title: Radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction of the palate in subjects with sleep-disordered breathing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate pain, swallowing, speech, edematous response, tissue shrinkage, sleep, snoring, and safety (energy limits and adverse effects) following radiofrequency (RF) treatment to the palate in 22 subjects with sleep-disordered breathing.
  
  
  METHODS
  This investigation is a prospective nonrandomized study. Polysomnography, radiographic imaging, and infrared thermography, along with questionnaires and visual analog scales, were used to evaluate the effects of RF treatment to the palate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatments were delivered on an outpatient basis at Stanford University Medical Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two healthy patients (18 men), with a mean age of 45.3+/-9.1 years, were enrolled. All were snorers seeking treatment and met predetermined criteria: a respiratory disturbance index < or = 15, oxygen saturation > or = 85%, and a complaint of daytime sleepiness.
  
  
  METHODS
  RF was delivered to the submucosa of the palate with a custom-fabricated electrode for a mean duration of 141+/-30 s with a mean of 3.6+/-1.2 treatments per patient. Reduction of their snoring scores determined the end point of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither speech nor swallowing was adversely affected. Pain was of short duration (0 to 48 h) and was controlled with acetaminophen. There were no infections. Although there was documented edema at 24 to 48 h, there were no clinical airway compromises. Polysomnographic data showed improvement in esophageal pressure measurements of the mean nadir and the 95th percentile nadir (p=0.031, p=0.001) respectively, as well as the mean sleep efficiency index (p=0.002). Radiographic imaging showed a mean shrinkage of 5.5+/-3.7 mm (p< or =0.0001). Subjective snoring scores fell by a mean of 77% (8.3+/-1.8 to 1.9+/-1.7, p=0.0001) accompanied by improved mean Epworth sleepiness scores (8.5+/-4.4 to 5.2+/-3.3, p=0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this investigation allowed the formulation of safety parameters for RF in this defined population with mild sleep-disordered breathing. There was a documented tissue reduction and improvement in symptoms in all subjects. However, given the small sample size and short-term follow-up, these results should be confirmed by further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Calif, USA.
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Troell
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Blumen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guilleminault
mesh_terms: D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D002508:Cephalometry; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000601:surgery*; D017286:Polysomnography; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012913:Snoring / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors