Sclerosing peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients: one center's experience and review of the literature.
Sclerosing peritonitis (SP) is a severe life-threatening condition for patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). This report reviews our experience and that reported in the literature concerning the prevalence of SP in CAPD patients, predisposing factors, and in particular, the role of peritonitis, its clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. A total of 1,288 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients entered our peritoneal dialysis (PD) program between September 1977 and September 1997, seven of whom (0.54%) developed SP. The annual incidence of SP was 0.37 per 1,000 patient years, male-to-female ratio was 2.5 (M/F:5/2), mean age was 39+/-16 (median, 37; range, 23 to 61) years, and the median duration on CAPD was 62 (range, 12 to 144) months. Five patients were on CAPD for > or =4 years and two for less than 4 years before they were diagnosed with SP. All SP patients presented with clinical symptoms suggestive of intestinal obstruction, and five patients had decreased solute or fluid removal and had to increase the daily dialysate volume (3/7) or the tonicity of the fluid (4.25%) (3/7) or to combine a regular hemodialysis (HD) session with CAPD (2/7). There was a mean weight loss of 5+/-6 (median, 2; range, 0 to 18) kg. All patients had an episode of peritonitis at a mean time of 2+/-1 (median, 1; range, 1 to 3) months before the diagnosis of SP. The peritonitis was due to Staphylococcus aureus in four and Staphylococcus epidermidis, fungi, and Escherichia coli in one each. The definitive diagnosis of SP was established by laparotomy in four patients or postmortem examination in one patient, while in the remaining two there was no surgical confirmation; however, we believe the diagnosis was extremely likely because of the presence of clinical and radiologic criteria for SP. After the diagnosis of SP, all patients had their catheters removed, CAPD was discontinued permanently, and they were transferred to HD. Although there are isolated case reports of successful outcomes after surgical intervention, especially in patients in whom a peritoneal "cocoon" is related to severe peritonitis, usually the prognosis following surgery is poor. Treatment with immunosuppressive agents has been reported to be beneficial in the treatment of SP, although this has not been confirmed by all investigators. Among our SP patients, five (72%) died of sepsis (3/5) in a mean period of 10+/-5 (median, 9; range, 6 to 17) months after the diagnosis of SP and two are still alive on HD. SP is a rare but serious complication of CAPD. Severe peritonitis, especially in patients on dialysis for more than 4 years, may lead to SP As the prevalence of SP increases in patients on long-term CAPD, early detection is important because of the high morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.
Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
I E
IE
Afthentopoulos
P
P
Passadakis
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DG
Oreopoulos
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J
Bargman
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000473:pathology*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012598:Sclerosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions