title: Psychosocial work characteristics and social support as predictors of SF-36 health functioning: the Whitehall II study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether work characteristics and social support are predictors of physical, psychological, and social functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Work characteristics (Karasek and Siegrist models) and social support at baseline were used to predict health functioning measured by the SF-36 General Health Survey 5 years later in a prospective cohort study of 10,308 British male and female civil servants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Effort-reward imbalance and negative aspects of close relationships predicted poor physical, psychological, and social functioning after adjustment for the potential confounding effects of age, employment grade, baseline ill health, and negative affectivity. These psychosocial characteristics seem to act in a similar way in the healthy and those with existing illness. Psychological demands at work in women, and low confiding/emotional support in men, also predicted poor functioning. Etiologically. these effects are not mediated through health-related behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Negative aspects of work (high demands and effort-reward imbalance) and negative aspects of close relationships are independent powerful predictors of poor health functioning. They may have an etiological role, which is independent of baseline illness.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Health and Society, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London Medical School, England.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stansfeld
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bosma
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hemingway
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marmot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008019:Life Style; D008131:London; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012944:Social Support; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000523:psychology