title: [Coping with anger and the premenstrual syndrome].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigations in recent years confirm the importance of "anger coping-behaviour" for women suffering from different diseases such as migraine, high blood pressure and coronary heart disease. The hypothesis for this investigation was that "anger-in" coping (anger-suppression) is a possible causal factor in the premenstrual syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data analysis was undertaken on 38 patients (average age 32 years) fulfilling the inclusion criteria. The Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) was used for measuring the intensity of premenstrual symptoms. As a result of a cluster analysis of MDQ scores, the 38 patients were divided into 3 subgroups (group 1: mild symptoms, n = 16; group 2: moderate symptoms, n = 10; groups 3: severe symptoms, n = 12). The 3 groups were compared by using different questionnaires regarding the variables anger, attitudes to menarche and menstrual bleeding, anxiety and depression. Additionally, sociodemographic data were obtained and a daily record taken for 2 days premenstrually and 5 day postmenstrually of subjective replies to a standardized protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrary to our expectations the results showed no significant differences for "anger coping" between the 3 subgroups. Increased daily stress (professional and familial double load) statistically significantly influenced the intensity of premenstrual symptoms. Additional significant factors were a general tendency towards somatization disorder, a negative attitude toward menarche and menstrual bleeding, as well as a tendency to depressive mood in patients with severe premenstrual symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emotional disorders (anger, anxiety) showed less influence on the premenstrual syndrome in the investigated women than daily stress and medical anamnesis.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, Universität Innsbruck, Osterreich.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bergant
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guggenberger
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heim
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ulmer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications
vernacular_title: Argerbewältigung und prämenstruelles Syndrom.