title: A controlled trial of health promotion programs in 11-year-olds using physical activity "enrichment" for higher risk children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the short and long term benefits of a school and home based physical activity "enrichment" program for children at higher risk of cardiovascular disease as identified by cluster analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  During two 10-week school terms, 800 11-year-olds took part in a randomized controlled trial with the standard physical activity and nutrition program in six schools, the standard program in a further seven schools but with the addition of physical activity enrichment for higher risk children in those schools, and no program in five control schools. Cluster analysis identifying the 29% or so highest risk children used systolic blood pressure, percent body fat, physical fitness, and blood cholesterol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fitness improved significantly in program schools, particularly with enrichment in higher risk boys. Substantial improvements persisted 6 months later in girls from program schools. At "Enrichment" schools, cholesterol showed significant benefits in higher risk girls and, 6 months later, in both boys and higher risk girls. Sodium intake and, in girls, subscapular skinfolds were lower in "Enrichment" schools when the program ended, but not 6 months later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two-semester health programs with physical activity enrichment for higher risk children can produce benefits sustained for at least 6 months. Improvements extend to lower risk children exposed indirectly to the enrichment. Attenuation of effects on diet and body composition in the longer-term suggest the need for on-going programs.
authors.affiliation: West Australian Heart Research Institute, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Milligan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Taggart
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Medland
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gracey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vandongen
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Beilin
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004032:Diet; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012307:Risk Factors; D012572:School Health Services; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class