title: Significance of bladder neck involvement on progression in superficial bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the significance of bladder neck involvement in predicting disease progression in superficial (stage Ta and T1) transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 277 patients with newly diagnosed superficial TCCs of the bladder was reviewed, and disease progression (to T2 or worse) was considered. The significance of several risk factors including bladder neck involvement was assessed in univariate and multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Progression occurred in 28 (10.1%) of 277 patients during a median follow-up period of 7.7 years. Nineteen died of bladder cancer. The following variables were found to be statistically significant at the univariate analysis (p < 0.05): irritative symptoms, urine cytology, tumor stage, involvement of the bladder neck, and tumor grade. Indeed, only involvement of the bladder neck, tumor stage, and grade retained their value as independent factors for progression at multivariate analysis. Patients were divided into three groups according to the number of independent risk factors they had. Groups having none, one, and two or three risk factors included 129, 99, and 49 patients with 5-year progression rates of 0.8, 4.6 and 27.5%, and 15-year rates of 4.0, 20.1 and 42.7%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Involvement of the bladder neck is a significant and independent risk factor for progression of superficial TCCs in addition to the histologic grade and stage. The combination of these three risk factors offers better prediction of progression in an individual patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University School of Medicine, Japan. y-fujii.uro@med.tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kihara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsujii
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishizaka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kageyama
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oshima
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D015653:Cystectomy; D003558:Cystoscopy; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*