title: "Extensor toe sign" by various methods in spastic children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: Upper motor neuron lesion in adults is usually associated with spasticity and "extensor toe sign" on plantar stimulation (extensor plantar response). There are various methods of eliciting this sign including the classic method by Babinski. Other methods produce this response when the area of reflexogenic zone is increased due to upper motor neuron lesion. There are varying reports of Babinski positivity in spastic cerebral palsy. This study was undertaken to assess the sensitivity of different methods of eliciting "extensor toe sign." An attempt has also been made to correlate the severity of spasticity with the combined "extensor toe sign" positivity by various methods and with the increase in reflexogenic zone. Eighty-one children with spastic cerebral palsy were examined. Twelve had hemiplegia; therefore, a total of 150 limbs were tested. "Extensor toe sign" was elicited by 12 different methods in each patient. The sensitivity of each method was calculated and compared with each other one. The assessment of spasticity was done using the Ashworth Tone Scale. The severity of spasticity was correlated with "extensor toe sign" positivity using various methods. Classic Babinski reflex was positive in 75% of cases, whereas Gonda-Allen sign was positive in 90% of cases followed by Allen-Cleckley (82%), Chaddock (74%), and Cornell (54%). All other signs had sensitivity of less than 30%. There was no increase in sensitivity after combining them. There was significant negative correlation between the spasticity and the combined "extensor toe sign" positivity (by all the methods). This study, therefore, suggests that the majority of patients with spastic cerebral palsy have positive "extensor toe sign." The Gonda-Allen method is more sensitive than the classic Babinski method. A positive "extensor toe sign" is negatively correlated to the degree of spasticity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pradhan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal / Q000502:physiology*; D001405:Reflex, Babinski; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014034:Toes