title: VEGF induces hyperpermeability by a direct action on endothelial cells.
abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of vasculo- and angiogenesis. Earlier studies demonstrated a permeability-increasing effect of VEGF in skin tests, leading to its other name, vascular permeability factor. We wondered whether VEGF-induced hyperpermeability was a direct effect of VEGF on endothelial cells and studied the permeability of human and porcine endothelial cell monolayers in a well-characterized in vitro system. VEGF increased the hydraulic conductivity up to 20-fold and simultaneously decreased the albumin reflection coefficient. This effect occurred after a delay of 150 min, although VEGF-induced early endothelial cell activation was verified by enhanced inositol phosphate accumulation within 5 min and increased P-selectin expression within 15 min. Platelet-derived growth factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, two endothelial cell nonspecific mitogens, also stimulated phosphatidylinositol metabolism and P-selectin expression; however, they had no effect on endothelial permeability. The increase in intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels of human endothelial monolayers abolished VEGF-induced endothelial hyperpermeability. In summary, VEGF increased endothelial permeability by a direct action on endothelial cells. Based on the pattern of endothelial cell activation by growth factors, VEGF appears to be a unique stimulus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hippenstiel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krüll
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ikemann
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Risau
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clauss
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suttorp
mesh_terms: D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols / Q000378:metabolism; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D019007:P-Selectin; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor