title: The organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos affects form deprivation myopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of the anti-cholinesterase organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) on the refractive development of the eye were examined. Form deprivation was used to induce eye growth to address the previously reported relationship between organophosphate pesticide use and the incidence of myopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chickens, a well-established animal model for experimental myopia and organophosphate neurotoxicity, were dosed with chlorpyrifos (3 mg/kg per day, orally, from day 2 to day 9 after hatching) or corn oil vehicle (VEH) with or without monocular form deprivation (MFD) over the same period. The set of dependent measures included the refractive state of each eye measured using retinoscopy, axial dimensions determined with A-scan ultrasound, and intraocular pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dosing with CPF yielded an inhibition of 35% butyrylcholinesterase in plasma and 45% acetylcholinesterase in brain. MFD resulted in a significant degree of myopia in form-deprived eyes resulting from significant lengthening of the vitreal chamber of the eye. CPF significantly reduced the effect of MFD, resulting in less myopic eyes (mean refraction: VEH-MFD = -16.2 +/- 2.3 diopters; CPF-MFD = -11.1 +/- 1.8 diopters) with significantly shorter vitreal chambers. Nonoccluded eyes were, on average, slightly hyperopic. Treatment with CPF for 1 week in the absence of MFD led to no significant change in ocular dimensions or refraction relative to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of form deprivation as a challenge suggests that CPF treatment interferes with the visual regulation of eye growth.
authors.affiliation: Neurotoxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abdel-Rahman
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Peiffer
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Abou-Donia
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Boyes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase / Q000097:blood; D002645:Chickens; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000378:metabolism; D005123:Eye / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D005556:Form Perception; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D009216:Myopia / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007306:Insecticides; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase; D002802:Cholinesterases; D004390:Chlorpyrifos