Associations of smoking, alcohol and physical activity with risk factors for coronary heart disease and diabetes in the first follow-up cohort of the Heart Disease and Diabetes Risk Indicators in a Screened Cohort study (HDDRISC-1).
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the associations between risk factors for cardiovascular disease and cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and physical activity in a group of predominantly healthy men.


METHODS
Cohort study with baseline characterisation, clinical follow-up, and identification of predictors of coronary artery disease and diabetes.


METHODS
University hospital metabolic day ward.


METHODS
Participants in a company health programme (n=742).


METHODS
Routine haematology and biochemistry, cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (on a subset of 522 subjects), and glucose and insulin levels during a 3 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).


RESULTS
Independent associations with previous cigarette smoking included high uric acid and low HDL cholesterol, and with current cigarette smoking, high haemoglobin and white cell count and low OGTT insulin. Increasing alcohol intake was associated with increasing blood pressure, uric acid, HDL cholesterol and fasting glucose. The moderate range of exercise intensity in this cohort was associated with decreasing systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin and OGTT glucose and insulin. Factor analysis distinguished principal factors comprising features of the metabolic syndrome with low physical activity, and high white cell count, high haemoglobin concentration and low HDL cholesterol with increasing previous and current cigarette smoking and alcohol intake.


CONCLUSIONS
Some characteristics of the metabolic syndrome were seen with previous but not current smoking habit. Regular alcohol consumption was associated with mainly unfavourable metabolic characteristics, although there was an independent beneficial association with HDL cholesterol. The improved metabolic syndrome profile seen with increasing exercise is consistent with even moderate degrees of physical activity having beneficial effects on metabolism.
Godsland
I F
IF
Wynn Department of Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK.
Leyva
F
F
Walton
C
C
Worthington
M
M
Stevenson
J C
JC
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000209:etiology*; D015444:Exercise; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL