title: Is Medicaid pronatalist? The effect of eligibility expansions on abortions and births.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Income thresholds for Medicaid eligibility for pregnant women were raised in two phases between 1987 and 1991. During roughly the same period, the U.S. fertility rate rose and the abortion rate declined; changes were particularly marked among young women, raising the possibility that fertility increases were related to Medicaid expansions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pooled time-series cross-section regressions were used to examine the effects of the Medicaid eligibility expansions in 15 states on rates of abortions and births among unmarried women aged 19-27 with 12 or fewer years of schooling. Abortion data came from the National Center for Health Statistics or state health departments and were aggregated by women's age, race, marital status and schooling; data on births were from national natality tapes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Medicaid expansions were associated with a 5% increase in the birthrate among white women, but did not influence the rate among black women. Overall, no effect on the abortion rate was evident, but in analyses restricted to a subsample of eight states with the most complete abortion data, the rate among white women showed a significant decline after the second phase of expansions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subsidized health care for low-income pregnant women in these 15 states may have encouraged white women to have more children than they would have without coverage.
authors.affiliation: Baruch College, New York, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaestner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kwan
mesh_terms: D000029:Abortion, Legal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001723:Birth Rate / Q000639:trends*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009309:National Center for Health Statistics, U.S.; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data