title: Autoimmune hepatitis overlapping with primary sclerosing cholangitis in five cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report five cases (four male; median age 20 yr, range 14-38 yr) of an autoimmune hepatitis/primary sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome. The patients presented with jaundice, elevated serum aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities, hyperglobulinemia with high immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, circulating antinuclear and/or smooth muscle autoantibodies (> or = 1:40), and moderate to severe interface hepatitis on liver biopsy (with biliary features in four).
  
  
  METHODS
  All five fulfilled criteria for diagnosis of "definite" autoimmune hepatitis and showed marked responses to prednisolone and azathioprine therapy, with relapses occurring during reduction or withdrawal of treatment. Cholangiographic features of primary sclerosing cholangitis were found in three patients at presentation and after intervals of 7 and 14 yr in the other two. Only two had evidence of inflammatory bowel disease. Diagnostic criteria for identifying those patients who may benefit from immunosuppressive therapy were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Review of the literature revealed only 11 similar cases that were sufficiently well described for comparison. However, in contrast to these and the present cases, preliminary data from other studies have suggested a marked association with ulcerative colitis and a poor response to immunosuppressive therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is recommended that the possibility of an autoimmune hepatitis/primary sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome responsive to immunosuppressive therapy should be considered in any patient presenting with a hepatitic illness with hyperglobulinemia, antinuclear or smooth muscle autoantibodies, and biliary changes on liver biopsy. Cholangiography should be considered in such patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: McNair
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moloney
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Portmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: McFarlane
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015209:Cholangitis, Sclerosing / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D019693:Hepatitis, Autoimmune / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male