title: Human thermoregulatory responses during serial cold-water immersions.
abstract: This study examined whether serial cold-water immersions over a 10-h period would lead to fatigue of shivering and vasoconstriction. Eight men were immersed (2 h) in 20 degrees C water three times (0700, 1100, and 1500) in 1 day (Repeat). This trial was compared with single immersions (Control) conducted at the same times of day. Before Repeat exposures at 1100 and 1500, rewarming was employed to standardize initial rectal temperature. The following observations were made in the Repeat relative to the Control trial: 1) rectal temperature was lower and heat debt was higher (P < 0.05) at 1100; 2) metabolic heat production was lower (P < 0.05) at 1100 and 1500; 3) subjects perceived the Repeat trial as warmer at 1100. These data suggest that repeated cold exposures may impair the ability to maintain normal body temperature because of a blunting of metabolic heat production, perhaps reflecting a fatigue mechanism. An alternative explanation is that shivering habituation develops rapidly during serially repeated cold exposures.
authors.affiliation: Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts 01760-5007, USA. jcastellani@natick-ccmail.army.mil
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Castellani
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Sawka
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Pandolf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012768:Shivering / Q000502:physiology; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D009638:Norepinephrine