title: Influence of glass-ceramic thickness on Hertzian and bulk fracture mechanisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that bulk fracture of glass-ceramic disks of variable thickness originates at the inner, resin-bonded surface and is dominant over Hertzian fracture at the lower range of thickness values.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight groups of seven glass-ceramic disks (Dicor, Dentsply), 12 mm in diameter with thicknesses ranging from 0.4 to 2.4 mm, were cast, cerammed (to produce approximately 55 vol% of tetrasilicic fluormica crystals), air abraded, etched, and silane coated according to the manufacturer's instructions. The disks were bonded to an epoxy die substrate (with an elastic modulus comparable to that of dentin) using a light-activated resin cement. The bonded samples were supported on a flat surface and loaded at the top center of each disk until crack initiation occurred. All disks exhibited an initial crack within the bonded surface. Three randomly selected samples for each thickness were loaded beyond the point of crack initiation until Hertzian failure occurred.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the crack-initiation force increased with increasing thickness, the failure stress approached a maximum level at a thickness of approximately 1.6 mm. These results suggest that the estimated maximum occlusal load for each patient should be used to select the minimum thickness of ceramic crowns rather than using the arbitrary traditional selection of a 1.5-mm thickness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors conclude that bulk fracture is initiated within the bonded surface of a glass-ceramic specimen (for samples 0.4 to 2.4 mm in thickness) when the glass-ceramic is supported by a substrate with an elastic modulus similar to that of dentin. Furthermore, a Hertzian failure mechanism is unlikely to cause bulk fracture for these conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0446, USA. ytsai@biomat.dental.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Petsche
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Anusavice
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: C047475:Dicor ceramic; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D019279:Resin Cements; D003776:Dental Porcelain