Aortic cusp prolapse in ventricular septal defect and its association with aortic regurgitation--appropriate timing of surgical repair and outcomes.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the appropriate indications and timing for surgery in children with either a perimembranous or a subarterial type of ventricular septal defect (VSD) associated with aortic cusp prolapse.


METHODS
Retrospective review of children with VSD and associated aortic cusp prolapse with or without aortic regurgitation. This review was based on data obtained from clinical findings, two-dimensional echocardiography, cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography.


METHODS
Tertiary health care facility with two-dimensional and colour Doppler echocardiographic and cardiac surgery facilities, and a catheterization laboratory.


METHODS
Forty-eight patients were found to have perimembranous or subarterial VSDs in association with aortic cusp prolapse with or without aortic regurgitation.


METHODS
All 48 patients had high resolution two-dimensional and colour Doppler echocardiography. Of the 19 patients who underwent surgical closure of their VSD, five also had an aortic valvuloplasty and one had an aortic valve replacement. Cardiac catheterization was performed in 16 of the 19 surgical patients and 12 of the 29 nonsurgical patients.


RESULTS
Annual clinical and echocardiographic assessments in the nonsurgical group did not demonstrate increasing aortic insufficiency. Two children in the nonsurgical group showed spontaneous resolution of aortic insufficiency. In the surgical group, four children with VSD and clinical aortic insufficiency had surgery at less than five years of age; two were found to be regurgitant-free, one had trivial clinical aortic insufficiency and the other had echocardiography-only insufficiency. Of the seven surgical patients older than five years with VSD and clinical aortic insufficiency, four were found to be regurgitant-free, one had echocardiography-only regurgitation and two were unchanged. Two children undergoing surgery with VSD and no aortic insufficiency had postoperative echocardiography-only regurgitation, presumably related to cusp deformity from presurgical prolapse. Children with large VSDs with or without aortic cusp prolapse required surgery for indications of shunt size and pulmonary resistance.


CONCLUSIONS
For children with small perimembranous VSDs and cusp prolapse, surgery is indicated only if there is clinical evidence of aortic regurgitation and progressive left ventricular enlargement.
Bütter
A
A
Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa School of Medicine, Ontario.
Duncan
W
W
Weatherdon
D
D
Hosking
M
M
Cornel
G
G
D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D001023:Aortic Valve Prolapse / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors