title: Significance of increased plasma adrenomedullin concentration in patients with cirrhosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adrenomedullin recently discovered in human pheochromocytoma is a potent vasodilatory peptide mainly derived from vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Hyperdynamic circulation, ultimately leading to ascites formation, has been attributed to peripheral vasodilatation in liver cirrhosis. However, little is known about the role of adrenomedullin in this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma adrenomedullin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay after extraction and purification in 28 cirrhotic patients without ascites, 12 cirrhotic patients with ascites and 10 healthy subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma adrenomedullin concentrations in cirrhotic patients with ascites (12.7+/-4.5 fmol/ml) were significantly higher than those in cirrhotic patients without ascites (8.2+/-2.3 fmol/ml, p<0.005) and healthy subjects (5.8+/-0.8 fmol/ml, p<0.005). Interestingly, plasma adrenomedullin concentrations were highest in patients with refractory ascites (n=5, 15.8+/-3.0 fmol/ml) and were positively correlated with the Child-Pugh score (r=0.44, p<0.01). Moreover, plasma adrenomedullin concentrations were positively correlated with plasma renin activity (r=0.63, p<0.0001), plasma aldosterone (r=0.60, p<0.0001) and plasma norepinephrine concentrations (r=0.60, p<0.0001), and negatively correlated with creatinine clearance (r=-0.61, p<0.0005) and urinary sodium excretion (r=-0.44, p<0.02). Stepwise multiple regression analysis using certain independent variables, including Pugh's score, vasoactive substances, renal function and hemodynamic parameters, showed that the adjusted R square was highest when plasma renin activity and creatinine clearance (standard coefficient=0.53, -0.49, respectively) were considered (adjusted R square=0.61, p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma adrenomedullin concentrations increased with the progression of liver cirrhosis and were highest in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. In addition, elevated adrenomedullin was associated with activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems, and with functional renal impairment in cirrhosis. Considering the potent vasodilatory action of adrenomedullin, increased adrenomedullin may participate in the hyperdynamic circulation, ultimately leading to ascites formation, in patients with liver cirrhosis.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsujimoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takaya
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Minamino
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kangawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukui
mesh_terms: D053607:Adrenomedullin; D000368:Aged; D001201:Ascites / Q000097:blood; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010455:Peptides; D053607:Adrenomedullin; D003404:Creatinine; D012083:Renin; D001663:Bilirubin; D009638:Norepinephrine