title: The impact of urge urinary incontinence on quality of life: importance of patients' perspective and explanatory style.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The impact of urinary incontinence (UI) on health-related quality of life (QoL) is significant yet variable, but little is known about patient-defined content areas regarding the influence of UI on QoL and whether patient-specific factors correlate with specific content areas of UI-related QoL. In order to identify the most valid content areas for a new UI-related QoL questionnaire, our primary goal was to determine the content areas of greatest concern regarding UI-related QoL among older persons with urge incontinence. The second goal was to examine the possible role of patients' explanatory style as a mediator of UI impact on health-related QoL. Data on the questionnaire will be presented elsewhere.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focus groups comprising urge-incontinent persons were used to obtain verbatim descriptions of the impact of UI on QoL.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university-affiliated tertiary hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-dwelling women (n = 25) and men (n = 5) more than 60 years of age, with urge incontinence, recruited from newspaper, newsletter, and radio advertisements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative content analysis of focus group transcripts was used to determine QoL items. These were compared with previously described UI-related QoL items obtained from the literature. Subjects' statements regarding causes of UI were evaluated for predominant explanatory style.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two UI-related QoL items were identified, more than half of which were not described previously. Compared with expert-defined UI-related QoL items from the literature, patient-defined items focused more on coping with embarrassment and interference from UI than on prevention of actual activity performance. Explanatory statements were made frequently by patients talking about their UI. Although positive style explanatory statements were most common, they did not correlate with any QoL items. By contrast, there was a significant correlation between negative explanatory style and six specific UI-related QoL items.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Focus groups of older persons with urge incontinence suggest that experts and patients view the impact of urge UI on QoL differently. Whereas experts focus more on functional impact, patients more often cite the impact of UI on their emotional well-being and on the interruption of activities. In addition, the association between negative explanatory style and specific UI-related QoL items suggests that explanatory style may be an important mediator of patients' perceptions of UI-related QoL.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division on Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: DuBeau
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mangione
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Resnick
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012803:Sick Role; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000523:psychology*