title: Cellular and molecular characteristics of inflammation in chronic bronchitis.
abstract: METHODS
  To examine the inflammatory process in chronic bronchitis, we evaluated the cell and cytokine profile in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 12 chronic bronchitis patients who smoked, six chronic bronchitis patients who did not smoke, 10 subjects control subjects without pulmonary diseases who smoked and eight control subjects who did not smoke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic bronchitis patients who smoked had increased numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells and activated CD8+ T lymphocytes and predominantly expressed interleukin-8, tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-2 genes and proteins. The number of macrophages and neutrophils and the expression of interleukin 8 were also increased in control subjects who smoked compared with healthy subjects who did not smoke. Chronic bronchitis patients who did not smoke had increased numbers of eosinophils, mast cells and activated CD4+ T lymphocytes and predominantly expressed interleukin-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor genes and proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, the cellular and molecular characteristics of the inflammatory process in chronic bronchitis patients who smoke and do not smoke are different, suggesting a different pathogenesis of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Centre for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stacey
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vittori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellini
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kleimberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mattoli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D016210:Methacholine Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012907:Smoking / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016210:Methacholine Chloride