title: Apoptosis, proliferation, bax, bcl-2 and p53 status prior to and after preoperative radiochemotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between apoptotic cell death, proliferative activity, and the expression of apoptosis regulating proteins in rectal cancer prior to and after radiochemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 32 patients dispositioned to receive preoperative radiochemotherapy for locally advanced rectal carcinoma, pretherapy biopsies and the final resected specimen after radiochemotherapy were available for analyses. Apoptotic cells were identified and quantified using in situ end labeling (ISEL) technique. The expression of the bax protein was assessed immunohistochemically. Additionally, double immunostaining was performed for apoptotic cells and bax expression. The proliferative activity was determined by immunohistochemical assessment of the Ki67 (MIB-1) and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). p53- and bcl-2 expression was analyzed immunohistochemically. A clinical-to-pathologic downstaging after radiochemotherapy was achieved in 25 of 32 patients (78%). During follow-up, tumor recurrence was observed in six cases. In one case, no residual tumor was detected after radiochemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After radiochemotherapy, the apoptotic index increased significantly in almost every case examined. In contrast, the proliferative activity was significantly decreased in resected specimens as compared to biopsies. Bax immunostaining was detected in 12/31 (39%) biopsies and in 26/31 (84%) resected specimens. In the resected specimen, significantly more apoptotic cells that were bax-positive were found than in biopsies. Bcl-2 immunostaining occurred in 15/31 biopsies and 12/31 resected specimens, respectively. Tumors that were immunohistochemically negative for p53 (20/31 [65%]) generally exhibited a higher apoptotic index and a high expression level of bax than p53-positive tumors (11/31 [35%]). However, we did not find any correlation between the (pre- and post-therapeutic) rate of apoptosis or the level of bax expression and the degree of clinical-to-pathologic downstaging or the frequency of tumor recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that radiochemotherapy is associated with an increase in bax expression and also in apoptotic cell death. The observation of higher rates of apoptosis and bax in p53-negative tumors suggests that p53 might be a possible regulating factor of apoptosis in rectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University of Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tannapfel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nüsslein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fietkau
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katalinic
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Köckerling
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wittekind
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis; D002455:Cell Division; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: C494826:BAX protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein