Effect of melatonin on methamphetamine- and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity and methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization.
Methamphetamine (METH)- and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity is thought to be associated with the formation of free radicals. Since evidence suggests that melatonin may act as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant, the present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of melatonin on METH- and MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. In addition, the effect of melatonin on METH-induced locomotor sensitization was investigated. The administration of METH (5 mg kg(-1) x 3) or MPTP (20 mg kg(-1) x 3) to Swiss Webster mice resulted in 45-57% depletion in the content of striatal dopamine and its metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid, and 57-59% depletion in dopamine transporter binding sites. The administration of melatonin (10 mg kg(-1)) before each of the three injections of the neurotoxic agents (on day 1), and thereafter for two additional days, afforded a full protection against METH-induced depletion of dopamine and its metabolites and dopamine transporter binding sites. In addition, melatonin significantly diminished METH-induced hyperthermia. However, the treatment with melatonin had no significant effect on MPTP-induced depletion of the dopaminergic markers tested. In the set of behavioral experiments, we found that the administration of 1 mg kg(-1) METH to Swiss Webster mice for 5 days resulted in marked locomotor sensitization to a subsequent challenge injection of METH, as well as context-dependent sensitization (conditioning). The pretreatment with melatonin (10 mg kg(-1)) prevented neither the sensitized response to METH nor the development of conditioned locomotion. Results of the present study indicate that melatonin has a differential effect on the dopaminergic neurotoxicity produced by METH and MPTP. Since it is postulated that METH-induced hyperthermia is related to its neurotoxic effect, while regulation of body temperature is unrelated to MPTP-induced neurotoxicity or METH-induced locomotor sensitization, the protective effect of melatonin observed in the present study may be due primarily to diminishing METH-induced hyperthermia.
Itzhak
Y
Y
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33101, USA. YITZHAK@MEDNET.MED.MIAMI.EDU
Martin
J L
JL
Black
M D
MD
Ali
S F
SF
D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D020267:MPTP Poisoning; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins
D002352:Carrier Proteins; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D008694:Methamphetamine; D008550:Melatonin; D004298:Dopamine