title: The effect of sample freezing on proton magic-angle spinning NMR spectra of biological tissue.
abstract: Magic-angle spinning (MAS) has recently been shown to enhance spectral resolution in NMR examinations of intact biological tissue ex vivo. This work demonstrates that freezing certain tissue samples before examination by 1H MAS NMR can have a marked effect on their spectra. Spectra of rat kidney after freezing in liquid nitrogen, compared with spectra before freezing, showed a significant increase in signal intensities from alanine (>100%), glutamine (>40%), and glycine (>100%), and a decrease in signals assigned to lipids and other macromolecules. Some resonances--such as from leucine, valine, isoleucine, and aspartate--only became visible after freezing the tissue. These observations suggest that low temperature storage of tissue necropsies or biopsies might affect the results of a MAS NMR analysis, possibly resulting in the misinterpretation of metabolite changes to pathogen or disease effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Sciences, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Herts, UK.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Mullins
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005615:Freezing; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D011522:Protons; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D011522:Protons