title: Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with octreotide: a randomised controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Standard treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma has not been established. Somatostatin has been shown to possess antimitotic activity against a variety of non-endocrine tumours.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the presence of somatostatin receptors in human liver and to treat advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with the somatostatin analogue, octreotide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Somatostatin receptors were measured in liver tissue homogenates from patients with acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Fifty eight patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma were randomised to receive either subcutaneous octreotide 250 micrograms twice daily, or no treatment. Groups were comparable with respect to age, sex, Okuda classification, presence of cirrhosis, and liver biochemistry and virology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various amounts of somatostatin receptors were identified in liver tissue of all patients including those with hepatocellular carcinoma. Treated patients had an increased median survival (13 months versus four months, p = 0.002, log rank test) and an increased cumulative survival rate at six and 12 months (75% versus 37%, and 56% versus 13% respectively). Octreotide administration significantly reduced alpha fetoprotein levels at six months. When a multivariable Cox's proportional hazards model was fitted, variables associated with increased survival were: treatment administration, absence of cirrhosis, increased serum albumin, and small tumours. Treated patients clearly had a lower hazard (0.383) in the multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Octreotide administration significantly improves survival and is a valuable alternative in the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kouroumalis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Skordilis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thermos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vasilaki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moschandrea
authors.forename: O N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Manousos
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006505:Hepatitis / Q000378:metabolism; D006521:Hepatitis, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015282:Octreotide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin / Q000032:analysis; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin; D013004:Somatostatin; D015282:Octreotide