title: Drug-resistant tuberculosis in the Dominican Republic: results of a nationwide survey.
abstract: METHODS
  The Dominican Republic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the extent of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) following the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO)/International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) new global surveillance project on drug resistance in TB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a multi-step proportional weighted approach, a sample of 688 sequential cases of smear positive pulmonary TB diagnosed between April 1994 and April 1995 was studied in six of the country's eight health regions. Pre-treatment sputum samples were cultured on Loewenstein-Jensen medium and drug susceptibility tests were performed using the economic variant of the proportion method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 420 cases with drug susceptibility results, resistance to one or more drugs was observed in 43.8%; resistance was found in 52.1% of 117 TB cases with a history of previous antituberculosis treatment and in 40.6% of 303 new TB cases. In five of the six health regions surveyed, > or = 41% of strains were resistant to one or more drugs. Multidrug resistance (MDR) to isoniazid and rifampicin with or without resistance to other drugs was found in 43 (10.2%) of 420 cases, including 6.6% of new TB cases. In five of the six health regions > or = 8% of strains were classified as MDR. Independent predictors of MDR-TB included being in the age group 25 to 44 years (odds ratio [OR] = 4.2, 95% confidence interval [Cl] 1.5, 11.6; P = 0.005), being aged 45 years and over (OR = 4.5, 95% CI 1.4, 14.4; P = 0.009), and having a prior history of TB (OR = 3.7, 95% CI 1.9, 7.4; P = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proportion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains resistant to one or more anti-TB drugs in the Dominican Republic is among the highest observed world-wide. The severity of the problem urgently requires the full implementation of TB control strategies endorsed by the WHO and the IUATID, which include political commitment to a National TB Program, case detection utilizing sputum-smear microscopy, directly observed treatment, regular drug supply, and standardised recording and reporting systems. Also, the sale of TB drugs in the private market should be controlled.
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Maternal and Child Health (CENISMI), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. espinalm@who.ch
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Espinal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Báez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soriano
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laszlo
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Reingold
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanchez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004293:Dominican Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents