title: Postnatal growth and health in children born after cryopreservation as embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is uncertainty about the health of children born from in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) with cryopreserved embryos. We investigated the postnatal growth and health (up to 18 months) of these children compared with those born after standard IVF with fresh embryos and those from spontaneous pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  255 children from cryopreserved embryos were matched by maternal age, parity, single or twin pregnancy, and date of delivery with 255 children born after IVF with fresh embryos, and 252 children from spontaneous pregnancies. The main endpoint was growth; secondary endpoints were the prevalence of chronic illness, major malformations, cumulative incidence of common diseases, and development during the first 18 months. Growth was assessed by comparison with standard Swedish growth charts and by standard deviation scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Growth features were similar for both singletons and twins in the three groups. There were 6 (2.4%) of 255, 9 (3.5%) of 255, and 8 (3.2%) of 252 major malformations in the cryopreserved group, standard IVF, and spontaneous groups, respectively (p=0.6 between the cryopreserved and standard IVF group). The prevalence of chronic diseases did not differ between the three groups, with 18.0%, 15.3%, and 16.7% of children with a chronic illness in the cryopreserved group, standard IVF, and spontaneous groups, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cryopreservation process does not adversely affect the growth and health of children during infancy and early childhood. Minor handicaps, behavioural disturbances, learning difficulties, and dysfunction of attention and perception cannot be ruled out at this age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: U B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Wennerholm
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Albertsson-Wikland
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bergh
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hamberger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niklasson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thiringer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wennergren
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wikland
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Borres
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D002657:Child Development; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D005865:Gestational Age; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010298:Parity; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D014427:Twins