title: DNA oxidation by potassium bromate; a direct mechanism or linked to lipid peroxidation?
abstract: Following incubation of calf thymus DNA with potassium bromate (KBrO3) and glutathione (GSH), a statistically significant increase in the concentration of 8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) relative to deoxyguanosine was measured. This was GSH-dependent and was associated with loss of GSH during incubation. In contrast, 8-oxodG was not found to be elevated significantly in either total tissue DNA or mitochondrial DNA isolated from Sprague-Dawley rat kidney perfused in situ with KBrO3 (5 mM) for 15 min or 1 h. There was also no associated increase in the level of renal lipid peroxidation or reduced or oxidised GSH. Following intraperitoneal administration of KBrO3 to Sprague-Dawley rats, a dose of 100 mg/kg (maximum tolerated) gave evidence for oxidative stress in the kidney at 24 h as indicated by a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (P < 0.05) and oxidised GSH (P < 0.05). This was associated with a greater than 2-fold, significant (P < 0.01) increase in the level of 8-oxodG in kidney total DNA and a 57% (not statistically significant) increase in kidney mitochondrial 8-oxodG. Pretreatment of rats with diethylmaleate (DEM) to deplete GSH, elevated the toxicity of 100 mg/kg KBrO3. However, at a dose of 20 mg/kg, no change in any of the parameters indicative of kidney oxidative stress (including indicators of oxidative DNA damage; 8-oxodG or etheno-DNA adducts, which can be produced by lipid peroxides) was seen either with or without DEM pretreatment with the exception of a small but statistically significant (P < 0.05) increase in mitochondrial 8-oxodG when KBrO3 was given following DEM pretreatment. DNA oxidation in the kidney is therefore not inhibited by GSH depletion (contrasting with in vitro findings) and requires a sustained exposure at a near-toxic concentration of KBrO3 which is associated with lipid peroxidation and GSH oxidation. The results do not support a role, in rat kidney, of a direct, GSH-mediated mechanism for KBrO3-induced DNA oxidation as seen in vitro.
authors.affiliation: School of Biochemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK. j.k.chipman@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Chipman
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Fawell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001959:Bromates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005503:Food Additives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006203:Hair Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D001959:Bromates; D002273:Carcinogens; D018736:DNA Adducts; D005503:Food Additives; D006203:Hair Preparations; C019536:potassium bromate; D004247:DNA; D005978:Glutathione