title: SPECT brain perfusion abnormalities in mild or moderate traumatic brain injury.
abstract: The purpose of this atlas is to present a review of the literature showing the advantages of SPECT brain perfusion imaging (BPI) in mild or moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) over other morphologic imaging modalities such as x-ray CT or MRI. The authors also present the technical recommendations for SPECT brain perfusion currently practiced at their center. For the radiopharmaceutical of choice, a comparison between early and delayed images using Tc-99m HMPAO and Tc-99m ECD showed that Tc-99m HMPAO is more stable in the brain with no washout over time. Therefore, the authors feel that Tc-99m HMPAO is preferable to Tc-99m ECD. Recommendations regarding standardizing intravenous injection, the acquisition, processing parameters, and interpretation of scans using a ten grade color scale, and use of the cerebellum as the reference organ are presented. SPECT images of 228 patients (age range, 11 to 88; mean, 40.8 years) with mild or moderate TBI and no significant medical history that interfered with the results of the SPECT BP were reviewed. The etiology of the trauma was in the following order of frequency: motor vehicle accidents (45%) followed by blow to the head (36%) and a fall (19%). Frequency of the symptoms was headache (60.9%), memory problems (27.6%), dizziness (26.7%), and sleep disorders (8.7%). Comparison between patients imaged early (<3 months) versus those imaged delayed (>3 months) from the time of the accident, showed that early imaging detected more lesions (4.2 abnormal lesions per study compared to 2.7 in those imaged more than 3 months after the accident). Of 41 patients who had mild traumatic injury without loss of consciousness and had normal CT, 28 studies were abnormal. Focal areas of hypoperfusion were seen in 77% (176 patients, 612 lesions) of the group of 228 patients. The sites of abnormalities were in the following order: basal ganglia and thalami, 55.2%, frontal lobes, 23.8%, temporal lobes, 13%, parietal, 3.7%, insular and occipital lobes together, 4.6%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, St. Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center of New York, New York 10011, USA.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Abdel-Dayem
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abu-Judeh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Atay
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naddaf
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Zeftawy
authors.forename: J Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002648:Child; D003545:Cysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004244:Dizziness / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D006261:Headache / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013788:Thalamus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D013997:Time Factors; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; C059659:technetium Tc 99m bicisate; D003545:Cysteine