title: Chronic haloperidol produces a time- and dose-related slowing of lick rhythm in rats: implications for rodent models of tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism.
abstract: In order to characterize the development of orolingual motor effects of chronic haloperidol treatment in rats, this typical neuroleptic was administered for 102 days while daily measurements of tongue movement dynamics (peak force, lick rhythm, number of licks) during water licking were recorded. After chronic haloperidol dosing (vehicle, 0.06. 0.12, 0.24 mg/kg for four separate groups) for 32 days and continuing every second or third day of the chronic dosing period, the effects of cholinergic (scopolamine: 0.05-0.20 mg/kg; trihexyphenidyl: 0.15-1.0 mg/kg) or serotonergic (ritanserin: 0.5-4.0 mg/kg; quipazine: 0.5-4.0 mg/kg) probe drugs were examined for their capacity to antagonize the alterations in licking behavior induced by haloperidol. Haloperidol dose-dependently reduced peak force and number of licks, effects which were apparent within 2 or 3 days of the start of treatment. Significant effects of haloperidol on lick rhythm first emerged on day 13 and gradually increased in magnitude through the remaining treatment period. Scopolamine, trihexyphenidyl, and quipazine reduced haloperidol's effects on at least one measure of licking behavior. During a 7-day haloperidol withdrawal period, the four dosage groups were similar on all measures of tongue dynamics. Overall, the results exhibited features suggesting the co-occurrence of Parkinson-like and tardive dyskinesia-like effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development, The Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014059:Tongue / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014282:Trihexyphenidyl / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D014282:Trihexyphenidyl; D012601:Scopolamine; D006220:Haloperidol