title: Caries in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of dental caries in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and to determine whether these factors are associated with metabolic control and vascular complications of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both the occurrence of caries, acidogenic oral bacteria, and yeasts and salivary flow were studied in 25 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus whose diagnosis had been set 13 to 14 years earlier and in whom the metabolic evolution of the disease was well established. The patients' glycemic control was determined by means of analysis of the blood hemoglobin A1C concentration at the time of dental examination. The control group consisted of 40 nondiabetic subjects in the same age group. Decayed, missing, and filled teeth indices and numbers of surfaces with caries, filled surfaces, and root caries were determined by means of clinical dental caries examination. Stimulated salivary flow was measured, and levels of Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli, and yeasts were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median hemoglobin A1C concentration of the patients was 8.6%, which indicates poor metabolic control of diabetes. No association was found between the metabolic control of disease and dental caries. The occurrence of dental caries was not increased in the patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in comparison with the control subjects. The counts of acidogenic microbes and yeasts did not differ statistically significantly between the groups. There was no association of caries with the prevalence of coronary artery disease or hypertension in either the patients or the control subjects. In a stepwise logistic regression model, a salivary flow of at least 0.8 ml/min was related to the occurrence of dental caries in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, whereas negligence with respect to dental care was the most important risk predictor in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed no effect of diabetes on the prevalence of caries. However, the caries-protective effect of saliva was partly lost in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Dental Diseases, University of Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Collin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uusitupa
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niskanen
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Koivisto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Markkanen
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Meurman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004245:DMF Index; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000209:etiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D012636:Secretory Rate; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin