title: Proton MR spectroscopic findings in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia.
abstract: Although paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) has characteristic clinical features, the pathophysiology of PKD has remained unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pathophysiology of idiopathic PKD by performing proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in five patients with idiopathic PKD. Three patients were familial and two sporadic. Single-voxel 1H-MRS was performed on a GE 1.5-T SIGNA MR system. Localized 1H-MR spectra were obtained from the basal ganglia (n = 5), thalamus (n = 3), and supplementary motor area (SMA; n = 4) using STEAM sequence (stimulated echo acquisition mode; TR = 3.0 sec, TE = 30 msec, 64 AVG, volume = 8 mL) or PRESS (point resolved spectroscopy; TR = 3.0 sec, TE = 135 msec, volume = 4 mL). Peak ratios of Cho/Cr (Cho: choline, Cr: creatine) and mI/Cr (mI: myoinositol) were decreased significantly in the unilateral basal ganglia of two patients. In one, decreased peak ratio of mI/Cr in the unilateral basal ganglia was the only abnormality. In the remaining two, there was no significant abnormality. 1H-MR spectra obtained from the thalamus and SMA were all within normal limits. In conclusion, these results suggest that underlying pathophysiological mechanism of PKD may be at least partially associated with the dysfunction of cholinergic system in the basal ganglia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Im
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism*; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007294:Inositol / Q000378:metabolism*; D007699:Kinesthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012016:Reference Values; D013788:Thalamus / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D007294:Inositol; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline; D000109:Acetylcholine