title: Mechanistic analysis of RNA synthesis by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from two promoters reveals similarities to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
abstract: The brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) directs template-specific synthesis of (-)-strand genomic and (+)-strand subgenomic RNAs in vitro. Although the requirements for (-)-strand RNA synthesis have been characterized previously, the mechanism of subgenomic RNA synthesis has not. Mutational analysis of the subgenomic promoter revealed that the +1 cytidylate and the +2 adenylate are important for RNA synthesis. Unlike (-)-strand RNA synthesis, which required only a high GTP concentration, subgenomic RNA synthesis required high concentrations of both GTP and UTP. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences surrounding the initiation sites for subgenomic and genomic (+)-strand RNA synthesis in representative members of the alphavirus-like superfamily revealed that the +1 and +2 positions are highly conserved as a pyrimidine-adenylate. GDP and dinucleotide primers were able to more efficiently stimulate (-)-strand synthesis than subgenomic synthesis under conditions of limiting GTP. Oligonucleotide products of 6-, 7-, and 9-nt were synthesized and released by RdRp in 3-20-fold molar excess to full-length subgenomic RNA. Termination of RNA synthesis by RdRp was not induced by template sequence alone. Our characterization of the stepwise mechanism of subgenomic and (-)-strand RNA synthesis by RdRp permits comparisons to the mechanism of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adkins
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Stawicki
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Faurote
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kao
mesh_terms: D000524:Alphavirus / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D017795:Bromovirus / Q000201:enzymology*; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases