title: Risk of blood contamination of health care workers in spine surgery. A study of 324 cases.
abstract: METHODS
  The relative risk of blood contamination during spine surgery was studied using data collected from 324 procedures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze demographic factors that predict blood-borne pathogens in the population of spine surgery patients, study the rates and patterns of blood contamination in health care workers (i.e., skin-penetrating incidents and nonpenetrating surface skin contamination from patients' blood) and compare those risks with those in other surgical departments, and analyze the effectiveness of barrier systems worn by the surgical team.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported 49 health care workers infected by the human immunodeficiency virus through occupational exposure. Several studies have noted the risk of blood contamination in various surgical departments, but the relative risk during spine surgery has not been determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  This year-long survey included 9795 cases, or 60,789 health care worker--patient contacts, of which spine disorders comprised 324 cases (2234 health care workers and patients). Data collection forms were designed and inservice training conducted with operating room staffs. Information regarding type of case, staff position (surgeon, assistant, scrub nurse, circulator), protective clothing worn, length of operating room time, blood loss, incidence of blood spills, was recorded, among other data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus in patients in the overall series was 0.19% versus 0.93% in spine patients. The rate of HCW contamination in the overall series was 7.76%, of which 0.92% resulted from skin-penetrating incidents. Contamination in spine surgery occurred in 31.86% of cases, of which 1.23% were the result of skin-penetrating incidents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health care workers in spine surgery have a statistically significant overall higher risk of blood contamination than do those in other surgical departments. The increased risk occurred with blood contacting intact skin. There was no higher risk for skin penetrating injury. Analysis of data suggests that health care workers always should wear double gloves, forearm-reinforced gowns, and eye protection.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado, Denver, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D017848:Blood-Borne Pathogens; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D017758:Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative