title: Low bone mass and high incidence of fractures after successful simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation successfully restores normoglycaemia and corrects uraemia in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients with end-stage renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy. Low bone turnover and cortical osteopenia are often associated with the diabetic state and corticosteroid-induced bone loss, predominantly trabecular, is expected post-transplantation. Little is known, however, about the resultant long-term effects of successful simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation on bone mass and consequent fracture rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied bone and mineral metabolism, bone densitometry (using dual X-ray absorptiometry), and fracture prevalence in a cross-sectional design in 31 IDDM patients at least 12 months (mean 40+/-23 months) after successful simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients were insulin-independent and mean creatinine clearance was 64 +/- 21 ml/min. Secondary hyperparathyroidism, probably multifactorial, was found in 55% of the patients. Increased bone turnover as suggested by elevated osteocalcin concentrations was present in 45% of the patients. Twenty-three per cent of patients had a significant decrease in bone mass (T score < -2.5 SD) at the predominantly trabecular lumbar spine sites. In contrast, 58% demonstrated a similarly low bone mass at the femoral neck, where cortical bone is prevalent. Forty-five per cent of patients had documented vertebral (mostly asymptomatic) and non-vertebral fractures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that low bone mass is prevalent after successful simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation, and that this is associated with a high incidence of fractures, representing a cause for concern with regard to long-term morbidity. Contrary to the predominant trabecular bone loss expected with corticosteroid excess, cortical bone loss was prevalent in our patients, possibly due to pre-existing diabetic state and persistent hyperparathyroidism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Hospital, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Smets
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: van der Pijl
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: de Fijter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ringers
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lemkes
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hamdy
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation; D016896:Treatment Outcome