title: Myosin II activation promotes neurite retraction during the action of Rho and Rho-kinase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Rho small GTPase regulates myosin II activity through the phosphorylation of the myosin light chain (MLC) by activating Rho-kinase, which is a target of Rho. Several lines of evidence point to an important role of Rho in the action of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and thrombin in provoking neurite retraction in N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we examined whether Rho-kinase and myosin II are involved in neurite retraction in N1E-115 cells. We showed that the expression of constitutively active forms of Rho-kinase induced neurite retraction in NIE-115 cells and MLC phosphorylation in NIH 3T3 cells, whereas the expression of dominant negative forms of Rho-kinase inhibited the LPA-induced neurite retraction in N1E-115 cells and the serum-induced MLC phosphorylation in NIH 3T3 cells. The expression of mutant MLCT18D,S19D (substitution of Thr and Ser by Asp), which is known to lead to the activation of myosin ATPase and a conformational change of myosin II when reconstituted with myosin heavy chains in vitro, also promoted neurite retraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that Rho-kinase is involved in the LPA-induced neurite retraction downstream of Rho, and that myosin II activation promotes neurite retraction downstream of Rho and Rho-kinase.
authors.affiliation: Division of Signal Transduction, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chihara
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikebe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaibuchi
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D051379:Mice; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D018994:Myosin Light Chains / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D009218:Myosins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016501:Neurites / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012234:Rho Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D018994:Myosin Light Chains; D012234:Rho Factor; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D009218:Myosins