title: Improved survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia with evolving therapeutic strategies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the survival rates for 3 therapeutic eras, each using different treatment strategies for the management of newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of all infants with CDH from 1970 through 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 203 newborns with CDH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was performed with arterial and venous cannulation connected to a membrane oxygenatorroller pump perfusion apparatus, using systemic heparinization. Delayed operative therapy involved operative repair 2 to 5 days after birth using preoperative ventilation support only. Since 1970, 203 newborns with CDH were managed in 3 therapeutic eras: era 1 (1970-1983, 102 patients) was immediate CDH repair with postoperative ventilator and pharmacologic support; era 2 (1984-1988, 45 patients) was immediate repair with postoperative ventilator support (18 patients), immediate ECMO with CDH repair on ECMO (4 patients), or immediate repair with postoperative ECMO (23 patients); and era 3 (1989-1997, 56 patients) was immediate ECMO with repair on ECMO (23 patients), immediate repair with postoperative ECMO (9 patients), or delayed (2-5 days) CDH repair (24 patients).
  
  
  METHODS
  Survival, defined as discharge from the hospital, and morbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survival was 42% (43/102 patients) in era 1, 58% (26/45 patients) in era 2, and 79% (44/56 patients) in era 3 (P<.02 vs eras 1 and 2). In era 3, the survival for immediate ECMO with repair on ECMO was 57% (13/23 patients), 89% (8/9 patients) for immediate repair with postoperative ECMO, and 96% (23/24 patients) for delayed repair. Eight late deaths were caused by pulmonary hypertension (1 death), sudden infant death syndrome (1 death), and other causes (6 deaths). Morbidity in survivors included mild neurologic deficit (5 patients) and pulmonary disease (3 patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate a significant improvement in survival in CDH with preoperative ECMO and with delayed repair with and without ECMO support and suggest that immediate repair of CDH without the availability of ECMO support should be abandoned.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, and Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, MO 63104, USA.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kountzman
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Silen
mesh_terms: D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D005260:Female; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008923:Missouri / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate