title: Autonomic imbalance hypothesis and overtraining syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The parasympathetic, Addison type, overtraining syndrome represents the dominant modern type of this syndrome. Beside additional mechanisms, an autonomic or neuroendocrine imbalance is hypothesized as underlying.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several findings support this thesis. During heavy endurance training or overreaching periods, the majority of findings give evidence of a reduced adrenal responsiveness to ACTH. This is compensated by an increased pituitary ACTH release. In an early stage of the overtraining syndrome, despite increased pituitary ACTH release, the decreased adrenal responsiveness is no longer compensated. The cortisol response decreases. In an advanced stage of overtraining syndrome, the pituitary ACTH release also decreases. In this stage, there is additionally evidence for decreased intrinsic sympathetic activity and sensitivity of target organs to catecholamines. This is indicated by decreased catecholamine excretion during night rest, decreased beta-adrenoreceptor density, decreased beta-adrenoreceptor-mediated responses, and increased resting plasma norepinephrine levels and responses to exercise. However, this complete pattern is only observed subsequent to high-volume endurance overtraining at high caloric demands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described functional alterations of pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic system can explain persistent performance incompetence in affected athletes.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Ulm, Department of Sports and Performance Medicine, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Dickhuth
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gastmann
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone