title: Investigation by Parkinson's Disease Research Group of United Kingdom into excess mortality seen with combined levodopa and selegiline treatment in patients with early, mild Parkinson's disease: further results of randomised trial and confidential inquiry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the excess mortality observed in patients who received both levodopa and selegiline in a randomised trial could be explained by revised diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, autonomic or cardiovascular effects, more rapid disease progression, or drug interactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open randomised trial and blind comparison and reclassification of the cause of death of patients who were recruited from 93 hospitals between 1985 and 1990 and who had died before December 1993 in arms 1 and 2.
  
  
  METHODS
  United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  624 patients with early Parkinson's disease who were not receiving dopaminergic treatment and a subgroup fo 120 patients who died during the trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levodopa and a dopa carboxylase inhibitor (arm 1), levodopa and a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor in combination with selegiline (arm 2), or bromocriptine alone (arm 3).
  
  
  METHODS
  All cause mortality for 520 subjects in arms 1 and 2 and for 104 subjects who were randomised into these arms from arm 3. Cause specific mortality for people who died in the original arms 1 and 2 on the basis of the opinion of a panel, revised diagnosis and disability ratings, evidence from clinical records of either autonomic or cardiovascular episodes, other clinical features before death, and drug interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After extended follow up (mean 6.8 years) until the end of September 1995, when arm 2 was terminated, the hazard ratio for arm 2 compared with arm 1 was 1.32 (95% confidence interval 0.98 to 1.79). For subjects who were randomised from arm 3 the hazard ratio for arm 2 was 1.54 (0.83 to 2.87). When all subjects were included the hazard ratio was 1.33 (1.02 to 1.74) and after adjustment for other baseline factors it was 1.30 (0.99 to 1.72). The excess mortality seemed to be greatest in the third and fourth year of follow up. Cause specific death rates showed an excess of deaths from Parkinson's disease only (hazard ratio 2.5 (1.3 to 4.7)). No significant differences were found for revised diagnosis, disability rating scores, autonomic or cardiovascular events, other clinical features, or drug interactions. Patients who died in arm 2 were more likely to have had possible dementia and a history of falls before death compared with those who died in arm 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results consistently show excess mortality in patients treated with combined levodopa and selegiline. Revised diagnosis, autonomic or cardiovascular events, or drug interactions could not explain this finding, but falls and possible dementia were more common in arm 2. The results do not support combined treatment in patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease. In more advanced disease, combined treatment should perhaps be avoided in patients with postural hypotension, frequent falls, confusion, or dementia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ben-Shlomo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Churchyard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Head
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Overstall
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ockelford
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lees
mesh_terms: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001971:Bromocriptine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002423:Cause of Death; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012642:Selegiline / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015996:Survival Rate; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D012642:Selegiline; D001971:Bromocriptine; D007980:Levodopa