title: Characterization of the hcnABC gene cluster encoding hydrogen cyanide synthase and anaerobic regulation by ANR in the strictly aerobic biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0.
abstract: The secondary metabolite hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens from glycine, essentially under microaerophilic conditions. The genetic basis of HCN synthesis in P. fluorescens CHA0 was investigated. The contiguous structural genes hcnABC encoding HCN synthase were expressed from the T7 promoter in Escherichia coli, resulting in HCN production in this bacterium. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the hcnABC genes showed that each HCN synthase subunit was similar to known enzymes involved in hydrogen transfer, i.e., to formate dehydrogenase (for HcnA) or amino acid oxidases (for HcnB and HcnC). These similarities and the presence of flavin adenine dinucleotide- or NAD(P)-binding motifs in HcnB and HcnC suggest that HCN synthase may act as a dehydrogenase in the reaction leading from glycine to HCN and CO2. The hcnA promoter was mapped by primer extension; the -40 sequence (TTGGC ... ATCAA) resembled the consensus FNR (fumarate and nitrate reductase regulator) binding sequence (TTGAT ... ATCAA). The gene encoding the FNR-like protein ANR (anaerobic regulator) was cloned from P. fluorescens CHA0 and sequenced. ANR of strain CHA0 was most similar to ANR of P. aeruginosa and CydR of Azotobacter vinelandii. An anr mutant of P. fluorescens (CHA21) produced little HCN and was unable to express an hcnA-lacZ translational fusion, whereas in wild-type strain CHA0, microaerophilic conditions strongly favored the expression of the hcnA-lacZ fusion. Mutant CHA21 as well as an hcn deletion mutant were impaired in their capacity to suppress black root rot of tobacco, a disease caused by Thielaviopsis basicola, under gnotobiotic conditions. This effect was most pronounced in water-saturated artificial soil, where the anr mutant had lost about 30% of disease suppression ability, compared with wild-type strain CHA0. These results show that the anaerobic regulator ANR is required for cyanide synthesis in the strictly aerobic strain CHA0 and suggest that ANR-mediated cyanogenesis contributes to the suppression of black root rot.
authors.affiliation: Mikrobiologisches Institut, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laville
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blumer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Von Schroetter
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gaia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Défago
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haas
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D007506:Iron-Sulfur Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000235:genetics*; D005810:Multigene Family; D009154:Mutation; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics*; D050891:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH2 Group Donors; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000235:genetics; D011551:Pseudomonas fluorescens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000382:microbiology; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C060704:FNR protein, E coli; D007506:Iron-Sulfur Proteins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C072908:ANR protein, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D050891:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH2 Group Donors; C112800:glycine dehydrogenase (cyanide-forming)