Human immunodeficiency virus-associated diarrhea and wasting in Zambia: selected risk factors and clinical associations.
A significant association was observed among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive adult cases in Lusaka, Zambia compared with HIV-negative controls for chronic diarrhea (68% versus 22%; P < 0.05), weight loss (54% versus 30%; P < 0.05), lymphadenopathy (44% versus 15%; P < 0.05), and skin eruption (33% versus 7%; P < 0.05). Among the HIV-positive children, a higher proportion had clinical evidence of tuberculosis when compared with HIV-negative children (8% versus 1%; P < 0.05). The study demonstrated an association between weight loss in HIV-positive adults and children and chronic diarrhea (odds ratio [OR] = 12.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.4-25.5; P < 0.001), persistent cough (OR = 7.2, 95% CI = 2.9-14.5; P < 0.001), and an age of 31-45 years (OR = 3.8, 95% CI = 1.8-8.3; P < 0.01). The factors associated with mortality in HIV positive patients included chronic diarrhea (OR = 7.4, 95% CI = 1.6-34; P < 0.01), and lymphadenopathy (OR = 3.89, 95% CI = 1.2-12.2; P < 0.04).
Chintu
C
C
University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka.
Dupont
H L
HL
Kaile
T
T
Mahmoud
M
M
Marani
S
S
Baboo
K S
KS
Mwansa
W
W
Sakala-Kazembe
F
F
Sunkutu
R
R
Zumla
A
A
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003371:Cough / Q000150:complications; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019247:HIV Wasting Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008206:Lymphatic Diseases / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000150:complications; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications; D015431:Weight Loss; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology
D015483:HIV Antibodies