title: Fluid shear stress activation of egr-1 transcription in cultured human endothelial and epithelial cells is mediated via the extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
abstract: The primary response transcription factor, early growth response-1 (Egr-1), is rapidly activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli. Egr-1 binds to a sequence found in the promoters of genes involved in vascular injury, such as PDGF-A and tissue factor, and trans-activates their expression in endothelial cells in response to fluid shear stress. Here we show that egr-1 mRNA is increased after 30 min of flow in human aortic endothelial cell and HeLa cell cultures. Transient transfection of HeLa cells with reporter gene constructs driven by the murine or human egr-1 5' flanking sequence revealed a five- and ninefold induction, respectively, in transcriptional activity after exposure to a shear stress of 5 dynes/cm2 for 3 h. Deletion of sequences in the murine promoter containing two AP1 sites and an inhibitory Egr-1 binding sequence, did not reduce shear stress inducibility. However, progressive deletion of five serum response elements, reduced both the basal promoter activity and its capacity to be activated by shear stress. Further examination indicated that the three upstream serum response elements are predominantly responsible for shear stress activation of the egr-1 promoter. Treatment of cells with PD98059, a specific inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 inhibited shear stress activation of egr-1. We suggest that egr-1 activation by shear stress involves activation of Elk-1 but not c-jun activity. These data, which are consistent with previous findings for shear mediated signaling via the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, now implicate shear modulation of the Egr-1 transcription factor in this pathway.
authors.affiliation: Endothelial Cell Gene Expression Group, Vascular Diseases Unit, Glaxo-Wellcome Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY England.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Schwachtgen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sukhatme
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braddock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497325:EGR1 protein, human; C494112:ELK1 protein, human; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; C486109:Egr1 protein, mouse; C494113:Elk1 protein, mouse; D005419:Flavonoids; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one