title: Clinical course of gamma-hydroxybutyrate overdose.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical characteristics and course of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) overdose.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assembled a retrospective series of all cases of GHB ingestion see in an urban public-hospital emergency department and entered in a computerized database January 1993 through December 1996. From these cases we extracted demographic information, concurrent drug use, vital signs, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, laboratory values, and clinical course.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one (69%) of the 88 patients were male. The mean age was 28 years. Thirty-four cases (39%) involved coingestion of ethanol, and 25 (28%) involved coingestion of another drug, most commonly amphetamines. Twenty-five cases (28%) had a GCS score of 3, and 28 (33%) had scores ranging from 4 through 8. The mean time to regained consciousness from initial presentation among nonintubated patients with an initial GCS of 13 or less was 146 minutes (range, 16-389). Twenty-two patients (31%) had an initial temperature of 35 degrees C or less. Thirty-two (36%) had asymptomatic bradycardia; in 29 of these cases, the initial GCS score was 8 or less. Ten patients (11%) presented with hypotension (systolic blood pressure < or = 90 mm Hg); 6 of these patients also demonstrated concurrent bradycardia. Arterial blood gases were measured in 30 patients; 21 had a PCO2 of 45 or greater, with pH ranging from 7.24 to 7.34, consistent with mild acute respiratory acidosis. Twenty-six patients (30%) had an episode of emesis; in 22 of these cases, the initial GCS was 8 or less.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study population, patients who overdosed on GHB presented with a markedly decreased level of consciousness. Coingestion of ethanol or other drugs is common, as are bradycardia, hypothermia, respiratory acidosis, and emesis. Hypotension occurs occasionally. Patients typically regain consciousness spontaneously within 5 hours of the ingestion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Services, San Francisco General Hospital, CA, USA. rchin@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Sporer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cullison
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000506:poisoning*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016208:Databases, Factual; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000503:physiopathology; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012978:Sodium Oxybate / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D012978:Sodium Oxybate