title: Caffeine ingestion and metabolic responses of tetraplegic humans during electrical cycling.
abstract: Normally, caffeine ingestion results in a wide spectrum of neural and hormonal responses, making it difficult to evaluate which are critical regulatory factors. We examined the responses to caffeine (6 mg/kg) ingestion in a group of spinal cord-injured subjects [7 tetraplegic (C5-7) and 2 paraplegic (T4) subjects] at rest and during functional electrical stimulation of their paralyzed limbs to the point of fatigue. Plasma insulin did not change, caffeine had no effect on plasma epinephrine, and there was a slight increase (P < 0. 05) in norepinephrine after 15 min of exercise. Nevertheless, serum free fatty acids were increased (P < 0.05) after caffeine ingestion after 60 min of rest and throughout the first 15 min of exercise, but the respiratory exchange ratio was not affected. The exercise time was increased (P < 0.05) by 6% or 1.26 +/- 0.57 min. These data suggest that caffeine had direct effects on both the adipose tissue and the active muscle. It is proposed that the ergogenic action of caffeine is occurring, at least in part, by a direct action of the drug on muscle.
authors.affiliation: The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department H, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Soeren
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kjaer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000187:drug effects; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000187:drug effects; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D002110:Caffeine; D011188:Potassium; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine