title: Determination of urinary 2,5-hexanedione in the general Italian population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determination of the urinary levels of 2.5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) was performed in subjects belonging to the Italian general population to define the reference value for this metabolite.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine samples were collected from 123 healthy Italian subjects who had not been occupationally exposed to n-hexane or methyl-n-butyl ketone (60 men and 63 women; 53 living in urban areas and 70 living in rural areas; 36 smokers and 87 nonsmokers; 65 aged above 35 years and 58 aged below 35 years). The determinations were performed by a gas chromatography method using a flame ionization detector (FID). A quality-control step was realized by analysis of 78 of these samples by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distribution of 2,5-HD concentration was log-normal and the corresponding centiles at the 95% confidence interval were as follows: the 50th centile, 0.270 mg/l for men and 0.191 mg/l for women; the 75th centile, 0.352 and 0.330 mg/l, respectively, for men and women; and the 95th centile, 0.762 and 0.582 mg/l, respectively, for men and women. The reference value, calculated as the upper unilateral 95% tolerance interval at 95% of confidence, was 0.795 mg/l for men and 0.627 for women.
authors.affiliation: U.O. Tossicologia Occupazionale, Azienda USL 10, Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bavazzano
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Apostoli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balducci
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Bartolucci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buratti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duca
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gori
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Li Donni
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perbellini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perico
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Minoia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006588:Hexanones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012016:Reference Values; D012907:Smoking / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006588:Hexanones; D009498:Neurotoxins; C011269:2,5-hexanedione