title: Ethanol ingestion prolongs orthostatic intolerance in hyperthermic humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both ethanol ingestion and hyperthermia contribute to orthostatic intolerance (OI).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Since ethanol has been cited as a major risk factor for hyperthermia-related deaths, we hypothesized that ethanol exacerbates OI induced by hyperthermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were seven subjects (four males, three females) rendered hyperthermic (esophageal temperature = 39 degrees C) in a 40 degrees C water bath on two separate days: Condition 1) Control (juice ingestion); and Condition 2) Ethanol [ethanol (1 ml x kg(-1) body mass) and juice ingestion]. To test for OI, 5-min supine periods were followed by 5-min 63 degrees head-up tilts prior to and following immersion. BPs, heart rate and esophageal temperatures were monitored throughout the experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For first and second post-immersion tilts, mean arterial BP (MAP) during tilting increased by 5.9 +/- 3.6 (SE) and 9.8 +/- 2.6 mm Hg in the control condition, while it decreased by 7.9 +/- 5.8 and 0.6 +/- 4.3 mm Hg in the ethanol condition. This gave significantly lower MAP (ethanol vs. control) of 63.6 +/- 3.1 vs. 71.8 +/- 4.5 mm Hg (p < 0.05) for the first and 79.6 +/- 2.3 vs. 86.7 +/- 4.4 mm Hg (p < 0.05) for the second post-immersion tilts. These values were all significantly less (p < 0.05) than normothermic tilted values of 94.7 +/- 4.7 mm Hg in the ethanol and 93.6 +/- 2.9 mm Hg in the control condition. Prior to warm water immersion, subjects tolerated all head-up tilts. In the control condition, only one subject experienced orthostatic intolerance following the first post-heating tilt and no intolerance was experienced following 30 min post-heating. However, during the ethanol condition, 4 subjects experienced orthostatic intolerance following the first tilt with episodes of intolerance lasting as long as 80 min (8 supine/tilt cycles).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethanol ingestion prolonged and increased the magnitude of OI in hyperthermic subjects. This may at least partly explain why ethanol is a major risk factor in hyperthermia-related deaths.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Bristow
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Giesbrecht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D001794:Blood Pressure; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol