title: Urinary tract injuries after hysterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the nationwide incidence and characteristics of urinary tract injuries after laparoscopic hysterectomy, total abdominal hysterectomy, supracervical abdominal hysterectomy, and vaginal hysterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed retrospectively 142 urinary tract injuries after hysterectomy, reported to the National Patient Insurance Association in Finland from 1990 through 1995. The Finnish Hospital Discharge Register collects data on procedures from all hospitals, and 62,379 hysterectomies were carried out during the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total incidence of ureteral injury after all hysterectomies was 1.0 of 1000 procedures: 13.9 of 1000 after laparoscopic, 0.4 of 1000 after total abdominal, 0.3 of 1000 after supracervical abdominal, and 0.2 of 1000 after vaginal hysterectomy. Difficulties during an operation with a ureteral injury were encountered in 51%, 76%, 100%, and 100%; the failure rates of primary repair of a ureteral injury were 5%, 12%, 0%, and 0%; and the convalescence times after a ureteral injury were 86 days, 94 days, 71 days, and 47 days after laparoscopic, abdominal, supracervical abdominal, and vaginal hysterectomies, respectively. The incidence of bladder injury was 1.3 of 1000 procedures. Sixty-five percent of reported bladder injuries were fistulas, giving an incidence of vesicovaginal fistula of 0.8 of 1000 procedures after all hysterectomies: 2.2 of 1000 after laparoscopic, 1.0 of 1000 after total abdominal, 0 of 1000 after supracervical abdominal, and 0.2 of 1000 after vaginal hysterectomy. Difficulties during an operation with a bladder injury were encountered in 53%, 37%, 100%, and 0%; the failure rates of primary repair of a simple bladder injury were 5%, 18%, 0%, and 0%; the failure rates of primary repair of a vesicovaginal fistula were 17%, 20%, 0%, and 0%; and the convalescence times after a bladder injury were 51 days, 118 days, 71 days, and 99 days after laparoscopic, abdominal, supracervical abdominal, and vaginal hysterectomy, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of ureteral injury is higher after laparoscopic hysterectomy compared with traditional hysterectomies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Härkki-Sirén
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sjöberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiitinen
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000379:methods; D015994:Incidence; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000293:injuries*