title: Applying multilevel analytic strategies in adolescent substance use prevention research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  School-based drug prevention programs have been criticized on methodologic grounds because the unit of analysis is often not the unit of randomization, thus increasing the likelihood of Type I errors. Application of multilevel analytic strategies appropriately corrects this biasing tendency. This study demonstrates the practical use of such analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 2,370 seventh-grade students participating in a substance use prevention trial were analyzed using a multilevel strategy. We examined the effectiveness of a social pressure resistance training and a normative education (NORM) intervention against an information-only control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NORM condition revealed 1-year program effects for cigarette and marijuana use with individuals as the unit of analysis and only marginal effects with classroom as the unit of analysis. No program effects were found using school as the analysis unit. A multilevel strategy revealed program effects for cigarettes and marijuana with both class and school as grouping levels. The effect for alcohol use was significant at the 2-year follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions establishing conservative drug use norms in classrooms may be an effective strategy in reducing substance use onset among adolescents. Utilization of appropriate analytic strategies is important in the analysis and interpretation of data containing nested structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Penn State University, University Park 16802, USA.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000517:prevention & control; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000517:prevention & control; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012015:Reference Standards; D012107:Research Design; D012572:School Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*