title: Effect of experimental diabetes mellitus and arthritis on the pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine enantiomers in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of experimental diabetes and arthritis on the pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) enantiomers in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pharmacokinetic studies were carried out following administration of 40 mg/kg of racemic HCQ to diabetic, insulin-treated diabetic, adjuvant arthritic and control rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Renal (70% and 62% for R- and S-HCQ, respectively) and non-renal clearance (100% and 145% for R- and S-HCQ, respectively) of HCQ enantiomers were significantly increased in diabetic rats. Diabetes-induced alterations in the disposition of HCQ were reversed by insulin treatment. In arthritic rats, systemic clearance (CL) of HCQ enantiomers was significantly reduced (1.05 +/- 0.15 and 1.3 +/- 0.19 l/h/kg for R- and S-HCQ, respectively) compared to controls (1.69 +/- 0.32 and 1.93 +/- 0.34 l/h/kg for R- and S-HCQ, respectively). The fraction unbound of the R- and S-HCQ were 49.4% and 50.5% lower in platelet rich plasma of arthritic rats compared to healthy rats. Increased blood concentrations of HCQ enantiomers in arthritic rats were significantly related to the degree of inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes significantly increased the CL of both R- and S-HCQ by increasing renal and non-renal clearance. Arthritis caused a significant decrease in CL of HCQ enantiomers through increased binding and a decreased intrinsic clearance. The effect of the diseases on the pharmacokinetics of HCQ, however, was not stereoselective.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Emami
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Pasutto
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jamali
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine