title: Effects of intravenous anesthetics on bacterial elimination in human blood in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since anesthetics are widely used in critically ill patients, this study investigates anesthetic effects on neutrophil and monocyte function concerning bacterial elimination in human whole blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of thiopental (20 and 200 microg/ml), propofol (5 and 50 microg/ml), midazolam (0.15 and 1.5 microg/ml) and ketamine (3 and 30 microg/ml) on elimination of Escherichia (E.) coli from whole blood were investigated in vitro after incubation for 1 h in both clinical (1) (n=10) and 10-fold higher (h) (n=11) concentrations. These data were compared to neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis (1; n=6) and burst activity (1; n=10, h; n=11), measured by flow cytometry. To enable quantification of the clearance process, a defined number of 10(5) colony forming units of E. coli were added to the blood assays and bacterial growth was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All anesthetics delayed bacterial clearance from the blood in the 10-fold concentration (P<0.05). Thiopental (1+h) and propofol (h) suppressed neutrophil (59+/-3% and 38+/-6%) and monocytic (45+/-6% and 30+/-11%) oxidative burst (P<0.01). Phagocytosis was reduced even after propofol (1) in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (34+/-9%; P<0.05) and monocytes (35+/-11%). Ketamine (h) prolonged bacterial elimination (P<0.01), which did correlate with inhibition of monocytic phagocytosis, by 26+/-14%. Midazolam application (h) resulted in an inhibition of PMN-respiratory burst by 19+/-6% (P<0.05) and impaired bacterial clearance (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thiopental, propofol, midazolam and ketamine affect E. coli clearance and neutrophil and monocyte oxidative burst and phagocytosis in vitro only in high concentrations, while thiopental inhibited monocytic burst and propofol impaired PMN phagocytosis even in clinically used concentrations. These data suggest that i.v. anesthetics in concentrations recommended for general anesthesia seem to have minor influence on the investigated host defense mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blecken
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Urbaschek
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology; D001770:Blood Bactericidal Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D016638:Critical Illness; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects; D013874:Thiopental / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine; D013874:Thiopental; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol