Occurrence, characteristics, and outcome of patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction who do not fulfill traditional criteria.
BACKGROUND
The diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is traditionally based on clinical history, elevation of serum enzyme activity, and typical changes in the electrocardiogram (ECG); however, not all patients who develop AMI fulfill these criteria on discharge from hospital.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to evaluate (1) the frequency with which the traditional criteria for AMI are not fulfilled among patients diagnosed with AMI on discharge, and (2) whether patients with and without these criteria differ in terms of characteristics, treatment, and outcome.


METHODS
All patients aged < 75 years and hospitalized in the municipality of Göteborg with a discharge diagnosis of AMI were included. Fulfillment criteria for AMI were two of the following three points: (1) chest pain, (2) increase in cardiac enzymes, and (3) development of Q waves.


RESULTS
In all, 1,188 admitted patients, 27% of whom were women, were included in the analysis. Of these, 193 (16%) did not fulfill the traditional criteria for AMI. These patients had an in-hospital mortality rate of 48%; of these, 59% died a sudden death, and of those who were autopsied (62%), 96% showed signs of a fresh AMI. The most common symptom on admission to hospital in patients who did not fulfill the traditional criteria was chest pain (34%), followed by dyspnea (27%) and fatigue (14%). Of those who died suddenly, fewer than half had been admitted to the coronary care unit.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients diagnosed with AMI who do not fulfill the traditional diagnosis criteria have high mortality. On admission to hospital, the initial suspicion of AMI is often vague. Measures for earlier detection of life-threatening coronary artery disease among these patients are warranted.
Herlitz
J
J
Division of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
Karlsson
T
T
Dellborg
M
M
Karlson
B
B
Engdahl
J
J
Sandén
W
W
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome