title: Causes and management of aneurysmal hemorrhage occurring during embolization with Guglielmi detachable coils.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to describe the incidence, causes, management, and outcome of aneurysmal hemorrhage that occurred in patients during endovascular treatment with the Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) system.
  
  
  METHODS
  At the authors' institution between September 1991 and August 1995, more than 200 patients were treated using GDCs for intracranial aneurysms. The first 200 patients treated in this fashion were reviewed and all who experienced new subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) during the procedure were identified. Angiographic studies were also reviewed and patients were contacted for longer-term follow up when possible. Four patients who experienced intraprocedural SAH were identified. The causes of hemorrhage were believed to be perforation of the aneurysm by the guidewire in one patient, perforation by the microcatheter in a second, and perforation by the delivery wire in a third. The fourth patient had a hemorrhage during injection of contrast material for control angiographic studies after placement of the final coil. One patient died, but the other three experienced no neurological symptoms or recovered without acquiring additional deficits. Overall a procedural hemorrhage rate of 2% was seen, with permanent morbidity and mortality rates of 0% and 0.5%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although SAH during endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms remains a significant risk, its incidence is low and a majority of patients can survive without serious sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, USA. CMcDougall@theBNI.com
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Halbach
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Dowd
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Higashida
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Hieshima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017542:Aneurysm, Ruptured / Q000209:etiology; D002423:Cause of Death; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000293:injuries; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media