title: Laparoscopic surgical management of diaphragmatic endometriosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the clinical presentations of and management options for diaphragmatic endometriosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four women with endometriosis of the diaphragm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic feasibility of operative laparoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Operative findings in 17 patients included 2-5 spots of endometriosis on the diaphragm measuring <1 cm. Seven women had numerous lesions scattered across the diaphragm. Lesions were bilateral in 8 patients, limited to the right hemidiaphragm in 14 patients, and limited to the left hemidiaphragm in 2 patients. In 7 patients, six endometriosis lesions were directly in the line of the left ventricle and three lesions were adjacent to the phrenic nerve. Endometriosis was infiltrating into the muscular layer of the diaphragm in 7 patients. The symptoms in all 7 symptomatic patients decreased significantly after treatment, with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. No postoperative complications occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The abdominal diaphragm can be involved with endometriosis and can be diagnosed and treated effectively with the use of videolaparoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Endoscopy Center for Training and Technology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94304, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nezhat
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nezhat
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nezhat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography