title: Modified superior approach for repair of supracardiac and mixed total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The main goal in the surgical repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage is to reestablish a wide patent connection between the common pulmonary vein and the left atrium. Several techniques have been proposed for achieving this objective, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. The superior approach between the superior vena cava and the ascending aorta was introduced in 1976 for the repair of supracardiac forms of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, but it often provides a less than optimum exposure, particularly in tiny infants. We proposed a modification of this approach that includes division of the ascending aorta and offers excellent exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients (15 neonates and 2 infants) with supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (n = 13) or mixed forms of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (n = 4) underwent surgical repair with the use of the modified superior approach. Circulatory arrest was not required in 10 patients and the mean cross-clamp time was 32.5 +/- 13.8 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was 1 postoperative death resulting from intractable pulmonary hypertension in a compromised infant who was referred to our unit receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. One patient with common hypoplasia underwent reoperation twice at 2 months and then 3 months after the first procedure. All the other patients had a smooth postoperative course, and midterm evaluation showed a widely patent anastomosis between the common vein and the left atrium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The modified superior approach for the repair of supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage can be useful to enhance exposure during surgical repair and may contribute to improved patient outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Marie-Lannelongue Hospital, Le Plessis-Robinson, France. aserraf@centre-chirurgical-marie-lannelongue.asso.fr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serraf
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Belli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roux
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sousa-Uva
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lacour-Gayet
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Planché
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002423:Cause of Death; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000473:pathology