title: Applications of electrical energy to the prostate: an evolutionary perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We review modern electrosurgical treatments for removing benign prostatic tissue based on an historical perspective of medical applications of electrical energy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed historical reports and landmark observations concerning the evolution of medical applications of electrical energy in the literature, with a special focus on the development of principles pertinent to the transurethral electrosurgical removal of prostate tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Modern transurethral electrosurgery of the prostate in a fluid medium has been well founded on key electrosurgical principles. Traditionally, the best clinical results and the least complications have been obtained through an understanding of the important precepts of this form of energy. These precepts have included distinctions between the reliability of effect and safety with direct and alternating current, and how different tissue effects can be achieved, either with selective current modes (cutting and coagulating waveforms) or by varying the size and configuration of the active electrode and its application time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review chronicles the prominent role of electrosurgery in our efforts to debulk an enlarged prostate in patients with symptomatic voiding dysfunction. History reminds us that many of today's "new ideas" are merely updated variations on a theme, have often been tried before in a fashion by our predecessors and have for one reason or another fallen by the wayside. The conundrum of the perfect combination of electrosurgical variables that can fulfill our goal of making this an efficient and complication-free treatment continues to stimulate and challenge us as we move towards the next millennium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Quint
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fuchs
mesh_terms: D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000266:history*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000601:surgery