title: Postoperative chronic pain and bladder dysfunction: windup and neuronal plasticity--do we need a more neurological approach in pelvic surgery?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cases of combined symptoms of dysfunctional voiding and associated pelvic discomfort are difficult diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Surgical solutions not uncommonly fail to relieve those symptoms. We determine why these symptoms persist postoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four cases of ureteral injury during gynecological laparoscopic procedures for pelvic/menstrual pain are presented. The cases are reviewed for their severity and similarity in presenting symptoms, complications and long-term consequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all cases light pain symptoms and/or dysfunctional voiding problems that existed before the initial surgery escalated severely after corrective pelvic surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are established neurophysiological mechanisms that would explain the observed increase in pain after surgical manipulation of the pelvis. Windup and changes in neuronal plasticity are direct consequences of wounding and/or neural injury to the central nervous system. These principles are important for surgeons to appreciate due to the impact they can have on the outcomes of surgery. Blocking the sensory input into the spinal cord, inherent to every surgical procedure, through use of local anesthetics, that is preemptive anesthesia, before creation of a wound provides the greatest protection against escalation of symptoms. Thorough evaluation of all patients before pelvic surgery is recommended to identify high risk groups (preexisting pain, voiding syndromes).
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, University of Colorada Health Science Center, Denver, USA.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Zermann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishigooka
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Doggweiler
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries*; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000209:etiology*