title: Mechanisms of second and further strokes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanisms underlying recurrent stroke may be complex and multifactorial, but they have not been studied systematically. The aim was to analyse the different patterns and pathophysiological mechanisms of second and further strokes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recurrent stroke patterns and mechanisms were studied in 102 patients admitted with second or further strokes to the stroke centre in Lausanne University Hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients with an initial cardioembolic stroke experienced recurrent stroke of the same type most often, followed by those with initial non-lacunar non-cardioembolic stroke, brain haemorrhage, and lacunar stroke (77%, 65%, 58%, and 48% respectively). Forty two per cent of the recurrent strokes in patients with an initial brain haemorrhage were ischaemic, whereas patients with ischaemic stroke only occasionally suffered brain haemorrhage (5%). In patients with brain haemorrhage, the lobar location predominated in both the first and all episodes (69% and 78% respectively), suggesting a small, occult arteriovenous malformation or cerebral amyloid angiopathy rather than hypertensive small artery disease. The functional disability of patients after an initial lacunar stroke was significantly better than in patients with other stroke subtypes (p<0.001), but the difference became non-significant after recurrent stroke (p=0.26).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the recurrent strokes were of the same type as the first episode for both cardioembolic and non-lacunar non-cardioembolic stroke, however, about half of the patients with an initial brain haemorrhage or a lacunar stroke experienced other types of stroke recurrently. The findings suggest that the coexistence of multiple aetiologies may play a major part in determining the mechanism of stroke recurrence. The study is an important step in understanding the patterns of stroke recurrence, which may be critical for better prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bogousslavsky
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed