Effect of three months' frequent use of sugar-free chewing gum with and without urea on calculus formation.
Studies on the relationship between gum-chewing and calculus formation have produced contradictory results, and it is not clear whether frequent use of chewing gum promotes or inhibits calculus formation. Also, little is known about whether the addition of a small amount of urea to the chewing gum influences calculus formation. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of sugar-free chewing gum--with and without urea--on calculus formation and some associated clinical variables. Three three-month periods were studied in a double-blind, crossover design, during which the subjects: (1) chewed 5 pieces/day of a sugar-free, urea-containing chewing gum (20 mg urea/piece); (2) chewed 5 pieces/day of a sugar-free, non-urea-containing gum; or (3) performed no gum-chewing. Twenty-nine persons, all calculus-formers, participated. They were scored for calculus at mesio-lingual, lingual, and disto-lingual sites on the 6 anterior mandibular teeth according to the Volpe-Manhold index. Plaque and gingival bleeding index, stimulated salivary secretion rate and buffer capacity, resting plaque pH, mutans streptococci in saliva and plaque, and lactobacilli in saliva were also determined. No differences in calculus formation were found among the 3 periods. The resting plaque pH was higher after the period with urea-containing gum than after the period with non-urea-containing gum and the no-gum period (p < 0.05). A slight increase in stimulated salivary secretion rate was found after the 2 gum periods (p < 0.05). The plaque and gingival bleeding indices decreased, while resting plaque pH and salivary buffer capacity increased throughout the entire study (p < 0.05). No significant differences in prevalence of the acidogenic micro-organisms were found among the test periods. The main conclusion from this study is that three months' frequent use of sugar-free chewing gum--with or without urea--neither promotes nor inhibits calculus formation.
Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Göteborg, Sweden.
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D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002638:Chewing Gum; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009911:Oral Hygiene Index; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D012636:Secretory Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D014508:Urea / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
D002638:Chewing Gum; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D014508:Urea