Cocaine abuse and HIV-1 infection: epidemiology and neuropathogenesis.
The epidemiology of cocaine abuse and potential relationships of cocaine withdrawal to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-associated dementia (HAD) are discussed. Neuroendocrinological changes in HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system (CNS) are discussed with the relevant impact of cocaine abuse. HIV-1 load in the brain tissue of infected substance users is described along with possible associations with neuropathology and HAD. Finally, the molecular epidemiology and sequence heterogeneity of HIV-1 and their implications for neuropathogenesis are summarized. The complex context of addressing cocaine abuse in the setting of HIV-1 infection appears more tractable when decomposed into its components.
Goodkin
K
K
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA. kgoodkin@mednet.med.miami.edu
Shapshak
P
P
Metsch
L R
LR
McCoy
C B
CB
Crandall
K A
KA
Kumar
M
M
Fujimura
R K
RK
McCoy
V
V
Zhang
B T
BT
Reyblat
S
S
Xin
K Q
KQ
Kumar
A M
AM
D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*
D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D003042:Cocaine