title: Immunogenicity in humans of a recombinant bacterial antigen delivered in a transgenic potato.
abstract: Compared with vaccine delivery by injection, oral vaccines offer the hope of more convenient immunization strategies and a more practical means of implementing universal vaccination programs throughout the world. Oral vaccines act by stimulating the immune system at effector sites (lymphoid tissue) located in the gut. Genetic engineering has been used with variable success to design living and non-living systems as a means to deliver antigens to these sites and to stimulate a desired immune response. More recently, plant biotechnology techniques have been used to create plants which contain a gene derived from a human pathogen; the resultant plant tissues will accumulate an antigenic protein encoded by the foreign DNA. In pre-clinical trials, we found that antigenic proteins produced in transgenic plants retained immunogenic properties when purified; if injected into mice the antigen caused production of protein-specific antibodies. Moreover, in some experiments, if the plant tissues were simply fed to mice, a mucosal immune response occurred. The present study was conducted as a proof of principle to determine if humans would also develop a serum and/or mucosal immune response to an antigen delivered in an uncooked foodstuff.
authors.affiliation: Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA. ctacket@umppa1.ab.umd.edu
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Tacket
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Losonsky
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Arntzen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D004435:Eating; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000276:immunology*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000276:immunology*; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli