title: Immediate reproducibility of upper limit of vulnerability measurements in patients undergoing transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measurement of the upper limit of vulnerability (ULV) with monophasic T wave shocks has been proposed as a patient-specific measurement of defibrillation efficacy that results in fewer episodes of ventricular fibrillation (VF) than measurement of a defibrillation efficacy curve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We sought to determine the magnitude of variance in ULV in 63 consecutive patients undergoing implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). We measured ULV as the strength at or above which VF is not induced when a stimulus is delivered at 310 msec after an 8-beat ventricular pacing drive at 400 msec. Defibrillation threshold (DFT) was measured in patients with an active can device using a biphasic waveform and the binary search method beginning at 12 J. Sixty-three patients were studied; they had a mean age of 62 +/- 12 years and a mean ejection fraction of 35% +/- 15%. Three quarters of patients had an ischemic cardiomyopathy. Each patient underwent 4.5 +/- 0.8 measurements of ULV. Monophasic ULV correlated poorly with biphasic DFT (R between 0.19 and 0.28, P = 0.04 to 0.17). There was no change in ULV between second to third, third to fourth, and first to last measurement in 22% to 41% of patients. The reliability coefficient was 0.87. A ULV > or = 20 J was found in eight patients. The only predictor of high ULV was a high DFT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monophasic ULVs do not closely predict biphasic active can DFTs using a standard protocol. High DFTs were predicted by high ULVs. There was little variation in the acute measurement of ULV between trials. These findings have important implications for using ULV measurements to determine changes in DFTs after interventions. The methodology of determining ULV is critical to its use for predicting DFTs and programming ICDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298-0053, USA. Kellenbogen@pol.net
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ellenbogen
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gilligan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Crofts
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McClish
mesh_terms: D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004056:Differential Threshold; D004554:Electric Countershock; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results