title: Constitutive activation of protein kinase B alpha by membrane targeting promotes glucose and system A amino acid transport, protein synthesis, and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 in L6 muscle cells.
abstract: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) has been implicated in the regulation of numerous cellular processes, including the insulin-induced regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) and glucose transport. The hormonal-induced inactivation of GSK-3 is mediated by protein kinase B (PKB), a downstream target of PI 3-kinase, whose involvement in other insulin-stimulated responses remains poorly defined at present. In this study, we investigated whether the uptake of glucose, system A amino acid transport, and cellular protein synthesis are regulated by PKBalpha in L6 skeletal muscle cells. L6 cells stably overexpressing wild-type PKBalpha (wtPKBalpha) or a constitutively active membrane-targeted PKBalpha (mPKBalpha) showed a 3- and 15-fold increase in PKB activity, respectively. Both wtPKBalpha and mPKBalpha expression led to a significant increase in the basal uptake of glucose and methyl-aminoisobutyric acid (a substrate for the system A amino acid transporter), at least to a level seen in control cells treated with insulin. The stimulation in glucose transport was facilitated, in part, by the increased translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane and also through an increase in the cellular synthesis of GLUT3. In the absence of insulin, only muscle cells expressing the constitutively active PKBalpha showed a significant increase in protein synthesis and an inhibition in GSK-3. Our results indicate that constitutive activation of PKBalpha in skeletal muscle stimulates the uptake of glucose, system A amino acids, and protein synthesis and promotes the inactivation of GSK-3. These observations imply that PKBalpha may have a role in the insulin-regulated control of these processes in skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hajduch
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Alessi
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hemmings
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Hundal
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000201:enzymology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D015870:Gene Expression; D018390:Gene Targeting; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases; D006801:Humans; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051381:Rats; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; C494920:Akt1 protein, rat; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D005947:Glucose