Cloning and characterization of human inducible nitric oxide synthase splice variants: a domain, encoded by exons 8 and 9, is critical for dimerization.
The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) contains an amino-terminal oxygenase domain, a carboxy-terminal reductase domain, and an intervening calmodulin-binding region. For the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), iNOS is active as a homodimer. The human iNOS mRNA is subject to alternative splicing, including deletion of exons 8 and 9 that encode amino acids 242-335 of the oxygenase domain. In this study, iNOS8(-)9(-) and full-length iNOS (iNOSFL) were cloned from bronchial epithelial cells. Expression of iNOS8(-)9(-) in 293 cell line resulted in generation of iNOS8(-)9(-) mRNA and protein but did not lead to NO production. In contrast to iNOSFL, iNOS8(-)9(-) did not form dimers. Similar to iNOSFL, iNOS8(-)9(-) exhibited NADPH-diaphorase activity and contained tightly bound calmodulin, indicating that the reductase and calmodulin-binding domains were functional. To identify sequences in exons 8 and 9 that are critical for dimerization, iNOSFL was used to construct 12 mutants, each with deletion of eight residues in the region encoded by exons 8 and 9. In addition, two "control" iNOS deletion mutants were synthesized, lacking either residues 45-52 of the oxygenase domain or residues 1131-1138 of the reductase domain. Whereas both control deletion mutants generated NO and formed dimers, none of the 12 other mutants formed dimers or generated NO. The region encoded by exons 8 and 9 is critical for iNOS dimer formation and NO production but not for reductase activity. This region could be a potential target for therapeutic interventions aimed at inhibiting iNOS dimerization and hence NO synthesis.
Eissa
N T
NT
Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1590, USA. Eissat@fido.nhlbi.nih.gov
Yuan
J W
JW
Haggerty
C M
CM
Choo
E K
EK
Palmer
C D
CD
Moss
J
J
D017398:Alternative Splicing; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D019281:Dimerization; D005091:Exons; D006801:Humans; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D017384:Sequence Deletion
D002147:Calmodulin; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase