title: Thiopental and methohexital depress Ca2+ entry into and glutamate release from cultured neurons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although barbiturates activate alpha-aminobutyric acid type A receptors as part of their hypnotic effect, these drugs also inhibit voltage-gated calcium channels. The authors determined if barbiturates could decrease neuronal intracellular Ca2+ transients and the resulting glutamate release.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal rat cerebellar granule neurons were isolated and cultured on coverslips and studied at 37 degrees C. Spectrofluorometric assays were used during identical conditions to monitor intracellular Ca2+ with the Ca2+ -sensitive fluorophore fura-2 and glutamate release by a glutamate dehydrogenase-coupled assay, which produced the reduced form of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate in proportion to the amount of glutamate released. Neurons were depolarized by a rapid increase in external [K+] from 5 to 55 mM. Control responses were compared with those in the presence of 10, 30, and 100 microM thiopental; 3, 10, and 30 microM methohexital; decreased external [Ca2+]; or voltage-gated calcium channel blockers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thiopental and methohexital depressed the intracellular Ca2+ transient peak and plateau in a dose-dependent manner, as did decreased Ca2+. The intermediate dose of either drug caused approximately 50% decrease in peak intracellular Ca2+ and 60% decrease in glutamate release. In the presence of specific L- and/or N-type voltage-gated calcium channel blockade by nicardipine or omega-conotoxin-GVIA, respectively, 30 microM thiopental further decreased the intracellular Ca2+ transient. Thiopental caused a dose-dependent decrease in glutamate release, which was proportional to the decreased peak intracellular Ca2+.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thiopental and methohexital depress the depolarization-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ and the accompanying glutamate release, actions which can contribute to the anesthetic and neuronal protective effects of these drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22906-0010, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagao
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lynch
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D015640:Ion Channel Gating; D008723:Methohexital / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D013874:Thiopental / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D008723:Methohexital; D013874:Thiopental; D002118:Calcium