title: Organized activation during atrial fibrillation in man: endocardial and electrocardiographic manifestations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial fibrillation is not entirely random, but little is known about the spatiotemporal endocardial organization and its surface ECG manifestations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 16 patients with atrial fibrillation (chronic, n = 14), endocardial mapping of the trabeculated, the posteroseptal smooth right atrium, and the coronary sinus was performed using multipolar catheters. The surface ECG was analyzed by determining "fibrillation wave" (F wave) amplitude, rate, and polarity. During 50 minutes of atrial fibrillation, an organized activation was present 72% +/- 32% of the analyzed time on the trabeculated, 19% +/- 15% on the smooth right atrium (P < 0.01), and 51% +/- 33% along the coronary sinus (P < 0.05). The direction of organized activation was craniocaudal in 72% +/- 16%, caudocranial in 10% +/- 9% (P < 0.01), and indeterminable in 18% +/- 11%. The mean surface F wave amplitude in lead V1 was 0.128 +/- 0.06 mV during 28 seconds of atrial fibrillation with a craniocaudal direction of activation and 0.065 +/- 0.02 mV during a disorganized activation (P < 0.01). A stable relation between surface F waves and organized trabeculated right atrial activation was observed, and the mean F wave cycle length (190 +/- 27 msec) was highly comparable to the simultaneously measured endocardial cycle length (191 +/- 27 msec, correlation coefficient 0.97). F wave polarity in V1 was positive in 12 of 14 patients during craniocaudal and negative in 11 of 14 patients during caudocranial right atrial free-wall activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An organized activation during atrial fibrillation with a predominant craniocaudal direction on the trabeculated right atrium is frequently present and influences the appearance of "coarse" or "fine" atrial fibrillation as well as F wave polarity on the surface ECG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 94143-1354, USA.
authors.forename: F X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Roithinger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: SippensGroenewegen
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Karch
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lesh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016280:Atrial Function, Right / Q000502:physiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D004699:Endocardium / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged