title: Sex ratio associated with timing of insemination and length of the follicular phase in planned and unplanned pregnancies during use of natural family planning.
abstract: This was a multicentred, prospective study of pregnancies among women using natural family planning. The women maintained natural family planning charts of the conception cycle, recording acts of intercourse and signs of ovulation (cervical mucus changes, including peak day and basal body temperature). Charts were used to assess the most probable day of insemination relative to the day of ovulation and length of the follicular phase of the cycle. The sex ratio (males per 100 females) for 947 singleton births was 101.5, not significantly different from the expected value of 105. The sex ratio did not vary consistently or significantly with the estimated timing of insemination relative to the day of ovulation, with the estimated length of the follicular phase or with the planned or unplanned status of the pregnancy. Although these findings may be affected by imprecision of the data, the study suggests that manipulation of the timing of insemination during the cycle cannot be used to affect the sex of offspring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Dynamics, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bitto
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Queenan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Kambic
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mena
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbato
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jennings
mesh_terms: D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D005498:Follicular Phase; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010060:Ovulation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012744:Sex Ratio; D013997:Time Factors