title: Noggin, cartilage morphogenesis, and joint formation in the mammalian skeleton.
abstract: Noggin is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist expressed in Spemann's organizer. Murine Noggin is expressed in condensing cartilage and immature chondrocytes, as are many BMPs. In mice lacking Noggin, cartilage condensations initiated normally but developed hyperplasia, and initiation of joint development failed as measured by the expression of growth and differentiation factor-5. The maturation of cartilage and Hoxd expression were unaffected. Excess BMP activity in the absence of Noggin antagonism may enhance the recruitment of cells into cartilage, resulting in oversized growth plates; chondrocytes are also refractory to joint-inducing positional cues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Brunet
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Harland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002356:Cartilage / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D055428:Growth Differentiation Factor 5; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000235:genetics; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007596:Joints / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology*; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009024:Morphogenesis; D009154:Mutation; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D000099176:Noggin Protein
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D055428:Growth Differentiation Factor 5; D006133:Growth Substances; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D000099176:Noggin Protein; C525894:Gdf5 protein, mouse