title: Internal jugular venous spillover of noradrenaline and metabolites and their association with sympathetic nervous activity.
abstract: It is recognized that the brain plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of blood pressure and the control of myocardial function. By combining direct sampling of internal jugular venous blood with a noradrenaline isotope dilution method, for examining neuronal transmitter release, and microneurographic nerve recording, we were able to quantify the release of central nervous system noradrenaline and its metabolites and investigate their association with efferent sympathetic nervous outflow in healthy subjects and patients with pure autonomic failure. To further investigate the relationship between brain noradrenaline, sympathetic nervous activity and blood pressure regulation we examined brain catecholamine turnover, based on the internal jugular venous overflow of noradrenaline and its principal central nervous system metabolites, in response to a variety of pharmacological challenges. A substantial increase was seen in brain noradrenaline turnover following trimethaphan, presumably resulting from a compensatory response in sympathoexcitatory forebrain noradrenergic neurones in the face of interruption of sympathetic neural traffic and reduction in arterial blood pressure. In contrast, reduction in central nervous system noradrenaline turnover accompanied the blood pressure fall produced by intravenous clonidine administration, thus representing the blood pressure lowering action of the drug. Following vasodilatation elicited by intravenous adrenaline infusion, brain noradrenaline turnover increased in parallel with elevation in muscle sympathetic nervous activity. While it is difficult to assess the source of the noradrenaline and metabolites determined in our studies, available evidence implicates noradrenergic cell groups of the posterolateral hypothalamus, amygdala, the A5 region and the locus coeruleus as being involved in the regulation of sympathetic outflow and autonomic cardiovascular control.
authors.affiliation: Human Autonomic Function Laboratory, Baker Medical Research Institute, Prahran Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Wallin
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Esler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005730:Ganglionic Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009132:Muscles / Q000294:innervation; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000494:pharmacology; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D014294:Trimethaphan / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005730:Ganglionic Blockers; D013565:Sympatholytics; D013566:Sympathomimetics; D014294:Trimethaphan; D003000:Clonidine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine