In the middle: parental caregiving in the context of other roles.
OBJECTIVE
Parental caregiving has been conceptualized as both a source of role strain and of role enhancement. To assess support for each of these perspectives, this article examines the relationship between concurrent multiple roles (as spouse, parent, and employed worker) and the perceived stress and physical and emotional ill health of parental caregivers.


METHODS
Multivariate regression analyses (OLS) are conducted using data drawn from a Canadian probability sample of 687 caregivers to parents and parents-in-law.


RESULTS
Although the vast majority of parental caregivers are confronted with multiple roles, only weak and inconsistent relationships are evident between particular roles or combinations of roles and caregivers' perceptions of stress and physical and emotional health.


CONCLUSIONS
Little support is found for either a role strain or role enhancement hypothesis. Inconsistencies in the findings point to a need to go beyond simplified expectations of either role strain or role enhancement and examine the meanings assigned to particular roles and the contexts within which they are enacted.
Centre on Aging, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. mpenning@uvic.ca
M J
MJ
Penning
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001955:British Columbia; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012380:Role; D012944:Social Support; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology