title: Protein-losing enteropathy after the Fontan operation: an international multicenter study. PLE study group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This multicenter study retrospectively analyzes the data on 114 patients with protein-losing enteropathy after Fontan-type surgery. Special attention was given to the different treatment strategies used and their effect on outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 35 participating centers 3029 Fontan operations were performed. The incidence of protein-losing enteropathy in the survivors was 3.7%. The median age at Fontan-type surgery was 8.2 years (range: 0.6 to 32.9 years). Median age at diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy was 11.7 years with a median time interval between surgery and diagnosis of 2.7 years (range: 0.1 to 16.4 years). Most patients had edema (79%) and effusions (75%). Hemodynamic data revealed a mean right atrial pressure of 17 +/- SD 5.3 mm Hg with a cardiac index of 2.4 +/- 0.8 L/min/m2. Medical treatment only (n = 52) resulted in a complete resolution of symptoms in 25%, no improvement in 29%, and death in 46%. Surgical treatment (n = 52) was associated with relief of protein-losing enteropathy in 19%, no improvement in 19%, and death in 62%. In 13 patients 16 percutaneous interventions were performed. This resulted in symptomatic improvement after 12 interventions and no improvement after 4 interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the current treatment of protein-losing enteropathy after Fontan operation is associated with a very high mortality and morbidity rate. Preventive strategies and new therapeutic approaches are necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, UZ Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hagler
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Somerville
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gewillig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D011504:Protein-Losing Enteropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome