title: Epilepsy in Pakistan: stigma and psychosocial problems. A population-based epidemiologic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the stigmatization and psychosocial problems of persons with epilepsy in Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based, cross-sectional epidemiologic study of 241 persons with epilepsy identified from an at-risk population of 24,130 individuals (64.7% from urban and 35.3% from rural areas). Of these patients, 77% suffered from recurrent non-febrile generalized convulsions. We evaluated degree of stigmatizations (i.e., avoidance by friends, neighbors, and others), and the effect of epilepsy on other psychosocial aspects (e.g., marriage), and also the relationships between gender and level of education of the patients, and stigmatization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with epilepsy in Pakistan do not appear to be highly stigmatized, but their education and grades are affected by the disorder. They have difficulty performing activities of daily living and find it hard to make decisions about whether to marry or to have children. Women believed that they were more dangerous to others, received less help from their families, and, more frequently than men, encouraged others to avoid them. Women were also more likely than men to express the belief that people with epilepsy should not marry, but in fact, women more frequently married as compared men-a fact influenced by social and cultural pressures, including pressure from family, because it is nearly always the responsibility of the parents to arrange the marriage of a daughter. Influence of education indicates that people with epilepsy who have higher education, as compared with those with less education, had fewer children, were less often avoided by their classmates and neighbors, had fewer problems with plans for education, less frequently encouraged others to avoid them, were more frequently married, and believed that they were more dangerous to others. Most people believed that their conditions had a physical basis; only 3.1% attributed their epilepsy to supernatural causes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stigmatization regarding epilepsy has not been proven to be an important feature in the culture of Pakistan because none of the observations are statistically significant as per P-value.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.forename: K Z
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Hasan
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003617:Dangerous Behavior; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013240:Stereotyping