC-1 gene encoding a folate transporter were determined. The RFC-1 gene spans 22.5kb and was found to be distributed in eight exons, including five primary exons and three alternatives of exon 1. Most splice junctions conform to consensus sequences for such junctions. The human RFC-1 gene differs from the mouse and hamster genes both in terms of the total number of exons and in regard to alternatives of exon 1 which encode 5' end heterogeneity. Previously described cDNA variants (GenBank/EMBL accession no. U19720) are now shown to incorporate one of two alternatives (exons 1a and 1b) to exon 1 and exons 2-6 as a result of RNA splicing. Another variant also described may not be full length in that it incorporates a probable alternative (exon 1c) to exon 1 along with exon 2 and a truncated exon 3. A relatively GC- rich region of the genome 5' of the alternatives to exon 1 appears to be distinctly promoter like and incorporates a number of putative cis-acting elements, including multiple SP1 sites, involved in the regulation of transcription. Primer extension analysis of this upstream region in two human cell types revealed a similar pattern of multiple transcription start sites (tsp) proximal to the 5' end of exon 1. However, there was a greater number of potential tsp within the region immediately upstream of exon 1b than within the regions upstream of exons 1a and 1c. The existence of true alternatives to exon 1 in this gene incorporating different 5' ends indicates that its transcription is under the control of multiple promoters. The identity of two such promoters was obtained by functional deletion analysis, showing that expression of a luciferase reporter gene was directed separately by discrete stretches of nucleotide sequence proximal to exon 1a (promoter 1) or exon 1b (promoter 2) in transient transfection experiments. Promoter 1 appeared to have a three-fold lower basal activity than promoter 2, but was enhanced up to nine-fold in fusion constructs containing an SV40 enhancer element. Also, promoter 2 partly consists of a highly GC-rich direct repeat element containing at least three putative SP-1 and 3 putative MZF1 sites. Finally, the activity of these promoters relative to each other was consistent with the results of primer extension analysis showing a greater multiple and usage of tsp within promoter 2 (exon 1b) than within promoter 1 (exons 1a and 1c), suggesting that the variant incorporating exon 1b was the most abundant.
authors.affiliation: Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tolner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sirotnak
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001692:Biological Transport; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018628:Gene Dosage; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics*; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D016678:Genome; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C120043:SLC19A2 protein, human; C492292:Slc19a2 protein, mouse; D004247:DNA; D005492:Folic Acid