title: Comparative treatment planning between proton and x-ray therapy in esophageal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conformal treatment planning with megavoltage x-rays and protons for five patients with esophageal cancer has been studied in an attempt to determine if there are advantages of using protons instead of x-rays.
  
  
  METHODS
  For each of the five patients, two different proton plans, one x-ray plan, and one mixed plan with x-rays and protons were made. A three-dimensional treatment planning system, TMS, was used. The evaluation of the different plans was made by applying the tumor control probability (TCP) model proposed by Nahum and Webb and the normal tissue complication (NTCP) model proposed by Lyman on the dose distributions in terms of dose-volume histograms (DVHs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The comparison shows advantages of using protons instead of x-rays for all five patients. The dose-limiting organs at risk are the spinal cord, the lungs, and the heart, but the proton plans also spare the kidneys better than the x-ray plan does. At 5% NTCP in any risk organ, the calculated mean TCP value for the five patients is increased by an average of 20%-units (from 2 to 23%-units) with the best proton plan compared with x-rays only. However, if we assume maximally a 1% risk in the spinal cord and a total NTCP for the two lungs of 100%, the mean TCP value for the five patients is increased from 6 to 49% with the best proton plan compared with x-rays only. The corresponding figure for the mixed plan is 27%. These gains are relatively insensitive to variations within reasonable limits in the biological parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protons appear to have clear therapeutic advantages over conventional external radiotherapy when treating esophageal carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University of Uppsala, Akademiska sjukhuset, Sweden.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Isacsson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lennernäs
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grusell
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montelius
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glimelius
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D011522:Protons