title: Phase I trial of Marimastat, a novel matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, administered orally to patients with advanced lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This phase I study was performed to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of escalating doses of Marimastat (British Biotech, Inc, Oxford, United Kingdom) in patients with advanced malignancies and to determine the phase II recommended dose to be used in subsequent studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standard phase I design was used in this study, in which consecutive groups of three patients were treated with escalating doses of the study drug. Marimastat was administered orally at 25, 50, or 100 mg twice daily to consecutive groups of patients with advanced lung cancer. An additional three patients were added at the highest dose studied (100 mg orally twice daily) to assess whether the inflammatory polyarthitis observed at that dose level can be prevented by a concurrent administration of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and/or low-dose corticosteroids. Blood was drawn for safety monitoring, pharmacokinetic analysis, and plasma levels of metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 (determined by zymography). A total of 12 patients were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most significant toxicity at the highest dose studied (100 mg orally twice daily) was a symptomatic inflammatory polyarthritis that persisted for up to 8 weeks after discontinuation of the study drug and was dose-limiting. The estimated plasma elimination half-life of Marimastat was 4 to 5 hours. The mean maximum concentration (Cmax) at a reasonably well-tolerated dose (50 mg orally twice daily) was 196 ng/mL and was reached within 1 to 2 hours (Tmax) after administration. Areas under the curve (AUC) tended to correlate with the dose of Marimastat. Zymographic analysis of peripheral-blood ratios of activated proenzymatic forms of MMP-2 and -9 did not show any consistent patterns of change in MMP levels or in a degree of their activation during the course of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Marimastat was well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with high levels of the study drug detected in plasma within hours after drug administration. Plasma concentrations of Marimastat achieved at dose levels 2 and 3 (50 mg and 100 mg orally twice daily) were substantially higher than those required for MMP inhibition in vitro. The dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was severe inflammatory polyarthritis, which seemed to be a cumulative toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wojtowicz-Praga
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Torri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Steen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sale
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Chiodo
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D001168:Arthritis / Q000139:chemically induced; D017364:Collagenases / Q000097:blood; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D018093:Gelatinases / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; C100342:marimastat; D017364:Collagenases; D018093:Gelatinases; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9