Cotinine excretion as a predictor of peak flow variability.
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is suspected to be an important risk factor for bronchial hyperresponsiveness. In order to test the effect of ETS, we measured expiratory flow rates and urine cotinine excretion (UCE) within a narrow time window in two consecutive years. Maternal smoking habits and medical history were ascertained by standardized questionnaires. The percentage ratio of the amplitude over the mean (AVAM) of the diurnal peak flow rates of children (complete values from at least five consecutive days) was calculated as an indicator of bronchial responsiveness. The association of UCE and log10AVAM was analyzed by multiple linear regression. Complete data were available for a sample of 417 children. The median of UCE in children of parents who smoked (3.2 ng/mg and 2.9 ng/mg creatinine, Surveys 1 and 2, respectively) was higher than the median in children of nonsmoking parents (0 ng/mg in both surveys). With increasing UCE the log10AVAM rose in the first and second surveys, as well as in the longitudinal analysis (p = 0.003). This association, however, showed up only in boys (p = 0.0001) and not in girls (p = 0.31). Our data suggest that there is a need both for further analysis of the gender difference and for more support of strategies against passive smoking as far as children are concerned, since airway hyperresponsiveness is a risk factor for chronic airway impairment.
Kuehr
J
J
University Children's Hospital, Freiburg, Germany; University Children's Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
Frischer
T
T
Karmaus
W
W
Meinert
R
R
Pracht
T
T
Lehnert
W
W
D001249:Asthma / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine