title: Poliomyelitis-like illness due to Japanese encephalitis virus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute flaccid paralysis remains common among Vietnamese children despite a pronounced fall in the incidence of poliomyelitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 1995, all 22 children presenting with acute flaccid paralysis to a referral centre in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, had virological cultures and antibody measurements done on serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and faeces. A year later the children were reassessed and electrophysiological studies were done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wild poliovirus type 1 was isolated from the faeces of only one patient, and non-polio enteroviruses from three patients. 12 (55%) of the 22 children with acute flaccid paralysis had evidence of acute Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection, compared with only one (1%) of 88 age-matched hospital controls (children with diphtheria; p<0.0001). Compared with JEV-negative patients, weakness in JEV-infected children was more rapid in onset, tended to be asymmetrical, but was less likely to involve the arms. All 12 children with JEV infection were febrile at the onset of weakness, seven had acute retention of urine, and ten had CSF pleiocytosis. Seven of eight JEV-negative patients met the case-definition of Guillain-Barré syndrome, compared with only one of 12 JEV-positive children. At follow-up, patients with JEV infection had greater disability and were more likely to have muscle wasting than were JEV-negative children. Nerve conduction and electromyographic studies indicated damage to the anterior horn cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  JEV causes an acute flaccid paralysis in children that has similar clinical and pathological features to poliomyelitis. In endemic areas, children with acute flaccid paralysis should be investigated for evidence of JEV infection.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Unit, Cho Quan Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kneen
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Dung
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Khanh
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Thuy
authors.forename: D Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nisalak
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004672:Encephalitis, Japanese / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009123:Muscle Hypotonia / Q000821:virology; D009431:Neural Conduction; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014744:Vietnam