In situ assessment of pesticide genotoxicity in an integrated pest management program I--Tradescantia micronucleus assay.
The genotoxicity induced by pesticides applied in an integrated pest management (IPM) program was evaluated with the Tradescantia micronucleus assay (Trad-MCN). Three pesticide application rates were prescribed as follows: (a) Low, no field pesticide spray; (b) Medium, IPM test rate: banded cyanazine plus metolachlor (2.7 kg a.i. and 2.3 l a.i./ha of herbicides, respectively); and (c) High, a preventative pesticide application program: broadcast cyanazine plus metolachlor (same application rates as above) plus chlorpyrifos (1 kg a.i./ha of insecticide). The Trad-MCN was employed for the assessment of (a) the formulated compounds, singly and in combinations; (b) pesticide residues extracted from soils sampled before and after application, and (c) in situ exposures (14-h exposure to pesticide-sprayed field). All pesticides showed clastogenic potency at doses between 10 and 50 ppm. Aqueous extracts of the two pesticide-sprayed soils were clastogenic, but the unsprayed soil extracts were not. Plants exposed in situ to pesticide-sprayed soils (inside a chamber receiving vapors from the soil) also showed significant increases in micronuclei frequency in relation to controls exposed to unsprayed soil. In general, there was no significant reduction in the genotoxic effects from the High to the Medium treatment levels of the IPM program. This suggests that the reduction in pesticide application rates attained with the implementation of the proposed IPM program was not sufficient to abate the genotoxicity of the pesticides, as perceived with the sensitive assays employed. The results indicate that replacing genotoxic compounds may be the only effective remediation measure to eliminate the risks imposed by mutagenic compounds in the agricultural environment.
Rodrigues
G S
GS
EMBRAPA/CNPMA, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Monitoramento e Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental, São Paulo, CEP, Brazil. stacheti@cnpma.embrapa.br
Pimentel
D
D
Weinstein
L H
LH
D000081:Acetamides / Q000633:toxicity; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000187:drug effects*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000187:drug effects; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000633:toxicity; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity
D000081:Acetamides; D006540:Herbicides; D007306:Insecticides; D009153:Mutagens; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; C007168:cyanazine; C051786:metolachlor