title: Augmented post-induction therapy for children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a slow response to initial therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who have a slow response to initial chemotherapy (more than 25 percent blasts in the bone marrow on day 7) have a poor outcome despite intensive therapy. We conducted a randomized trial in which such patients were treated with either an augmented intensive regimen of post-induction chemotherapy or a standard regimen of intensive post-induction chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1991 and June 1995, 311 children with newly diagnosed ALL who were either 1 to 9 years of age with white-cell counts of at least 50,000 per cubic millimeter or 10 years of age or older, had a slow response to initial therapy, and entered remission at the end of induction chemotherapy were randomly assigned to receive standard therapy (156 children) or augmented therapy (155). Those with lymphomatous features were excluded. Event-free survival and overall survival were assessed from the end of induction treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The outcome at five years was significantly better in the augmented-therapy group than in the standard-therapy group (Kaplan-Meier estimate of event-free survival [+/-SD]: 75.0+/-3.8 vs. 55.0+/-4.5 percent, P<0.001; overall survival: 78.4+/-3.7 vs. 66.7+/-4.2 percent, P=0.02). The difference between treatments was most pronounced among patients one to nine years of age, all of whom had white-cell counts of at least 50,000 per cubic millimeter (P<0.001). Risk factors for an adverse event in the entire cohort included a white-cell count of 200,000 per cubic millimeter or higher (P=0.004), race other than black or white (P<0.001), and the presence of a t(9;22) translocation (P=0.007). The toxic effects of augmented therapy were considerable but manageable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Augmented post-induction chemotherapy results in an excellent outcome for most patients with high-risk ALL and a slow response to initial therapy.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Nachman
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Sather
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sensel
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Trigg
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cherlow
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Lukens
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Uckun
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Gaynon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011379:Prognosis; D012074:Remission Induction; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome