title: Markers of tumor angiogenesis and proteolysis independently define high- and low-risk subsets of node-negative breast cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the prognostic impact of tumor angiogenesis factors (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], angiogenin, and basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF]), tumor proteolysis factors (urokinase-type plasminogen activator [uPA] and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [PAI-1]), and conventional tumor markers (stage, grade, and steroid receptors) in early breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the primary clinical study, tumor angiogenesis and other factors were detected in frozen biopsies from 305 primary breast tumors. VEGF expression was assessed by chemiluminescence immunosorbent assay (ICMA); angiogenin, bFGF, uPA, and PAI-1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); and steroid receptors (estrogen receptor [ER] and progesterone receptor [PgR]) by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In the validating clinical study, another set of 190 node-negative primary breast tumor samples were collected at a separate institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate analysis of the primary study showed that VEGF levels were positively correlated with recurrence (P < .001). Angiogenin levels were positively correlated with disease relapse (P < .005) for the overall collective group, but not within the node-negative subset. No significant correlations were found between tumor bFGF levels and patient survival. In multivariate regression analysis, the only independent predictors of relapse-free survival (RFS) were VEGF, uPA, and lymph node status. In the validation set, the distribution of VEGF and uPA values were similar to those in the primary study; low expression of both VEGF and uPA identified patients with a < or = 20% likelihood of recurrence within 7 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Separate primary and validating clinical studies concur that tumor VEGF level is the most important prognostic parameter among several markers of tumor angiogenesis and proteolysis.
authors.affiliation: Stiftung Tumorbank Basel, Department of Research, University Clinics/Kantonsspital Basel, Switzerland. eppenberger@ubaclu.unibas.ch
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Eppenberger
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kueng
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schlaeppi
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Roesel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zuber
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Luescher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Litschgi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Foekens
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eppenberger-Castori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007163:Immunosorbent Techniques; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012259:Ribonuclease, Pancreatic; D012307:Risk Factors; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D011506:Proteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; C046366:angiogenin; D012259:Ribonuclease, Pancreatic; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator