title: Treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension with 23.4% saline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of intravenous bolus administration of 23.4% saline (8008 mOsm/L) on refractory intracranial hypertension (RIH) in patients with diverse intracranial diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  A neurosciences intensive care unit in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present eight patients and a total of 20 episodes of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) resistant to standard modes of therapy. Five patients had subarachnoid hemorrhage, one patient had traumatic brain injury, one had a brain tumor, and another had spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage. Seven patients had intraventricular catheters, and one had a subarachnoid pressure screw placed. We monitored continuously mean ICP, serum sodium concentrations, mean arterial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), central venous pressure, and urine output before and after the administration of hypertonic saline (HS). Post mortem examination of the brain was performed in two patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intravenous bolus administration of 30 mL of 23.4% saline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant (p < .05) decrease in ICP from a median of 41.5 mm Hg before HS to 17 mm Hg at 1 hr, 16 mm Hg at 2 hrs, and 14 mm Hg at 3 hrs after HS administration. In 80% of cases, ICP decreased by >50% of the pretreatment value over a duration of 21.2+/-10.3 mins. ICP decreased to <20 mm Hg in 65% of all cases and the mean time for it to again exceed 20 mm Hg was 6.3+/-4.9 hrs. There was a significant improvement in CPP, from 64.7+/-19 (SD) mm Hg before HS to 85.6+/-18 mm Hg (1 hr) and 83+/-18 mm Hg (3 hrs) after HS. There were no significant differences in the other variables measured. The post mortem examinations showed no white matter changes or subdural collections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary case series suggests that the intravenous bolus administration of 23.4% saline reduces ICP and augments CPP in patients with resistant increased ICP. This reduction can be maintained for several hours while other therapeutic measures are being considered. The patient population most likely to respond to this therapy needs to be further defined. Although more research is needed, this treatment is promising as a new modality for RIH because of its ICP-lowering effect without intravascular volume depletion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosciences Critical Care, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Suarez
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Schnitzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mirski
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ulatowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004234:Diuretics, Osmotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005665:Furosemide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D004234:Diuretics, Osmotic; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D008353:Mannitol; D005665:Furosemide; D012964:Sodium