title: Dental erosions and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in institutionalized intellectually disabled individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both exogenous acids, from the diet, and endogenous acids, from stomach juice, can dissolve the enamel mineral, resulting in dental erosions. Gastric acid may reach the mouth by gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), recurrent vomiting, rumination and regurgitation. These conditions are frequently found in the intellectually disabled population. Therefore, we investigated the presence of dental erosions in combination with GERD among intellectually disabled inhabitants, with an IQ < 50, taken from three Dutch institutes.
  
  
  METHODS
  At random 63 individuals underwent an oesophageal pH test and dental screening and possible predisposing and attributable factors were determined. An abnormal pH level was defined as a pH < 4, > 4.5% of the measured time. Subjects with dental erosions were compared to those without dental erosions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 29 out of 63 (46.0%) cases evidence of dental erosions was found. In 19 of these 29 subjects with erosions (65.5%) GERD was diagnosed, compared to nine (26.5%) out of 34 subjects without erosions (P = 0.04). In the subjects with erosions mean duration of pH < 4 was 15.6% (range: 0.5-90.5) compared to 6.3% (range 0-40.4) in subjects without erosions (P = 0.02). An IQ < 35 was found to be predisposing (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population of 63 institutionalised intellectually disabled persons dental erosions were diagnosed in 46%. Sixty-five per cent of them had GERD. Individuals with longer duration of pH < 4 than 6.3% of the measured time and with an IQ < 35 were at higher risk to develop dental erosions. This study shows that dental erosions in the intellectually disabled population might be an oral manifestation of GERD.
authors.affiliation: Center for Visually Handicapped/Intellectually and Visually Handicapped, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Böhmer
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Klinkenberg-Knol
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Niezen-de Boer
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Meuwissen
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Meuwissen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003730:Dental Care for Persons with Disabilities; D004947:Esophagus / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005744:Gastric Acid; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007326:Institutionalization; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D019989:Persons with Intellectual Disabilities; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000209:etiology*