title: Ion regulation in whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.) yolk-sac fry exposed to low pH and aluminum at low and moderate ionic strength.
abstract: Anadromous whitefish [Coregonus lavaretus (L.)] were exposed during the yolk-sac phase to combinations of pH values of 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, 4.5, and 4.0 and nominal Al concentrations of 0, 100, 200, and 400 micrograms liter-1 for 4 days. The test waters were: (1) lake water diluted 1:1 with ion exchanged water (DLW) and (2) artificial water (AW). The major differences were: [Ca2+] 0.069 mmol liter-1 in DLW versus 0.034 mmol liter-1 in AW, [Na+] 1.5 and [Cl-] 1.8 times higher in DLW, with no dissolved organic material in AW. The fry were sampled daily for the analysis of exchangeable body Na+ and Cl- contents, and the swimming activity and mortality were registered. Aluminum initially protected yolk-sac fry against acidic water at pH 4.0 both in DLW and in AW. Generally, however, an increase in [Al] and a decrease in pH increased the adverse effects, seen as decreased exchangeable body Na+ and Cl- content, decreased swimming activity, and increased mortality. The effects of Al were more pronounced in AW compared with DLW. In AW, the Na+ and Cl- content of the fry already decreased after 1 day of exposure to a level that predicts mortalities. There was a time trend in DLW toward decreasing exchangeable body Na+ and Cl- concentrations as a function of increasing acidity and [Al]. In DLW, mortalities occurred primarily at pH 4.0; at that pH value in AW, the mortality rate was even higher, and mortalities also occurred after 2 to 4 days at all other pH values. There was a threshold limit in exchangeable body Na+ and Cl- concentrations at which yolk-sac fry became passive; it was at approximately 0.3 mumol per fry in DLW and was slightly higher in AW. In the DLW control with moderate ionic strength, the Na+/Cl- ratio was above 1 from the second exposure day on but remained closer to 1 in soft AW control. The Na+/Cl- ratio was predominantly > 1 in AW when the fry were exposed to moderate acidities but approached 1 at pH values < 5.0. The Na+/Cl- ratio was mostly < or = 1 in DLW, irrespective of the exposure, indicating cation selectivity of ion leakage pathways in slightly harder water.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keinänen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peuranen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tigerstedt
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Vuorinen
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D000535:Aluminum / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects; D007474:Ion Exchange; D007814:Larva; D012487:Salmonidae / Q000502:physiology*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D014873:Water Pollutants; D000535:Aluminum