title: Inhibition of hepatocytic autophagy by adenosine, aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside, and N6-mercaptopurine riboside. Evidence for involvement of amp-activated protein kinase.
abstract: To examine the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK; EC 2.7.1. 109) in the regulation of autophagy, rat hepatocytes were incubated with the AMPK proactivators, adenosine, 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide riboside (AICAR), or N6-mercaptopurine riboside. Autophagic activity was inhibited by all three nucleosides, AICAR and N6-mercaptopurine riboside being more potent (IC50 = 0.3 mM) than adenosine (IC50 = 1 mM). 2'-Deoxycoformycin, an adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4) inhibitor, increased the potency of adenosine 5-fold, suggesting that the effectiveness of adenosine as an autophagy inhibitor was curtailed by its intracellular deamination. 5-Iodotubercidin, an adenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.20) inhibitor, abolished the effects of all three nucleosides, indicating that they needed to be phosphorylated to inhibit autophagy. A 5-iodotubercidin-suppressible phosphorylation of AICAR to 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside monophosphate was confirmed by chromatographic analysis. AICAR, up to 0.4 mM, had no significant effect on intracellular ATP concentrations. Because activated AMPK phosphorylates and inactivates 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase (EC 1.1.1.88), the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, the strong inhibition of hepatocytic cholesterol synthesis by all three nucleosides confirmed their ability to activate AMPK under the conditions used. Lovastatin and simvastatin, inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, strongly suppressed cholesterol synthesis while having no effect on autophagic activity, suggesting that AMPK inhibits autophagy independently of its effects on HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Samari
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Seglen
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000085:Acetates / Q000378:metabolism; D000241:Adenosine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000494:pharmacology; D001343:Autophagy; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004357:Drug Synergism; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008148:Lovastatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism*; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000378:metabolism; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D015649:Pentostatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012265:Ribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013868:Thioinosine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014372:Tubercidin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000963:Antimetabolites; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D009705:Nucleosides; D009711:Nucleotides; D012265:Ribonucleotides; C034214:5-iodotubercidin; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; D015649:Pentostatin; D013868:Thioinosine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002784:Cholesterol; D008148:Lovastatin; D019821:Simvastatin; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; C031143:AICA ribonucleotide; D000241:Adenosine; D014372:Tubercidin