title: Apparent role of hydroxyl radicals in oxidative brain injury induced by sodium nitroprusside.
abstract: Sodium nitroprusside (disodium nitroferricyanide) has been suggested to cause cytotoxicity through either the release of cyanide and/or nitric oxide. The present study investigated a possible mechanism that after a brief release of nitric oxide, iron moiety of breakdown products of sodium nitroprusside could cause a long lasting oxidative stress, such as hydroxyl radical generation, lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity. Intranigral administration of sodium nitroprusside (0-16.8 nmol) to rats induced an acute increase in lipid peroxidation in the substantia nigra and a chronic dopamine depletion in the caudate nucleus. Photodegraded (nitric oxide-exhausted) sodium nitroprusside, however, still produced lipid peroxidation and neurotoxicity in the midbrain. Moreover, non-iron containing nitric oxide-donor compounds, such as S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, did not cause oxidative brain injury in vivo suggesting that nitric oxide may not mediate neurotoxicity induced by sodium nitroprusside. Additional in vitro studies demonstrated that both freshly prepared (nitric oxide donor) and photodegraded (nitric oxide-exhausted) sodium nitroprusside generated hydroxyl radicals in the presence of ascorbate and also increased lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates. These pro-oxidative effects of sodium nitroprusside were blocked by nitric oxide, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, oxyhemoglobin, and deferoxamine (iron chelator). The present results suggest that iron moiety, rather than nitric oxide, may mediate the pro-oxidative properties of sodium nitroprusside. With this new information in mind, the misuse of sodium nitroprusside as a selective nitric oxide donor in both basic and clinical uses should be urgently addressed.
authors.affiliation: Unit on Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1264, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rauhala
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khaldi
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Mohanakumar
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chiueh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; C110881:S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007501:Iron; D010396:Penicillamine; D003676:Deferoxamine; D001205:Ascorbic Acid