title: Doxorubicin- and daunorubicin-glutathione conjugates, but not unconjugated drugs, competitively inhibit leukotriene C4 transport mediated by MRP/GS-X pump.
abstract: Overexpression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) gene encoding a human GS-X pump in cultured cells resulted in increased cellular resistance to antitumor agents, including doxorubicin (Dox) and daunomycin (Dau), as well as certain heavy metals. However, studies with membrane vesicles prepared from the resistant cells revealed that Dox and Dau are poor substrates for the transport mediated by MRP/GS-X pump, suggesting that metabolic modifications of these drugs might be required for the transport. To test this hypothesis, we prepared four glutathione conjugates by linking the cysteine residue of GSH to Dox and Dau at eitehr the C-7 or C-14 position. The affinity of the synthesized conjugates toward MRP/GS-X pump was examined in the LTC4 transport assay using membrane vesicles prepared from an MRP1 gene-overexpressing cell line, SR3A. Unconjugated Dox and Dau failed to inhibit the transport of LTC4, whereas 30 microM GS-Dox or GS-Dau conjugates completely inhibited the transport. Kinetic analyses revealed that the inhibition by these GS-conjugates is competitive with Ki values ranging from 60 to 200 nM, suggesting that these compounds have high affinities toward MRP/GS-X pump and share the common binding site(s) with LTC4. Our present results support the hypothesis that glutathionation can facilitate the transport of anthracyclines by the MRP/GS-X pump.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioimmunotherapy, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Priebe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krawczyk
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamane
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Savaraj
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000502:physiology; D001667:Binding, Competitive / Q000502:physiology; D001692:Biological Transport; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D003630:Daunorubicin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000502:physiology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D017997:Leukotriene C4 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D015394:Molecular Structure; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D003630:Daunorubicin; D004317:Doxorubicin; D005978:Glutathione; D017997:Leukotriene C4; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C086860:glutathione transporter