title: Annual league tables of mortality in neonatal intensive care units: longitudinal study. International Neonatal Network and the Scottish Neonatal Consultants and Nurses Collaborative Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether crude league tables of mortality and league tables of risk adjusted mortality accurately reflect the performance of hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study of mortality occurring in hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  9 neonatal intensive care units in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  2671 very low birth weight or preterm infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units between 1988 and 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crude hospital mortality and hospital mortality adjusted using the clinical risk index for babies (CRIB) score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospitals had wide and overlapping confidence intervals when ranked by mortality in annual league tables; this made it impossible to discriminate between hospitals reliably. In most years there was no significant difference between hospitals, only random variation. The apparent performance of individual hospitals fluctuated substantially from year to year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Annual league tables are not reliable indicators of performance or best practice; they do not reflect consistent differences between hospitals. Any action prompted by the annual league tables would have been equally likely to have been beneficial, detrimental, or irrelevant. Mortality should be compared between groups of hospitals using specific criteria-such as differences in the volume of patients, staffing policy, training of staff, or aspects of clinical practice-after adjusting for risk. This will produce more reliable estimates with narrower confidence intervals, and more reliable and rapid conclusions.
authors.affiliation: Medical Care Research Unit, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7XL. g.parry@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.forename: W O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Tarnow-Mordi
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011786:Quality Control; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D018570:Risk Assessment; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology