title: Bacteria and viruses that cause respiratory tract infections during the pilgrimage (Haj) season in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence and type of RTI-causing bacteria and viruses during a period of epidemic infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 395 sputum specimens and 761 throat swabs were collected during the 1991 and 1992 pilgrimage seasons (Haj to Makkah Al-Mukarama, Saudi Arabia) from patients referred to one hospital and three dispensaries with symptoms of respiratory tract infections. All 761 throat swabs of both Haj seasons were also screened for the presence of viral pathogens with monoclonal antibodies specific for 7 viruses known to cause respiratory infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacterial pathogens were detected in 118 (29.9%) specimens. During the 1991 Haj season Haemophilus influenzae was the most frequent bacterial pathogen detected (10%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.2%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (4.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (3.8%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (2.4%). In the 1992 Haj season Klebsiella pneumoniae was predominant (15.1%), followed by Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae (12.3%). Screening of all sputum specimens for acid-fast bacteria showed that the overall incidence rate of tuberculosis was 1%. Cultures from the 761 throat swabs were largely negative for bacteria except for Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from 7 patients. Viruses were detected in 148 (19.5%) specimens with influenza A and adenovirus being the most common viruses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pattern of virus prevalence in the 1991 and 1992 pilgrimage seasons was identical: influenza A and adenovirus predominated. Thus these two viruses should be targeted in future prophylactic measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: El-Sheikh
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: El-Assouli
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albar
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D003168:Complement Fixation Tests; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006190:Haemophilus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007514:Islam; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015995:Prevalence; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal