title: Transmission disequilibrium as a test of linkage and association between HLA alleles and pauciarticular-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if HLA class I and II alleles previously found to be associated with (or protective against) pauciarticular-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (pauci-onset JRA) in population-association studies are transmitted from heterozygous parents to an extent different from the expected 50%.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred one Caucasian North American families that had a child with pauci-onset JRA and at least 1 parent who was heterozygous for the allele of interest were available for analysis. Both biologic parents and all children (affected and unaffected) were typed for HLA class I and II alleles. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) was used to determine if affected offspring received the disease-associated (or protective) allele more (or less) frequently than its alternate allele. In families in which an unaffected sibling was available, the unmatched chi-square test was used to determine if a meiotic segregation distortion bias existed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HLA class I alleles A2, B27, and B35 showed a significantly higher than expected frequency of transmission to affected offspring, as did class II alleles DR5 and DR8. HLA-DR4 was found to be transmitted significantly less frequently than expected to affected, but not unaffected, offspring. All alleles that showed an excess transmission to affected offspring were transmitted to unaffected offspring at expected rates. When the data were stratified by age and sex, the likelihood of transmission of some of the alleles was strongly influenced by these variables. For example, excess transmission of HLA-DR5 was found exclusively in female patients who were younger at the time of disease onset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from these family-based studies rule out the possibility that HLA disease associations found in earlier studies were a result of population stratification and establish linkage and association between the major histocompatibility complex and pauci-onset JRA.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Moroldo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Giannini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens