title: Management of severe scleroderma with long-term extracorporeal photopheresis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of systemic sclerosis remains unsatisfactory. Thus far, the action of extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) in severe systemic scleroderma has been evaluated in short-term studies, and only limited experience has been obtained with long-term application.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate prospectively the long-term effect of ECP in a group of 16 patients suffering from severe scleroderma, showing visceral involvement and progressive clinical course.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with systemic scleroderma involving several organs, 1 with CREST syndrome and another with scleroderma-myositis overlap syndrome were treated with ECP over a period of 6-45 months. In 3 cases, gamma-IFN was additionally administered. Skin and visceral involvement were assessed by evaluating a series of clinical criteria and results from laboratory, imaging and functional tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, clear improvement was encountered in 6 patients, mixed response in 2, stable disease in 3 and continuing progressive course in 5 patients. Four out of 6 patients with improvement were treated with ECP early after onset of scleroderma (< or = 2 years), whereas all patients with a progressive course under ECP had had scleroderma for longer than 2 years. Immunosuppressive drugs previously administered could be reduced or fully withdrawn under ECP treatment in 5 patients, but additional oral medication was introduced in 4 patients due to disease progression. Addition of gamma-IFN to ECP did not reveal further benefit. No side-effects were recorded under ECP treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this observation, we believe that long-term ECP represents an effective treatment modality in severe scleroderma particularly when started early, with stabilization of the disease course and partial remission of the cutaneous findings, whereas visceral involvement, if present, may rarely improve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Benjamin Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krasagakis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dippel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramaker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Owsianowski
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Orfanos
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017893:Photopheresis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016898:Interferon-alpha