title: Chronic exposure to aluminum impairs neuronal glutamate-nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway.
abstract: Humans are exposed to aluminum from environmental sources and therapeutic treatments. However, aluminum is neurotoxic and is considered a possible etiologic factor in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. The molecular mechanism of aluminum neurotoxicity is not understood. We tested the effects of aluminum on the glutamate-nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway in cultured neurons. Neurons were exposed to 50 microM aluminum in culture medium for short-term (4 h) or long-term (8-14 days) periods, or rats were prenatally exposed, i.e., 3.7% aluminum sulfate in the drinking water, during gestation. Chronic (but not short-term) exposure of neurons to aluminum decreased glutamate-induced activation of nitric oxide synthase by 38% and the formation of cyclic GMP by 77%. The formation of cyclic GMP induced by the nitric oxide-generating agent S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine was reduced by 33%. In neurons from rats prenatally exposed to aluminum but not exposed to it during culture, glutamate-induced formation of cyclic GMP was inhibited by 81%, and activation of nitric oxide synthase was decreased by 85%. The formation of cyclic GMP induced by S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine was not affected. These results indicate that chronic exposure to aluminum impairs glutamate-induced activation of nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide-induced activation of guanylate cyclase. Impairment of the glutamate-nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway in neurons may contribute to aluminum neurotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Citológicas, Fundación Valenciana de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cucarella
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montoliu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hermenegildo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sáez
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manzo
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Miñana
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Felipo
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D000535:Aluminum; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D006152:Cyclic GMP