GTPases in antigen receptor signalling.
Immunological interest in small GTPases has focused for some years almost exclusively on the role of Ras in promoting lymphocyte activation and development. A new concept in this field is that GTPases are linked to multiple biochemical effector signalling pathways and are consequently able to regulate diverse cellular processes. It is also now recognised that GTPases other than Ras regulate lymphocyte biology. Rap 1 has been suggested as a negative regulator of lymphocyte responses and Rho GTPases are important components of signalling pathways used by antigen receptors and by costimulatory, cytokine and chemokine receptors to regulate the immune response.
Henning
S W
SW
Lymphocyte Activation Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK. henning@icfr.icnet.uk
Cantrell
D A
DA
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000502:physiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051380:GRB2 Adaptor Protein; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases / Q000502:physiology*; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016023:Integrins / Q000378:metabolism; D018448:Models, Immunological; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D011506:Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D017260:Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D016207:Cytokines; D051380:GRB2 Adaptor Protein; C495948:GRB2 protein, human; D016023:Integrins; D011506:Proteins; D017260:Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D014157:Transcription Factors; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D011494:Protein Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D019703:Calcineurin; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D018631:ras Proteins; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins