title: Gamma knife radiosurgery for thalamotomy in parkinsonian tremor: a five-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Certain patients, for example, elderly high-risk surgical patients, may be unfit for radiofrequency thalamotomy to treat parkinsonian tremor. Some patients, when given the opportunity, may choose to avoid an invasive surgical procedure. The authors retrospectively reviewed their experience using gamma knife radiosurgery for thalamotomies in this patient subpopulation: 1) to determine the efficacy of the procedure; 2) to see if there is a dose-response relationship; 3) to review radiological findings of radiosurgical lesioning; and 4) to assess the risks of complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiosurgical nucleus ventralis intermedius thalamotomy using the gamma knife unit was performed to make 38 lesions in 24 men and 10 women (median age 73 years, range 58-87 years) over a 5-year period. A median radiation dose of 130 Gy (range 100-165 Gy) was delivered to 38 nuclei (four patients underwent bilateral thalamotomy) using a single 4-mm collimator following classic anatomical landmarks. Twenty-nine lesions were made in the left nucleus ventralis intermedius thalamus for right-sided tremor. Patients were followed for a median of 28 months (range 6-58 months). Independent neurological evaluation of tremor based on the change in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale tremor score was correlated with subjective patient evaluation. Comparison was made between a subgroup of patients in whom "low-dose" lesions were made (range 110-135 Gy, mean 120 Gy) and those in whom "high-dose" lesions were made (range 140-165 Gy, mean 160 Gy) for purposes of dose-response information. Four thalamotomies (10.5%) failed, four (10.5%) produced mild improvement, 11 (29%) produced good improvement, and 10 (26%) produced excellent relief of tremor. In nine thalamotomies (24%) the tremor was eliminated completely. The median time to onset of improvement was 2 months (range 1 week-8 months). Concordance between an independent neurologist's evaluation and that of the patient was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Two patients who underwent unilateral thalamotomy experienced bilateral improvement in their tremor. There were no neurological complications. There was better tremor reduction in the high-dose group than in the low-dose group (p < 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although less effective than other stereotactic techniques, gamma knife radiosurgery for thalamotomy offers tremor control with minimal risk to patients unsuited for open surgery.
authors.affiliation: The Neurosciences Institute and Department of Radiation Oncology, Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, California 90017, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Duma
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.forename: O V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Kopyov
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Copcutt
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Farokhi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003287:Contrast Media; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005682:Gadolinium; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013787:Thalamic Nuclei / Q000601:surgery; D013788:Thalamus / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014202:Tremor / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium