title: [Effects of CO2 and adrenaline on 1% lidocaine in axillary block].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare lidocaine hydrocarbonate and lidocaine hydrochloride, with and without adrenaline, in the axillary block obtained with a neurostimulator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double blind study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six patients undergoing surgery of the upper limb under axillary block, allocated into four groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The criteria for evaluation were: onset time, duration and quality of sensory and motor blockades, and blood concentrations of lidocaine in 39 patients. In all patients musculocutaneous, radial, median and ulnar nerves were stimulated and the volume of local anaesthetic administered was 25 mL per square meter of body surface. Group 1 received lidocaine hydrocarbonate 1% (n = 17), group 2, lidocaine hydrocarbonate 1% with adrenaline 1/200,000 (n = 17), group 3, lidocaine hydrochloride 1% (n = 16) and group 4, lidocaine hydrochloride 1% with adrenaline 1/200,000 (n = 16).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant inter-group differences were found concerning sensory and motor blockades and onset time. The duration of analgesia was longer in groups CO2 + A and HCL + A. The lidocaine blood concentrations were globally lower in group HCL + A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the cost/benefit ratio and the absence of clinical benefits of lidocaine hydrocarbonate, lidocaine hydrochloride should be preferred.
authors.affiliation: Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, Université de Sherbrooke, Province de Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vallet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jean
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Tétrault
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001132:Arm / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D001917:Brachial Plexus; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000187:drug effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine