title: Qualitative color vision impairment in toluene-exposed workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate whether toluene, like many other organic solvents and solvent mixtures, could impair color vision.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated color vision impairment in three groups of workers, two groups occupationally exposed to toluene and a nonexposed group. The first exposed group, group E1, comprised 41 workers (median value of toluene in air 35.00 ppm, range 11.3-49.3 ppm) and the second exposed group, group E2, comprised 32 subjects (median value of toluene in air 156.00 ppm, range 66.0-250.0 ppm). The nonexposed group, group NE, comprised 83 subjects. Color vision was evaluated by the Lanthony D-15 desaturated test according to Verriest's classification: type I, loss in the red-green range; type II, loss in the blue-yellow and red-green ranges, and type III, loss in the blue-yellow range. Subjects were classified as dyschromates if specific acquired loss was determined in at least one eye. In both exposed groups, exposure was evaluated by measurement of the concentration of toluene in the ambient air and in the blood. In group E2, level of hippuric acid and orthocresol in urine after the work shift were also determined. The Mann-Whitney U-test, t-test, chi 2-test, and Spearman's rank correlation and multiple regression analysis were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type III dyschromatopsia was detected in all groups examined: 26.6% of the workers in group NE, 31.7% of those in group E1, and 50% of those in group E2. As many as 15.6% of the workers in group E2, 4.8% of those in group E1, and only 1.2% of those in group NE had type II dyschromatopsia. A statistically significant difference in the prevalence of total dyschromatopsia (type III + type II) was established among the three examined groups together (chi 2 = 14.13; df = 2; P < 0.01), between group E2 and group E1 (chi 2 = 4.96; P < 0.05), and between group E2 and group NE (chi 2 = 12.50; P < 0.005), whereas no significant difference was found between groups E1 and NE. Type III dyschromatopsia was significantly correlated with age in group NE (P < 0.01) and in group E1 (P < 0.005). In group E2, both type II (P < 0.05) and type III dyschromatopsia correlated with toluene in ambient air and with the duration of exposure to toluene (both P < 0.005). In group E2, total dyschromatopsia correlated significantly with toluene in ambient air and in blood (both P < 0.05) as well as with hippuric acid in urine after the work shift (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that toluene can impair color vision.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zavalić
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mandić
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Turk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bogadi-Sare
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Plavec
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Skender
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002617:Chemical Industry; D003118:Color Perception / Q000187:drug effects*; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012997:Solvents / Q000009:adverse effects; D014050:Toluene / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D014050:Toluene