title: Predictors of outcome of forefoot surgery for ulceration and gangrene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surprisingly little is known about the long-term outcome of forefoot surgery for limb salvage.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1, 1992 through December 31, 1996, patients requiring toe amputation or forefoot surgery were prospectively entered into a computerized database and followed up for healing, need for repeat foot surgery, or major amputation (below or above knee).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 162 patients (mean age 65 years), 72% diabetic, 10% with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and 73% without palpable pulses, were entered into the study. Mean follow-up was 25 months. Of patients without palpable pulses (n = 98), 83% underwent concomitant or subsequent limb revascularization. Eleven of 98 revascularization procedures (11%) were hemodynamically unsuccessful. Nonhealing of the initial forefoot procedure occurred in 14%, and late repeat foot surgery (following initial healing) was required in an additional 14%. Major amputation was eventually required in 30 (18.5%) patients. Multivariate analysis indicated that unsuccessful revascularization, but not diabetes or ESRD, predicted nonhealing and major amputation (P <0.0001). Patients presenting with palpable pulses and neuropathic ulcers were at risk for late, repeat foot surgery, but not major amputation (P = 0.0015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients requiring toe or partial forefoot amputation, success of revascularization is the primary predictor of initial healing and freedom from major amputation. Neuropathic ulceration predicts need for repeat foot surgery following healing.
authors.affiliation: Portland Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, 97207, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yeager
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Moneta
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Porter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016523:Foot Ulcer / Q000601:surgery*; D005545:Forefoot, Human / Q000601:surgery*; D005734:Gangrene / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D014034:Toes / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome