title: Use of PCR in resolving diagnostic difficulties potentially caused by genetic variation of hepatitis B virus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relevance of genetic variants of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and to demonstrate the usefulness of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cases of HBV diagnostic difficulty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five serum samples from patients that presented diagnostic difficulty in routine laboratories were sent to a research laboratory for PCR, and if appropriate, S gene sequencing, in vitro expression, and antigenic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The demonstration of HBV in serum by PCR allowed a definitive diagnosis of current infection. One serum sample with poor reactivity in a diagnostic assay had a minor hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) variant and another with very poor reactivity had multiple variants of HBsAg. Transient HBsAg reactivity was observed in a recently vaccinated patient. A hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) false positive reaction was noted in a patient from a well defined risk group for HBV. One patient who was strongly HBsAg/HBeAg positive, but anti-hepatitis B core antibody negative, was viraemic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCR may become the gold standard for the diagnosis of current HBV infection. HBV variants are responsible for a proportion of diagnostically difficult cases. Modification of commercial assays is necessary to increase the sensitivity of detection of such variants.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Deursen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hino
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wyatt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Molyneaux
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Dow
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Carman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000378:metabolism; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens