title: Controlled delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor promotes neovascularization and maintains limb function in a rabbit model of ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) modulates new blood vessel development and growth and has been suggested as a potential therapeutic agent that could alleviate debilitating claudication in patients. The objective of this study was to determine whether controlled, local delivery of a low dose of VEGF from an osmotic pump could promote neovascularization, limb perfusion, and functional improvements in the hind limbs of rabbits rendered partially ischemic by surgery. The effects of VEGF were compared with those of the vasodilator nitroglycerin (NTG) and to saline administered similarly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty rabbits were randomly assigned to either VEGF (n = 10), NTG (n = 10), or saline (n = 10) treatment groups. Partial ischemia was induced in each left hind limb by surgical ligation of the common and superficial femoral arteries, leaving the internal iliac artery intact. The right limb of each animal served as a nonischemic control. Immediately after vessel ligations, a 28-day osmotic pump was implanted to deliver VEGF (0.22 microg/kg/day), NTG (17.8 microg/kg/day), or saline solution into the common iliac artery just proximal to the ligation site. Comparative vascularity between ischemic and nonischemic limbs within treatment groups and between groups was evaluated by (1) capillary counts from representative fields of hematoxylin and eosin stained muscle tissue taken from hind limbs at day 40; (2) digitized arteriograms of ischemic legs at day 40, which were used to quantify the complexity of vascular branching (fractal dimension index) and the total extent of vascularization (vascular density index); (3) measuring capillary refill times in ischemic limbs; and (4) observations of functional and trophic changes in ischemic limbs. Statistical differences between treatment groups were evaluated by one-way ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complexity of vascular branching and vascular density were significantly greater (p < 0.001) in VEGF-treated ischemic limbs compared with NTG- and saline-treated ischemic limbs. By postoperation day 14, all VEGF-treated ischemic limbs had restored capillary refill (p < 0.001), new hair growth, and greatly improved limb function and appearance. Saline-treated limbs exhibited ischemic changes, with poor capillary refill and negligible limb function. Capillary refill in NTG-treated ischemic limbs did not differ significantly from saline-treated limbs. Ischemic VEGF-treated limbs had significantly more capillaries compared with both ischemic and nonischemic limbs in saline-treated animals (p < 0.05). Ischemic NTG-treated limbs also had significantly more capillaries compared with ischemic limbs in saline-treated animals (p < 0.05). Because of high variability, however, capillary counts in VEGF-treated ischemic limbs did not differ significantly from those of contralateral nonischemic limbs, or from capillary counts in either ischemic or nonischemic limbs of NTG-treated rabbits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Controlled release of microgram quantities of VEGF significantly enhanced neovascularization and vascular perfusion in ischemic limbs compared with controls in this rabbit model of partial ischemia. In addition, VEGF-treated ischemic limbs demonstrated near-normal function and appearance, whereas NTG- and saline-treated ischemic controls remained noticeably impaired. This novel approach of VEGF delivery may prove clinically useful either alone or combined with revascularization procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Akron General Medical Center, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bulgrin
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000792:Angiography; D000818:Animals; D002196:Capillaries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D017709:Fractals; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007083:Iliac Artery; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008026:Ligation; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011817:Rabbits; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D011897:Random Allocation; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D005996:Nitroglycerin