title: Development of a scale to measure adherence to self-monitoring of blood glucose with latent variable measurement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adherence to self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is problematic for many people with diabetes. Self-reports of adherence have been found to be unreliable, and existing paper-and-pencil measures have limitations. This study developed a brief measure of SMBG adherence with good psychometric properties and a useful factor structure that can be used in research and in practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 216 adults with diabetes responded to 30 items rated on a 9-point Likert scale that asked about blood monitoring habits. In part I of the study, items were evaluated and retained based on their psychometric properties. The sample was divided into exploratory and confirmatory halves. Using the exploratory half, items with acceptable psychometric properties were subjected to a principal components analysis. In part II of the study, structural equation modeling was used to confirm the component solution with the entire sample. Structural modeling was also used to test the relationship between these components. It was hypothesized that the scale would produce four correlated factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Principal components analysis suggested a two-component solution, and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed this solution. The first factor measures the degree to which patients rely on others to help them test and thus was named "social influence." The second component measures the degree to which patients use physical symptoms of blood glucose levels to help them test and thus was named "physical influence." Results of the structural model show that the components are correlated and make up the higher-order latent variable adherence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The resulting 15-item scale provides a short, reliable way to assess patient adherence to SMBG. Despite the existence of several aspects of adherence, this study indicates that the construct consists of only two components. This scale is an improvement on previous measures of adherence because of its good psychometric properties, its interpretable factor structure, and its rigorous empirical development.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Research Center, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881, USA. jwag5900@uriacc.uri.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schnoll
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Gipson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000592:standards*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016011:Normal Distribution; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose