title: Association of hypertension with T594M mutation in beta subunit of epithelial sodium channels in black people resident in London.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Liddle's syndrome is a rare inherited form of hypertension in which mutations of the epithelial sodium channel result in increased renal sodium reabsorption. Essential hypertension in black patients also shows clinical features of sodium retention so we screened black people for the T594M mutation, the most commonly identified sodium-channel mutation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study, 206 hypertensive (mean age 48.0 [SD 11.8] years, men:women 80:126) and 142 normotensive (48.7 [7.4] years; 61:81) black people who lived in London, UK, were screened for T594M. Part of the last exon of the epithelial sodium-channel beta subunit from genomic DNA was amplified by PCR. The T594M variant was detected by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis of PCR products and confirmed by DNA sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  17 (8.3%) of 206 hypertensive participants compared with three (2.1%) of 142 normotensive participants possessed the T594M variant (odds ratio [OR]=4.17 [95% CI 1.12-18.25], p=0.029). A high proportion of participants with the T594M variant were women (15 of 17 hypertensive participants and all three normotensive participants), whereas women comprised a lower proportion of the individuals screened (61.2% hypertensive, 57.7% normotensive). However, the association between the T594M variant and hypertension persisted after adjustment for sex and body-mass index (Mantel-Haenszel OR=5.52 [1.40-30.61], p=0.012). Plasma renin activity was significantly lower in 13 hypertensive participants with the T594M variant (median=0.19 ng mL(-1) h(-1)) than in 39 untreated hypertensive individuals without the variant (median=0.45 ng mL(-1) h(-1), p=0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among black London people the T594M sodium-channel beta subunit mutation occurs more frequently in people with hypertension than those without. The T594M variant may increase sodium-channel activity and could raise blood pressure in affected people by increasing renal tubular sodium reabsorption. These findings suggest that the T594M mutation could be the most common secondary cause of essential hypertension in black people identified to date.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK. ebaker@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Y B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Sagnella
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Onipinla
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Markandu
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Cappuccio
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Persu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Corvol
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jeunemaitre
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: MacGregor
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009318:Natriuresis; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000235:genetics*; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D015222:Sodium Channels