title: Direct arteriovenous fistulas (carotid-cavernous and vertebral-venous). Diagnosis and intervention.
abstract: Carotid-cavernous and vertebral-venous fistulas are direct arteriovenous fistulas. Their symptoms range from benign to extremely severe ophthalmologic or neurologic complications. Mechanism of symptoms is mostly related to venous drainage. Therapy is widely indicated, as today's endovascular techniques--using mostly detachable balloons and coils--have a high success rate and very few complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1721, USA.
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Gobin
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Duckwiler
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Viñuela
mesh_terms: D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D006801:Humans; D011859:Radiography; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging