title: Intensive alternating drug pairs after remission induction for treatment of infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A Pediatric Oncology Group Pilot Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) often enter remission; however, they have a high rate of relapse. To prevent relapse, infants' tolerance of and benefits from early intensive rotating drug pairs as part of therapy were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  After prednisone, vincristine, asparaginase, and daunorubicin induction, 12 intensive treatments (ABACABACABAC) were administered in 30 weeks: A, intermediate dose methotrexate (MTX) and intermediate dose mercaptopurine (MP); B, cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and daunorubicin (DNR); C, Ara-C and teniposide (VM-26). Triple intrathecal chemotherapy (Ara-C, MTX, and hydrocortisone) was administered for central nervous system prophylaxis. Continuation therapy consisted of weekly MTX and daily MP for a total of 130 weeks of continuous complete remission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three infants (1 year old or younger) with newly diagnosed ALL were treated. Two infants did not respond to induction, 1 died from sepsis during continuation, 1 received a bone marrow transplant, and 24 relapsed. Median time to relapse was 39 weeks. The event-free survival rate at 5 years was 17% (standard error +/- 7.7%). The most significant toxicities occurred during intensification and included fever-neutropenia and bacterial sepsis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although early intensive rotating therapy is tolerable, the relapse-free survival rate remains poor for infants treated with the schedule on this protocol.
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lauer
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Camitta
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Leventhal
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shuster
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kiefer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pullen
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Steuber
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kamen
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003630:Daunorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007223:Infant; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D015122:Mercaptopurine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010865:Pilot Projects; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012074:Remission Induction; D013713:Teniposide / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D003561:Cytarabine; D013713:Teniposide; D015122:Mercaptopurine; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D008727:Methotrexate; D003630:Daunorubicin