title: Optimal mapping of site-specific multivariate soil properties.
abstract: This paper demonstrates how geostatistics and fuzzy k-means classification can be used together to improve our practical understanding of crop yield-site response. Two aspects of soil are important for precision farming: (a) sensible classes for a given crop, and (b) their spatial variation. Local site classifications are more sensitive than general taxonomies and can be provided by the method of fuzzy k-means to transform a multivariate data set with i attributes measured at n sites into k overlapping classes; each site has a membership value mk for each class in the range 0-1. Soil variation is of interest when conditions vary over patches manageable by agricultural machinery. The spatial variation of each of the k classes can be analysed by computing the variograms of mk over the n sites. Memberships for each of the k classes can be mapped by ordinary kriging. Areas of class dominance and the transition zones between them can be identified by an inter-class confusion index; reducing the zones to boundaries gives crisp maps of dominant soil groups that can be used to guide precision farming equipment. Automation of the procedure is straightforward given sufficient data. Time variations in soil properties can be automatically incorporated in the computation of membership values. The procedures are illustrated with multi-year crop yield data collected from a 5 ha demonstration field at the Royal Agricultural College in Cirencester, UK.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Centre for Geoecology (ICG), Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Burrough
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swindell
mesh_terms: D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development*; D001330:Electronic Data Processing; D008954:Models, Biological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012987:Soil
chemical_list: D012987:Soil