title: Increased 9-aminocamptothecin dose requirements in patients on anticonvulsants. NABTT CNS Consortium. The New Approaches to Brain Tumor Therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High grade astrocytomas remain uniformly fatal despite aggressive surgery and radiotherapy. As existing chemotherapeutic agents are of limited benefit, clinical trials are underway to screen new drugs, such as 9-aminocamptothecin (9-AC), for activity in high grade astrocytomas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to estimate the efficacy of 9-AC in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme and recurrent high grade astrocytomas. The planned dose of 9-AC for this trial was 850 microg/m2 per 24 h as a 72-h continuous intravenous infusion every 2 weeks. This was the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) on this schedule in multiple phase I studies in patients with systemic malignancies. However, we found this dose subtherapeutic in our patient population. As a result, the purpose of the study was altered to determine the MTD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 32 patients were studied using 850 microg/m2 per 24 h with a provision to escalate to 1000 microg/m2 per 24 h if the first three cycles of 9-AC were without significant hematologic toxicity. Once it was determined that myelosuppression did not occur in patients on anticonvulsants, dose escalations were initiated using the continual reassessment method. Dose escalations were conducted independently in newly diagnosed and recurrent patients and in those taking and not taking hepatic enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants. Pharmacologic studies were conducted during the first cycle of 9-AC. Toxicity was determined using the NCI common toxicity criteria and efficacy was assessed using serial volumetric brain scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  9-AC was administered to 59 patients, 31 with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme and 28 with recurrent high grade astrocytomas. No grade III-IV myelosuppression was noted in the 29 patients (128 cycles) on phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and/ or valproic acid who received 850 microg/m2 per 24 h. In contrast, two of three patients (five cycles) who were not taking anticonvulsants developed grade IV myelosuppression. Steady-state total 9-AC plasma levels were lower in patients on anticonvulsants (median 25.3 nM) than in patients who were not taking anticonvulsants (median 76.5 nM). Dose escalations performed in 27 additional patients determined the MTD in patients taking anticonvulsants to be 1776 microg/m2 per 24 h for patients with newly diagnosed tumors and 1611 microg/m2 per 24 h for patients with recurrent disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe a new and unexpected drug interaction between 9-AC and anticonvulsants. This is similar to recent findings with paclitaxel, and suggests that higher than "usual" doses of some chemotherapeutic agents are required in patients on anticonvulsants. Prospectively defined dose escalations and pharmacologic studies are essential for the careful evaluation of new chemotherapeutic agents in patients with brain tumors.
authors.affiliation: The Central Operations Office, The NABTT CNS Consortium, The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. grossman@welchlink.welch.jhu.edu
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hochberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Grochow
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piantadosi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C080125:9-aminocamptothecin; D002166:Camptothecin