title: Transcranial Doppler: state of the art.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcranial color Doppler sonography permits the accurate assessment of intracranial arteries. The latest Doppler units, using the color and power techniques, can show even very small flow volumes (1 x 1 mm). Low frequency (2-2.5 MHz) and very focused transducers are used in transcranial color Doppler. The skull is a very strong barrier for ultrasounds, which requires the use of some acoustic windows like some thin portions of the skull bone or some natural skull foramina. The use of echocontrast agents in color Doppler seems to increase the applications of transcranial studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To report on transcranial color Doppler technique and findings. (2) To assess the role of contrast agents in the visualization of intracranial vessels. (3) To define the main indications of this technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  The temporal, the orbital and the suboccipital are the main acoustic windows used for transcranial color Doppler studies. We use phased-array transducers (2-2.5 MHz) and, preferrably, the echocontrast agent. We examined 15 patients with severe internal carotid artery stenoses after the infusion of Levovist (Schering AG, Berlin, Germany) suspension (8 ml at 300 mg Galactose/ml, infused at 0.5 ml/s).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levovist infusion permitted to depict the main intracranial vessels in all cases. The middle and the anterior cerebral arteries are shown through the temporal window. The former is the main cerebral artery, it is the easiest to identify and presents the highest peak systolic velocity. The orbital window can be used to visualize the ophthalmic artery and the internal carotid artery siphon, while the vertebral and the basilar arteries are demonstrated through the suboccipital window.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the most important findings and discuss the main indications of transcranial color Doppler studies. In addition to flow presence and direction, the main indices of arterial flow can be measured thanks to contrast agent administration, namely the peak systolic velocity, the end diastolic velocity, the resistance index and the pulsatility index. A morphological assessment of the Willis circle can also be carried out with color and power Doppler. Functional studies can be performed to assess the residual autoregulatory function of the cerebral circle in the patients with internal carotid artery stenosis or occlusion. The development of intracranial collateral circles can also be studied in these patients. Moreover, the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery and the internal carotid artery siphon can be demonstrated directly. Transcranial color Doppler is also a useful tool to detect vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage and to monitor blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery during carotid endarterectomy. The assessment of blood supply to arteriovenous malformations and to intracranial neoplasms is another application.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With reference to internal carotid stenoses, the main applications of transcranial color Doppler are the study of intracranial vessels, of intracranial arterial stenosis, of arteriovenous malformations and of Willis circle aneurysms, as well as the monitoring of blood flow velocity during carotid endarterectomy. Echocontrast agents play an important role in the visualization of intracranial vessels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bazzocchi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quaia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zuiani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moroldo
mesh_terms: D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011134:Polysaccharides; C059891:SHU 508