title: Vesicourethral dysfunction associated with multiple sclerosis: clinical and urodynamic perspectives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigate the association of clinical and urodynamic findings with corresponding clinical grade and possible predictors of clinical grade of multiple sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 90 patients, 28 to 62 years old (mean age 45.8 +/- 12.1), with the clinical syndrome of MS were consecutively and prospectively studied. All patients were subjected to detailed video urodynamic evaluation and electromyography of the external urethral sphincter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urodynamic evaluation revealed detrusor hyperreflexia in 52 patients (57.7%), detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia in 27 (30%) and hypocontractility or areflexia of the detrusor in 15 (16.6%). Residual urine varied widely from 50 to 900 ml. Decreased compliance with areflexia was seen in 5 patients (5.5%) and nonrelaxing sphincter (but not contracting) with bladder hypercontractility was noted in 9 (10%). Statistical analysis followed comparison of 2 proportions. When patients with a less severe form (grades 1 and 2) were differentiated from those with a more severe form of MS (grade 3), we observed a significant difference only in incontinence, high post-void residual, leg spasticity, urinary stones, hydronephrosis, type 3 detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia, no electromyography activity and positive sharp waves. The variables with the highest predictive value between the groups were urinary stones, sepsis, type 3 detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia and no electromyography activity of the external urethral sphincter (100%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proper identification of the bladder and external urethral sphincter status, especially exclusion of detrusor overactivity or a dyssynergic response of the external urethral sphincter, will prevent complications that may result in deterioration of quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Patras, School of Medicine, Greece.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Barbalias
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nikiforidis
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Liatsikos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014563:Urodynamics; D014741:Video Recording