title: Childhood nocturnal enuresis in The Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in school children aged 5 to 15 years, and to investigate the association of bedwetting with ethnicity, the educational level of the parents, and the type of education (mainstream or special) received by the child.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained for 5360 children in mainstream education and 2571 children in special education. The data were weighted to calculate estimates representative of the Dutch population. Nocturnal enuresis was examined in children 5 or 6 years of age who wet their bed at least twice in the 4 weeks previous to questioning, and in children 7 years of age and older who did so at least once in the previous 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 6%; 15% in the 5 to 6-year-age group and 1% in the 13 to 15-year age group. Marked enuresis (at least twice a week) was reported in 4%. Nocturnal enuresis was more common in Turkish/Moroccan (14%) than in Dutch children (6%). The educational level of the parents was not significantly related to nocturnal enuresis. Children in special education more frequently reported nocturnal enuresis than children in mainstream education (14% and 6%, respectively). This was especially true for children in schools for the mentally retarded as compared to children in mainstream education ¿odds ratio [OR] in boys 3.21 (99% confidence interval [CI] 2.26 to 4.55) and OR in girls 4.25 [99% CI 2.61 to 6.92]¿.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nocturnal enuresis occurs most frequently among mentally retarded children. Children attending special education schools for reasons other than mental retardation are also at a higher risk of experiencing nocturnal enuresis than children attending mainstream education schools. Nocturnal enuresis is more prevalent in Turkish/Moroccan children than in Dutch children.
authors.affiliation: TNO Prevention and Health, Department of Child Health, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spee-van der Wekke
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hirasing
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Meulmeester
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Radder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D004775:Enuresis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D010290:Parents; D015995:Prevalence