A pharmacokinetic study of intravenous itraconazole followed by oral administration of itraconazole capsules in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection.
A randomized, open-label, comparative study was conducted in 30 male patients with moderately advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to examine the pharmacokinetics of an investigational intravenous preparation of itraconazole compared with pharmacokinetics after administration of itraconazole capsules. The study also assessed whether adequate plasma concentrations of itraconazole could be rapidly achieved with the intravenous formulation and then maintained after cessation of intravenous therapy with itraconazole capsules. All patients received 200 mg intravenous itraconazole as a 1-hour infusion in 40% hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) vehicle twice daily for 2 days, and then 200 mg intravenously once daily for 5 days. Patients then received itraconazole capsules, either 200 mg twice daily or 200 mg once daily for 28 days. Steady-state plasma concentrations of itraconazole were reached by day 3 with intravenous infusion, a much shorter time than observed with administration of itraconazole capsules. Steady-state concentrations of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole were effectively maintained during the rest of the intravenous infusions of itraconazole. Oral follow-up with administration of 200-mg capsules once daily could not maintain the plasma concentrations of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole obtained at the end of the intravenous treatment, whereas twice-daily oral administration maintained or increased these concentrations. Mean plasma concentrations of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole on day 7 were similar to those on day 36 in the twice-daily group. Mean renal clearance was comparable to mean total body clearance, and approximately 93% to 101% of the HP-beta-CD was excreted unchanged in urine within 12 hours of administration. The HP-beta-CD was essentially eliminated through the kidney, and little accumulation in the body was observed in this patient population. Adverse events during the intravenous phase were most commonly associated with intravenous administration. Intravenous infusion of itraconazole for 7 days followed by administration of itraconazole capsules twice daily for 28 days is an effective dose regimen in patients with advanced HIV infection.
Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA.
H
H
Zhou
M
M
Goldman
J
J
Wu
R
R
Woestenborghs
A E
AE
Hassell
P
P
Lee
A
A
Baruch
L
L
Pesco-Koplowitz
J
J
Borum
L J
LJ
Wheat
D000073738:2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003505:Cyclodextrins / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins
D000935:Antifungal Agents; D003505:Cyclodextrins; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; C084794:hydroxyitraconazole; D000073738:2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; D017964:Itraconazole