title: Functional gastrointestinal disorders: psychological, social, and somatic features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological, social, and extraintestinal (somatic) disturbances are prominent features of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID); little attention, however, has been given to differences in the nature of these disturbances in the various FGID subgroups.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To determine whether psychological, social, and extraintestinal factors are associated with specific FGID, and/or with the overall severity and extent of FGID disturbance (the number of coexistent FGID subgroups present in any individual); and (2) to determine whether chronic social stressors link gastrointestinal, extraintestinal, and emotional symptomatologies in FGID.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eighty eight outpatients, fulfilling standard criteria for one or more functional gastroduodenal or functional bowel disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Utilising detailed and objective interview and questionnaire methods, detailed gastrointestinal, extraintestinal, psychological, and social data were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic stressors and extraintestinal and emotional symptomatologies were prominent features of functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) alone. These particular features were, however, highly specific for particular FD and/or IBS subgroups. The chronic threat component of social stressors predicted the nature and extent of multisystem (gastrointestinal, extraintestinal, and emotional) symptomatology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Notable differences between the various FGID subgroups support the symptom based classification of FGID. Chronic stressor provoked psychological and extraintestinal disturbance is most specific for the FD-IBS group of syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piesse
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Badcock
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Tennant
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kellow
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms; D000367:Age Factors; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*