title: Accurate and cost-effective evaluation of breast masses in males.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because the majority of breast masses in males are benign and need not be excised if asymptomatic, we studied the combination of physical examination (PE) and fine needle aspiration (FNA), with or without mammography, as a diagnostic alternative to routine surgical biopsy of these lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A diagnostic test study and cost-effectiveness analysis was performed in three participating multidisciplinary breast clinics, involving a consecutive sample of 51 males with unilateral breast masses. Each lesion was tested with both PE and FNA; 13 were also studied with mammography, and each test was scored as benign or suspicious. Lesions for which all tests were benign were followed up clinically (mean 19 months). Lesions for which any test was suspicious were excised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All tests were benign in 38 cases. No cancers developed at the index sites during follow-up of these lesions, including 8 excisional biopsies done for symptoms (negative predictive value and specificity 100%). Open biopsy confirmed malignancy in all 6 cases for which all tests were suspicious (positive predictive value and sensitivity 100%). In all 7 cases where the tests were not in agreement, open biopsy was benign. In these cases FNA (2 false positives) proved more accurate than PE (5 false positives). Mammography added no additional diagnostic information to the combination of PE and FNA. Compared with routine open biopsy, the combination of PE and FNA avoided surgical biopsy in 30 of the 51 lesions, and was associated with an average decrease in charges of up to $510 per case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of PE and FNA for the evaluation of breast masses in males is diagnostically accurate and results in a reduction in patient charges compared with routine open biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201-3098, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vetto
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pommier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DiTomasso
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eppich
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moseson
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D018567:Breast Neoplasms, Male / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008327:Mammography / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies