The putative cofactor TIF1alpha is a protein kinase that is hyperphosphorylated upon interaction with liganded nuclear receptors.
Ligand-induced gene activation by nuclear receptors (NRs) is a complex process requiring dissociation of corepressors and recruitment of coactivators. The putative transcriptional intermediary factor TIF1alpha has been previously characterized as a nuclear protein that interacts directly with the AF-2 ligand-dependent activating domain present in the ligand-binding domain of numerous steroid and nonsteroid receptors, including the estrogen (ERalpha) and retinoid X (RXRalpha) receptors. We report here that TIF1alpha is both a phosphoprotein and a protein kinase. TIF1alpha coexpressed in COS-1 cells with RXRalpha or ERalpha is phosphorylated and becomes hyperphosphorylated upon ligand treatment. This hyperphosphorylation requires the binding of TIF1alpha to transcriptionally active NRs since it is prevented by mutations either in the core (alpha-helix 12 of the ligand-binding domain) of the AF-2 activating domains of RXRalpha and ERalpha or in the NR box of TIF1alpha that are known to prevent TIF1alpha-NR interactions. Thus, TIF1alpha is a phosphoprotein that undergoes ligand-dependent hyperphosphorylation as a consequence of nuclear receptor binding. We further show that purified recombinant TIF1alpha possesses intrinsic kinase activity and that, in addition to autophosphorylation, TIF1alpha selectively phosphorylates the transcription factors TFIIEalpha, TAFII28, and TAFII55 in vitro. These latter results raise the possibility that TIF1alpha may act, at least in part, by phosphorylating and modifying the activity of components of the transcriptional machinery.
Fraser
R A
RA
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/Université Louis Pasteur/Collège de France, B. P. 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, Strasbourg, France.
Heard
D J
DJ
Adam
S
S
Lavigne
A C
AC
Le Douarin
B
B
Tora
L
L
Losson
R
R
Rochette-Egly
C
C
Chambon
P
P
D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D008024:Ligands; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D035381:TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D035362:Transcription Factor TFIID; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D019473:Transcription Factors, TFII
D008024:Ligands; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; C091537:TAF7 protein, human; D035381:TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors; D015534:Trans-Activators; D035362:Transcription Factor TFIID; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019473:Transcription Factors, TFII; C066644:transcription factor TFIIE; C093517:transcriptional intermediary factor 1; D011494:Protein Kinases