title: Race-related stress among Asian American veterans: a model to enhance diagnosis and treatment.
abstract: This article addresses theoretical principles and clinical descriptions of the phenomenon of race-related stress and trauma experienced by Asian American Vietnam veterans. A conceptual model of race-based stress is presented, comprised of five principles, by which to understand mental health difficulties that can arise in regard to race-based stressors. The model describes (a) the relationship between life threat and physical similarity to the "enemy," (b) the relationship between fear and prejudice, (c) dehumanization as it impacts race hate and combat indoctrination, (d) additive life threat related to exploitation of one's physical similarity to the "enemy," and (e) race-based remorse. The article delineates factors affecting treatment seeking and disclosure of race-based stresses, guidelines for interviewing veterans about race-related events and ethnic self-worth, and the harmful effects of race hate.
authors.affiliation: National Center for PTSD, Department of Veterans Affairs, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scurfield
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kilauano
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology*; D001293:Attitude to Death; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D005239:Fear; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011287:Prejudice; D011613:Psychotherapy; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*; D014744:Vietnam