title: Antenatal sonographic diagnosis of club foot with particular attention to the implications and outcomes of isolated club foot.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are no studies to date on the implications and outcomes of antenatally detected isolated club foot. The purpose of this study was to perform a contemporary evaluation of club foot diagnosed in the antenatal period.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of all ultrasound examinations performed in 1989-96 in the Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment Unit of the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (n = 23,863).
  
  
  METHODS
  All cases of club foot (n = 35) were evaluated for the presence of other detectable abnormalities and karyotype results if available. Postnatal follow-up was performed until over 1 year of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We diagnosed unilateral (n = 18) and bilateral (n = 17) club foot from 17.4 to 37.0 weeks. Defects involving other systems were found in 28 of 35 cases. Of the seven cases considered to be isolated antenatally, three were diagnosed with additional malformations in the neonatal period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most cases of antenatally diagnosed club foot were not isolated. Even when they were thought to be isolated on antenatal ultrasound, over half of them were later found to be associated with additional severe abnormalities that were detectable only in the neonatal period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52242-1080, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rijhsinghani
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yankowitz
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kanis
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Yankowitz
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Williamson
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D025063:Chromosome Disorders; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal