title: Platelet activation during dobutamine stress echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) is a common, useful test for the evaluation of coronary artery disease. Two of 650 patients who underwent DSE at our institution sustained nonfatal myocardial infarction either during DSE or shortly thereafter. Although DSE is associated with low morbidity rates, this rate is higher than our experience with exercise treadmill testing (ETT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six individuals who did not undergo DSE or ETT were enrolled to evaluate direct in vitro effects of dobutamine on platelets. Nine patients undergoing DSE and seven patients undergoing ETT were enrolled to evaluate in vivo platelet activation. We used flow cytometry and fluorescent-labeled monoclonal antibodies to activation-dependent platelet antigens to detect dobutamine-associated platelet activation both in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro we found a synergistic increase in epinephrine-induced CD62 expression in the presence of dobutamine. The response to the combination of dobutamine and epinephrine was 151% to 565% of the expected response. In vivo there was a dose- and time-dependent rise in the percentage of platelets expressing CD62 in all nine subjects undergoing DSE. The median percentage of platelets expressing CD62 was 1.6% (range 0.1% to 6.8%), 6.5% (range 0.2% to 11.7%), 11.6% (range 5.9% to 19.1%), and 11.4% (range 7.2% to 25.0%) in the samples obtained at baseline, 20 microg/kg/min of dobutamine, 40 microg/kg/min of dobutamine, and during the recovery phase, respectively (repeated measures analysis of variance, p = 0.02). There was no increase in CD62 expression on platelets obtained from seven patients at peak ETT. The median percentage of CD62 at baseline ETT was 1.9% (range 0.2% to 7.3%) and at peak was 2.6% (range 0.4% to 7.0%) (p = 0.156, Wilcoxon signed rank test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that platelet activation occurs in vivo in patients undergoing DSE and that this may be caused by a synergistic effect of dobutamine with physiologic platelet agonists.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Paglieroni
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wun
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Arena
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D003328:Coronary Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004280:Dobutamine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004280:Dobutamine