title: Persistent inflammatory response in stroke survivors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Goals were to determine how long acute-phase markers remain elevated after ischemic stroke and how marker levels relate to stroke risk factors, stroke mechanism, and subsequent vascular events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fibrinogen (FIB), C-reactive protein (CRP), leukocytes (WBC), neutrophils (PMN), interleukin-6, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist were measured at stroke onset and at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after enrollment, or until a vascular event occurred in 136 acute ischemic stroke patients, 76 patients with comparable risk factors for stroke, and 48 age-balanced healthy subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate logistic analysis showed that prior stroke and FIB level predicted new events in stroke patients (p < 0.04 for both), whereas congestive heart failure (p < 0.02) and creatinine level (p < 0.006) were predictive in at-risk patients. After controlling for infection, FIB, CRP, and PMN levels at baseline were higher in at-risk but not in stroke patients with recurrent events (p < 0.05 for all). At 1 year, FIB levels remained elevated in event-free stroke survivors compared with levels in the risk and control groups (p < 0.001 for both). FIB also remained higher in stroke survivors who had atheroembolism (AE) compared with non-AE stroke survivors (381+/-72 versus 342+/-78 mg/dL, p < 0.02). Peripheral vascular disease was an independent predictor (p < 0.0001) of longitudinal FIB in stroke survivors. Of note, both WBC and PMN levels were chronically elevated in patients with stroke risk factors and in stroke survivors (p < 0.0001 for both) compared with healthy elderly subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most acute-phase markers decline gradually after stroke, but FIB remains significantly elevated and is associated with increased risk for recurrent vascular events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson 85724-5023, USA.
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Beamer
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Coull
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Briley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wynn
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sexton
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000210:Acute-Phase Reaction / Q000503:physiopathology; D000368:Aged; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D005340:Fibrinogen