title: Alcohol consumption and mortality. III. Studies of female populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This is the third of a set of three papers evaluating drinking status and mortality risk. Analysis of three general population surveys of women evaluated all-cause mortality rates by drinking pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  Raw data from three studies of adult women were evaluated. Logistic regression models controlled for confounding characteristics. Meta-analysis combined study results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drinking pattern was alternatively defined by quantity, frequency and volume of drinking. Final models included drinking pattern (including long-term abstainers and former drinkers) as well as age and other confounding variables. Models also evaluated interactions of age and, respectively, long-term abstinence and former drinking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In models in which age was controlled, odds of death for long-term abstainers and former drinkers (defined by volume or quantity) were greater than those for light drinkers; odds of death for moderate and heavy drinkers (defined by quantity) were greater than those for light drinkers. When other psychosocial attributes were controlled, odds of death were similar for abstainers and light drinkers. When other psychosocial attributes were controlled, odds of death for heavy drinkers (defined by volume and quantity) were greater than those for light drinkers. When interactions of age and the two forms of abstinence were introduced, one study showed a significant effect of age and former drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results were consistent with the hypothesis that characteristics of abstainers other than their non-use of alcohol may account for their higher mortality risk. With the exception of former drinkers compared to light drinkers, when interactions were introduced into models (for measures of quantity and frequency) findings were homogeneous across studies, lending generalizability to results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0646, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fillmore
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Golding
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kniep
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Leino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romelsjö
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ager
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Allebeck
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Ferrer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology