title: Pharmacodynamic efficacy, clinical safety, and outcomes after prolonged platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade with oral xemilofiban: results of a multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parenteral administration of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GP IIb/IIIa) receptor blockers can reduce ischemic complications of coronary angioplasty. Orally active GP IIb/IIIa blockers may allow more sustained receptor antagonism with the potential for long-term secondary prevention. The pharmacodynamic efficacy, clinical safety, and outcomes after prolonged receptor blockade with an orally active GP IIb/IIIa antagonist are not known. The Oral Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Blockade to Inhibit Thrombosis (ORBIT) Trial is a multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of xemilofiban, an oral platelet GP IIb/IIIa blocking agent, administered to patients after percutaneous coronary intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After successful elective percutaneous coronary intervention, 549 patients were randomized to receive either placebo or xemilofiban in a dose of 15 or 20 mg. Stented patients randomized to placebo also received ticlopidine 250 mg orally BID for 4 weeks. Patients who received abciximab during the coronary intervention and who were randomized to receive xemilofiban were administered a reduced dosage (10 mg TID for 2 weeks) followed by the randomized maintenance dose of 15 or 20 mg BID for 2 more weeks. All patients received 325 mg aspirin PO QD. Ex vivo platelet aggregation in response to 20 micromol/L ADP and 4 microg/mL collagen was measured over time after the initial dose of study drug and at days 14 and 28 of long-term therapy in 230 patients. All patients were followed clinically for 90 days. Xemilofiban inhibited platelet aggregation to both ADP and collagen with peak levels of inhibition that were similar at 14 and 28 days of long-term oral therapy. Plasma levels of xemilofiban correlated with the degree of platelet inhibition. Peak platelet inhibition on day 1 correlated with the subsequent occurrence of insignificant or mild bleeding events. Although this study was not powered to evaluate differences in clinical outcomes, a trend (P=0.04) was observed for reduction of cardiovascular events at 3 months in patients not treated with abciximab who received the highest dose (20 mg) of xemilofiban studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Xemilofiban inhibited platelet aggregation and was well tolerated during 28 days of long-term oral therapy. The observed trend in reduction of cardiovascular events in follow-up awaits confirmation in the larger-scale phase III study (EXCITE trial) currently in progress.
authors.affiliation: Carl and Edyth Lindner Center for Clinical Cardiovascular Research, Health Alliance of Greater Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kereiakes
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Kleiman
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Masud
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Broderick
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Abbottsmith
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Runyon
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Anders
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dreiling
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hantsbarger
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bryzinski
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Topol
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001550:Benzamidines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001550:Benzamidines; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; C091295:xemilofiban