title: Detection of drug use in a methadone maintenance clinic: sweat patches versus urine testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the novel use of sweat patches in outpatients attending a methadone maintenance clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessment of inter-patch reliability and validity of patch results compared to urine tests at the start and end of the patch period. Semi-structured questionnaire on patients' opinion of the patches. Randomized cross-over trial comparing illicit drug use during the week that the patch was worn with a control period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methadone maintenance outpatient clinic in a deprived urban area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight patients with a diagnosis of opiate addiction prescribed methadone for a median of 5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of urine and patch tests by standard methods for methadone, opiates, morphine (heroin metabolite) and benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was good inter-patch reliability between arm and side patches for methadone (all positive), opiates (k = 0.8) and morphine (k = 1.0) but only moderate agreement for benzoylecgonine (k = 0.49). There was good agreement between the sweat patches and urine tests for methadone (all positive), opiates (k = 1.00) and morphine (k = 0.8), but again only moderate agreement for benzoylecgonine (k = 0.50). The patches were well tolerated and the main side effect was minor irritation. The majority of men preferred a urine test while more women preferred a sweat patch. There was no evidence of reduced use of illicit drugs the period that the patch was worn.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sweat patches are reliable and give valid results for patients on maintenance methadone. There are few side effects and it is practical to use them in busy outpatient clinics. They are preferred by some patients but there was no evidence that they altered behaviour.
authors.affiliation: North, Mersey Community Trust, Fazakerley Hospital, Livepool, UK.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Tames
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lowe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000652:urine; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000652:urine; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000652:urine; D010328:Patch Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013542:Sweat / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone