title: Prognostic importance of gram-negative intestinal colonization preceding pancreatic infection in severe acute pancreatitis. Results of a controlled clinical trial of selective decontamination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish, firstly, whether gram-negative (re)-colonization of the gut leads to an increased risk of gram-negative pancreatic infections and whether this event is time-related and, secondly, whether the difference in the quantity and quality of micro-organisms colonizing the digestive tract influences morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective analysis of the results of systematic semi-quantitative cultures of several body areas taken from patients with severe acute pancreatitis, during a controlled multicenter trial of adjuvant selective decontamination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical intensive care units of 16 hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,159 semi-quantitative cultures from the oropharynx, rectum and pancreatic tissues taken from 90 patients were analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveillance cultures from the oropharynx and rectum were taken on admission and repeated twice weekly and from the (peri)-pancreatic devitalized tissues (i. e. necrosis) at every relaparotomy and from drainage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All gram-negative pancreatic infections were preceded by intestinal colonization with the same micro-organisms. The risk of developing a pancreatic infection following gram-negative intestinal colonization (15/42 patients) was significantly higher as compared to patients without gram-negative colonization (0/10 patients) (p < 0.001) or to patients in whom E. coli was the only intestinal micro-organism cultured (0/30 patients) (p < 0.001). The occurrence of intestinal E. coli did not increase the risk of pancreatic infection. Gram-negative colonization of the rectum and oropharynx significantly correlated with the later development of pancreatic infection: relative risks 73.7 (p < 0.001) and 13.6 (p < 0.001), respectively. However, when both areas were evaluated simultaneously, the rectum was more significant (p < 0.001). The severity of intestinal intestinal colonization until the moment of pancreatic infection showed an increase in time in all 15 patients. In 11 of 15 patients (73%) these infections occurred within 1 week following the first isolation from the digestive tract. Gram-negative intestinal colonization was associated with a 3.7 fold increased mortality risk (p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gram-negative intestinal colonization, E. coli excepted, is an early prognostic parameter in patients in whom pancreatic infection has not yet occurred and represents a significantly increased risk of pancreatic infections and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Luiten
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hop
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Endtz
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bruining
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000208:Acute Disease; D003666:Decontamination; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D010179:Pancreas / Q000382:microbiology; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012007:Rectum / Q000382:microbiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors