title: Protection against UV-induced reactive intermediates in human cells and mouse skin by glutathione precursors: a comparison of N-acetylcysteine and glutathione ethylester.
abstract: Because glutathione (GSH) plays a central part in the endogenous defense against UV radiation, an increase in GSH might provide photoprotection. Two agents that increase GSH levels were investigated. Cultured human cells and mouse skin were treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione ethylester (GSH-Et). After 30 min, the GSH level was determined by HPLC. Photoprotection was assessed by testing the ability of the thiols to scavenge UV-induced reactive intermediates in the same models. As compared to control cells, NAC and GSH-Et increased intracellular GSH in vitro to maximally 144% and 174% respectively. In vitro protection (maximum 23% for NAC and 21% for GSH-Et) did not correlate to the intracellular GSH level but to the concentration of the thiols in the medium. In vivo, epidermal GSH was increased to maximally 163% of the control level by NAC and 1234% by GSH-Et. The maximum in vivo photoprotection provided by GSH-Et was 55%, similar to what was found previously for NAC. Again, the protection seemed more closely correlated to the thiol dose than to the GSH level. The study showed that the protection against UV-induced reactive intermediates depends on a general antioxidant action of these thiols, rather than only on their role as GSH precursors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Photochemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, University of Leiden, The Netherlands. steenvoo@chem.leidenuniv.nl
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Steenvoorden
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hasselbaink
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Beijersbergen van Henegouwen
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008730:Methoxsalen; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; C077304:glutathione glycylethyl ester; D005978:Glutathione; D008730:Methoxsalen; D000111:Acetylcysteine