[Venography of postoperative recurrence of symptomatic varicocele in males].
BACKGROUND
We report the results of our experience with venography in patients with postoperative recurrent varicocele. The study was carried out to detect the causes of this condition.


METHODS
Forty-four patients with postoperative recurrent varicocele, examined in our department from June, 1993, to June, 1996, were submitted to selective spermatic venography after clinical examination and color Doppler sonography. Thirty-six patients had been treated with high surgical ligation of the spermatic vein and 8 with inguinal ligation. Thirty-two patients were treated percutaneously, after diagnostic angiography, with coils and/or sclerotizing agents.


RESULTS
In our study, the persistence of patent collateral veins, missed at surgical ligation, was the main cause of recurrence (68%): this was due either to a double or triple spermatic vein, mostly in the pelvic tract (50%), venous bridges crossing the surgical ligation (11%), or to retroperitoneal anastomoses (7%). A smaller group of patients showed ineffective ligation of the vein (27%); in the remaining 5% of cases incompetence of the extrafunicular plexus was detected.


CONCLUSIONS
Our experience, supported by a literature review, demonstrates that the anatomic variants, not detected preoperatively because phlebography had not been performed, were the most frequent causes of recurrence. Spermatic venography is the most accurate imaging modality for vascular mapping in postoperative recurrences; it often allows to treat the patients simultaneously by a percutaneous approach.
Belli
L
L
Cattedra di Radiologia, Università di Pavia, Varese VA.
Arrondello
C
C
Antronaco
R
R
Curzio
D
D
Morosi
E
E
Fugazzola
C
C
D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010690:Phlebography; D012008:Recurrence; D014646:Varicocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery