title: Increased drug use among old-for-grade and dropout urban adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In tracking the epidemic of drug use in our communities, much emphasis has been placed on identifying predictive variables. In this study, we examine the relationship between drug use and school progress among a sample of inner-city adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A blinded, anonymous questionnaire covering a variety of health risk behaviors was administered to 1,720 adolescent patients who visited our outpatient clinic. Participants were classified as age-appropriate for last school grade completed, older than normal for grade, or as a dropout. A urine specimen was also collected in a blinded, anonymous fashion from each participant, and tested for five common substances of abuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly 12% of participants tested positive for drugs. Participants who were old for grade were over 40% more likely to be positive for drugs than grade-appropriate respondents, while school dropouts were more than twice as likely to test positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that being old-for-grade (OFG) and being a dropout in our population are markers for being at higher risk of substance abuse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Guagliardo
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D016497:Adolescent Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000367:Age Factors; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004219:District of Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000652:urine*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs