title: Rhinovirus replication in HeLa cells cultured under conditions of simulated microgravity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rotating-wall vessels (RWVs) allow for the growth of cells under conditions of simulated microgravity. Information about the replication of viruses in simulated microgravity using RWVs has not been reported. Cells grown in RWVs are subjected to low shear motion, and the replication of certain viruses such as rhinoviruses has been reported to be enhanced by motion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our research was based on the hypothesis that rhinovirus replication would be enhanced under conditions of simulated microgravity.
  
  
  METHODS
  HeLa cells were cultured in three-dimensional cultures on microcarrier beads in simulated microgravity using RWVs and in sealed Teflon roller bottles. Two-dimensional cultures of HeLa cells were also grown in tissue culture flasks (T-150s). Viral infections for all cultures were carried out under standardized conditions at 1 x g. The amount of new virus released during the first viral replication cycle and the total viral yields obtained from multiple viral replication cycles were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viral quantitation during the first viral replication cycle showed that after 10-13 h RWV and Teflon roller bottle supernatants contained significantly more virus than the supernatants from T-150 cultures. After multiple viral replication cycles (at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h following infection), total viral samples (both free and cell-associated virus) from RWV cultures contained significantly more virus than Teflon roller bottle cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rhinovirus replication cycle was enhanced in cultures grown in the presence of motion (Teflon roller bottle cultures and RWV cultures). Additionally, multiple rounds of rhinovirus replication yielded more virus in simulated microgravity conditions. Viral transmission in cell cultures in RWVs was efficient and was similar to or better than what occurred in the Teflon roller bottles. The cultivation of cells in simulated microgravity possibly affected the rate of viral adsorption/uptake, the viral replication cycle, and/or the viral yield. RWVs provide an effective means for culturing human rhinoviruses.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pierson
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002498:Centrifugation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D006367:HeLa Cells / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008863:Microspheres; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000254:growth & development*; D013997:Time Factors; D014776:Virus Cultivation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation