title: Cytokine-induced accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids in rat C6 glial cells: implication for X-adrenoleukodystrophy.
abstract: X-Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited metabolic disorder of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) with subsequent manifestation of neuroinflammatory disease. To investigate the possible role of proinflammatory cytokines in the X-ALD disease process, we examined the effect of cytokines on the metabolism of VLCFA in C6 glial cells expressing oligodendrocyte-like properties. C6 glial cells under serum-free conditions were treated with different combinations of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, interferon-gamma) or cytokine with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cytokine-treated C6 cells had higher concentrations of VLCFA, measured as percent weight and also as C26:0/C22:0 ratio, which were 300-400% as compared with the controls. We also found increased levels of C26:1 in cytokine-treated cells. The accumulation of VLCFA paralleled the decrease (35-55%) in peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity and a 12- to 14-fold increase in the production of nitric oxide (NO). Individual cytokines were unable either to produce NO or to increase the levels of VLCFA in C6 cells. Inhibition of cytokine-induced NO production by L-N-methylarginine, an inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS), and N-acetylcysteine, an inhibitor of cytokine-mediated induction of inducible NOS, normalized the peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity and the levels of VLCFA, suggesting a role for the proinflammatory cytokines and NO toxicity in the neuropathological changes associated with abnormal VLCFA metabolism (e.g., X-ALD). X-ALD is a peroxisomal disease having deficient oxidation of VLCFA, resulting in the excessive accumulation of VLCFA in all tissues but especially in brain. We observed greater increase in levels of VLCFA in the inflammatory region of ALD brain (in the demyelinating plaque and the area around the plaque) than in the normal-looking area away from the plaque; this also indicates that cytokines in the proinflammatory region may augment the VLCFA defect caused by the inherited abnormality in X-ALD brain. Although C6 glial cultured cells do not reflect the X-ALD model precisely, the observed relationship between the cytokine-induced inhibition of the oxidation of VLCFA, excessive accumulation of VLCFA, and excessive production of NO and their normalization by inhibitors of NOS in C6 glial cells suggests that NO-mediated toxicity may play a role in VLCFA-associated neuroinflammatory diseases (e.g., X-ALD).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pahan
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D015087:2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases / Q000378:metabolism; D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000326:Adrenoleukodystrophy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005910:Glioma; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D014960:X Chromosome; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005227:Fatty Acids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D015087:2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases; D000111:Acetylcysteine