title: Gender differences in leptin levels during puberty are related to the subcutaneous fat depot and sex steroids.
abstract: Little is known about the influence of adiposity and hormone release on leptin levels in children and adolescents. We utilized criterion methods to examine the relationships among sex steroids, body composition (4 compartment), abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat (magnetic resonance imagery), total subcutaneous fat (sum of 9 skinfolds), energy expenditure (doubly labeled water), aerobic fitness, and serum leptin levels in prepubertal and pubertal boys (n = 16; n = 13) and girls (n = 12; n = 15). The sum of skinfolds accounted for more variance in leptin levels of all girls [coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.70, P < 0.001] and all boys (R2 = 0.60, P < 0.001) than the total fat mass (girls, R2 = 0.52, P < 0.001; boys, R2 = 0.23, P < 0.001). Total energy expenditure, corrected for the influence of fat-free mass, correlated inversely with leptin (R2 = 0.18, P = 0.02). Gender differences in leptin disappeared when corrected for sex steroid levels or the combination of adiposity and energy expenditure. In multiple regression, the sum of skinfolds and free testosterone and estrogen levels accounted for 74% of the variance in leptin levels. We conclude that serum leptin levels are positively related to subcutaneous adiposity but negatively related to androgen levels. Energy expenditure may be negatively related to leptin levels by reduction of the adiposity, or a common genetic factor may influence both the activity and serum leptin levels.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Roemmich
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Berr
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Mantzoros
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Flier
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weltman
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Rogol
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011627:Puberty / Q000097:blood*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D020738:Leptin; D011506:Proteins; D013739:Testosterone