title: All that you can be: stereotyping of self and others in a military context.
abstract: The authors tested the shifting standards model (M. Biernat, M. Manis, & T. E. Nelson, 1991) as it applies to sex- and race-based stereotyping of self and others in the military. U. S. Army officers attending a leadership training course made judgments of their own and their groupmates' leadership competence at 3 time points over a 9-week period. We examined the effects of officer sex and race on both subjective (rating) and objective/common-rule (ranking/Q-sort) evaluations. Stereotyping generally increased with time, and in accordance with the shifting standards model, pro-male judgment bias was more evident in rankings than in ratings, particularly for White targets. Self-judgments were also affected by sex-based shifting standards, particularly in workgroups containing a single ("solo") woman. Differential standard use on the basis of race was less apparent, a finding attributed to the Army's explicit invocation against the use of differential race-based standards.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA. biernat@ukans.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biernat
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Crandall
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kobrynowicz
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Halpin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D044469:Racial Groups; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D013240:Stereotyping; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires