title: Effect of calcium antagonists on sympathetic activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the effects of calcium antagonists on sympathetic activity in hypertensive patients by searching Medline for English language articles published between 1975 and May 1996 using the terms calcium antagonists, sympathetic nervous system and catecholamines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from clinical studies reporting only the effects of calcium antagonists on blood pressure, heart rate and plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels in patients with hypertension were analysed according to class of calcium antagonist (dihydropyridine vs non-dihydropyridine), their duration of action (short-acting (SA) vs long-acting (LA)) and treatment duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 63 studies involving 1252 patients. Acutely after single dosing, SA calcium antagonists decreased mean arterial pressure by 13.7 +/- 1.1% and increased heart rate by 13.7 +/- 1.4% and NE levels by 28.6% +/- 2.5%. Change in NE levels correlated with change in heart rate (r = 0.59, P < 0.01) and inversely with change in arterial pressure (r = 0.46, P < 0.05) in patients taking dihydropyridine calcium antagonists acutely. With sustained therapy, both classes of SA calcium antagonists increased NE levels. Whereas NE levels remained slightly elevated and heart rate unchanged with LA dihydropyridine calcium antagonists, both heart rate and NE levels decreased with LA non-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. SA calcium antagonists stimulate sympathetic activity when given acutely and over the long term, irrespective of their molecular structure. In contrast, sympathetic activation is less pronounced with LA dihydropyridine calcium antagonists and falls with LA non-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings offer a possible pathophysiological explanation for the increase in morbidity and mortablity observed in some studies using SA calcium antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Messerli
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004095:Dihydropyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004095:Dihydropyridines; D009638:Norepinephrine