title: Genetic and environmental risk factors in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder, caused by a combination of age, genetics and environmental factors. Nigral cells are susceptible to multiple causes of derangement of normal cell function, all of which may contribute to the same Parkinson phenotype. Autosomal dominant alpha-synuclein-gene PD represents one of the pure genetic forms, whereas cases of sporadic PD probably depend more on age and environmental factors, MPTP-Parkinsonism being the purest example of an environmentally caused Parkinson phenotype. This review suggests that pesticides-herbicides, smoking and head trauma probably represent the most eligible candidates for environmental factors involved in provoking PD or influencing its natural course.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Veldman
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wijn
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Knoers
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Praamstra
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Horstink
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006540:Herbicides / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D051843:Synucleins; D051844:alpha-Synuclein
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C497604:SNCA protein, human; D051843:Synucleins; D051844:alpha-Synuclein