title: Reversal of cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia measured with magnetoencephalography.
abstract: It has been suggested that schizophrenic patients fail to develop left-hemisphere dominance because of an early disturbance in neuronal development. This hypothesis has been supported by some post-mortem. CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, while other in-vivo studies have given contradicting results. We used 122-channel whole-head magnetoencephalography and MRI to locate the sources of auditory evoked responses in 19 schizophrenic patients and in 20 healthy controls. Auditory evoked responses were detected in all subjects. The left-right hemisphere asymmetry of cerebral sources for auditory evoked responses was markedly dispersed among patients when compared with controls. The source locations for left auditory cortex were clearly anterior with respect to the right hemisphere in 32% of the patients, while the corresponding prevalence of this abnormal asymmetry was 0% in controls (p = 0.008. Fisher's exact test). The reversed asymmetry appeared to be associated with a shorter anterior-posterior distance between the auditory cortex and the anterior tip of the temporal lobe in the left side when compared with the right side. The reversed asymmetry was associated with higher PANSS general psychopathological score, and especially with higher guilt feelings and motor retardation scores. The large 2.5-fold standard deviation in the inter-hemispheric anterior posterior difference in the location of the auditory cortex among patients (p 0.001 for the difference in the magnitude of variance between controls and patients) clearly reflects the dispersion of the left right asymmetry into both direction, and three of the patients with 'normal asymmetry' had a greater left-right asymmetry than any of the controls. Markedly greater reversal of hemispheric asymmetry among patients implies that regulation of the development of brain asymmetry is disturbed among schizophrenic patients. Abnormality in the cerebral asymmetry may be a crucial factor in the development of schizophrenic disorder in a substantial proportion of patients. The results suggest that the reversed asymmetry is associated with the higher severity of general psychopathological symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Kuopio, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Finland. jari.tiihonen@uku.fi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tiihonen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katila
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pekkonen
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Jääskeläinen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huotilainen
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Aronen
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ilmoniemi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Räsänen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salli
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karhu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology*; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012016:Reference Values; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology