title: Pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole in patients with end-stage renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pantoprazole is a selective inhibitor of the gastric H+/K+-ATPase with a low potential to interact with the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Since pantoprazole is metabolized in the liver to metabolites which are mainly cleared by the renal route, it was the aim of this study to investigate its pharmacokinetics in patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing regular haemodialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients with end-stage renal failure (creatinine clearance < 5 ml/min, age 45-65 years) on regular haemodialysis (duration of haemodialysis 4-5 h, cuprophan-dialyser Hemoflow E3, surface 1.3 m2) were given single i.v. doses of 40 mg pantoprazole one day before haemodialysis (A) and on a haemodialysis day immediately before the start of the haemodialysis (B). Concentrations of pantoprazole and metabolite M2 were determined in plasma and urine over 24 h and in timed samples of the dialysis fluid by HPLC. The protein binding was determined using equilibrium dialysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pharmacokinetic characteristics of pantoprazole AUC, t(1/2), CL and V(d area) (geometric means) were 2.4 mgxh/l, 0.63 h, 0.227 l/h/kg and 0.206 l/kg on day A (without dialysis) and 2.3 mgxh/l, 0.8 h, 0.237 l/h/kg and 0.273 l/kg on day B (with dialysis), respectively. The protein binding was 96%. Pantoprazole was found in small amounts in the dialysis fluid (max. 2.1% of the dose) but not in the urine. Pantoprazole was well tolerated. In particular, there were no clinically relevant changes in blood count, electrolytes or liver enzymes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Haemodialysis has no influence on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of pantoprazole. Thus, pantoprazole is not dialysed to any relevant degree, and therefore no dose-adjustment is required for patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing regular haemodialysis treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical School Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kliem
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bahlmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lühmann
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wurst
mesh_terms: D053799:2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000077402:Pantoprazole; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013454:Sulfoxides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D053799:2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001798:Blood Proteins; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D013454:Sulfoxides; D000077402:Pantoprazole; D009853:Omeprazole