title: Improved success in nonoperative management of blunt splenic injuries: embolization of splenic artery pseudoaneurysms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  By using abdominal computed tomographic scans in the evaluation of blunt splenic trauma, we previously identified the presence of vascular blush as a predictor of failure, with a failure of nonoperative management of 13% in that series. This finding led to an alteration in our management scheme, which now includes the aggressive identification and embolization of splenic artery pseudoaneurysms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 524 consecutive patients with blunt splenic injury managed over a 4.5-year period were reviewed for the following information: age, Injury Severity Score (ISS), American Association for the Surgery of Trauma splenic injury grade (SIG), method and outcome of management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients, 66% were male with a mean age of 32 +/- 16, and mean ISS of 25 +/- 13. A total of 180 patients (34%) were managed with urgent operation on admission (81% splenectomy (SIG 4.0), 19% splenorrhaphy (SIG 2.6)). The remaining 344 patients (66%) were hemodynamically stable and underwent computed tomographic scan and planned nonoperative management. Of these patients, 322 patients (94%) were successfully managed nonoperatively (61% of total splenic injuries). In 26 patients (8%), a contrast blush identified on computed tomographic scan was confirmed as a parenchymal pseudoaneurysm on arteriography. Twenty patients (SIG, 2.8) were successfully embolized. In six patients, technical failure precluded embolization; all required splenectomy (SIG, 4.0). A total of 22 patients (6%) failed nonoperative management, including the six with unsuccessful embolization attempts. Sixteen patients (SIG, 3.0) who had no evidence of pseudoaneurysm were explored for a falling hematocrit, hemodynamic instability, or a worsening follow-up computed tomography: 13 patients had splenectomy, and three patients had splenorrhaphy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aggressive surveillance for and embolization of posttraumatic splenic artery pseudoaneurysms improved the rate of successful nonoperative management of blunt splenic trauma to 61%, with a nonoperative failure rate of only 6%. In comparison with our previous work, this reduction in failure of nonoperative management is a significant improvement (p < 0.03).
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Presley Regional Trauma Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis 38163, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Fabian
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Croce
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gavant
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Flick
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Minard
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kudsk
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Pritchard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013154:Spleen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D013157:Splenic Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*