title: Risks of surgical management for cavernous malformations of the nervous system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As more information evolves regarding the natural history of cavernous malformations (CMs), the risks of operative intervention must be balanced against nonoperative management. In an attempt to better delineate the surgical risks for operable CMs, we undertook a retrospective analysis of 94 patients with 97 CMs surgically excised at the Massachusetts General Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data regarding surgical complications and outcome measures, including neurological status and seizure outcome, were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of transient neurological morbidity was 20.6%, but only 4 of the 97 operations (4.1%) resulted in persistent disabling neurological complications and 2 (2.1 %) in nondisabling deficits. There was no operative mortality. Brain stem lesions (n=14) were associated with the highest incidence of neurological complications, both transient and persistent (odds ratio, 4.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-15.7). The overall neurological outcome was excellent or good in 89.7% of all lesions: 96.8% of lobar CMs (n=63), 64.2% of brain stem CMs (n=14), 87.5% of cerebellar CMs (n=8), 100% of cranial nerve CMs (n=4), and 75% of spinal cord CMs (n=8). Patients with brain stem and spinal cord CMs were in poorer preoperative neurological condition than were patients with CMs in other locations and therefore had a significantly reduced level of function after surgery (P < 0.01). There was improvement in 35.7% of the patients with brain stem lesions and 62.5% of the patients with spinal cord lesions after surgery. In the 38 patients presenting with seizures, 97% were seizure-free after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risks of operative management of CMs varies based on location. When evaluating patients with operable CMs for surgery, the incidence of complications as well as final neurological outcome should be carefully weighed against the existing knowledge of the natural history of lesions managed expectantly.
authors.affiliation: Cerebrovascular Surgery, Neurosurgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amin-Hanjani
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ogilvy
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ojemann
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Crowell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome