title: Minimally invasive breast carcinoma staging using lymphatic mapping with radiolabeled dextran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sentinel lymph node is defined as the first lymph node to receive drainage from a primary tumor. Based on this concept, the authors set out to evaluate whether the status of the sentinel lymph node can accurately predict whether breast tumor cells have metastasized to the axillary lymphatic basin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiolabeled dextran was injected into the site of the breast tumor. In the operating room, a portable gamma detector probe was used to identify the exact location of the sentinel lymph node(s). After identifying and excising the radioactive sentinel lymph node specimens, a routine axillary lymph node dissection was performed. All lymph nodes were then subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining, and the sentinel lymph nodes were subjected to additional cytokeratin immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 41 patients who participated in the study, 18 had tumor metastasis to their axillary lymph nodes. In all 18 of these cases, the sentinel lymph node(s) contained cancer detected by either H & E staining or cytokeratin immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The status of the sentinel lymph node(s) appears to predict accurately whether breast tumor cells have metastasized to the axillary lymphatic basin. This new, minimally invasive technique for staging breast carcinoma should be further validated in a large, multi-institutional clinical trial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center, 90095-1782, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Offodile
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoh
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Barsky
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elashoff
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Eilber
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Economou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D003911:Dextrans; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C034146:technetium Tc 99m dextran