title: The effects of epidural morphine on cardiac and renal sympathetic nerve activity in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidural morphine yields postoperative pain relief and hemodynamic stability. However, the effects of epidural morphine on sympathetic tone are unclear. This study was designed to elucidate the effects of epidural morphine on cardiac (CSNA) and renal (RSNA) sympathetic nerve activity by direct measurement in anesthetized cats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty mongrel cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose were randomly assigned to one of the following five groups: control (0.2 ml/kg thoracic epidural normal saline; n=5); thoracic epidural morphine (n=9); lumbar epidural morphine (n=6); vagotomized, sinoaortic denervated, thoracic epidural morphine (n=5); or intravenous morphine (n=5). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), CSNA, and RSNA were measured 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after saline or morphine (200 microg/kg) administration and 15 min after reversal with 200 microg naloxone given intravenously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the control group, no changes in measured variables were found after either thoracic epidural saline or intravenous naloxone. Thoracic and lumbar epidural morphine both significantly reduced MAP, HR, CSNA, and RSNA 30 through 120 min after morphine administration (P < 0.05). These changes were reversed by intravenous naloxone. Changes after thoracic epidural morphine administration in vagotomized, baroreceptor-denervated cats were similar to those in intact cats. Intravenous morphine produced no significant changes except for a decrease in MAP, which was reversed by intravenous naloxone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to intravenous morphine, thoracic and lumbar epidural morphine both inhibited cardiac and renal sympathetic nerve activity and consequently reduced MAP and HR in alpha-chloralose anesthetized cats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan. m5242886@msic.med.osaka-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terai
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yukioka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asada
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002415:Cats; D002698:Chloralose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000294:innervation; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D002698:Chloralose; D009020:Morphine