title: Abuse of codeine-containing cough syrups: a report from India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the socio-demographic and clinical profile of patients seeking treatment for abuse of codeine-containing cough syrups (CCS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational; case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  An addiction clinic in North India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six consecutive treatment-seeking patients of DSM-III-R-diagnosed dependence on CCS, from January 1994 to June 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semi-structured interview schedule for patients and their family covering socio-demographic and clinical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients were male. Many were young (mean age 27 years), with completed school education (85%) and from urban backgrounds (80%). The mean age of starting CCS use was 23 years. Initiated commonly through friends (89%) and often for curiosity (63%), 89% of the patients progressed to daily use of CCS in less than 6 months (54% in less than a month), and in quantities much higher than prescribed limits. Opioid-like withdrawal was reported by 92%. Concurrent use of other substances, psychiatric co-morbidity and HIV-related risk behaviour were present in 72%, 24% and 45%, respectively. Most of the patients reported a 'stimulant' effect of CCS ('alert', 96%; 'more active', 94%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of an opioid and a sympathomimetic agent in the CCS may cause a special, distinct euphoretic effect. This effect, along with the low price, easy availability and 'pure' preparation of CCS, may be responsible for the rapidly rising popularity of the CCS as drugs of abuse in India.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mattoo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balaji
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malhotra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003061:Codeine; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D003061:Codeine