title: Endoscopic transforaminal lumbar discectomy and reconfiguration: a postero-lateral approach into the spinal canal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the past, minimally invasive procedures (chemonucleolysis, laser, automated percutaneous discectomy, percutaneous manual nucleotomy, arthroscopy) have been largely confined to intradiscal work. This study represents cases of working channel, transforaminal spinal endoscopy performed using an endoscope which, because of its small size and flexibility, can bend up to 90 degrees (depending on the guiding cannula), and pass completely through the foramen into the spinal canal (truly transforaminal, as opposed to just going through part of the foramen and into the disc), to directly remove free fragments and reconfigure disc, relieving root and dural displacement at all lumbar levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 533 patients who had outpatient, minimally invasive operations performed over a 6-year period (ending in 1995) by this author were analyzed. Of these, 110 had small scope transforaminal procedures, forming the basis of this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An independent observer followed the 110 patients who had endoscopic transforaminal procedures for 2 or more years. Using MacNab's criteria, the success rate (excellent or good) was 95% in the 75 patients with disc presenting lateral to the dura-"lateral presenting,"-and 83% in the 35 patients not presenting disc for direct removal-"non-lateral presenting" (i.e., dura in the pathway)-making an overall success rate of 91%. One patient who developed discitis was the only complication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Guideable endoscopes small enough to pass completely through the foramen allow percutaneous surgery to include non-contained disc herniations and even some migrated free fragments, depending on the location. The percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic technique can be an effective, safe approach for disc removal through the foramen, especially in cases where the disc presents itself for direct removal.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ditsworth
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D017587:Diskectomy, Percutaneous / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies