title: Concentrating defect in experimental nephrotic syndrone: altered expression of aquaporins and thick ascending limb Na+ transporters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several pathophysiological states associated with deranged water balance are associated with altered expression and/or intracellular distribution of aquaporin water channels. The possible role of dysregulation of thick ascending limb NaCl transporters, which are responsible for countercurrent multiplication in the kidney, has not been evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semiquantitative immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry were carried out in the kidneys of rat with adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome and in vehicle-injected control rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preliminary studies confirmed the presence of a severe concentrating defect. Semiquantitative immunoblotting of outer medullary homogenates demonstrated a marked decrease in the abundance of three thick ascending limb Na+ transporters in nephrotic rats, namely the bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (BSC-1), the type 3 Na/H exchanger (NHE-3), and the alpha 1-subunit of the Na-K-ATPase. These results are predictive of a decrease in the NaCl transport capacity of the medullary thick ascending limb and therefore a decrease in countercurrent multiplication. Immunocytochemistry of outer medullary thin sections demonstrated broad (but highly variable) suppression of BSC-1 expression in the outer medullas of adriamycin-nephrotic rats. There was also a large decrease in outer medullary expression of two collecting duct water channels (aquaporin-2 and -3) and the major water channel of the thin descending limb of Henle's loop (aquaporin-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concentrating defect in adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome in rats is a consequence of multiple defects in water and solute transporter expression, which would alter both the generation of medullary interstitial hypertonicity and osmotic equilibration in the collecting duct. Whether a similar widespread defect in transporter expression is present in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is, at this point, untested.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Kidney and Electrolyte Metabolism, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fernández-Llama
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ecelbarger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knepper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D051398:Aquaporin 1; D051399:Aquaporin 2; D051400:Aquaporin 3; D051403:Aquaporin 6; D020346:Aquaporins; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004317:Doxorubicin; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D007671:Kidney Concentrating Ability / Q000502:physiology; D008138:Loop of Henle / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D009088:Mucoproteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009995:Osmosis; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D028021:Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D058949:Uromodulin
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; C496022:Aqp1 protein, rat; C496025:Aqp2 protein, rat; C496029:Aqp3 protein, rat; D051399:Aquaporin 2; D051403:Aquaporin 6; D020346:Aquaporins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007473:Ion Channels; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009088:Mucoproteins; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D028021:Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters; C548614:Umod protein, rat; D058949:Uromodulin; D051398:Aquaporin 1; D051400:Aquaporin 3; D004317:Doxorubicin; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase