title: Synovial effusion in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: an additional sign for diagnosis and staging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve the present MRI criteria for diagnosis and staging of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) by including increased joint fluid as an additional MRI sign of RSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fourteen extremities (69 affected and 45 contralateral controls) in 57 consecutive patients with RSD were evaluated using a 1.5-T unit. T1- and T2-weighted pulse sequences, often with fat suppression, were used before and after administration of intravenous contrast enhancement (Gd). Following T2-weighted image digitization the volume of synovial fluid was measured with a computer model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Effusions were detected in 61% of the extremities suspected of RSD and in 44% of the contralateral control joints. The mean fluid quantity measured in the symptomatic articulation was 201 mm3. MRI diagnosis of RSD based on previously described criteria was done in 62% of the patients, yielding a sensitivity of 60%. Effusions were present in 79% of the false negative MRI cases. Retrospectively considering the presence of fluid as a potential positive criterion for RSD increases the sensitivity by 31% (to 91%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Joint effusions are probably associated with early stages of RSD. Adding effusion to the list of radiological criteria for RSD increases the sensitivity of MRI from 60% to 91%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Tel Aviv Ichilov-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Israel.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graif
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Schweitzer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matteucci
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mandel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000473:pathology; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006225:Hand / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012019:Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013582:Synovial Fluid
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium