title: Postrepolarization refractoriness versus conduction slowing caused by class I antiarrhythmic drugs: antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmic effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conduction block may be both antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmic. Drug-induced postrepolarization refractoriness (PRR) may prevent premature excitation and tachyarrhythmia induction. The effects of propafenone and procainamide on these parameters, and their antiarrhythmic or proarrhythmic consequences, were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 11 isolated Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts, monophasic action potentials (MAPs) were recorded simultaneously from six to seven different right and left ventricular sites, along with a volume-conducted ECG. All recordings were used to discern ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) induced by repetitive extrastimulation (S2-S5) or 10-second burst stimulation at 25 to 200 Hz at baseline and after addition of procainamide (20 micromol/L) or propafenone (1 micromol/L) to the perfusate. MAPs were analyzed for action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90), conduction times (CT) between the pacing site and the other MAPs, and PRR (effective refractory period-APD90=PRR) and related to the induction of VT or VF. During steady-state pacing, procainamide and propafenone prolonged APD90 by 12% and 14%, respectively. Procainamide slowed mean CT by 40% during S2-S5 pacing, whereas propafenone slowed mean CT by up to 400% (P<0.001 versus baseline and procainamide). Wavelength was not changed significantly by procainamide but was shortened fourfold by propafenone at S5. Both drugs produced PRR, which was associated with a 70% decrease in VF inducibility with procainamide and elimination of VF with propafenone. Despite this protection from VF, monomorphic VT was induced with propafenone in 57% of burst stimulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drug-induced PRR protects against VF induction. Propafenone promotes slow monomorphic VT, probably by use-dependent conduction slowing and wavelength shortening.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Veterans National Administration Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Kirchhof
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Fabritz
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Franz
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D011342:Procainamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011405:Propafenone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D011405:Propafenone; D011342:Procainamide