title: Alcohol consumption and mortality. II. Studies of male populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This is the second of a set of three papers evaluating drinking status and mortality risk. Analysis of eight general population surveys of men evaluated all-cause mortality rates by drinking pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  Raw data from three studies of youth and five studies of adults were evaluated. Logistic regression models controlled for confounding characteristics. Meta-analysis combined study results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drinking pattern was alternatively defined by quantity, frequency and volume of drinking. Final models included drinking pattern (as well as abstinence in the youth models and long-term abstainers and former drinkers in adult models), age and other confounding variables. Models also evaluated interactions of age and, respectively, long-term abstinence and former drinking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No evidence was found for the hypothesis that abstinence is associated with greater mortality risk than light drinking. In the youth samples, abstainers had a lower risk of dying than those drinking less than 15 times per month. One study of the adult samples showed a significant age by former drinker interaction; this did not alter the lack of association of former drinking with mortality risk or the homogeneity of results across studies for this finding. The most consistent finding was the association of heavy drinking with mortality among youth. Among adults, drinking 43 or more drinks per month and drinking 21 or more times per month were associated with increased mortality risk. Quantity per occasion was not significantly associated with mortality risk among adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  That frequent drinking was related to mortality risk, whereas heavier quantity was unrelated, is inconsistent with the belief that daily consumption of a few glasses of wine has salutary effects. Empirically, however, this pattern tends to be unusual. Findings were homogeneous across studies lending generalizability to results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0646, USA.
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Leino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romelsjö
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ager
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Allebeck
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fillmore
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Golding
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kniep
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013695:Temperance; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology