title: Effect of immunosuppression after cardiac transplantation in early childhood on antibody response to polysaccharide antigen.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three children who had cardiac transplantation before age 4 years later presented with recurrent sinopulmonary infection caused by organisms including Streptococcus pneumoniae, in which capsular polysaccharide plays an important part, one developed bronchiectasis. We therefore studied responses to polysaccharide antigen after immunosuppression started in early childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antibodies against pneumococcal and haemophilus polysaccharides, and total IgG, IgG1, IgG2, and IgA concentrations were measured in 33 cardiac-transplant recipients transplanted before the age 4 years (group 1) and after that age (group 2). Patients with low pneumococcal and haemophilus antibody concentrations were immunised with 23 polyvalent pneumococcal and tetanus-haemophilus conjugate vaccines and antibody responses were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients from group 1 and seven from group 2 were transplanted for congenital heart disease and ten patients in each group had heart transplants because of cardiomyopathy; none were asplenic. Group 1 (16 patients) were aged 2-10 years when investigated, group 2 (17 patients), were 6-16 years. Four of 16 patients in group 1 responded to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine compared with 14 of 17 in group 2 (p=0.0016). This difference remained when those in group 1, aged less than 4 years at investigation, were excluded (p=0.0060). Response to haemophilus-conjugate vaccine was similar in both groups (14 of 16 vs 14 of 17, p=1.0). Significantly more patients who failed to respond to pneumococcal vaccine had low IgG2 concentrations (p=0.0269).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children who had a transplantation and immunosuppression in early childhood before they had developed antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide, still failed to show a response when older-ie, when such responses are the norm. Ongoing immunosuppression prevents the maturation of antipolysaccharide responses leaving children susceptible to severe and recurrent damaging infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gennery
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cant
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Spickett
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walshaw
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dark
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006190:Haemophilus / Q000276:immunology; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial