title: Evaluation of urinary cadmium and lead as markers of background exposure of middle-aged women in Korea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was initiated to investigate the validity of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in urine in comparison with the metals in blood as a biological marker of nonoccupational exposure of general populations to these metals as environmental pollutants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood samples, morning spot-urine samples, and 24-h total food duplicate samples were collected from 107 nonsmoking women (aged 30-59 years) in four urban and rural survey sites in Korea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Portions of the samples were digested by heating in the presence of mineral acids, and the digests were analyzed for Cd and Pb by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metal concentrations in urine were adjusted for creatinine concentration and a specific gravity of 1.016. The analyte levels were evaluated on an individual basis (n = 107) and also on a group basis, i.e., in terms of geometric means for the survey sites (n = 4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cd in urine correlated with Cd in blood on an individual as well as survey-site basis and tended to correlate with Cd in food duplicates on a group basis. The correlation of Pb in urine with Pb in blood was weaker than that of Cd in urine with Cd in blood when evaluated on an individual and survey-site basis. Pb in urine correlated with Pb in food duplicates either weakly or even negatively when examined on a survey-site basis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cd in urine proved to be valid as a biological marker of environmental exposure of general populations, whereas less support was obtained for Pb in urine as an exposure marker.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Z W
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimbo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: C U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002104:Cadmium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea; D007854:Lead / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead