title: Evidence for multiple atrio-AV nodal inputs in the normal dog heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complete AV block after combined fast pathway (FP) and slow pathway (SP) ablation is uncommon. The purpose of this study was to interrupt activation of these and additional inputs by placing a radiofrequency lesion across the interatrial septum between the FP and SP ablation sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In eight anesthetized open chest dogs, FP ablation induced significant A-H prolongation (deltaA-H: 51 +/- 14 msec; P < 0.001) and a shift of earliest retrograde atrial activation from the anterior septum to the region of the coronary sinus (CS) os. Subsequently, ablation of the interatrial septum across the fossa ovalis was successful in 5 of 8 dogs, changing the sequence of atrial activation (A) so that A at the His-bundle electrogram, which initially preceded A at the CS os (18 +/- 4 msec vs 46 +/- 7 msec, P < 0.01), now followed CS os A (81 +/- 31 msec vs 59 +/- 20 msec, P < 0.05). Additional ablation of the SP caused a type II Mobitz AV block or complete AV block in 5 of 8 dogs. The four dogs with complete AV block showed a stable, high junctional escape rhythm at a rate of 64 +/- 16 beats/min. Pacing between the ablation lesions and the AV node in one dog showed 1:1 AV conduction and Wenckebach-type AV block indicating preserved AV nodal function. Histology showed necrotic changes in the FP and SP transitional cell zones and in the atrial tissue of the interatrial septum. However, the compact AV node, His bundle, and adjacent atria and transitional cells were undamaged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are additional AV nodal inputs in the interatrial septum in addition to the anterior FP and posterior SP inputs. Ablation of all of these may be required, if the aim is production of complete AV block proximal to the AV node with a high junctional escape rhythm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City 73104, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Antz
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Scherlag
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otomo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pitha
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tondo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Jackman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lazzara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016275:Atrial Function; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004285:Dogs; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000473:pathology; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D009336:Necrosis