The multidrug resistance modulator valspodar (PSC 833) is metabolized by human cytochrome P450 3A. Implications for drug-drug interactions and pharmacological activity of the main metabolite.
The metabolism of valspodar (PSC 833; PSC), which is developed as a multidrug resistance-reversing agent, was investigated to assess the potential for drug-drug interactions and the pharmacological activity of major metabolites. The primary metabolites of PSC produced by human liver microsomes were monohydroxylated, as revealed by LC/MS. The major site of hydroxylation was at amino acid 9, resulting in M9, as determined by cochromatography with synthetic M9. Dihydroxylated and N-demethylated metabolites were also detected. PSC metabolism in two human livers exhibited KM values of 1.3-2.8 microM. The intrinsic clearance was 9-36 ml/min/kg of body weight. PSC biotransformation was cytochrome P450 (CYP or P450) 3A dependent, based on chemical inhibition and on metabolism by Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing CYP3A. Ketoconazole was a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.01-0.04 microM). The inhibition by 27 compounds, including four antineoplastic agents, corresponded to the inhibitory potentials of these compounds toward CYP3A. For vinblastine, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, and etoposide, the IC50 values were 5, 12, 20, and 150 microM, respectively. M9 was also an inhibitor, with a lower apparent affinity for CYP3A (IC50 = 21 microM), compared with that of PSC. M9 was also less active as a multidrug resistance-reversing agent. M9 demonstrated low potency in sensitizing resistant cells to paclitaxel and was a poor inhibitor of rhodamine-123 efflux from paclitaxel-resistant cells. In addition, compared with PSC, a higher concentration of M9 was needed to compete with the photoaffinity labeling of P-glycoprotein. Conversely, PSC inhibited only reactions catalyzed by CYP3A, including cyclosporine A metabolism (IC50 = 6.5 microM) and p-hydroxyphenyl-C3'-paclitaxel formation (Ki = 1.2 microM). Thus, PSC behaves in a manner very similar to that of other cyclosporines, and a comparable drug-drug interaction profile is expected.
Preclinical Safety, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA.
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Fischer
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Rodríguez-Gascón
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Heitz
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Tynes
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Hauck
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Cohen
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Vickers
D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D001711:Biotransformation; D016466:CHO Cells / Q000201:enzymology; D006224:Cricetinae; D003524:Cyclosporins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*
D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003524:Cyclosporins; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; C070272:valspodar; D007654:Ketoconazole