title: Ureteral complications with operative gynecologic laparoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study assessed the incidence, diagnosis, management, and causes of ureteral injuries during major laparoscopic operations at our department in a 6-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a chart review of 790 consecutive major laparoscopic procedures in 711 patients (mean age 37.4 +/- 11.6 years, mean weight 64.3 +/- 29.1 kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were four ureteral complications in three patients during or after laparoscopic operations: three of 711 patients (0.42%) and four of 790 procedures (0.38%). All three ureteral complications (one transection and a total of three ureterovaginal fistulas in two patients) occurred during laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomies, for an incidence of 4.3%. There were no ureteral injuries in 291 salpingo-oophorectomies, 414 ovarian cystectomies, and 15 colposuspensions. Both delayed ureteral complications occurred in the lower segment of the ureter after laparoscopic bipolar coagulation and division of the cardinal ligament.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that in laparoscopic surgery the ureter is most at risk when the cardinal ligament is dissected and divided below the uterine vessels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Graz, Austria. tamussino@adis.at
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Tamussino
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Breinl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries*; D014515:Ureteral Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D014548:Urinary Fistula / Q000209:etiology; D014624:Vaginal Fistula / Q000209:etiology