Anti-Gal(alpha)1-3Gal antibody response to porcine bone marrow in unmodified baboons and baboons conditioned for tolerance induction.
BACKGROUND
Mixed lymphohematopoietic chimerism can provide an effective means of inducing longterm immunological tolerance and has been documented in a monkey allograft model. A conditioning regimen including nonmyeloablative or myeloablative irradiation and splenectomy has been used to induce chimerism in a pig-to-primate transplantation model. Since the presence of anti-Gal(alpha)1-3Gal (alphaGal) natural antibodies leads to the hyperacute rejection of pig organs transplanted into primates, extracorporeal immunoaffinity adsorption (EIA) of anti-alphaGal antibodies is also included in the regimen. The effect of the tolerance induction protocol on the anti-alphaGal antibody response has been assessed.


METHODS
Anti-alphaGal antibody was measured after the EIA of plasma through an alphaGal immunoaffinity column in baseline studies involving two unmodified baboons, one splenectomized baboon, and one baboon that received a challenge with porcine bone marrow (BM), and in three groups of baboons (n=2 in each group) that received different conditioning regimens for tolerance induction. Group 1 received a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen without porcine BM transplantation. Group 2 received nonmyeloablative conditioning with pig BM transplantation and pig cytokine therapy. Group 3 received myeloablative conditioning, an autologous BM transplant (with BM depleted of CD2+ or CD2+/CD20+ cells), and pig BM transplantation.


RESULTS
In the baseline studies, a single EIA of anti-alphaGal antibodies in an unmodified animal initially depleted anti-alphaGal antibody, followed by a mild rebound. Nonmyeloablative conditioning (group 1) in the absence of pig cell exposure reduced the rate of anti-alphaGal antibody return. Pig BM cells markedly stimulated anti-alphaGal antibody production in an unmodified baboon (alphaGal IgM and IgG levels increased 40- and 220-fold, respectively). This response was significantly reduced (to an only 2- to 5.5-fold increase of IgM and IgG) in baboons undergoing nonmyeloablative conditioning (group 2). A myeloablative conditioning regimen (group 3) prevented the antibody response to pig BM, with the reduction in response being greater in the baboon that received autologous BM depleted of both CD2+ and CD20+ cells. No new antibody directed against pig non-aGal antigens was detected in any baboon during the 1 month follow-up period.


CONCLUSIONS
(i) EIA of anti-alphaGal antibody in unmodified baboons results in a transient depletion followed by a mild rebound of antibody; (ii) exposure to pig BM cells results in a substantial increase in anti-alphaGal antibody production; (iii) a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen reduces the rate of antibody return and (iv) markedly reduces the response to pig BM cells; (v) the anti-alphaGal response is completely suppressed by a myeloablative regimen if CD2+ and CD20+ cells are eliminated from the autologous BM inoculum. Furthermore, (vi) challenge with pig BM cells appears to stimulate only an anti-alphaGal antibody response without the development of other (non-alphaGal) anti-pig antibodies. We conclude that regimens used for T-cell tolerance induction can be beneficial in reducing the anti-alphaGal antibody response to porcine BM.
Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA.
T
T
Kozlowski
R
R
Monroy
Y
Y
Xu
R
R
Glaser
M
M
Awwad
D K
DK
Cooper
D H
DH
Sachs
D000818:Animals; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood*; D010215:Papio; D013552:Swine; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology*
D004187:Disaccharides; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; C055075:galactosyl-(1-3)galactose