title: Intractable hiccups during stroke rehabilitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the frequency of intractable hiccups during stroke rehabilitation and the impact on rehabilitation management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series, retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient stroke rehabilitation floor within a tertiary care teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients admitted for stroke rehabilitation with hiccups of at least 48 hours out of 270 consecutive cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Response to pharmacologic treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three subjects had pontine infarcts and required gastrostomy tube feedings and lengthy rehabilitation stays. Subjects suffered from significant complications including aspiration pneumonia, respiratory arrest, and nutritional depletion. Chlorpromazine treatment was terminated in all three subjects because of sedation that interfered with therapies. Treatment with carbamazepine was successful in only one patient; in the other two subjects, their hiccups were controlled with haloperidol or baclofen. All subjects were ultimately managed with a single agent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacologic interventions for intractable hiccups must be tailored to the unique circumstances of the stroke rehabilitation patient. Intractable hiccups can be associated with potentially fatal consequences, and safe management may require an inpatient rehabilitation setting and multidisciplinary team approach to optimize the feeding management of this challenging population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rehabilitation, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Dromerick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001418:Baclofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000150:complications; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006606:Hiccup / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011149:Pons; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D002220:Carbamazepine; D001418:Baclofen; D006220:Haloperidol; D002746:Chlorpromazine