title: Normal bladder wall morphology in Gd-DTPA-enhanced clinical MR imaging using an endorectal surface coil and histological assessment of submucosal linear enhancement using [14C]Gd-DOTA autoradiography in an animal model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate normal bladder wall morphology in gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging using an endorectal surface coil and to perform histological assessment of submucosal linear enhancement with experimental [14C]-gadolinium-tetraazacyclododecane-tetraacetic acid (Gd-DOTA) autoradiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  MR imaging of the bladder was performed using an endorectal coil in 13 consecutive patients with bladder carcinoma and T1-, T2-, and Gd-DTPA-enhanced spin-echo images of the bladder wall were compared. After injection of [14C]Gd-DOTA into a hamster, autoradiograms of the bladder wall were obtained and compared with serial histological sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The normal bladder wall appeared as a homogeneous layer of intermediate intensity on T1-weighted images. After administration of Gd-DTPA, the bladder wall was visualized as three layers: an inner thin layer of low intensity, a middle layer of marked enhancement, and a thick outer layer of intermediate intensity. The autoradiograms demonstrated dense accumulation of [14C]Gd-DOTA in the submucosal layer. Thus, the inner, middle, and outer layers corresponded to the mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis propria, respectively. The thickness of the bladder wall demonstrated on T2-weighted images was almost equal to that of the outer layer on enhanced T1-weighted images. Thus, T2-weighted images revealed only the muscle layer as an intermediate-intensity band. In the preliminary clinical study, MR imaging invariably showed accurate stages of the bladder carcinoma in 13 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In MR imaging of the normal bladder wall, the submucosa was strikingly enhanced after Gd-DTPA administration, separating the bladder wall into three layers. This may have a potential role in the staging of bladder tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan. takeda@clin.medic.mie-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yanagawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tochigi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakuma
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D003287:Contrast Media; D006224:Cricetinae; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D003287:Contrast Media; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C050823:gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetate; D005682:Gadolinium; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA