title: Smoking as a risk factor for end-stage renal failure in men with primary renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not known whether smoking increases the risk of end-stage renal failure (ESRF) in patients with primary renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective multicenter case-control study including 582 patients from nine centers in Germany, Italy and Austria. The diseases investigated were IgA glomerulonephritis (IgA-GN) as a model of inflammatory renal disease and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) as a model of non-inflammatory renal disease. Cases were patients who had progressed to ESRF and controls were patients who were not in ESRF, that is, whose serum-creatinine failed to progress to >3 mg/dl during the observation period and who did not require renal replacement therapy. Matching for renal disease (IgA-GN, ADPKD), gender, age at renal death and region of residence resulted in 102 individually matched pairs (IgA-GN N = 54, ADPKD N = 48). Multiple conditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios for independent tobacco effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men (matched pairs: IgA-GN N = 44, ADPKD N = 28), a significant dose-dependent increase of the risk to progress to ESRF was found (non-adjusted). The baseline risk was defined as <5 pack-years (PY): (i) 5 to 15 PY, odds ratio 3.5 (95% CI 1.3 to 9.6), P = 0.017; (ii) >15 PY = 5.8 (2.0 to 17), P = 0.001. Systolic blood pressure, ACE inhibitor treatment and age at diagnosis emerged as potential confounders. After adjustment, the risk for ESRF in men with >5 PY was highly increased for patients without ACE inhibitor treatment [10.1 (2.3 to 45), P = 0.002] but not with ACE inhibitor treatment [1.4 (0.3 to 7.1), P = 0.65].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking increases the risk of ESRF in men with inflammatory and non-inflammatory renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Institute for Medical Biometry, Ruperto Carola University Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Orth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stöckmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conradt
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kreusser
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piccoli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rambausek
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roccatello
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Sieberth
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wanner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Watschinger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zucchelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*