title: Lung cancer in African Americans. A call for action.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors present information about current trends in the incidence, risk factors, types, presentation, and treatment for lung cancer common to all Americans and highlight factors that are unique to African Americans. Barriers to effective care and strategies for implementing culturally competent programs for lung cancer are outlined.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Disparity in the incidence and mortality rates of cancer between African Americans and white Americans has been increasing at an alarming rate since 1950. For African-American men and women, lung cancer accounted for the largest increase in the incidence of cancer between 1988 and 1992: African-American men experienced an increase of 170%, and African-American women had a dramatic increase of 464%. Lung cancer is by far the most common cause of cancer death in this population, accounting for 32% of the mortality rate in men and 20% in women. Unfortunately, lung cancer in African Americans has received little attention, and culturally competent programs are needed urgently to promote lung cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment in this population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthcare providers' lack of knowledge about cultural influences on care is a barrier to providing adequate healthcare to individuals of different ethnic groups. Knowledge about cultural differences, respect for individual opinions about health and illness, and ability to negotiate differences are essential qualities for health professionals who serve culturally diverse populations. Because of the morbidity and mortality rates associated with lung cancer in the African-American population, prevention, early detection, and treatment programs are needed urgently. However, for these programs to succeed, the multidisciplinary cancer care team (nurses, physicians, social workers, psychologists, health educators, clergy) must provide information and care in culturally appropriate ways. Partnerships with family, extended kin networks, and religious and community leaders are essential. Finally, to minimize morbidity and maximize quality of life during the illness trajectory, comprehensive education and supportive care services are needed for those who have been diagnosed with lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia 19103, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cooley
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jennings-Dozier
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors