title: Current indications for open stone surgery in the treatment of renal and ureteral calculi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development and advances in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and endourological procedures have greatly diminished the need for open surgery in the treatment of renal and ureteral stones. We reviewed our experience with open stone surgery to determine the current indications and efficacy of this treatment modality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital and office charts, operative notes and records, and pertinent radiographic studies of all patients undergoing open stone surgery from January 1991 through December 1995 at 3 university affiliated hospitals were reviewed. Patient characteristics, stone burden, indications, surgical factors and outcomes were reviewed for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 780 procedures performed for stone removal, 42 were open surgical procedures (5.4%) including pyelolithotomy in 15 (extended pyelolithotomy or pyelonephrolithotomy in 7), anatrophic nephrolithotomy in 14, ureterolithotomy in 7 and radial nephrolithotomy in 6. There were 24 men and 18 women ranging in age from 1 to 90 years (mean age 51.5). The most common indications for open surgery were complex stone burden (55%); failure of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or endourological treatment (29%); anatomic abnormalities such as ureteropelvic junction obstruction, infundibular stenosis and/or renal caliceal diverticulum (24%); morbid obesity (10%) and co-morbid medical disease (7%). Mean estimated blood loss was 428 cc. Average hospital stay was 6.4 days. The stone-free rate after surgery was 93%. Five patients had minor postoperative complications that resolved with appropriate therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While most patients with renal and ureteral stones can be treated with less invasive techniques, open stone surgery continues to represent a reasonable alternative for a small segment of the urinary stone population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wainstein
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Spirnak
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Resnick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000379:methods; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000601:surgery*