title: Women in orthopedic surgery residencies in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect that increased numbers of women medical school graduates have had on the composition of orthopedic surgery residencies, and to evaluate trends over time in the likelihood of women medical students to select orthopedic residencies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The author analyzed JAMA's "Reports on Graduate and Undergraduate Medical Education" for the years 1977 to 1996, calculating the numbers of women and men in orthopedic surgery and other surgery residencies, and medical school composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although there have been modest gains in the number of women in orthopedic surgery training programs in the United States, women continue to choose orthopedics only one-seventh as often as do men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orthopedics remains an unattractive career choice for women medical students compared with their men counterparts. Biases and stereotypes about women and about orthopedic surgery may account for this difference.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0946, USA. biermann@umich.edu
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Biermann
mesh_terms: D002321:Career Choice; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000193:education* / Q000639:trends; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000639:trends; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce