title: Persistence of developmental dyscalculia: what counts? Results from a 3-year prospective follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the natural history of developmental dyscalculia (DC), a specific learning disability affecting approximately 5% of the normal school age population and to identify factors that contribute to persistence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of a cohort of 3029 fourth-grade students, 185 children were classified as having DC; 140 participated in phase 1 in which they underwent IQ testing; arithmetic, reading, and writing evaluations; and an assessment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder over a 3-year period. Three years later (phase 2), 88% of the children (123 of 140) were retested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The arithmetic scores of 95% of the 123 children with DC fell within the lowest quartile for their class. At phase 2, 47% (57 of 123) of the children were reclassified as having persistent DC, scoring in the lowest 5% for their age group (13 to 14 years old). Factors significantly associated with persistence of DC in a multivariate model were severity of the arithmetic disorder and arithmetic problems in siblings of the probands. Factors that were not associated with persistence included socioeconomic status, gender, the presence of another learning disability, and educational interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcome of DC is similar to that of other learning disabilities, with a persisting course in almost half of affected children; the remainder continue to perform poorly in arithmetic. The ultimate outcome of children with dyscalculia and the effect on education, employment, and psychologic well-being have yet to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Shalev
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Manor
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Auerbach
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gross-Tsur
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis; D001290:Attitude; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004493:Education; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011932:Reading; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D014956:Writing