title: Development of a model for training and evaluation of laparoscopic skills.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interest in the training and evaluation of laparoscopic skills is extending beyond the realm of the operating room to the use of laparoscopic simulators. The purpose of this study was to develop a series of structured tasks to objectively measure laparoscopic skills. This model was then used to test for the effects of level of training and practice on performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two subjects (6 each of surgical residents PGY1 to PGY5, 6 surgeons who practice laparoscopy and 6 who do not) were evaluated. Each subject viewed a 20-minute introductory video, then was tested performing 7 laparoscopic tasks (peg transfers, pattern cutting, clip and divide, endolooping, mesh placement and fixation, suturing with intracorporeal or extracorporeal knots). Performance was measured using a scoring system rewarding precision and speed. Each candidate repeated all 7 tasks and was rescored. Data were analyzed by linear regression to assess the relationship of performance with level of residency training for each task, and by ANOVA with repeated measures to test for effects of level of training, of repetition, and of the interaction between level of training and repetition on overall performance. Student's t test was used to evaluate differences between laparoscopic and nonlaparoscopic surgeons and between each of these groups and the PGY 5 level of surgical residents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant predictors of overall performance were (a) level of training (P = 0.002), (b) repetition (P < 0.0001), and (c) interaction between level of training and practice (P = 0.001). There was also a significant interaction between level of training and the specific task on performance scores (P = 0.006). When each task was evaluated individually for the 30 residents, 4 of the 7 tasks (tasks 1, 2, 6, 7) showed significant correlation between PGY level and score. A significant difference in performance scores between laparoscopic and nonlaparoscopic surgeons was seen for tasks 1, 2, and 6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A model was developed to evaluate laparoscopic skills. Construct validity was demonstrated by measuring significant improvement in performance with increasing residency training, and with practice. Further validation will require correlation of performance in the model with skill in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Derossis
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abrahamowicz
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Sigman
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Barkun
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Meakins
mesh_terms: D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008961:Models, Structural; D013664:Teaching Materials; D014743:Videotape Recording