title: Evaluation of in vivo models for studying calcification behavior of commercially available bovine pericardium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A common frame of reference is essential when attempting to determine if new treatments intended to reduce calcification of bioprostheses are superior to existing processes and products. The aim of this study was to examine calcification behavior for a commercially available pericardial bioprosthesis in subcutaneous and sheep valve models, and to evaluate the importance of appropriate control treatments in comparative studies with proposed new treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of bovine pericardium were placed subcutaneously under the dorsal skin of weanling rats and juvenile rabbits for 30-, 60- and 90-day intervals. Samples were either commercially available pericardial tissue or tissue processed with phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde alone. Commercially available pericardial valves were also implanted in the mitral position in juvenile sheep, with elective sacrifice at 20 weeks. Retrieved samples underwent X-ray, histologic and elemental analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Commercial samples retrieved from the subcutaneous and sheep models showed similar, minimal calcification behavior on X-ray and histologic slides, whereas pericardium exposed to glutaraldehyde alone demonstrated rapid calcification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 90-day subcutaneous rabbit model produced patterns of calcification similar to those in valves explanted from juvenile sheep after 20 weeks. A statistically significant decrease (p < 10(-8)) in calcification was demonstrated for clinical pericardium when compared with pericardium exposed to glutaraldehyde alone in the subcutaneous model. This suggests that subcutaneous models may be a cost-effective, time-efficient means of evaluating and comparing various tissue treatment methods. The rabbit methodology may provide a more accurate prediction of clinical performance, offering a greater degree of sensitivity. These studies also indicate that the commercially available process shows minimal calcification in the commonly used 30-day weanling rat subcutaneous model, contradicting other reported studies that may not accurately represent commercially available processes.
authors.affiliation: Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Irvine, CA 92614, USA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Quintero
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lohre
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001705:Bioprosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000209:etiology*; D002417:Cattle; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery; D010496:Pericardium / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D012756:Sheep; D013997:Time Factors