title: Removal of endotoxin and cytokines by plasma exchange in patients with acute hepatic failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the circulating concentrations of endotoxin and cytokines in patients with fulminant hepatitis and patients with the severe form of acute hepatitis, and to assess the effects of plasma exchange on the circulating concentrations of these inflammatory mediators in patients with acute hepatic failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, consecutive entry study of patients meeting fulminant hepatitis criteria and the severe form of acute hepatitis criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital, intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients with fulminant hepatitis, eight patients with the severe form of acute hepatitis, two patients with acute-on-chronic hepatic failure, and one patient with postoperative hepatic failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma endotoxin, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 were determined on admission in five patients with fulminant hepatitis and eight patients with the severe form of acute hepatitis. Circulating concentrations of the inflammatory mediators were measured before and after a single course of plasma exchange in eight patients with acute liver failure, including five patients with fulminant hepatitis, two patients with acute-on-chronic hepatic failure, and one patient with postoperative hepatic failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-alpha and IL-6 in patients with fulminant hepatitis were significantly higher than in patients with the severe form of acute hepatitis, whereas endotoxin concentrations did not differ between patients with fulminant hepatitis or the severe form of acute hepatitis. IL-1beta was not detectable in patients with either fulminant hepatitis or the severe form of acute hepatitis. Plasma endotoxin concentrations decreased immediately after plasma exchange. Serum concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were significantly lower after plasma exchange than before plasma exchange.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TNF-alpha and IL-6 may be important in the pathogenesis of the clinical symptoms that differentiate fulminant hepatitis from the severe form of acute hepatitis, and plasma exchange removes these inflammatory mediators from the circulation of patients with severe liver disease.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishiki
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sugihara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Muto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moriwaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood*; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood*; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010951:Plasma Exchange; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D007378:Interleukins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha