title: Postnatal foraging demands alter adrenocortical activity and psychosocial development.
abstract: Mother squirrel monkeys stop carrying infants at earlier ages in high-demand (HD) conditions where food is difficult to find relative to low-demand (LD) conditions. To characterize these transitions in psychosocial development, from 10- to 21-weeks postpartum we collected measures of behavior, adrenocortical activity, and social transactions coded for initiator (mother or infant), goal (make-contact or break-contact), and outcome (success or failure). Make-contact attempts were most often initiated by HD infants, but mothers often opposed these attempts and less than 50% were successful. Break-contact attempts were most often initiated by LD infants, but mothers often opposed these attempts and fewer LD than HD infant break-contact attempts were successful. Plasma levels of cortisol were significantly higher in HD than LD mothers, but differences in adrenocortical activity were less consistent in their infants. HD and LD infants also spent similar amounts of time nursing on their mothers and feeding on solid foods. By rescheduling some transitions in development (carry-->self-transport), and not others (nursing-->self-feeding), mothers may have partially protected infants from the immediate impact of an otherwise stressful foraging task.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5485, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Schatzberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D004435:Eating; D004463:Ecology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply; D006128:Growth / Q000502:physiology; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D019370:Observation; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D012453:Saimiri / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development / Q000523:psychology; D012919:Social Behavior; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone