title: Parental influences predict adolescent smoking in the United States, 1989-1993.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine parental influences on two transitions in the adolescent smoking uptake process: from never having smoked to experimentation and from experimentation to established smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the longitudinal Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey of 1989-1993, we related perceived parental concern about their adolescents' future smoking, parental smoking status, problem-solving communication between parent and adolescent, demographics, and other factors at baseline to experimentation by follow-up among those who had never puffed on a cigarette (n = 4149). We also related these factors at baseline to reaching a lifetime level of smoking of at least 100 cigarettes by follow up among those who had experimented but smoked < 100 cigarettes (n = 2684) in univariate and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among never-smokers, baseline susceptibility to smoking and having male best friends who smoke predicted experimentation in the next 4 years. Among experimenters, susceptibility to smoking, having male or female best friends who smoked, and lack of parental concern about future smoking distinguished those who progressed to established smoking by follow-up. Furthermore, communicating with parents first about serious problems was protective against progression from experimentation to established smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions aimed at reducing adolescent smoking should encourage cessation for parents who smoke and help parents communicate strong anti-smoking norms to children and adolescents and maintain strong lines of communication with them.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0901, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Distefan
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gilpin
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pierce
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002648:Child; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010379:Peer Group; D011340:Problem Solving; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation