title: A new model of cell cycle-regulated transcription: repression of the cyclin A promoter by CDF-1 and anti-repression by E2F.
abstract: Cell cycle regulation of the cyclin A gene is determined by a bipartite repressor binding site in the region of the basal promoter, termed CDE-CHR, which also controls the expression of cell cycle genes upregulated in S or G2 (such as cdc25C). The CDE-CHR in the cyclin A promoter is recognized by both E2F complexes and CDF-1, but the contribution of each of these factors in cell cycle regulation is unknown. In the present study, we have introduced mutations into the cyclin A promoter which lead to either a loss or enhancement of E2F binding, while having only marginal effects on the interaction with CDF-1. Unlike mutants deficient for CDF-1 binding, promoter variants lacking E2F binding showed an unchanged repression in G0, thus identifying CDF-1 as the principal repressor of the cyclin A gene. The same mutants did show, however, a delayed derepression while a mutation leading to increased E2F binding resulted in premature up-regulation. These findings clearly suggest that E2F contributes to the correct timing of cyclin A transcription, presumably by acting as an anti-repressor. In agreement with this conclusion, we find that the cyclin A promoter only poorly interacts with E2F-4, which is the major E2F family member in G0 cells, while a clear binding is seen with E2F-1 and -3, which are up-regulated in late G1.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Molekularbiologie und Tumorforschung, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Lucibello
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engeland
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002453:Cell Cycle; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D050704:E2F4 Transcription Factor; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D008957:Models, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle; D056465:Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: C533431:Arid4a protein, mouse; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019925:Cyclin A; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; D050704:E2F4 Transcription Factor; C493762:E2F4 protein, human; C493754:E2f1 protein, mouse; C493763:E2f4 protein, mouse; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D056465:Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors