title: Sex and electroencephalographic synchronization after photic stimulation predict signal changes in the visual cortex on functional MR images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated factors that influence MR signal changes during photic stimulation of the visual cortex. We also tested the hypothesis that functional MR imaging response corresponds to electroencephalographic (EEG) synchronization after photic stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight healthy subjects, 20 men and 18 women, underwent photic stimulation of the visual cortex. They were studied with a 1.5-T MR unit, and photic stimulation was induced via 8-Hz LED goggles. Seven subjects with and seven without detectable functional MR imaging response to photic stimulation underwent further studies with 16-channel EEG after 2- to 30-Hz stroboscopic stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen men and 18 women had a significant increase in MR signal in the visual cortex; seven men showed no visual cortex activation during more than two repeated studies. Six of seven volunteers with increased functional MR imaging signal after photic stimulation also showed signs of EEG synchronization when an 8-Hz stroboscopic flash was used; six of seven subjects with no functional MR imaging lacked EEG synchronization at 8-Hz stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men were more likely than women to have undetectable MR signal changes after photic stimulation. This finding should be considered when interpreting results of functional MR imaging studies. EEG with stroboscopic examination is a good predictor of functional MR imaging sensitivity to changes in regional cerebral blood flow induced by sensory stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hedera
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Friedland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013997:Time Factors; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*