title: ZK200775: a phosphonate quinoxalinedione AMPA antagonist for neuroprotection in stroke and trauma.
abstract: Stroke and head trauma are worldwide public health problems and leading causes of death and disability in humans, yet, no adequate neuroprotective treatment is available for therapy. Glutamate antagonists are considered major drug candidates for neuroprotection in stroke and trauma. However, N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists failed clinical trials because of unacceptable side effects and short therapeutic time window. alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) antagonists derived from the quinoxalinedione scaffold cannot be used in humans because of their insolubility and resulting renal toxicity. Therefore, achieving water solubility of quinoxalinediones without loss of selectivity and potency profiles becomes a major challenge for medicinal chemistry. One of the major tenets in the chemistry of glutamate antagonists is that the incorporation of phosphonate into the glutamate framework results in preferential N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonism. Therefore, synthesis of phosphonate derivatives of quinoxalinediones was not pursued because of a predicted loss of their selectivity toward AMPA. Here, we report that introduction of a methylphosphonate group into the quinoxalinedione skeleton leaves potency as AMPA antagonists and selectivity for the AMPA receptor unchanged and dramatically improves solubility. One such novel phosphonate quinoxalinedione derivative and competitive AMPA antagonist ZK200775 exhibited a surprisingly long therapeutic time window of >4 h after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats and was devoid of renal toxicity. Furthermore, delayed treatment with ZK200775 commencing 2 h after onset of reperfusion in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion resulted in a dramatic reduction of the infarct size. ZK200775 alleviated also both cortical and hippocampal damage induced by head trauma in the rat. These observations suggest that phosphonate quinoxalinedione-based AMPA antagonists may offer new prospects for treatment of stroke and trauma in humans.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratories of Schering AG, Müllerstrasse 178, D-13342 Berlin, Germany. lturski@elrl.co.uk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Turski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sheardown
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dirnagl
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wiegand
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ottow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005849:Gerbillinae; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D051381:Rats; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D063065:Organophosphonates; D011810:Quinoxalines; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; C114423:ZK 200775