The molecular basis of Rieger syndrome. Analysis of Pitx2 homeodomain protein activities.
Rieger syndrome is an autosomal-dominant developmental disorder that includes glaucoma and mild craniofacial dysmorphism in humans. Mutations in the Pitx2 homeobox gene have been linked to Rieger syndrome. We have characterized wild type and mutant Pitx2 activities using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, protein binding, and transient transfection assays. Pitx2 preferentially binds the bicoid homeodomain binding site and transactivates reporter genes containing this site. The combination of Pitx2 and another homeodomain protein, Pit-1, yielded a synergistic 55-fold activation of the prolactin promoter in transfection assays. Addition of Pit-1 increased Pitx2 binding to the bicoid element in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Furthermore, we demonstrate specific binding of Pit-1 to Pitx2 in vitro. Thus, wild type Pitx2 DNA binding activity is modulated by protein-protein interactions. We next studied two Rieger mutants. A threonine to proline mutation (T68P) in the second helix of the homeodomain retained DNA binding activity with the same apparent KD and only about a 2-fold reduction in the Bmax. However, this mutant did not transactivate reporter genes containing the bicoid site. The mutant Pitx2 protein binds Pit-1, but there was no detectable synergism on the prolactin promoter. A second mutation (L54Q) in a highly conserved residue in helix 1 of the homeodomain yielded an unstable protein. Our results provide insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the developmental defects in Rieger syndrome.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. brad-amendt@uiowa.edu
B A
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Amendt
L B
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Sutherland
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Semina
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D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000502:physiology; D019556:COS Cells; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000235:genetics; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D050817:Transcription Factor Pit-1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000502:physiology; D000097577:Homeobox Protein PITX2
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D050817:Transcription Factor Pit-1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000097577:Homeobox Protein PITX2; C494187:POU1F1 protein, human; C101485:homeobox protein PITX1; C433629:homeobox protein PITX3