An evaluation of the hemizygous transgenic Tg.AC mouse for carcinogenicity testing of pharmaceuticals. I. Evidence for a confounding nonresponder phenotype.
We have completed 2 26-wk studies to evaluate the hemizygous transgenic Tg.AC mouse, which has been proposed as an alternative short term model for testing carcinogenicity. We attempted to evaluate the response to the known rodent carcinogens cyclophosphamide, phenolphthalein, and tamoxifen and to the noncarcinogen chlorpheniramine following topical application. In the first study, a weak response (2/17 animals) was observed to the positive control 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA in ethanol, 1.25 micrograms), and no response was observed to cyclophosphamide, phenolphthalein, or chlorpheniramine, despite evidence for skin penetration. The second study compared 1.25 micrograms and 6.25 micrograms of TPA in ethanol and acetone solutions. Tamoxifen was also evaluated in both solvents and orally. No significant response was observed to tamoxifen by skin paint or oral routes. Over 60% of the high dose TPA-treated animals showed no (0 or 1) papilloma response, and 30% of the animals each developed more than 32 papillomas. The heterogenous response to high dose TPA may be related to variability in the responsiveness of hemizygous animals. In light of these findings, further Tg.AC studies should employ homozygous animals, and the underlying cause for heterogeneity in the tumorigenic response of Tg.AC mice should be identified and eliminated.
Office of Testing and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland 20708, USA.
J L
JL
Weaver
J F
JF
Contrera
B A
BA
Rosenzweig
K L
KL
Thompson
P J
PJ
Faustino
J M
JM
Strong
C D
CD
Ellison
L W
LW
Anderson
H R
HR
Prasanna
P E
PE
Long-Bradley
K K
KK
Lin
J
J
Zhang
F D
FD
Sistare
D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D010212:Papilloma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
D002273:Carcinogens