title: Conscious sedation for in vitro fertilization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the principles and practice of the use of conscious sedation for IVF.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pertinent literature was reviewed and recommendations are provided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conscious sedation appears to be the most commonly used method of pain relief for transvaginal retrieval of oocytes. Conscious sedation does not require the presence of an anesthesiologist and can be done in freestanding clinics. Agents commonly used include opioids in combination with benzodiazepines. This combination minimizes pain, decreases anxiety, and provides sedation and some amnesia. Adjuvants such as promethazine and hydroxyzine can also be used but often are not needed. Conscious sedation is well tolerated by patients and does not require highly specialized equipment. However, there are specific safeguards that should be followed. Only a few toxicity studies have been performed, but they are reassuring because they have not found significant effects on fertilization or cleavage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conscious sedation appears to be a safe and cost-effective method of providing analgesia and anesthesia for transvaginal retrieval of oocytes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, USA.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Trout
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Vallerand
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kemmann
mesh_terms: D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines; D015742:Propofol