title: Individual cell analysis of the cytokine repertoire in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected monocytes/macrophages by a combination of immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization.
abstract: The expression of many cytokines is dysregulated in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). To determine the effects of HIV-1 infection on cytokine expression in individual cells (at the single cell level), we investigated the intracellular levels of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha, interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8) and hematopoietic growth factors (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF], granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]) in monocyte-derived macrophages, mock-infected, or infected with HIV-1 by immunocytochemical staining for cytokine protein and compared this with secreted cytokine levels as determined by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No difference in the frequency or intensity of cell-associated immunocytochemical cytokine staining could be observed between HIV-1 and mock-infected cells even though the level of secreted proinflammatory cytokines increased and the hematopoietic growth factors decreased in HIV-1-infected cultures. Furthermore, equal expression of cytokine mRNA was observed in all cells in the culture regardless of whether the cells were productively infected with HIV-1 as determined by double-labelling immunocytochemical staining for HIV-1 p24 antigen and in situ hybridization for cytokine mRNA expression. These results indicate that HIV-1 infection results in dysregulation of intracellular cytokine mRNA expression and cytokine secretion not only in HIV-1-infected cells, but also through an indirect way(s) affecting cells not producing virus.
authors.affiliation: Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Esser
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Glienke
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andreesen
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kreutz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rübsamen-Waigmann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: von Briesen
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines