title: Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder after a single-incident stressor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the efficacy of a group-administered cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy (CBT) protocol for pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after a single-incident stressor.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a school-wide selection-to-treatment procedure conducted in two elementary and two junior high schools, children and adolescents with DSM-IV PTSD by structured interview were entered into an 18-week, group-administered CBT protocol using a single case across time and setting experimental design. Assessments of PTSD, anxiety, depression, trait anger, locus of control, and disruptive behavior were conducted at baseline, posttreatment, and at 6-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental control across time (staggered start date) and setting (school and age) was demonstrated. Fourteen of 17 subjects completed treatment. Of these, 8 (57%) no longer met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD immediately after treatment; 12 (86%) of 14 were free of PTSD at 6-month follow-up. On intent-to-treat analyses, treatment produced a robust beneficial effect posttreatment on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale-Child and Adolescent Version, with additional improvement accruing at follow-up (p < .001). Improvements of a similar magnitude were seen for depression (p < .001), anxiety (p < .001), and anger (p < .005). Locus of control remained external from pre- to posttreatment but became strongly internal at follow-up (p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More clinical trials are required to confirm that CBT is a safe, acceptable, and effective treatment for PTSD in children and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: March
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Amaya-Jackson
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schulte
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D011614:Psychotherapy, Brief / Q000379:methods*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000628:therapy*