Evaluating driving performance of outpatients with Alzheimer disease.
BACKGROUND
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive disease, with multiple physiologic, psychologic, and social implications. A critical issue in its management is when to recommend restrictions on autonomous functioning, such as driving an automobile. This study evaluates driving performance of patients with AD and its relation to patient scores on the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE).


METHODS
This study compared 29 outpatients with probable AD with 21 age-matched control participants on an interactive driving simulator to determine how the two groups differed and how such differences related to mental status.


RESULTS
Patients with AD (1) were less likely to comprehend and operate the simulator cognitively, (2) drove off the road more often, (3) spent more time driving considerably slower than the posted speed limit, (4) spent less time driving faster than the speed limit, (5) applied less brake pressure in stop zones, (6) spent more time negotiating left turns, and (7) drove more poorly overall. There were no observed differences between AD patients and the control group in terms of crossing the midline and driving speed variability. Among the AD patients, those who could not drive the simulator because of confusion and disorientation (n = 10) had lower MMSE scores and drove fewer miles annually. Those AD patients who had stopped driving also scored lower on their MMSE but did not perform more poorly on the driving simulator. Factor analysis revealed five driving factors associated with AD, explaining 93 percent of the variance. These five factors correctly classified 27 (85 percent) of 32 AD patients compared with the control group. Of the 15 percent who were improperly classified, there were three false positives (control participants misclassified as AD patients) and two false negatives (AD patients misclassified as control participants). The computed total driving score correlated significantly with MMSE scores (r = -.403, P = 0.011).


CONCLUSIONS
Driving simulators can provide an objective means of assessing driving safety.
Cox
D J
DJ
Department of Psychiatric Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
Quillian
W C
WC
Thorndike
F P
FP
Kovatchev
B P
BP
Hanna
G
G
D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000592:standards*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003198:Computer Simulation / Q000592:standards*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis