title: Polymorphisms and fluctuations in copy number of amplified esterase genes in Culex pipiens mosquitoes.
abstract: In Culex pipiens mosquitoes, A2 esterase alleles are co-amplified with B2 esterase alleles in response to selection with organophosphate insecticides. In this study the amplified A2 and B2 sequences were compared between twelve strains from four continents by restriction mapping. The restriction maps were almost identical in each strain throughout 22 kb surrounding the genes, suggesting that this represents a constant core sequence. A polymorphism was found in two strains collected from Egypt and Kenya in the mid 1980s. This polymorphism was present in all copies of the amplicon, which suggests that a mechanism of sequence homogenization was operating, i.e. concerted evolution. These two strains were almost certainly descendants from the same population and migration probably occurred along the River Nile. Although the maps were almost identical in each strain, dot blotting demonstrated that amplification levels differed by up to 13-fold between strains. Thus the presence of the A2-B2 haplotype cannot be used to indicate the level of amplification or any particular degree of resistance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Zoology, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK. a.callaghan@reading.ac.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Callaghan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guillemaud
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Makate
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raymond
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003465:Culex / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D004950:Esterases / Q000235:genetics*; D005784:Gene Amplification; D018628:Gene Dosage; D017344:Genes, Insect; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015183:Restriction Mapping
chemical_list: D004950:Esterases