title: Modulation of basal and postischemic leukocyte-endothelial adherence by nitric oxide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies indicate that leukocytes are important contributors to secondary vascular and parenchymal injury after cerebral ischemia. The present study was undertaken to define nitric oxide (NO)-based mechanisms that regulate leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the cerebral vasculature, how these mechanisms are affected by cerebral ischemia, and whether NO-based therapies can affect postischemic leukocyte dynamics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Leukocyte adherence to pial venules of anesthetized newborn piglets was quantified by in situ fluorescence videomicroscopy through closed cranial windows during basal conditions and during reperfusion after 9 minutes of asphyxia. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was inhibited by local window superfusion of L-nitroarginine; superfusion of sodium nitroprusside was used to donate NO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local inhibition of NOS under resting conditions increased leukocyte-endothelial adherence 2.2-fold and 3.9-fold over baseline values after 1 hour and 2 hours, respectively; this response was completely blocked by cosuperfusion with L-arginine. Cosuperfusion of superoxide dismutase reversed L-nitroarginine-induced leukocyte adherence by 89% and 63% at these respective time points. The extent of acute leukocyte adherence elicited by NOS inhibition was similar in magnitude to that observed during the initial 2 hours of reperfusion after asphyxia. Leukocyte adherence was not additionally increased in asphyxic animals treated with L-nitroarginine. Sodium nitroprusside robustly inhibited asphyxia-induced leukocyte adherence back to control levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NO exerts a tonic antiadherent effect in the cerebral microcirculation by inactivation of adherence-promoting superoxide radical formation. Cerebral ischemia is associated with an inhibition of NOS or lower levels of NO, which results in leukocyte-endothelial adherence that can be prevented by NO donors. The latter may be useful therapeutically to prevent the purported vascular and parenchymal dysfunction and injury caused by activated leukocytes in ischemic brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, and St Louis Children's Hospital, MO 63110, USA. gidday@kids.wustl.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gidday
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Gonzales
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010841:Pia Mater / Q000098:blood supply; D012016:Reference Values; D013552:Swine; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014699:Venules / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D019335:Nitroarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase