Potassium and sodium intake and excretion in calcium stone forming patients.
OBJECTIVE
To determine mean potassium (K) intake and its correlation with urinary calcium (uCa) and citrate excretion, as well as uCa, sodium (Na), and K levels of calcium stone forming patients. We determined the K-rich foods most commonly consumed by these patients.


METHODS
Case-control.


METHODS
University-affiliated outpatient renal Lithiasis Unit.


METHODS
One hundred hypercalciuric calcium stone forming patients (CSF, 54 men/46 women), 37 with associated hypocitraturia, were sequentially enrolled in the study that was performed before the initiation of any care for their renal stones. The control group consisted of 100 age-matched healthy subjects (HS, 47 men/53 women) who were laboratory employees with no history of renal stones.


METHODS
The analyses consisted of a 3-day dietary record to determine the mean K and calcium (Ca) intakes, and a 24-hour urine sample with measurements of K, Ca, Na, and citrate.


METHODS
K and Na intake determined by dietary record.


RESULTS
uCa and Na levels and the Na/K ratio were significantly higher for CSF versus HS (238 +/- 118 v 148 +/- 74 mg/24 hours, 238 +/- 100 v 181 +/- 68 mEq/24 hours, 6.6 +/- 3.5 v 5.1 +/- 2.3, respectively, P < .05). The mean citrate excretion was lower in CSF than in HS patients (410 +/- 265 v 530 +/- 240 mg/24 hours). Mean uCa did not differ between groups. CSF patients showed a higher sodium chloride intake compared with HS (14 +/- 4 vs 8 +/- 3 g/day). The mean Ca intake of CSF and HS were 559 +/- 327 and 457 +/- 363 mg/day, respectively. The mean K intake of CSF and HS were 58 +/- 17 and 51 +/- 27 mEq/day. A positive correlation was observed between uCa and urinary sodium (r = .40 and r = .65, P < .05), urinary potassium and urinary citrate (r = .25 and r = .53, P < .05), uCa and Na/K (r = .33 and r = .56, P < .05) respectively for CSF and HS. The following were the K-rich foods consumed at least once a day by these groups: beans (by 70% of CSF and 75% of HS), tomatoes (by 42% of CSF and 50% of HS), oranges (by 30% of CSF and 55% of HS), and bananas (by 42% of CSF and 23% of HS).


CONCLUSIONS
Despite the consumption of K-rich foods at least once a day, the mean K intake by CSF patients was 58 mEq/day. This intake can still be considered to be low, although it meets recommended daily dietary allowance requirements. Therefore, we describe herein a population of CSF with high-Na intake and normal- to low-K intake, which may contribute to stone formation.
Master in Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-EPM, São Paulo, Brazil.
L A
LA
Martini
L
L
Cuppari
M A
MA
Cunha
N
N
Schor
I P
IP
Heilberg
D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011188:Potassium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D019343:Citric Acid; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium