Angiotensin I converting enzyme gene polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus: decreased prevalence of DD genotype in African American patients.
The presence of the D (deletion) allele at the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been associated with a) adverse vascular events contributing to early mortality and b) progressive deterioration of renal function in a variety of chronic glomerular diseases. We investigated the potential role of ACE polymorphisms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Two hundred and sixteen (216) SLE patients (121 Caucasians; 78 African Americans; and 17 other) and 200 normal controls were studied; 134 patients had evidence of renal disease. ACE genotypes were determined by a polymerase chain reaction based assay. The frequency of genotype DD was increased in African American normal controls compared to Caucasians (55% vs. 37%, p = 0.017) and in African American normal controls vs. African American lupus patients (55% vs. 30%, p = 0.008). Trend analysis of the genotype distribution across the three African American groups (renal, non-renal, controls) revealed a trend of increased frequency of I and decreased frequency of D as likelihood of renal disease increases (p = 0.008). No association between any ACE genotype with parameters of renal disease and/or response to therapy was identified. African American patients with lupus have a lower frequency of DD genotype as compared to African American normal controls. Further studies will be necessary to address whether this is due to decreased survival of these patients, a protective effect of DD genotype from developing the disease or a chance sample effect.
Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1828, USA.
I O
IO
Tassiulas
I
I
Aksentijevich
J E
JE
Salmon
Y
Y
Kim
C H
CH
Yarboro
E M
EM
Vaughan
J C
JC
Davis
D L
DL
Scott
H A
HA
Austin
J H
JH
Klippel
J E
JE
Balow
M F
MF
Gourley
D T
DT
Boumpas
D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D015995:Prevalence; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics; D001741:Black or African American
D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A