title: Association between dopamine receptor genes and migraine without aura in a Sardinian sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Migraine seems to be caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Clinical and pharmacologic evidence supports the hypothesis that dopaminergic transmission is involved in the pathogenesis of migraine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current report concerns a genetic study to test the involvement of genes for dopamine (DA) receptors D2 (DRD2), D3 (DRD3), and D4 (DRD4) in migraine without aura, particularly in a subgroup with enhanced DA sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the first time, a family-based association method--the Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT)--was used to examine an isolated population, such as Sardinians. We studied 50 nuclear families of patients affected by migraine without aura. The subgroup of dopaminergic migraineurs was selected based on the presence of both nausea and yawning immediately before or during the pain phase of migraine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No association was detected using the TDT between DRD3, DRD4, and migraine without aura either in the overall sample or in the subgroup. No difference was observed in DRD2 allelic distribution in the overall sample, although the allelic distribution at the DRD2 locus differed significantly in the subgroup of dopaminergic migraineurs (p = 0.004). Allele 1 of the TG dinucleotide intronic noncoding polymorphism of the DRD2 locus was the individual allele that appeared to be in disequilibrium with migraine without aura (p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that a genetic approach could be useful in providing molecular support to the hypothesis that hypersensitivity of the dopaminergic system may represent the pathophysiologic basis of migraine, at least in a subgroup of patients.
authors.affiliation: Headache Center, Department of Neurosciences B.B. Brodie, University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Zompo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cherchi
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Palmas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ponti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bocchetta
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Gessa
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Piccardi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4
chemical_list: C493593:DRD3 protein, human; C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4