title: Operative risk and prognostic factors of typical bronchial carcinoid tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study estimated operative risk and examined factors determining long-term survival after resection of typical carcinoid tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1976 to 1996, 139 consecutive patients (66 male and 73 female patients with a mean age of 47 +/- 15 years) underwent thoracotomy for typical carcinoid tumor. The tumors were centrally located in 102 patients (73.4%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radical resection was performed in 106 patients (7 pneumonectomies, 13 bilobectomies, and 86 lobectomies) and conservative resection in 33 (3 segmentectomies, 3 wedge resections, 20 sleeve lobectomies, and 7 sleeve bronchectomies). There were no postoperative deaths. Complications occurred in 19 patients (13.7%). The morbidity rate was not increased after bronchoplastic procedures (chi 2 = 0.033, not significant). Staging was pT1 in 107 patients (77.0%) and pT2 in 32 (23.0%); 13 patients (9.4%) had nodal metastases. Seventeen patients have died (12.2%), during follow-up, but only three deaths were related to the disease. The overall survival rate at 5, 10, and 15 years was estimated to be 92.4%, 88.3%, and 76.4%, respectively; estimated disease-free survival was 100% at 5 years and 91.4% at 10 and 15 years. Estimated survival of patients with lymph node metastasis was 100% at 5, 10, and 15 years. Univariate analysis failed to demonstrate any prognostic significance for sex, tumor size (T1 versus T2), tumor location (central versus peripheral), and type of resection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data confirm an excellent prognosis after complete resection of typical carcinoid tumors, including those with lymph node metastases. Parenchyma-saving resections should be preferred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ducrocq
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Massard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barsotti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giudicelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wihlm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001984:Bronchial Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects