Electropotential measurements as a new diagnostic modality for breast cancer.
BACKGROUND
Proliferative changes in breast epithelium are an intrinsic aspect in the development of breast cancer, and result in regions of epithelial electrical depolarisation within the breast parenchyma, which can extend to the skin surface. Diagnostic information might be obtained from a non-imaging and non-invasive test based on skin-surface electropotentials.


METHODS
In 661 women, scheduled for open biopsy at eight European centres, we studied whether measurements of breast electrical activity with surface sensors could distinguish benign from malignant breast disease. A depolarisation index was developed.


RESULTS
We found a highly significant trend of progressive electrical changes according to the proliferative characteristics of the biopsied tissue. Discriminatory information was obtained in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, and the index was not related to age. The best test performances were for women with palpable lesions. The median index was 0.398 for non-proliferative benign lesions, 0.531 for proliferative benign lesions, and 0.644 for cancer (ductal carcinoma-in-situ and invasive). A specificity of 55% was obtained at 90% sensitivity for women with palpable lesions when a discriminant based on age and the depolarisation index was used.


CONCLUSIONS
This new modality may have diagnostic value, especially in reducing the number of unnecessary diagnostic tests among women with inconclusive findings on physical examination. Understanding and control of the biological variability of these electrical phenomena will be important in the improvement of this test. Studies in populations with a lower cancer prevalence are needed to assess further the diagnostic value of this approach.
Cuzick
J
J
Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK. j.cuzick@icrf.icnet.uk
Holland
R
R
Barth
V
V
Davies
R
R
Faupel
M
M
Fentiman
I
I
Frischbier
H J
HJ
LaMarque
J L
JL
Merson
M
M
Sacchini
V
V
Vanel
D
D
Veronesi
U
U
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D001940:Breast / Q000503:physiopathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002455:Cell Division; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004568:Electrodiagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010173:Palpation; D010808:Physical Examination; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D015995:Prevalence; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000503:physiopathology