title: [Bronchial endoscopy under local anesthesia and pain in children. The value of a nitrous oxide-oxygen combination].
abstract: To evaluate the efficacy of continuous administration of 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen for reducing pain during flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy 32 children aged 3-60 months were randomly assigned to an experimental or a control group. Indications for endoscopy included persistent atelectasis (6), wheezing (10) cystic fibrosis (2) pneumonia (11) persistent cough (3). All patients received Midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) atropine (20 mcg/kg) intra rectaly 20 minutes before the procedure. The flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (Olympus BF3C4) was inserted transnasally through a face mask. Topical anesthesia with 1% lidocaine hydrochloride (3 mg/kg) was applied to the nose, larynx, trachea and bronchial tree over 15 minutes through the suction chanel of the bronchoscope. All patients were monitored with a pulse oximeter and a cardiac monitor. The experimental group (n = 16) received 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen prior (3 minutes) and during flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy, the control group (n = 16) received only oxygen. We measured pain of the children by a behavioral observation scale (Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale: CHEOPS) at each phase of topical anesthesia during bronchoscopy in the two groups. At the end of bronchoscopy physician's satisfaction was scored by a visual analogue scale (VAS 0-100) in which 0 corresponded to absence of satisfaction. Nitrous oxide was associated with lesser pain scores than those with oxygen. Physician significantly preferred these procedure compared with oxygen. No complication occurred during procedure. Combined with local anesthesia midazolam and atropin the administration of 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen seems a better choice for flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in children and should be used routinely.
authors.affiliation: Département de Pneumologie et d'Anesthésie, Hôpital Lenval, Nice.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roure
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hayem
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dupont
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003371:Cough / Q000175:diagnosis; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007223:Infant; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000175:diagnosis; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D001261:Pulmonary Atelectasis / Q000175:diagnosis; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001285:Atropine; D008012:Lidocaine; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen
vernacular_title: Endoscopie bronchique sous anesthésie locale et douleur chez l'enfant. Intérêt du mélange protoxyde d'azote-oxygène.