title: Mast cell infiltration in acute coronary syndromes: implications for plaque rupture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the role of mast cells in plaque destabilization.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Inflammation is an essential feature of human coronary plaques. Macrophages and T lymphocytes are considered to contribute to destabilization of the plaques. The role of mast cells in this setting is less well studied. We therefore counted the mast cells in coronary atherectomy specimens from patients with chronic stable angina, unstable angina and severe unstable angina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients studied had chronic stable angina (group 1, n=11), "stabilized" unstable angina (group 2; Braunwald's class I and II, n=11) and "refractory" unstable angina (group 3; Braunwald's class III, n=7). Samples of culprit lesions (n=29) were obtained by directional atherectomy, snap-frozen and analyzed immunohistochemically. The numbers of mast cells and T lymphocytes per square millimeter squared were counted and the areas containing macrophages and smooth muscle cells were measured by computed planimetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the numbers of mast cells and T lymphocytes increased from group 1 through groups 2 to 3. Specimens from group 3 also contained the largest numbers of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-positive mast cells and of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 (92 kD gelatinase)-positive macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unstable coronary syndromes are associated with increased numbers of mast cells in culprit lesions. Activated mast cells secrete neutral proteases capable of degrading the extracellular matrix and TNF-alpha, capable of stimulating macrophages to synthesize MMP-9. Our observations suggest that mast cells, in addition to macrophages, contribute to matrix degradation and, hence, to progression of coronary syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Wihuri Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaartinen
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van der Wal
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van der Loos
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Piek
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Kovanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D017225:Atherectomy, Coronary; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003328:Coronary Thrombosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011379:Prognosis