title: Effects of two new lubricants on the mutagenicity of scooter exhaust particulate matter.
abstract: Scooter exhaust particulate matter, which is known to be mutagenic, has caused heavy air pollution in Shanghai. There are about 400,000 scooters in the city, and the number will not significantly decrease for several years. In order to manage the pollution caused by scooter emissions, many new catalytic instruments and additives were developed. In this paper, the effect of two new lubricants on the emission of scooter exhaust particulate matter was evaluated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS), in vitro Salmonella/microsomal assay and the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. The purpose was to learn if these new lubricants could have the ability to reduce the exhausts of particulate matter, and decrease the mutagenicity of exhaust particles. The domestic Jinniao (TN36L) vehicle was chosen as the test vehicle. The results showed that the two new lubricants reduced the emission of scooter exhaust particulate matter, including the quantity of particulate matter and the organic substances adsorbed onto the particles. Compared with the control oil, the two new lubricants reduced the emission of particulate matter by 33% and 36%. When using the two new lubricants, only 20 and 23 kinds of compounds were identified separately in the organic extracts of the exhaust particulate matter by GC/MS, while 45 kinds of compounds were detected in the organic extracts of the exhaust particulate matter when the control oil was used. Mutagenicities of the extracts of scooter exhaust particulate matter were significantly reduced when the two new lubricants were used, including the number of histidine-independent colonies over the background in TA98 with and without S9 mix in the Salmonella test (F2 sample); and the frequencies of bone marrow micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the mouse micronucleus assay (both F1 and F2 samples). These results seem to indicate that these new lubricants can effectively reduce the pollution of scooter exhaust particulate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Shanghai Medical University, Shanghai 200032, China. zhou.w@usa.net
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D008153:Lubrication; D051379:Mice; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000187:drug effects; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D001335:Vehicle Emissions