title: The regulation of drugs and medicines in horse racing in the United States. The Association of Racing Commissioners International Uniform Classification of Foreign Substances Guidelines.
abstract: The primary reason for developing the ARCI Uniform Classification of Foreign Substances was to give stewards and other racing regulators guidelines to assist them in understanding the relative performance effects and general offensiveness to the Rules of Racing of various drugs and medications. As such, these guidelines have been very useful in the world of racing regulation--officially or unofficially--because this classification system, for the first time, places a relative number on the inappropriateness of any one of more than 750 agents appearing in forensic samples taken from racing horses. The guidelines set up by this system established the first framework for dialogue among veterinary pharmacologists reviewing these drugs. Prior to development of the guidelines, pharmacologists had their own opinions about these agents and their effects on performance. The guidelines, however, established a framework for discussion, and there has been surprising unanimity about the classification of each of these agents. Not only does this classification system provide a useful basis for dialogue among experts, it is also useful for regulators, horsemen and other laymen, most of whom have little training or experience with drugs and their effects on horses. The system is easily understandable and communicates the relative possibility of any classified substance to affect the performance of a horse. Consequently, the system has made it possible for laymen to understand the degree of impropriety of all drugs and medicines with which they may have contact. Grouping a large number of drugs into specific classes has greatly facilitated discussion about regulations and penalties, and the classification system is related to proposed penalty guidelines which were developed in parallel. With regard to penalties for Class 1 agents, it is easy to assign and defend substantial penalties after examining the guideline statement describing the possible performance effects of this group of agents as well as the fact that they have no well recognized therapeutic role. Similarly, the relatively modest effects of class 4 and 5 agents, combined with the fact that these groups encompass a large number of well recognized therapeutic agents, helps in understanding the possible presence of trace levels of these agents in post-race samples. In summary, the ARCI Uniform Classification of Foreign Substances Guidelines condenses data on drugs and medications and places them into a simple five class system. This system has made it possible to confidently discuss the regulatory implications of the identification of any one of the approximately 750 classified substances potentially found in forensic samples from a performance horse. As such it facilitates both the development and implementation of more understandable and equitable regulatory processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sams
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Soma
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tobin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006736:Horses; D007391:International Cooperation; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D013177:Sports / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014481:United States; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000145:classification* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019155:Veterinary Drugs