title: Improvement of CT-based treatment-planning models of abdominal targets using static exhale imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  CT-based models of the patient that do not account for the motion of ventilation may not accurately predict the shape and position of critical abdominal structures. Respiratory gating technology for imaging and treatment is not yet widely available. The purpose of the current study is to explore an intermediate step to improve the veracity of the patient model and reduce the treated volume by acquiring the CT data with the patients holding their breath at normal exhale.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ventilatory time courses of diaphragm movement for 15 patients (with no special breathing instructions) were measured using digitized movies from the fluoroscope during simulation. A subsequent clinical protocol was developed for treatment based on exhale CT models. CT scans (typically 3.5-mm slice thickness) were acquired at normal exhale using a spiral scanner. The scan volume was divided into two to three segments, to allow the patient to breathe in between. Margins were placed about intrahepatic target volumes based on the ventilatory excursion inferior to the target, and on only the reproducibility of exhale position superior to the target.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average patient's diaphragm remained within 25% of the range of ventilatory excursion from the average exhale position for 42% of the typical breathing cycle, and within 25% of the range from the average inhale position for 15% of the cycle. The reproducibility of exhale position over multiple breathing cycles was 0.9 mm (2sigma), as opposed to 2.6 mm for inhale. Combining the variation of exhale position and the uncertainty in diaphragm position from CT slices led to typical margins of 10 mm superior to the target, and 19 mm inferior to the target, compared to margins of 19 mm in both directions under our prior protocol of margins based on free-breathing CT studies. For a typical intrahepatic target, these smaller volumes resulted in a 3.6% reduction in Veff for the liver. Analysis of portal films shows proper target coverage for patients treated based on exhale modeled plans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modeling abdominal treatments at exhale, while not realizing all the gains of gated treatments, provides an immediate reduction in the volume of normal tissue treated, and improved reliability of patient data for NTCP modeling, when compared to current "free breathing" CT models of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0010, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Balter
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McGinn
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ten Haken
mesh_terms: D003964:Diaphragm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D009068:Movement; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012119:Respiration; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed