title: Transactivation of the human apolipoprotein CII promoter by orphan and ligand-dependent nuclear receptors. The regulatory element CIIC is a thyroid hormone response element.
abstract: The regulatory elements CIIC (-159/-116) and CIIB (-102/-81) of the apolipoprotein CII (apoCII) promoter have distinct specificities for orphan nuclear receptors (Vorgia, P., Zannis, V. I., and Kardassis, D. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 4188-4199). In this communication we investigated the contribution of ligand-dependent and orphan nuclear receptors on the transcriptional regulation of the human apoCII gene. It was found that element CIIC in addition to ARP-1 and EAR-2 binds RXRalpha/T3Rbeta heterodimers strongly, whereas element CIIB binds hepatic nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4) exclusively. Binding is abolished by mutations that alter the HRE binding motifs. Transient cotransfection experiments showed that in the presence of T3, RXRalpha/T3Rbeta heterodimers transactivated the -205/+18 apoCII promoter 1.6- and 11-fold in HepG2 and COS-1 respectively. No transactivation was observed in the presence of 9-cis-retinoic acid. Transactivation requires the regulatory element CIIC, suggesting that this element contains a thyroid hormone response element. HNF-4 did not affect the apoCII promoter activity in HepG2 cells. However, mutations in the HNF-4 binding site on element CIIB and inhibition of HNF-4 synthesis in HepG2 cells by antisense HNF-4 constructs decreased the apoCII promoter activity to 25-40% of the control, indicating that HNF-4 is a positive regulator of the apoCII gene. ARP-1 repressed the -205/+18 but not the -104/+18 apoCII promoter activity in HepG2 cells, indicating that the repression depends on the regulatory element CIIC. In contrast, combination of ARP-1 and HNF-4 transactivated different apoCII promoter segments as well as a minimal adenovirus major late promoter driven by the regulatory element CIIB. Mutagenesis or deletion of elements CIIB or CIIC established that the observed transactivation requires DNA binding of one of the two factors and may result from HNF-4-ARP-1 interactions that elicit the transactivation functions of HNF-4. The combined data indicate that RXRalpha/T3Rbeta in the presence of T3 and HNF-4 can upregulate the apoCII promoter activity by binding to the regulatory elements CIIC and CIIB, respectively. In addition, ARP-1 can either have inhibitory or stimulatory effects on the apoCII promoter activity via different mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Department Of Medicine, University Of Crete and Institute Of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kardassis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sacharidou
authors.forename: V I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Zannis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053304:Apolipoprotein C-II; D001056:Apolipoproteins C / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D019556:COS Cells; D051837:COUP Transcription Factor II; D051836:COUP Transcription Factors; D002460:Cell Line; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019281:Dimerization; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; D006801:Humans; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D053304:Apolipoprotein C-II; D001056:Apolipoproteins C; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D051837:COUP Transcription Factor II; D051836:COUP Transcription Factors; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C403128:MLX protein, human; C095569:NR2F2 protein, human