title: Further evidence that zinc sulphate compromises the efficacy of dipping treatments using diazinon to control sheep lice (Bovicola ovis).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the wettability and efficacy of diazinon dip wash made with and without the addition of zinc sulphate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Field experiments using a shower and a plunge dip complemented by in-vitro wettability experiments.
  
  
  METHODS
  A flock of infested sheep was divided into groups and treated in a shower dip with clear or cloudy dam water plus up to 1.5% zinc sulphate. Another infested line of sheep was treated using a plunge dip with nil or 1% zinc sulphate. In both experiments, wetting was assessed after dipping and louse counts were conducted for 9 months after treatment. Five in-vitro experiments compared the wettability of dip wash containing diazinon with up to 1.5% zinc sulphate added.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the shower dipping experiment, live lice were found at 1 month after dipping in the cloudy water groups with 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.5% zinc sulphate and at 2 months in the 0.75% zinc sulphate group. No lice were found at subsequent inspections or at any time in the groups that were plunge dipped. Zinc sulphate decreased the amount of dip wash retained by wool staples in all in-vitro experiments (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zinc sulphate should be considered as a risk factor that could cause failure to eradicate a lice infestation. The risk can be overcome by ensuring that all sheep are saturated at dipping and that the dip wash, and any holding tanks, are agitated throughout the dipping event.
authors.affiliation: Agriculture Western Australia, Albany, Western Australia.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Higgs
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Morcombe
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D003976:Diazinon / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010373:Lice Infestations / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D017155:Wettability; D014935:Wool / Q000737:chemistry; D019287:Zinc Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D014867:Water; D019287:Zinc Sulfate; D003976:Diazinon