title: Use of enalapril to attenuate decline in renal function in normotensive, normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors attenuate the decline in renal function in diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. However, no data are available on the use of ACE inhibitors to prevent the decrease in renal function in normotensive, normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of prolonged ACE inhibition on renal function and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 6-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight outpatient clinics coordinated by a department of medicine in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  156 patients in whom type 2 diabetes was diagnosed after 40 years of age who had a baseline mean blood pressure less than 107 mm Hg and albuminuria (albumin excretion < or = 30 mg/24 h).
  
  
  METHODS
  Enalapril, 10 mg/d, or placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Degree of albuminuria at 24 hours, creatinine clearance, blood pressure, and hemoglobin A1c values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enalapril therapy decreased albumin excretion from a mean +/- SD of 11.6 +/- 7 mg/24 h to 9.7 +/- 6 mg/24 h at 2 years. This was followed by a gradual increase to 15.8 +/- 8 mg/24 h at 6 years. In the placebo group, albumin excretion increased from 10.8 +/- 8 mg/24 h to 26.5 +/- 10 mg/24 h at 6 years (P = 0.001 for enalapril compared with placebo). Transition to microalbuminuria occurred in 15 of 79 (19%) placebo recipients and 5 of 77 (6.5%) enalapril recipients. Enalapril treatment resulted in an absolute risk reduction of 12.5% (95% CI, 2% to 23%; P = 0.042) for development of microalbuminuria. After 6 years, creatinine clearance decreased from 1.78 +/- 0.13 mL/s to 1.63 +/- 0.12 mL/s (mean decrease, 0.025 mL/s per year) in enalapril recipients and from 1.81 +/- 0.15 mL/s to 1.57 +/- 0.17 mL/s (mean decrease, 0.04 mL/s per year) in placebo recipients (P = 0.040). Hemoglobin A1c values decreased modestly in both groups. Mean blood pressure remained normal (< 107 mm Hg) in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enalapril attenuated the decline in renal function and reduced the extent of albuminuria in normotensive, normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes. Further research is needed to determine whether this treatment forestalls the development of overt nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Tel-Aviv University and Meir Hospital, Kfar-Sava, Israel. mravid@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ravid
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brosh
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bar-Dayan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ravid
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rachmani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000465:Algorithms; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004656:Enalapril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006441:Hemoglobin A / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D010919:Placebos; D004656:Enalapril; D006441:Hemoglobin A; D003404:Creatinine