title: Tissue heat content and distribution during and after cardiopulmonary bypass at 31 degrees C and 27 degrees C.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Afterdrop following cardiopulmonary bypass results from redistribution of body heat to inadequately warmed peripheral tissues. However, the distribution of heat between the thermal compartments and the extent to which core-to-peripheral redistribution contributes to post-bypass hypothermia remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were cooled during cardiopulmonary bypass to nasopharyngeal temperatures near 31 degrees C (n=8) or 27 degrees C (n=8) and subsequently rewarmed by the bypass heat exchanger to approximately 37.5 degrees C. A nasopharyngeal probe evaluated core (trunk and head) temperature and heat content. Peripheral compartment (arm and leg) temperature and heat content were estimated using fourth-order regressions and integration over volume from 19 intramuscular needle thermocouples, 10 skin temperatures, and "deep" foot temperature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 31 degrees C group, the average peripheral tissue temperature decreased to 31.9+/-1.4 degrees C (means+/-SD) and subsequently increased to 34+/-1.4 degrees C at the end of bypass. The core-to-peripheral tissue temperature gradient was 3.5+/-1.8 degrees C at the end of rewarming, and the afterdrop was 1.5+/-0.4 degrees C. Total body heat content decreased 231+/-93 kcal. During pump rewarming, the peripheral heat content increased to 7+/-27 kcal below precooling values, whereas the core heat content increased to 94+/-33 kcal above precooling values. Body heat content at the end of rewarming was thus 87+/-42 kcal more than at the onset of cooling. In the 27 degrees C group, the average peripheral tissue temperature decreased to a minimum of 29.8 +/-1.7 degrees C and subsequently increased to 32.8+/-2.1 degrees C at the end of bypass. The core-to-peripheral tissue temperature gradient was 4.6+/-1.9 degrees C at the end of rewarming, and the afterdrop was 2.3+/-0.9 degrees C. Total body heat content decreased 419+/-49 kcal. During pump rewarming, core heat content increased to 66+/-23 kcal above precooling values, whereas peripheral heat content remained 70+/-42 kcal below precooling values. Body heat content at the end of rewarming was thus 4+/-52 kcal less than at the onset of cooling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peripheral tissues failed to fully rewarm by the end of bypass in the patients in the 27 degrees C group, and the afterdrop was 2.3+/-0.9 degrees C. Peripheral tissues rewarmed better in the patients in the 31 degrees C group, and the afterdrop was only 1.5+/-0.4 degrees C.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Outcomes Research Laboratory, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajek
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lenhardt
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sessler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laufer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsukawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiesmayr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001831:Body Temperature; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged