title: Effect of voluntary muscle contraction on the startle response to auditory stimuli.
abstract: Startle reflex responses were studied in 15 normal human subjects using weak (88 dB) and strong (114 dB) auditory stimuli in the orbicularis oculi, masseter, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, deltoid, biceps, forearm flexors and quadriceps muscles. With the subjects in the relaxed state, no consistent responses were seen with the weak stimuli, and with the strong stimuli responses were only present in orbicularis oculi muscles. When the above muscles were in a state of voluntary contraction, the strong stimuli produced complex responses which were not always excitatory in nature, with muscle relaxation being noted in a number of stimulation sequences. Repetitive weak and strong stimuli were used to study habituation effects in the orbicularis oculi muscles. The repetitive strong stimuli produced a wide range of response patterns, indicating a high inter-individual variability in habituation. In two subjects, no habituation effects were present. Our study supports the high intra-individual variability of the startle response, and suggests that this response is affected by the state of muscle contraction at the time of stimulation. Startle response is more easily elicited in a state of muscular contraction. Future studies of startle reflex should take this into consideration.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince Henry Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Aniss
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sachdev
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chee
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D008144:Loudness Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation; D012016:Reference Values; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology*