title: Increased psychosocial strain in Lithuanian versus Swedish men: the LiVicordia study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality is four times higher in 50-year-old Lithuanian men than in 50-year-old Swedish men. The difference cannot be explained by standard risk factors. The objective of this study was to examine differences in psychosocial risk factors for CHD in the two countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The LiVicordia study is a cross-sectional survey comparing 150 randomly selected 50-year-old men in each of the two cities: Vilnius, Lithuania, and Linköping, Sweden. As part of the study, a broad range of psychosocial characteristics, known to predict CHD, were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the men from Vilnius compared with those from Linköping, we found a cluster of psychosocial risk factors for CHD; higher job strain (p <.01), lower social support at work, lower emotional support, and lower social integration (p values <.001). Vilnius men also showed lower coping, self-esteem, and sense of coherence (p values < .001), higher vital exhaustion, and depression (p values < .001). Quality of life and perceived health were lower and expectations of ill health within 5 to 10 years were higher in Vilnius men (p values < .001). Correlations between measurements on traditional and psychosocial risk factors were few and weak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Vilnius men, representing the population with a four-fold higher CHD mortality, had unfavorable characteristics on a cluster of psychosocial risk factors for CHD in comparison with the Linköping men. We suggest that this finding may provide a basis for possible new explanations of the differences in CHD mortality between Lithuania and Sweden.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kristenson
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kucinskienë
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bergdahl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Calkauskas
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Urmonas
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Orth-Gomér
mesh_terms: D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008097:Lithuania / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology