title: Identification of noise sources that influence distortion product otoacoustic emission measurements in human neonates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to identify individual sources of noise and their contribution to the overall noise that influences valid measurement of otoacoustic emissions in neonates. The hypothesis was that careful selection of eliciting signals and signal processing parameters, unique analysis of measured results, and control of certain subject characteristics would allow isolation of these individual noise sources and determine their relative influence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eliciting signal parameters were optimized and held constant to minimize equipment noise. Analysis of noise floors in relation to signal level was used to identify equipment-related noise associated with changes in signal parameters. Analysis of noise floor distributions was used to determine whether environmental noise entered the measurements via inadequate coupling of the probe to the ear. The acoustic characteristics of the middle ear were varied via subject selection to determine the influence of middle-ear characteristics on noise floor levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two sources of noise associated with the measurement equipment need not contribute to the noise floor for biologically relevant otoacoustic emissions measurements (eliciting signal levels between 30 and 75 dB SPL). Of the two pathways identified for environmental noise, the pathway resulting from an inadequate seal between the probe and the ear canal can be eliminated. One of the two sources of noise related to the subject, noise resulting from biologic activity unrelated to the ear can be minimized. However, the remaining factor, the status of the middle ear, has been shown to contribute as much as 6 dB to the overall noise floor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Careful selection of signal parameters and additional data analyses and procedural variables can isolate or control several sources of noise that influence distortion product otoacoustic emission measurements in neonates. Tight coupling between the probe unit and the external ear canal should be maintained for all measurements. Middle ear abnormalities can increase noise floors up to 6 dB.
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Popelka
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Karzon
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Clary
mesh_terms: D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D009622:Noise; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous / Q000502:physiology*