title: Discrete distributions for use in twin studies.
abstract: We describe several new discrete distributions motivated by the study of longevity in twins. All individuals both living and dead at a given age are randomly paired. The univariate distribution models the number of these pairs where both individuals are alive. If there is a positive association to longevity in twins, then we would expect to see an excessive number of twin pairs both alive at older ages relative to the number of living individuals. We obtain Poisson and normal approximations to the exact distribution. Multivariate distributions are developed to allow for simultaneous and conditional inference at different ages. Odds-ratio parameter models provide a measure of the association of longevity within twin pairs. These models indicate an excessive number of identical twin pairs both alive after age 60 in a cohort of twins born between 1870 and 1880 in Denmark. Monozygotic twins are contrasted with dizygotic twins to separate the genetic and environmental contributions to the similarity in longevity among twins.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Waller
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zelterman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008136:Longevity; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018433:Twin Studies as Topic; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic