title: Radiation exposure to interventional radiologists during manual-injection digital subtraction angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the relationship between the amount of radiation exposure to the operator during table-side manual-injection angiographic procedures including digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and the operator's position, as well as a simple means to decrease radiation exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurement of radiation exposure was carried out with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) in nine abdominal angiographies. In the first study, radiation exposure during DSA or during fluoroscopy was measured using TLDs placed near the angiographic table. In the second study, radiation exposure to the interventional radiologist was measured during manual-injection DSA at a near and a far operator position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiation exposure to the operator received during manual-injection DSA accounted for more than 90% of the total procedural exposure. The exposure to the operator markedly decreased at the far position compared with that at the near position when performing DSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Manual-injection DSA is the largest contributor to radiation exposure received by the interventional radiologist, therefore, the use of a power injector is always recommended when performing DSA. When manual-injection DSA is necessary, radiologists should position themselves as far away from the patient as possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitagawa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishii
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D015642:Radiology, Interventional; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry