title: Microscopic examination and broth culture of cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis of meningitis.
abstract: We reviewed the results of microscopic Gram stain examination and routine culture for 2,635 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples processed in an adult hospital microbiology laboratory during 55 months. There were 56 instances of bacterial or fungal meningitis (16 associated with central nervous system [CNS] shunt infection), four infections adjacent to the subarachnoid space, four cases of sepsis without meningitis, and an additional 220 CSF specimens with positive cultures in which the organism isolated was judged to be a contaminant. Because 121 of these contaminants were isolated in broth only, elimination of the broth culture would decrease unnecessary work. However, 25% of the meningitis associated with CNS shunts would have been missed by this practice. The most common cause of meningitis was Cryptococcus neoformans, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. In 48 of 56 (88%) of cases, examination of the Gram-stained specimen revealed the causative organism. If patients who had received effective antimicrobial therapy prior to lumbar puncture are excluded, the CSF Gram stain is 92% sensitive. Microscopic examination incorrectly suggested the presence of organisms in only 3 of 2,635 (0.1%) CSF examinations. Thus, microscopic examination of Gram-stained, concentrated CSF is highly sensitive and specific in early diagnosis of bacterial or fungal meningitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Eason
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Musher
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Clarridge
mesh_terms: D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000382:microbiology*; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D003470:Culture Media; D005840:Gentian Violet; D006801:Humans; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016921:Meningitis, Fungal / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010619:Phenazines; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; C035863:Gram's stain; D010619:Phenazines; D005840:Gentian Violet