title: Profound increase in epinephrine concentration in plasma and cardiovascular stimulation after mu-opioid receptor blockade in opioid-addicted patients during barbiturate-induced anesthesia for acute detoxification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute displacement of opioids from their receptors by administration of large doses of opioid antagonists during general anesthesia is a new approach for detoxification of patients addicted to opioids. The authors tested the hypothesis that mu-opioid receptor blockade by naloxone induces cardiovascular stimulation mediated by the sympathoadrenal system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heart rate, cardiac index, and intravascular pressures were measured in 10 patients addicted to opioids (drug history; mean +/- SD, 71 +/- 51 months) during a program of methadone substitution (96 +/- 57 mg/day). Cardiovascular variables and concentrations of catecholamine in plasma were measured in the awake state, during methohexital-induced anesthesia (dose, 74 +/- 44 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) before administration of naloxone, and repeatedly during the first 3 h of mu-opioid receptor blockade. Naloxone was administered initially in an intravenous dose of 0.4 mg, followed by incremental bolus doses (0.8, 1.6, 3.2, and 6.4 mg) at 15-min intervals until a total dose of 12.4 mg had been administered within 60 min; administration was then continued by infusion (0.8 mg/h).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentration of epinephrine in plasma increased 30-fold (15 +/- 9 to 458 +/- 304 pg/ml), whereas concentration of norepinephrine in plasma only increased to a minor extent (76 +/- 44 to 226 +/- 58 pg/ml, P < 0.05). Cardiac index increased by 74% (2.7 +/- 0.41 to 4.7 +/- 1.7 min(-1) x m(-2)), because of increases in heart rate (89 +/- 16 to 108 +/- 17 beats/min) and stroke volume (+44%), reaching maximum 45 min after the initial injection of naloxone. In parallel, systemic vascular resistance index decreased (-40%). Systolic arterial pressure significantly increased (113 +/- 16 to 138 +/- 16 mmHg), whereas diastolic arterial pressure did not change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite barbiturate-induced anesthesia, acute mu-opioid receptor blockade in patients addicted to opioids induces profound epinephrine release and cardiovascular stimulation. These data suggest that long-term opioid receptor stimulation changes sympathoadrenal and cardiovascular function, which is acutely unmasked by mu-opioid receptor blockade. Because of the attendant cardiovascular stimulation, acute detoxification using naloxone should be performed by trained anesthesiologists or intensivists.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität GH Essen, Germany. peter.kienbaum@uni-essen.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kienbaum
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thürauf
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scherbaum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gastpar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008723:Methohexital; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D009270:Naloxone; D008723:Methohexital; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine