title: Amelogenin dosage compensation in carcinoma of colon, lung, liver and kidney, is not a marker of clonality in males.
abstract: The analysis of patterns of X-chromosome inactivation is becoming increasingly utilized as a marker of clonal composition of tissues from women. To date, however, no analogous system has been found for the study of clonality in tissue from men. In the current study, the methylation patterns for portions of the amelogenin genes are tested, which are encoded on both the X- and Y-chromosome (AMGX and AMGY). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify portions of AMGX and AMGY from genomic DNA of carcinomas of the colon, lung, liver and kidney, as well as from matched normal somatic tissues. The amplification target included Alu I methylation sensitive restriction endonuclease sites as well as a 189 bp sequence which is present in AMGX but is absent in AMGY. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of AMGX and AMGY was successful using genomic DNA from both tumour and normal control tissue in 24 of the 26 cases. Pretreatment of genomic DNA with Alu I blocked amplification of AMGX in all cases from both normal tissue and tumour. This indicates that AMGX and AMGY undergo a non-random pattern of methylation in both normal tissues and in tumours, precluding their use as a marker of clonality. Methylation of Alu I sites in AMGY suggests that the amelogenin genes undergo dosage compensation, which raises the possibility that the expression of amelogenin is not restricted to the development of the tooth bud but may also play some other role in various tissues of the body.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Zvejnieks
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Tellschow
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Gudlaugsson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Markham
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Shroyer
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D053523:Amelogenin; D015415:Biomarkers; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000235:genetics; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000235:genetics; D002999:Clone Cells / Q000473:pathology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D053523:Amelogenin; D015415:Biomarkers; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins