title: Nurse-administered subcutaneous morphine is a satisfactory alternative to intravenous patient-controlled analgesia morphine after cardiac surgery.
abstract: There are no comparisons of i.v. patient controlled analgesia (i.v. PCA) versus nurse-administered subcutaneous (NA s.c.) morphine for acute postoperative pain. We undertook a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial of 80 cardiac surgical patients to compare i.v. PCA with NA s.c. morphine for postoperative pain control. Visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at rest and with movement, daily verbal pain relief scores, and side effect profiles were not significantly different. Total morphine requirements in the two groups were not significantly different. A physiotherapist's evaluation of the effectiveness of analgesia for chest physiotherapy revealed no difference between the two groups. We conclude that NA s.c. morphine, administered as required (up to hourly), is a satisfactory alternative to i.v. PCA morphine after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a prospective, randomized study, we have shown that nurse-administered subcutaneous morphine is a satisfactory alternative to i.v. patient-controlled analgesia after cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Munro
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sleigh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009732:Nursing Care; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine