title: Clinical relevance of the distinction between alcohol dependence with and without a physiological component.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  DSM-IV indicates that diagnoses of substance dependence should be further characterized with regard to the presence of a physiological component, defined by tolerance or withdrawal. This study evaluated the possible meaning of this distinction in alcohol-dependent men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism, structured interviews were carried out with 3,395 DSM-III-R-defined alcohol-dependent individuals divided into 2,949 subjects (86.9%) with evidence of tolerance and/or withdrawal (group 1), 51.3% of whom evidenced withdrawal symptoms, and 446 subjects (13.1%) without a physiological component (group 2). Data were evaluated to determine differences between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 1 reported greater severity of alcohol dependence as demonstrated by a larger maximum number of drinks in 24 hours, more persons reporting binges, more alcohol-related life problems, more relevant DSM-III-R criteria endorsed, more physiological complications, and more alcohol-related emotional/psychiatric symptoms such as depression and anxiety. Each of these severity indicators for problems in group 1 was significant in the presence of the others in a logistic regression, and similar items remained significant when tolerance alone, withdrawal alone, or their combination was used as the criterion for group 1 membership; however, for withdrawal a larger proportion of the variance was explained by the predictor variables. The regression results were independent of gender, proband status, and history of antisocial personality disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the clinical relevance of distinguishing between alcohol-dependent patients with and without a physiological component. The data indicate a potential advantage to limiting that definition to withdrawal only.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161-2002, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schuckit
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Daeppen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Hesselbrock
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Nurnberger
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Bucholz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol