title: Cyclic alternating pattern as a provocative factor in nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We made a polygraphic study of 6 patients with nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia (NPD) in which the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) parameters were compared with those of a group of age- and sex-matched controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients met the requirements for NPD diagnosis, characterized by generalized stereotyped movements (dystonic-dyskinetic), with a 1-min centered duration but with no clear evidence of epileptic abnormalities in the waking EEG and during nocturnal recordings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Besides the major events, the NPD polysomnograms also showed shorter, repeated episodes of shorter duration (generally <20 s) consisting of abrupt movements involving one or more body segments. Overall, the motor events in patients with NPD were closely related to periods of unstable non-REM (NREM) sleep, as evidenced by the sequences of CAP, and began during an A phase. According to the conventional scoring parameters, NPD and controls differed only in sleep latency (+14 min in the NPD patients: p < 0.04). However, the architecture of sleep in the group with NPD was characterized by prolonged and irregular NREM/REM cycles. In addition, the NPD recordings showed significantly higher values of CAP rate (p < 0.0001). When major motor attacks were suppressed by medication, sleep was characterized by a decrease in the excessive amounts of CAP rate and by a more regular architecture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The modulatory role of CAP on nocturnal motor events is reported.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Terzano
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Monge-Strauss
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mikol
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Spaggiari
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parrino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004421:Dystonia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D010507:Periodicity; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019956:Stereotypic Movement Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology