title: Reversible pseudoatrophy of the brain and mental deterioration associated with valproate treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe an 11-year-old girl with symptomatic localization-related epilepsy and normal intelligence who developed reversible mental deterioration and pseudoatrophic brain changes while receiving valproate (VPA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessment of mental function using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC) and Raven's Progressive Matrices (PM), EEG recordings while awake and asleep, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), were performed at the beginning of VPA therapy, after 2 years and 8 months of treatment and following VPA discontinuation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 2 years and 6 months on VPA (< or = 26 mg/kg/day) the girl insidiously developed mental deterioration (loss of 18 IQ points and drop in age-adjusted PM score from the 95th to the 50th percentile) associated with MRI-documented pseudoatrophy of the brain. Onset of severe cognitive impairment coincided with serum VPA concentrations near 100 microg/ml. There were no other manifestations of drug toxicity or hyperammonemia. Background EEG activity was normal. Reduction of VPA dosage and subsequent discontinuation 4 months later resulted in disappearance of clinical symptoms with a 20-point improvement at IQ testing and recovery of previous PM score. Repeat MRI showed disappearance of pseudoatrophic changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The striking cognitive improvement and reversal of pseudoatrophic brain changes following VPA discontinuation strongly suggest a drug-induced condition. Based on this and previous reports, the syndrome of VPA-associated mental deterioration and pseudoatrophy of the brain appears to encompass different but possibly related clinical entities, which include parkinsonism with cognitive deterioration, mental deterioration with signs of VPA-toxicity, and isolated mental deterioration, as seen in our patient. A drug-induced effect should be considered whenever cognitive deterioration and imaging findings of brain atrophy occur in VPA-treated patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guerrini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belmonte
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Canapicchi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casalini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perucca
mesh_terms: D001284:Atrophy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000506:poisoning / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014888:Wechsler Scales
chemical_list: D014635:Valproic Acid