Molecular pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of gonadotropin receptor defects.
The gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) bind specific receptors, members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Mutations of gonadotropin receptors are classified into activating (constitutively active or gain-of-function mutations) and inactivating (loss-of-function mutations). Activating mutations of the LH receptor have been described in familial and sporadic forms of male-limited pseudoprecocious puberty, whereas they do not appear to have any particular phenotype in females. The only activating mutation of the FSH receptor described to date was found in a hypophysectomized man who was fertile despite undetectable serum gonadotropin levels; the effects of constitutive FSH receptor activity in the context of normal pituitary function are not known. Homozygous inactivating mutations of the LH and FSH receptor invariably lead to amenorrhea in genotypical female subjects. In males, inactivation of the LH receptor in its more severe form results in a clinical picture similar to the syndrome of complete androgen resistance, but milder forms of hypoandrogenization have been described as well. In males, homozygous inactivation of the FSH receptor can also be associated with infertility. Finally, polymorphic variants of the FSH receptor are present in the normal population.
Simoni
M
M
Institute of Reproductive Medicine of the University, Münster, Germany.
Gromoll
J
J
Nieschlag
E
E
D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006066:Gonads / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D011967:Receptors, Gonadotropin / Q000235:genetics*
D011967:Receptors, Gonadotropin