title: Screening for diabetic retinopathy using a non-mydriatic retinal camera in rural Victoria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a screening programme for the early detection of diabetic retinopathy using non-mydriatic retinal photography.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community based screening service was offered to all people with known diabetes mellitus in selected townships in the LaTrobe and Goulburn Valleys in Victoria. At the local examination centre, basic sociodemographic information was collected as well as details of previous use of eye care services for the early detection of diabetic retinopathy. The examination included visual acuity (VA), glycosylated haemoglobin level and Polaroid photographs of each fundus using a Canon CR5-45NM non-mydriatic retinal camera (Canon, Tochigiken, Japan). Dilating drops were not used. Photographs were subsequently reviewed and letters were sent to all participants (with copies to their general practitioners) with recommendations for appropriate follow up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1177 people with diabetes attended the screening service, which is estimated to be 40% of the total population with known diabetes in the study area. The mean age was 65 years (range 20-94 years); 559 (48%) people reported not having a dilated fundus examination within the past 2 years; 345 (29%) people had never had a dilated fundus examination. Of the 2354 eyes, 2126 (90%) of the photographs were gradable. A total of 704 people (60%) had normal VA and no evidence of diabetic retinopathy, 209 people (18%) had diabetic retinopathy, 101 people (9%) had evidence of other fundus pathology, 42 people (3%) had reduced acuity (< 6/18) in one or both eyes (with no fundus pathology evident) and 121 people (10%) had ungradable photographs in one or both eyes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates the usefulness of a screening programme with non-mydriatic retinal photography as an adjunct to current eye care services for the early detection of diabetic retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: University of Melbourne Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. htaylor@iris.medoph.unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Livingston
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Keeffe
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: McCarty
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015878:Mydriasis; D009184:Mydriatics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods*; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D012424:Rural Population; D014739:Victoria; D015351:Vision Screening; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D009184:Mydriatics