title: Patent foramen ovale size and embolic brain imaging findings among patients with ischemic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the cause of stroke among patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) may be due to paradoxical cerebral embolism (PCE), this mechanism is often difficult to prove. The aim of our study was to evaluate the association between brain imaging findings suggestive of embolism and PFO among ischemic stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study, 95 patients with first ischemic stroke over age 39 underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for evaluation of a cardiac source of embolism. The stroke subtype was determined by modified NINDS Stroke Data Bank criteria. Stroke subtype and MRI/CT imaging data were evaluated blind to the presence of a PFO. These findings were compared between two groups: patients with medium to large PFO (> or =2 mm) and small (<2 mm) or no PFO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 95 patients who underwent TEE, 31 (33%) had a PFO. The frequency of PFO was significantly greater among patients with cryptogenic infarcts (19 of 42; 45%) compared with patients with determined cause of stroke (12 of 53, 23%; P=0.02). Medium to large PFOs were found more often among cryptogenic strokes than among infarcts of determined cause (26% versus 6%; P=0.04). Superficial infarcts occurred more often in the group with larger PFOs than in the group with small or no PFOs (50% versus 21%; P=0.02). Patients with medium or large PFOs more frequently had occipital and infratentorial strokes (57% versus 27%; P=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stroke patients with larger PFOs show more brain imaging features of embolic infarcts than those with small PFOs. Larger PFOs may be more likely to cause paradoxical embolization and may help explain the stroke mechanism among patients with no other definite cause.
authors.affiliation: Neurological Institute, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Di Tullio
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rundek
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liguori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brainin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Homma
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D002542:Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed