title: Leucocyte endothelial cell adhesion in indomethacin induced intestinal inflammation is correlated with faecal pH.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies indicate that faecal pH is acidified in patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared with healthy controls. In healthy volunteers, stool pH, faecal flora, and bile acid concentration could be affected by means of elemental diets.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the role of variations of faecal pH on leucocyte endothelial cell adhesion in indomethacin induced long lasting ileitis in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Indomethacin (7.5 mg/kg subcutaneously) was injected twice, 24 hours apart. Rats were either fed with the identical diet before and 10 days after the induction of inflammation until the experiment, or the diet was changed at the time of induction. Ten postcapillary mesenteric venules (30 microns diameter) per animal were observed using intravital microscopy. Macroscopic visible intestinal ulceration was scored and faecal pH of different sections of the small bowel was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Small intestinal faecal pH was 8.5 in controls and 8.0 in indomethacin treated animals. Indomethacin significantly changed microcirculatory parameters: there was a 2.3-fold increase in leucocyte adherence, a 3.2-fold increase in leucocyte emigration, and a 20% reduction in shear rate. Application of various diets or diet combinations resulted in variations in faecal pH ranging from 7.8 to 8.8 which were inversely correlated with macroscopic ulcerations (r = -0.67). Leucocyte adherence was attenuated with increased pH and augmented with decreased pH (r = -0.55). Venular wall shear rate was positively correlated with faecal pH (r = 0.48) while leucocyte emigration showed no correlation. Leucocyte rolling velocity was not significantly altered. Normalisation of faecal pH by different alkalising drugs induced a significant decrease in leucocyte adherence in standard fed, indomethacin treated rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Faecal pH is lowered in the indomethacin model of long lasting ileitis in rats, which is similar to human inflammatory bowel disease. Alkalisation of faecal pH due to different diets or alkalising drugs reduces indomethacin induced leucocyte endothelial cell adhesion and macroscopic intestinal damage. These results may provide a rationale for the therapeutic effect of enteral diets in Crohn's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arndt
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Palitzsch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schölmerich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D004032:Diet; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007079:Ileitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007213:Indomethacin; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007213:Indomethacin