title: Histological studies of the dorsal nasal, angularis oculi, and facial veins of sheep (Ovis aries).
abstract: Selective brain cooling (SBC) requires vasoactivity in the superficial veins of the face of the animal. This vasoactivity is possible because of an adequate amount of smooth muscle in the tunica media of each of these superficial vessels, enabling it to act as a "muscle sphincter". In this study, the angularis oculi, dorsal nasal, distal, and proximal parts of the facial veins in sheep were examined histologically to describe an anatomical basis for SBC. Measurements of the tunica media thickness, the lumen diameter, and the ratio of these measurements showed that the relative tunica media thicknesses in the angularis oculi vein and the dorsal nasal vein are statistically smaller (P < 0.001) than in the distal or the proximal parts of the facial vein. In the angularis oculi, dorsal nasal, and distal part of the facial vein, the tunicae mediae were composed of five to seven circularly arranged smooth muscle layers, suggesting their ability to vasoconstrict. The proximal part of the facial vein possesses both circularly and longitudinally arranged smooth muscle layers. The circular smooth muscle layers suggest a vasoconstrictory function, whereas the longitudinal smooth muscle layers suggest a vasoconstrictory function in this part of the facial vein. Both the dorsal nasal and the proximal part of the facial vein, but not the angularis oculi or the distal part of the facial vein, possess endothelial valves near their confluences with other veins. It was concluded from this study that the angularis oculi and the distal part of the facial vein vasoconstrict, whereas the proximal part of the facial vein vasodilates, enabling the necessary changes in blood flow in SBC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. 005jams@chiron.wits.ac.za
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thomalla
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005145:Face / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000098:blood supply*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012756:Sheep / Q000502:physiology*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000166:cytology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology; D014680:Veins / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*