title: Laparoscopy for the evaluation and management of the nonpalpable testicle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the usefulness of laparoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of the nonpalpable testicle and to evaluate the results of laparoscopic orchidopexy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 91 laparoscopies performed over a period of 4 years. We reviewed the following parameters: findings, complications, patency of the processus vaginalis, appearance of the cord structures, and the success of the different procedures performed for the intra-abdominal testicle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen patients had bilateral and 77 unilateral nonpalpable testicles. The mean age of the patients was 39.5 +/- 50.8 months. There were three laparoscopic complications (3.2%) one of which was a major bowel laceration. Laparoscopy defined the intra-abdominal anatomy accurately in 90 of the 91 cases Of the 26 intra-abdominal testicles above the ring, a one-stage laparoscopic orchidopexy was performed in five and a single-stage standard orchidopexy in seven. All of these testicles remain viable and are in good position. Eight patients underwent a staged Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy with laparoscopic clipping of the spermatic vessels as the first stage. Of these, a second-stage open orchidopexy was performed in five and a laparoscopic orchidopexy in three. Testicular atrophy occurred in two of the patients who underwent the second-stage open orchidopexy. Three one-stage Fowler-Stephens orchidopexies were performed with testicular atrophy occurring in two of these testicles. Laparoscopic orchiectomy was performed on two patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopy is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of the nonpalpable testicle. Laparoscopic orchidopexy may decrease the rate of testicular atrophy since most of these can be performed laparoscopically in one stage, thus preserving the vascular supply.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Merguerian
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mevorach
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Shortliffe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cendron
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome