title: Aspirin causes rapid up-regulation of cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression in the stomach of rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclo-oxygenase-1 (COX-1) is believed to produce prostaglandins vital to mucosal defence, whereas cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) is induced at sites of inflammation. Little is known about the regulation of COX-2 in the stomach, particularly during the period following mucosal injury. In this study, we examined COX-1 and COX-2 expression shortly after administration of NSAIDs or ethanol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasted rats were given aspirin, salicylate, indomethacin or ethanol (20% or 40%) orally. Three hours later the stomach was excised, the severity of damage scored and samples taken for RT-PCR of COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA and immunohistochemistry. Nitric oxide synthase mRNA (iNOS and eNOS) and activity were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aspirin, indomethacin and the higher concentration of ethanol produced widespread mucosal damage, whereas salicylate and 20% ethanol caused only superficial epithelial damage. Aspirin caused a significant increase in COX-2 mRNA expression and a marked increase in COX-2 immunoreactivity, particularly in the superficial mucosa. Expression of COX-1 (mRNA and protein) was unaffected by aspirin, as were NOS mRNA expression and enzyme activity. Pre-treatment with prostaglandin E2 prevented the induction of COX-2 by aspirin. Salicylate and indomethacin caused modest increases in COX-2 immunoreactivity but no change in COX-2 mRNA. Neither concentration of ethanol affected COX-2 mRNA or protein expression, suggesting that this was a specific response to the aspirin, rather than to injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate a rapid up-regulation of COX-2 expression in response to aspirin, possibly representing a compensatory response to inhibition of gastric prostaglandin synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Sharkey
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asfaha
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Macnaughton
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008297:Male; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D010544:Peroxidases; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D001241:Aspirin