title: Measuring outpatient resource use and case mix in ophthalmology in north east England.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the extent to which two existing ambulatory case mix measures (Ambulatory Visit Groups and Ambulatory Patient Groups) and other variables can explain resource use variations in ophthalmic outpatient visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three week prospective study of three consultant outpatient clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  One ophthalmic hospital (Sunderland Eye Infirmary, Sunderland, Tyne and Wear) and three outreach clinics (South Tyneside District Hospital, South Shields, Tyne and Wear; Dryburn Hospital, Durham, Co Durham; and Hartlepool General Hospital, Hartlepool, Cleveland).
  
  
  METHODS
  325 patients who visited ophthalmic outpatient clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean consultation time and mean cost distributions by case mix group, analysed by analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ambulatory case mix measures can explain some of the variation in resource use for outpatient visits, but different measures differ in the extent to which they can do so. Clinicians' behaviour also accounts for a significant amount of such variation. Simpler measures of visit type, without diagnostic or procedure information, do not explain resource use variations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Existing measures perform reasonably well, but their data requirements may preclude their introduction in the National Health Service. Caution is required in advocating simpler measures, however. The influence of clinical practice on resource use variations is important; in this study, most differences between clinicians were not attributable to differences in case mix.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Services Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McNamee
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parkin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Steen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013222:State Medicine; D006113:United Kingdom