title: pha-4 is Ce-fkh-1, a fork head/HNF-3alpha,beta,gamma homolog that functions in organogenesis of the C. elegans pharynx.
abstract: The C. elegans Ce-fkh-1 gene has been cloned on the basis of its sequence similarity to the winged-helix DNA binding domain of the Drosophila fork head and mammalian HNF-3alpha,beta,gamma genes, and mutations in the zygotically active pha-4 gene have been shown to block formation of the pharynx (and rectum) at an early stage in embryogenesis. In the present paper, we show that Ce-fkh-1 and pha-4 are the same gene. We show that PHA-4 protein is present in nuclei of essentially all pharyngeal cells, of all five cell types. PHA-4 protein first appears close to the point at which a cell lineage will produce only pharyngeal cells, independently of cell type. We show that PHA-4 binds directly to a 'pan-pharyngeal enhancer element' previously identified in the promoter of the pharyngeal myosin myo-2 gene; in transgenic embryos, ectopic PHA-4 activates ectopic myo-2 expression. We also show that ectopic PHA-4 can activate ectopic expression of the ceh-22 gene, a pharyngeal-specific NK-2-type homeodomain protein previously shown to bind a muscle-specific enhancer near the PHA-4 binding site in the myo-2 promoter. We propose that it is the combination of pha-4 and regulatory molecules such as ceh-22 that produces the specific gene expression patterns during pharynx development. Overall, pha-4 can be described as an 'organ identity factor', completely necessary for organ formation, present in all cells of the organ from the earliest stages, capable of integrating upstream developmental pathways (in this case, the two distinct pathways that produce the anterior and posterior pharynx) and participating directly in the transcriptional regulation of organ specific genes. Finally, we note that the distribution of PHA-4 protein in C. elegans embryos is remarkably similar to the distribution of the fork head protein in Drosophila embryos: high levels in the foregut/pharynx and hindgut/rectum; low levels in the gut proper. Moreover, we show that pha-4 expression in the C. elegans gut is regulated by elt-2, a C. elegans gut-specific GATA-factor and possible homolog of the Drosophila gene serpent, which influences fork head expression in the fly gut. Overall, our results provide evidence for a highly conserved pathway regulating formation of the digestive tract in all (triploblastic) metazoa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Centre, Room 2265, NW, Calgary, Alberta, CANADA T2N 4N1. jmcghee@acs.ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kalb
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goszczynski
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukushige
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moons
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Okkema
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: McGhee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000378:metabolism; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D019070:Cell Lineage; D004064:Digestive System / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D004627:Embryonic Induction; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D015870:Gene Expression; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017238:Genes, Helminth; D005801:Genes, Homeobox; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D009024:Morphogenesis; D009218:Myosins / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010614:Pharynx / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C109217:CEH-22 protein, C elegans; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C113277:Pha-4 protein, C elegans; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D009218:Myosins