title: Simultaneous somatosensory evoked potential and electromyographic recordings during lumbosacral decompression and instrumentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both motor and sensory neurological deficits have been reported after decompression and instrumentation of the lumbosacral spine. In this report, we describe a simple and effective method by which sensory and motor functions can be monitored simultaneously, using somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), spontaneous electromyographic (EMG) activity, and compound muscle action potential monitoring. The concomitant use of these monitoring techniques allows ongoing functional evaluation of the cauda equina and spinal cord during patient positioning, surgery, wound closure, and anesthetic emergence.
  
  
  METHODS
  SSEPs were recorded continuously in response to peroneal or tibial nerve stimulation. EMG activity (both spontaneous and evoked) was recorded bilaterally from appropriate lower extremity muscle groups. All recordings (SSEP and EMG activity recordings) were obtained, stored, and reviewed simultaneously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SSEPs and EMG activity were simultaneously recorded for 44 patients. All patients in the study underwent surgical procedures to decompress and stabilize the lumbosacral spine, using pedicle screw instrumentation. In two cases, changes in SSEPs and spontaneous EMG activity were noted and were correlated with postoperative patient complaints.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report describes the concomitant use of powerful and simple tools that provide immediate, "early-warning" feedback to the surgical team concerning the sensory and motor functioning of the spinal cord and cauda equina. In addition, compound muscle action potential recording provides a tool for the identification of both levels and structures in the lumbosacral spine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery and Center for Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Balzer
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sclabassi
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001863:Bone Screws; D004576:Electromyography; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology*