title: Practice patterns in managing the difficult airway by anesthesiologists in the United States.
abstract: Despite the availability of several techniques and devices for the management of the difficult airway, little information has been published regarding the prevalence of their use by anesthesiologists in the United States. To determine current practice patterns, we surveyed clinicians using a questionnaire consisting of 14 difficult airway scenarios. Anesthesiologists were requested to indicate their likely approach to anesthetic induction (e.g., awake but sedated, general anesthesia with spontaneous ventilation, general anesthesia with apnea after assuring a patent airway, or general anesthesia with apnea) and the primary device they would use to intubate (e.g., direct laryngoscopy [DL], flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope [FOB], rigid fiberoptic device, surgical airway, retrograde intubation kit, laryngeal mask airway, gum elastic bougie, or Combitube). The availability of these devices was also determined (in room at all times, available "stat," available if arranged preoperatively, or not available). The survey was mailed to 1000 randomly chosen active members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Second and third surveys were mailed to non responders. Four hundred seventy-two completed surveys were returned. Responses by demographic groups were compared by using chi 2 analysis. DL and FOB-aided tracheal intubation techniques were chosen for most cases by most anesthesiologists (P < 0.05). Anesthesiologists with > 10 yr of clinical experience and those older than 55 yr of age preferred DL with apneic conditions (P < 0.05). Anesthesiologists who had attended workshops within the last 5 yr had greater availability of retrograde guidewire equipment and FOBs (P < 0.05). There was little use of newer alternative airway devices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the teaching of alternative methods of securing a difficult airway has become ubiquitous, most anesthesiologists rely on direct laryngoscopy and fiberoptic-aided intubation in most clinical circumstances. Although workshops in the management of the difficult airway may have resulted in increased use of the fiberoptic bronchoscope and the availability of retrograde guidewire intubation equipment, other devices have not enjoyed such an increase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Rosenblatt
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ovassapian
authors.forename: Z N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Kain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'