title: Complete cytoreductive surgery is feasible and maximizes survival in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite correlation between the completeness of surgical cytoreduction and survival for patients with advanced ovarian cancer, relatively few undergo complete cytoreduction. This study was initiated to prospectively determine the ability to surgically eliminate all visible disease in patients with stage IIIC and IV epithelial ovarian cancer and the associated impact on survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1990 and 1996, 163 consecutive patients underwent primary cytoreduction. The goal was the excision or ablation of all visible disease prior to initiation of systemic platinum-based combination chemotherapy. A multivariate analysis determined which clinical and pathologic variables influenced the probability of achieving complete cytoreduction (logistic regression) and survival (Cox proportional hazards model).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirty-nine patients (85.3%) underwent removal of all visible tumor, 22 (13.5%) had cytoreduction to </=1 cm residual disease, and 2 (1.2%) had unresected bulky disease. The median and estimated 5-year survival for the entire cohort was 54 months and 48%, respectively. The probability of achieving complete cytoreduction was influenced independently by the preoperative Gynecologic Oncology Group performance status (0-1 vs 2-3, P = 0.04), the number of mesenteric and intestinal serosal implants (</=75 vs >75 implants, P = 0.005), and stage (IIIC vs IV, P = 0.006). The probability of survival was independently influenced by age (</=61 vs >61 years, P = 0.003), volume of ascites (</=1 vs >1 liter, P = 0.01), stage (IIIC vs IV, P = 0.04), histology (clear cell and mucinous vs all other, P = 0.03), and the completeness of cytoreductive operation (complete vs incomplete cytoreduction, P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete cytoreduction is possible for the majority of patients and improves survival, even compared to operations with minimal (</=1 cm) residual disease. Unless their medical condition prohibits anesthesia and surgery, patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer should undergo primary cytoreductive surgery with the intention of complete tumor removal.
authors.affiliation: Women's Cancer Center, Encino-Tarzana, 5525 Etiwanda Avenue, Suite 311, Tarzana, California 91356, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Eisenkop
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome