title: Effect of glutamine on methotrexate efficacy and toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of oral glutamine (GLN) on the efficacy and toxicity of methotrexate (MTX).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The use of high-dose chemotherapy regimens is limited by the severity of their toxicities. Oral GLN has been shown to decrease the gut toxicity seen with MTX treatment while enhancing its tumoricidal effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies were done in laboratory rats and in breast cancer outpatients. Fischer 344 rats were randomized to 48 hours of prefeeding with GLN (1 g/kg/day) or an isonitrogenous amount of glycine. Rats were killed 24 hours after receiving a 20-mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of MTX. In the GLN group, there was a threefold increase in total MTX in the tumor as compared with the control group, and this increase was in both the diglutamated and pentaglutamated MTX. Inversely, there was a significant decrease in the total polyglutamated MTX in the gut in the GLN group. Given the results of this preclinical study, the authors performed a phase I trial. Nine patients diagnosed with inflammatory breast cancer received GLN (0.5 g/kg/day) during MTX neoadjuvant therapy, escalating from doses of 40 mg/m2 to 100 mg/m2 weekly for 3 weeks, followed by a doxorubicin-based regimen. No toxicity of oral GLN was detected. No patient showed any sign of chemotherapy-related toxicity. One patient had a grade I mucositis. Except for one, all patients responded to the chemotherapy regimen. Median survival was 35 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies suggest that GLN supplementation is safe in its administration to the tumor-bearing host receiving MTX. By preferentially increasing tumor retention of MTX over that of normal host tissue, GLN may serve to increase the therapeutic window of this chemotherapeutic age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA.
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Hutchins
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Westbrook
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Klimberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D008875:Middle Aged; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D005973:Glutamine; D008727:Methotrexate