title: Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of KRN8602 alone and with filgrastim in patients with advanced cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the recommended dose, toxicity profile, and pharmacokinetics of KRN8602 (MX2-hydrochloride), a novel morpholino anthracycline with potent cytotoxicity against anthracycline-sensitive and resistant experimental tumors in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  KRN8602 was administered alone in increasing doses to patients with advanced cancer or high-grade gliomas until dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was observed in three or more of five patients treated in a dose level. Because neutropenia was dose limiting, further escalation was investigated with filgrastim support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-six assessable patients completed at least one cycle of chemotherapy. The recommended dose of KRN8602 alone was 40 mg/m2. Dose escalation was limited by neutropenia. The recommended dose of KRN8602 with filgrastim was 70 mg/m2, and limiting toxicities were neutropenia, diarrhea, and vomiting. The most commonly experienced nonhematologic toxicity was nausea and vomiting. Alopecia and mucositis were infrequent and mild. Pharmacokinetic parameters showed substantial variation, although the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum concentration both increased with dose. There was no relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KRN8602 at doses of 40 mg/m2 when administered alone and 70 mg/m2 when administered with filgrastim appeared to be manageable. The major DLTs were neutropenia and, at higher doses, diarrhea and vomiting. The efficacy of this drug is currently being tested in phase II studies.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Developmental Cancer Therapeutics, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Basser
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cebon
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Geldard
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002360:Carubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D000069585:Filgrastim; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C053537:morpholinoanthracycline MX2; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D002360:Carubicin; D000069585:Filgrastim