title: Capsular ligament stretches during in vitro whiplash simulations.
abstract: Clinical symptoms of whiplash are presently not well understood. Injuries to capsular and other spinal ligaments of the cervical spine during trauma are a possible pathomechanism that could explain some aspects of the whiplash symptom complex. This study quantified the elongations of capsular ligaments (CLs) at all cervical spinal levels during whiplash simulation using an in vitro model. Seven fresh human cadaveric specimens (occiput-C7 or T1) were carefully dissected, preserving the osteoligamentous structures. Spinal ligament transducers were attached across the CLs from C2-C3 to C6-C7 in each specimen, alternating the two sides. Physiological elongations of the CLs were measured with a standard flexibility test using 1 Nm of pure moments. Next, the specimen was fitted with a surrogate head representing 50th percentile human head. The specimen was mounted on a sled designed to simulate whiplash and subjected to 2.5, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, and 10.5 g (1 g = 9.81 m/s2) horizontal accelerations sequentially. The dynamic elongations of the CLs were continuously recorded during the entire trauma and were later converted to strains. There were modest increases in capsular ligament strains during the trauma over the maximum physiological values. The two largest peak strains of 29.5 and 35.4% were seen at C6-C7 during the 6.5- and 10.5-g accelerations. We did not find strong correlation between the strain during the trauma and the trauma sled acceleration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Panjabi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cholewicki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nibu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grauer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vahldiek
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008022:Ligaments / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000503:physiopathology; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*