title: Optimized sentinel node scintigraphy in breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) represents an important staging procedure in the surgical treatment of breast cancer. However, it may result necessary in tumors of little dimensions because of low percentage of metastatic axillary lymph node (ALN). If a non invasive technique predicted the status of ALN, ALND procedures could be avoided. We carried out this study i) to establish the best technique to perform the lymphoscintigraphy for detecting the sentinel node in breast cancer and ii) to determine whether a clear sentinel node reliably predicts a disease free axilla.
  
  
  METHODS
  215 patients were submitted to the lymphoscintigraphy before surgery. Three different colloidal radiotracers with particle size ranging between < 50 and 1000 nm were injected sudermically or peritumorally. Early and late images were recorded in anterior and oblique projections and the SN was marked on the skin and biopsied using a gamma detection probe (GDP) during surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SN was identified in 210/215 cases (97.6%). The SN accurately predicted axillary ALN status in 204/210 (97.1%) patients in whom a sentinel node was identified and in all the cases (45 patients) with tumor < 1.5 cm in diameter. In 38/101 cases with metastatic axillary nodes (37.7%) the only positive node was the SN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymphoscintigraphy can easily locate the SN in breast cancer. SN detection resulted easier when large size microcolloids were used. Subdermally administration appeared the best way of injection for palpable lesions. Breast cancer patients without clinical involvement of the axilla should undergo SN biopsy routinely and this may allow sparing complete axillary dissection when the SN is free of disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paganelli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Cicco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cremonesi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Prisco
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calza
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zucali
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Veronesi
mesh_terms: D000965:Antimony; D001365:Axilla; D001706:Biopsy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D003102:Colloids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D015902:Gamma Cameras; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010316:Particle Size; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017556:Technetium Compounds; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017556:Technetium Compounds; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; C019096:technetium Tc 99m antimony sulfide; C083602:technetium Tc 99m nanocolloid; D000965:Antimony