title: Assessment of antifungal activities of fluconazole and amphotericin B administered alone and in combination against Candida albicans by using a dynamic in vitro mycotic infection model.
abstract: We evaluated the pharmacodynamic activities of fluconazole and amphotericin B given alone and in combination against Candida albicans by using an in vitro model of bloodstream infection that simulates human serum pharmacokinetic parameters for these antifungals. Fluconazole was administered as a bolus into the model to simulate regimens of 200 mg every 24 h (q24 h) and 400 mg q24 h. Amphotericin B was administered at doses producing the peak concentration (2.4 micrograms/ml) observed with a regimen of 1 mg/kg of body weight q24 h. A combination regimen of fluconazole (400 mg q24 h) and amphotericin B (1 mg/kg q24 h) administered simultaneously and as a staggered regimen (amphotericin B bolus given 8 h after fluconazole bolus) was also simulated in the model to characterize possible antagonism between these agents. Fluconazole alone and amphotericin B alone demonstrated fungistatic (< 99.9% reduction in numbers of CFU per milliliter from the starting inoculum) and fungicidal (> 99.9% reduction) activity, respectively. When fluconazole and amphotericin B were administered simultaneously, fungicidal activity similar to that observed with amphotericin B alone was observed. Staggered administration of fluconazole and amphotericin B, however, resulted in a substantial reduction of the fungicidal activity of amphotericin B, producing fungistatic activity similar to that observed with noncombination fluconazole regimens. These results demonstrate the usefulness of this model for comparing the in vitro pharmacodynamic characteristics of different antifungal regimens and support the theory of azole-polyene antagonism. The effects of this antagonism on the in vivo activity and clinical usefulness of combination antifungal therapy, however, remain to be determined.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City 52242-1112, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Klepser
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pfaller
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B; D015725:Fluconazole