title: Actin filaments and microtubules are involved in different membrane traffic pathways that transport sphingolipids to the apical surface of polarized HepG2 cells.
abstract: In polarized HepG2 hepatoma cells, sphingolipids are transported to the apical, bile canalicular membrane by two different transport routes, as revealed with fluorescently tagged sphingolipid analogs. One route involves direct, transcytosis-independent transport of Golgi-derived glucosylceramide and sphingomyelin, whereas the other involves basolateral to apical transcytosis of both sphingolipids. We show that these distinct routes display a different sensitivity toward nocodazole and cytochalasin D, implying a specific transport dependence on either microtubules or actin filaments, respectively. Thus, nocodazole strongly inhibited the direct route, whereas sphingolipid transport by transcytosis was hardly affected. Moreover, nocodazole blocked "hyperpolarization," i.e., the enlargement of the apical membrane surface, which is induced by treating cells with dibutyryl-cAMP. By contrast, the transcytotic route but not the direct route was inhibited by cytochalasin D. The actin-dependent step during transcytotic lipid transport probably occurs at an early endocytic event at the basolateral plasma membrane, because total lipid uptake and fluid phase endocytosis of horseradish peroxidase from this membrane were inhibited by cytochalasin D as well. In summary, the results show that the two sphingolipid transport pathways to the apical membrane must have a different requirement for cytoskeletal elements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Zegers
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Zaal
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: van IJzendoorn
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klappe
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000199:Actins / Q000502:physiology*; D001648:Bile Canaliculi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015739:Nocodazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013107:Sphingolipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D013107:Sphingolipids; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D015739:Nocodazole