title: Phase III trial of dacarbazine versus dacarbazine with interferon alpha-2b versus dacarbazine with tamoxifen versus dacarbazine with interferon alpha-2b and tamoxifen in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the response rate, time to treatment failure (TTF), overall survival, and toxicity in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with dacarbazine alone, dacarbazine plus interferon (IFN), dacarbazine plus tamoxifen (TMX), or dacarbazine plus IFN plus TMX.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred seventy-one patients (258 were eligible) were randomized in a 2 x 2 factorial design to receive one of the above treatments. The trial was designed to detect a 50% improvement in survival with 83% power.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine complete (CRs) and 18 partial responses (PRs) were observed in the patients who received treatments that contained IFN compared with four CRs and 18 PRs in the patients who received treatments that did not contain IFN. Five CRs and 20 PRs occurred in patients treated with TMX compared with eight CRs and 16 PRs in those treated without TMX. Response differences were nonsignificant. The overall median TTF was 2.6 months, and the overall median survival was 8.9 months. There was no significant difference in TTF or survival among any of the different treatments. Poor performance status (PS), hepatic metastases, and weight loss were significant adverse prognostic factors. Twenty-three patients had a TTF greater than 20 months, and these durable responses were evenly distributed among the treatment arms. Significantly more severe and life-threatening toxic events occurred with treatments that contained IFN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither IFN, TMX, nor the combination significantly improved the response rate, TTF, or survival when added to dacarbazine, but IFN significantly increased toxicity.
authors.affiliation: University of Pretoria, South Africa. cfalkson@medic.up.ac.za
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Falkson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kirkwood
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Coates
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Blum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015996:Survival Rate; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013629:Tamoxifen; D003606:Dacarbazine