title: Pretreatment surgical staging of patients with cervical carcinoma: the case for lymph node debulking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The routine use of extraperitoneal surgical staging prior to radiation therapy in patients with bulky or locally advanced cervical carcinoma remains controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review was performed of 266 patients with cervical carcinoma who underwent extraperitoneal pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy prior to receiving radiotherapy. Patients were divided into groups based on their lymph node status. Group A had negative lymph nodes; Group B had resected, microscopic lymph node metastases; Group C had macroscopically positive lymph nodes that were resectable at the time of surgery; and Group D had unresectable lymph nodes. All patients received standard radiotherapy utilizing external beam and brachy-therapy. Patients with lymph node metastases received extended field irradiation. Survival probabilities were computed by the Kaplan-Meier product limits method with statistical significance determined by the Mantel-Cox log rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymph node metastases were detected in 50% of patients. Five- and 10-year disease free survival rates were similar for all patients in Groups B and C. All patients in Group D recurred. There was a 10.5% incidence of severe radiation-related morbidity and a 1.1% incidence of treatment-related deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment extraperitoneal staging of patients with bulky or locally advanced cervical carcinoma may afford a survival benefit via the debulking of macroscopically positive lymph nodes without significantly increasing treatment-related morbidity or mortality.
authors.affiliation: The Women's Cancer Center, The University of Minnesota Hospital and Clinics, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cosin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Paley
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Twiggs
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D015996:Survival Rate; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery