title: Retinoid X receptor expression in the normal pituitary and clinically 'non-functioning' pituitary tumours.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The glycoprotein hormone common alpha-subunit is frequently expressed in clinically 'non-functioning' tumours (NFTs) of the anterior pituitary, despite normal levels of T3 and gonadal steroids. This observation suggests abnormal negative-feedback regulation of the alpha-subunit by T3 and gonadal steroids in NFTs. We have previously documented reduced expression of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) variants in NFTs compared to normals and proposed that this observation may, in part, explain the defective negative regulation. Due to the important role of retinoid X receptors (RXRs) in transactivating TR-mediated transcriptional regulation, via heterodimer formation, we hypothesize that aberrant RXR isoform expression in NFTs may contribute to the defective negative regulation of the alpha-subunit by T3.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of RXR isoform protein and mRNA expression in NFTs and normal pituitaries. PATIENTS AND TUMOURS: Twenty clinically non-functioning pituitary tumours and 27 normal pituitaries were obtained for analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunocytochemistry and semiquantitative RT-PCR was performed on tumours and normal pituitaries to determine the relative levels of expression of RXR isoform proteins and mRNAs, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RXR alpha was expressed in a similar proportion (approximately 50%) of both normal human pituitaries and NFTs, while RXR beta and gamma were each observed in 26% of normals but were undetectable in NFTs. The application of semiquantitative RT-PCR revealed similar levels of mRNAs encoding the RXR alpha and RXR beta isoforms in normals and NFTs but significantly reduced expression of RXR gamma mRNA was observed in NFTs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that abnormal RXR isoform expression in clinically 'non-functioning' pituitary tumours may contribute to abnormal T3-mediated negative regulation of alpha-subunit production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, UK. n.j.gittoes@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Gittoes
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verhaeg
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sheppard
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Franklyn
mesh_terms: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007536:Isomerism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000737:chemistry*; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors