Healthcare organizational change: implications for access to care and its measurement.
OBJECTIVE
To summarize evidence from peer-reviewed literature on access to care for vulnerable HMO enrollee populations; to discuss the potential effect of recent HMO and physician organization changes on access to care and its measurement.


METHODS
Review and summary of peer-reviewed literature for two HMO populations: those with chronic conditions and diseases, and those subject to discrimination due to income, color, or ethnic background. I also reviewed and summarized literature on three major changes in capitated organizations (HMOs and capitated physician organizations) that could affect access to care for vulnerable populations, and summarized findings from healthcare manager interviews conducted for several recent research projects on health system change.


RESULTS
Although mixed, there are enough negative results to raise some concerns about access to care for HMO enrollees with chronic conditions and diseases. Several emerging organizational changes have the potential to change access to care for the vulnerable HMO enrollees. The shift in cost-cutting from fragmented clinical management of specific services at a point in time toward more integrated clinical management of all services for specific types of patients across time may improve access to care, as may increased efforts to attract and retain HMO enrollees. The increased importance of capitated provider organizations within the health system may restrict access in some ways, and expand access in others.


CONCLUSIONS
Organizational changes can affect both access to care and its measurement. More research is needed on the effects of these changes on access to care and quality of care. For researchers examining access to care for vulnerable HMO enrollee populations, these changes create challenges to determine the most appropriate measures of access to care, and the most appropriate organizations and organizational characteristics to measure. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE, MANAGEMENT, AND/OR POLICY: Changes in market competition are leading to organizational changes that affect access to care for vulnerable HMO enrollee populations. Public and/or private policies that improve measurement and reporting can affect market competition and improve access to care.
Institute for Health Policy Studies, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco 94109, USA.
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D002204:Capitation Fee; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006291:Health Policy; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000639:trends*; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D014481:United States