title: Bladder autoaugmentation in myelodysplastic children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the long-term results of bladder autoaugmentation in myelodysplastic children with low compliance neurogenic bladders who failed attempts at medical management, including clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) and pharmacological bladder relaxation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one patients with a neurogenic bladder after myelomeningocele operations (mean age 9.5 years, range 3-16) underwent autoaugmentation; 12 children were paraplegic and hydrocephalic, and were treated by insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal valve. All patients had low-compliance neurogenic bladders confirmed urodynamically. Ten patients had vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR) and eight had dilated upper urinary tracts with no reflux. All patients had been treated pre-operatively using CIC and anticholinergic agents, with no success.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 21 children treated surgically, 17 were assessed urodynamically and examined to determine the condition of the upper and lower urinary tract. The follow-up ranged from 3 months to 8 years (mean 6 years). In 13 patients the bladder capacity increased by approximately 60 mL and in 14 the intravesical pressure decreased by approximately 65 cmH2O. Fourteen children were continent using CIC (from 3- to 4-hourly); in the six patients with VUR the reflux resolved in two, decreased in two and remained unchanged in two. Of eight patients with dilated upper tracts but no reflux, seven improved. There was no improvement in bladder capacity in four patients and no reduction in intravesical pressure in three. Two patients underwent enterocystoplasty (one ileocystoplasty and one colocystoplasty) with good results. Two children needed anticholinergic agents after autoaugmentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autoaugmentation effectively reduces high intravesical pressure and provides a sufficient increase in bladder capacity with a concomitant improvement in urodynamic values. The present method allows the extent of the surgical procedure to be limited to the extraperitoneal space and thus maintains all of other options. Bladder autoaugmentation is a reasonable alternative to enterocystoplasty in selected patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Skobejko-Wlodarska
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strulak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nachulewicz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Szymkiewicz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011312:Pressure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014563:Urodynamics