title: Moments and forces during pedicle screw insertion. In vitro and in vivo measurements.
abstract: METHODS
  Moments and forces during pedicle screw insertion were measured in vivo and in vitro and were correlated to several parameters of the screw-bone interface.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the in vitro and in vivo screw insertion loads and to relate these measurements to bone mineral density, pedicle size, and other screw parameters (material, diameter).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The in vitro screw insertion torque has been correlated to the screw pullout forces and the number of cycles to ultimate interface failure. However, there are no comparable in vivo data.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred three pedicle screws were included in the study, 43 in vivo and 60 in vitro. Duel-energy x-ray absorptiometry boen mineral density data were available for 20 in vivo and 32 in vitro specimens. A custom-made sterilizable six-axis load cell was integrated into a torque wrench, enabling the recording of the applied moments and forces during screw insertion. Statistical analysis was performed to detect differences and correlations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean in vivo insertion torque (1.29 Nm) was significantly greater than the in vitro value (0.67 Nm). The linear correlation between insertion torque and bone mineral density was significant for the in vitro data but not for the in vivo data. No correlation was observed between insertion torque and pedicle diameter. Two patterns of torque were observed during the insertion process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a significant difference between the insertion loads measured in vivo and those measured in vitro. Additional research is needed to verify whether this method provides an indication of screw fixation quality.
authors.affiliation: M. E. Müller Institute for Biomechanics, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bühler
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Berlemann
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Oxland
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Nolte
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged