title: Family burden and adaptation during the initial year after traumatic brain injury in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to long-term behavioral and cognitive deficits in children. However, little is known about the burden and psychosocial morbidity of pediatric TBI for families. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that moderate and severe TBI in children has more adverse consequences than orthopedic trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample was comprised of children between the ages of 6 and 12 recruited from hospital trauma and inpatient units including 53 with severe TBI, 56 with moderate TBI, and 80 with orthopedic injuries not involving central nervous system insult. Measures of injury-related burden, parental distress, and family functioning were administered to the child's primary caregiver at baseline assessment conducted soon after injury and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Multivariate repeated measures analysis of covariance was used to examine group differences in these outcomes over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caregivers in the severe TBI group reported significantly higher levels of family burden, injury-related stress, and parental psychological symptoms than caregivers in the orthopedic injury group (ORTHO). The groups did not differ with respect to marital distress. Caregivers in the severe TBI group were significantly more likely than caregivers in the ORTHO group to exceed the clinical cutoff on the Brief Symptom Inventory and to report clinically significant levels of family dysfunction at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that severe TBI is a source of considerable caregiver morbidity, even when compared with other traumatic injuries. Caregivers in the severe TBI group had persistent stress associated with the child's injury, as well as the reactions of other family members, and a relative risk of clinically significant psychological symptoms nearly twice that of the ORTHO comparison group. These findings underscore the need for interventions that facilitate family adaptation after pediatric TBI.
authors.affiliation: Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drotar
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stancin
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Yeates
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male