title: Controlled-release morphine tablets in patients with chronic cancer pain: a narrative review of controlled clinical trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controlled-release (CR) morphine tablets have become routine therapy in the management of cancer pain. Compared with immediate-release (IR) morphine, this formulation provides the benefit of dosing every 12 hours.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study reviewed the 10 published, well controlled, repeated-dose, comparative studies with CR morphine tablets administered every 12 hours to patients with cancer pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CR morphine tablets were uniformly effective; 98% of patients completed a treatment course of every-12-hours therapy. Although the effective analgesic dose varied considerably from study to study (range, 90-330 mg per day), pain was well controlled with CR morphine tablets as the primary analgesic. Mean pain scores, converted to a common 10-point scale, ranged from 1.1-2.9 across all studies. There was only occasional need for IR morphine rescue medication (range, 2-39 mg per day). The mean discontinuation rate because of side effects or lack of every-12-hours efficacy was 2%. In seven studies that used IR morphine as the comparative agent, CR morphine tablets were found to be equally effective as IR morphine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twice-daily dosing of CR morphine provides convenient, safe, and effective relief of cancer pain.
authors.affiliation: Pain Management Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Warfield
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine