Continuous amperometric monitoring of glucose in a brittle diabetic chimpanzee with a miniature subcutaneous electrode.
The performance of an amperometric biosensor, consisting of a subcutaneously implanted miniature (0.29 mm diameter, 5 x 10(-4) cm2 mass transporting area), 90 s 10-90% rise/decay time glucose electrode, and an on-the-skin electrocardiogram Ag/AgCl electrode was tested in an unconstrained, naturally diabetic, brittle, type I, insulin-dependent chimpanzee. The chimpanzee was trained to wear on her wrist a small electronic package and to present her heel for capillary blood samples. In five sets of measurements, averaging 5 h each, 82 capillary blood samples were assayed, their concentrations ranging from 35 to 400 mg/dl. The current readings were translated to blood glucose concentration by assaying, at t = 1 h, one blood sample for each implanted sensor. The rms error in the correlation between the sensor-measured glucose concentration and that in capillary blood was 17.2%, 4.9% above the intrinsic 12.3% rms error of the Accu-Chek II reference, through which the illness of the chimpanzee was routinely managed. Linear regression analysis of the data points taken at t>1 h yielded the relationship (Accu-Chek) = 0. 98 x (implanted sensor) + 4.2 mg/dl, r2 = 0.94. The capillary blood and the subcutaneous glucose concentrations were statistically indistinguishable when the rate of change was less than 1 mg/(dl. min). However, when the rate of decline exceeded 1.8 mg/(dl.min) after insulin injection, the subcutaneous glucose concentration was transiently higher.
Wagner
J G
JG
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-1062, USA.
Schmidtke
D W
DW
Quinn
C P
CP
Fleming
T F
TF
Bernacky
B
B
Heller
A
A
D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D004566:Electrodes; D005260:Female; D002679:Pan troglodytes
D001786:Blood Glucose