Preservation of red cell properties after virucidal phototreatment with dimethylmethylene blue.
BACKGROUND
All published reports have described methods for virus photoinactivation which significantly alter red cell (RBC) properties during storage. In order to improve virucidal activity and reduce damage to RBCs, a series of phenothiazine derivatives were either synthesized or purified and screened for bacteriophage inactivation and red cell potassium efflux. One compound, 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (dimethyl-methylene blue), had superior screening results and was chosen for further characterization.


METHODS
White cell reduced RBC suspensions (30% hematocrit) were deliberately inoculated with extracellular virus or virus-infected VERO cells, incubated with 4 microM dimethyl-methylene blue and illuminated with cool-white fluorescent light. Control and treated samples were titered for virus inactivation. In parallel studies, RBC suspensions were exposed to dimethylmethylene blue and light under identical conditions and assayed for in vitro RBC storage properties.


RESULTS
Phototreatment of RBC suspensions inactivated > 4.4 log10 of extracellular vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), > 3.0 log10 of intracellular VSV, > 5.0 log10 of extracellular pseudorabies virus (PRV), > 4.8 log10 of intracellular PRV, > 4.7 log10 of extra-cellular bovine virus diarrhea virus, 5.8 log10 of bacterio-phage phi 6 and > 7 log10 of bacteriophage R17. Encephalo-myocarditis virus, a nonenveloped picornavirus, was resistant to photoinactivation. Virucidal conditions resulted in no detectable IgG binding in 11 of 13 samples, unchanged RBC morphology, normal banding patterns of RBC membrane proteins on SDS PAGE, and unaltered characteristics of 12 of 13 RBC antigens during storage as measured by antibody titrations. In addition, minimal changes were observed in RBC osmotic fragility, lysis, potassium efflux, ATP and 2,3-DPG levels, and the strength of one RBC antigen during storage of phototreated samples compared with controls.


CONCLUSIONS
Dimethylmethylene blue photo-treatment can inactivate several intracellular and extracellular model viruses under conditions which minimally alter RBC properties during 42 days storage at 1-6 degrees C.
Wagner
S J
SJ
Jerome H. Holland Laboratory for the Biomedical Sciences, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Skripchenko
A
A
Robinette
D
D
Mallory
D A
DA
Cincotta
L
L
D019794:2,3-Diphosphoglycerate / Q000097:blood; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000097:blood; D001793:Blood Preservation; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004686:Encephalomyocarditis virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000821:virology*; D006461:Hemolysis; D011558:Herpesvirus 1, Suid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009996:Osmotic Fragility; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D014721:Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D014775:Virus Activation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects
D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D019794:2,3-Diphosphoglycerate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D011188:Potassium; D008751:Methylene Blue; C016401:1,9-dimethylmethylene blue