title: Clonal analysis of isolated intestinal metaplastic glands of stomach using X linked polymorphism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monoclonal precancerous cells undergo successive biochemical and genetic changes during the multistep process of carcinogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract. Despite a high association with intestinal-type stomach cancer (differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach), the role of intestinal metaplasia is unclear in stomach carcinogenesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the clonality of intestinal metaplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clonality of 86 single intestinal metaplastic glands isolated by EDTA treatment from gastrectomy specimens from patients with cancer were investigated. The methylation sensitive restriction enzyme HpaII and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to detect a polymorphic human androgen receptor gene locus linked to an inactive X chromosome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty one (48%) intestinal metaplastic glands were heterotypic (mixed cells of different allelic methylation) and 45 (52%) were homotypic (cell population of the same allelic methylation), while almost all the single pyloric glands were homotypic. Eleven of 13 intestinal metaplastic mucosae that were 6 mm in diameter contained glands that had originated from different cells. There were no strong relationships between clonal type and location or histological type of intestinal metaplasia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intestinal metaplasia in general is not a lesion that arises or proceeds monoclonally.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaminishi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oohara
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Esumi
mesh_terms: D002999:Clone Cells; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology*; D008679:Metaplasia / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D013270:Stomach / Q000473:pathology*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D014960:X Chromosome