title: Airborne movement of anthrax spores from carcass sites in the Etosha National Park, Namibia.
abstract: Tests for airborne movement of anthrax spores downwind from three heavily contaminated carcass sites were carried out under a range of wind conditions. Anthrax spores were detected in just three of 43 cyclone or gelatin filter air samples taken at distances of 6, 12 and 18 m from the sites. In addition, nine positives resulted during sampling sessions in which the site was mechanically disturbed, with a further five positives being found in sessions subsequent to those in which the site had been disturbed. The three positive samples not related to man-made disturbance were associated with the highest winds experienced during the study. Despite colony counts exceeding 100 on the culture plates in three instances, calculations showed that these represented very low worst case probable spore inhalation rates for animals or humans exposed to such levels. The low number of positives, the clear pattern of rapidly declining numbers of anthrax spores with distance downwind from the centres of the sites apparent on settle plates, and the persisting levels of contamination despite wind and rain, collectively suggest that the anthrax spores were associated with fairly heavy particles, although this was not seen by electron microscopy on soil samples from the sites. Overall, the findings are interpreted as indicating that it is very unlikely that Etosha animals contract anthrax by the inhalation route while simply in transit near or across a carcass site. The significance of the observations in relation to weather conditions in the Etosha, other studies on particulate aerosols in the region, and reports of long-distance airborne movement of microbes, is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. peter.turnbull@camr.org.uk
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Turnbull
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lindeque
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Le Roux
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Parks
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D000818:Animals; D000881:Anthrax / Q000382:microbiology*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D018397:Equidae / Q000382:microbiology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009276:Namibia; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification*