Neuroimaging, physical, and developmental findings after inflicted and noninflicted traumatic brain injury in young children.
OBJECTIVE
To characterize neuroimaging, physical, neurobehavioral, and developmental findings in children with inflicted and noninflicted traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to identify characteristic features of inflicted TBI.


METHODS
Forty children, 0 to 6 years of age, hospitalized for TBI who had no documented history of previous brain injury were enrolled in a prospective longitudinal study. TBI was categorized as either inflicted (n = 20) or noninflicted (n = 20) based on the assessment of hospital and county protective services. Glasgow Coma Scale scores and neonatal history were comparable in both groups.


METHODS
Acute computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging studies and physical findings were evaluated. Glasgow Outcome Scale scores, cognitive development, and motor functioning were assessed an average of 1.3 months after TBI. chi2 analyses assessed differences in the distribution of findings in the inflicted and noninflicted TBI groups.


RESULTS
Signs of preexisting brain injury, including cerebral atrophy, subdural hygroma, and ex vacuo ventriculomegaly, were present in 45% of children with inflicted TBI and in none of the children with noninflicted TBI. Subdural hematomas and seizures occurred significantly more often in children with inflicted TBI. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage, edema, skull fractures, and cephalohematomas were similar in both groups. Retinal hemorrhage was only identified in the inflicted TBI group. Glasgow Outcome Scale scores indicated a significantly less favorable outcome after inflicted than noninflicted TBI. Mental deficiency was present in 45% of the inflicted and 5% of the noninflicted TBI groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Characteristic features of inflicted TBI included acute computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging findings of preexisting brain injury, extraaxial hemorrhages, seizures, retinal hemorrhages, and significantly impaired cognitive function without prolonged impairment of consciousness.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Houston Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
L
L
Ewing-Cobbs
L
L
Kramer
M
M
Prasad
D N
DN
Canales
P T
PT
Louis
J M
JM
Fletcher
H
H
Vollero
S H
SH
Landry
K
K
Cheung
D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D002669:Child Welfare / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed