Long-circulating nanoparticles bearing heparin or dextran covalently bound to poly(methyl methacrylate).
OBJECTIVE
In a biomimetic approach to the development of drug carriers escaping early capture by phagocytes, nanoparticles made of amphiphilic copolymers of either heparin or dextran and methyl methacrylate were evaluated relative to their in vivo blood circulation time. They were compared to bare PMMA nanoparticles.


METHODS
Owing to the fluorescent properties of the covalently attached N-vinyl carbazole, the particles could be detected directly in mouse plasma. Samples were drawn at different time intervals and fluorescence was recorded.


RESULTS
After an initial phase of elimination from the blood with a half-life of 5 h, the remaining heparin nanoparticles circulated for more than 48 h and were still detectable in the plasma at 72 h. Dextran nanoparticles were also eliminated very slowly over 48 h. Bare poly (methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles were found to have a half-life of only 3 min.


CONCLUSIONS
Both types of nanoparticles proved to be long-circulating. The potent capacity for opsonisation of the poly(methyl methacrylate) core were hidden by the protective effect of either polysaccharide, probably due to a dense brush-like structure. In the case of heparin nanoparticles, the "stealth" effect was probably increased by its inhibiting properties against complement activation.
Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, URA CNRS 1218, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris XI, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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C
Passirani
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G
Barratt
J P
JP
Devissaguet
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D
Labarre
D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003911:Dextrans / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D010316:Particle Size; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000737:chemistry; D013535:Suspensions
D003911:Dextrans; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011145:Polyvinyls; D013535:Suspensions; C035125:poly-N-vinylcarbazole; D006493:Heparin; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate