title: Amino acid sufficiency and mTOR regulate p70 S6 kinase and eIF-4E BP1 through a common effector mechanism.
abstract: The present study identifies the operation of a signal tranduction pathway in mammalian cells that provides a checkpoint control, linking amino acid sufficiency to the control of peptide chain initiation. Withdrawal of amino acids from the nutrient medium of CHO-IR cells results in a rapid deactivation of p70 S6 kinase and dephosphorylation of eIF-4E BP1, which become unresponsive to all agonists. Readdition of the amino acid mixture quickly restores the phosphorylation and responsiveness of p70 and eIF-4E BP1 to insulin. Increasing the ambient amino acids to twice that usually employed increases basal p70 activity to the maximal level otherwise attained in the presence of insulin and abrogates further stimulation by insulin. Withdrawal of most individual amino acids also inhibits p70, although with differing potency. Amino acid withdrawal from CHO-IR cells does not significantly alter insulin stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation, phosphotyrosine-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, c-Akt/protein kinase B activity, or mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. The selective inhibition of p70 and eIF-4E BP1 phosphorylation by amino acid withdrawal resembles the response to rapamycin, which prevents p70 reactivation by amino acids, indicating that mTOR is required for the response to amino acids. A p70 deletion mutant, p70Delta2-46/DeltaCT104, that is resistant to inhibition by rapamycin (but sensitive to wortmannin) is also resistant to inhibition by amino acid withdrawal, indicating that amino acid sufficiency and mTOR signal to p70 through a common effector, which could be mTOR itself, or an mTOR-controlled downstream element, such as a protein phosphatase.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Unit and Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yonezawa
authors.forename: Q P
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kozlowski
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Belham
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Avruch
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000502:physiology*; D019000:Phosphotyrosine / Q000032:analysis; D011090:Polyenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017384:Sequence Deletion / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D020123:Sirolimus; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077191:Wortmannin
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000596:Amino Acids; D000730:Androstadienes; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D003470:Culture Media; D007328:Insulin; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D011090:Polyenes; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077191:Wortmannin; C087000:EIF4EBP1 protein, human; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C494918:AKT1 protein, human