title: Invertebrate cell culture considerations: insects, ticks, shellfish, and worms.
abstract: Establishment of cell lines from insect and arachnid invertebrates has become routine, whereas other invertebrate taxa have been frustratingly unproductive of cell lines. None is available for any marine invertebrate, despite a strong and well-recognized need for cell lines from species that are important in aquaculture, from parasite vectors and intermediate hosts of parasites, from parasites themselves, from certain biomedical models, and from other species that are pests. Drawing on experiences gained attempting to establish cell lines from molluscs and trematodes and on published and ongoing research with diverse invertebrates, this chapter attempts to anticipate the problems that are likely to be encountered in such endeavors and discusses possible solutions. Criteria to be considered in the selection of basic culture media, temperature, pH, and media additives; approaches that have been developed to yield sterile primary cultures; and factors to consider in decisions about feeding schedules, retention of tissue fragments and nonadherent cells, use of heterologous feeder layers, and other variables are described. Suggestions are made concerning means to objectively score the success of tested variables and means to induce cell replication. The chapter ends with notes on conventional means to characterize cell lines and an account of contemporary efforts to immortalize cells by means of genome manipulation. Enduring success with a single molluscan cell line, transient successes with crustacean and helminth cell lines, and promising developments in transgenesis with invertebrates all lead to the hopeful conclusion that the invisible barrier to cell propagation in historically refractory species will soon be a thing of the past.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bayne
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000845:Annelida; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D007313:Insecta; D007448:Invertebrates; D010986:Platyhelminths; D012758:Shellfish; D013987:Ticks