title: Is the course of panic disorder the same in women and men?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Panic disorder with or without agoraphobia has a chronic relapsing course. Factors associated with poor outcome include early onset of illness and phobic avoidance. Several, but not all, authors have found a worse clinical course for women. Using observational, longitudinal data from the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Disorders Research Program, the authors analyzed remission and symptom recurrence rates in panic patients with respect to sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male and female patients (N = 412) in an episode of panic with or without agoraphobia were assessed by structured interview and prospectively followed for up to 5 years. Data on remission, symptom recurrence, and comorbid psychiatric conditions for each sex were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between men and women in panic symptoms or level of severity at baseline. Women were more likely to have panic with agoraphobia (85% versus 75%), while men were more likely to have uncomplicated panic (25% versus 15%). The rates of remission for panic with or without agoraphobia at 5 years were equivalent in men and women (39%). Of the subjects who achieved remission, 25% of the women and 15% of the men reexperienced symptoms by 6 months. Recurrence of panic symptoms continued to be higher in women (82%) than men (51%) during the follow-up period and was not influenced by concurrent agoraphobia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study extends previous findings by showing that not only are women more likely to have panic with concurrent agoraphobia, but they are more likely than men to suffer a recurrence of panic symptoms after remission of panic.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75235-9101, USA. kyonke@mednet.swmed.edu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Yonkers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zlotnick
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allsworth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Warshaw
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000379:Agoraphobia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012008:Recurrence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome