title: Preoperative epidural ketamine does not have a postoperative opioid sparing effect.
abstract: Ketamine reduces nociception by binding noncompetitively to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, the activation of which provokes hypersensitivity within the central nervous system. We studied the analgesic effect of extradural ketamine given before or after upper abdominal surgery. We sought to assess the effect of ketamine on preemptive analgesia. Ketamine 60 mg was injected epidurally through an indwelling catheter that was inserted at the T7-8 or T8-9 interspace in 98 patients. Patients were randomly allocated into one of the two groups, each consisting of 49 patients: ketamine was given before the induction of anesthesia (Group 1) and after the parietal peritoneum was closed (Group 2). Sample size was calculated using a two-tailed alpha = 0.05 and power of 95%. For postoperative analgesia, meperidine 25 mg was given epidurally whenever a patient complained of pain or the visual analog scale score was greater than 4. The first and the second day cumulative meperidine consumption was not different between the two groups. We conclude that preoperative epidural ketamine 60 mg does not have a preemptive analgesic effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery, a single epidural injection of 60 mg of ketamine administered preoperatively was not associated with decreased postoperative analgesic demands. This findings does not contribute to one of the fundamental scientific objectives of preemptive analgesia that postoperative analgesia well beyond the duration of any single drug effect could be produced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey. irem@mailexcite.com
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kucuk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kizilkaya
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tokdemir
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007649:Ketamine; D008614:Meperidine