title: Evaluation of the potential immunotoxicity of chlorinated drinking water in mice.
abstract: Recent epidemiological studies have reported associations between the consumption of chlorinated drinking water and various types of human cancer; in addition, exposure to chlorine (Cl-) in drinking water has been reported to suppress certain immune functions in laboratory animals. The current studies were conducted to extend our knowledge of the effects of drinking water exposure to Cl-. Female C57BL/6 mice were administered hyperchlorinated drinking water (7.5, 15, or 30 ppm Cl-) for 2 weeks prior to sacrifice for evaluation of spleen and thymus weights, the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response, hemagglutination (HA) titer, and lymphocyte proliferation (LP). Significant reductions in organ weights and immune response were observed in the positive control groups (i.e. dexamethasone- or cyclophosphamide-exposed mice). No consistent differences were observed between the Cl--exposed animals and vehicle control mice for the evaluated parameters. Thus, under the conditions of these experiments, 2 weeks of exposure to hyperchlorinated drinking water had no apparent adverse effects on immune function.
authors.affiliation: ENSR Consulting and Engineering, Acton, MA, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wiliams
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Riddle
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Luebke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000187:drug effects; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000633:toxicity*; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite