title: Retrograde balloon angioplasty of brachiocephalic or common carotid artery stenoses at the time of carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to demonstrate the value and durability of intraoperative retrograde angioplasty for stenotic lesions of the aortic arch branches at the time of carotid endarterectomy for the treatment of tandem proximal and bifurcation carotid lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of the clinical data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four patients were included in this study when they presented with symptomatic extracranial vascular disease due to stenosis of both a proximal aortic arch branch and carotid bifurcation disease. Tandem disease was detected in the vascular laboratory and confirmed by angiography. Each patient was subjected to conventional carotid endarterectomy, and at the time of operation, the proximal lesion was subjected to transluminal angioplasty through the endarterectomy arteriotomy (brachiocephalic 24; left common carotid 15; right common carotid artery five). Patients were then followed up clinically and by non-invasive tests at 6-monthly intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three successful dilatations were achieved. The single initial technical failure was due to heavy calcification of a brachiocephalic artery. In the follow-up period restenosis was noted in four patients. All restenosis occurred within 24 months. No restenosis at the angioplasty site was noted on subsequent follow-up of the remaining 39 patients. No perioperative stroke or death was encountered. A surprisingly high mortality rate was noted on follow-up in this group of patients, suggesting the presence of more aggressive and advanced diffuse vascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrograde intraoperative angioplasty of the proximal component of a tandem extracranial lesion has in this series proven to be a safe and durable therapeutic option. This technique has an acceptable restenosis rate in a subset of patients who have been demonstrated to have a shortened life expectancy and a high mortality rate in the follow-up period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Levien
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Benn
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Veller
authors.forename: V U
authors.initials: VU
authors.lastname: Fritz
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000379:methods*; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000473:pathology; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D016122:Brachiocephalic Trunk / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000628:therapy; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000601:surgery; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D002423:Cause of Death; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D014654:Vascular Patency