title: Effects of three soldering techniques on the strength of high-palladium alloy solder joints.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little information is available on the optimum technique for soldering high-palladium alloys, which have gained considerable popularity for prosthodontic applications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to compare the flexural stress at the proportional limit of four noble dental alloy specimens soldered with torch, oven, and infrared-techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  The high-palladium alloys studied were Legacy XT (Jelenko), Freedom Plus (Jelenko), and IS 85 (Williams/Ivoclar). A gold-palladium alloy, Olympia (Jelenko), served as the control. Thirty round bars, 18 x 3 mm, were cast from each alloy, cut in half, aligned, and joined using Olympia Pre solder (Jelenko) for the gas-oxygen torch and the infrared technique and Alboro LF solder (Jelenko) for the oven technique. Each soldered bar was subjected to three-point bending, and the maximum elastic stress or strength of the solder joint was calculated at the proportional limit. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and the Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch (REGW) multiple range test at the 0.05 level of significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference between torch and oven-soldering, but both were significantly different from the infrared technique. ANOVA showed a significant difference between alloys, but this difference could not be detected with the REGW test. SEM examination of the fracture surfaces revealed grooves associated with the path of crack propagation. X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopic analysis failed to detect copper in the solders, and there were no significant changes in the solder compositions after the melting procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All three techniques can yield satisfactory solder joints in high-palladium alloys. These joints should be well-polished to achieve optimal strength.
authors.affiliation: College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Vermilyea
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papazoglou
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Brantley
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D012994:Dental Soldering / Q000379:methods*; D004548:Elasticity; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D010165:Palladium / Q000737:chemistry*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D010165:Palladium