title: [GAD antibody in IDDM].
abstract: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a major transmitter in the central nervous system. Two forms of GAD (GAD65 and GAD67) are known to be expressed in human tissues and GAD65 is predominantly expressed in pancreatic beta-cells. Recent findings revealed that GAD functions as an autoantigen in human autoimmunity, especially in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). GAD is a key antigen for the development of autoimmunity against beta-cells and the production of GADAb precedes other autoantibodies such as IAA and ICA512/IA-2Ab prior to the clinical onset of IDDM. At onset, GADAb is detected in 50-80% of patients using RIA or RBA method. Factors that influence the positivities and titers of GADAb at onset, such as onset age, sex, presence of autoimmunity against thyroid, HLA type, have been reported. After onset, GADAb titer decreased more slowly than that of ICA512/IA-2Ab. These findings suggest that autoantibodies against beta-cells, such as GADAb, may develop independently. The presence of GADAb in relatives of IDDM patients and NIDDM patients predicts the development of beta-cell destruction in combination with other anti-islet autoantibodies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokushima University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shima
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase