title: PCR for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical, urethral, rectal, and pharyngeal swab samples obtained from patients attending an STD clinic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate, by use of the Amplicor PCR in a routine setting, the recovery rate of Chlamydia trachomatis in ano-rectal and pharyngeal swab samples obtained from males and females attending an STD clinic in relation to sexual practices, symptoms, and signs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data regarding sexual practices, and symptoms and signs related to the rectum and pharynx, were obtained from 196 females and 208 males, including 31 homosexuals and eight bisexuals. Swab samples were obtained from the urethra, rectum, and pharynx from all the patients. An additional endocervical swab sample was obtained from the females.
  
  
  METHODS
  All samples were analysed by the Amplicor PCR (Roche).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rudolph Bergh's Hospital, a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases situated in the centre of Copenhagen, Denmark.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of urogenital C trachomatis infection was 9.2% (37/404). The specificity of the Amplicor PCR was 100% for both ano-rectal and pharyngeal swab samples. In females three (13%) of the 23 infections were detected only by testing an ano-rectal or throat swab sample. In homosexual males two (67%) of three infections were detected only by the anorectal swab sample. Ano-rectal intercourse without use of condom was reported by 44% of females and by 52% of homosexual males. Fellatio without condom use was reported by 91% of females, and 80% of heterosexual males practised cunnilingus. Pharyngeal infection, however, occurred only in females, and the presence of pharyngeal symptoms or signs seemed predictive for pharyngeal C trachomatis infection, for which the time of incubation or colonisation exceeded 3 months. The presence of ano-rectal signs or symptoms was not predictive for an ano-rectal C trachomatis infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Amplicor PCR can be used on ano-rectal and pharyngeal swab samples. Ano-rectal swab samples should be obtained in females and homosexual males at high risk of being infected. Pharyngeal samples should be taken in females at high risk of being infected, especially when pharyngeal signs or symptoms are present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ostergaard
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Agner
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krarup
authors.forename: U B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weismann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gutschik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D020010:Heterosexuality; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008828:Microbiological Techniques; D008875:Middle Aged; D010608:Pharyngeal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D002577:Uterine Cervical Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis