title: Hypomethylation and increased gene expression of p16INK4a in primary and metastatic breast carcinoma as compared to normal breast tissue.
abstract: Controversy continues to surround the role of p16INK4a in cell cycle control and carcinogenesis. Mutations, deletions and changes in methylation patterns of p16INK4a have been proposed as mechanisms leading to abnormal expression of the gene. We show here that primary and metastatic breast carcinomas demonstrate hypomethylation of p16INK4a which is associated with expression of p16INK4a mRNA, as compared to normal breast tissue which demonstrates a relative hypermethylation of p16INK4a associated with the absence of p16INK4a expression. These data suggest that methylation and lack of expression of p16INK4a is not a central mechanism in the development of breast carcinoma, but rather that the gene is functioning and expressed in breast carcinoma more frequently than in normal breast tissue. The role of p16INK4a is much more complex than has been previously hypothesized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Van Zee
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Calvano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bisogna
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D012333:RNA, Messenger