title: Solitarial premotor neuron projections to the rat esophagus and pharynx: implications for control of swallowing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The buccopharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing are controlled by distinct networks of premotor neurons localized in the nucleus tractus solitarius. The neuronal circuitry coordinating the two phases was investigated using a combination of central and peripheral tracing techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using pseudorabies virus, a transsynaptic tracer, in anesthetized rats, third-order esophageal neurons (neurons projecting to premotor neurons) were identified. In a separate protocol that combined transsynaptic and retrograde fluorescent tracing, third-order esophageal neurons projecting to pharyngeal motoneurons (buccopharyngeal premotor neurons) were then identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Third-order esophageal neurons were identified in the interstitial and intermediate subnuclei of the nucleus tractus solitarius and in other medullary, pontine, midbrain, and forebrain nuclei. A subpopulation of these neurons (double labeled) in the interstitial and intermediate subnuclei were found to project to pharyngeal motoneurons (buccopharyngeal premotor neurons) and to be linked synaptically to esophageal premotor neurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The synaptic link between buccopharyngeal and esophageal premotor neurons provides an anatomic pathway for the central initiation of esophageal peristalsis and its coordination with the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. This neural circuitry within the nucleus tractus solitarius is consistent with a complex central control mechanism for the swallowing motor sequence that can function independently of afferent feedback.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Broussard
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Wiedner
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Altschuler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000294:innervation*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011558:Herpesvirus 1, Suid; D008297:Male; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000294:innervation*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017552:Solitary Nucleus / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D013266:Stilbamidines; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C049774:2-hydroxy-4,4'-diamidinostilbene, methanesulfonate salt; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D013266:Stilbamidines