title: Association of cutaneous and oral diseases in HIV-infected men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mucocutaneous diseases are common in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To identify cutaneous diseases for which HIV-infected people are at high risk, we sought those that are strongly associated with specific HIV-related oral lesions and with progression of HIV disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of HIV-positive outpatients referred to a university stomatology clinic for diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases. Each subject underwent both complete oral and cutaneous examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 55 men, with a median age of 41 years and a median CD4 cell count of 125/microliter (range 0-950/microliter), 93% had active oral diseases or conditions, including candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, ulcers, Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and xerostomia, and 95% had skin conditions, including onychomycosis, dermatophytosis, seborrheic dermatitis, KS, folliculitis, xerosis, and molluscum contagiosum. Seborrheic dermatitis, xerosis, skin KS, and molluscum contagiosum were associated with oral HIV-sentinel lesions (oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, and KS), with low CD4 cell counts, and with AIDS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that xerosis and seborrheic dermatitis may be early harbingers of HIV disease progression. Their roles as predictors warrant further study, based on their associations with low CD4 cell counts and AIDS and strong co-prevalence with one of the most common HIV-related oral lesions, oral candidiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Indiana University, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Mirowski
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenspan
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Canchola
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: MacPhail
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Greenspan
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D012628:Dermatitis, Seborrheic / Q000209:etiology; D003881:Dermatomycoses / Q000209:etiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005499:Folliculitis / Q000209:etiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007057:Ichthyosis / Q000209:etiology; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D017733:Leukoplakia, Hairy / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008976:Molluscum Contagiosum / Q000209:etiology; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000209:etiology; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric