title: Release of cell cycle constraints in mouse melanocytes by overexpressed mutant E2F1E132, but not by deletion of p16INK4A or p21WAF1/CIP1.
abstract: Compared to normal melanocytes, melanoma cell lines exhibit overexpression of hyperphosphorylated retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (Rb) or a marked decrease in, or lack of, expression of Rb. Hyperphosphorylation of Rb results in increased E2F-mediated transactivation of target genes and cell cycle progression. Using a combination of gene disruption and ectopic expression in growth factor-dependent mouse melanocytes, we studied the roles of E2F1 and the p16INK4A and p21WAF1/CIP1 CKIs (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors) in the acquisition of TPA (12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate)-independent growth in culture, a hallmark of melanomas. Surprisingly, melanocytes from p16INK4A- or p21WAF1/CIP1-null mice remained TPA-dependent, and disruption of p21WAF1/CIP1 accelerated cell death in the absence of this mitogen. Disruption of E2F1 had the most profound effect on melanocyte growth, resulting in a fourfold decrease in growth rate in the presence of TPA. Furthermore, enforced overexpression of the DNA-binding-defective E2F1E132 mutant conferred TPA-independence upon melanocytes and was associated with sequestration of Rb and constitutive expression of E2F1 target genes, including p21WAF1/CIP1. We conclude that neutralization of Rb by E2F1E132, but not the disruption of p16INK4A or p21WAF1/CIP1, resulted in the accumulation of free E2F and cell cycle progression. Thus, mechanisms other than the loss of p16INK4A or p21WAF1/CIP1 that activate E2F may play an important role in melanomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Halaban
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mandigo
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Miglarese
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002470:Cell Survival; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016296:Mutagenesis; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D056465:Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C533431:Arid4a protein, mouse; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C493957:Cdkn1a protein, mouse; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; C493754:E2f1 protein, mouse; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D056465:Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate