title: Exposure to breast milk in infancy and adult breast cancer risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is considerable interest in the possibility of an infectious etiology for human breast cancer. Although studies have shown that certain strains of mice transmit mammary tumor virus via breast milk, few epidemiologic studies have addressed this topic in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the relationship between having been breast-fed as an infant and breast cancer risk among 8299 women who participated in a population-based, case-control study of breast cancer in women aged 50 years or more. Case women were identified through cancer registries in three states (Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin); control women were identified through statewide driver's license lists (age <65 years) or Medicare lists (ages 65-79 years). Information on epidemiologic risk factors was obtained through telephone interview. We used multiple logistic regression to assess having been breast-fed and maternal history of breast cancer in relation to breast cancer occurrence both in premenopausal women (205 case women; 220 control women) and in postmenopausal women (3803 case women; 4071 control women).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no evidence that having been breast-fed increased breast cancer risk in either premenopausal women (odds ratio [OR] = 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.41-1.04) or postmenopausal women (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.85-1.07). In addition, breast cancer risk was not increased by having been breast-fed by a mother who later developed breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results do not support the hypothesis that a transmissible agent in breast milk increases breast cancer risk. Because premenopausal women were not well represented in our study population, our findings with regard to this group may not be generalizable and should be viewed with caution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03756-0001, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Titus-Ernstoff
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Newcomb
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trichopoulos
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D016015:Logistic Models; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D009513:New Hampshire / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology