title: Developmental background and outcome in patients with nonepileptic versus epileptic seizures: a controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate the relevance of developmental emotional stress factors, which are considered to influence emotional functioning, as contributing factors in the development of psychogenic symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with nonepileptic seizures (non-ESs) (frequently referred to as psychogenic seizures), in whom diagnosis had been confirmed by a placebo-infusion test (PT), and 10 control patients with complex partial seizures (ESs) were evaluated with regard to developmental background by using structured in-depth interviews performed by a single interviewer blinded to the diagnosis. In addition, outcome assessment in the non-ES group after PT was done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between groups in developmental psychosocial stress or in any single developmental stress factor. Six months after PT, the outcome was favorable in patients with non-ES: six were seizure free, and two had a considerable reduction in frequency of seizures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our research indicates the following: (a) a high incidence of developmental stress factors and functional disturbances may be found in patients with non-ESs and ESs; (b) assessment of developmental emotional stress and functional disturbances as a basis for validating the diagnosis of non-ES should be treated with caution; (c) use of PT followed by supportive information about the nonepileptic origin of the attacks may have a positive therapeutic effect or help to introduce psychotherapeutic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Berne, Inselspital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berkhoff
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Briellmann
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Radanov
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Donati
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D017029:Epilepsy, Complex Partial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010919:Placebos; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D012803:Sick Role; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos