title: Improved efficiency of energy transfer to external work in chronic cardiomyoplasty based on the pressure-volume relationship.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiomyoplasty is a surgical procedure to support the failing heart, in which a burst-stimulated latissimus dorsi muscle flap is transposed and wrapped around the ventricles. The effect of dynamic cardiac compression, implemented as cardiomyoplasty, on left ventricular performance remains controversial; the mechanism by which clinical symptoms are improved remains unclear. To investigate the mechanism for improvement of patients' symptoms, it is important to evaluate the effects of cardiomyoplasty on left ventricular energetics and on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. We therefore evaluated the efficiency of energy transfer from the native pressure-volume area to external work under conditions of 1:3 skeletal muscle burst pacing in an animal model with chronic heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In seven Merino-Wether sheep, cardiomyoplasty was performed after stable heart failure was induced by staged coronary embolizations (ejection fraction < 35%). Hemodynamic assessment including the assessment of the pressure-volume relationship was performed 8 weeks after cardiomyoplasty when the latissimus dorsi muscle was fully trained. Instantaneous left ventricular pressure and volume were measured with a catheter-tipped manometer and a conductance catheter during steady-state conditions and after a transient inferior vena cava occlusion. The effect of dynamic cardiac compression on left ventricular systolic function was assessed by comparing pre-assisted and assisted beats and on diastolic function by comparing assisted and post-assisted beats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship decreased by 30.5% +/- 27.8% (p = 0.02) during assisted beats. However, left ventricular pump performance improved by increasing stroke volume and external work by 35.9% +/- 36.0% (p = 0.03) and 9.7% +/- 6.8% (p = 0.03), respectively, resulting in a reduction of the volume intercept. As a result, the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship shifted to the left. The efficiency of energy transfer from the native pressure-volume area to the overall external work improved by 7.6% +/- 8.2% (p = 0.04). Cardiomyoplasty did not affect the time constant of left ventricular isovolumic pressure decline or the maximal rate of pressure decay, which suggested that cardiomyoplasty did not affect left ventricular relaxation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dynamic cardiac compression in the form of cardiomyoplasty enhanced left ventricular pump performance without interrupting left ventricular filling. The ratio of energy transfer from the native pressure-volume area to the overall external work suggests a myocardial oxygen-sparing effect of cardiomyoplasty.
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Research Centre for Cardiac Technology, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yuasa
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Horam
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Carrington
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Biao
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murase
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hunyor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D018421:Cardiomyoplasty; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004735:Energy Transfer / Q000502:physiology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000601:surgery; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000601:surgery*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012756:Sheep; D019739:Skeletal Muscle Ventricle; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016276:Ventricular Function; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D017725:Ventricular Pressure