Cigarette smoking and age-related macular degeneration.
BACKGROUND
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is one of the leading causes of severe visual impairment among older Americans. Several hypotheses have been proposed regarding the pathogenesis of ARMD. The possible association of cigarette smoking and ARMD remains controversial.


METHODS
Studies concerning the relationship between cigarette smoking and ARMD are identified through the use of Vision Articles Online and PubMed. Articles published since 1970 are reviewed.


RESULTS
The literature reviewed strongly supports a link between smoking and ARMD.


CONCLUSIONS
The identification of smoking as a risk factor can lead to early intervention. Such intervention may lessen visual loss from this disease, which has limited medical treatment options.
Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago 60616, USA.
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D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology