title: Mutual antagonism of rheumatoid arthritis and hay fever; a role for type 1/type 2 T cell balance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The balance between interferon gamma (IFN gamma) and interleukin 4 (IL4) producing T cells (T1 and T2 cells) seems to be of importance in many (auto)immune disorders. In general, T1 cell activity is important in cellular immunity whereas T2 cell activity plays a part in humoral responses. T1 cell activity predominates in joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) whereas T2 cell activity is characteristic of atopic syndromes. This study investigated whether the prevalence of hay fever in RA is low and if severity of RA (T1 cell activity) can be influenced by the concomitant occurrence of a T2 cell mediated disease (hay fever).
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of hay fever was assessed in 643 consecutive (RA and non-RA) patients seen in our outpatient clinic and confirmed by skin test and specific IgE. Of this group the 12 RA patients with hay fever were compared with RA patients without hay fever (matched for age, sex, and disease duration).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of hay fever in RA patients is lower than in non-RA patients (4% versus 8%), and yields a relative risk for RA patients to develop hay fever of 0.48. RA patients with hay fever showed a lower disease activity (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C reactive protein, Thompson joint score, and radiographic joint damage (Sharp) score) than RA patients without hay fever. The clinical data were related to peripheral blood T1/T2 cell balance: a lower IFN gamma/IL4 ratio was observed for RA patients with hay fever, indicating a comparatively increased T2 cell activity in RA patients with hay fever.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results argue in favour of the exploration of treatments aimed at regulation of a possible imbalance in T1/T2 cell activity in RA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Verhoef
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van Roon
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Vianen
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bruijnzeel-Koomen
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Lafeber
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bijlsma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015847:Interleukin-4; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D002097:C-Reactive Protein