title: Regioselective syntheses of sulfated polysaccharides: specific anti-HIV-1 activity of novel chitin sulfates.
abstract: A novel and convenient method for the regioselective syntheses of sulfated analogs of chitin and chitosan is described in relation to studies on structure-biological activity. Fully protected, soluble derivatives of chitosan were found to be useful intermediates for the syntheses of a novel class of sulfated polysaccharides, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-sulfo-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranan (3-sulfate, 3S, 4) and (1-->4)-2-deoxy-2-sulfoamido-3-O-sulfo-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranan (2,3-disulfate, 23-S, 3). These compounds were tested for their activities in (i) inhibiting HIV-1 replication in vitro and (ii) inhibiting blood coagulation. The results reveal that the selective sulfation at O-2 and/or O-3 affords potent antiretroviral agents showing a much higher inhibitory effect on the infection of AIDS virus in vitro than that by the known 6-O-sulfated derivative (6-sulfate, 6S). Moreover, the 23-S product completely inhibited the infection of AIDS virus to T lymphocytes at concentrations as low as 0.28 microgram/mL without significant cytotoxicity. The regioselective introduction of sulfate group(s) at O-2 and/or O-3 had little effect on generating anticoagulant activity, whereas 6-O-sulfated chitin strongly inhibits blood coagulation. These results suggest that the specific interaction of these new types of chitin sulfates with gp 120 of the AIDS virus depends significantly on the sites of sulfation rather than on the total degree of substitution on sugar residues.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tokura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurita
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uryu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D002686:Chitin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D048271:Chitosan; D033364:Decapoda; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000378:metabolism; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013431:Sulfates / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000925:Anticoagulants; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D013431:Sulfates; D002686:Chitin; D048271:Chitosan