title: Intraoperative assessment of microsurgery with three-dimensional optical coherence tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT) for use in the assessment of the microsurgical anastomoses of vessels and nerves.
  
  
  METHODS
  OCT is an optical analogue of ultrasonography and is capable of imaging nontransparent biologic tissue by detecting backscattered infrared light. Cross-sectional in vitro images of rabbit and human vessels and nerves were obtained in as little as 125 msec at 10-micron resolution by using a solid-state laser as a light source. A surgical microscope was integrated with OCT to perform simultaneous imaging with en face visualization. Cross-sectional images were assembled to produce three-dimensional reconstructions of microsurgical specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three-dimensional OCT reconstructions depicted the structure within an arterial anastomosis and helped identify sites of luminal obstruction. The longitudinal spatial orientation of individual nerve fascicles was tracked in three dimensions to identify changes in position. In vitro human arteries and nerves embedded in highly scattering tissue and not visible at microscopy were located and imaged with OCT at eight frames per second.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three-dimensional, micrometer-scale, diagnostic imaging capabilities of OCT permit rapid feedback for assessment of microsurgical procedures. OCT technology can be readily integrated with surgical microscopes and has potential for intraoperative monitoring to improve patient outcome.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Boppart
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Bouma
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pitris
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tearney
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Southern
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Brezinski
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007259:Infrared Rays; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D007834:Lasers; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation; D008866:Microsurgery; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000601:surgery; D011817:Rabbits; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014054:Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures