title: Terminal differentiation of human breast cancer through PPAR gamma.
abstract: We have previously demonstrated that PPAR gamma stimulates the terminal differentiation of adipocyte precursors when activated by synthetic ligands, such as the antidiabetic thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs. We show here that PPAR gamma is expressed at significant levels in human primary and metastatic breast adenocarcinomas. Ligand activation of this receptor in cultured breast cancer cells causes extensive lipid accumulation, changes in breast epithelial gene expression associated with a more differentiated, less malignant state, and a reduction in growth rate and clonogenic capacity of the cells. Inhibition of MAP kinase, shown previously to be a powerful negative regulator of PPAR gamma, improves the TZD ligand sensitivity of nonresponsive cells. These data suggest that the PPAR gamma transcriptional pathway can induce terminal differentiation of malignant breast epithelial cells and thus may provide a novel, nontoxic therapy for human breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sarraf
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tontonoz
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one