title: Molecular markers of hemostatic activation and inflammation following major injury: effect of therapy with IFN-gamma.
abstract: Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) has shown promise in treatment of injured patients. However, reactive states marked by immunologic and inflammatory responses constitute a potential deleterious effect of IFN-gamma administration. IFN-gamma therapy has been associated with high levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), with potential enhancement of coagulopathy after injury. This study evaluated TNF-alpha production and markers of hemostatic activation in patients receiving IFN-gamma therapy. Seventy-three patients, part of a larger multicenter trial, with severe injuries were randomized to IFN-gamma (100 microg/day s.c. for 21 days) or placebo treatment. Enrollment criteria included injury severity score (ISS) > or = 25 or significant bacterial contamination with ISS > or = 20. TNF-alpha and other cytokine production was assessed at baseline and on days 3, 8, and 22 following injury. Markers of coagulation activation and fibrinolysis were also evaluated. Plasma TNF-alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were higher in IFN-treated relative to placebo-treated patients before and after IFN administration. Markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis were elevated at all times studied following injury in both treatment and control groups but did not differ between patients receiving IFN and those receiving placebo. Activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis diminished in a time-related manner following injury. We conclude that (1) IFN-gamma therapy at the dose employed was not associated with a significant increase in TNF-alpha or other inflammatory cytokine production beyond that seen in patients receiving placebo, (2) coagulation and fibrinolytic markers were increased following injury but decreased significantly in surviving patients, and (3) no changes in coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters were noted in relation to IFN-gamma therapy. These findings support previous observations that trauma is associated with hemostatic activation and that treatment of patients at the dose of IFN-gamma studied is safe in the setting of injury.
authors.affiliation: Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Dries
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Walenga
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoppensteadt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fareed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007371:Interferon-gamma