title: Alleviation of x-irradiation-based deficit in memory-based learning by D-amphetamine: suggestions for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: Selective exposure to x-irradiation during infancy, from postnatal days (PND) 2-11 in the rat, results in severe hippocampal granule cell hypoplasia. Preweanling (PND 17-18) rats, which suffer such hippocampal granule-cell agenesis, show deficits in patterned single alternation (PSA), a form of memory-based learning. Deficits in short-term memory along with increased arousal have been suggested as characteristic of children diagnosed with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We report here on the ameliorating effects of D-amphetamine, a drug commonly used in the treatment of ADHD, before Ritalin, on PSA, after infantile (PND 2-15) exposure to x-irradiation. After i.p. injections of 0.3 mg/kg D-amphetamine, the onset and magnitude of the PSA memory-based discrimination in the x-irradiated preweanling rats was restored to about the level of controls. These results, showing alleviation of x-irradiation-related deficits in short-term memory by D-amphetamine injections, along with our earlier and present results, showing substantial deficits after x-irradiation alone, encourage the hypothesis that hippocampal granule-cell hypoplasia, which would occur in humans prenatally and is Altman's model of "minimal brain dysfunction" [Altman, J. (1986) in Learning Disabilities and Prenatal Risk, ed. Lewis, M. (Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana), pp. 241-304], may be a factor in at least some forms of ADHD and may provide a basis for an animal model of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Highfield
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amsel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003913:Dextroamphetamine