title: Parenteral vs oral antibiotics in the prevention of serious bacterial infections in children with Streptococcus pneumoniae occult bacteremia: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether parenteral antibiotics are superior to oral antibiotics in preventing serious bacterial infections in children with Streptococcus pneumoniae occult bacteremia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the MEDLINE database, the English language literature was searched for all publications concerning bacteremia, fever, or Streptococcus pneumoniae from 1966 to January 1, 1997. All nonduplicative studies with a series of children with S. pneumoniae occult bacteremia having both orally treated and parenterally treated groups were reviewed. Children were excluded from individual studies if at the time of their initial evaluation they were immunocompromised, had a serious bacterial infection, underwent a lumbar puncture, or did not receive antibiotics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 4 studies met study criteria. From these studies, 511 total cases of S. pneumoniae occult bacteremia were identified. Ten of 290 (3.4%) in the oral group and 5 of 221 (2.3%) in the parenteral antibiotic group developed serious bacterial infections (pooled p-value = 0.467, pooled OR = 1.48; 95% CI, 0.5-4.3). Two patients in the oral group (0.7%) and 2 patients in the parenteral group (0.9%) developed meningitis (pooled p-value = 0.699, pooled OR = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.1-5.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rates of serious bacterial infections and meningitis did not differ between children who were treated with oral and parenteral antibiotics. The extremely low rate of complications observed in both groups suggests no clinically significant difference between therapies. A study with >7,500 bacteremic children (or >300,000 febrile children) would be needed to have 80% power to prove parenteral antibiotics are superior to oral antibiotics in preventing serious bacterial infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Orlando Regional Medical Center, FL 32806, USA.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Rothrock
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: McIlmail
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bachur
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents