title: Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in non-small-cell lung cancer: prognostic significance in squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, some studies have focused on the tumor angiogenesis and its prognostic value. We studied the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, microvessel counts, and serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor to investigate their association with clinicopathologic factors and prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was determined by an immunohistochemical analysis from 91 paraffin specimens of completely resected non-small-cell lung cancers using anti-growth factor polyclonal antibody. Microvessel staining was performed by immunohistochemical analysis with anti-factor VIII-related antigen polyclonal antibody. Measurement of the serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor used the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was detected in 48 of the 91 tumors. The positive ratio was significantly higher in patients with adenocarcinoma than in those with squamous cell carcinoma. The microvessel counts were significantly higher in the patients with nodal metastasis than in those without nodal metastasis. The serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor were also significantly higher in the patients with T3-4 disease than in those with T1-2 disease. The microvessel counts were closely associated with expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. The prognosis of patients with a positive growth factor ratio was significantly worse than that of the patients with a negative ratio (p = 0.002), especially in squamous cell carcinoma. According to a multivariate analysis, only nodal status and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor were found to be independent prognostic factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was one of the most important prognostic factors in completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer, especially in squamous cell carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohgami
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ichiyoshi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasumoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D002452:Cell Count; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005169:Factor VIII / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D005169:Factor VIII