title: Comparison of restriction enzyme analysis, arbitrarily primed PCR, and protein profile analysis typing for epidemiologic investigation of an ongoing Clostridium difficile outbreak.
abstract: During an outbreak of diarrhea in a general hospital in 1992, 166 Clostridium difficile isolates from 102 patients were typed by restriction enzyme analysis (REA), arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR), and protein profile analysis (PP) techniques. A total of 18 types and 5 subtypes were identified by REA, 32 types were identified by AP-PCR, and 9 types were identified by PP. Analysis of the data indicated the presence of a predominant strain among 76, 75, and 84% of the isolates by REA, AP-PCR, and PP, respectively. Subsequently, 45 C. difficile isolates which had been collected in 1990 from 33 patients in the same hospital following a significant increase in the number of cases of diarrhea caused by C. difficile were studied by REA, AP-PCR, and PP typing techniques. Thirteen types and one subtype were identified by REA, 12 types were identified by AP-PCR, and 5 types were identified by PP. As with the isolates from 1992, a dominant strain was identified. This strain was represented by 53, 64, and 70% of the total number of isolates when the strains were typed by REA, AP-PCR, and PP, respectively. Every isolate (210 of 211) from both 1990 and 1992 that was available for typing was typeable by all three methods. Furthermore, the same dominant strain was identified in both 1990 and 1992 by each method. This study demonstrates that each of the three typing methods can be useful in epidemiologic investigations of C. difficile outbreaks and that one strain can be dominant in an institution over a number of years.
authors.affiliation: Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Albany Medical College, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rafferty
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Baltch
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Bopp
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rheal
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Tenover
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Killgore
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lyerly
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schoonmaker
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Hannett
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shayegani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D000091402:Prohibitins; D015183:Restriction Mapping / Q000379:methods; D012621:Seasons; D012703:Serotyping / Q000379:methods; D014768:Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology