title: Mutating a region of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase implicated in tRNA(Lys-3) binding and the consequences for (-)-strand DNA synthesis.
abstract: Recently, tRNALys-3 was cross-linked via its anticodon loop to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) between residues 230 and 357 (Mishima, Y., and Steitz, J. A. (1995) EMBO J. 14, 2679-2687). Scanning the surface of this region identified three basic amino acids Lys249, Arg307, and Lys311 flanking a small crevice on the p66 thumb subdomain outside the primer-template binding cleft. To assess an interaction of this region with the tRNA anticodon loop, these p66 residues were altered to Glu or Gln. p66 subunits containing K249Q, K311Q, K311E, and a dual R307E/K311E mutation formed a stable dimer with wild type p51. All mutants showed reduced affinity for tRNALys-3 and supported significantly less (-)-strand DNA synthesis from this primer than the parental heterodimer. In contrast, these variants efficiently synthesized HIV-1 (-)-strand strong-stop DNA from oligonucleotide primers and had minimal effect on RNase H activity, retaining endonucleolytic and directed cleavage of an RNA/DNA hybrid. Structural features of binary RT.tRNALys-3 complexes were examined by in situ footprinting, via susceptibility to 1, 10-phenanthroline-copper-mediated cleavage. Unlike wild type RT, mutants p66(K311Q)/p51 and p66(K311E)/p51 failed to protect the tRNA anticodon domain from chemical cleavage, indicating a significant structural alteration in the binary RT.tRNA complex. These results suggest a crevice in the p66 thumb subdomain of HIV-1 RT supports an interaction with the tRNALys-3 anticodon loop critical for efficient (-)-strand DNA synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Center for AIDS Research at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4984, USA.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Arts
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ehresmann
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Le Grice
mesh_terms: D000926:Anticodon / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019281:Dimerization; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000201:enzymology*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000235:genetics; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010618:Phenanthrolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012346:RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl / Q000378:metabolism*; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D016914:Ribonuclease H / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000926:Anticodon; D010618:Phenanthrolines; D012346:RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C038556:bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(1+) ion; D004247:DNA; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D016914:Ribonuclease H