Long-term neurodevelopmental risks in children exposed in utero to cocaine. The Toronto Adoption Study.
Children exposed in utero to cocaine are at risk for long-term neurobehavioral damage not just because of the drug itself; but also because of clustering of other health determinants, including low socioeconomic status, low maternal education, and maternal addiction, to mention a few. One methodologic approach to separate the direct neurotoxic effects of cocaine from these synergistic insults is to follow up a cohort of children exposed in utero to cocaine and given up for adoption to middle-upper class families. The Toronto Adoption Study, supported by Health Canada, has proven the direct neurotoxic effects of cocaine on IQ and language. These effects are mild to moderate as compared to those measured in children exposed in utero to cocaine and reared by their natural mothers.
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
G
G
Koren
I
I
Nulman
J
J
Rovet
R
R
Greenbaum
M
M
Loebstein
T
T
Einarson
D000300:Adoption; D002657:Child Development; D003042:Cocaine; D003071:Cognition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007360:Intelligence; D007802:Language; D009864:Ontario; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D013997:Time Factors
D003042:Cocaine