title: Geminin, an inhibitor of DNA replication, is degraded during mitosis.
abstract: We describe a novel 25 kDa protein, geminin, which inhibits DNA replication and is degraded during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Geminin has a destruction box sequence and is ubiquitinated anaphase-promoting complex (APC) in vitro. In synchronized HeLa cells, geminin is absent during G1 phase, accumulates during S, G2, and M phases, and disappears at the time of the metaphase-anaphase transition. Geminin inhibits DNA replication by preventing the incorporation of MCM complex into prereplication complex (pre-RC). We propose that geminin inhibits DNA replication during S, G2, and M phases and that geminin destruction at the metaphase-anaphase transition permits replication in the succeeding cell cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: McGarry
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kirschner
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D064173:Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome; D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000502:physiology*; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D064248:Geminin; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008025:Ligases / Q000378:metabolism; D008938:Mitosis / Q000502:physiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D043743:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D014452:Ubiquitins / Q000378:metabolism; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: C066503:CDC6 protein, S cerevisiae; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002843:Chromatin; D018076:DNA, Complementary; C577998:GMNN protein, Xenopus; C577995:GMNN protein, human; D064248:Geminin; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D014452:Ubiquitins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D043743:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes; D064173:Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D008025:Ligases