title: Reduced labor force participation among primary care patients with headache.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the long-term impact of headache on labor force participation among primary care patients with headache.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-year cohort study comparing employment status of primary care patients with headache and that of patients with back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with headache (n = 662) or back pain (n = 1,024) sampled from persons visiting a primary care physician who completed baseline, 1-year and 2-year follow-up interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of subjects unemployed at baseline, 1 year or 2 years was determined, excluding the retired and homemakers. Among all patients, the percentage unable to obtain or keep full-time work in the year prior to each interview because of headache or back pain was also assessed. Over the 3-year period covered by the study interviews, 13% of headache and 18% of back pain patients were unable to obtain or keep full-time work because of their pain condition. Among those in the labor force, 12% of headache patients and 12% of back pain patients were unemployed for any reason at one or more interviews. Among the one in five headache patients with a poor long-term outcome, 36% were unable to obtain or keep full-time work because of headache at some time compared with 4% of headache patients with a good outcome. Among headache patients, women, persons aged 18 to 24 years, those with lower levels of education, persons with depressive symptoms, and migraineurs were more likely to have reduced labor force participation owing to headache.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The likelihood of reduced labor force participation among primary care patients with headache was considerable and concentrated among the one in five patients with a poor long-term outcome. Headache patients at a social disadvantage in attaining occupational role stability (e.g., younger women or poorly educated patients) were more likely to report reduced labor force participation.
authors.affiliation: Glaxo Research Institute and University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Von Korff
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Galer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology