title: Combined orchiectomy and external radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for nonmetastatic prostate cancer with or without pelvic lymph node involvement: a prospective randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compare the combination of orchiectomy and radiotherapy to radiotherapy alone as treatment for pelvic confined prostate cancer, that is T1-4, pN0-3, M0 (TNM classification).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study 91 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were, after surgical lymph node staging, randomized to receive definitive external beam radiotherapy (46) or combined orchiectomy and radiotherapy (45). Patients treated with radiotherapy alone had androgen ablation at clinical disease progression. The effects on progression-free, disease specific and overall survival rates were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a median followup of 9.3 years (range 6.0 to 11.4) clinical progression was seen in 61% of the radiotherapy only patients (group 1) and in 31% of the combined treatment patients (group 2) (p = 0.005). The mortality was 61 and 38% (p = 0.02), and cause specific mortality was 44 and 27%, respectively (p = 0.06), in groups 1 and 2. The differences in favor of combined treatment were mainly caused by lymph node positive tumors. For node negative tumors there was no significant difference in survival rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The progression-free, disease specific and overall survival rates for patients with prostate cancer and pelvic lymph node involvement are significantly better after combined androgen ablation and radiotherapy than after radiotherapy alone. These results strongly suggest that early androgen deprivation is better than deferred endocrine treatment for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Sweden.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Granfors
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Modig
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Damber
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tomic
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D000368:Aged; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome