title: Negative regulation of T cell activation.
abstract: T cell activation is negatively regulated by cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and the killer cell inhibitory receptors. Endocytosis and signaling of CTLA-4 are regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. While T cell activation is mediated by phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs and tyrosine kinases, inhibitory signals are delivered by tyrosine phosphatases. Unresponsiveness is also induced by modulation of signaling components of the T cell receptor complex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan. saito@med.m.chiba-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000069594:Abatacept; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D004705:Endocytosis; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015329:Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte; D006801:Humans; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000502:physiology; D018448:Models, Immunological; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000502:physiology; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000502:physiology; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000502:physiology; D054340:Receptors, KIR; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D016207:Cytokines; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D054340:Receptors, KIR; D000069594:Abatacept; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases