title: Pulmonary nodules in patients with esophageal carcinoma.
abstract: The clinical significance of lung nodules in patients with esophageal carcinoma has received little attention. Therefore, we carried out a retrospective detailed review of 116 consecutive cases of esophageal carcinoma, including 98 squamous cell cancers, seen at the Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center between 1984 and 1997. Seventy-four percent of our patients were black; it was not surprising therefore that 84% of our patients in this series had squamous cell cancers. Initially, chest radiographs, computed tomography (CT) scans, or thoracotomy showed solitary pulmonary nodules in 22 (19%) patients. A definitive diagnosis was established in 19 patients, including 15 (68%) benign nodules and 4 (18%) new primary lung carcinomas. Three (14%) nodules were indeterminate, but in no case could a solitary lung metastasis be identified. Radiographic evidence of multiple lung metastases was present, however, in 4 (3%) of 116 patients at diagnosis. Autopsies of six patients were later performed, and three showed multiple lung metastases; two of these patients had negative chest radiographs shortly before death. Our experience suggests that for a cohort of mostly squamous cell esophageal cancers, a solitary lung metastasis is rare at diagnosis; a solitary pulmonary nodule at this time likely represents a benign abnormality or primary lung cancer. Multiple pulmonary metastases are also very unusual at diagnosis, probably become increasingly common during the terminal phases of disease, and may be radiographically occult.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Margolis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Howlett
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bubanj
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000556:secondary*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000556:secondary*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed