title: The effect of pretreatment with an oxalic acid solution on marginal adaptation to enamel in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New acids such as oxalic acid have been introduced as a conditioning agent in the total-etch technique. There is concern about long-term retention of the acid on enamel in relation to the superficial etch effect.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This in vivo study evaluated the marginal adaptation to enamel conditioned with either and oxalic acid solution or a phosphoric acid with SEM replica technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients received one of each of three class III restorations. Two cavity preparations were pretreated with aluminum nitrate/oxalic acid/glycine solution 1 of the Gluma 2000 system. The first cavity was primed and sealed with Gluma 2000 solution 2, the second cavity with Gluma 3 and 4. The third cavity was conditioned with phosphoric acid (Gluma 1) and sealed with the bonding resin Gluma 4. All three cavities were restored with a hybrid resin composite (Pekafill). At baseline and after 1 year, replica impressions were made to study the margins with SEM. Semiquantitative analysis of the enamel interfaces was performed (x200 and x1000 magnifications). Marginal quality of the three restorative systems were compared and tested intraindividually.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three restorations exhibited good enamel marginal adaptation and a high percentage of gap-free margins at baseline, 96% to 97% of the total length of margins investigated. Marginal quality decreased significantly after 1 year for all three groups. Gap-free margins were observed in 81% to 85% of the marginal length. No significant differences were found among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a less pronounced etch pattern created by conditioning of enamel with the oxalic acid solution, a good enamel marginal quality was observed at both evaluation times, comparable to the marginal adaptation of the phosphoric acid conditioned cavities.
authors.affiliation: Institution of Oral Biology, Umeå University Dental School, Sweden.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: van Dijken
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hörstedt
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects*; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010070:Oxalates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019815:Oxalic Acid; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D012996:Solutions; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D010070:Oxalates; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D012996:Solutions; D019815:Oxalic Acid; C030242:phosphoric acid