Women's health and human rights in Afghanistan.
BACKGROUND
During the past 20 years, social and political upheavals have disrupted the way of life in Afghanistan. The Taliban regime, a radical Islamic movement that took control of Kabul in September 1996, has had extraordinary health consequences for Afghan women.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the health and human rights concerns and conditions of women living in Kabul under the Taliban regime.


METHODS
Residences in Kabul; refugee camps and residences in Pakistan.


METHODS
A cross-sectional survey of women who lived in Kabul, prior to September 1996, when the Taliban took control.


METHODS
A total of 160 women participated, including 80 women currently living in Kabul and 80 Afghan women who had recently migrated to Pakistan.


METHODS
Self-reported changes in physical and mental health, access to health care, war-related trauma, human rights abuses, and attitudes toward women's human rights.


RESULTS
The median age of respondents was 32 years (range, 17-70 years); median formal education was 12 years, and 136 (85%) of respondents had lived in Kabul for at least 19 years. Sixty-two percent (99/180) reported that they were employed before the Taliban takeover; only 32 (20%) were employed during their last year in Kabul. The majority of all women reported a decline in physical and mental health status (71% [113/160] and 81% [129/160], respectively) and reported a decline in access to health care (62% [99/160]) during the last 2 years living in Kabul. Many of the women reported symptoms that met diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (42% [67/160]), demonstrated evidence of major depression (97% [155/160]), and had significant anxiety symptoms (86% [137/160]). Eighty-four percent (134/160) of women reported 1 family member or more killed in war. Sixty-nine percent (111/160) reported that they or a family member had been detained and abused by Taliban militia, and 68% (108/160) reported extremely restricted social activities. Almost all (96%) expressed support for women's human rights.


CONCLUSIONS
The current health and human rights status of women described in this report suggests that the combined effects of war-related trauma and human rights abuses by Taliban officials have had a profound effect on Afghan women's health. Moreover, support for women's human rights by Afghan women suggests that Taliban policies regarding women are incommensurate with the interests, needs, and health of Afghan women.
Rasekh
Z
Z
Physicians for Human Rights, Boston, Mass 02116, USA.
Bauer
H M
HM
Manos
M M
MM
Iacopino
V
V
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000346:Afghanistan / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006304:Health Status; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012036:Refugees; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology; D014857:Warfare; D016387:Women's Health