title: A mutation in human CMP-sialic acid hydroxylase occurred after the Homo-Pan divergence.
abstract: Sialic acids are important cell-surface molecules of animals in the deuterostome lineage. Although humans do not express easily detectable amounts of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc, a hydroxylated form of the common sialic acid N-acetylneuraminic acid, Neu5Ac), it is a major component in great ape tissues, except in the brain. This difference correlates with lack of the hydroxylase activity that converts CMP-Neu5Ac to CMP-Neu5Gc. Here we report cloning of human and chimpanzee hydroxylase cDNAs. Although this chimpanzee cDNA is similar to the murine homologue, the human cDNA contains a 92-bp deletion resulting in a frameshift mutation. The isolated human gene also shows evidence for this deletion. Genomic PCR analysis indicates that this deletion does not occur in any of the African great apes. The gene is localized to 6p22-p23 in both humans and great apes, which does not correspond to known chromosomal rearrangements that occurred during hominoid evolution. Thus, the lineage leading to modern humans suffered a mutation sometime after the common ancestor with the chimpanzee and bonobo, potentially affecting recognition by a variety of endogenous and exogenous sialic acid-binding lectins. Also, the expression of Neu5Gc previously reported in human fetuses and tumors as well as the traces detected in some normal adult humans must be mediated by an alternate pathway.
authors.affiliation: Glycobiology Program, Divisions of Hematology-Oncology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takematsu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iber
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nickerson
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Muchmore
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varki
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015186:Hominidae / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D051379:Mice; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C074383:CMPacetylneuraminate monooxygenase