title: Respiratory effects of glutamate receptor antagonists in neonate and adult mammals.
abstract: We determined the conditions (immaturity, species, anesthesia, receptor blockade selectivity) under which glutamate receptor blockade produces respiratory depression in mammals. In unrestrained 0- to 2-day-old neonate and adult mice and cats, ventilation was measured by the barometric method, before and after separate or sequential administration of a non-NMDA receptor antagonist, NBQX (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(F)quinoxaline, 2-200 mg kg(-1) in mice, 10-40 mg kg(-1) in cats), and a NMDA receptor antagonist, dizocilpine (3 mg kg(-1) in mice, 0.15-1.0 mg kg(-1) in cats). NBQX or dizocilpine alone did not decrease ventilation in awake adults, but NBQX strongly depressed ventilation in neonate awake mice and in adult anesthetized animals. Given together, dizocilpine and NBQX always profoundly depressed ventilation by producing a lethal apnea in neonate mice, and an apneustic pattern of breathing in adults of both species and in neonate cats. We conclude that blockade of either NMDA or non-NMDA receptors is innocuous in awake adults. The factors which may potentiate respiratory depression are (1) anesthesia, (2) immaturity, and (3) combined blockade of both receptors types. The mechanism of depression is species-dependent and age-dependent.
authors.affiliation: Biologie Fonctionnelle du Neurone, Institut Alfred Fessard, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Borday
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Foutz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nordholm
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Denavit-Saubié
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001049:Apnea / Q000139:chemically induced; D002415:Cats; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D051379:Mice; D010991:Plethysmography; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000187:drug effects*; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000187:drug effects*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D011810:Quinoxalines; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; C062865:2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate