title: Cholestasis as a side effect of bupivacaine?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cholestasis has been proposed as a side effect of interpleural bupivacaine. Therefore, the effects of various application techniques on liver enzymes were studied following ethics committee approval and informed patient consent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients following scheduled thoracotomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy were prospectively studied and randomized to the following application techniques of bupivacaine: Thoracic surgery. T0: Control (systemic analgesia only: patient-controlled analgesia with opioids; n = 26); T1: Repetitive intercostal blocks (10-20 mL 0.5% bupivacaine, 2-4 times per day for 3-6 days; n = 17); T2: Interpleural injections via a catheter placed intraoperatively (20 mL 0.25%, 4-6 times per day for 3-6 days, right: n = 25 or left: n = 12). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Intraperitoneal application (single injection). L0: 50 mL saline (Control) (n = 21). L1: 50 mL 0.125% bupivacaine (n = 18); L2: 50 mL 0.25% (n = 20). The serum concentrations of bilirubin, gamma-GT, alkaline phosphatase, leucine amino peptidase, glutamate oxalacetate transaminase, and glutamate pyruvate transaminase were measured preoperatively and on day 1, 3, and 7 postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither application of plain bupivacaine was associated with significant changes in the postoperative concentration of hepatic enzymes. In particular, there was no difference between left- and right-sided interpleural application. Although increases in hepatic enzyme concentrations were observed in some patients postoperatively, this was similar in the bupivacaine and control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perioperative interpleural, intercostal, and intraperitoneal administration of bupivacaine was not associated with findings indicative of cholestasis in the early postoperative course.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital of the Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wulf
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raetzell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olmer
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Scheiderer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine