title: Use of the percentage of free prostate-specific antigen to enhance differentiation of prostate cancer from benign prostatic disease: a prospective multicenter clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The percentage of free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in serum has been shown to enhance the specificity of PSA testing for prostate cancer detection, but earlier studies provided only preliminary cutoffs for clinical use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop risk assessment guidelines and a cutoff value for defining abnormal percentage of free PSA in a population of men to whom the test would be applied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective blinded study using the Tandem PSA and free PSA assays (Hybritech Inc, San Diego, Calif).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven nationwide university medical centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 773 men (379 with prostate cancer, 394 with benign prostatic disease) 50 to 75 years of age with a palpably benign prostate gland, PSA level of 4.0 to 10.0 ng/mL, and histologically confirmed diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A percentage of free PSA cutoff that maintained 95% sensitivity for prostate cancer detection, and probability of cancer for individual patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of free PSA may be used in 2 ways: as a single cut-off (ie, perform a biopsy for all patients at or below a cutoff of 25% free PSA) or as an individual patient risk assessment (ie, base biopsy decisions on each patient's risk of cancer). The 25% free PSA cutoff detected 95% of cancers while avoiding 20% of unnecessary biopsies. The cancers associated with greater than 25% free PSA were more prevalent in older patients, and generally were less threatening in terms of tumor grade and volume. For individual patients, a lower percentage of free PSA was associated with a higher risk of cancer (range, 8%-56%). In the multivariate model used, the percentage of free PSA was an independent predictor of prostate cancer (odds ratio [OR], 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5-4.1; P < .001) and contributed significantly more than age (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.92-1.55) or total PSA level (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.92-1.11) in this cohort of subjects with total PSA values between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of the percentage of free PSA can reduce unnecessary biopsies in patients undergoing evaluation for prostate cancer, with a minimal loss in sensitivity in detecting cancer. A cutoff of 25% or less free PSA is recommended for patients with PSA values between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/mL and a palpably benign gland, regardless of patient age or prostate size. To our knowledge, this study is the largest series to date evaluating the percentage of free PSA in a population representative of patients in whom the test would be used in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. catalonaw@msnotes.wustl.edu
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Catalona
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Partin
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Slawin
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Brawer
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Flanigan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Richie
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: deKernion
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Scardino
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Subong
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Parson
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Gasior
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Loveland
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Southwick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D012015:Reference Standards; D012306:Risk; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen