Effect of metabolic inhibitors on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics using a population approach.
Drugs known to inhibit the metabolism of cyclosporine are administered concomitantly to those who undergo cardiothoracic transplantation. The aim of this study was to examine in quantitative terms the relationship between cyclosporine oral dose rate and the trough concentration (Css(trough)) at steady state in patients who undergo cardiothoracic transplantation and are administered cyclosporine alone or in combination with drugs known to inhibit its metabolism. Dose and whole blood cyclosporine Css(trough) observations measured using the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) (396 observations) or the TDx assay (435 observations) were collected as part of routine blood concentration monitoring from 182 patients who underwent cardiothoracic transplantation. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects modeling approach to examine the effect of metabolic inhibitors on dose-rate-Css(trough) ratio. The mean (and 95% confidence interval) dose-rate-Css(trough) ratio for cyclosporine generated from concentrations measured using EMIT was 94 (82.5-105.5) Lh(-1) for patients administered cyclosporine alone, 66.7 (58.1-75.3) Lh(-1) for patients administered concomitant diltiazem, 47.9 (15.4 -80.4) Lh(-1) for patients administered concomitant itraconazole, 21.7 (14.8-28.5) Lh(-1) for patients administered concomitant ketoconazole, and 14.9 (11.8-18.1) Lh(-1) for patients concomitantly administered diltiazem and ketoconazole. For patients administered concomitant cyclosporine, ketoconazole, and diltiazem, the dosage of cyclosporine, if it is administered alone, should be 20% to achieve the same blood concentrations. This will allow safer drug concentration targeting of cyclosporine after cardiothoracic transplantation.
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia.
A J
AJ
McLachlan
S E
SE
Tett
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004347:Drug Interactions; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016041:Heart-Lung Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007206:Individuality; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged
D000935:Antifungal Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D017964:Itraconazole; D016572:Cyclosporine; D015725:Fluconazole; D004110:Diltiazem; D007654:Ketoconazole