title: Effects of oral clonidine premedication on plasma glucose and lipid homeostasis associated with exogenous glucose infusion in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral clonidine may influence plasma glucose and lipid homeostasis by modulating endocrinologic responses to surgical stress. The effect of oral clonidine premedication on plasma glucose and lipid homeostasis associated with exogenous glucose infusion were investigated in children undergoing minor surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Otherwise healthy children (n, 120; aged 3-13 yr) were assigned randomly to six groups according to the glucose concentration of the intravenous solution (0%, 2%, or 5%, at a rate of 6 ml kg(-1) x h(-1)) and the preoperative medications (4 microg/kg clonidine or placebo given 100 min before anesthesia) they were to receive. The plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acid, ketone bodies, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infusion of 5% glucose caused hyperglycemia (mean glucose concentration >200 mg/dl) in six children receiving placebo and two receiving clonidine. Although the mean plasma glucose concentration increased in three placebo groups, it was unchanged and the plasma concentrations of total ketone bodies and nonesterified fatty acid were increased in children receiving clonidine and glucose-free solution. The plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol levels in children receiving placebo increased in response to surgery. Clonidine attenuated the increase in catecholamines and cortisol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral clonidine premedication attenuated the hyperglycemic response, probably by inhibiting the surgical stress-induced release of catecholamines and cortisol. Infusion of 2% of glucose maintained plasma glucose concentrations within physiologic ranges in children receiving clonidine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan. nishina@med.kobe-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishina
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mikawa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maekawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shiga
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obara
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D011292:Premedication
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002395:Catecholamines; D008055:Lipids; D005947:Glucose; D003000:Clonidine