Whole-grain intake may reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease death in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study.
BACKGROUND
A recent review of epidemiologic literature found consistently reduced cancer and heart disease rates in persons with high compared with low whole-grain intakes.


OBJECTIVE
We hypothesized that whole-grain intake was associated with a reduced risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) death.


METHODS
We studied 34,492 postmenopausal women aged 55-69 y and free of IHD at baseline in 1986. There were 438 IHD deaths between baseline and 1995. Usual dietary intake was determined with use of a 127-item food-frequency questionnaire.


RESULTS
Whole-grain intake in median servings/d was 0.2, 0.9, 1.2, 1.9, and 3.2 for quintiles of intake. The unadjusted rate of IHD death was 2.0/1 x 10(3) person-years in quintile 1 and was 1.7, 1.2, 1.0, and 1.4 IHD deaths/1 x 10(3) person-years in succeeding quintiles (P for trend < 0.001). Adjusted for demographic, physiologic, behavioral, and dietary variables, relative hazards were 1.0, 0.96, 0.71, 0.64, and 0.70 in ascending quintiles (P for trend = 0.02). The lower risk with higher whole-grain intake was not explained by intake of fiber or several other constituents of whole grains.


CONCLUSIONS
A clear inverse association between whole-grain intake and risk of IHD death existed. A causal association is plausible because whole-grain foods contain many phytochemicals, including fiber and antioxidants, that may reduce chronic disease risk. Whole-grain intake should be studied further for its potential to prevent IHD and cancer.
Jacobs
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DR
Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454, USA. Jacobs@epivax.epi.umn.edu
Meyer
K A
KA
Kushi
L H
LH
Folsom
A R
AR
D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002523:Edible Grain; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017698:Postmenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk
D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber