Diffusion and reaction of nitric oxide in suspension cell cultures.
A reaction-diffusion model was developed to predict the fate of nitric oxide (NO) released by cells of the immune system. The model was used to analyze data obtained previously using macrophages attached to microcarrier beads suspended in a stirred vessel. Activated macrophages synthesize NO, which is oxidized in the culture medium by molecular oxygen and superoxide (O2-, also released by the cells), yielding mainly nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) as the respective end products. In the analysis the reactor was divided into a "stagnant film" with position-dependent concentrations adjacent to a representative carrier bead and a well-mixed bulk solution. It was found that the concentration of NO was relatively uniform in the film. In contrast, essentially all of the O2- was calculated to be consumed within approximately 2 microm of the cell surfaces, due to its reaction with NO to yield peroxynitrite. The decomposition of peroxynitrite caused its concentration to fall to nearly zero over a distance of approximately 30 microm from the cells. Although the film regions (which had an effective thickness of 63 microm) comprised just 2% of the reactor volume and were predicted to account for only 6% of the NO2- formation under control conditions, they were calculated to be responsible for 99% of the NO3- formation. Superoxide dismutase in the medium (at 3.2 microM) was predicted to lower the ratio of NO3- to NO2- formation rates from near unity to <0.5, in reasonable agreement with the data. The NO3-/NO2- ratio was predicted to vary exponentially with the ratio of O2- to NO release rates from the cells. Recently reported reactions involving CO2 and bicarbonate were found to have important effects on the concentrations of peroxynitrite and nitrous anhydride, two of the compounds that have been implicated in NO cytotoxicity and mutagenesis.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA.
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D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000502:physiology; D003470:Culture Media; D004058:Diffusion; D007700:Kinetics; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009153:Mutagens / Q000494:pharmacology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
D003470:Culture Media; D009153:Mutagens; D009566:Nitrates; D009602:Nitrosamines; D013481:Superoxides; C039642:peroxynitric acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C002741:N-nitrosomorpholine