title: Sendai virus C proteins are categorically nonessential gene products but silencing their expression severely impairs viral replication and pathogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The P/C mRNA of Sendai virus (SeV), a prototypic member of the family Paramyxoviridae in the Mononegavirales superfamily comprising a large number of nonsegmented negative strand RNA viruses, encodes a nested set of accessory proteins, C', C, Y1 and Y2, referred to collectively as C proteins, initiating, respectively, at ACG/81 and AUGs/114, 183, 201 in the +1 frame relative to the ORF of phospho (P) protein, the smaller subunit of RNA polymerase. Among them, C is the major species expressed in infected cells at a molar ratio which is several-fold higher than the other three. However, their function has remained an enigma. It has not even been established whether or not the C proteins are essential for viral replication. Many other viruses in Mononegavirales encode C-like proteins, but their roles also remain to be defined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By taking advantage of a recently developed reverse genetics system to recover infectious SeV from cDNA, we created mutants in which C protein frames were variously silenced. C/C'(-) viruses which did not express C and C', but did express Y1 and Y2, were severely attenuated in replication in tissue culture cells of various species and tissues, as well as in embryonated chicken eggs. More notably, they were almost totally incapable of growing productively in--and hence nonpathogenic for mice--the natural host. Both gene expression and genome replication appeared to be impaired in C/C'(-) viruses. Additionally silencing the Y1 and Y2 expression was also possible, and a critically impaired but viable clone, the 4C(-) virus, was isolated which expressed none of the four C proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SeV C proteins are categorically nonessential gene products, but greatly contribute to full replication capability in vitro and are indispensable for in vivo multiplication and pathogenesis. This study represents the first comprehensive functional assessment of the accessary C protein for Mononegavirales.
authors.affiliation: Department of Viral Infection, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurotani
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kiyotani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shioda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizumoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002642:Chick Embryo; D015870:Gene Expression; D000882:Haplorhini; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016296:Mutagenesis; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D018108:Respirovirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D014774:Virulence; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins; C051221:nonstructural C protein, Sendai virus