title: Manometry and 24-hour ambulatory pH monitoring at two levels of the esophagus in patients with and without esophagitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the relationship between esophageal dysmotility and severity of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) at the distal and proximal levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-level, 24-hour ambulatory pH monitoring and manometry of the esophagus were performed in 40 patients with abnormal distal acid exposure and in 20 healthy controls. Twenty patients with normal endoscopy or endoscopic evidence of grade I esophagitis were assigned to group 1 and 20 with grade II-III esophagitis were assigned to group 2. We used a dual-site pH probe with antimony electrodes spaced 15 cm apart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients had greater acid exposure than controls at both levels. The percentage of distal reflux episodes reaching proximal esophagus was significantly greater in group 1 than in the control group. The most marked reductions in the percentage of time of the pH remaining under 4 were detected in the patients with the most severe distal acid reflux and esophagitis (group 2). The mean lower esophageal sphincter pressure was significantly lower in group 2 than in group 1. The percentage of tertiary waves or nonperistaltic contractions was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 and the control group. Patients with milder distal reflux had significantly lower distal and middle esophageal wave amplitudes than controls. There were no significant differences between controls and patients with severe esophagitis in terms of the esophageal peristaltic wave amplitude in the middle third of the esophagus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No correlation was observed between episodes of distal reflux and proximal reflux in GER patients. Esophageal motor activity appears to be an important determinant of the severity and extension of GER in the proximal esophagus.
authors.affiliation: Service of Digestive Diseases, San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sevilla Mantilla
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruiz de León
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez de la Serna
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taxonera
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: García Paredes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Díaz Rubio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015154:Esophageal Motility Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory