title: Increasing nitroglycerin release from patches enables circumvention of early nitrate tolerance.
abstract: Continuous treatment with transdermal nitroglycerin leads to tolerance development within the first day of application. Effective long-term therapy can be provided by interval treatment with nightly patch removal, but even during the hours of intermittent patch application there is rapid attenuation of initial effects. To assess whether an unattenuated antiischemic and antianginal efficacy during the hours of intermittent dosing can be maintained, a modified drug-release profile with increasing plasma concentrations was evaluated using a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover protocol. Eleven patients with documented coronary artery disease received, in a randomized order, a total of four low-dose nitroglycerin patches (5 mg/24 h each) or placebo, respectively, at intervals of 3 hours. After a treatment interval of 12 hours, all patches were removed for an equally long patch-free interval prior to renewed application of one patch the next morning. At a comparable workload, reductions of ST-segment depression of 65%, 63%, and 56% were found at 2.5 hours, 8 hours, and 12 hours after application of the first patch on day 1, respectively (all significant vs. placebo; 2.5 hours vs. 12 hours, n.s.). On day 2, the comparable reduction of 63% at 2.5 hours after renewed application indicates prevention of tolerance development during subchronic treatment. Effects on exercise capacity and angina pectoris paralleled those on exercise-induced ST-segment depression. Plasma concentrations of nitroglycerin increased from 223 pg/mL to 558 and 803 pg/mL on day 1 and amounted to 205 ng/mL at 2.5 hours on day 2. Thus, interval therapy with increasing nitroglycerin concentrations provides unattenuated antiischemic and antianginal efficacy during the hours of treatment and circumvention of early tolerance during subchronic application. This modified pharmacokinetic profile can be regarded as a model for an improved dosage regimen in nitrate interval therapy.
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reiniger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lehmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D015444:Exercise; D006207:Half-Life; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D005996:Nitroglycerin