title: Utility of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of residual cardiac defects.
abstract: To investigate the accuracy of immediate postbypass transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of residual cardiac defects, we compared intraoperative transesophageal echocardiograms with intra/postoperative data in 86 patients, aged 4 days to 30.7 years (median = 1.4 years), at risk for a total of 174 postoperative lesions: right (n = 55) or left (n = 26) ventricular outflow tract obstruction, ventricular septal defect (n = 65), aortic (n = 12) or mitral regurgitation (n = 8), or mitral stenosis (n = 8). Accuracy of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was evaluated based on comparison with (1) immediate post-bypass left (n = 4) or right (n = 9) ventricular outflow tract pressure gradients by pullback in the operating room, (2) direct surgical inspection of residual ventricular septal defects (n = 3), (3) pulmonary artery oxygen saturation (n = 49), (4) right ventricular outflow tract pullback gradient (n = 24), and (5) transthoracic echocardiogram (n = 51) performed within 40 days of surgery. The results indicate that intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography agreed with intra/postoperative data in 87% of patients at risk for right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, 96% at risk for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, 97% at risk for ventricular septal defect, and 100% at risk for aortic regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, or mitral stenosis. Significant residual lesions led to immediate surgical revision in 11 cases: 3 ventricular septal defects, 6 right and 2 left ventricular outflow tract obstructions. Of these, intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography confirmed and quantified suspected residual lesions in 7 and identified unsuspected lesions in 4 cases. Immediate postbypass transesophageal echocardiography proved reliable for assessing residual ventricular septal defect, mitral stenosis, and mitral or aortic regurgitation. Although accurate for assessment of the left and right ventricular outflow tracts in most patients, transesophageal echocardiography may not reliably reflect the severity of obstruction in all cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Gentles
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wernovsky
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Laussen
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Colan
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: van der Velde
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D010166:Palliative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies