title: Selective convective brain cooling during normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass results in improved cardiac outcome, patients do not benefit from hypothermia-mediated brain protection and thus may be at high risk for ischemic brain injury. The present study evaluated the efficacy of selective forced-air cerebral cooling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen dogs were anesthetized with either intravenous pentobarbital or inhaled halothane (n = 8 for each group). Temperatures were monitored in the esophagus (i.e., core), parietal epidural space, and brain parenchyma. Normothermic atrial-femoral cardiopulmonary bypass and forced-air pericranial cooling (to approximately 13 degrees C) were maintained for 150 minutes. Data between groups were compared by means of repeated-measures analysis of variance and two-sample t test. Within each group, brain-to-core temperature gradients were compared to zero by means of the one-sample t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, after 30 minutes of cerebral cooling, temperatures in the parietal epidural space and 1 cm and 2 cm beneath the dura were 3.3 degrees +/- 1.4 degrees C (mean +/- standard deviation), 2.6 degrees +/- 1.3 degrees C, and 1.1 degrees +/- 0.6 degrees C cooler than the core temperature, respectively. At the conclusion of the study (i.e., 150 minutes), these temperatures were 4.5 degrees +/- 1.8 degrees C, 3.9 degrees +/- 1.6 degrees C, and 2.0 degrees +/- 0.9 degrees C cooler than the core temperature, respectively. Similar changes were observed in halothane-anesthetized dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regardless of the background anesthetic, the magnitude of selective cerebral cooling observed in our study was larger than the 1 degree to 2 degrees C changes previously reported to modulate ischemic brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minn 55905, USA.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Wass
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Waggoner
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Cable
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Schaff
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Lanier
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004569:Electroencephalography; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D011897:Random Allocation; D016896:Treatment Outcome