title: Dose escalation with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy affects the outcome in prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) is a technique designed to deliver prescribed radiation doses to localized tumors with high precision, while effectively excluding the surrounding normal tissues. It facilitates tumor dose escalation which should overcome the relative resistance of tumor clonogens to conventional radiation dose levels. The present study was undertaken to test this hypothesis in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 743 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were treated with 3D-CRT. As part of a phase I study, the tumor target dose was increased from 64.8 to 81 Gy in increments of 5.4 Gy. Tumor response was evaluated by post-treatment decrease of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to levels of < or = 1.0 ng/ml and by sextant prostate biopsies performed > or = 2.5 years after completion of 3D-CRT. PSA relapse-free survival was used to evaluate long-term outcome. The median follow-up was 3 years (range: 1-7.6 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Induction of an initial clinical response was dose-dependent, with 90% of patients receiving 75.6 or 81.0 Gy achieving a PSA nadir < or = 1.0 ng compared with 76% and 56% for those treated with 70.2 Gy and 64.8 Gy, respectively (p < 0.001). The 5-year actuarial PSA relapse-free survival for patients with favorable prognostic indicators (stage T1-2, pretreatment PSA < or = 10.0 ng/ml and Gleason score < or = 6) was 85%, compared to 65% for those with intermediate prognosis (one of the prognostic indicators with a higher value) and 35% for the group with unfavorable prognosis (two or more indicators with higher values) (p < 0.001). PSA relapse-free survival was significantly improved in patients with intermediate and unfavorable prognosis receiving > or = 75.6 Gy (p < 0.05). A positive biopsy at > or = 2.5 years after 3D-CRT was observed in only 1/15 (7%) of patients receiving 81.0 Gy, compared with 12/25 (48%) after 75.6 Gy, 19/42 (45%) after 70.2 Gy, and 13/23 (57%) after 64.8 Gy (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data provide evidence for a significant effect of dose escalation on the response of human prostate cancer to irradiation and defines new standards for curative radiotherapy in this disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zelefsky
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Leibel
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Gaudin
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kutcher
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Fleshner
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Venkatramen
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Fair
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fuks
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen