title: Are menopausal symptoms associated with bone mineral density and changes in bone mineral density in premenopausal women?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between menopausal symptoms and bone mineral density (BMD) was examined in 290 premenopausal women, ages 44-50 years, participating in a randomized clinical trial of a dietary and exercise intervention: The Women's Healthy Lifestyle Project.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on hot flashes (presence, absence), menstrual cycles (irregular, regular) and menstrual flow per period (variable, same) over the past 6 months was collected at entry. Participants reporting at least one menopausal symptom were classified as symptomatic and compared to those having no symptoms. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine (L1-L4), total hip and whole-body were made at baseline and at 30 months using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (Hologic QDR 2000 densitometer).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline BMD at the spine, hip and whole-body were significantly reduced in women reporting menopausal symptoms compared to asymptomatic women, after adjustment for age, weight and intervention status (all p < 0.05). Women with irregular menstrual cycles had greater annualized rates of bone loss at the spine and hip than asymptomatic women (spine, -0.77 (1.6)% per year vs. -0.19 (1.0)% per year, p = 0.0043; hip, -0.37 (1.1)% per year vs. -0.04 (1.0)% per year, p = 0.061), after adjustments for age, percent change in weight, intervention status, and baseline BMD. Similar findings were not found for whole-body BMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that menopausal symptoms are useful for the effective identification of premenopausal women at higher risk of low BMD and perhaps, of osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, PA 15261, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Salamone
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gregg
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Palermo
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cauley
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density; D002979:Climacteric; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017697:Premenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies