title: Nonmyogenic factors bind nicotinic acetylcholine receptor promoter elements required for response to denervation.
abstract: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) belong to a class of muscle proteins whose expression is regulated by muscle electrical activity. In innervated muscle fiber, AChR genes are transcriptionally repressed outside of the synapse, while after denervation they become reexpressed throughout the fiber. The myogenic determination factors (MDFs) of the MyoD family have been shown to play a central role in this innervation-dependent regulation. In the chicken AChR alpha-subunit gene promoter, two E-boxes that bind MDFs are necessary to achieve the enhancement of transcription following muscle denervation. However, the deletion of promoter sequences located upstream to these E-boxes greatly impairs the response to denervation (Bessereau, J. L., Stratford- Perricaudet, L. D., Piette, J., Le Poupon, C. and Changeux, J. P. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91, 1304-1308). Here we identified two additional cis-regulatory elements of the alpha-subunit gene promoter that cooperate with the E-boxes in the denervation response. One region binds the Sp1 and Sp3 zinc finger transcription factors. The second region binds at least three distinct factors, among which we identified an upstream stimulatory factor, a b-ZIP-HLH transcription factor. We propose that among MDF-responsive muscle promoters, a specific combination between myogenic and nonmyogenic factors specify innervation-dependent versus innervation-independent promoters.
authors.affiliation: Neurobiologie Moléculaire, UA CNRS D1284, Département des Biotechnologies, Institut Pasteur 25/28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bessereau
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Laudenbach
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Le Poupon
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Changeux
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens; D004247:DNA; D003714:Denervation; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D004247:DNA