Utility of fetal measurements in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus.
The metabolic management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy traditionally has focused on maintenance of circulating maternal glucose concentrations in all patients within a range that is associated with a low rate of perinatal morbidity, especially morbidity related to excessive fetal growth and macrosomia. Clinical data reviewed elsewhere in this supplement provide guidelines for glycemic targets that appear to eliminate the excess risk to the fetus. However, because only a minority of infants are at risk for perinatal morbidity over the range of glycemia generally encountered in patients with GDM, attainment of those strict glycemic targets in all women with GDM requires implementation of self-monitoring of glucose and exogenous insulin therapy in many pregnancies that are not at risk. In this article, we review management approaches that take into account not only maternal glycemia, but also fetal growth and metabolic parameters in selecting GDM pregnancies for intensive metabolic therapy. The approaches can reduce the number of women with mild GDM who require self-monitoring of glucose and/or exogenous insulin therapy, thereby providing the potential to improve cost-effectiveness of antepartum management of GDM.
Department of Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA.
T A
TA
Buchanan
S L
SL
Kjos
U
U
Schafer
R K
RK
Peters
A
A
Xiang
J
J
Byrne
K
K
Berkowitz
M
M
Montoro
D001724:Birth Weight; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001824:Body Constitution; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D005333:Fetus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009017:Morbidity; D011247:Pregnancy
D001786:Blood Glucose