title: Humoral and cell-mediated immunity in malnourished children in Ghana.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between immunological variables and the different types and severity of malnutrition in Ghanaian children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was done at Princess Marie Louise Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and seventy children, aged 8-36 months, were recruited at the clinical ward and public health service section of the hospital: 61 normal children, 49 moderately malnourished (underweight) children and 60 severely malnourished children (19 kwashiorkor, 30 marasmus, and 11 marasmic kwashiorkor children).
  
  
  METHODS
  The children underwent clinical observations, anthropometric measurements and blood sampling for biochemical analysis to evaluate their nutritional and immunological status. Serum immunoglobulins (IgA subclasses, IgG subclasses and IgM), complements (C3 and C4) and lymphocyte subpopulations (T cells, B cells, CD4+, CD8+, NK cells and HLADR) were determined for the assessment of humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum levels of IgA1, IgA2 and C4 tended to be higher in severely malnourished children than in normal children, while serum level of C3 and the proportion of B cells were significantly lower in the severely malnourished children than in the normal children (P < 0.05). There were no notable differences in most immunological parameters among the three severely malnourished groups. No differences were observed in the immunological parameters except for the proportion of B cells between normal and moderately malnourished children. Factor analysis revealed that C3 levels were positively correlated with a factor which was strongly associated with weight-for-height z-score and biochemical indicators for evaluating protein nutrition. In addition, IgA2, IgG1 and IgM levels were positively correlated with a factor which was associated with C-reactive protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several immunological variables responded positively or negatively with the different levels of severity of malnutrition, but most variables did not on the different types of malnutrition. The changes of C3 level were more associated with the severity of malnutrition.
authors.affiliation: Institute for International Cooperation, JICA, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rikimaru
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Yartey
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: F K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Nkrumah
mesh_terms: D000917:Antibody Formation; D001402:B-Lymphocytes; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000032:analysis; D003181:Complement C4 / Q000032:analysis; D005869:Ghana; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D003176:Complement C3; D003181:Complement C4; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D002097:C-Reactive Protein