title: Long-term results of triple-drug-based immunosuppression in nonneonatal pediatric heart transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few reports document long-term results of pediatric cardiac transplantation in which triple therapy (cyclosporine, azathioprine, and corticosteroids) was the mainstay of immunosuppression. This report details a single center's pediatric transplant experience and analyzes the relative contributions of selected pre/posttransplant risk factors on long-term morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective data were collected for all non-neonatal pediatric transplant recipients including: presenting diagnosis, cardiac hemodynamics (particularly pulmonary vascular resistance index), donor ischemic time, occurrence of postoperative infections, episodes of allograft rejection, incidence of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease or coronary artery disease (CAD), and overall survival. Analysis of single variables and a Cox-proportional hazards model were utilized to determine the impact of pre/posttransplant risk factors on long-term survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1984 to 1995, 64 patients (mean age, 8.3 years), 46 of whom had cardiomyopathy and 18 who had inoperable complex congenital heart disease, underwent cardiac transplantation and received triple-drug immunosuppression. Orthotopic transplantation was performed unless the pulmonary vascular resistance index remained >6 um2 (despite use of pulmonary vasodilator). One patient required heterotopic transplantation. Average donor ischemic time was 217 min. An average of 1.2 rejection episodes/patient occurred (average follow-up period: 50 months). No patient developed posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, but 22 patients (34%) developed CAD. Overall survival was 80%, 60%, and 57% at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Of outcome variables analyzed, rejection frequency was significantly increased in patients who subsequently developed CAD, but the presence of CAD was not significantly correlated with mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Triple-drug-based immunosuppressive maintenance therapy in pediatric heart transplant recipients results in good long-term graft survival.
authors.affiliation: Lillie Frank Abercrombie Division of Pediatric Cardiology, USDA/ARS - Children's Nutrition Research Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gajarski
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Denfield
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Rosenblatt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: O H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Radovancevic
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Kertesz
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Towbin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007239:Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D001379:Azathioprine; D011241:Prednisone