title: Estimating the concentration of beta-carotene required for maximal protection of low-density lipoproteins in women.
abstract: The reportedly inconsistent antioxidant protective effect of beta-carotene on plasma LDL may depend on LDL's beta-carotene concentration. We measured carbonyl production by CuSO4-challenged LDL from nine healthy women living at the US Department of Agriculture-Western Human Nutrition Research Center and consuming a natural food diet that provided only 0.14 micromol beta-carotene/d for 120 d. During the first 60 d, four women received a placebo and the remaining five women received too small a supplement (0.93 micromol beta-carotene/d) to increase plasma or LDL beta-carotene; therefore, the data for all nine women during this time were pooled. From days 61 to 120, all subjects received the small supplement. From days 101 to 120 they all received an additional, larger, mixed carotenoid supplement (6.16 micromol beta-carotene/d). Plasma beta-carotene dropped from 0.76 +/- 0.21 micromol/L (x +/- SEM) on day 2 to 0.33 +/- 0.08 on day 60 (P = 0.035) and rose to 1.73 +/- 0.18 (P = 0.001) on day 120. LDL beta-carotene dropped from 1.67 +/- 0.53 micromol/g LDL protein on day 2 to 1.27 +/- 0.28 micromol/g LDL protein on day 60 (P = 0.650) and rose to 10.04 +/- 1.07 micromol/g LDL protein (P = 0.001) on day 120. Plasma lycopene dropped from 0.20 micromol/L on day 2 to 0.02 micromol/L on day 60 and did not increase by day 120. Carbonyl production rose from 24 +/- 6 micromol/g LDL protein on day 2 to 42 +/- 4 micromol/g LDL protein (P = 0.001) on day 60 and dropped to 6 +/- 1 micromol/g LDL protein (P = 0.001) on day 120. LDL seemed fully protected with 9.7 +/- 2.5 micromol beta-carotene/g LDL protein, or 2.3 +/- 1.8 micromol beta-carotene/L plasma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Burri
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Neidlinger
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Dueker
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Clifford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D019327:Copper Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007659:Ketones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000077276:Lycopene; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000975:Antioxidants; D005609:Free Radicals; D007659:Ketones; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D010919:Placebos; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; D019327:Copper Sulfate; D000077276:Lycopene