title: Blood lead levels in industrial workers in Poland.
abstract: Occupational exposure to lead occurs in about 1,300 enterprises in Poland. According to the 1994 data, based on the reports of the State Sanitary Inspectorate, 1,970 persons were employed at that time under conditions of exposure exceeding the Polish MAC level of 0.050 mg/m3. The measurements of workers' blood lead concentrations (Pb-B) were carried out only in 90 factories. In 1996, the Minister of Health and Social Welfare issued a directive stating that the Pb-B determinations in employees occupationally exposed to lead are compulsory. The aim of the present study was to assess lead exposure of workers employed in different branches of the Polish economy, based on Pb-B determinations. The measurements were performed on 2,324 male and 165 female workers of 13 different types of industry, including manufacture of crystal glass, battery industry, copper and zinc smelters, welding in a repair shipyard and some other workposts under conditions of lead exposure. The results of the determinations indicate that exposure to lead continues to be a serious problem in Polish industry. Pb-B concentrations exceeded the newly introduced Polish biological exposure index (BEI) value of 500 micrograms/l for men workers in about 30% of workers examined in 1996. In about 65% of females under 45 years of age the Pb-B concentrations were higher than 300 micrograms/l recommended as BEI for this age group. Considering the WHO-recommended health-based maximum individual biological action level of 400 micrograms/l, the percentage of the employees for whom higher values were found amounted to about 45% for men workers. The results point to the necessity of enforcing the implementation of Pb-B determinations according to the ministerial ordinance as well as of removing from exposure the workers with Pb-B levels exceeding the present BEI values. The improvement of working conditions and the implementation of health education for workers are also the actions to be promptly undertaken. In order to achieve these goals a close cooperation is required between the State Sanitary Inspectorate, the institutes of occupational health as well as the employers and trade unions.
authors.affiliation: Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lódź, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jakubowski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trzcinka-Ochocka
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raźniewska
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frydrych
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011044:Poland
chemical_list: D007854:Lead