title: Medical students' perceptions of unethical conduct at one medical school.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess medical students' perceptions of the ethical environment across four years of medical school.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the spring of 1996, the authors distributed a questionnaire to all four classes at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine. The students provided demographic information and information about their exposures to or participation in unethical situations. Results were analyzed using multiple analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and cross-tabulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 71%. The students reported that exposures to unethical behavior started early and continued to increase with each year in school. For example, 35% of the first-year students reported observing unethical conduct by residents or attending physicians. This percentage rose to 90% of the fourth-year students. The authors found no significant relationship between demographic variables other than the year in school and the ethical dilemma variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical students face perceived ethical dilemmas beginning as early as the first year of medical school. Thus ethics instruction must begin in the freshman year. In addition, there must be changes to the environment in which clinical education is conducted to enhance the positive enculturation of students into the medical profession.
authors.affiliation: Wake Forest University/Baptist Hospital Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Satterwhite
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Satterwhite
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Enarson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003625:Data Collection; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital; D009657:North Carolina; D028743:Professional Misconduct; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012577:Schools, Medical; D012938:Social Perception; D013337:Students, Medical