The lipid-free structure of apolipoprotein A-I: effects of amino-terminal deletions.
Deletion mutants of human apolipoprotein A-I (apo hA-I) have been produced from a bacterial expression system to explore the function of the specific domains comprising residues 1-43, 1-65, 88-98, and 187-243, respectively, in the lipid-free conformation and in the lipid-binding mechanism of apo hA-I. Initial studies on apo Delta(1-43)A-I and apo Delta(187-243)A-I have already been reported. To aid purification of these mutants, a histidine-containing N-terminal extension was incorporated (+his); in cases where comparison with the (-his) construct was possible, little effect on the physical properties due to the (+his) extension was found. All mutants have folded structures in their lipid-free state, however these structures differ widely in their relative thermodynamic stability and extent of secondary structure. The mutant with the fewest residues deleted, apo Delta(88-98)A-I(+his), has the least secondary structure (only 34% helix) and is also the least stable (DeltaG = 2.9 kcal/mol). Determined from sedimentation velocity measurements on the lipid-free proteins, all but apo Delta(1-65)A-I(+his) exhibited a range of conformers in solution, which fluctuated around a highly elongated species (dimensions equal to approximately (14-16) x approximately 2.3 nm). Apo Delta(1-65)A-I(+his) exhibited a discrete species which was less asymmetric (dimensions equal to 9 x 2.9 nm). Apo Delta(88-98)A-I(+his) showed extreme heterogeneity with no predominating conformer. Spectroscopic studies (ANS binding and circular dichroism) indicate that there is little difference in the lipid-free structure of the carboxy-terminal deletion mutant, apo Delta(187-243)A-I(+/-his) compared to wild-type (wt) apo wtA-I(+/-his), but substantial differences are observed between wt and the amino-terminal deletion mutants, apo Delta(1-43)A-I, apo Delta(1-65)A-I(+his), and apo Delta(88-98)A-I(+his). In contrast, the lipid-binding properties are impaired for apo Delta(187-243)A-I(+/-his), as measured by dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) liposome turbidity clearance kinetics and palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC) equilibrium binding. Apo Delta(1-43)A-I, apo Delta(1-65)A-I(+his), and apo Delta(88-98)A-I(+his) show lipid affinities statistically similar to apo wtA-I(+his), but significantly defective DMPC clearance kinetics. Interestingly, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activation results correlate qualitatively with the lipid-binding affinity for all mutants but apo Delta(88-98)A-I(+his), suggesting that this mutant has an altered and possibly noncooperative lipid-bound structure as well as an altered lipid-free structure. These results suggest helix 1 (residues 44-65) and helix 10 (residues 220-240) are both required for native lipid-binding properties, while the presence of internal residues, at least helix 3 (residues 88-98), is essential for proper folding of both the lipid-free and lipid-bound conformations. Importantly, studies on apo Delta(88-98)A-I(+his) provide the first experimental evidence that a native-like structure is not necessary for native-like lipid affinity, but apparently is necessary for both DMPC solubilization and LCAT activation. These results provide support for a hypothetical, multistep structure-based mechanism for apo hA-I lipid binding.
Rogers
D P
DP
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Macromolecular Crystallography, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center 35294, USA.
Roberts
L M
LM
Lebowitz
J
J
Datta
G
G
Anantharamaiah
G M
GM
Engler
J A
JA
Brouillette
C G
CG
D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000378:metabolism; D006639:Histidine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007862:Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000235:genetics; D017510:Protein Folding; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014461:Ultracentrifugation
D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D008055:Lipids; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D006639:Histidine; D007862:Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase; D015951:Factor Xa