title: Length and ponderal index at birth: associations with mortality, hospitalizations, development and post-natal growth in Brazilian infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low birthweight infants suffer greater mortality and neonatal morbidity, grow less well in infancy and show poorer psycho-motor development. However, this simple categorization may obscure important differences in aetiology and prognosis between infants born stunted, thin, or both.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1993, all births in Pelotas, Brazil, were enrolled into a prospective study of health and development in infancy. Of 5249 live births, 5160 had length and weight measures at birth, and were classified into tertiles of length and ponderal index. All deaths and hospitalizations were monitored, and suspected developmental delay and attained growth at 12 months were assessed on a subsample of 1364 infants. Logistic regression was used to control for gestational age and socioeconomic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no association between birth length and ponderal index tertiles. After adjusting for gestational age, infants in the lower tertiles of both length and ponderal index presented a 3.8-times higher risk of mortality from day 8 to day 365, and a 2.5-times higher risk of hospitalization compared to infants with greater birth lengths and/or ponderal indices. Suspected developmental delay was associated with length and, less strongly, with ponderal index, but there was no synergism between the two. Infants in the middle and upper tertiles of ponderal index at birth became thinner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Birth length was strongly associated with development at 12 months, but only infants born both short and thin were at increased risk of mortality and hospitalizations. The combination of the two measures provides a useful classification of the anthropometric status of the newborn.
authors.affiliation: Mestrado em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Victora
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Halpern
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: César
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Horta
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tomasi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001724:Birth Weight; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002657:Child Development; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006128:Growth; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class