title: The role of staging laparoscopy for multimodal therapy of gastrointestinal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This prospective study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy and the therapeutic relevance of staging laparoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between June 1993 and February 1997 staging laparoscopy was performed in 389 patients with various neoplasms. Additionally, 144 selected patients of this group were examined with laparoscopic ultrasound using a semiflexible ultrasound probe (7.5 MHz).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to conventional imaging methods, laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasound improved the accuracy of staging in 158 of 389 patients (41%). Statistical subgroup analysis of 131 patients with gastric cancer showed that the accuracy of staging laparoscopy in the detection of distant metastases (68%) was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than that of ultrasound (63%) or computed tomography (58%). In the whole group, laparoscopy alone disclosed intraabdominal tumor dissemination or nonresectable disease in 111 patients. Laparoscopic ultrasound displayed additional metastases-i. e., liver metastases (n = 9), M1 lymph nodes (n = 15), or nonresectable tumors (n = 6) in 30 patients. Although metastastic disease was suggested by preoperative imaging, benign lesions were found in five patients with laparoscopy and in a further 12 patients with ultrasonography. The findings of staging laparoscopy changed the treatment strategy in 45% of the patients. Conversion to open surgery was necessary in 5% of the cases, and complications related to laparoscopy occured in 4% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopy with laparoscopic ultrasound improves the staging of gastrointestinal tumors and has a significant impact on a stage-adapted surgical therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Robert Rössle Hospital and Tumor Institute, Lindenbergerweg 80, Humboldt University, 13122 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hünerbein
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rau
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hohenberger
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Schlag
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography