title: Microangiopathy of the brain, retina, and cochlea (Susac syndrome). A report of five cases and a review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study reports five new cases of microangiopathy of the brain, retina, and cochlea (Susac syndrome) and reviews the world's literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five cases were systematically studied by the authors. The cases in the literature were identified through Medline searches for Susac syndrome; microangiopathy of the brain, retina, or ear; and cross-referencing the indexes of each retrieved article.
  
  
  METHODS
  The number of new patients studied in this report was five. An additional 41 patients were culled from the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were treated with corticosteroids, antineoplastic agents, and other methods in a noncontrolled, nonrandomized fashion.
  
  
  METHODS
  With respect to therapeutic intervention, the main clinical outcome measures were return of vision, improvement of neurologic and psychiatric manifestations, and recovery of auditory function. Alterations of abnormalities observed by cranial magnetic resonance imaging also were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 46 identified patients, 39 were women. The mean age of the patients was 30 years. Forty-one patients (89%) had arterial occlusions, which were bilateral in 60%. Thirty-one patients (67%) reported hearing loss. Twenty patients (44%) had a global encephalopathy, but other neurologic manifestations were common. The mean duration of the illness was 46.7 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This rare syndrome is more common than previously thought, has a strong female preponderance, and often can be identified at an early stage with a careful history and physical examination. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain often shows lesions suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Fluorescein angiography may show arteriolar wall hyperfluorescence. Early treatment with corticosteroids often is, although not invariably, associated with a good prognosis. The disease appears to be self-limited in most patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington 40536-0284, USA.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: O'Halloran
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Susac
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D003051:Cochlea / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000473:pathology*; D015356:Retinal Artery Occlusion / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D013577:Syndrome; D014794:Visual Fields
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids