title: A new versatile PC-based lung sound analyzer with automatic crackle analysis (HeLSA); repeatability of spectral parameters and sound amplitude in healthy subjects.
abstract: A versatile PC-based lung sound analyzer has been developed for short-term recording and analysis of respiratory sounds in research and clinical applications. The system consists of two sound sensors, a flow sensor, a filtering signal amplifier and a PC with a data acquisition card and software for measurement and analysis of the sounds. The analyses include phonopneumography, time expanded waveform analysis, spectral analysis with time averaged Fast Fourier Transform, frequency analysis in time domain (sonogram), and automatic detection and waveform analysis of crackles. Short-term repeatability of spectral parameters of tracheal and lung sounds was studied in 10 healthy subjects. The coefficients of variation (CoV) of the averaged quartile frequencies (F25, F50 and F75) of lung sounds during flow-controlled tidal breathing were 3.7, 4.0 and 8.9% in expiration and 2.7, 3.5 and 4.5% in inspiration, respectively. CoVs of the averaged F25, F50 and F75 of expiratory tracheal sounds were 6.9, 3.0 and 2.4%, and those of inspiratory tracheal sounds 6.3, 2.6 and 3.3%, respectively. Examples of lung sound analysis of samples containing adventitious sounds such as crackles and wheezes are presented. The results indicate that the median frequency has the best repeatability of quartile frequencies of breath sounds and they suggest that the variations of those parameters are low enough for diagnostic purposes. The results also suggest that the analyzer can be a useful new tool for pulmonary research in the fields of physiological and clinical short-term studies of respiratory sounds.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Physiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sovijärvi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Helistö
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Malmberg
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kallio
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Paajanen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saarinen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lipponen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haltsonen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pekkanen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Piirilä
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Näveri
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katila
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008838:Microcomputers; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000502:physiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D012984:Software; D013018:Sound Spectrography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013990:Tidal Volume