title: Psychological aspects of pregnancy in the military: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the past 20 years, more women have joined the armed forces than ever before. Consequently, the management of pregnant service members has raised important medical and administrative issues. Recent studies comparing service-women with their civilian counterparts have shown a significantly increased rate of pregnancy complications. This paper explores the psychosocial milieu in which active duty pregnancies occur and attempts to elucidate the psychological stressors that may contribute to the increased complication rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature on pregnancy in the military and the existing regulations governing its medical and administrative management are reviewed. Case material is presented and analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three types of psychological stressors are identified and discussed: lack of social supports, the pressures of minority status, and the institutional reactions to gender roles. The author proposes mandatory education for military leaders regarding sensitivity to women's reproductive issues as well as specialized briefings for women inductees on the realities and risks of pregnancy in the military.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0804, USA.
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Tam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D008913:Minority Groups; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014481:United States