title: Comparison of plasma lidocaine concentrations after injection of a fixed small volume in the stellate ganglion, the lumbar epidural space, or a single intercostal nerve.
abstract: We measured the plasma lidocaine concentrations after stellate ganglion block (SGB) and compared them with those after intercostal nerve block (ICNB) and epidural block (EB) using identical doses of lidocaine. Thirty patients undergoing SGB (n = 10), ICNB (n = 10), or EB (n = 10) in our pain clinic participated in this study. Six milliliters of 1% lidocaine was used for all nerve blocks. SGB was performed at the C6 transverse process, ICNB was performed on a single intercostal nerve, and epidural lidocaine was injected through the lumbar epidural catheter. After drug administration, venous blood samples were taken from an indwelling catheter in the arm every minute for the first 10 min and 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min thereafter. Plasma lidocaine concentrations were measured by using an enzyme immunoassay method. The SGB group showed significantly higher peak plasma lidocaine concentrations than other groups (SGB 1.65 +/- 0.21 microgram/mL, ICNB 0.89 +/- 0.12 microgram/mL, EB 0.91 +/- 0.19 microgram/mL; P < 0.01). The SGB group reached peak levels significantly faster than the other groups (SGB 3.4 +/- 1.0 min, ICNB 7.9 +/- 1.5 min, EB 6.9 +/- 0.7 min; P < 0.01). We conclude that the plasma lidocaine concentrations after SGB were higher than those after ICNB and EB when using small, equal doses of lidocaine. The high and rapid peak plasma lidocaine concentrations after SGB are probably related to the high vascularity of the injection site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher plasma concentrations of local anesthetics are reportedly obtained after multiple intercostal nerves blocks compared with those after other types of nerve blocks. Our results, however, showed that the peak plasma concentrations after stellate ganglion block were higher and faster than those after a single intercostal nerve block.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology & Resuscitology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama City, Japan. masayoko@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mizobuchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakatsuka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D004824:Epidural Space; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D007367:Intercostal Nerves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013233:Stellate Ganglion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine