Mutation of the gene encoding human TTF-2 associated with thyroid agenesis, cleft palate and choanal atresia.
Congenital hypothyroidism occurs in one of every three to four thousand newborns, owing to complete or partial failure of thyroid gland development. Although thyroid hypoplasia has recently been associated with mutations in the thyrotropin (TSH) receptor, the cause of thyroid agenesis is unknown. Proteins including thyroid transcription factors 1 (TTF-1; refs 4,5) and 2 (TTF-2; refs 6,7) and Pax8 (refs 8,9) are abundant in the developing mouse thyroid and are known to regulate genes expressed during its differentiation (for example, thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin genes). TTF-2 is a member of the forkhead/winged-helix domain transcription factor family, many of which are key regulators of embryogenesis. Here we report that the transcription factor FKHL15 (ref. 11) is the human homologue of mouse TTF-2 (encoded by the Titf2 gene) and that two siblings with thyroid agenesis, cleft palate and choanal atresia are homozygous for a missense mutation (Ala65Val) within its forkhead domain. The mutant protein exhibits impaired DNA binding and loss of transcriptional function. Our observations represent the first description of a genetic cause for thyroid agenesis.
Department of Medicine, Level 5 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
R J
RJ
Clifton-Bligh
J M
JM
Wentworth
P
P
Heinz
M S
MS
Crisp
R
R
John
J H
JH
Lazarus
M
M
Ludgate
V K
VK
Chatterjee
D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D000293:Adolescent; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D002754:Choanal Atresia / Q000235:genetics; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D005809:Genes, Regulator / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009928:Organ Specificity; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D011485:Protein Binding; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013737:Testis / Q000737:chemistry; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000002:abnormalities; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C106894:FOXE1 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA