title: Clonidine added to the anesthetic solution enhances analgesia and improves oxygenation after intercostal nerve block for thoracotomy.
abstract: We evaluated the effect of adding clonidine to bupivacaine on postoperative pain control and oxygenation after intercostal nerve blockade (ICB) for thoracotomy, and attempted to distinguish a systemic from a local effect of clonidine. ICB with 2 mg/kg 0.5% bupivacaine was performed in 36 patients undergoing thoracotomy. Patients were randomized to one of three groups: 1) a control group that received bupivacaine with saline for ICB and an IM injection of saline, 2) an IM group that received bupivacaine with saline for ICB and an IM injection of 2 micrograms/kg clonidine, and 3) a block group that received bupivacaine with 2 micrograms/kg clonidine for ICB and an IM injection of saline. Blood gases, visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and analgesic demand were determined hourly for 8 h after arrival in the postoperative care unit (PCU). Patients in the block group had significantly lower VAS scores, higher arterial oxygen tension, and lower analgesic demand for the first 4 h in the PCU, compared with the two other groups. No difference was noted thereafter. We conclude that the addition of clonidine to bupivacaine for ICB leads to a short-term effect enhancing postoperative pain control and improving arterial oxygenation, probably mediated by a direct effect on the nerves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe pain after thoracotomy can lead to impaired ventilation. We studied the effect of adding clonidine to bupivacaine for intercostal nerve blockade after thoracotomy. Clonidine administered directly on the nerves enhanced analgesia and improved oxygenation for a short time compared with systemic administration or control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Austria. Edda.Tschernko@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Tschernko
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klepetko
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kritzinger
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Klimscha
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jandrasits
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haider
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002045:Bupivacaine; D003000:Clonidine; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012996:Solutions; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D012996:Solutions; D003000:Clonidine; D010100:Oxygen; D002045:Bupivacaine