title: Stratification of treatment of stage 4 neuroblastoma patients based on N-myc amplification status. Study Group of Japan for Treatment of Advanced Neuroblastoma, Tokyo, Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been shown that children aged more than 12 months with stage 3 and 4 neuroblastoma with N-myc amplification do worse than those without amplification. Development of an innovative chemotherapeutic protocol for patients in such an extremely poor-risk group was the purpose of this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since March 1991 a new protocol for the treatment of advanced neuroblastoma was started. When N-myc was amplified more than 10-fold, patients received regimen A3, in which cyclophosphamide 1,200 mg/m2 was given on days 1 and 2; hence the dose of cytotoxic drugs was doubled. Patients with fewer than 10 copies of N-myc received regimen new A1, which is very similar to regimen A1 that had been used until March 1991 for all patients with advanced neuroblastoma with/without N-myc amplification. The efficacy of regimen A3 was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relapse-free survival rate at 1 and 2 years for stage 4 patients older than 12 months of age with N-myc amplification of more than 10-fold was 43% and 29%, respectively, with regimen A1 and that for the same subgroup of patients treated with regimen A3 since March 1991 was 79% and 49%, respectively; the difference is statistically significant. On the other hand, there were no differences in the relapse-free survival rate at 1 year and 2 years for stage 4 patients with fewer than 10 copies of N-myc between those treated with regimen A1 and those treated with new A1 since March 1991.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stratification based on N-myc amplification into new A1 and A3 treatment protocols is of significant clinical importance. Regimen A3 was well tolerated and showed an improvement in clinical results in stage 4 patients with N-myc amplified more than 10-fold.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishihira
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mugishima
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohnuma
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukuzawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sera
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuchida
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005784:Gene Amplification; D016259:Genes, myc / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003520:Cyclophosphamide