Physical disability and social interaction: factors associated with low social contact and home confinement in disabled older women (The Women's Health and Aging Study).
OBJECTIVE
This study examines the association of disability and social interaction, measured as in-person contact with non-household members and home confinement, and identifies sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and health-related factors that modify this relationship.


METHODS
Participants were 1,002 moderately to severely disabled community-dwelling women aged 65 and older from the Women's Health and Aging Study, identified by screening an age-stratified random sample of Medicare beneficiaries in Baltimore, Maryland. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds of low social interaction associated with disability and each independent modifier.


RESULTS
In a typical week, 23% did not visit with anyone residing outside their households and 17% did not leave their homes. In addition to and independent of disability level, older age, not completing high school, having a driver in the home, hearing difficulties and incontinence were associated with low social contact; older age and African American race were related to home confinement. African American women living alone are especially vulnerable to home confinement.


CONCLUSIONS
Physical disability is not necessarily socially disabling, as many of the most severely disabled in our study had at least daily social interaction. Improvements in social interaction appear possible through more effective management of certain health conditions and attention to potential sociocultural barriers.
Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. simonsie@gw.nia.nih.gov
E M
EM
Simonsick
J D
JD
Kasper
C L
CL
Phillips
D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D018577:Homebound Persons / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012931:Social Environment; D012934:Social Isolation; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States