title: Disorders of the upper extremity in children.
abstract: This article presents a brief overview of the indications of MR imaging in a variety of disorders of the upper extremity of the pediatric patient. This covers congenital anomalies: Sprengel shoulder, Poland sequence, arthrogryposis; posttraumatic lesions of cartilage, bone, tendon, muscle and nerve including the brachial plexus injury; inflammatory arthritis and synovitis; bone and joint infection; osteochondritis dissecans, bone necrosis and infarcts in sickle cell anemia and juvenile Gaucher disease, as well as tumors. In this last category, the authors briefly describe the appearances of cysts and tumors of bones and soft tissues of the upper extremity. Indications for the intravenous administration of Gadolinium are given throughout the article with emphasis on the synovial enhancement seen in active arthritis and synovitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Azouz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oudjhane
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications; D001132:Arm / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology*; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis; D001168:Arthritis / Q000175:diagnosis; D001176:Arthrogryposis / Q000175:diagnosis; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D001133:Bones of Upper Extremity / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000098:blood supply / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries; D002356:Cartilage / Q000293:injuries; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005776:Gaucher Disease / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007238:Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries; D010008:Osteochondritis Dissecans / Q000175:diagnosis; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D011045:Poland Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis; D012782:Shoulder / Q000002:abnormalities; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D013585:Synovitis / Q000175:diagnosis; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis