title: Angiogenesis is enhanced in ischemic canine myocardium by transmyocardial laser revascularization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to test whether transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR) stimulates angiogenesis in an animal model of chronic ischemia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  TMLR relieves angina and may also improve blood flow in patients who are not candidates for traditional therapies. The mechanisms of these benefits are not fully defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ischemia was created in 14 dogs by proximal left anterior descending coronary ameroid constrictors. TMLR was performed in the anterior wall (approximately 1 channel/cm2) of seven dogs; the remaining dogs served as the ischemic control group. Myocardial blood flow was measured (colored microspheres) at rest and during chemical stress (adenosine) in the acute setting and after 2 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TMLR did not influence blood flow in the acute setting. After 2 months, resting blood flow increased comparably in the anterior wall in both groups to approximately 80% of normal. However, the TMLR-treated dogs demonstrated an approximately 40% increase in blood flow capacity during stress in the ischemic territory compared with untreated dogs (left anterior descending coronary artery/left circumflex coronary artery flow 0.53+/-0.16 in the control group vs. 0.73+/-0.08 in TMLR animals, p < 0.05). Vascular proliferation, assessed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen positivity in endothelial and smooth muscle cells was about four times greater in the TMLR group than in the control group (p < 0.001). The density of vessels with at least one smooth muscle cell layer was approximately 1.4 times greater in the myocardium surrounding the TMLR channel remnants than in control ischemic tissue (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this canine model of chronic ischemia, TMLR significantly enhances angiogenesis as evidenced by the increased number of vessels lined with smooth muscle cells, markedly increased vascular proliferation and increased blood flow capacity during stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kohmoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DeRosa
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burkhoff
mesh_terms: D017222:Angioplasty, Balloon, Laser-Assisted; D000818:Animals; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D012039:Regional Blood Flow