title: A preliminary comparative treatment planning study for radiotherapy of age-related maculopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present a comparative planning of different approaches for external radiotherapy in age-related maculopathies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Calculated dose distributions and dose-volume histograms for (a) bilateral irradiation with 6 MV photons, (b) a single lateral-oblique beam using either photons, electrons or protons and (c) an anterior circular proton beam.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For lateral photon or electron beams the dose to the lens is usually lower than 10% of the dose to the macula. The entrance doses for bilateral photon beams are about 50% which increase up to 100% at the orbital bone. About 5 mm of optic nerves are irradiated at the maximal dose while the optic chiasma is spared. A single photon beam gives 50% of the dose to the fellow eye. The electron beam spares the fellow eye but gives a rather inhomogeneous dose to the target volume. For a lateral proton beam, 4 mm of optic nerve receives 90% of the dose, the skin dose is at least 70% of the dose to the macula and the lens and the fellow eye are spared. An anterior proton beam gives 90% of the dose to 1 mm of optic nerve and the 50% isodose approaches the periphery of the lens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doses to the critical structures can be dramatically diminished for all the techniques by reducing the beam size, but only if very precise set-up techniques are used. Proton beams are an attractive solution, but the impact of such a choice on the use of proton facilities and on the national health system should be carefully evaluated, as well as the risk of radio-induced secondary neoplasias.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Protonthérapie d'Orsay, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazal
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lacroix
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mammar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Delacroix
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferrand
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nauraye
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Desjardins
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schlienger
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Hermies
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frau
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Habrand
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rosenwald
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009897:Optic Chiasm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed