title: Quantitative analysis of respiratory, motor, and sensory function after supraclavicular block.
abstract: The incidence and clinical significance of hemidiaphragmatic paresis after supraclavicular block of the brachial plexus is unknown. Eight healthy volunteers received a supraclavicular block with a standard technique using 30 mL of 1.5% lidocaine. Respiratory function was assessed with ultrasound of the diaphragm, respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP), and pulmonary function tests (PFT) every 20 min. Sensory block was assessed with pinprick and motor block with isometric force dynamometry every 20 min. Four of eight subjects demonstrated hemidiaphragmatic paresis on both ultrasound and RIP. No subject experienced changes in PFT values or subjective symptoms of respiratory difficulty. Motor and sensory blockade outlasted hemidiaphragmatic paresis. These results are contrasted to the often symptomatic, 100% incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis seen after interscalene block. In this study of healthy volunteers, supraclavicular block was associated with a 50% incidence (95% confidence interval 14-86) of hemidiaphragmatic paresis that was not accompanied by clinical evidence of respiratory compromise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interscalene block is always associated with diaphragmatic paralysis and respiratory compromise. The significance of these side effects after supraclavicular block is unknown. Using sensitive measures of respiratory function, we determined that diaphragmatic paralysis occurs less often with the supraclavicular approach and is not associated with respiratory difficulties in healthy subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kopacz
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Plorde
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000187:drug effects; D002968:Clavicle / Q000294:innervation; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000294:innervation; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010991:Plethysmography; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012133:Respiratory Paralysis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012677:Sensation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine