title: Ring block for neonatal circumcision.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a difference in the behavioral and physiologic response to circumcision can be demonstrated between neonates undergoing the procedure with ring block and those receiving no anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty healthy male newborns were assigned randomly to receive either ring block or no anesthesia. Indices of perceived pain including crying time, behavioral state, oxygen saturation, and heart and respiratory rates were recorded at baseline and at intervals during the circumcision. Infants were reassessed 2 minutes and 2 hours postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants receiving ring block cried less than did controls (P < .001). Anesthetized infants had smaller increases in heart rate (P < .005) and demonstrated less arousal (P < .005) during each operative interval. For all operative intervals combined, anesthetized infants had a smaller decrease in oxygen saturation (P < .001) and a smaller increase in respiratory rate (P = .005) than did controls. Two minutes postoperatively, anesthetized infants had returned to their baseline behavioral state, whereas controls remained significantly more aroused (P < .005). Two hours postoperatively, there were no significant differences in any variables between the groups, nor between each group and its baseline. There were no complications related to anesthesia administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neonatal circumcision causes behavioral and physiologic changes consistent with the perception of pain. Ring block is an effective method of anesthesia for this procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hardwick-Smith
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mastrobattista
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ritchey
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002944:Circumcision, Male; D003448:Crying; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008012:Lidocaine; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010413:Penis / Q000294:innervation
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine