title: Temporal variability of asymptomatic embolization in carotid artery stenosis and optimal recording protocols.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although asymptomatic embolization can be detected in patients with carotid artery stenosis, its temporal variability is unclear. An understanding of this is important in designing optimal recording protocols for future prospective studies of the predictive value of embolic signals (ES). We determined the effect of repeating and extending recording times in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 20 asymptomatic and 20 symptomatic subjects with > 60% carotid stenosis, we used transcranial Doppler ultrasound to record for ES in the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery. Three 1-hour recordings were performed on three separate days, and on one occasion (not necessarily the first) the recording was extended to 2 hours. The recordings were saved onto digital tape for subsequent blinded analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Marked temporal variability was seen in symptomatic patients in whom the cumulative proportion of subjects with ES increased from 10 (50%) after a single hour of recording to 12 (60%) and 15 (75%) after two and three recordings, respectively. Extending the recording to 2 hours increased the yield of ES-positive patients from 6 (30%) to 8 (40%). In symptomatic patients there was excellent agreement between whether patients were positive for ES during each of two consecutive 1-hour recordings (kappa = 0.78, P = 0.0003) but poor agreement between the results of two single-hour recordings performed on different days (kappa = 0.22, P = 0.27). In asymptomatic patients, 4 (20%) were ES positive during the first hour; this increased to 5 (25%) after the recording was repeated once, with no further increase after the third recording. Extending the recording to 2 hours increased the yield from 3 (15%) to 7 (35%). In contrast to symptomatic stenoses, in patients with asymptomatic stenoses there was fair agreement between whether patients were ES positive on two consecutive 1-hour recordings (kappa = 0.49, P = 0.01) or two single-hour recordings performed on different days (kappa = 0.48, P = 0.02). Symptomatic subjects were more likely to have ES (when all 1-hour recordings were considered, 24/60 versus 10/60; P = 0.0046). ES in symptomatic subjects had a higher relative intensity increase than in asymptomatic subjects (P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The temporal variability of ES needs to be taken into account in the design of optimal recording protocols and comparisons of results from different studies. Extending the duration of recording beyond an hour in symptomatic stenoses is of less value, but repeating the recording on a different day will often identify additional subjects with ES. In intervention studies in symptomatic patients, the time since last symptoms must be considered. In asymptomatic stenosis, extending the duration of recording beyond an hour will increase the proportion of patients positive for ES.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Molloy
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Markus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D002542:Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*