Side effects of morphine administration in cancer patients.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, oral morphine is the first choice drug for treating moderate to severe cancer-related pain. The fear of the side effects caused by this drug and the scarce information about prevention and management of these effects are the main reasons for the underuse of morphine. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the literature on the side effects most frequently present both in the titration phase and during chronic administration of oral morphine and to describe the appropriate treatment.
Vanegas
G
G
Pain Therapy and Palliative Care Division, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy.
Ripamonti
C
C
Sbanotto
A
A
De Conno
F
F
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine