Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography of normally originating coronary arteries in children.
Transthoracic Doppler color flow and spectral velocity patterns of normal coronary arteries in children have not been well studied. We designed this study to evaluate coronary artery flow velocity characteristics in normal and hypertrophied hearts. Sixty-eight children with optimal two-dimensional echocardiographic images of the left coronary artery (LCA) and right coronary artery (RCA) were prospectively studied. The heart was normal in 45 children, and 23 had left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy assessed by echocardiography (mean age 5.8 versus 5.2 years, p = NS). Color flow signals were detected in the LCA in 63(92%) of the 68 children studied, and pulsed Doppler spectral waveforms were recorded in 47 (69%). The latter were recorded in 26 (58%) of 45 normal children and in 21 (91%) of 23 children with left ventricular hypertrophy. Diastolic RCA flow signals were detected mostly in those with right ventricular hypertrophy (10 of 10). Higher levels of LCA maximum diastolic velocity (42 +/- 23 versus 24 +/- 6 cm/sec, p = 0.0004), increased diastolic flow (16 +/- 15 versus 6 +/- 4 ml/min, p = 0.01), and delayed time to peak diastolic velocity expressed as a percentage of diastolic spectral duration (38% +/- 14% versus 20% +/- 8%, p = 0.0001) were observed in children with left ventricular hypertrophy than in those in normal children. A strong correlation was present between Doppler-derived LCA flow and left ventricular mass/m2 (r = 0.7, p = 0.001). In normal hearts, LCA spectral velocity pattern did not change with increasing age, but the time velocity integral became progressively larger, resulting in a strong correlation with weight (p < 0.001, r = 0.78). This study demonstrates (1) LCA flow signals can be detected and quantitated in the majority of children with and those without left ventricular hypertrophy. (2) Left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with increased LCA flow, higher diastolic velocity, and delayed peak diastolic velocity. (3) RCA flow signals are mostly detected when there is right ventricular hypertrophy. Studies on larger groups of patients are needed to further confirm our observations and to enhance understanding of coronary artery flow reserve.
Jureidini
S B
SB
Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, Missouri 63104, USA.
Marino
C J
CJ
Waterman
B
B
Syamasundar Rao
P
P
Balfour
I C
IC
Chen
S C
SC
Nouri
S
S
D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004452:Echocardiography; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted