title: Effect of GM-CSF on HIV-1 replication in monocytes/macrophages in vivo and in vitro: a review.
abstract: Cells of macrophage lineage constitute the main cellular target of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). Replication of HIV-1 in monocyte/macrophages is generally augmented by factors promoting their differentiation. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a key regular of the differentiation of cells of macrophage lineage. The effects of GM-CSF on HIV-1 replication in vitro are still controversial. Most of the published studies suggest that GM-CSF upregulates HIV-1 expression in both primary cultured macrophages and promonocytic cell lines. There have also been reports demonstrating that GM-CSF does not affect HIV-1 replication in cells of macrophage lineage or that GM-CSF can actually suppress HIV-1 expression. In vivo, GM-CSF administrated to HIV-positive patients at any stage of disease, without any antiretroviral therapy, appears to increase HIV-1 activity. The possible mechanism by which GM-CSF might affect HIV-1 replication in macrophages remains unclear.
authors.affiliation: Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Victoria, Australia. kath@burnet.edu.au
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kedzierska
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rainbird
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Crowe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor