title: [Cytokine release and changes in mononuclear cells in peripheral blood under the influence of general anesthesia].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anaesthetic agents are believed to have an adverse effect on human immune defense mechanisms. We investigated changes in peripheral immune cell numbers such as natural killer (NK) cells, B cells and T lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4+ and CD8+ cells) and differences in cytokine production after stimulation with different mitogens before and during narcosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 30 patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. Stimulatory experiments were performed with the mitogens lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and inactivated Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During general anaesthesia with fentanyl, thiopental, isoflurane and nitrous oxide there was a significant decrease of circulating NK cells in the peripheral blood accompanied by a significant increase of B cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes. We detected a significant anesthesia-associated increase of interferon (IFN)-gamma, INF-alpha, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) synthesis after stimulation with different mitogens while interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-6 protein did not change significantly. After the beginning of surgery CD8-positive cells showed a return to control values and NK cell number increased slightly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that general anaesthesia interferes with immune cell number and immune cell response. This may explain the clinically well-recognized disturbance of human immunity after surgery and general anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kirchner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poppe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmucker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006454:Hemoglobins
vernacular_title: Zytokinfreisetzung und Verteilung mononukleärer Zellen im peripheren Blut unter dem Einfluss der Allgemeinnarkose.