title: The effect of preoperative dexamethasone on the immediate and delayed postoperative morbidity in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.
abstract: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we examined the effect of preoperative dexamethasone on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and 24-h recovery in children undergoing tonsillectomy. One hundred thirty children, 2-12 yr of age, ASA physical status I or II, completed the study. All children received oral midazolam 0.5-0.6 mg/kg preoperatively. Anesthesia was induced with halothane and nitrous oxide in 60% oxygen and maintained with nitrous oxide and isoflurane. Intubation was facilitated by mivacurium 0.2 mg/kg. Each child received fentanyl 1 microgram/kg i.v. before initiation of surgery, as well as dexamethasone 1 mg/kg (maximal dose 25 mg) (steroid group) or an equal volume of saline (control group). Intraoperative fluids were standardized to 25-30 mL/kg lactated Ringer's solution. All tonsillectomies were performed under the supervision of one attending surgeon using an electrodissection technique. Postoperatively, fentanyl and acetaminophen with codeine elixir were administered as needed for pain. Rescue antiemetics were administered when a child experienced two episodes of retching and/or vomiting. Before home discharge, the incidence of PONV, need for rescue antiemetics, quality or oral intake, and analgesic requirements did not differ between groups. However, during the 24 h after discharge, more patients in the control group experienced PONV (62% vs 24% in the steroid group) and complained of poor oral intake. Additionally, more children in the control group (8% vs 0% in the steroid group) returned to the hospital for the management of PONV and/or poor oral intake. The preoperative administration of dexamethasone significantly decreased the incidence of PONV over the 24 h after home discharge in these children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this double blind, placebo-controlled study, we examined the efficacy of a single large dose (1 mg/kg; maximal dose 25 mg) of preoperative dexamethasone on posttonsillectomy postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in children 2-12 yr of age undergoing tonsillectomy. Compared with placebo, dexamethasone significantly decreased the incidence of PONV in the 24 h after discharge, improved oral intake, decreased the frequency of parental phone calls, and resulted in no hospital returns for the management of PONV and/or poor oral intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sukhani
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hotaling
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikat-Stevens
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Javorski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Donzelli
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shenoy
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D009325:Nausea / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010919:Placebos; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014068:Tonsillectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D010919:Placebos; D003907:Dexamethasone