title: Dual-isotope single-photon emission computerized tomography scanning in patients with glioblastoma multiforme: association with patient survival and histopathological characteristics of tumor after high-dose radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was conducted to determine the association between dual-isotope single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) scanning and histopathological findings of tumor recurrence and survival in patients treated with high-dose radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies in which SPECT with 201Tl and 99mTc-hexamethypropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) were used were performed 1 day before reoperation in 47 patients with glioblastoma multiforme who had previously been treated by surgery and high-dose radiotherapy. Maximum uptake of 201Tl in the lesion was expressed as a ratio to that in the contralateral scalp, and uptake of 99mTc-HMPAO was expressed as a ratio to that in the cerebellar cortex. Patients were stratified into groups based on the maximum radioisotope uptake values in their tumor beds. The significance of differences in patient gender, histological characteristics of tissue at reoperation, and SPECT uptake group with respect to 1-year survival was elucidated by using the chi-square statistic. Comparisons of patient ages and time to tumor recurrence as functions of 1-year survival were made using the t-test. Survival data at 1 year were presented according to the Kaplan-Meier method, and the significance of potential differences was evaluated using the log-rank method. The effects of different variables (tumor type, time to recurrence, and SPECT grouping) on long-term survival were evaluated using Cox proportional models that controlled for age and gender. All patients in Group I (201Tl ratio < 2 and 99mTc-HMPAO ratio < 0.5) showed radiation changes in their biopsy specimens: they had an 83.3% 1-year survival rate. Group II patients (201Tl ratio < 2 and 99mTc-HMPAO ratio of > or = 0.5 or 201Tl ratio between 2 and 3.5 regardless of 99mTc-HMPAO ratio) had predominantly infiltrating tumor (66.6%); they had a 29.2% 1-year survival rate. Almost all of the patients in Group III (201Tl ratio > 3.5 and 99mTc-HMPAO ratio > or = 0.5) had solid tumor (88.2%) and they had a 6.7% 1-year survival rate. Histological data were associated with 1-year survival (p < 0.01): however, SPECT grouping was more closely associated with 1-year survival (p < 0.001) and was the only variable significantly associated with long-term survival (p < 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dual-isotope SPECT data correlate with histopathological findings made at reoperation and with survival in patients with malignant gliomas after surgical and high-dose radiation therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Garada
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Folkerth
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Loeffler
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Shrieve
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012086:Reoperation; D012535:Scalp / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D013794:Thallium Radioisotopes; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013794:Thallium Radioisotopes; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime