A common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and risk of coronary heart disease: results among U.S. men.
OBJECTIVE
We examined the risk of coronary heart disease associated with homozygosity for the C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene.


BACKGROUND
The mutation increases plasma homocysteine levels by impairing its remethylation. Increased plasma homocysteine is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.


METHODS
This was a case-control study nested within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. In 1986, 44,940 U.S. male health professionals, aged 40 to 75 years and free from diagnosed cardiovascular disease, provided detailed information on usual dietary intake, including intake of folate, vitamins B2, B6 and B12, and methionine. Between 1993 and 1995, blood samples were provided by approximately 40% of the participants. We compared data from 500 men with nonfatal coronary heart disease, diagnosed between 1986 and 1992, with data from 500 age-matched control subjects who were free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease at the time of the matched case subject's diagnosis.


RESULTS
Frequencies of homozygosity (+/+) and heterozygosity (+/-) for the mutation were 12.2% and 41.8% in case subjects and 14.4% and 40.0% in control subjects. With subjects homozygous (-/-) or heterozygous (+/-) for the wildtype allele as a reference and matched by age, the odds ratio of coronary heart disease was 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.57 to 1.19) for +/+ subjects. The odds ratio was unchanged after adjustment for smoking and other risk factors for coronary heart disease. Odds ratios were also calculated within strata for intake of vitamins involved in homocysteine metabolism or methionine, the metabolic precursor of homocysteine. The +/+ genotype was not directly associated with risk of coronary heart disease among men with low (that is, within the lowest quartile) intake (<301 microg/d) of folate, the substrate for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; low intake (<1.8 mg/d) of vitamin B2, the cofactor for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; low intake (<8.0 microg/d) of vitamin B12, the cofactor for remethylation; low intake (<2.1 mg/d) of vitamin B6, the cofactor in the catabolic pathway of homocysteine; or high intake (>2.4 g/d) of methionine.


CONCLUSIONS
In this generally well-nourished population, men with the +/+ genotype for the C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene have no increase in risk of coronary heart disease, even when intake of folate or other B vitamins is low.
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
P
P
Verhoef
E B
EB
Rimm
D J
DJ
Hunter
J
J
Chen
W C
WC
Willett
K
K
Kelsey
M J
MJ
Stampfer
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D004032:Diet; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006579:Heterozygote; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008715:Methionine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors / Q000235:genetics*; D011736:Pyridoxine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000008:administration & dosage
D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D008715:Methionine; D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D011736:Pyridoxine; D014805:Vitamin B 12; D012256:Riboflavin