title: Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor increases wound-fluid interleukin 8 in normal subjects but does not accelerate wound healing.
abstract: Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is thought to play an important part under conditions of impaired wound healing. This is not confirmed and it is also unknown whether GM-CSF affects wound healing in healthy subjects. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study in 10 healthy volunteers. Triplicate wounds (10 x 10 x 0.5 mm) on the right and left upper thigh were made by a razor blade and injected with GM-CSF or a solvent control. Four of the 10 volunteers were re-examined after 2 months by investigating the healing of a new set of triplicate wounds injected with solvent control alone (controls). Factors measured were wound healing time, wound-fluid cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, wound-fluid inflammatory cells and dermal thickness by ultrasonography. Intradermal injection with 20 micrograms GM-CSF per wound caused significantly higher wound-fluid GM-CSF and interleukin 8 (IL-8) levels than in controls, but did not affect the time needed for wound closure (mean 11 days in all groups), dermal thickness, wound-fluid inflammatory cells or other wound-fluid cytokines, e.g. vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta 1 and beta 2, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and beta-fibroblast growth factor (beta-FGF) were not measurable in any wound fluid. The lack of efficacy of exogenously delivered GM-CSF on wound healing in healthy subjects is probably based on the failure of GM-CSF to induce 'wound-healing cytokines' like PDGF, FGF, TGF, EGF or VEGF. However, GM-CSF increases IL-8 release, which is a potent chemotactic cytokine, indicating that GM-CSF might be of therapeutic value under conditions of impaired chemotaxis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ure
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Partsch
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petzelbauer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000139:chemically induced; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013546:Sweating; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016209:Interleukin-8; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor