title: Immunologic nonresponsiveness to tumors.
abstract: Over the past several years it has become clear that malignant cells express a variety of tumor associated antigens, and T cells reactive to these antigens have been identified. However, the T cells are not effective in rejecting tumors. In general, T cells that are not tolerized within the thymus have the potential to be rendered tolerant by one of three mechanisms. Immune deviation occurs when regulatory T cells which share a common precursor differentiate away from the phenotype required to effect a particular immune response. Anergy induction occurs when a T cell is stimulated through its T cell receptor in the absence of costimulation. Activation-induced cell death (AICD) is apoptosis of activated T cells upon subsequent encounter with antigen. There is emerging information that some of these mechanisms can be responsible for the lack of T cell responsiveness to tumor cells. Also, tumor cells can acquire attributes that interfere with an immune response, including down-regulation of MHC molecules or other molecules involved in antigen processing; secretion of the immunosuppressive cytokine TGFbeta; and expression of the apoptosis-inducing surface molecule, Fas ligand. An expansion in our understanding of how tumor cells evade a T cell mediated death will provide insight into potential strategies to improve immunotherapeutic approaches to cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Antonia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Extermann
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Flavell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm