title: Impaired modulation of sympathetic excitability by nitric oxide after long-term administration of organic nitrates in pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) reduces sympathetic vasoconstriction by attenuating neuronal excitability in the brain stem and inhibition of postganglionic neurotransmission. We studied whether this modulation of sympathetic circulatory control by NO may be altered during chronic administration of NO donor drugs in pigs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nitrate tolerance was induced by oral administration of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN, 4 mg/kg per day for 4 weeks) in eight pigs. Four of them were chronically instrumented for the measurement of mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output in the conscious state. ISDN treatment caused hemodynamic tolerance to NO donors and significantly increased the hypotensive responses to pharmacologic ganglionic blockade in conscious pigs. In general anesthesia, ISDN-treated animals and age-matched controls (n=5) had similar baseline renal sympathetic nerve activity and in both groups neither inhibition of NO synthases (NOS) nor administration of NO donors to the brain stem by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusions caused significant changes in baseline renal sympathetic nerve activity. However, whereas sympathoexcitatory responses to glutamate (0.5 mL, 0.1 mol/L, i.c.v.) or electrical stimulation of somatic nerve afferents were significantly potentiated by central NOS inhibition and attenuated by NO donors in controls, these treatments no longer had significant effects in ISDN-treated pigs. Furthermore, reflex sympathetic activation in response to intravenous NO donor treatment was more pronounced in nitrate tolerant animals, which suggests loss of central sympathoinhibitory effects of NO. Subsequent histology on brain stem slices with NADPH-diaphorase as NOS marker revealed significant reduction of NOS density in ISDN-treated pigs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term administration of organic nitrates reduces the number of NO-producing neurons in the brain stem and causes loss of inhibitory effects of NO on sympathetic excitability. This component of tolerance to organic nitrates may be important in patients confronted frequently with sympathetic activation caused by mental and/or physical stressors.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology I, University of Heidelberg, Germany. zanzing@novsrv1.pio1.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zanzinger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Czachurski
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D003243:Consciousness; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate / Q000494:pharmacology; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009566:Nitrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009566:Nitrates; C110881:S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D019335:Nitroarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase; D010396:Penicillamine; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate