title: A new method to estimate parameters of linear compartmental models using artificial neural networks.
abstract: At present, the preferred tool for parameter estimation in compartmental analysis is an iterative procedure; weighted nonlinear regression. For a large number of applications, observed data can be fitted to sums of exponentials whose parameters are directly related to the rate constants/coefficients of the compartmental models. Since weighted nonlinear regression often has to be repeated for many different data sets, the process of fitting data from compartmental systems can be very time consuming. Furthermore the minimization routine often converges to a local (as opposed to global) minimum. In this paper, we examine the possibility of using artificial neural networks instead of weighted nonlinear regression in order to estimate model parameters. We train simple feed-forward neural networks to produce as outputs the parameter values of a given model when kinetic data are fed to the networks' input layer. The artificial neural networks produce unbiased estimates and are orders of magnitude faster than regression algorithms. At noise levels typical of many real applications, the neural networks are found to produce lower variance estimates than weighted nonlinear regression in the estimation of parameters from mono- and biexponential models. These results are primarily due to the inability of weighted nonlinear regression to converge. These results establish that artificial neural networks are powerful tools for estimating parameters for simple compartmental models.
authors.affiliation: The Crump Institute for Biological Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1770, USA. sgambhir@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gambhir
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Keppenne
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Phelps
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D012044:Regression Analysis