title: Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992-5.
abstract: Following the introduction of an improved surveillance system for infectious intestinal disease outbreaks in England and Wales, the Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre received reports of 26 outbreaks between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 1995 in which there was evidence for waterborne transmission of infection. In these 26 outbreaks, 1756 laboratory confirmed cases were identified of whom 69 (4%) were admitted to hospital. In 19 outbreaks, illness was associated with the consumption of drinking water from public supplies (10 outbreaks) or private supplies (9 outbreaks). The largest outbreak consisted of 575 cases. In 4 of the remaining 7 outbreaks, illness was associated with exposure to swimming pool water. Cryptosporidium was identified as the probable causative organism in all 14 outbreaks associated with public water supplies and swimming pools. Campylobacter was responsible for most outbreaks associated with private water supplies. This review confirms a continuing risk of cryptosporidiosis from chlorinated water supplies in England and Wales, and reinforces governmental advice to water utilities that water treatment processes should be rigorously applied to ensure effective particle removal. High standards of surveillance are important for prompt recognition of outbreaks and institution of control measures. As microbiological evidence of water contamination may be absent or insufficient to implicate a particular water supply, a high standard of epidemiological investigation is recommended in all outbreaks of suspected waterborne disease.
authors.affiliation: PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, London, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Furtado
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Adak
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Casemore
mesh_terms: D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D003625:Data Collection; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D013550:Swimming; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply