title: Open hearts. The origins of direct-vision intracardiac surgery.
abstract: Only 50 years ago, operating under direct vision within the walls of the living human heart appeared to be a surgical problem with no great hope of solution. However, technologic advances soon provided the necessary tools, and a safe, reliable, and practical technique of performing surgery within the open heart evolved in a series of stages. First, W.G. Bigelow espoused applied hypothermia as a means of protecting the vital organs during direct cardiac repair--a technique that F.J. Lewis then applied in correcting an atrial septal defect under direct vision. This was followed by C.W. Lillehei's introduction and application of controlled cross-circulation, which enabled the correction of more complex cardiac lesions. Finally, the efforts of J.H. Gibbon and J.W. Kirklin led to the creation of a reliable cardiopulmonary bypass apparatus, which enabled the many subsequent achievements well recognized in the history of surgery.
authors.affiliation: Wightman Academy, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Fedak
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000266:history; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000266:history; D014481:United States