title: The predictive value of early CT and angiography for fatal hemispheric swelling in acute stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to analyze the predictive value of early CT and arteriographic morphologic criteria to achieve a more reliable prediction of fatal outcome in patients undergoing fibrinolytic stroke treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 74 patients with acute carotid artery stroke, early signs of cerebral ischemia were determined by CT. The site of vascular occlusion was identified by digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The patients were subsequently treated by intraarterial (n = 68) or intravenous (n = 6) fibrinolysis by means of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), urokinase, or rt-PA combined with lys-plasminogen and followed-up for a period of 3 months. CT and DSA data were compared with the clinical course, with special emphasis on signs of early fatal deterioration (ie, death by intracranial mass effect) as determined by corresponding CT and clinical observations, occurring within 7 days after stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen patients died, all of intracranial mass effect, and all within a week after stroke. In nine of these fatalities, DSA revealed carotid "T" occlusion (CTO), which affected 19 patients. In five of the fatalities, a major early sign of ischemia (MESI, referring to cortical hypodensity in more than a third of the territory of the middle cerebral artery, as seen in 14 patients) was recognizable on the initial CT scan. This led to a higher predictive value and sensitivity of CTO relative to MESI for estimating early fatality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTO as determined by DSA is a substantially better predictor of fatal outcome in patients undergoing intraarterial thrombolytic therapy than is MESI as determined by CT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kucinski
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Grzyska
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Freitag
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krömer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeumer
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015424:Reperfusion; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed