title: Risk factors for early infection of central venous catheters in pediatric patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In an effort to avoid infections that can lead to the premature removal of indwelling central venous catheters (CVCs), the surgical technique and host factors present in pediatric recipients of permanent CVCs were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients receiving CVCs over a 17-month period were identified. Those patients with fever and positive blood cultures drawn through the CVC within 45 days of line placement were labeled as having early infection. A case-control design was used to select two control patients for each infected patient. Charts from both the infection and control groups were reviewed for several factors present at the time of CVC placement, including fever, neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] < 500 and ANC < 1,000), use of perioperative antibiotics, diagnosis, CVC site, and type of CVC. Chi-square test with Yates correction was used to compare the groups. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were derived.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 473 CVCs placed, early infections developed in 53 patients (12%). The control group consisted of 106 patients. Neutropenia was present in 16 of 53 infected patients versus 8 of 106 controls (p = 0.004, OR = 5.30). Perioperative antibiotics were given to 25 of 53 infected patients versus 72 of 106 controls (p = 0.02, OR = 0.42). Fever was present in 12 of 53 infected patients versus 14 of 106 controls (p = 0.19, OR = 1.92). Factors that were equally prevalent between the groups and that did not appear to influence the CVC infection rate included a diagnosis of malignancy, CVC type, and site of placement. Of the 53 infected catheters, 16 (30%) could not be cleared of infection and were removed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study documents that neutropenia and failure to administer prophylactic antibiotics are risk factors for the development of early CVC infection in pediatric patients. To avoid early infection and possible premature CVC removal, we recommend that placement of permanent CVCs be postponed until the ANC is > 1,000. Perioperative antibiotics should be given. A trend toward higher infection rates was seen in patients with preoperative fever.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, 90027, USA.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Shaul
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Scheer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rokhsar
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Boody
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Malogolowkin
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000150:complications; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control