title: Aortic and hepatic contrast medium enhancement at CT. Part II. Effect of reduced cardiac output in a porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate how reduction in cardiac output affects the magnitude and timing of aortic and hepatic contrast medium enhancement during abdominal computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight 20-30-kg pigs underwent CT before and after pharmacologic reduction of cardiac output (measured by means of thermodilution). Each CT study consisted of 53 dynamic images acquired every 5 seconds at a fixed level through the midliver after intravenous injection of contrast medium (concentration, 282 mg of iodine per milliliter; dose, 2 mL per kilogram of body weight; injection rate, 2 mL/sec). Curves of contrast medium enhancement versus time were measured. Changes in the magnitude and timing of aortic and hepatic enhancement were compared with the reduction in cardiac output.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With reduction in cardiac output, the time from the injection start to the arrival of the contrast medium bolus in the aorta (P < .01) and the times from injection completion to peak aortic (P < .01) and peak hepatic (P < .01) enhancement increased. As cardiac output decreased, peak aortic enhancement increased proportionally (P < .01). Peak hepatic enhancement increased only slightly and correlated weakly with the decrease in cardiac output (P = .07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As cardiac output decreases, the times to the arrival of the contrast medium bolus in the aorta and to peak aortic and hepatic enhancement increase. Reduction in cardiac output results in a substantial increase in peak aortic enhancement but not in peak hepatic enhancement.
authors.affiliation: Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Heiken
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Brink
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001027:Aortography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D002407:Catheterization, Swan-Ganz; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013552:Swine; D013815:Thermodilution; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D003287:Contrast Media; D014700:Verapamil