Adaptive cytoprotection induced by ethanol in human intestinal cells: role of prostaglandins and calcium homeostasis.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether adaptive cytoprotection exists in human intestinal cells under in vitro conditions and what role, if any, endogenous prostaglandins or calcium may play in mediating this protective response.


BACKGROUND
Adaptive cytoprotection can be defined as that process whereby the administration of a low concentration of a damaging agent, termed a "mild irritant," which by itself is not injurious, can attenuate gastrointestinal mucosal injury subsequently induced by the application of higher concentrations of the same or other necrotizing agents. Despite substantial investigation, the mediator or mediators of adaptive cytoprotection remain poorly understood.


METHODS
Postconfluent Caco-2 cells were used in all experiments. Cellular death was quantitated using a dual-component fluorescent assay. Changes in intracellular calcium concentration were quantitated by measuring fluorescent signal changes of the single wavelength calcium indicator (Fluo-3). Finally, prostaglandin E2 release into the media was quantitated by radioimmunoassay.


RESULTS
Pretreatment of Caco-2 cells with low concentrations of ethanol (mild irritant) significantly attenuated injury induced by higher damaging concentrations of ethanol. The protection conferred by the mild irritant was directly dependent on both the concentration of the irritant used and the duration of exposure and was abrogated when cells were pretreated with an endogenous prostaglandin inhibitor (indomethacin) or if the mild irritant was administered in calcium-free media. Cells exposed to ethanol had a significant and concentration-dependent increase in intracellular calcium concentration, an effect that was highly related to cellular injury. Pretreatment with a mild irritant significantly decreased intracellular calcium increases induced by not only ethanol but also by a calcium ionophore (A23187). Cells treated with low concentrations of ethanol demonstrated no significant elevation in prostaglandin E2 release.


CONCLUSIONS
Adaptive cytoprotection induced by ethanol exists in human colonocytes under in vitro conditions independent of mucosal blood flow, neural innervation, or circulating humoral factors. The authors' data suggest that this response does not require endogenous prostaglandin synthesis but may involve processes whereby intracellular calcium accumulation is prevented.
Theodore Cooper Surgical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, Missouri 63104, USA.
E R
ER
Kokoska
G S
GS
Smith
Y
Y
Deshpande
C L
CL
Rieckenberg
T A
TA
Miller
D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D016923:Cell Death; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007509:Irritants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000502:physiology*
D007509:Irritants; D011453:Prostaglandins; D000431:Ethanol; D002118:Calcium