title: Major vascular injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. An institutional review of experience with 2589 procedures and literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, major vascular injury has been a rare but very serious complication of the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 2,589 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed at our institution between May 1, 1990, and December 31, 1996, were retrospectively reviewed to identify major vascular injury and the mechanisms involved. All these procedures were performed either by surgical attendings or senior surgical residents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 1,372 operations performed here between May 1, 1990, and May 1, 1994, there were three major vascular injuries. One was to a portal vein, due to dissection during lysis of adhesions; the other two, to the aorta and vena cava, were due to trocar insertions. There was one mortality secondary to liver failure following repair of the portal vein injury. Between May 1, 1994, and December 1, 1996, there were no major vascular injuries; our overall incidence was 0.11%. A review of the literature on this subject is included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a very safe procedure; major vascular injury is a rare complication, but mandates early recognition and consideration of prompt exploratory laparotomy. These injuries can be avoided by strict adherence to laparoscopic guidelines: obtaining pneumoperitoneum by the open technique, inserting side trocars under direct vision, elevating the abdominal wall prior to trocar insertion, and training surgeons in a laparoscopic laboratory.
authors.affiliation: Staten Island University Hospital, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, NY 10305, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Usal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sayad
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hayek
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hallak
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huie
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferzli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000293:injuries*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies