title: Tympanic membrane displacement testing in regular assessment of intracranial pressure in eight children with shunted hydrocephalus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors assessed the accuracy and repeatability of the tympanic membrane displacement (TMD) test, an audiometric technique that is used to evaluate changes in intracranial pressure (ICP) in children with shunted hydrocephalus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective comparative evaluation of 31 clinical episodes of shunt malfunction was made by using the serial TMD test and direct ICP measurement in eight children with shunted hydrocephalus between January 1995 and February 1996. The volume displacement of the tympanic membrane (Vm) on stapedial contraction was inward for raised ICP in 11 instances and ranged from -120 to -539 nl (mean -263.5 nl). This was confirmed by direct ICP monitoring, which showed values ranging from 20 to 30 mm Hg (mean 26 mm Hg). The TMD test measurement (Vm) in 18 instances of low ICP ranged from 263 to 717 nl (mean 431.3 nl); this was corroborated by direct ICP measurement, which ranged from 3 to 7 mm Hg (mean 4.2 mm Hg). The normal baseline Vm values obtained when patients were asymptomatic ranged from 98 to 197 nl (mean 110 nl). As a noninvasive diagnostic tool used in predicting changes in ICP, the TMD test had a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 100%. The positive predictive value of the test was 100% and the negative predictive value was 29%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TMD test can be used on a regular basis as a reproducible investigative tool in the assessment of ICP in children with shunted hydrocephalus, thereby reducing the need for invasive ICP monitoring. The equipment necessary to perform this testing is mobile. It will provide a useful serial guide to ICP abnormalities in children with shunted hydrocephalus.
authors.affiliation: Wessex Regional Centre for Paediatric Surgery and Child Health, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Burge
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Marchbanks
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests; D000293:Adolescent; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis; D019585:Intracranial Hypotension / Q000175:diagnosis; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012022:Reflex, Acoustic / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013198:Stapedius / Q000503:physiopathology; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000503:physiopathology*