title: Suppression of steady-state, but not stimulus-induced NF-kappaB activity inhibits alphavirus-induced apoptosis.
abstract: Recent studies have established cell type- specific, proapoptotic, or antiapoptotic functions for the transcription factor NF-kappaB. In each of these studies, inhibitors of NF-kappaB activity have been present before the apoptotic stimulus, and so the role of stimulus- induced NF-kappaB activation in enhancing or inhibiting survival could not be directly assessed. Sindbis virus, an alphavirus, induces NF-kappaB activation and apoptosis in cultured cell lines. To address whether Sindbis virus- induced NF-kappaB activation is required for apoptosis, we used a chimeric Sindbis virus that expresses a superrepressor of NF-kappaB activity. Complete suppression of virus-induced NF-kappaB activity neither prevents nor potentiates Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis. In contrast, inhibition of NF-kappaB activity before infection inhibits Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that suppression of steady-state, but not stimulus-induced NF-kappaB activity, regulates expression of gene products required for Sindbis virus-induced death. Furthermore, we show that in the same cell line, NF-kappaB can be proapoptotic or antiapoptotic depending on the death stimulus. We propose that the role of NF-kappaB in regulating apoptosis is determined by the death stimulus and by the timing of modulating NF-kappaB activity relative to the death stimulus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: DiDonato
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hardwick
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Ratan
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D051379:Mice; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit; D051381:Rats; D012845:Sindbis Virus / Q000502:physiology*; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit; C000606205:Nfkbia protein, mouse; C000606206:Nfkbia protein, rat; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D019311:Staurosporine; D000111:Acetylcysteine