title: Glutathione-related antioxidant defenses in human atherosclerotic plaques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress, resulting from an antioxidant/prooxidant imbalance, seems to be crucial in atherogenesis. Recent evidence has emerged, however, of a surprisingly high content of low-molecular-weight antioxidants in human atherosclerotic plaques, although other antioxidant systems have not been investigated in these lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied glutathione-related antioxidant defenses (which play a key role in tissue antioxidant protection) in carotid atherosclerotic plaques of 13 patients subjected to endarterectomy and in normal internal mammary arteries of 13 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity was undetectable in the plaques of 7 patients; the other 6 patients with plaques showed a mean enzymatic activity approximately 3.5-fold lower than that of mammary arteries. Glutathione reductase activity was also markedly lower in the plaques than in the arteries. Glutathione transferase instead had comparable activity in the two tissues. Remarkably, 5 of the 7 patients with an undetectable selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity but none of the 6 with a detectable one were characterized by multivascular atherosclerotic involvement (3 patients) or stenosis of the contralateral carotid artery (2 patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A weak glutathione-related enzymatic antioxidant shield is present in human atherosclerotic lesions. Although the cause of this phenomenon remains to be determined, the present data suggest that a specific antioxidant/prooxidant imbalance operative in the vascular wall may be involved in atherogenic processes in humans.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Fisiopatologia Medica, Universitá degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Facoltá di Medicina e Chirurgia, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lapenna
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Gioia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciofani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mezzetti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ucchino
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Calafiore
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Napolitano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Ilio
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cuccurullo
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008323:Mammary Arteries / Q000201:enzymology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide