title: Hydrogen peroxide-enhanced transanal ultrasound in the assessment of fistula-in-ano.
abstract: Appropriate classification of the fistulous tracts in patients with fistula-in-ano may be of value for the planning of proper surgery. Conventional transanal ultrasound has limited value in the visualization of fistulous tracts and their internal openings. Hydrogen peroxide can be used as a contrast medium for ultrasound to improve visualization of fistulas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This prospective study evaluates hydrogen peroxide-enhanced ultrasound in comparison with physical examination, standard ultrasound, and surgery in the assessment of fistula-in-ano.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one consecutive patients (4 women; mean age, 42 years) with fistula-in-ano were evaluated by local physical examination (inspection, probing, and digital examination), conventional ultrasound, and hydrogen peroxide-enhanced ultrasound before surgery. Ultrasound was performed using a B&K Diagnostic Ultrasound System with a 7-MHz rotating endoprobe. Hydrogen peroxide (3%) was infused via a small catheter into the fistula. The results of physical examination, ultrasound, and hydrogen peroxide-enhanced ultrasound were compared with surgical data as the criterion standard. The additive value of standard ultrasound and hydrogen peroxide-enhanced ultrasound compared with physical examination was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At surgery, 8 intersphincteric and 11 transsphincteric fistulas and 2 sinus tracts (without an internal opening) were found. During physical examination, probing was incomplete in 13 patients, the diagnosis being correct in the other 8 patients (38%) as a low (intersphincteric or transsphincteric) fistula. With conventional ultrasound, the assessment of fistula-in-ano was correct in 13 patients (62%); defects in one or both sphincters could also be found (n = 8). With hydrogen peroxide-enhanced ultrasound, the fistulous tract was classified correctly in 20 patients, the overall concordance with surgery being 95%. The internal opening was found at physical examination in 15 patients (71%), with hydrogen peroxide-enhanced ultrasound in 10 patients (48%), and during surgery in 19 patients (90%). Secondary extensions, confirmed during surgery, were found in five cases. In two patients, a secondary extension with hydrogen peroxide-enhanced ultrasound was not confirmed during surgery. Both patients developed a recurrent fistula.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydrogen peroxide-enhanced ultrasound is superior to physical examination and standard ultrasound in delineating the anatomic course of perianal fistulas. It makes accurate preoperative assessment of the fistula possible and may be of value for the surgeon in planning therapeutic strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Poen
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Felt-Bersma
authors.forename: Q A
authors.initials: QA
authors.lastname: Eijsbouts
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cuesta
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Meuwissen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003287:Contrast Media; D019160:Endosonography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D012003:Rectal Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide