title: Recurrent primary cerebral hemorrhage: frequency, mechanisms, and prognosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The frequency of recurrent primary cerebral hemorrhage (RPCH), mainly in cases related to hypertension, has been considered low. This study investigated the frequency, mechanisms, and prognosis of RPCH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 359 patients with neuroimaging evidence of cerebral hemorrhage and selected 22 with RPCH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients (23%) were older than 70 years at the first cerebral hemorrhage. Mean ages at the first and second hemorrhages were 60 and 63 years, respectively. Risk factors included hypertension (86%), diabetes (27%), and tobacco and alcohol use (each 14%). Hypocholesterolemia was demonstrated in 35% of the patients. The most common pattern of recurrent bleeding was ganglionic-ganglionic, mainly related to hypertension. Overall mortality was 32%. Forty-one percent and 27% of patients, respectively, had incapacitating and nonincapacitating sequelae; 2 of the latter had RPCH with a lobar location. Ganglionic-ganglionic hemorrhage was associated with a poor prognosis; otherwise, this pattern was uncommon in patients with nonincapacitating sequelae. Analysis of the control of risk factors, primarily hypertension after the first cerebral hemorrhage, disclosed that 56% of patients did not gain subsequent control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rebleeding after a first primary intracerebral hemorrhage is not uncommon. The main topographic pattern of bleeding, ganglionic-ganglionic, is likely the result of hypertension; the less common lobar-lobar pattern probably results from amyloid angiopathy.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González-Duarte
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cantú
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ruíz-Sandoval
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barinagarrementeria
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000401:mortality; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors