title: Encephalopathy and progression of human immunodeficiency virus disease in a cohort of children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. Women and Infants Transmission Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the incidence, predictors, and survival of children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy followed in the Women and Infants Transmission Study cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of clinical and immunologic staging of perinatally HIV-infected infants, based on the 1994 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Classification System.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were available for 128 HIV-infected children, with a median follow-up of 24 months. HIV encephalopathy was diagnosed in 27 (21%) of children. Median survival after diagnosis was 14 months. Of children with encephalopathy, 74% had at least moderate immunosuppression by the time of diagnosis. Encephalopathy represented the first acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining condition in 67%, and the only one in 26% of children. Hepatosplenomegaly or lymphadenopathy during the first 3 months of life was diagnosed in 63%, in contrast to 29% of those without encephalopathy (p value = 0.001). Cardiomyopathy was present in 30% of the children with encephalopathy versus 2% of those without encephalopathy. High viral load in infancy was associated with increased risk of encephalopathy but was not predictive of age at onset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Encephalopathy in children with HIV is common and is associated with high viral load, immunodeficiency, and shortened survival. Encephalopathy was more likely to develop in infants with early signs and symptoms of HIV, although age at onset could not be predicted.
authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abboud
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pitt
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Smeriglio
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis