title: Ventricular enlargement in poor-outcome schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A subset of patients with schizophrenia, defined on the basis of longitudinal deficits in self-care, may show a classic ("Kraepelinian") degenerative course. An independent validator of the phenomenologically defined Kraepelinian subtype might be provided by a structural indicator of possible brain degeneration: ventricular size as measured by computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  METHODS
  To examine whether Kraepelinian patients would show a differential increase in ventricular size over time, two CT scans were conducted at intervals separated by > 4 years, an average of 5 years. Fifty-three male patients with DSM-III-R diagnoses of chronic schizophrenia were subdivided into Kraepelinian (n = 22; mean age = 42 +/- 6 years) and non-Kraepelinian (n = 31; mean age = 38 +/- 12.2 years) subgroups. Kraepelinian patients were defined on the basis of longitudinal criteria: > 5 years of complete dependence on others for life necessities and care, lack of employment, and sustained symptomatology. Thirteen normal elderly volunteers (mean age = 60 +/- 17.8) were also scanned at 4-year intervals. CT measurements were made by raters without knowledge of subgroup membership. A semiautomated computer program was used to trace the anterior horn, lateral ventricles, and temporal horns for each slice level on which they were clearly seen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ventricles showed a bilateral increase in size over the 4-year interval in the Kraepelinian subgroup, more marked in the left hemisphere than the right. By contrast, neither the non-Kraepelinian subgroup nor the normal volunteers showed significant CT changes from scan 1 to scan 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, the longitudinal dysfunctions in self-care that characterize the Kraepelinian patients were associated with an independent indicator of brain abnormality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Buchsbaum
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shihabuddin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spiegel-Cohen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frecska
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Powchik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed