title: Antithrombin agents as anticoagulants and antithrombotics. Implications in drug development.
abstract: Synthetic and recombinant thrombin inhibitors have undergone several clinical evaluations for thrombotic and cardiovascular indications. While the initial trials were focused in coronary indications, more recently, these agents are also developed for the prophylaxis and therapeutic management of thromboembolic disorders. Hirudin, PEG-hirudin and argatroban are in advanced clinical development. Recombinant hirudin has been approved in Europe as a substitute anticoagulant for the management of HIT patients. Several additional clinical trials are currently carried out to demonstrate the usefulness of these agents in thrombotic and cardiovascular indications. Despite these developments such issues as dosage optimization, laboratory monitoring, neutralization and drug interactions require additional studies for the optimal development of these drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fareed
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Callas
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hoppensteadt
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Walenga
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000991:Antithrombins; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D013917:Thrombin