title: 2-Hydroxycarbazole induces Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum by activating the ryanodine receptor.
abstract: 2-Hydroxycarbazole was shown to induce Ca2+ release from skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum at concentrations between 100-500 microM. This release was blocked by both 1 mM tetracaine and 30 microM ruthenium red which inhibit the ryanodine receptor or by pre-treatment with 10 mM caffeine which depletes the ryanodine receptor-containing Ca2+ stores. This, in addition to the fact that 2-hydroxycarbazole has little effect on Ca2+ ATPase activity, indicates that it activates Ca2+ release through the ryanodine receptor. The apparent EC50 value for release from both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum was approximately 200 microM and maximal release occurred at 400-500 microM, making it approximately 20 times more potent than caffeine. The dose-dependency in the extent of Ca2+ release induced by 2-hydroxycarbazole was also apparently highly cooperative for both preparations. That 2-hydroxycarbazole was able to mobilize Ca2+ from non-muscle cell microsomes and in intact TM4 cells (which contain ryanodine receptors), makes this compound a more potent and commercially available alternative to caffeine in studying the role of this intracellular Ca2+ channel in a variety of systems.
authors.affiliation: School of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Tovey
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Longland
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mezna
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Michelangeli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D008861:Microsomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002227:Carbazoles; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D002110:Caffeine; C066713:2-hydroxycarbazole; D002118:Calcium