title: Excess mortality in working age males in Poland: general patterns.
abstract: Since the second World War, excess mortality of males has been steadily growing in Poland. The aim of this paper was to analyze the basic relationships between excess male mortality and some social and economic factors, with special reference to both age and place of residence. Data published in Demographic Yearbooks and included in reports produced by the Government Population Council were used in the analysis. The excess male mortality is expressed in terms of male/female mortality ratio, and also in terms of the difference between the average female and male life expectancy. In the early 1990s the general male mortality rate in Poland was by 23% higher than the general female mortality rate, whereas in males at younger working age (20-44 years) mortality was three times higher, and in the older age (45-64 years) groups 2.7 times higher than the female mortality. Compared with the majority of European countries, Poland is characterised by high rates of excess male mortality, which points to a deteriorated health status of the population. At present, excess mortality of the working age males is much higher than in the 1960s and 1970s. Our analysis of the 1960-1994 trends revealed that the highest excess male mortality occurs in the 20-24 age group. Although recently a falling trend has been observed in the infant, juvenile and post working age groups, a continuous increase is noted in the working age population of Poland. Causes of death were also included in our analysis. Among circulatory diseases, the highest excess mortality was due to acute myocardial infarction (the risk of death from this disease was 8 times higher for males than for females). Accidents, injuries and poisoning constitute another leading group of causes responsible for excess mortality (6/1 male/female death risk ratio). The excess male mortality rates are higher in the rural than in the urban areas. The excess male mortality was also reflected in the indices of average life expectancy. In 1995, the average life expectancy was 67.6 years for males and 76.4 years for females. Thus, in Poland males live 8.6 years shorter than females on average. Increased excess mortality among the working age males, a considerable difference between male and female average life expectancy, disturbed demographic male/female balance, these are at least some of the reasons why further in depth studies of excess male mortality in Poland should continue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lódź, Poland.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Indulski
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Worach-Kardas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andryszek
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dziankowska-Stachowiak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors