title: Neurovascular free muscle transfer combined with cross-face nerve grafting for the treatment of facial paralysis in children.
abstract: Microneurovascular free muscle transfer is fast becoming a standardized procedure in the treatment of established or long-standing facial paralysis. However, there is no general agreement as to whether muscle transfer should be employed for children who still are growing. A patient's natural growth may influence or disturb reproduction of a smile, or a child may not be able to collaborate with postoperative rehabilitation sufficiently well to obtain a satisfactory result. One may hesitate to employ the procedure for children aged under 10 out of fear of its technical difficulties. To investigate the influence of age, the results experienced by 23 patients under the age of 15 who underwent free muscle transfer combined with cross-face nerve grafting were compared with those of adult patients. The treatment employed was a two-stage operation consisting of cross-face nerve grafting and subsequent free muscle transfer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery at the Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harii
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Asato
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000637:transplantation*; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation