title: Evolution on a volcanic conveyor belt: using phylogeographic reconstructions and K-Ar-based ages of the Hawaiian Islands to estimate molecular evolutionary rates.
abstract: The Hawaiian Islands form as the Pacific Plate moves over a 'hot spot' in the earth's mantle where magma extrudes through the crust to build huge shield volcanos. The islands subside and erode as the plate carries them to the north-west, eventually to become coral atolls and seamounts. Thus islands are ordered linearly by age, with the oldest islands in the north-west (e.g. Kauai at 5.1 Ma) and the youngest in the south-east (e.g. Hawaii at 0.43 Ma). K-Ar estimates of the date of an island's formation provide a maximum age for the taxa inhabiting the island. These ages can be used to calibrate rates of molecular change under the following assumptions: (i) K-Ar dates are accurate; (ii) tree topologies show that derivation of taxa parallels the timing of island formation; (iii) populations do not colonize long after island emergence; (iv) the coalescent point for sister taxa does not greatly predate the formation of the colonized younger island; (v) saturation effects and (vi) among-lineage rate variation are minimal or correctable; and (vii) unbiased standard errors of distances and regressions can be estimated from multiple pairwise comparisons. We use the approach to obtain overall corrected rate calibrations for: (i) part of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in Hawaiian drepanidines (0.016 sequence divergence/Myr); (ii) the Yp1 gene in Hawaiian Drosophila (0.019/Myr Kambysellis et al. 1995); and (iii) parts of the mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA and tRNAval in Laupala crickets (0.024-0.102/Myr, Shaw 1996). We discuss the reliability of the estimates given the assumptions (i-vii) above and contrast the results with previous calibrations of Adh in Hawaiian Drosophila and chloroplast DNA in lobeliods.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20008, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Fleischer
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Tarr
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001128:Argon / Q000737:chemistry; D001717:Birds / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D003573:Cytochrome b Group / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004330:Drosophila / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D005843:Geography; D006135:Gryllidae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D006254:Hawaii; D010802:Phylogeny; D011188:Potassium / Q000737:chemistry; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D012366:RNA, Transfer, Val / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014819:Vitellogenins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D018707:Volcanic Eruptions
chemical_list: D003573:Cytochrome b Group; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012366:RNA, Transfer, Val; C075526:RNA, ribosomal, 12S; D014819:Vitellogenins; C105973:YP1 protein, Drosophila; D001128:Argon; D011188:Potassium