title: Kirsten ras mutations in patients with colorectal cancer: the multicenter "RASCAL" study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kirsten ras (Ki-ras) gene mutations occur early in the progression of colorectal adenoma to carcinoma. The aim of this collaborative study was to clarify the association between Ki-ras mutations, patient outcome, and tumor characteristics by use of data from colorectal cancer patients worldwide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Investigators who had published data on Ki-ras and colorectal cancer were invited to complete a questionnaire for each patient entered into a database. Two-sided statistical tests were used to analyze data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients (n = 2721) were recruited from 22 groups in 13 countries. Mutations of Ki-ras codon 12 (wild type = GGT = glycine) or codon 13 (wild type = GGC = glycine) were detected in 37.7% of the tumors; 80.8% (584 of 723) of all the specified mutations occurred in codon 12, and 78.1% (565 of 723) of all the specified mutations were at the second base of either codon. Mutations were not associated with sex, age, tumor site, or Dukes' stage. Mutation rates seen in patients with sporadic tumors were comparable to those observed in patients with a predisposing cause for their cancer. Poorly differentiated tumors were less frequently mutated (P = .002). Multivariate analysis suggested that the presence of a mutation increased risk of recurrence (P<.001) and death (P = .004). In particular, any mutation of guanine (G) to thymine (T) but not to adenine (A) or to cytosine (C) increased the risk of recurrence (P = .006) and death (P<.001). When individual, specific mutations were evaluated, only valine codon 12 was found to convey an independent, increased risk of recurrence (P = .007) and death (P = .004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ki-ras mutations are associated with increased risk of relapse and death, but some mutations are more aggressive than others.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Andreyev
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Oates
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009154:Mutation; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis