Avian macrophage metabolism.
This review considers the role of avian macrophages as a source of immune effector and immunoregulatory metabolites. Although considerable attention has been given to the importance of leukocytic cytokines, particularly the monokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), metabolites produced by macrophages appear to be of equal importance in determining the progression of immune responses. The three metabolite categories that have received the greatest attention are the reactive oxygen species (ROS), the reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI), and the eicosanoids. Additionally, the xenobiotic metabolites produced via cytochrome P450 activity mediate some immune-environmental interactions. Each of these four metabolite categories is subject to different requirements for metabolite production, and each has distinct effector functions. An understanding of macrophage metabolite regulation could allow improvements in avian health management and production via the effective control of metabolite production. The present review considers prior and recent information on the production of the metabolites by avian macrophages. Additionally, the potential ramifications of metabolite production and regulation are discussed.
Dietert
R R
RR
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Institute for Comparative and Environmental Toxicology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA. rrd1@cornell.edu
Golemboski
K A
KA
D000818:Animals; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011200:Poultry / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
D015777:Eicosanoids; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D009584:Nitrogen