Brain injury as a result of violence: preliminary findings from the traumatic brain injury model systems.
OBJECTIVE
To identify possible risk factors that may predispose individuals to violent traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to determine the effect of etiology of injury on outcomes.


METHODS
Prospective, longitudinal multicenter study.


METHODS
TBI Model Systems (TBIMS) located at Wayne State University/Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Detroit, MI; The Institute for Rehabilitation and Research, Houston, TX; Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA; and Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA.


METHODS
Individuals treated in the four TBIMS programs between 3/89 and 9/96 who met the criteria for inclusion in the TBIMS National Database and for whom the etiology was known (n=812).


METHODS
Functional Independence Measure, Alcohol Quantity Frequency Variability Index, Community Integration Questionnaire.


RESULTS
Individuals who incur violence-related TBI tend to be male, nonwhite, unmarried, living alone, less educated, and unemployed at time of injury. They tend to have less severe brain injuries and better motor function at the time of admission to inpatient rehabilitation. At 1 year postinjury, they score lower on community integration measures; however, no difference exists in functional status. Etiology of injury was found to only play a minor role in the prediction of social and productive integration at 1 year postinjury.


CONCLUSIONS
Survivors of violent and nonviolent TBI have similar functional outcomes; however, they differ in preinjury and postinjury socio-economic characteristics, injury severity, and postinjury community integration. Socio-economic factors appear to play a large role in the risk for violent injury and in community integration following injury.
Wayne State University/Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Detroit 48201, USA.
C
C
Harrison-Felix
R
R
Zafonte
N
N
Mann
M
M
Dijkers
J
J
Englander
J
J
Kreutzer
D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data