title: Focal cortical release of endogenous opioids during reading-induced seizures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies in animals implicate endogenous release of opioid peptides as a mechanism for terminating partial and generalised seizures. To localise dynamic changes in opioid neurotransmission associated with partial seizures and higher cognitive function, we investigated the release of endogenous opioids in patients with reading-induced seizures compared with healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients who had reading epilepsy and six controls had 11C-diprenorphine (DPN) positron-emission-tomography (PET) scans while reading a string of symbols (baseline) or a scientific paper (activation). Statistical parametric mapping was used to find areas with differences in opioid-receptor binding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On activation scans mean 11C-DPN binding to opioid receptors was significantly lower (p<0.05 corrected for multiple non-independent comparisons) in the left parieto-temporo-occipital cortex (Brodmann area 37) in reading-epilepsy patients compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that opioid-like substances are involved in the termination of reading-induced seizures.
authors.affiliation: MRC Cyclotron Unit Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Koepp
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Duncan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011932:Reading; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D018847:Opioid Peptides; D011957:Receptors, Opioid