title: The snail repressor establishes a muscle/notochord boundary in the Ciona embryo.
abstract: Previous studies have identified a minimal 434 bp enhancer from the promoter region of the Ciona Brachyury gene (Ci-Bra), which is sufficient to direct a notochord-specific pattern of gene expression. Here we present evidence that a Ciona homolog of snail (Ci-sna) encodes a repressor of the Ci-Bra enhancer in the tail muscles. DNA-binding assays identified four Ci-Sna-binding sites in the Ci-Bra enhancer, and mutations in these sites cause otherwise normal Ci-Bra/lacZ transgenes to be misexpressed in ectopic tissues, particularly the tail muscles. Selective misexpression of Ci-sna using a heterologous promoter results in the repression of Ci-Bra/lacZ transgenes in the notochord. Moreover, the conversion of the Ci-Sna repressor into an activator results in the ectopic induction of Ci-Bra/lacZ transgenes in the muscles, and also causes an intermixing of notochord and muscle cells during tail morphogenesis. These results suggest that Ci-Sna functions as a boundary repressor, which subdivides the mesoderm into separate notochord and tail muscle lineages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Corbo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001483:Base Sequence; D019521:Body Patterning; D002938:Ciona intestinalis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology; D004627:Embryonic Induction; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009132:Muscles / Q000196:embryology*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009672:Notochord / Q000502:physiology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors