Delayed repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia with early high-frequency oscillatory ventilation during preoperative stabilization.
OBJECTIVE
The authors reviewed their experience in the management of CDH after the introduction of early high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) during the preoperative stabilization period and delayed CDH repair.


METHODS
This is a retrospective analysis of 24 consecutive infants with CDH treated at University of California, Irvine Medical Center (UCIMC) during a 36-month period from January 1993 to December 1996.


RESULTS
Two patients were excluded from the study: one fetus with a prenatal diagnosis was referred for fetal surgery; one infant received CDH repair at another institution 2 weeks before transfer to UCIMC. Eight (36%) infants were inborn, and nine (41%) had a prenatal diagnosis of CDH. Median gestational age was 40 weeks (range, 29 to 42 weeks). Median birth weight was 3,019 g (range, 1,205 to 4,337 g). The defect was left sided in 18 infants (86%). Twenty-one infants were intubated within 5 hours of life, 15 had an AaDO2 greater than 610, 11 had an oxygenation index greater than 40, and 11 had a pH of less than 7.2. The median ratio of pulmonary artery pressure to systemic blood pressure was 0.93 (range, 0.51 to 1.15) in 12 infants. Eighteen infants were placed on HFOV within a median of 1 hour of life. Nitric oxide was given to six infants and surfactant to eight. Four infants were referred for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Repair of CDH was performed on infants at a median age of 33.5 hours (range, 5.5 to 322). Six (30%) received a prosthetic patch. Overall 18 of 22 infants survived (81%); three survivors received ECMO. Two infants of the survivor group had congenital heart anomalies: one ventricular septal defect (VSD) and one double-outlet right ventricle with a VSD. Of the four nonsurvivors, one had lethal cardiac anomalies and bilateral CDH, two had severe bilateral pulmonary hypoplasia (one received ECMO), and one infant was a 29-week premature baby who did not qualify for ECMO.


CONCLUSIONS
We report a survival rate of 81% (18 of 22) with the management of CDH by delayed surgical repair, early postnatal HFOV, and selective referral for ECMO.
Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange 92868, USA.
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C
Reyes
L K
LK
Chang
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Waffarn
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Mir
M J
MJ
Warden
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J
Sills
D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D005260:Female; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006611:High-Frequency Jet Ventilation; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010547:Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors