title: Antibiotics for the preservation of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) semen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the normal microbial flora of the koala ejaculate and prepuce in order to select appropriate antibiotics for addition into diluents designed for the preservation of semen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bacteriological samples of the koala prepuce (n = 12) and ejaculate (n = 20) were submitted for microbial culture and sensitivity testing. Microbial flora of ejaculates collected by electroejaculation and artificial vagina were compared. The effects of varying concentrations of penicillin G and gentamicin on sperm motility and on the growth of bacteria in diluted semen stored at room temperature and 16 degrees C over a 24 h period were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A range of bacteria was isolated from the koala prepuce and ejaculate. The predominant organisms in semen collected by electroejaculation and artificial vagina were Corynebacterium spp, none of which could be assigned to any recognised species. The addition of penicillin G and gentamicin to a PBS-based diluent at dose rates of 1000 to 2000 IU/mL and 100 to 200 micrograms/mL respectively, resulted in no adverse effect on sperm motility over a 24 h incubation period. Penicillin G (1000 IU/mL) and gentamicin (100 micrograms/mL) prevented growth of bacterial contaminants in diluted koala semen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By controlling the growth of bacteria in extended koala semen, penicillin G and gentamicin are likely to lengthen the period by which spermatozoa can be stored at 16 degrees C and reduce the possibility of disease transmission during artificial insemination procedures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Health and Production, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Queensland.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Boyle
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tribe
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Higgins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003352:Corynebacterium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008394:Marsupialia / Q000502:physiology*; D010400:Penicillin G / Q000494:pharmacology; D010406:Penicillins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010413:Penis / Q000382:microbiology*; D012661:Semen / Q000382:microbiology*; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D010406:Penicillins; D010400:Penicillin G