title: CLOX: an executive clock drawing task.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a clock drawing task (CLOX) designed to elicit executive impairment and discriminate it from non-executive constructional failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  90 elderly subjects were studied (45 elderly and well persons from the independent living apartments of a continuing care retirement community and 45 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease). The clock drawing performance of elderly patients was compared with that of 62 young adult controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects received the CLOX, an executive test (EXIT25), and the mini mental state examination (MMSE). The CLOX is divided into an unprompted task that is sensitive to executive control (CLOX1) and a copied version that is not (CLOX2). Between rater reliability (27 subjects) was high for both subtests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In elderly subjects, CLOX subscores correlated strongly with cognitive severity (CLOX1: r=-0.83 v the EXIT25; CLOX2: r=0.85 v the MMSE). EXIT25 and MMSE scores predicted CLOX1 scores independently of age or education (F(4,82)=50.7, p<0.001; R2=0.71). The EXIT25 accounted for 68% of CLOX1 variance. Only the MMSE significantly contributed to CLOX2 scores (F(4,72)= 57.2, p<0.001; R2=0.74). CLOX subscales discriminated between patients with Alzheimer's disease and elderly controls (83.1% of cases correctly classified; Wilkes' lambda=0.48, p<0.001), and between Alzheimer's disease subgroups with and without constructional impairment (91.9% of cases correctly classified; Wilkes' lambda=0.31, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CLOX is an internally consistent measure that is easy to administer and displays good inter-rater reliability. It is strongly associated with cognitive test scores. The pattern of CLOX failures may discriminate clinical dementia subgroups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78284-7792, USA. royall@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Royall
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cordes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001288:Attention; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015588:Observer Variation; D009949:Orientation; D011340:Problem Solving; D011594:Psychometrics; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results