title: Growth effects of alpha-interferon but not of bombesin or angiotensin II are mediated by activation of STAT proteins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recently discovered Jak/STAT signal transduction pathway is associated with cytokine or growth factor receptors; whether members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily also activate this pathway is not yet clear. As a first member, the angiotensin (AT)1A receptor has been demonstrated to phosphorylate Jak and STAT proteins. Bombesin, a neurotransmitter and growth factor in many cells and tissues, activates its G protein-coupled receptor and in addition phosphorylates proteins that might be members of the Jak/STAT family. This study investigated whether bombesin- or angiotensin-mediated growth effects are associated with STAT protein activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional receptors were characterized using ligand-binding studies, second-messenger activation and determination of ligand-mediated growth effects. STAT protein activation was analysed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) using labelled DNA response elements recognizing all known STAT proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functional bombesin receptors mediating mitogenic effects were demonstrated on Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts, human melanoma cells (A375-6) and primary human lung fibroblasts; however, bombesin-related STAT protein activation was not observed by EMSA. Interferon-alpha typically activated a STAT1-STAT2-p48 heterotrimer, as well as STAT1-3 hetero- and homodimers in human melanoma cells and significantly inhibited growth of this cell line in vitro. Functional AT1A receptors on primary rat cardiac fibroblasts mediated angiotensin-stimulated growth effects but, in contrast to recently published data, did not activate any known STAT protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interferon alpha-stimulated growth inhibition is mediated by activation of the Jak/STAT pathway, whereas bombesin or AT1A receptor-mediated effects on cellular proliferation do not involve phosphorylation of STAT proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, University Hospital, Basle, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pansky
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Heim
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eberhard
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kissel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beglinger
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001839:Bombesin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology; D008545:Melanoma / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology; D051381:Rats; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D050795:STAT2 Transcription Factor; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494079:STAT1 protein, human; D050795:STAT2 Transcription Factor; C494084:STAT2 protein, human; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; C494080:Stat1 protein, mouse; C494081:Stat1 protein, rat; C494085:Stat2 protein, mouse; C494087:Stat3 protein, mouse; C494088:Stat3 protein, rat; D015534:Trans-Activators; D000804:Angiotensin II; D001839:Bombesin