title: Influence of socioeconomic and cultural factors on racial differences in late-stage presentation of breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer mortality is higher among African American women than among white women in the United States, but the reasons for the racial difference are not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of socioeconomic and cultural factors on the racial difference in breast cancer stage at diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study of patients diagnosed as having breast cancer at the University Medical Center of Eastern Carolina from 1985 through 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  The major health care facility for 2 rural counties in eastern North Carolina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred forty of 743 patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer and 414 control women from the community matched by age, race, and area of residence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Breast cancer stage at diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 540 patients, 94 (17.4%) presented with TNM stage III or IV disease. The following demographic and socioeconomic factors were significant predictors of advanced stage: being African American (odds ratio [OR], 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-4.7); having low income (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.1-6.5); never having been married (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.4-5.9); having no private health insurance (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.6-4.0); delaying seeing a physician because of money (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.5); or lacking transportation (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.6). Univariate analysis also revealed a large number of cultural beliefs to be significant predictors. Examples include the following beliefs: air causes a cancer to spread (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.8-4.3); the devil can cause a person to get cancer (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.5); women who have breast surgery are no longer attractive to men (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.5); and chiropractic is an effective treatment for breast cancer (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.4). When the demographic and socioeconomic variables were included in a multivariate logistic regression model, the OR for late stage among African Americans decreased to 1.8 (95% CI, 1.1 -3.2) compared with 3.0 (95% CI, 1.9-4.7) for race alone. However, when the belief measures were included with the demographic and socioeconomic variables, the OR for late stage among African Americans decreased further to 1.2 (95% CI, 0.6-2.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Socioeconomic factors alone were not sufficient to explain the dramatic effect of race on breast cancer stage; however, socioeconomic variables in conjunction with cultural beliefs and attitudes could largely account for the observed effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leo W. Jenkins Cancer Center, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA. lannin@brody.med.ecu.edu
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lannin
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data