title: In vitro radiosensitization of human cervical carcinoma cells by combined use of 13-cis-retinoic acid and interferon-alpha2a.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Significant antitumor activity has been reported with the combined use of 13-cis-retinoic acid (cRA) and interferon-alpha2a (IFN-alpha) in the treatment of advanced-stage cervical cancers and skin cancers. Since IFN-alpha has been shown to be a modest radiation enhancer for selected malignant tumor cells and the cytotoxic activity is more enhanced by combining cRA and IFN-alpha, we hypothesized that the exposure of selected human carcinoma cells to combined cRA and IFN-alpha would render the cells highly radiosensitive.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two human cervical carcinoma cell lines, ME-180 and HeLa-S3, were chosen for the present study because of the different characteristics of the retinoic acid receptor status of the cell lines. To demonstrate the effects of combined cRA and IFN-alpha treatment on radiation response, we exposed the cells to cRA, IFN-alpha, or a combination of the drugs for 72 h before radiation. Experiments were carried out at minimally cytotoxic concentrations of the drug for radiation studies. End points of the study were cell growth inhibition and clonogenic ability of the single-plated cells. Effects of cRA and IFN-alpha on radiation response were quantitatively analyzed by constructing the radiation cell survival curves of ME-180 and HeLa cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ME-180 cells exhibited varying degrees of cytotoxicity with cRA and IFN-alpha, while HeLa cells showed no toxic effects with the same treatment. Combined treatment of cRA and IFN-alpha produced an additive cytotoxic effect in ME-180 cells. Radiosensitization was minimal when ME-180 cells were treated with either cRA or IFN-alpha before radiation. When ME-180 cells were exposed to 10 microM cRA for 48 h and 1000 U/ml IFN-alpha for 24 h prior to radiation, there was a significant enhancement in radiation-induced cell killing; the dose modification factor was 2.1 +/- 0.9 at the 1% cell-survival level. On the other hand, HeLa-S3 cells exhibited no increased cytotoxicity or radiation enhancement under the same experimental conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data provide a radiobiological basis for using cRA and IFN-alpha as a combination radiosensitizer in selected human carcinoma cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse 13210, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: O B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S Q
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D005260:Female; D006367:HeLa Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015474:Isotretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015474:Isotretinoin