title: Results of esophageal biopsies performed during triple endoscopy in the pediatric patient.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopic examination (direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy) is the method of choice for diagnosis of respiratory symptoms of unknown cause in children. However, gastroesophageal reflux is being recognized increasingly often as a cause of pediatric respiratory symptoms and is difficult to diagnose on the basis of findings from direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy. In cases in which gastroesophageal reflux was included in the differential diagnosis, we additionally performed esophagoscopy with esophageal mucosal biopsies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of routinely performing esophageal biopsies during triple endoscopy in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four children ranging in age from 2 weeks to 10 years were referred for airway evaluation. Under general anesthesia, children underwent direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy with mucosal biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Esophageal mucosa biopsy specimens were quickly and safely obtained during endoscopic evaluation. There were no complications. Reflux esophagitis was present in 54% of biopsy specimens, as suggested by basal cell hyperplasia, papillary elongation, and/or inflammatory cell infiltrates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastroesophageal reflux is often difficult to diagnose in the pediatric population. When direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy is performed during examination of the child with airway symptoms, the addition of esophagoscopy with mucosal biopsies will safely and quickly provide data regarding the potential contribution of gastroesophageal reflux.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Stroh
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Faust
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Rimell
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D009092:Mucous Membrane; D011446:Prospective Studies