title: Glycogen-rich malignant melanomas and glycogen-rich balloon cell malignant melanomas: frequency and pattern of PAS positivity in primary and metastatic melanomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After identifying a metastatic glycogen-rich balloon cell malignant melanoma, originally thought to be a benign clear cell tumor of the lung, we investigated the extent of positive reactions, or "positivity," of malignant melanoma to periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequency, intensity, and distribution of PAS positivity was studied in 61 excisional biopsy specimens from 58 patients with malignant melanoma. For comparison, 17 benign nevi from 10 patients were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positivity for PAS was seen in all cases. All malignant melanomas and benign nevi were characterized by weak, diffuse, diastase-resistant PAS positivity. Additionally, focal or diffuse, strong diastase-sensitive PAS positivity was observed in 9 of 61 melanomas (15%); 7 were metastatic and 2 were primary invasive melanomas. Strong diastase-sensitive PAS positivity was seen in all lesions with 30% or more balloon cell features and only in advanced primary or metastatic lesions. The presence of glycogen was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cutaneous malignant melanomas have weak, diastase-resistant PAS positivity. Strong diastase-sensitive PAS positivity, consistent with the presence of intracytoplasmic glycogen, is seen in many primary and metastatic melanomas with balloon cell features. Depending on the content of the balloon cells, these melanomas are best categorized as either glycogen-rich malignant melanomas or glycogen-rich balloon cell malignant melanomas. Because many tumors with clear cell features contain glycogen, such content often is an unreliable differential feature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Western Reserve Care System, Youngstown, Ohio 44501, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fatteh
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D006003:Glycogen / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary*; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010503:Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction
chemical_list: D006003:Glycogen