title: Surgical treatment of thyroid eye disease.
abstract: Thyroid eye disease may result in exophthalmos, diplopia, and eyelid malpositions, which can be corrected with different surgical procedures. Several techniques for decompressing the orbit have been described, and the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques are discussed. Our own results of the transantral approach are briefly summarized. Eye muscle surgery should be performed after an orbital decompression, and it is not unlikely that more than one muscle operation will be needed in order to achieve single vision. A number of operative procedures for eyelid surgery have been described, and the results of the various methods are generally good.
authors.affiliation: St. Erik's Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tallstedt
mesh_terms: D005143:Eyelids / Q000601:surgery; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D009915:Orbit / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome