title: Thermal and mechanical stability of the lens capsule.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several procedures in cataract surgery carry the risk of high temperature increases in the capsular bag. The present study was undertaken to determine the shrinkage temperature of the human lens capsule and to investigate the effect of temperature on the mechanical behavior of the lens capsule.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thermal-shrinkage characteristics of the lens capsule were determined during gradual heating of circular specimens (2 mm in diameter) prepared from anterior lens capsules from 25 human donors, ranging in age from 20 to 98 years. Uniaxial mechanical testing was carried out at 22 degrees C, 36 degrees C and 61 degrees C on ring-shaped test specimens prepared from anterior lens capsules from 5- to 6-month-old pigs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean shrinkage temperature (Ts) for the human lens capsule was 51.5 degrees C (range 49.3-54.3) and the mean shrinkage area in percent of the original area (AST) was 49% (36-66). Ts was significantly associated with the age of the donors and decreased 0.1 degree C per year until age 65 after which Ts was found to increase. AST showed no association with age. The mechanical effect of temperatures below the shrinkage temperature was modest. The capsule became slightly more extensible with increasing temperature. The effect of temperatures above the shrinkage temperature was an increased ultimate strain, a reduced ultimate stiffness and a slightly reduced ultimate stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thermal stability of the human lens capsule (type IV collagen) seems to be considerably lower than that of fibrous connective tissue (type I collagen). A potential risk of capsular shrinking has to be taken into account when the capsule is exposed to thermal stress during cataract surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krag
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Danielsen
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Andreassen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007903:Lens Capsule, Crystalline / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology