Mutations in toxR and toxS that separate transcriptional activation from DNA binding at the cholera toxin gene promoter.
ToxR and ToxS are integral membrane proteins that activate the transcription of virulence genes in Vibrio cholerae. ToxR can be separated into three different domains: an N-terminal cytoplasmic DNA binding domain, a central transmembrane domain, and a C-terminal periplasmic domain. ToxS is thought to enhance ToxR-mediated transcriptional activation through a periplasmic interaction. By P22 challenge phage selection for DNA binding, in combination with a screen for cholera toxin gene transcription, 12 toxR and toxS positive control mutants producing variant ToxR proteins from the toxRS operon that bind to the cholera toxin promoter but that fail to activate transcription were isolated. One mutation in toxR specifies an E82K change in the predicted helix-loop-helix DNA binding domain and destroys ToxR-mediated activation. Seven toxR mutations included frameshifts and stop codons introduced into the periplasmic domain, and six of these mutations appeared to produce proteolytically processed shorter forms of ToxR, suggesting that even short periplasmic deletions alter the folding of ToxR in the periplasm. Deletion of toxS did not alter the steady-state level of ToxR, and ToxR was found to be capable of binding to DNA in the absence of ToxS even though it did not activate transcription. However, the ToxS L33S variant rendered ToxR susceptible to proteolysis, suggesting that the natural function of ToxS is to complex with ToxR. Therefore, certain alterations that map to the ToxR cytoplasmic DNA binding domain, to the periplasmic domain, or to ToxS separate DNA binding activity from activator function. These data support a model where proper assembly or stability of the periplasmic domain of ToxR is enhanced by ToxS. This chaperone-like activity of ToxS may be required for the formation of the transcriptional activation complex but not the ToxR-DNA complex.
Department of Microbiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
J D
JD
Pfau
R K
RK
Taylor
D000483:Alleles; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000235:genetics*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C499324:toxR protein, Vibrio cholerae; C066719:toxR protein, bacteria; C066828:ToxS protein, Vibrio cholerae; D002772:Cholera Toxin