title: Three-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular volume: comparison of Doppler myocardial imaging and standard gray-scale imaging with cineventriculography--an in vitro and in vivo study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Standard gray-scale imaging (GSI), three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography has been shown to be superior to two-dimensional echocardiography in measuring left ventricular volume. However, the often relatively poor quality of transthoracic gray-scale data can limit the potential application of this technique. Doppler myocardial imaging (DMI) is a new ultrasound technique that potentially offers higher-quality 3D images with a transthoracic approach than the 3D GSI technique. This study was designed to compare the accuracy of standard GSI and DMI 3D left ventricular volume measurements in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, the minimum and maximum volume of the contracting single-chamber, tissue-mimicking phantom was calculated by using both techniques. In vivo, GSI and DMI 3D left ventricular volume measurements were performed in 16 patients. End-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular volumes were computed for both techniques and compared with those calculated by cineventriculography. In vitro, both methods tended to underestimate the true phantom volume, but the systematic error was smaller for DMI than for GSI (-1.2% +/- 1.5% vs. -4.3% +/- 3%; p < 0.01) and was more constant in the case of DMI over the range of different sizes of true volume. In vivo, for GSI the end-diastolic volume mean difference was -12.6 ml and the limits of agreement were +/-18 ml, and for DMI the corresponding values were -4.2 and +/- 10.6 ml, respectively. The difference for end-systole was -6.5 +/- 10.6 ml and -1.5 +/- 10 ml for GSI and DMI, respectively. The magnitude of the difference in volume measurement between 3D echocardiography and cineventriculography was significantly smaller when using the Doppler technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this in vitro and in vivo study indicate that DMI is superior to GSI as a transthoracic acquisition technique for 3 D volume computation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nowicki
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olszewski
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adamus
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009040:Motion Pictures; D015588:Observer Variation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011859:Radiography; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left