Conditioned fear-induced tachycardia in the rat: vagal involvement.
The effects of conditioned fear on gross activity, heart rate, PQ interval, noradrenaline and adrenaline were studied in freely moving rats. Subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of atropine methyl nitrate (0.5 mg/kg) during rest resulted in a significant shortening of the PQ interval, indicating that the PQ interval can be used as a measure of vagal activity. Conditioned fear was induced by 10-min forced exposure to a cage in which the rat had previously experienced footshocks (5 x 0.5 mA x 3 s). In non-shocked controls, an increase in gross activity was found and a pronounced tachycardia, without changes in PQ interval. Conditioned fear rats showed immobility behaviour, associated with a less pronounced tachycardia and an increase in PQ interval. Noradrenaline was similarly increased in both groups, whereas adrenaline was increased in conditioned fear rats only. To further evaluate the role of the vagus, rats were exposed to conditioned fear after pre-treatment with atropine methyl nitrate (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.). Again, immobility was observed with a concomitant tachycardia, but without an increase in PQ interval. These results indicate that the autonomic nervous system is differentially involved in heart rate regulation in conditioned fear rats and in non-shocked controls: in non-shocked controls a predominant sympathetic nervous system activation results in an increase in heart rate, whereas in conditioned fear rats the tachycardiac response is attenuated by a simultaneous activation of sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
Nijsen
M J
MJ
Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. Nijsen@med.ruu.nl
Croiset
G
G
Diamant
M
M
Stam
R
R
Delsing
D
D
de Wied
D
D
Wiegant
V M
VM
D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013686:Telemetry; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*
D002395:Catecholamines; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine