title: Left ventricular performance following the arterial switch operation: use of noninvasive wall stress analysis in the postoperative period.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine postoperative left ventricular mechanics following the arterial switch operation (ASO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric cardiac recovery room.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine neonates with transposition of the great arteries undergoing the ASO within the first week of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Noninvasive ejection phase indices: shortening fraction (% SF), corrected mean velocity of circumferential shortening (VCFc), and wall stress analysis were used to calculate indices of specific left ventricular systolic mechanics. The % SF and VCFc were respectively adjusted for left ventricular afterload (end-systolic wall stress) to derive an index for left ventricular performance (stress-shortening relation) and contractility (stress-velocity relation). Left ventricular preload was assessed as the variance between the performance and contractility indices. All indexed data are reported as mean Zscore (i.e., number of standard deviations from the mean of a normal age- and body surface area-adjusted population). A mean Zscore of < -2 or > 2 was regarded as a significant variance from normal. Transmitral Doppler flow patterns were recorded at each postoperative interval and analyzed for isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) as an index of left ventricular compliance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All nine patients did well clinically and completed the study. Noninvasive parameters were measured at mean intervals of 3 (early), 23 (intermediate), and 48 hrs (late postoperative) relative to the time of arrival in the cardiac recovery room. Postoperative left ventricular performance was decreased throughout the early (-4.0 +/- 1.5 SD), intermediate (-4.1 +/- 2.8), and late (-3.5 +/- 1.3) phases of recovery. In contrast, the overall left ventricular contractility remained normal throughout the three postoperative intervals (0.2 +/- 1.8, -1.2 +/- 1.9, and -1.0 +/- 1.6, respectively), although three of the nine patients had a diminished stress-velocity index during the study period. Left ventricular afterload was within normal range in the early (0.1 +/- 1.7) and intermediate (1.5 +/- 1.9) phases of recovery, but increased in the late postoperative period (2.5 +/- 2.9). Left ventricular preload was decreased significantly throughout the early (-4.2 +/- 1.3), intermediate (-2.8 +/- 2.0), and late (-2.5 +/- 1.0) postoperative phases. All nine patients demonstrated decreased preload during the recovery period. IVRT was decreased in the post-ASO patients at each phase of recovery compared with normal data (p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Left ventricular performance is impaired in infants during the period immediately following the ASO. A persistent preload deficit closely matches the pattern of impaired ventricular performance. Decreased IVRT points to impaired ventricular compliance as the etiology of the altered preload. In contrast, left ventricular contractility remains normal in the majority of post-ASO patients. Decreased contractility may account for impaired ventricular performance in selected cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Texas Heart Institute, Houston 77030-2399, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Shirley
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Feltes
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D003422:Critical Care; D004452:Echocardiography; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000601:surgery*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left