title: Necrotizing enterocolitis after gastroschisis repair: a preventable complication?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has been documented in up to 20% of infants after repair of gastroschisis and is responsible for significant morbidity. NEC is reported to occur up to 10 times more in preterm infants receiving standard formula compared with those who have been fed exclusively with breast milk. Does breast milk confer a similar protection against NEC in infants who have undergone surgery for gastroschisis?
  
  
  METHODS
  All newborns with gastroschisis delivered between 1990 and 1996 and treated in a single neonatal unit were analyzed retrospectively. Clinical data, details of feeding regimens, and episodes of definite NEC were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 60 infants with gastroschisis, 6 (10%) died but none had evidence of NEC. Of the remaining 54 infants, clinical and radiological signs of NEC developed in 8 (15%). All recovered with medical treatment including the three patients with recurrent episodes. NEC developed in none of the 12 babies exclusively fed with expressed breast milk (EBM) in contrast to 1 (5%) of the 19 who received both EBM and formula, and 7 (30%) of the 23 who were fed solely on formula. There was no significant difference in gestation, incidence of primary versus silo closure, or incidence of intestinal atresia/stenosis in those with NEC (n=8) compared with those without (n=46), but birth weight in the NEC group was lower. NEC was less likely to develop in infants who received EBM than those who were exclusively formula fed (P < .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After gastroschisis repair, feeding with maternal expressed breast milk may help to protect the infant from developing NEC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery and Neonatology, Leeds General Infirmary, England.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jayanthi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seymour
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Puntis
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stringer
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate