title: Determinants of carer stress in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the impact of subgroups and individual symptoms of non-cognitive disturbance on the carers of Alzheimer's disease patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study using clinically valid scales to assess patient symptomatology and self-report questionnaires to measure carer variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Old age psychiatry outreach services in South and Central Manchester.
  
  
  METHODS
  100 patients with Alzheimer's disease living at home and their carers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjective burden and distress in carers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Separate statistical analyses were performed for subgroups and individual symptoms of non-cognitive disturbance. For subgroups, multivariate analyses identified depression and behavioural disturbances in patients as significant predictors of subjective burden in carers. Carer distress was predicted by depression, psychosis and cognitive impairments in patients and carer gender. For individual symptoms of non-cognitive disturbance, three features of depression in patients (mood-related signs, physical signs and behaviour changes), walking disruptions and the patient-carer relationship predicted of subjective burden in carers. Variance in the level of carer distress was accounted for by sleep disruptions, hallucinations and mood-related depressive features in patients and carer gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings confirm that the non-cognitive features of Alzheimer's disease are stressful for carers and indicate specific relationships between mood-related and behavioural signs of depression, walking and sleep disruptions and hallucinations in patients and adverse carer outcomes. Patient depression and the mood-related signs of depression in particular were the most consistent and powerful predictors of psychological morbidity in carers. Intervention strategies need to identify and target troublesome behaviours in patients and aim to either change these behaviours or alter the way carers respond to them. Thus, interventions need to be symptoms-rather than service-led and are likely to require multidisciplinary and multi-agency approaches.
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, School of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Withington Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tarrier
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burns
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006701:Home Nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology