title: An economic evaluation of the use of rare earth screens to reduce the radiation dose from diagnostic X-ray procedures in Israel.
abstract: In Israel the diffusion of rare earth screen technology has been limited. These screens could halve the radiation dose to the patient from diagnostic X-ray radiography, with little managerial effort and without being detrimental to the quality of the diagnostic image. We estimated the total effective dose from diagnostic film radiography capable of reduction by the use of rare earth screens, based on the number of hospital and ambulatory diagnostic X-ray procedures. This number was multiplied by the computed radiation dose per body site for a series of diagnostic procedures. The annual dose was approximately 0.53 mSv per head, approximately half of which could be averted by the introduction of rare earth screen technology. Based on a fatality risk of 3% Sv-1, it is estimated that the adoption of rare earth screen technology might reduce the annual incidence of cancer by some 93 cases, half of which would be fatal after an average latency period of 18.4 years. The cost of purchasing rare earth screens on a nationwide basis is approximately $3.0 million. This cost is outweighed by a saving of $9.6 million in X-ray tube replacement costs over the period 1997-2006. Government legislation enforcing the use of rare earth screens is essential, because of the lack of prestige associated with acquiring rare earth technology, as well as institutional reluctance to accept the external benefits of reduced morbidity and mortality and/or to extend budgetary time horizons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Technology Assessment, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schlesinger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ben-Shlomo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kushilevsky
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Margaliot
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oren
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Finkleman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Handlesman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lev
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008674:Metals, Rare Earth; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011859:Radiography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D008674:Metals, Rare Earth