title: Considerations regarding prostate biopsies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current clinical practice concerning prostate biopsies and indications for prostate biopsies and to study the value of biopsies in grading and staging of prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature from 1990 onwards was reviewed systematically. A selection out of the huge number of publications concerning the subject was made based on the relevance of the study (e.g., number of patients, study design).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies have become a routine procedure in urological practice and can be performed safely. Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended generally. Sextant biopsies should be performed when no lesion is visible or added to lesion-directed biopsies in case of a visible lesion. The indications for biopsies and for repeat biopsies are discussed. The indication for biopsies remains a problem in spite of prostate-specific antigen and prostate specific antigen derived indexes and in spite of new imaging techniques. The value of prostate biopsy in grading and staging is limited, and care should be taken not to base treatment decisions on prostate biopsy results only and not to compare treatment results based on biopsy data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prostate biopsies have become a routine procedure in urology. Although very helpful in many cases, their limitations should be kept in mind. More efforts will have to be made to reduce the (too) large number of negative biopsies by improvement of imaging techniques and development of more sensitive and specific tumor markers.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands. H.Beerlage@uro.azn.nl
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Beerlage
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: de Reijke
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de la Rosette
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005544:Forecasting; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000209:etiology; D012007:Rectum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen