title: The impact of recent emotional distress and diagnosis of depression or anxiety on the physician-patient encounter in family practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary care physicians are expected to identify mental health problems. Currently, it is unclear how a recent experience of emotional distress affects the physician-patient encounter and the diagnostic process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Davis Observation Code, we studied 1269 encounters between family physicians and adult patients who completed brief questionnaires after the visit. Patients were separated into three groups using self-report and billing data: those denying recent emotional distress, those reporting recent emotional distress but not receiving a mental health diagnosis, and those reporting recent emotional distress and receiving a diagnosis of anxiety or depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen percent of patients reported significant emotional distress during the previous 4 weeks; 18% of these patients received a billing diagnosis of depression or anxiety. Patients not reporting emotional distress had the shortest visits (10.0 minutes); recent emotional distress was associated with significantly longer visits: 11.5 minutes for those without a diagnosis of depression or anxiety and 12.8 minutes for those with a diagnosis of depression or anxiety. The visits of patients with a diagnosis of depression or anxiety included more counseling, history-taking, and discussions of family information and substance use, and less time providing physical examination and evaluation feedback. Fewer preventive services and less chatting occurred when patients reported recent distress, regardless of diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent patient emotional distress has a powerful impact on the structure of the family practice visit, with important implications for efforts to enhance diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues. The challenge for the family physician is to recognize and treat a patient's emotional distress while continuing to fulfill competing medical demands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, Davis 95817, USA. edward.callahan@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Callahan
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Jaén
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Crabtree
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Zyzanski
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Stange
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019370:Observation; D009819:Office Visits; D009820:Ohio; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D013315:Stress, Psychological