title: The prognosis of biopsy-proven lupus nephritis in chinese patients: long term follow-up of 86 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prognosis of lupus nephritis (LN) and its influencing factors in patients with lupus nephritis in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was carried out in 86 patients followed up for at least 5 years. Clinical features, serological and immunological tests were investigated. Renal biopsies were performed at the beginning of the study and repeated in some cases during the follow-up period. All the 86 patients had serum creatinine (Scr) level less than 132.6 mumol/L at the initial presentation and were divided into three groups according to the level of Scr at the end of the study. Group I: the patients with normal renal function (Scr < 132.6 mumol/L); Group II: the patients with mild-moderate renal insufficiency (132.6 mumol/L < or = SCR < or = 530.4 mumol/L); Group III: the patients with end stage renal failure (ESRF) (Scr > or = 530.4 mumol/L).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-seven patients reached clinical remission with normal renal function, 11 had with stabilization of renal function, although the systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) activity relapsed repeatedly, while 28 subjects developed renal insufficiency after 60-170 (mean 88.12 +/- 28.23) months of observation. ESRF rate was 11.6% in this group of patients. Eight patients died (2 died of infections and 6 died of ESRF) during the follow-up period. At the beginning of the study the rates of hypertension, persistent anemia and hematuria in Group II were 50%, 70%, and 70% respectively, being much higher than those in Group I. The calculation of AI and CI in 60 patients revealed that there were 65% of patients with AI > or = 7 and 70% of patients with CI > or = 3 in Groups II and III, while in Group I there were only 32% of patients with AI > or = 7 and 19% of patients with CI > or = 3. Sixteen cases had pathologic class changed in 48 repeated biopsies. Seven cases changed to Class IV, 5 to Class II, 3 to Class V from other classes and one to class III from Class II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Factors associated with the development of renal insufficiency in these lupus patients included hypertension, anemia and hematuria. Renal biopsy evaluation offered additional prognostic information and showed that patients with severe active and chronic histologic changes were at risk for developing renal insufficiency. During the clinical course, the renal classification of LN changed in certain patients, thus the histologic classification of renal morphology at initial presentation did not fully predict the outcome. Renal involvement is very common in systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) patients. Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most common form of secondary renal disease in China. It has various and unpredictable clinical features. The risks associated with its treatment have challenged investigators to detect the factors which may influence the survival rate of patients with LN and to develop the rational approaches to therapy. Decades of intensive investigation at many centers around the world had underscored the predictive value of demographic, clinical and laboratory data prior to treatment. Controversies still existed due to the difference in environment, race and the selection criteria of patients as well as the method used to evaluate the outcome. There are still some factors which are thought to have an impact on the prognosis of LN. Most of the articles on the prognosis of patients with LN were reported from Europe and America either about Caucasian or African-American patients. The prognosis of LN and its influence in Chinese patients need more elucidation.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D029757:Tripterygium
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D011241:Prednisone