title: A randomized, prospective, blinded comparison of postoperative pain, metabolic response, and perceived health after laparoscopic and small incision cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously shown that in a randomized comparison of laparoscopic (LC) versus small incision (SC) cholecystectomy, postoperative hospital stay is comparable. This randomized prospective study compares the postoperative pain, analgesic and antiemetic consumption, perceived health, and metabolic and respiratory responses after these two procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred patients were recruited; postoperative stay, pain scores, analgesic and antiemetic consumption were recorded. Nottingham Health Profile questionnaires were completed by a subgroup of 100 patients, and the metabolic and respiratory responses were also compared in a further subgroup of 20 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain scores in both groups were low. LC, however, was associated with lower postoperative pain scores and analgesic requirements compared with SC, but the antiemetic requirements were greater after LC. The duration of hospital stay and the perceived health after operation were the same in both groups, and both procedures were associated with a similar reduction of respiratory function. Twenty-four hours after operation the inflammatory (C-reactive protein, CRP) response to LC (22 +/- 20 mg/L) was significantly lower than after SC (68 +/- 30 mg/L), but the neuroendocrine (cortisol) response was similar (LC, 475 +/- 335 nmol/L, compared with SC, 710 +/- 410 nmol/L). Independent of the technique used, the duration of postoperative hospital stay correlated significantly with the magnitude of both the 24-hour postoperative cortisol and CRP responses (cortisol: rs = 0.678, p < 0.001; CRP: rs = 0.566, p = 0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LC appears to be associated with less tissue destruction and pain than SC, but this did not confer any advantage in the degree of postoperative respiratory impairment, length of hospital stay, or postoperative perceived health. The neuroendocrine component of the metabolic response evoked by each procedure was similar and had a significant correlation to patient's postoperative hospital stay. This finding may explain the similar postoperative recovery after LC and SC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Anaesthetic Sciences, University of Sheffield, U.K.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Squirrell
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Majeed
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Troy
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Nicholl
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007249:Inflammation; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000932:Antiemetics; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006854:Hydrocortisone