title: Endothoracic sonography with color Doppler availability during video assisted thoracic surgery (videothoracoscopic operative staging with ultrasound color Doppler) for lung cancer staging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The preoperative staging of lung cancer can be problematical when we attempt to evaluate T factor (T2-T3 versus T4) and N factor (N0 versus N1-N2). In some cases, radiology tests (CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging) cannot entirely dispel the possibility that the mediastinal structures have been infiltrated. N factor is evaluated mainly by dimensional criteria. However, mediastinoscopy and mediastinotomy do not allow the full exploration of all mediastinal mode stations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Starting in 1995, we submitted 10 consecutive patients to videothoracoscopic operative staging with ultrasound color Doppler (VOS-USCD). In five cases, preoperative staging showed possible infiltration of the pulmonary artery (T4). In nine cases, we found involvement of the mediastinal nodes, seven patients were N2, and two were N3. Videothoracoscopy was performed under general anesthesia using a double-lumen endotracheal tube. The videothoracoscope and sonographic probe were inserted via three thoracoports placed in the axillary triangle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following the results of VOS-USCD, the staging and subsequently the therapeutic program were modified in seven of 10 cases (70%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary experience indicates that VOS-USCD should be applied to the diagnosis of patients in stage IIIA (N2) and that it is particularly valuable for patients in stage IIIB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Thoracic Surgery Service, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, Pisa 56100, Italy.
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Menconi
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ambrogi
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Melfi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Davini
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Goletti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roggi
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Angeletti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D019160:Endosonography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014684:Venae Cavae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014741:Video Recording