title: Exposure to GB virus type C or hepatitis G virus in selected Australian adult and children populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epidemiology and disease association for the GB virus type C (GBV-C) or hepatitis G virus (HGV) are poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study describes the exposure rates to GBV-C/HGV in diverse Australian population groups by testing for current infection and evidence of past infection with a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and an anti-E2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Subjects included volunteer blood donors, hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV)-positive donors, children, hemodialysis patients, pregnant women attending a prenatal clinic, injecting drug users (IVDUs), and adult hemophiliacs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combined GBV-C RNA and E2 antibody prevalence was 6.5 percent (6/93) in children, 13.3 percent (75/565) in blood donors, 14 percent (14/99) in pregnant women, 22.5 percent (18/80) in hemodialysis patients, 80 percent (56/70) in anti-HCV-positive donors, 88.6 percent (31/35) in IVDUs, and 85.7 percent (54/63) in adult hemophiliacs. Children had the lowest antibody rate, 1.1 percent, whereas the rate was 10.8 percent for blood donors and rose to 45.7 percent for IVDUs, 57.1 percent for anti-HCV-positive donors, and 74.6 percent for hemophiliacs. In contrast, current infection rates were comparable for children, blood donors, and pregnant women (5.4, 2.6, and 6%, respectively), rising to 11.1 percent for hemophiliacs, 24.3 percent for anti-HCV-positive donors, and 48.6 percent for IVDUs. Ten of 12 blood donors had persistent viremia, while 2 had recent infections, 1 with apparent resolution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to GBV-C can commence at an early age, although ongoing exposure may also occur among adults with no apparent risk factors. GBV-C RNA positivity was not associated with abnormal plasma alanine aminotransferase levels among blood donors.
authors.affiliation: Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Queensland, Brisbane.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hyland
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mison
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cockerill
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Selvey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Faoagali
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Cooksley
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trowbridge
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Borthwick
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gowans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001782:Blood Donors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018067:Flaviviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; C091015:glycoprotein E2, Hepatitis C virus; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase