title: Differentiating withdrawal patterns between smokers and smokeless tobacco users.
abstract: The present study was designed to document smokeless tobacco withdrawal patterns and to examine differential withdrawal responses between smokers and smokeless users. Participants (N = 19) were studied under deprivation and nondeprivation conditions, 1 condition per week. The Withdrawal Symptoms Checklist was administered to assess cognitive and affective changes. Both smokers and smokeless users experienced substantially more withdrawal at 48-hr deprivation compared to the 48-hr nondeprivation condition. Participants in both groups endorsed decreasingly fewer withdrawal symptoms from 0 hr to 48 hr on nondeprivation days. This downward trend suggests a need for stabilizing withdrawal responses before deprivation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-3064, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: McChargue
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless