title: Venovenous bypass in adult orthotopic liver transplantation: routine or selective use?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of venovenous bypass (VVB) during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) remains controversial. The aims of this study were to evaluate the current role of VVB at all major centers in North America, to examine the results of OLT and complications of VVB between two periods with a strict policy for routine versus selective use of VVB, and to review the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of 50 major liver transplant centers was conducted using mailed questionnaires. A retrospective chart review was performed for 547 OLT patients having transplantation during two distinct periods with a strict policy for routine versus selective use of VVB at the University of Toronto, Canada, and at Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. The literature was reviewed with a focus on the benefits and indications for routine versus selective use of VVB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight (76%) of 50 centers responded. Sixteen (42%) of them used VVB routinely, with a reported complication rate of 10-30%. Lymphocele and hematoma were the most common complications, but patients having major vascular injury, air embolism, and death were reported. A recent change to selective use of VVB was reported in 30% of the centers (11 of 38). In the Duke-Toronto series, the complication rates were similar between the two periods, at 13.4% and 18.8%, respectively. The outcome of OLT was not influenced by the policy of routine or selective use of VVB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a trend away from the routine use of VVB during OLT. Intraoperative hemodynamic instability during the hepatectomy and a failed trial of hepatic venous occlusion were the most important criteria for using VVB. We conclude that VVB should be used selectively to avoid associated complications and to decrease operative time and costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Chari
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Greig
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Clavien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014680:Veins / Q000601:surgery; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000601:surgery