title: One hundred five penetrating cardiac injuries: a 2-year prospective evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the parameters measured in the field, during transport, and upon arrival of the physiologic condition of patients sustaining penetrating cardiac injuries, along with the Cardiovascular Respiratory Score (CVRS) component of the Trauma Score, the mechanism and anatomical site of injury, operative characteristics, and cardiac rhythm as predictors of outcome. We also set out to identify a set of patient characteristics that best predict mortality outcome and to correlate cardiac injury grade as determined by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-Organ Injury Scale (AAST-OIS) with mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  This report was a prospective study at American College of Surgeons Level I urban trauma center. Interventions included thoracotomy, sternotomy, or both, for resuscitation and definitive repair of cardiac injury. The main outcome measures used were those parameters measuring physiologic condition of patients, CVRS, mechanism and anatomical site of injury, mortality, and grade of injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 105 patients sustained penetrating cardiac injuries: 68 injuries (65%) were gunshot wounds and 37 injuries (35%) were stab wounds. The mean Injury Severity Score was 36. Of the 105 wounds, 23 wounds (22%) involved multiple-chamber injuries. The overall survival was 35 of 105 patients (33%): survival of gunshot wound victims was 11 of 68 patients (16%); survival of stab wound victims was 24 of 37 patients (65%). Emergency department thoracotomy was performed in 71 of the 105 patients (68%) with 10 survivors (14%). CVRS: 94% mortality (50 of 53) when CVRS = 0, 89% mortality (57 of 64) when CVRS = 0 to 3, and 31% mortality (12 of 39) when CVRS 4 to 11 (p < 0.001). The presence of sinus rhythm when pericardium was opened predicted survival (p < 0.001). Anatomical site of injury (injured chamber) and the presence of tamponade did not predict survival. Stepwise logistic regression analysis identified gunshot wound, exsanguination, and restoration of blood pressure as most predictive variables of mortality. AAST-OIS injury grade and mortality: grade I, 0 of 1 (0%); grade II, 1 of 2 (50%); grade III, 2 of 3 (66%); grade IV, 28 of 50 (56%); grade V, 29 of 38 (76%); grade VI, 10 of 11 (91%). Overall incidence: grades IV-VI, 99 of 105 (94%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parameters measuring physiologic condition, CVRS, and mechanism of injury are significant predictors of outcome in penetrating cardiac injuries. AAST-OIS injury grades I-III are rare in penetrating cardiac trauma. AAST-OIS Injury grades IV-VI are common in penetrating cardiac trauma and accurately predict outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, and the Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles 90033-4525, USA. asensio@hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Asensio
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Berne
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Demetriades
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Falabella
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chahwan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Velmahos
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Cornwell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Belzberg
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Berne
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D005260:Female; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary; D012119:Respiration; D012306:Risk; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013908:Thoracotomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000503:physiopathology; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D014951:Wounds, Stab / Q000503:physiopathology