title: Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare effects on plasma total-, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol concentrations of margarines enriched with different vegetable oil sterols or sitostanol-ester.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled balanced incomplete Latin square design with five treatments and four periods of 3.5 weeks. Margarines enriched with sterols from soybean, sheanut or ricebran oil or with sitostanol-ester were compared to a non-enriched control margarine. Sterol intake was between 1.5-3.3 g/d. Two thirds of the soybean oil sterols were esterified to fatty acids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unilever Research Laboratory, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred healthy non-obese normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic volunteers aged 45+/-12.8 y, with plasma total cholesterol levels below 8 mmol/L at entry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma lipid, carotenoid and sterol concentrations, blood clinical chemistry and haematology, fatty acid composition of plasma cholesterylesters and food intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-five volunteers completed the study. None of the margarines induced adverse changes in blood clinical chemistry, serum total bile acids or haematology. Plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly reduced by 8-13% (0.37-0.44 mmol/L) compared to control for margarines enriched in soybean oil sterol-esters or sitostanol-ester. No effect on HDL-cholesterol concentrations occurred. The LDL- to HDL-cholesterol ratio was reduced by 0.37 and 0.33 units for these margarines, respectively. Effects on blood lipids did not differ between normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Plasma sitosterol and campesterol levels were significantly higher for the soybean oil sterol margarine and significantly lower for the sitostanol-ester margarine compared to control. Dietary intake was very similar across treatments. The fatty acid composition of plasma cholesterylesters confirmed the good compliance to the treatment. All sterol enriched margarines reduced lipid-standardized plasma alpha- plus beta-carotene levels. Plasma lycopene levels were also reduced but this effect was not significant for all products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A margarine with sterol-esters from soybean oil, mainly esters from sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, is as effective as a margarine with sitostanol-ester in lowering blood total- and LDL-cholesterol levels without affecting HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Incorporation in edible fat containing products of such substances may substantially reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in the population.
authors.affiliation: Unilever Nutrition Centre, Unilever Research Laboratorium, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Weststrate
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Meijer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000628:therapy*; D008383:Margarine; D008875:Middle Aged; D010840:Phytosterols; D010919:Placebos; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D010840:Phytosterols; D010919:Placebos; D010938:Plant Oils; D012855:Sitosterols; D002338:Carotenoids; C021273:campesterol; C025473:gamma-sitosterol; D013024:Soybean Oil; D008383:Margarine; D002784:Cholesterol; C021255:stigmastanol