title: Transport characteristics of peptidomimetics. Effect of the pyrrolinone bioisostere on transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the permeation characteristics of amide bond-containing HIV-1 protease inhibitors and their pyrrolinone-containing counterparts across Caco-2 cell monolayers, a model of the intestinal mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transepithelial transport and cellular uptake of three pairs of amide bond-containing and pyrrolinone-based peptidomimetics were assessed in the presence and absence of cyclosporin A using the Caco-2 cell culture model. The potential of the peptidomimetics to interact with biological membranes was estimated by IAM chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the absence of cyclosporin A, apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) flux of all compounds studied was less than the flux determined in the opposite direction (i.e., BL-to-AP). The ratio of the apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) calculated for the BL-to-AP and AP-to-BL transport (P(BL-->AP)/P(AP-->BL)) varied between 1.7 and 36.2. When individual pairs were ompared, P(BL-->AP)/P(AP-BL) ratios of the pyrrolinone-containing compounds were 1.5 to 11.5 times greater than those determined for the amide bond-containing analogs. Addition of 25 microM cyclosporin A to the transport buffer reduced the P(BL-->AP)/P(AP-->BL) ratios for all protease inhibitors to a value close to unity. Under these conditions, the amide bond-containing peptidomimetics were at least 1.6 to 2.8 times more able to permeate Caco-2 cell monolayers than were the pyrrolinone-containing compounds. The intrinsic uptake characteristics into Caco-2 cells determined in the presence of 25 microM cyclosporin A were slightly greater for the amide bond-containing protease inhibitors than for the pyrrolinone-containing analogs. These uptake results are consistent with the transepithelial transport results determined across this in vitro model of the intestinal mucosa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amide bond-containing and pyrrolinone-based peptidomimetics are substrates for apically polarized efflux systems present in Caco-2 cell monolayers. The intrinsic permeabilities of the amide bond-containing protease inhibitors are slightly greater than the intrinsic permeabilities of the pyrrolinone-based analogs through Caco-2 cell monolayers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence 66047, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sudoh
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Pauletti
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasternak
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Sprengeler
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hirschmann
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Borchardt
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D018938:Caco-2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D018716:Molecular Mimicry; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D010455:Peptides