Influence of socioeconomic status on behavioral, emotional and cognitive effects of rubella vaccination: a prospective, double blind study.
A double-blind prospective design was used to investigate the immediate and prolonged psychological effects of a specific viral infection, and the role of immune activation in mediating these effects. Subjects were 240 female teenager girls who were vaccinated with rubella vaccine. Based on analysis of levels of antibodies to rubella, subjects were divided into two groups. An experimental group (n = 60), which included subjects who were initially seronegative and were infected following vaccination, and a control group (n = 180), which included subjects who were already immune to rubella before vaccination. Compared with the control group and to their own baseline, low socioeconomic status (SES) subjects within the experimental group showed a significant increase in the severity of depressed mood, social and attention problems, and delinquent behavior. Ten weeks post-vaccination there were no differences between the experimental and control groups in serum levels of interleukin-1 beta, interferon-gamma, soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2r), and cortisol. However, a significant negative correlation was found between fatigue-related symptoms and sIL-2r levels in the experimental (r = -0.325), but not the control group (r = -0.046). These findings suggest that viral infection can produce prolonged behavioral, emotional and cognitive problems mainly in subjects belonging to the low SES.
Department of Psychology, Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel.
M
M
Morag
R
R
Yirmiya
B
B
Lerer
A
A
Morag
D000293:Adolescent; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood*; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011598:Psychoneuroimmunology; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D012409:Rubella / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology; D012411:Rubella Vaccine / Q000276:immunology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D012411:Rubella Vaccine; C040901:rubella antibodies; D007371:Interferon-gamma