title: Serial sectioning of sentinel nodes in patients with breast cancer: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent reports indicate that the sentinel node, defined as the first regional lymph node to receive lymphatic fluid from the breast, accurately represents the metastatic status of the primary breast cancer. However, routine single section examination of the regional nodes, including the sentinel node, underestimates the true incidence of metastases. The goal of this study is to determine whether multiple sectioning of sentinel nodes will detect occult metastases in operable breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients with invasive breast cancers were injected with technetium-99m sulfur colloid solution around the tumor or at the biopsy site before lumpectomy and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) or mastectomy. The labeled sentinel lymph nodes (SLND) were bivalved, and a central section was taken for hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) examination. The sentinel nodes of 13 patients, which were reported to be negative for metastases, were serially sectioned at 0.5-mm intervals and stained with H & E and a cytokeratin stain, CAM 5.2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 13 node-negative patients, occult metastases were found in the sentinel nodes of 3 patients (23%). Two were seen on H & E and one by cytokeratin stain. The mean numbers of SLND and ALND in this series were 2.6 and 12.5, respectively, and the average number of sections for the two groups was 14 and 1, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple sectioning of the sentinel node or nodes detects occult metastases and changes the staging of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jannink
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rayudu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dowlatshahi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid