title: Implementing disease management in community pharmacy practice.
abstract: Disease management (DM) is a comprehensive approach to preventing and treating disease that: (1) targets patients with specific diseases; (2) provides integrated services across organizational and professional boundaries; (3) utilizes services based on the best scientific evidence available; and (4) focuses on outcomes. DM differs from pharmaceutical care in that pharmaceutical care targets not only patients with specific diseases but also those with risk factors for drug-related problems, a history of nonadherence, and frequent changes in medication regimens. Steps to starting a DM program include: (1) identifying a target population based on the population's strategic importance to the goals and aims of the organization; (2) assessing the organization's available resources, both internal and external; (3) defining key indicators with which to assess the program for the purposes of internal quality control and of obtaining compensation from third-party payers; (4) implementing the program using the best scientific methods available; and (5) assessing the impact of the program. The development of a smoking cessation program at a nationwide retail pharmacy chain is used as an example of a DM program initiated in community pharmacy practice. Pharmacists are well positioned to take a major role in DM, because they are accessible to the community and because DM frequently involves drug therapy. DM is also widely used in managed care. It is important that community pharmacists be closely involved in the DM approach as it evolves.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, VCU, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holdford
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bernadella
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Small
mesh_terms: D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019468:Disease Management; D004358:Drug Therapy; D006801:Humans; D010595:Pharmacists; D018511:Systems Integration