title: A novel Xenopus mix-like gene milk involved in the control of the endomesodermal fates.
abstract: Here we describe a novel Xenopus homeobox gene, milk, related by sequence homology and expression pattern to the vegetally expressed Mix.1. As is the case with Mix.1, milk is an immediate early response gene to the mesoderm inducer activin. milk is expressed at the early gastrula stage in the vegetal cells, fated to form endoderm, and in the marginal zone fated to form mesoderm. During gastrulation, expression of milk becomes progressively reduced in the involuting mesodermal cells but is retained in the endoderm, suggesting that it may play a key role in the definition of the endo-mesodermal boundary in the embryo. Overexpression of milk in the marginal zone blocks mesodermal cell involution, represses the expression of several mesodermal genes such as Xbra, goosecoid, Xvent-1 or Xpo and increases the expression of the endodermal gene, endodermin. In the dorsal marginal zone, overexpression of milk leads to a severe late phenotype including the absence of axial structures. Ectopic expression of milk in the animal hemisphere or in ectodermal explants induces a strong expression of endodermin. Taken together, we propose that milk plays a role in the correct patterning of the embryo by repressing mesoderm formation and promoting endoderm identity.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, affiliée à l'INSERM, Bât. 4R3, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ecochard
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cayrol
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Foulquier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caillol
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lemaire
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Duprat
mesh_terms: D028341:Activins; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004707:Endoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics*; D005801:Genes, Homeobox / Q000235:genetics*; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007265:Inhibins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D008845:Microinjections; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014981:Xenopus / Q000196:embryology*; D029867:Xenopus Proteins
chemical_list: C115868:Bix1 protein, Xenopus; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D015801:Helminth Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; C110487:MIX-1 protein, C elegans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D028341:Activins; D007265:Inhibins