A comparison of the effect of free access to reduced fat products or their full fat equivalents on food intake, body weight, blood lipids and fat-soluble antioxidants levels and haemostasis variables.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the effects of free access to reduced fat products or their full fat equivalents on fat and energy intake, body weight, plasma lipids and fat-soluble antioxidants concentrations and haemostasis variables.


METHODS
A multicentre open randomised controlled trial in which intervention and control groups were followed in parallel for six months. Volunteers had free access to 44 different foods either in reduced fat or full fat version, covering between 30 and 40% of energy intake. The remainder of energy intake was covered by foods bought in regular shops.


METHODS
Zeist, Wageningen and Maastricht, The Netherlands.


METHODS
Two hundred and forty-one non-obese healthy volunteers who had no intention to lose weight.


METHODS
Food intake, body weight, plasma lipid, vitamin E, beta-carotene, lycopene and fibrinogen concentrations, plasma factor VII clotting activity, and plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-I antigen level.


RESULTS
One hundred and three volunteers in the full fat group and 117 volunteers in the reduced fat group completed the study. Energy and fat intake from the free access products was lower in the reduced fat group, but no difference in energy and fat intake of other products occurred. Body weight, energy-, fat- and vitamin E intake and percentage of energy derived from fat decreased in the reduced fat group. No other statistical significant intervention effects were observed. Blood lipid concentrations, factor VII activity and plasminogen-inhibitor-activator-1 level were reduced after consumption of reduced fat products.


CONCLUSIONS
When subjects without intention to lose weight limit fat intake by switching from ad libitum consumption of full fat products to reduced fat products body weight gain is prevented, and fat and energy intake are reduced. Such a switch may have beneficial effects on biochemical cardiovascular risk factors. We concluded that reduced fat products will help in a population strategy aimed at preventing overweight and obesity, they will also be effective in maintaining a lower body weight after slimming. Ad libitum consumption of reduced fat products will be ineffective for those individuals that want to reduce body weight because they are currently overweight or obese.
Weststrate
J A
JA
Unilever Nutrition Centre, Unilever Research Laboratorium, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
van het Hof
K H
KH
van den Berg
H
H
Velthuis-te-Wierik
E J
EJ
de Graaf
C
C
Zimmermanns
N J
NJ
Westerterp
K R
KR
Westerterp-Plantenga
M S
MS
Verboeket-van de Venne
W P
WP
D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001835:Body Weight; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005167:Factor VII / Q000378:metabolism; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D005502:Food; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D000077276:Lycopene; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D012995:Solubility; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000097:blood
D000975:Antioxidants; D004041:Dietary Fats; D008055:Lipids; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D005167:Factor VII; D005340:Fibrinogen; D000077276:Lycopene