Neonatal vitamin A supplementation: effect on development and growth at 3 y of age.
We reported recently that neonatal supplementation with 52 micromol vitamin A reduced infant mortality by 64%; acute side effects were limited to a 3% excess rate of a bulging fontanelle. The current study was conducted to identify developmental changes at 3 y of age associated with neonatal vitamin A supplementation or a bulging fontanelle. Children who had a bulging fontanelle (n = 91) and 432 children who had normal fontanelles after receiving vitamin A or placebo were evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Mean scores for the mental, psychomotor, and behavioral rating scale (BRS) plus 3 subscales of the BRS were not significantly different for treatment-fontanelle-specific groups. In regression models predicting each score, a bulging fontanelle had a small negative effect in all models; when 1 child who was injured from birth was removed from the analysis the effect of a bulging fontanelle was not significant in any model (P > or = 0.35). Vitamin A supplementation had a small beneficial effect on all developmental scores, which was significant for one of the BRS subscales (orientation-engagement) and also for a second (motor quality) when the outlier child was removed. Compared with children with normal fontanelles in the placebo group, children with a bulging fontanelle in the vitamin A group tended to grow less (-0.5 cm, P = 0.33), whereas those with normal fontanelles in the vitamin A group grew significantly more (0.68 cm, P < 0.05), over the first 3 y of life. This study provides no evidence that neonatal vitamin A supplementation is associated with biologically significant adverse growth or developmental sequelae.
Center for Human Nutrition, The Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. humphrey@zvitambo.icon.co.zw
J H
JH
Humphrey
T
T
Agoestina
A
A
Juliana
S
S
Septiana
H
H
Widjaja
M C
MC
Cerreto
L S
LS
Wu
R N
RN
Ichord
J
J
Katz
K P
KP
West
D001827:Body Height; D002657:Child Development; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010919:Placebos; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D010919:Placebos; D014801:Vitamin A