title: A risk-benefit assessment of pharmacological treatments for panic disorder.
abstract: Panic disorder, a psychiatric disorder characterised by frequent panic attacks, is the most common anxiety disorder, affecting 2 to 6% of the general population. No one line of treatment has been found to be superior, making a risk-benefit assessment of the treatments available useful for treating patients. Choice of treatment depends on a number of issues, including the adverse effect profile, efficacy and the presence of concomitant syndromes. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are beneficial in the treatment of panic disorder. They have a proven efficacy, are affordable and are conveniently administered. Adverse effects, including jitteriness syndrome, bodyweight gain, anticholinergic effects and orthostatic hypotension are commonly associated with TCAs, but can be managed successfully. Selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5HT) reuptake inhibitors are also potential first line agents and are well tolerated and effective, with a favourable adverse effects profile. There is little risk in overdose or of anticholinergic effects. Adverse effects include sedation, dyspepsia and headache early in treatment, and sexual dysfunction and increased anxiety, but these can be effectively managed with proper dosage escalation and management. Benzodiazepines are an effective treatment, providing short-term relief of panic-related symptoms. Patients respond to treatment quickly, providing rapid relief of symptoms. Adverse effects include ataxia and drowsiness, and cognitive and psycho-motor impairment. There are reservations over their first-line use because of concerns regarding abuse and dependence. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, because of their adverse effects profile, potential drug interactions, dietary restrictions, gradual onset of effect and overdose risk, are not considered to be first-line agents. They are effective however, and should be considered for patients with refractory disease. Valproic acid (valproate sodium), while not intensively studied, shows potential for use in panic disorder. More studies are needed in this area before the available data can be confirmed. As a supplement to drug therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy is effective. It is well tolerated, and may be beneficial in certain clinical situations. Its main drawback is the time commitment and effort needed to be made by the patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moioffer
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dwight
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Keck
mesh_terms: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D011613:Psychotherapy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D014635:Valproic Acid