title: Analgesic and cognitive effects of intravenous ketamine-alfentanil combinations versus either drug alone after intradermal capsaicin in normal subjects.
abstract: Combinations of opioids and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists enhance acute antinociception and reduce opioid tolerance in some animal experiments but have received little rigorous study in humans. To quantitatively assess the nature of the interaction of these two classes of drugs in producing analgesia and cognitive impairment, we compared i.v. infusions of ketamine, alfentanil, and ketamine-alfentanil combinations in 12 normal volunteers after an intradermal injection of capsaicin. Drug doses for a 70-kg subject in this six-session, randomized, double-blind, cross-over study were: ketamine 20 mg, ketamine 5 mg, alfentanil 2 mg, alfentanil 0.5 mg, ketamine 10 mg + alfentanil 1 mg, and ketamine 2.5 mg + alfentanil 0.25 mg, given over 35 min. Outcome measures were background pain, area and magnitude of hyperalgesia to pinprick, and cognitive performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test and the Perception Speed Test. The results demonstrated simple additivity for the effects of ketamine and alfentanil on pain, pinprick hyperalgesia, and cognitive impairment. We conclude that, at least in this experimental pain model, there is no clear advantage or disadvantage of a ketamine-alfentanil combination over equianalgesic doses of either component.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a double-blind, controlled trial, we administered doses of an opioid analgesic (alfentanil), an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (ketamine), or their combination to normal volunteers and found no advantage of the combination over a larger dose of either drug alone in relieving pain caused by painful chemical stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Pain and Neurosensory Mechanisms Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1258, USA.
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Sethna
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gracely
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Max
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015760:Alfentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D007509:Irritants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D004338:Drug Combinations; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D007509:Irritants; D015760:Alfentanil; D007649:Ketamine; D002211:Capsaicin