title: Pharmacokinetics of three doses of once-weekly fluconazole (150, 300, and 450 mg) in distal subungual onychomycosis of the toenail.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preliminary clinical data suggest that fluconazole is effective in the treatment of patients with onychomycosis. To design optimum dosage regimens, a better understanding of fluconazole's distribution into and elimination from nails is needed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine plasma and toenail concentrations of fluconazole.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind investigation, fluconazole (150 mg, 300 mg, or 450 mg) or matching placebo was administered once a week for a maximum of 12 months to patients with onychomycosis of the toenail. A total of 151 subjects participated in the pharmacokinetic assessment. Blood samples and distal toenail clippings from both affected and healthy nails were obtained for fluconazole concentration determinations at baseline, at the 2-week visit, at each monthly visit until the end of treatment, and then at 2, 4, and 6 months (nail samples only at the latter two) after fluconazole was discontinued.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluconazole was detected in healthy and affected nails at the 2-week assessment in nearly all subjects. The median time to reach steady-state fluconazole concentrations in healthy nails was 4 to 5 months in the three fluconazole dose groups. In affected nails, steady-state fluconazole concentrations were achieved more slowly, with a median time of 6 to 7 months. At the 8-month assessment, affected toenail fluconazole concentrations were higher than corresponding plasma fluconazole concentrations, with ratios of 1.31 to 1.50 in the three active treatment groups. Toenail concentrations of fluconazole declined slowly after treatment was discontinued, with elimination half-lives of 2.5, 2.4, and 3.7 months for the 150, 300, and 450 mg doses, respectively. Measurable fluconazole concentrations were still present in toenails at 6 months after treatment in most subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluconazole penetrates healthy and diseased nails rapidly, yielding detectable concentrations after two weekly doses. Once it penetrates nail, fluconazole persists for up to 6 months or longer after therapy is stopped. These favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics support a once-weekly fluconazole dosage regimen for the treatment of patients with onychomycosis.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Scher
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Breneman
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Savin
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Feingold
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Konnikov
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Shupack
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pinnell
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aly
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Odom
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Morman
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bucko
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Tschen
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Elewski
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hilbert
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005533:Foot Dermatoses / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009262:Nails / Q000378:metabolism; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015725:Fluconazole