Thrombin inhibitor design.
Recently, iv formulated direct thrombin inhibitors have been shown to be safe and efficacious alternatives to heparin. These results have fueled the hopes for an orally active compound. Such a compound could be a significant advance over warfarin if it had predictable pharmacokinetics and a duration of action sufficient for once or twice a day dosing. In order to develop an orally active compound which meets these criteria, the deficiencies of the prototype inhibitor efegatran have had to be addressed. First, using a combination of structure based design and empirical structure optimization, more selective compounds have been identified by modifying the P1 group or by incorporating different peptidomimetic P2/P3 scaffolds. Secondly, this optimization has resulted in the development of potent and selective non-covalent inhibitors, thus bypassing the liabilities of the serine trap. Thirdly, oral bioavailability has been achieved while maintaining selectivity and efficacy through the incorporation of progressively less basic P1 groups. The duration of action of these compounds remains to be optimized. Other advances in thrombin inhibitor design have included the development of uncharged P1 groups and the discovery of two non-peptide templates.
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Sanderson
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Naylor-Olsen
D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D001665:Binding Sites; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010875:Pipecolic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry
D000925:Anticoagulants; D000991:Antithrombins; D004151:Dipeptides; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010875:Pipecolic Acids; D010880:Piperidines; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; C038708:N(alpha)-(2-naphthylsulfonylglycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine piperidide; D001120:Arginine; D013917:Thrombin; C031942:argatroban; C064289:efegatran