title: Hand assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy: comparison to standard laparoscopic nephrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report our initial experience with hand assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy, and compare it to our results of standard laparoscopic nephrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results of 21 hand assisted and standard laparoscopic nephrectomies (15 simple and 4 radical nephrectomies, and 2 nephroureterectomies) were reviewed. Hand assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed with a hand placed intra-abdominally using the Pneumo Sleeve,* in addition to standard laparoscopic instruments manipulated through laparoscopic ports. Standard laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed using laparoscopic instruments alone. Perioperative data were recorded and questionnaires, including visual analog pain scales, were administered prospectively to 17 of 21 cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average operative time for 13 hand assisted laparoscopic nephrectomies was 240 minutes, which was significantly less than the 325-minute average for 8 standard laparoscopic nephrectomies (p = 0.04). Major complications tended to be more frequent in the standard group (38 versus 8%, p = 0.10). Hospital stay, return to normal activity and corrected 2-week abdominal/flank pain score in the hand assisted group (3.1 days, 14 days and 0.8, respectively) were not significantly different from the standard group (3.0 days, 10 days and 0.2, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to standard laparoscopic techniques, hand assistance appears to facilitate the operative speed and safety of laparoscopic nephrectomy without sacrificing the benefits of minimally invasive surgery. Hand assistance may make laparoscopic nephrectomy more appealing to urologists without advanced laparoscopic experience, may facilitate the laparoscopic management of demanding pathological conditions and is particularly useful when intact specimens are required. Hand assistance, by improving manipulative ability and tactile sense, is helpful for select cases of laparoscopic nephrectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Nakada
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology