title: [Erythropoietin and obstetric factors--evaluation with special reference to sex differences].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated fetal Erythropoietin (EPO) in a clinical obstetrical environment, aiming to collect more information upon its role in diagnosis of fetal stress. As it is known that EPO cannot pass the placental barrier, we restricted to measure the concentration in the umbilical artery (UA) immediately after delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  EPO was correlated to relevant obstetrical parameters. We looked for each parameter that was tested for differences in fetal sex. For this purpose, the statistics were performed by means of the Behrens-Fisher-Test (meaning a special application of the Student-T-Test). This device is an algorithm developed to compare regressions. For significance, a confidence level of less 5% was accepted. For the rest, we only used descriptive devices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found weak but positive correlation to gestational age for both sexes. No correlation was calculated for the duration of parturition or the birth weight. Highly significant differences were found for respiratory values of blood gases, taken from the UA when differentiated for fetal sex: males showed a strong and negative correlation for pO2 (r(m)= -0.45); the female EPO-level was not influenced by decreasing O2-level (r(w)= +0.06, p > 0.01). Similar results could be found for pCO2. (r(m)= +0.36; r(w)= -0.07; p < 0.01. Not significant, but comparable differences for the EPO-level in fetal blood were found for pH and base deficit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If we accept that the EPO-level in fetal blood rises with relevant oxygen deficiency, then females seems to be better protected against damage from distress. This observation is congruent with the clinical experience from the authors who have the subjective impression that female sex is advantageous in harmful deliveries.
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Frauenheilkunde, Universität Witten/Herdecke.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schüssler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reissenweber
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reichard
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hatzmann
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005316:Fetal Distress / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D004921:Erythropoietin
vernacular_title: Erythropoietin und geburtshilfliche Einflussgrössen--Evaluation unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Geschlechtsunterschieden.