title: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and renal function in German type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of renal function in diabetic patients with apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apo E genotypes, lipid and lipoprotein serum levels, creatinine clearance (CCr), and excretion of marker proteins were determined in German type 1 (IDDM; n = 162) and type 2 (NIDDM; n = 124) diabetic patients. Albumin and immunoglobulin (Ig) G are considered to reflect charge-size permselectivity of the glomerular capillary basement membrane, and increased alpha 1-microglobulin (MG) excretion indicates compromised reabsorptive capacity of the renal tubules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with NIDDM had higher lipid levels and lower CCrs than patients with IDDM. In patients with IDDM, age- and sex-adjusted analysis of variance showed an association between apo E genotypes and CCr, and the Jonckheere-Terpstra test demonstrated a decreasing glomerular filtration rate in the following order of genotypes: epsilon 4 epsilon 4/epsilon 4 epsilon 3 > epsilon 3 epsilon 3 > epsilon 2 epsilon 2/epsilon 2 epsilon 3. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that in patients with IDDM, the epsilon 2 allele was a negative predictor of CCr and a positive predictor of urinary excretion of albumin, IgG and alpha 1-MG independent from HDL and LDL cholesterol, TG concentration, age, and sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apo E polymorphism influences serum lipoprotein levels in patients with IDDM and NIDDM. Apo E polymorphism may be a renal risk factor of clinical relevance in normolipidemic patients with IDDM.
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Germany. egon_werle@krzmail.krz.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Werle
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fiehn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hasslacher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria; D000510:Alpha-Globulins / Q000652:urine; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015243:Cholesterol, VLDL / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000652:urine; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000652:urine; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000510:Alpha-Globulins; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D015243:Cholesterol, VLDL; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D014280:Triglycerides; C016001:alpha-1-microglobulin; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine