Genetic alterations in hormone-refractory recurrent prostate carcinomas.
To study the genetic basis of tumor progression, we have screened 37 hormone-refractory prostate carcinomas for genetic changes by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). All recurrent tumors showed genetic aberrations, with a mean total number of changes per tumor of 11.4 (range, 3 to 23). The most common genetic aberrations were losses of 8p (72.5%), 13q (50%), 1p (50%), 22 (45%), 19 (45%), 10q (42.5%), and 16q (42.5%) and gains of 8q (72.5%), 7q (40%), Xq (32.5%), and 18q (32.5%). The CGH results were further validated with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using probes for pericentromeric regions of chromosomes 7, 8, and 18 as well as probes for caveolin (7q31), c-myc (8q24), and bcl-2 (18q21.3). In addition, the samples had previously been analyzed for androgen receptor gene copy number. CGH and FISH results were concordant in 78% of cases. Seventeen of twenty-two tumors showed an increased copy number of c-myc by FISH. However, only 5 of 17 (29%) of the cases showed high-level (more than threefold) amplification. Both CGH and FISH findings suggested that in most of the cases 8q gain involves the whole q-arm of the chromosome. Four of seventeen (24%) cases showed increased copy number of bcl-2 by FISH; however, no high-level amplifications were found. To evaluate the clonal relationship of the primary and recurrent tumors, six primary-recurrent tumor pairs from the same patients were studied by CGH. In three of six cases (50%), the recurrent tumor had more than one-half of the aberrations found in the corresponding primary tumor, indicating a close clonal relationship. In the rest of the cases, such a linear clonal relationship was less evident. Altogether, these results suggest that recurrent prostate carcinomas are genetically unstable. The resulting heterogeneity may well underlie the poor responsiveness of hormone-refractory tumors to treatment.
Nupponen
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Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
Kakkola
L
L
Koivisto
P
P
Visakorpi
T
T
D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics*; D051242:Caveolin 1; D022461:Caveolins; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000235:genetics; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000235:genetics*; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics
C495540:CAV1 protein, human; D051242:Caveolin 1; D022461:Caveolins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D011944:Receptors, Androgen