title: Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and mortality: results from a nationally representative prospective study of US adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A prominent hypothesis regarding social inequalities in mortality is that the elevated risk among the socioeconomically disadvantaged is largely due to the higher prevalence of health risk behaviors among those with lower levels of education and income.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the degree to which 4 behavioral risk factors (cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, sedentary lifestyle, and relative body weight) explain the observed association between socioeconomic characteristics and all-cause mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal survey study investigating the impact of education, income, and health behaviors on the risk of dying within the next 7.5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationally representative sample of 3617 adult women and men participating in the Americans' Changing Lives survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  All-cause mortality verified through the National Death Index and death certificate reviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Educational differences in mortality were explained in full by the strong association between education and income. Controlling for age, sex, race, urbanicity, and education, the hazard rate ratio of mortality was 3.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.01-5.16) for those in the lowest-income group and 2.34 (95% CI, 1.49-3.67) for those in the middle-income group. When health risk behaviors were considered, the risk of dying was still significantly elevated for the lowest-income group (hazard rate ratio, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.74-4.42) and the middle-income group (hazard rate ratio, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.38-3.25).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although reducing the prevalence of health risk behaviors in low-income populations is an important public health goal, socioeconomic differences in mortality are due to a wider array of factors and, therefore, would persist even with improved health behaviors among the disadvantaged.
authors.affiliation: Survey Research Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-2029, USA. plantz@umich.edu
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lantz
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: House
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lepkowski
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Mero
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001835:Body Weight; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology