title: Multiple signal transduction pathways link Na+/K+-ATPase to growth-related genes in cardiac myocytes. The roles of Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinases.
abstract: We showed before that in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes partial inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase by nontoxic concentrations of ouabain causes hypertrophic growth and transcriptional regulations of genes that are markers of cardiac hypertrophy. In view of the suggested roles of Ras and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) as key mediators of cardiac hypertrophy, the aim of this work was to explore their roles in ouabain-initiated signal pathways regulating four growth-related genes of these myocytes, i.e. those for c-Fos, skeletal alpha-actin, atrial natriuretic factor, and the alpha3-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase. Ouabain caused rapid activations of Ras and p42/44 MAPKs; the latter was sustained longer than 90 min. Using high efficiency adenoviral-mediated expression of a dominant-negative Ras mutant, and a specific inhibitor of MAPK kinase (MEK), activation of Ras-Raf-MEK-p42/44 MAPK cascade by ouabain was shown. The effects of the mutant Ras, an inhibitor of Ras farnesylation, and the MEK inhibitor on ouabain-induced changes in mRNAs of the four genes indicated that (a) skeletal alpha-actin induction was dependent on Ras but not on p42/44 MAPKs, (b) alpha3 repression was dependent on the Ras-p42/44 MAPK cascade, and (c) induction of c-fos or atrial natriuretic factor gene occurred partly through the Ras-p42/44 MAPK cascade, and partly through pathways independent of Ras and p42/44 MAPKs. All ouabain effects required extracellular Ca2+, and were attenuated by a Ca2+/calmodulin antagonist or a protein kinase C inhibitor. The findings show that (a) signal pathways linked to sarcolemmal Na+/K+-ATPase share early segments involving Ca2+ and protein kinase C, but diverge into multiple branches only some of which involve Ras, or p42/44 MAPKs, or both; and (b) there are significant differences between this network and the related gene regulatory pathways activated by other hypertrophic stimuli, including those whose responses involve increases in intracellular free Ca2+ through different mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kometiani
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gnudi
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Askari
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000502:physiology; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000503:physiopathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D010042:Ouabain / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000502:physiology*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D002147:Calmodulin; D005419:Flavonoids; D010042:Ouabain; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D002118:Calcium