title: Role of the Ped gene and apoptosis genes in control of preimplantation development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The properties of the mouse Ped gene and the genes that mediate apoptosis in mediating preimplantation embryonic survival were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preimplantation mouse oocytes and embryos were evaluated microscopically and biochemically for rate of development, degree of fragmentation, and gene expression to correlate these characteristics with embryo mortality, Biochemical assays included PCR for DNA analysis, RT-PCR for mRNA analysis, immuno-PCR for protein analysis, and TUNEL assay for assessment of apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the mouse as a model system we have identified a gene that controls the rate of development, the Ped gene. The Ped gene product is a class Ib major histocompatibility complex protein called the Qa-2 antigen. Research to understand the molecular mechanisms of Ped gene action and to identify the human homologue of the Ped gene is under way. We have also shown using the mouse model, that fragmented embryos show the morphological and biochemical characteristics of apoptosis. Genes in the two major gene families that regulate apoptosis, the caspase and Bcl-2 families, are expressed in mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preimplantation embryonic survival depends on two major morphological parameters: rate of development and degree of fragmentation. A fast rate of development and a low degree of fragmentation lead to a better chance of producing live offspring. Both rate of development and degree of fragmentation are genetically controlled, the former by the Ped gene and the latter most likely by genes that mediate apoptosis. It seems probable that regulation of apoptosis will prove to be a major mechanism that mediates oocyte and preimplantation embryonic survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: McElhinny
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cieluch
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Exley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005805:Genes, MHC Class I / Q000502:physiology*; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; C032907:Q surface antigens