title: Heteroaryl analogues of AMPA. 2. Synthesis, absolute stereochemistry, photochemistry, and structure-activity relationships.
abstract: We have previously shown that (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid [(S)-APPA, 2] is a weak agonist at (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptors, specifically activated by (S)-AMPA (1), whereas (S)-2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(2-pyridyl)-4-isoxazolyl]propionic acid [(S)-2-Py-AMPA, 5] and (RS)-2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(2-thiazolyl)-4-isoxazolyl]propionic acid (4) are potent AMPA agonists. On the other hand, (R)-APPA (3) and (R)-2-Py-AMPA (6) have been shown to be weak AMPA antagonists. We now report the synthesis of 2-Py-AMPA (7a) and the isomeric compounds 3-Py-AMPA (7b) and 4-Py-AMPA (7c) as well as the 7a analogues, (RS)-2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)-4-isoxazolyl]p ropion ic acid (7d) and (RS)-2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(2-quinolinyl)-4-isoxazolyl]propionic acid (7e). Furthermore, (RS)-2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(2-furyl)-4-isoxazolyl]propionic acid (2-Fu-AMPA, 7f) and its 5-bromo-2-furyl derivative (7g) were synthesized, and (S)-2-Fu-AMPA (8) and (R)-2-Fu-AMPA (9) were prepared by semipreparative chiral HPLC resolution of 7f. HPLC analyses and circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated the absolute stereochemistry of 8 and 9 to be S and R, respectively. This was confirmed by an X-ray crystallographic analysis of 9.HCl. In receptor binding (IC50 values) and rat cortical wedge electrophysiological (EC50 values) studies, 7c (IC50 = 5.5 +/- 0.6 microM; EC50 = 96 +/- 5 microM) was shown to be markedly weaker than 7a (IC50 = 0.57 +/- 0.16 microM; EC50 = 7.4 +/- 0.2 microM) as an AMPA agonist, whereas 7b,d,e were inactive. The very potent AMPA agonist effect of 7f (IC50 = 0.15 +/- 0.03 microM; EC50 = 1.7 +/- 0. 2 microM) was shown to reside exclusively in 8 (IC50 = 0.11 +/- 0.01 microM; EC50 = 0.71 +/- 0.11 microM), whereas 9 did not interact significantly with AMPA receptors, either as an agonist or as an antagonist. 8 was shown to be photochemically active and is a potential photoaffinity label for the recognition site of the AMPA receptors. Compound 7g turned out to be a very weak AMPA receptor agonist (IC50 = 12 +/- 0.7 microM; EC50 = 160 +/- 15 microM). None of these new compounds showed detectable effects at N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) or kainic acid receptors in vitro. The present studies have emphasized that the presence of a heteroatom in the 2-position of the heteroaryl 5-substituent greatly facilitates AMPA receptor agonist activity.
authors.affiliation: PharmaBiotec Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, 2 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Falch
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brehm
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Skjaerbaek
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Stensbøl
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krogsgaard-Larsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004594:Electrophysiology; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005663:Furans / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D019920:Photoaffinity Labels / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010777:Photochemistry; D051381:Rats; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000819:agonists* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C113170:2-Fu-AMPA; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D005663:Furans; D007555:Isoxazoles; D019920:Photoaffinity Labels; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid