title: Terminal warm blood cardioplegia improves cardiac function through microtubule repolymerization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of terminal warm blood cardioplegia, we studied dynamic change in microtubules induced by cold cardioplegia followed by rewarming. Further, we investigated the relationship between cardiac function and morphologic changes in microtubules caused by hyperkalemic, hypocalcemic warm cardioplegia during initial reperfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  In protocol 1 isolated rat hearts were perfused at 37 degrees C with Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB). After 3 hours of hypothermic cardiac arrest at 10 degrees C, hearts were reperfused at 37 degrees C with one of two buffers: group C, 60-minute reperfusion with KHB (K+, 5.9 mmol/L; Ca2+, 2.5 mmol/L); and group TC, 10-minute initial reperfusion with modified KHB (K+, 15 mmol/L; Ca2+, 0.25 mmol/L), followed by 50 minutes of reperfusion with KHB. Cardiac function after reperfusion was determined as a percentage of the prearrest value. In protocol 2 hearts were perfused at 37 degrees C with KHB containing colchicine (10(-5) mol/L) for 60 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was spontaneous contractile recovery after 10 minutes of initial reperfusion in hearts from group TC as well as improved cardiac function after 15, 30, and 60 minutes of reperfusion compared with that in group C. Immunohistochemical staining and immunoblot analysis demonstrated microtubule depolymerization during hypothermic cardiac arrest and complete repolymerization after 10 minutes of reperfusion with warm buffers in both groups. Colchicine-induced microtubule depolymerization is associated with deterioration of cardiac function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One mechanism responsible for improved cardiac function mediated by terminal warm blood cardioplegia is the restart of contraction after complete microtubule repolymerization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tenpaku
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Onoda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Imanaka-Yoshida
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimono
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimpo
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003078:Colchicine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008870:Microtubules / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D011188:Potassium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015424:Reperfusion; D017694:Rewarming; D013997:Time Factors; D014325:Tromethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014404:Tubulin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D004396:Coloring Agents; C074097:Krebs-Henseleit solution; D014404:Tubulin; D014325:Tromethamine; D005947:Glucose; D011188:Potassium; D003078:Colchicine; D002118:Calcium