Minimal residual disease status as a predictor of relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
We have analysed the behaviour of minimal residual disease (MRD) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) in 71 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The method relied on PCR of IgH, TCRdelta and/or TCRgamma gene rearrangements followed by electrophoretic size resolution and allele-specific oligoprobing. Patients were similarly conditioned; 55 received marrow from unrelated donors and 16 from related donors. MRD was assessed at various time-points up to 24 months after BMT. Three children were not evaluable due to transplant-related mortality. MRD was detected in 28/32 patients (88%) who relapsed post-BMT; 16 were positive at all times and 12 were initially negative but became positive at a median of 3 months (range 1.5-11) prior to relapse. In contrast, only eight of 36 (22%) patients who remained in continuing complete remission (CCR) (median follow-up 43 months, range 20-94) showed MRD at any time after BMT (P<0.0001). In these eight patients MRD was found up to 9 months after transplant and at low levels (0.01-0.001%). All eight (median follow-up 39 months, range 24-87) had at least two MRD-negative samples tested subsequently and five of the eight had evidence of grade I-II acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), raising the possibility of a graft-versus-leukaemia effect. In general, any evidence of MRD after allo-BMT is a poor prognostic sign. However, if immunotherapy were to be targeted towards patients with evidence of persisting MRD after BMT, the method described would expose only a small proportion of patients to unnecessary additional toxicity.
Knechtli
C J
CJ
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol.
Goulden
N J
NJ
Hancock
J P
JP
Harris
E L
EL
Garland
R J
RJ
Jones
C G
CG
Grandage
V L
VL
Rowbottom
A W
AW
Green
A F
AF
Clarke
E
E
Lankester
A W
AW
Potter
M N
MN
Cornish
J M
JM
Pamphilon
D H
DH
Steward
C G
CG
Oakhill
A
A
D000293:Adolescent; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000628:therapy*; D012008:Recurrence; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes