title: Visualization of clear echocardiographic images with near field noise reduction technique: experimental study and clinical experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With transthoracic echocardiography, it is sometimes difficult to obtain a clear image of the apical portion of the heart because of noise near the transducer. To reduce this artifact, we have developed a new technique (near field noise reduction, NFNR) based on the digital filtering by using radiofrequency signals. This technique may be useful for the accurate measurement of the wall thickness of the myocardium in the near field. The objectives of these studies were (1) to determine the accuracy of this new technique for the measurement of wall thickness in the experimental study and (2) to determine whether the improvement in the image quality in the apical portion can be obtained in the clinical setting by using the NFNR technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using the NFNR technique, we measured wall thickness of three kinds of phantoms (wall thickness 9.0, 14.0, and 21.0 mm) moving at various velocities (5 to 80 mm/sec) in the water bath with artifact produced by a single probe. It was difficult to obtain clear echocardiographic images of the phantom and measure its wall thickness because of the artifact. By using the NFNR technique, on the other hand, the same phantom was clearly imaged. It was possible to measure the wall thickness of each phantom at each moving velocity with the NFNR technique. Mean differences between the echocardiographic measurement and actual value of wall thickness in each phantom model (9.0, 14.0, and 21.0 mm) were 0.04 +/- 0.58 mm, 0.09 +/- 0.58 mm, and -0.02 +/- 0.24 mm, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 25 initial patients in whom the near field was not clearly imaged in apical views by conventional echocardiography because of near field noise. Apical four-chamber or two-chamber views were obtained with and without the NFNR technique. Two observers independently graded endocardial visualization for the 50 segments by using a three-point scale (0 = endocardium not seen, 1 = seen in part but not all of the segment, 2 = endocardium seen along entire segment). The mean segment score in the imaging with the NFNR technique was significantly higher than that without the NFNR technique (observer 1: 1.8 +/- 0.7 vs 1.2 +/- 0.8, p < 0.01; observer 2: 1.6 +/- 0.7 vs 1.2 +/- 0.8, p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The newly developed NFNR technique provides clear echocardiographic images and accurate wall thickness measurement in the experimental model even when it is difficult to obtain clear images because of the artifact. This new technique will be useful in the reduction of near field noise in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Kobe General Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hozumi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akasaka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
mesh_terms: D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014159:Transducers