title: Thoracic empyema in HIV-infected patients: microbiology, management, and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate etiology, bacteriology, stage of disease, treatment, and outcome of HIV-infected patients with thoracic empyema (TE) over a 9-year period at a hospital teaching center.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have retrospectively reviewed the charts of all HIV-infected patients with a hospital discharge diagnosis of empyema between January 1985 and November 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three patients were identified (22 male and 1 female). The average patient age was 28.7+/-5.3 years. All the patients were injection-drug users, and 10 (43%) fulfilled criteria for an AIDS diagnosis. In 15 cases (65%), the empyema was the first cause of medical consultation, which then led to an HIV infection diagnosis in 11 of them (48%).
  
  
  METHODS
  In each case, symptoms, chest studies, culture results, procedure timing, length of hospitalization, and outcome were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one patients (91%) had developed an empyema secondary to community-acquired pneumonia. The cultures of pleural fluid were positive in 19 cases (83%). Anaerobes were isolated from 6 patients and aerobes from 13. A single bacteria was isolated from 10 (52%), and multiple organisms (average 2.66 per case) grew in the remaining 9 positive cultures. The most common organism culture growths were Staphylococcus aureus (23%) and Gram-negative bacilli (36%). Length of hospitalization averaged 25.6 days (+/-15). Intercostal tube drainage was necessary in 18 patients and none required surgery. Patients with AIDS diagnosis needed a longer period of hospitalization, and the presence of bacteremia and bronchopleural fistula was more frequent. However, this did not influence a patient's final outcome. A follow-up was available in 18 cases, with 4 deaths recorded (average survival, 35 months; range, 4 to 84 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our series, TE associated with HIV infection was often the primary cause leading to hospital admission and later HIV diagnosis. IV drug abuse was the predominant factor for HIV infection and was also related to clinical presentation and microbiological findings. The best approach to treatment is--as with other patient groups--a prompt drainage and appropriate antibiotic treatment, since a favorable outcome is expected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Valme University Hospital, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernández Borge
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alfageme Michavila
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muñoz Méndez
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Campos Rodríguez
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Peña Griñán
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villagómez Cerrato
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004322:Drainage; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents