title: Left ventricular hemodynamics in anemic fetal lambs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the left ventricular determinants of cardiac output in 12 chronically instrumented fetal lambs, six of which where made anemic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve, singleton pregnant ewes were instrumented between 123-126 days gestation and chronic catheters placed in-situ. In six fetal lambs, isovolemic fetal anemia was induced (reducing the hematocrit from a mean of 35% to 20%). In a prospective study, absolute 'beat-to-beat' LV volumes and pressures were obtained (gestational age 131-134 days) using a conductance catheter method and a comparison made with non-anemic fetal lambs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group of anemic fetuses (n = 6) had a significantly reduced hematocrit as compared to the control group (37% decrease: mean difference--13.4%; P < 0.001). The arterial blood gases of the two groups were not statistically different, with the exception of the pO2 and oxygen content which were significantly lower in the anemic group (P < 0.05). There was no significant change in fetal heart rate, LV preload (as assessed by venous pressure, end-diastolic volume and pressure) or mean arterial pressure between the anemic and control groups. However, a 75% increase in LV stroke volume was observed in the anemic fetal lambs (P < 0.05), secondary to a 61% fall in LV afterload (P < 0.05). There was no significant change in inherent myocardial contractility of the LV, although this did increase to approach statistical significance in the anemic group (P = 0.056). The diastolic time interval was increased by 22% in the anemic fetus, possibly allowing prolonged LV filling time. The indices measuring LV relaxation (Tau and dP/dtmin) were not significantly different in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to report absolute left ventricular volumes in the anemic ovine fetus and the relationship of these data to LV pressure during the cardiac cycle. The model used produces a state of moderately severe, non-hydropic, isovolemic, fetal anemia consistent with those previously described. Although the anemic state was not prolonged, an observed increase in LV stroke volume (which is predominantly due to a decrease in afterload) has been described.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kilby
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Szwarc
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Morrow
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D012756:Sheep; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000503:physiopathology*