title: Insulin lispro (Humalog), the first marketed insulin analogue: indications, contraindications and need for further study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the available literature on the new insulin analogue insulin lispro and provide information on its efficacy, indications for use and contraindications.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE searches were made for articles published from 1966 to 1996 using the indexing term "lispro", "Humalog" and "insulin analogs".
  
  
  METHODS
  About 30 studies and review articles were selected based on their relevance to the stated objective. These were critically appraised for the purpose of writing the review article so that it would be relevant to general practitioners, internists and nurse educators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The therapeutic challenge when treating diabetic patients is to bring the blood glucose level into as normal a range as possible, with minimal hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Insulin lispro has a much faster, higher and shorter-lasting peak serum insulin level than regular human insulin, thus mimicking physiologic secretion of insulin more closely. As a result, there is improvement in postprandial blood glucose levels and decreased episodes of hypoglycemia, with no change in the hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) level. The ability to inject insulin lispro immediately before the meal allows greater flexibility of lifestyle. Compared with regular insulin, insulin lispro is associated with a lower risk of hypoglycemia with exercise several hours after a meal. It is therefore most useful for the motivated, compliant diabetic patient who would like to achieve a better hypoglycemia-HgbA1c ratio as well as for patients desiring further flexibility with premeal insulin injections. Use of insulin lispro has been shown to improve HgbA1c levels in patients using insulin pumps. It is well tolerated, and therapy is often continued after studies are completed. Further study is needed to establish optimal basal regimens.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Puttagunta
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Toth
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D010349:Patient Compliance; D018579:Patient Selection; D012107:Research Design
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D061268:Insulin Lispro