title: Conformational changes couple Na+ and glucose transport.
abstract: The mechanism by which cotransport proteins couple their substrates across cell membranes is not known. A commonly proposed model is that cotransport results from ligand-induced conformational transitions that change the accessibility of ligand-binding sites from one side of the membrane to the other. To test this model, we have measured the accessibility of covalent probes to a cysteine residue (Q457C) placed in the putative sugar-translocation domain of the Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1). The mutant protein Q457C was able to transport sugar, but transport was abolished after alkylation by methanethiosulfonate reagents. Alkylation blocked sugar translocation but not sugar binding. Accessibility of Q457C to alkylating reagents required external Na+ and was blocked by external sugar and phlorizin. The voltage dependence of accessibility was directly correlated with the presteady-state charge movement of SGLT1. Voltage-jump experiments with rhodamine-6-maleimide-labeled Q457C showed that the time course and level of changes in fluorescence closely followed the presteady-state charge movement. We conclude that conformational changes are responsible for the coupling of Na+ and sugar transport and that Q457 plays a critical role in sugar translocation by SGLT1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA. dloo@physiology.medsch.ucla.edu
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gallardo
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Turk
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000478:Alkylation; D000818:Animals; D005020:Ethyl Methanesulfonate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D051269:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; C495674:SLC5A1 protein, human; D051269:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1; C093171:methanethiosulfonate ethylammonium; D005020:Ethyl Methanesulfonate; D012964:Sodium; D005947:Glucose