A method for the electromyographic mapping of the detrusor smooth muscle.
Various methods for detrusor EMG in the living mammal have been described in the literature. These methods do insufficiently take into account signal components that are caused by movement between the electrodes and the bladder wall. Reliable detrusor EMG has not been achieved yet. This study investigates the feasibility of a new experimental set-up, in which the electrical activity of the detrusor smooth muscle can be examined. In six rabbits, after cervical dislocation, laparotomy and after excision of the heart, electrical signals of the detrusor muscle are measured with 240 electrodes. The electrodes are positioned on the serosal surface of the filled and isovolumetric bladder. During the recordings, no bladder contractions are deliberately evoked by any stimulus. Consistent results in all six animals show a repetitive spike pattern on multiple electrodes with a repetition frequency of 1.2 Hz. Spikes are triphasic and have a mean duration of 0.47 s (STD = 0.15 s, n = 40) and a mean amplitude of 0.29 mV (STD = 0.07 mV, n = 40). On adjacent electrodes a time shift between the spikes is found, suggesting the propagation of electrical activity across the detrusor surface. The maximum conduction velocity of an arbitrary spike front in the direction of propagation is approximately 30 mm/s. In two animals slow waves are found on the edge of the highpass filter setting. Extensive control experiments are executed to validate the set-up and to interpret the data obtained by the animal experiments. The bladder is still able to contract thirty minutes post mortem. The heart, as a distant signal source, generates a signal that is present on all electrodes and shows no detectable time shift from one electrode to any other. Motion imposed on the electrodes relative to the bladder wall does not reproduce the slow waves and spikes found in the animal experiments. The control experiments support that the results of the animal experiments show electrical activity originating from the detrusor muscle itself. With the experimental set-up described in this paper, nearly artefact free detrusor EMG can be recorded. An electromyographic map of a considerable detrusor smooth muscle area can be obtained.
Department of Urology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. Matti.Kinder@suro.azm.nl
M V
MV
Kinder
E D
ED
Gommer
R A
RA
Janknegt
E S
ES
van Waalwijk van Doorn
D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology; D011817:Rabbits; D014521:Urethra / Q000502:physiology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*; D014563:Urodynamics