title: Mechanical dysfunction of ventriculoperitoneal shunts caused by calcification of the silicone rubber catheter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors studied new and calcified shunt catheters to identify the prevalence of failures caused by aging materials in the shunt. Complications associated with these devices have various origins. Among late complications, fracture or migration of the system is related to the subcutaneous adhesion of the distal tubing in a growing child. A review of a cohort of 64 children who underwent shunt placement in 1980 with barium-impregnated distal catheters showed that 10 of these patients underwent reoperation for complications related to aging of the shunt material. This group represents 15% of the whole series and 30% of those children who were followed for more than 3 years. The true impact of aging of materials on shunt function is probably underestimated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed physical, chemical, and mechanical analyses of the retrieved aged catheters and also of new catheters, resulting in the following findings: 1) calcifications were observed only on the external surface of the catheter, predominantly in its subcutaneous segment at the level of the neck and anterior chest wall; 2) calcifications contained particles of free silicon and barium sulfate, signifying fragmentation of the polymer; 3) the microstructure of the silicone polymer was modified: microfractures and alteration of the polymeric network were observed; 4) silanol groups were observed on the external surface of the catheter; and 5) the mechanical properties of the silicone rubber were degraded, and the aged catheters were more brittle than the new ones, with ruptures at elongations and fracture energy much lower than that seen in new catheters. Furthermore, in vitro testing with a metastable solution of simulated body fluid demonstrated the critical impact of pH variations in liquid media and surface degradation of the catheters on the precipitation of hydroxylapatite crystals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although most shunt complications can be addressed by better patient management and surgical technique, late complications appear to be partly related to aging of the material. Distal tubing calcifications have been observed in barium-impregnated catheters. The industry recently responded to these observations by introducing plain silicone-coated shunt tubing; further evaluation will show what improvement can be expected.
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Boch
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hermelin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sainte-Rose
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sgouros
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001466:Barium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000209:etiology*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D018583:Pliability; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D015995:Prevalence; D012086:Reoperation; D012826:Silicone Elastomers / Q000737:chemistry; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000209:etiology; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011108:Polymers; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D001466:Barium Sulfate