Thermic effects in the "vestibule" during laser stapedotomy with pulsed laser systems.
OBJECTIVE
Apart from the ablation properties at the stapes footplate, the degree of thermic loading in the inner ear is important in determining the suitability of pulsed lasers for stapedotomy. The aim of the study is to compare the thermic effects in the vestibule with different pulsed laser systems.


METHODS
Temperature increases and heat exchange processes in the fluid (physiological saline) were examined in a calorically and physiologically approximated cochlea model for applying the laser parameters effective in creating footplate perforations.


RESULTS
With all systems, increases in the energy density, number of pulses, and thus resultant total energy lead to higher temperatures. In the effective energy density range, the highest temperature increases achieved with the requisite number of pulses at a distance of 2 mm behind the perforation are 26 degrees C with the Ho:YAG laser. The lowest temperature maxima are 5.5 degrees C with the Er:YAG and <5 degrees C with the Er:YSGG laser. The excimer laser, investigated at only one energy density, showed maximal temperatures of 10 degrees C.


CONCLUSIONS
The Er:YSGG and Er:YAG laser can be applied in laser stapedotomy in a relatively broad energy density range without a risk of inner ear damage by thermic loading. On the other hand, the Ho:YAG laser is not recommended for stapedotomy because of the higher energy density and pulse rate required for sufficient perforation and the resultant higher temperature increases in the perilymph. Though likewise achieving perforations with only slight temperature increases in the fluid of the cochlea model, the excimer laser does not seem appropriate for stapedotomy because of the long period of heat exposure (ca. 60 s) due to the lower ablation rate at the stapes necessitating a longer application time.
Jovanovic
S
S
ENT Department, Benjamin Franklin Medical Center, Free University of Berlin, Germany. schoenf@zedat.fuberlin.de
Schönfeld
U
U
Fischer
R
R
Döring
M
M
Prapavat
V
V
Müller
G
G
Scherer
H
H
D003051:Cochlea / Q000502:physiology; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000145:classification; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013201:Stapes Surgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000293:injuries*