title: Prevalence odds ratio or prevalence ratio in the analysis of cross sectional data: what is to be done?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the appropriateness of the prevalence odds ratio (POR) and the prevalence ratio (PR) as effect measures in the analysis of cross sectional data and to evaluate different models for the multivariate estimation of the PR.
  
  
  METHODS
  A system of linear differential equations corresponding to a dynamic model of a cohort with a chronic disease was developed. At any point in time, a cross sectional analysis of the people then in the cohort provided a prevalence based measure of the effect of exposure on disease. This formed the basis for exploring the relations between the POR, the PR, and the incidence rate ratio (IRR). Examples illustrate relations for various IRRs, prevalences, and differential exodus rates. Multivariate point and interval estimation of the PR by logistic regression is illustrated and compared with the results from proportional hazards regression (PH) and generalised linear modelling (GLM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The POR is difficult to interpret without making restrictive assumptions and the POR and PR may lead to different conclusions with regard to confounding and effect modification. The PR is always conservative relative to the IRR and, if PR > 1, the POR is always > PR. In a fixed cohort and with an adverse exposure, the POR is always > or = IRR, but in a dynamic cohort with sufficient underlying follow up the POR may overestimate or underestimate the IRR, depending on the duration of follow up. Logistic regression models provide point and interval estimates of the PR (and POR) but may be intractable in the presence of many covariates. Proportional hazards and generalised linear models provide statistical methods directed specifically at the PR, but the interval estimation in the case of PH is conservative and the GLM procedure may require constrained estimation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PR is conservative, consistent, and interpretable relative to the IRR and should be used in preference to the POR. Multivariate estimation of the PR should be executed by means of generalised linear models or, conservatively, by proportional hazards regression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kriebel
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis