title: Doppler ultrasonography of canine maternal and fetal arteries during normal gestation.
abstract: Two-dimensional ultrasonography was used in combination with colour-flow imaging and pulsed wave Doppler ultrasonography to study the maternal circulation and the development of fetal vascularization in six Beagles during normal gestation. For the first time, the development of the circulation was demonstrated in the bitch and her fetuses intra vitam. The bloodstream was examined in small uteroplacental arteries, the umbilical artery, the fetal aorta and the common carotid artery. The duration of the study was from week 3 after insemination until birth. Relatively large vessels were detected by cross-sectional ultrasonography, and small vessels were detected by colour-flow imaging. In pulsed wave Doppler ultrasonography, the blood flow was measured and described using the parameters of systolic peak velocity, diastolic peak velocity, end-diastolic velocity, pulsatility index, resistance index, A:B ratio (systolic peak velocity:end-diastolic velocity) and S:D parameter (systolic peak velocity:diastolic peak velocity). The development of the measured parameters is typical and similar to that in humans. The systolic peak velocity of the canine maternal uteroplacental arteries shows important differences in comparison with humans. The pulsatility index, resistance index and A:B ratio decrease in nearly all vessels. Only the fetal common carotid artery has constant pulsatility and resistance indices during gestation. For the first time, the quality and quantity of the normal blood flow have been monitored during the whole of gestation. A normal circulation is fundamental for supplying the fetus adequately with oxygen and nutrients and thus for physiological development. These ultrasonographic results are the basis for further clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Nautrup
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000098:blood supply; D005865:Gestational Age; D021041:Placental Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000662:veterinary*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000662:veterinary*; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging