title: Development of an example flow test object and comparison of five of these test objects, constructed in various laboratories.
abstract: Doppler test objects are used to characterise Doppler systems, both stand-alone systems and the Doppler part of so-called duplex scanners. The aim of the project partially presented here is the development and validation of an example of a Doppler test object fulfilling the requirements of the IEC 1685. The project has been carried out by nine partners of five European countries and has been funded by the European Commission. The flow Doppler test object is composed of: tissue mimicking material (TMM), blood mimicking fluid (BMF), tube (embedded in the TMM and carrying the BMF), tank flow system, including a pump and a flow meter. In the normative part of the IEC 1685, requirements are given for the values of acoustical parameters of TMM and BMF such as sound velocity, attenuation and backscattering. For BMF, requirements are given also for values of density and viscosity. In an informative (but not compulsory) annex, a description is given of a flow test object meeting these requirements as an example. 'example test object' developed during the project is composed of TMM based on agar and including SiC- and Al2O3-powders, BMF based on nylon particles suspended in water and glycerine, and a tube of c-flex, a silicon copolymer. Two tube sizes are used: 4.0 mm ID and 8.0 mm ID. During the project, very precise recipes have been developed for the composition and preparation of both TMM and BMF. Based on these recipes and a description of the construction in a design five flow test objects have been constructed in the laboratories of five participants. The test objects have been compared by measurements of the physical parameters and by Doppler measurements of the five test objects with the Doppler system. The measurements have been carried out by five observers. Inter-test object and inter-observer variabilities are determined, yielding information about usefulness of the parameters.
authors.affiliation: TNO Prevention and Health, Division Technology in Health Care, Leiden, The Netherlands. CJPL.Teirlinck@pg.tno.nl
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Teirlinck
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bezemer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kollmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lubbers
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hoskins
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Ramnarine
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fish
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Fredeldt
authors.forename: U G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Schaarschmidt
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics / Q000295:instrumentation; D000362:Agar / Q000737:chemistry; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001769:Blood; D001808:Blood Vessels; D004867:Equipment Design; D005060:Europe; D005990:Glycerol / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D007440:Intubation / Q000295:instrumentation; D009757:Nylons / Q000737:chemistry; D015588:Observer Variation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging / Q000592:standards*; D011095:Polyethylenes / Q000737:chemistry; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012212:Rheology; D012825:Silicon; D014465:Ultrasonics; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D014781:Viscera; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D009757:Nylons; D011095:Polyethylenes; D011137:Polystyrenes; C050192:styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene-block copolymer; D000362:Agar; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D005990:Glycerol; D012825:Silicon