title: Cell cycle regulation of human pancreatic cancer by tamoxifen.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical trials have suggested a survival advantage for selected patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer treated with tamoxifen. We sought to identify the molecular mechanism by which tamoxifen inhibits human pancreatic cancer cell (HPCC) growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  HPCCs were grown in tamoxifen and growth inhibition was determined by 3H-thymidine uptake and by the MTT assay; changes in cell viability were determined by cell counts. Cell cycle alterations were evaluated by FACS, and the induction of apoptosis was evaluated using the TUNEL assay. Total cellular RNA was isolated after tamoxifen treatment, and Northern blot analysis was performed for p21waf1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tamoxifen inhibited HPCC growth as measured by inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation and by the MTT assay. However, there was no decrease in the total number of viable cells after 6 days of treatment with 10 microM of tamoxifen and no evident apoptosis, confirming the absence of a cytotoxic effect. Cell cycle analysis revealed cellular arrest in the G0/G1 phase, which correlated with p21waf1 mRNA upregulation in response to tamoxifen treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tamoxifen inhibits HPCC growth by inducing G0/G1 arrest with an associated increase in p21waf1 mRNA expression. Tamoxifen is an effective inhibitor of HPCC growth in vitro and warrants further in vivo study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Grau
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Smid
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chiao
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Abbruzzese
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Grimm
mesh_terms: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D013629:Tamoxifen