title: Effects of cisatracurium in children during halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the neuromuscular blocking effect and recovery profile of cisatracurium besylate in children after administration of a bolus dose that was twice the estimated dose required to produce 95% of the maximum effect (2 x ED95; 0.08 mg/kg) followed by an infusion during halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open-label study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 male and female (ASA physical status I and II) patients, 2 to 10 years of age, scheduled for elective surgery of low to moderate risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  After induction of general anesthesia, patients received cisatracurium 0.08 mg/kg administered over 5 to 10 seconds. For surgical procedures requiring neuromuscular block for at least 60 minutes, a second bolus dose of cisatracurium 0.02 mg/kg was administered after the first response to a train-of-four stimuli (T1) recovered to 25% of baseline. When T1 was 5% of baseline after the second dose, a 3 microg/kg/min infusion of cisatracurium was initiated and titrated to maintain 89% to 99% block for the duration of the surgery. For procedures requiring neuromuscular block of less than 60 minutes, one or more maintenance doses of 0.02 mg/kg cisatracurium were administered when T1 was 25% of baseline after the preceding dose. In 10 patients, recovery was facilitated with edrophonium 1.0 mg/kg administered when T1 was 26% to 48% of the final baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evoked muscular response at the adductor pollicis was measured by electromyography. With 0.08 mg/kg, onset time (mean +/- SEM) was 4.1 +/- 0.4 minutes, and clinically effective duration was 27.3 +/- 0.9 minutes. Mean 5% to 95% and 25% to 75% recovery indices were 28.4 +/- 2. 7 minutes and 11.2 +/- 0.8 minutes, respectively. The mean infusion rate necessary to maintain 89% to 99% T1 suppression for 17 to 145 minutes was 1.7 microg/kg/min. After termination of infusion, the mean 5% to 95% and 25% to 75% recovery indices were similar to those after a single bolus dose, and time to 95% recovery was 30.4 +/- 3.0 minutes. After administration of edrophonium, full recovery (T4:T1 > or = 70%) occurred in 1.5 +/- 0.4 minutes. No clinically significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure were noted during the first 5 minutes after administration of cisatracurium 0.08 mg/kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cisatracurium provided maximal neuromuscular block, cardiovascular stability, and predictable recovery at the doses tested. In view of this finding, cisatracurium should be a useful intermediate-duration neuromuscular blocking drug for children during general anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Brandom
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Woelfel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ference
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dayal
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kerls
mesh_terms: D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000931:Antidotes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001279:Atracurium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004491:Edrophonium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D004576:Electromyography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006221:Halothane / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000931:Antidotes; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; D001279:Atracurium; D004491:Edrophonium; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; C101584:cisatracurium; D006221:Halothane