title: Near-resonance saturation pulse imaging of the extraocular muscles in thyroid-related ophthalmopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the utility of near-resonance saturation pulse imaging (magnetization transfer [MT] and spin lock) in characterizing microstructural changes occurring in the extraocular muscles of patients with thyroid-related ophthalmopathy (TRO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight healthy volunteers and 10 patients with TRO were imaged using an off-resonance saturation pulse in conjunction with conventional spin-echo T1-weighted imaging at frequency offsets of 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 Hz from water resonance. The relative contributions of MT and spin-lock excitation to image contrast at each frequency offset were estimated using a computer simulation model. Suppression ratios were calculated for the control and TRO groups from measurements obtained on two successive coronal sections in the widest portion of the inferior and medial rectus muscles bilaterally. A repeated measures analysis of variance and a parametric correlation analysis were performed to evaluate maximum cross-sectional area, MR-generated signal, and suppression ratios for the extraocular muscles examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our computer model suggested that saturation of extraocular muscles was due to pure MT effects with our off-resonance pulse at 2000 and 1500 Hz, to a combination of MT and spin lock at 1000 Hz frequency offset, and, primarily, to spin-lock excitation at 500 Hz frequency offset. Suppression ratios for the extraocular muscles of the TRO patients were significantly lower than that observed for the control subjects at 1500, 1000, and 500 Hz frequency offset. This differential saturation effect was maximal at 500 Hz frequency offset, with mean suppression ratios for the inferior and medial rectus muscles of 27% for the healthy subjects and 20% for the TRO group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both MT and spin-lock contrast of the extraocular muscles in patients with TRO differ significantly from that observed in control subjects. Near-resonance saturation pulse imaging may enhance our understanding of the microstructural changes occurring in the extraocular muscles of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ulmer
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Logani
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Prost
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Garman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000473:pathology*; D012016:Reference Values