Hypertension induced chronic renal failure: clinical features, management and prognosis.
All consecutive cases of chronic renal failure (CRF) seen over a twelve-month period (January-December 1992) were evaluated. Those that fulfilled strict diagnostic criteria for hypertension induced CRF (HICRF) were further studied to determine peculiarities of its clinico-pathological features that may render this possibly preventable condition readily identifiable. Twenty one (23.1%) of the 91 cases of CRF satisfied these criteria. There was a male preponderance (M.F.4.3:1). Nocturia was a prominent symptom predating other symptoms of CRF in all. Throbbing frontal headache necessitating significant consumption of analgesic was found in 13(61.9%). Hypertension had been diagnosed in the patients for periods ranging from 2-15 years and compliance to therapy was adjudged poor. Ten smoked cigarette in significant quantities. Hypertension occurred in 8 of the families of the patients. Hypertension was severe in all, with evidence of accelerated phase in 19(90.5%). A majority (71.4%) presented with severe uraemia (serum creatinine > or = 100 umol/l). Target organ damage, evident in cardiomegaly with heart failure occurred in 15, while ultrasonographic features of bilateral shrunken kidneys was seen in all. Blood pressure control was largely inadequate with a combination of 3 drugs. Mortality rate was 51% in the first year. Renal histopathological findings of glomerular sclerosis, malignant arteriolar changes with absence of glomerular cellular proliferation were observed in renal biopsies and 6 autopsy tissues. It is concluded that HICRF is a major cause of mortality; renal failure is often advanced at presentation, and blood pressure is usually in the accelerated phase. Significant cigarette smoking, severe headache necessitating consumption of significant quantity of analgesics, and a family history of hypertension are striking features.
Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife.
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Adelekun
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Akinsola
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate