title: Blood flow through the ductus venosus in human fetus: calculation using Doppler velocimetry and computational findings.
abstract: The present study was performed to assess a new method to calculate the blood flow rate through the ductus venosus (DV) in normal human fetuses using available echo-Doppler data. Color Doppler sonographic unit was used to study DV flow in 26 normal fetuses between 20 and 36 wk of gestation. Maximal velocity flow tracings and vessel diameters were obtained at the isthmic and the outlet portion of the DV. Time-averaged velocities in the DV were measured from the recorded tracings. The velocity distribution in the two investigated cross-sectional areas of the DV was evaluated by means of computational model simulations and the velocity shape coefficients h(in) and h(out), (i.e., the ratios between the maximal and mean spatial velocities) were calculated as a function of vessel geometry. These values allowed us to convert maximal Doppler velocities into mean spatial velocities for each fetus. Blood flow rate was evaluated both at the isthmus and at the outlet of the vessel by means of two formulae based on the ultrasonographic measures and the results of the computational model. The value of the DV blood flow rate was calculated as the average between the results provided by the two formulae. The velocity distributions both at the isthmus (h(in) = 0.677 +/- 0.040) and the outlet (h(out) = 0.374 +/- 0.072) of the ductus are skewed toward the inner wall. Ductus geometry, i.e., the isthmic/outlet diameter ratio, affects the shape of the velocity profiles in the vessel, particularly that at the outlet. The coefficients of variation for repeated measurements of the ductal diameters were 9.5 +/- 7.7% and 6.7 +/- 4.9% at the isthmus and the outlet, respectively. The two formulae gave values statistically identical for the time-average blood flow rate (36.3 +/- 22.1 vs. 39.4 +/- 24.0 mL/min; R = 0.946, p = NS). The mean percent difference between the results of the two formulae was 7.1%. Thus, in human fetuses, the use of the two formulae based on both Doppler data and computational model simulations makes it possible to calculate the ductal flow rate. When the difference between the calculations of the two formulae exceeds the 30% of their average value, it is convenient to adopt the flow rate value calculated at the isthmus instead of the average of the two measures. The measurements at the outlet of the ductus were more difficult to obtain, and the spatial velocity profile at the outlet depends more on the DV anatomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy. pennati@cebitec.hsr.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pennati
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellotti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrazzi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bozzo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pardi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fumero
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*