title: Prevention of cell swelling with low chloride St. Thomas' Hospital solution improves postischemic myocardial recovery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In isolated myocytes cardioplegia-induced cell swelling can be prevented by lowering the KCl product by replacing Cl- with an impermeant ion. This study tested the hypothesis that Cl- substitution in St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution would result in superior myocardial protection in the intact, blood-perfused heart.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a parabiotic, isolated rabbit heart Langendorff model, hearts were exposed to 1 hour of hypothermic (10 degrees to 12 degrees C), global ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. Isosmotic cardioplegia was administered as a single 50 ml bolus of either standard St. Thomas' Hospital solution ([K+]o x [Cl-]o = 2566.4 (mmol/L)2) or low Cl- St. Thomas' Hospital solution ([K+]o x [CI-]o = 700 (mmol/L)2). Chloride was replaced by a large, impermeant ion, methanesulfonate. Postreperfusion systolic function and atrioventricular conduction times were measured before ischemia and after reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hearts receiving low Cl- St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegia demonstrated significantly better postischemic functional recovery (74% +/- 3%) compared with those treated with standard high Cl- St. Thomas' Hospital solution (55% +/- 4%, p = 0.003). In addition, atrioventricular conduction times remained normal in the low Cl- group but were significantly prolonged in the St. Thomas' Hospital group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lowering the KCl product of St. Thomas' Hospital solution makes it isotonic with plasma and prevents cellular edema. This ameliorates the detrimental functional and electrophysiologic sequelae of hypothermic, hyperkalemic cardioplegia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey 17033, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jayawant
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Baumgarten
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Damiano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000502:physiology; D004487:Edema / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008698:Mesylates / Q000032:analysis; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011817:Rabbits; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D002712:Chlorides; D008698:Mesylates; C041711:St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution; C045880:methanesulfonic acid; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D008274:Magnesium; D002122:Calcium Chloride