title: Management of pain in elderly patients with cancer. SAGE Study Group. Systematic Assessment of Geriatric Drug Use via Epidemiology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer pain can be relieved with pharmacological agents as indicated by the World Health Organization (WHO). All too frequently pain management is reported to be poor.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the adequacy of pain management in elderly and minority cancer patients admitted to nursing homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1492 Medicare-certified and/or Medicaid-certified nursing homes in 5 states participating in the Health Care Financing Administration's demonstration project, which evaluated the implementation of the Resident Assessment Instrument and its Minimum Data Set.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 13 625 cancer patients aged 65 years and older discharged from the hospital to any of the facilities from 1992 to 1995. Data were from the multilinked Systematic Assessment of Geriatric Drug Use via Epidemiology (SAGE) database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence and predictors of daily pain and of analgesic treatment. Pain assessment was based on patients' report and was completed by a multidisciplinary team of nursing home personnel that observed, over a 7-day period, whether each resident complained or showed evidence of pain daily.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 4003 patients (24%, 29%, and 38% of those aged > or =85 years, 75 to 84 years, and 65 to 74 years, respectively) reported daily pain. Age, gender, race, marital status, physical function, depression, and cognitive status were all independently associated with the presence of pain. Of patients with daily pain, 16% received a WHO level 1 drug, 32% a WHO level 2 drug, and only 26% received morphine. Patients aged 85 years and older were less likely to receive morphine or other strong opiates [corrected] than those aged 65 to 74 years (13% vs 38%, respectively). More than a quarter of patients (26%) in daily pain did not receive any analgesic agent. Patients older than 85 years in daily pain were also more likely to receive no analgesia (odds ratio [OR], 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.73). Other independent predictors of failing to receive any analgesic agent were minority race (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.18-2.26 for African Americans), low cognitive performance (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.05-1.44), and the number of other medications received (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.5-0.84 for 11 or more medications).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily pain is prevalent among nursing home residents with cancer and is often untreated, particularly among older and minority patients.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Medicina Interna e Geriatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bernabei
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gambassi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lapane
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Landi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gatsonis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dunlop
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lipsitz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steel
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000592:standards*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000592:standards*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid