title: Preparation and EPR studies of lithium phthalocyanine radical as an oxymetric probe.
abstract: The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of the paramagnetic center in solid lithium phthalocyanine, LiPc, exhibits a pO2 (partial pressure of oxygen)-dependent line width. The compound is insoluble in water and is not easily biodegradable and, therefore, is a useful spin probe for quantitative in vivo oxymetry. Because EPR spectrometry is potentially a useful technique to quantitatively obtain in vivo tissue pO2, such probes can be used to obtain physiological information. In this paper, a simple experimental procedure for the preparation of LiPc using potentiostatic electrochemical methods is described. The setup was relatively inexpensive and easy to implement. A constant potential ranging from 0.05 to 0.75 V versus Ag+/AgCl(s) was used for obtaining LiPc. The EPR spectral studies were carried out using spectrometers operating at X-band and at radiofrequency (RF) at different pO2 values to characterize the spectral response of these crystals. The results indicate that, depending on the electrolysis conditions, the products contain mixtures of crystals exhibiting pO2-sensitive and pO2-insensitive line widths. Electrolysis conditions are reported whereby the pO2-sensitive LiPc crystals were the predominant product. The influence of the working surface of the electrode and the electrolysis time on the yield were also evaluated. The crystals of LiPc were also studied using a time-domain RF EPR spectrometer. In time-domain EPR, the signals that survive beyond the spectrometer dead time are mainly the narrow lines corresponding to the pO2-sensitive crystals, whereas the signals arising from the pO2-insensitive component of LiPc were found not to survive beyond the spectrometer dead time. This signal survival makes the time-domain EPR method more sensitive for pO2 measurements using LiPc because the line width becomes very narrow at very low pO2 and, concomitantly, the relaxation time T2 longer, with no modulation or power saturation artifacts that are encountered as in the continuous wave (cw) mode. Further, minimal contributions from object motion in the spectral data obtained using time-domain methods make it an advantage for in vivo applications.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Biology Branch, Division of Clinical Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Afeworki
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Devasahayam
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Krishna
mesh_terms: D003460:Crystallization; D004572:Electrolysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008094:Lithium / Q000737:chemistry; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011199:Potentiometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013113:Spin Labels / Q000138:chemical synthesis
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D007211:Indoles; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D013113:Spin Labels; C081756:lithium phthalocyanine; D008094:Lithium