title: Variation in the 13C-urea breath test value by nationality in Helicobacter pylori-infected children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 13C-urea breath (13C-UBT) test value is (semi-)quantitatively related to Helicobacter pylori density in the gastric antrum, and the value correlates with the grade of gastritis. The aim of this study was to assess variation of the 13C-urea breath test value by sociodemographic factors in H. pylori-positive children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis was performed on 127 asymptomatic children (aged 5-7 years) who were identified as H. pylori-positive with the 13C-UBT test in a large population-based epidemiologic study in the city of Ulm (southern Germany). The parents of the children were asked to fill out a standardized questionnaire about sociodemographic data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two infected children (33.1%) were of German nationality, 47 children (37.0%) were of Turkish and 38 children (29.9%) were of another nationality. Turkish children had a significantly higher 13C-UBT value (geometric mean = 27.2%) than German children (16.7%) or children with another nationality (19.3%) (P < 0.001). Girls had a trend towards higher values than boys (P = 0.058 after adjustment for nationality). Body mass index, education of the parents, and prior use of antibiotics were unrelated to the extent of the 13C-UBT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identified significant variation in the extent of the 13C value by nationality among H. pylori-infected children. Further studies are needed to elucidate the causes and potential consequences of these variations.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rothenbacher
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adler
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D001944:Breath Tests; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014421:Turkey / Q000208:ethnology; D014508:Urea
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D014508:Urea