title: Depressive symptoms and physical decline in community-dwelling older persons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Significant symptoms of depression are common in the older community-dwelling population. Although depressive symptoms and disability may commonly occur in the same person, whether depressive symptoms contribute to subsequent functional decline has not been elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether depressive symptoms in older persons increase the risk of subsequent decline in physical function as measured by objective performance-based tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 4-year prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The communities of Iowa and Washington counties, Iowa.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1286 persons aged 71 years and older who completed a short battery of physical performance tests in 1988 and again 4 years later.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline depressive symptoms were assessed by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Physical performance tests included an assessment of standing balance, a timed 2.4-m (8-ft) walk, and a timed test of 5 repetitions of rising from a chair and sitting down.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for baseline performance score, health status, and sociodemographic factors, increasing levels of depressive symptoms were predictive of greater decline in physical performance over 4 years (odds ratio for decline in those with depressed mood vs those without, 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-2.34). Even among those at the high end of the functional spectrum, who reported no disability, the severity of depressive symptoms predicted subsequent decline in physical performance (odds ratio for decline, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that older persons who report depressive symptoms are at higher risk of subsequent physical decline. These results suggest that prevention or reduction of depressed mood could play a role in reducing functional decline in older persons.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892-9205, USA.
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guralnik
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Simonsick
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Deeg
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis