title: Hormone replacement therapy and risk of hip fracture: population based case-control study. The Swedish Hip Fracture Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relative risk of hip fracture associated with postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy including the effect of duration and recency of treatment, the addition of progestins, route of administration, and dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population based case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six counties in Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  1327 women aged 50-81 years with hip fracture and 3262 randomly selected controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Use of hormone replacement therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with women who had never used hormone replacement therapy, current users had an odds ratio of 0.35 (95 % confidence interval 0.24 to 0.53) for hip fracture and former users had an odds ratio of 0.76 (0.57 to 1.01). For every year of therapy, the overall risk decreased by 6% (3% to 9%): 4% (1% to 8%) for regimens without progestin and 11% (6% to 16%) for those with progestin. Last use between one and five years previously, with a duration of use more than five years, was associated with an odds ratio of 0.27 (0.08 to 0.94). After five years without hormone replacement therapy the protective effect was substantially diminished (-7% to 48%). With current use, an initiation of therapy nine or more years after the menopause gave equally strong reduction in risk for hip fracture as an earlier start. Oestrogen treatment with skin patches gave similar risk estimates as oral regimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent use of hormone replacement therapy is required for optimum fracture protection, but therapy can be started several years after the menopause. The protective effect increases with duration of use, and an oestrogen-sparing effect is achieved when progestins are included in the regimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. Karl.Michaelsson@ortopedi.uu.se
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michaëlsson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: B Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Farahmand
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Johnell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ljunghall
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004964:Estriol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D011372:Progestins; D004964:Estriol