title: Placental hormones during induced hypoglycaemia in pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: evidence of an active role for placenta in hormonal counter-regulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of induced hypoglycaemia on serum levels of the placental hormones oestriol, human placental lactogen, placental growth hormone and progesterone in the third trimester of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective experimental investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  High risk pregnancy unit and diabetes research unit at Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital, a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the third trimester of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Venous blood samples were collected every 15 minutes for analyses of oestriol, progesterone, human placental lactogen and placental growth hormone, during the 150 min of a hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemic clamp, which maintained arterial blood-glucose level of about 2.2 mmol/l.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of analysed placental hormones during hypoglycaemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant increase was observed in placental growth hormone during hypoglycaemia (P < 0.0001), whereas the placental hormones progesterone, human placental lactogen and oestriol did not show changes of clinical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in placental growth hormone indicates that the placenta is an endocrine organ which may take an active part in acute metabolic processes, such as here in the hormonal counterregulation of hypoglycaemia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Björklund
authors.forename: U K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Adamson
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Carlström
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hennen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Igout
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lins
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Westgren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004964:Estriol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism*; D010926:Placental Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D010928:Placental Lactogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D006133:Growth Substances; D007328:Insulin; D010926:Placental Hormones; D011374:Progesterone; D013006:Growth Hormone; D010928:Placental Lactogen; D004964:Estriol