title: Metabolic changes during recovery in normothermic versus hypothermic patients undergoing surgery and receiving general anesthesia and epidural local anesthetic agents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mild hypothermia is accompanied by metabolic changes. Epidural local anesthetic agents attenuate the surgical stress response, but it is not known whether they modulate thermal stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients undergoing colorectal surgery, performed by one surgical team, received epidural 0.5% bupivacaine to achieve T3-S5 sensory block. They were then assigned randomly to two groups of 15 patients each. The control or unwarmed group was left to cool during surgery, whereas active warming was used in the warmed group. General anesthesia was induced by thiopentone, vecuronium, fentanyl, nitrous oxide in oxygen, and enflurane. At the end of surgery, both groups received epidural 0.25% bupivacaine to maintain a T5-L3 sensory block. Aural canal (core) and skin surface (15 sites) temperatures; oxygen consumption; pain visual analogue score; and concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucose, cortisol, lactate, and free fatty acids in plasma were measured before epidural blockade, 30 min after epidural blockade, at the end of surgery, and for 4 h after surgery. Patients and those measuring the outcomes were unaware of group allocation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Core and mean skin temperatures decreased significantly in the control group (P < 0.001) but not in the warmed group. Catecholamine concentrations in plasma decreased significantly after epidural block, and although concentration of epinephrine in plasma increased from baseline sharply in the control group at the end of surgery (P = 0.004), it decreased in the warmed group (P = 0.007). During recovery, there was no difference between the two groups for norepinephrine concentrations in plasma, body weight-adjusted oxygen consumption, pain visual analogue score, and metabolites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The postoperative metabolic changes obtained with epidural block were similar except for an attenuated concentration of epinephrine in normothermic patients compared with those who were mildly hypothermic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Motamed
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klubien
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edwardes
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mazza
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002395:Catecholamines; D002045:Bupivacaine