title: Reactive oxygen species contribute to oxygen-related lung injury after acid aspiration.
abstract: Hyperoxia increases pulmonary damage after acid aspiration. We hypothesize that free radicals play a role in acute lung injury. To examine this hypothesis, we injured rats by intratracheal instillation of acidic isotonic sodium chloride solution (NS) (pH 1.25); NS + gastric particles (particle pH 5.3); or acid + particles (pH 1.25). Animals were exposed to 98% oxygen or air for 5 h. Superoxide (HO2) generation was measured in either an aliquot of white blood cells (WBCs) recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or from blood. Lungs were analyzed for thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and carbonylated proteins. The antioxidant capacity was measured using a 2-2'-azo-bis-amidinopropane hydrochloride neutralizing assay. Generation of HO2 by WBCs in peripheral blood was greater in animals exposed to 98% O2 (89.8 +/- 12.5 U. min-1.10(5) neutrophils) compared with air exposure (37.5 +/- 9.2 U.min-1.10(5) neutrophils) after combined injury (P < 0.05). Similarly, HO2 generation by WBCs retrieved from BAL was higher in oxygen-exposed rats (987.74 +/- 128 U.min-1.10(5) WBC) compared with air-exposed animals after an identical injury (348 +/- 9.2 U. min-1.10(5) WBC) (P < 0.05). TBARS and carbonylated protein levels in the lungs of oxygen-exposed animals (587.9 +/- 58.6 and 55.8 +/- 3.1 pmol/mg of protein, respectively) were higher than those in air-exposed rats after combined injury (342.8 +/- 15.1 and 28.6 +/- 4.6 pmol/mg of protein, respectively) and compared with air-exposed uninjured rats (340.6 +/- 9.8 and 18.3 +/- 2.8 pmol/mg of protein, respectively; P < 0.01). Antioxidant capacity decreased in acid and combined injury groups (2.41 +/- 0.13 min and 1.94 +/- 0.15 min, respectively) compared with the uninjured group after 5 h of exposure to 98% oxygen (4.85 +/- 0.19 min; P < 0.01). We demonstrated evidence of increased oxidant activity on lipids and proteins in injured lungs after oxygen exposure. The decrease in antioxidant capacity after low pH aspiration with exposure to hyperoxia may contribute to this increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxygen administration results in a lung pathology known as oxygen toxicity. This effect is usually not significant if the duration of exposure is limited to < 24 h. In the presence of acute inflammatory lung injury, exposure to hyperoxia results in lung damage in a shorter time. We demonstrate that sufficiently decreased lung antioxidant reserve capacity may be accountable for this early toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York, Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, USA. nnaderdj@acsu.buffalo.edu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nader-Djalal
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thusu
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dandona
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D013481:Superoxides; D010100:Oxygen