title: Randomised controlled trial of sucrose by mouth for the relief of infant crying after immunisation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of sucrose solution given by mouth on infant crying times and measures of distress in the immunisation clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of sucrose solution 75% wt/vol v sterile water as a control.
  
  
  METHODS
  The immunisation clinic of the Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 107 healthy infants attending for 2, 4, or 6 month immunisations with polio by mouth (Sabin), intramuscular diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP), and intramuscular Haemophilus influenzae type b were randomised to receive 2 ml 75% sucrose solution or sterile water by mouth before the two injections.
  
  
  METHODS
  The duration of infant crying was recorded during and immediately after two intramuscular immunisations and infant distress was assessed by a visual analogue scale (Oucher scores) independently by a nurse and a parent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The administration of 2 ml 75% sucrose solution by mouth reduced the infant crying time and Oucher distress scores after immunisation with DTP/H influenzae type b.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infant immunisation by intramuscular injection is a distressing procedure for infants and parents. Sucrose solution at a high concentration reduces infant distress and is safe and clinically useful in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lewindon
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Harkness
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lewindon
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D003448:Crying; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007223:Infant; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D013395:Sucrose