title: Early extubation following cardiac surgery in a veterans population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early tracheal extubation is an important component of the "fast track" cardiac surgery pathway. Factors associated with time to extubation in the Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) population are unknown. The authors determined associations of preoperative risk and intraoperative clinical process variables with time to extubation in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred four consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft, valve surgery, or both on a fast track clinical pathway between October 1, 1993 and September 30, 1995 at a university-affiliated DVA medical center were studied retrospectively. After univariate screening of a battery of preoperative risk and intraoperative clinical process variables, stepwise logistic regression was used to determine associations with tracheal extubation < or = 10 h (early) or > 10 h (late) after surgery. Postoperative lengths of stay, complications, and 30-day and 6-month mortality rates were compared between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred forty-six patients (48.3%) were extubated early; one patient required emergent reintubation (0.7%). Of the preoperative risk variables considered, only age (odds ratio, 1.80 per 10-yr increment) and preoperative intraaortic balloon pump (odds ratio, 7.88) were multivariately associated with time to extubation (model R) ("late" association is indicated by an odds ratio >1.00; "early" association is indicated by an odds ratio <1.00). Entry of these risk variables into a second regression model, followed by univariately significant intraoperative clinical process variables, yielded the following associations (model R-P): age (odds ratio, 1.86 per 10-yr increment), sufentanil dose (odds ratio, 1.54 per 1-microg/kg increment), major inotrope use (odds ratio, 5.73), platelet transfusion (odds ratio, 10.03), use of an arterial graft (odds ratio, 0.32), and fentanyl dose (odds ratio, 1.45 per 10-microg/kg increment). Time of arrival in the intensive care unit after surgery was also significant (odds ratio, 1.42 per 1-h increment). Intraoperative clinical process variables added significantly to model performance (P < 0.001 by the likelihood ratio test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population, early tracheal extubation was accomplished in 48% of patients. Intraoperative clinical process variables are important factors to be considered in the timing of postoperative extubation after fast track cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Health Sciences Center/Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 80220, USA. martin.london@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shroyer
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Coll
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: MaWhinney
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fullerton
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hammermeister
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Grover
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D003363:Cost Control; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011182:Postoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome