title: Parenting children with anorectal malformations: implications and experiences.
abstract: Parents play a crucial role in the life of a child suffering from an anorectal malformation (ARM), since their guidance contributes to the degree to which the child learns to cope with his or her disability. We investigated whether they experience stress in parenting such a child and also attempted to identify somatic or behavioral characteristics in the child that influence the stress of parenting. The parents of 109 children (69 males, 40 females; median age 5.9 years, range 1-18 years) with an ARM (58 low, 10 intermediate, 41 high) were studied. The Nijmegen Questionnaire on Child-rearing Situations (NQCS) was used to investigate the existing parenting situation. Behavioral characteristics of the children were studied by means of the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and the Teacher Report Form (TRF). In a semi-structured interview, we investigated how parents experienced the implications of the disability in everyday life with their child. Our study showed that as far as the perception of parenting stress is concerned, parents of children with an ARM do not differ from those with healthy primary-school children. Within the group of parents with ARM-afflicted children, the parents of older, incontinent children experienced relatively more stress, especially when the child concerned was male. With regard to the children's behavior, the parents and teachers under investigation did not report a higher than normal incidence of deviant behavior. However, when individual parents observed difficult behavior in their child, they found it harder to deal with than the incontinence for feces. Regarding the implications of the disorder for their everyday lives, parents were concerned and indicated a need for specific counselling. We conclude that having a child with a somatic affliction, in this case an ARM, does not automatically imply that the parents experience child-rearing problems. However, certain groups of parents are more at risk, i.e., parents with older, incontinent sons and parents with children exhibiting behavioral problems. In addition, our study shows that parents do have difficulties in coping with the implications of the disorder and express a need for support. We feel that patient care can be improved if aid is tailored to these specific problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hassink
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Brugman-Boezeman
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Robbroeckx
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Rieu
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: van Kuyk
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Wels
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Festen
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D000293:Adolescent; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000002:abnormalities*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D011788:Quality of Life; D012007:Rectum / Q000002:abnormalities*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires