title: Congenital malformations presenting during the neonatal period.
abstract: Discharge of the newborn within 24 to 48 hours after birth makes it more difficult to detect some congenital malformations and increases the need for careful examination and review of the history of the pregnancy, delivery, and nursery course. Progressive physiologic changes after birth, especially in the cardiovascular system, precede the development of signs indicative of disease for certain congenital malformations. Discharge before these changes occur may delay their detection because the newborn is not being monitored by medical or nursing caregivers. The AAP Committee on the Fetus and Newborn has published guidelines for criteria for safe discharge and follow-up evaluation to help create a safe situation for such early discharges. Some specific observations at birth may lead to earlier diagnosis. Careful attention to subtle differences between the initial and follow-up examination, such as a changing cardiac murmur or quality of pulses or abdominal fullness, may provide clues to the diagnosis of congenital malformations. Coordinated suck and swallow with successful feeding and passage of stool and urine within 24 hours after birth should occur before discharge. Reports of feeding difficulties should be reviewed. Although a thorough examination is facilitated by a sleeping infant, documentation of a normal pitched cry helps in the evaluation of the upper airway. Parents should be counseled about signs of illness that warrant medical attention, and early follow-up is needed to detect problems early enough to intervene effectively. In addition, although passage of a feeding tube through each nare and to the stomach with aspiration and measurement of gastric volume is not a routine procedure in the well, term newborn, this may be a useful early diagnostic tool in infants with signs or a maternal or nursery history suggestive of nasal or GI obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kessel
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D018376:Cardiovascular Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004065:Digestive System Abnormalities; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D010351:Patient Discharge; D015619:Respiratory System Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis