title: Early metabolic alterations in edematous perihematomal brain regions following experimental intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors previously demonstrated, in a large-animal intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) model, that markedly edematous ("translucent") white matter regions (> 10% increases in water contents) containing high levels of clot-derived plasma proteins rapidly develop adjacent to hematomas. The goal of the present study was to determine the concentrations of high-energy phosphate, carbohydrate substrate, and lactate in these and other perihematomal white and gray matter regions during the early hours following experimental ICH.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors infused autologous blood (1.7 ml) into frontal lobe white matter in a physiologically controlled model in pigs (weighing approximately 7 kg each) and froze their brains in situ at 1, 3, 5, or 8 hours postinfusion. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phosphocreatine (PCr), glycogen, glucose, lactate, and water contents were then measured in white and gray matter located ipsi- and contralateral to the hematomas, and metabolite concentrations in edematous brain regions were corrected for dilution. In markedly edematous white matter, glycogen and glucose concentrations increased two- to fivefold compared with control during 8 hours postinfusion. Similarly, PCr levels increased several-fold by 5 hours, whereas, except for a moderate decrease at 1 hour, ATP remained unchanged. Lactate was markedly increased (approximately 20 micromol/g) at all times. In gyral gray matter overlying the hematoma, water contents and glycogen levels were significantly increased at 5 and 8 hours, whereas lactate levels were increased two- to fourfold at all times.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results, which demonstrate normal to increased high-energy phosphate and carbohydrate substrate concentrations in edematous perihematomal regions during the early hours following ICH, are qualitatively similar to findings in other brain injury models in which a reduction in metabolic rate develops. Because an energy deficit is not present, lactate accumulation in edematous white matter is not caused by stimulated anaerobic glycolysis. Instead, because glutamate concentrations in the blood entering the brain's extracellular space during ICH are several-fold higher than normal levels, the authors speculate, on the basis of work reported by Pellerin and Magistretti, that glutamate uptake by astrocytes leads to enhanced aerobic glycolysis and lactate is generated at a rate that exceeds utilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ohio 45220, USA.
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleinholz
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: de Courten-Myers
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000332:Aerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001834:Body Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000378:metabolism*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000378:metabolism; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005971:Glutamates / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006003:Glycogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis; D006406:Hematoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D007773:Lactates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D005971:Glutamates; D007773:Lactates; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D006003:Glycogen; D005947:Glucose