title: Telomerase activity as a biomarker for (pre)neoplastic cervical disease in scrapings and frozen sections from patients with abnormal cervical smear.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the diagnostic value of semi-quantitative telomerase activity assessment in cervical scrapings together with human papillomavirus (HPV) typing for detection of (pre)neoplastic cervical lesions and to compare telomerase activity in cervical scrapings and frozen specimens from the same patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed in 161 patients referred for an abnormal cervical cytology report. In cervical scrapings, telomerase activity was determined by modified telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay and HPV typing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with general and type-specific primers. Final diagnosis was made by pathologic examination of biopsy and/or loop excision specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Telomerase activity was detectable in assessable scrapings from one of nine (11%) patients without cervical intraepitheleal neoplasia (CIN), in three of 26 (12%) with CIN I, eight of 35 (22%) with CIN II, 18 of 62 (29%) with CIN III, and four of 13 (31%) with cancer. Sensitivity and negative predictive value of the TRAP assay for CIN II/III and cancer lesions were 25% and 28%, respectively, while specificity for no CIN or CIN I was 89%. In representative frozen sections, frequency of detectable telomerase activity was related to grade of CIN/cancer; none of 21 normal cervices, none of two CIN I, two of 12 (17%) CIN II, 10 of 31 (32%) CIN III, and 18 of 21 (86%) cervical cancer lesions were telomerase-positive (P < .0005). Telomerase activity levels in paired scrapings and frozen sections appeared to be only weakly related; telomerase-positive sections with negative scrapings and vice versa (only in CIN III) were observed. In oncogenic HPV-negative scrapings (n = 14), no telomerase activity was detected, but in frozen sections, telomerase activity levels appeared to be unrelated to presence of specific HPV types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Telomerase activity is more frequent in higher grade CIN/cervical cancer lesions. Telomerase activity assessment in cervical scrapings has a low sensitivity for CIN II/III and/or cervical cancer and does not appear to be useful in primary screening for cervical cancer. However, increased telomerase activity in frozen CIN sections may be a possible marker of progressive disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Wisman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hollema
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: ter Schegget
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Tjong-A-Hung
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ruiters
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krans
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: van der Zee
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005629:Frozen Sections; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019098:Telomerase / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019098:Telomerase