title: Evolution and resolution of long-term cardiac memory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac memory (CM) refers to T-wave changes induced by ventricular pacing or arrhythmia that accumulate in magnitude and duration with repeated episodes of abnormal activation. We report herein the kinetics of long-term CM and its association with the ventricular action potential.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dogs were paced from the ventricles at rates of 110 to 120 bpm for approximately 3 weeks. CM characterized by gradual sinus rhythm T vector rotation toward the paced QRS vector evolved in all dogs regardless of pacing site (left ventricular [LV] anterior apex or base, posterior LV, or right ventricular free wall). Cardiac hemodynamics and myocardial flow (microsphere studies) were unaltered by the pacing. Recovery time for the memory T wave to return to control increased with duration of the previous pacing. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide markedly (P<.05) and reproducibly attenuated evolution of CM. When pacing was performed from the atrium, CM did not occur. Standard microelectrode techniques were used to study action potential from the LV free wall of control and CM dogs. CM was associated with increased action potential duration in epicardial and endocardial but not midmyocardial cells, significantly altering the transmyocardial gradient for repolarization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CM is a dynamic process for which the final T vector is predicted by the paced QRS vector and which is associated with significant changes in epicardial and endocardial but not midmyocardial cell action potential duration, such that the transmural gradient of repolarization is altered. It is unaccompanied by evidence of altered hemodynamics or flow, requires a change in pathway of activation, and appears to require new protein synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shvilkin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Danilo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burkhoff
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Anyukhovsky
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sosunov
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004699:Endocardium / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation; D008297:Male; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D016276:Ventricular Function
chemical_list: D009124:Muscle Proteins; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D003513:Cycloheximide