title: M. levator ani in the rat: does it really lift the anus?
abstract: There is a good deal of confusion about the denomination of the pelvic floor muscles of the rat in the literature. By carefully dissecting and observing tail and visceral movements and pressure measurements in the vagina, rectum, and urethra during electrical stimulation, we studied the anatomy and function of the different muscles and searched for similarities with the human anatomy.
  
  
  
  We found some degree of similarity between the M. pubococcygeus and M. iliococcygeus muscles in both species. The M. levator ani in the rat resembles in gross anatomy the M. puborectalis in man, but the insertion and function are different. More specifically, stimulation of the M. levator ani led to only a negligible pressure rise in the rectum and no lifting of the rectum or anus.
  
  
  
  The M. pubococcygeus and the M. iliococcygeus share similarities with their homologues in the human. The M. levator ani, which is present only in the male rat, reveals some anatomical resemblance with the human M. puborectalis but has a different insertion and function. Because it does not lift the anus during contraction, its denomination as M. levator ani seems unjustified. Because of its principal sexual function, its fixation to the bulbus, and its sensitivity to testosterone, naming this muscle M. bulbocavernosus dorsalis would indeed seem more logical.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poortmans
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wyndaele
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal; D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology; D013623:Tail / Q000502:physiology; D014521:Urethra / Q000502:physiology; D014621:Vagina / Q000502:physiology; D014781:Viscera / Q000502:physiology