title: AP-1 and ets transcription factors regulate the expression of the human SPRR1A keratinocyte terminal differentiation marker.
abstract: The 173-base pair proximal promoter of SPRR1A is necessary and sufficient for regulated expression in primary keratinocytes induced to differentiate either by increasing extracellular calcium or by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatment. Whereas calcium-induced expression depends both on an AP-1 and an Ets binding site in this region, responsiveness to TPA resides mainly (but not exclusively) on the Ets element, indicating that Ets factors are important targets for protein kinase C signaling during keratinocyte terminal differentiation. This conclusion is further substantiated by the finding that expression of ESE-1, an Ets transcription factor involved in SPRR regulation, is also induced by TPA, with kinetics similar to SPRR1A. The strict AP-1 requirement in SPRR1A for calcium-induced differentiation is not found for SPRR2A, despite the presence of an identical AP-1 consensus binding site in this gene. Binding site swapping indicates that both the nucleotides flanking the TGAGTCA core sequence and the global promoter context are essential in determining the contribution of AP-1 factors in gene expression during keratinocyte terminal differentiation. In the distal SPRR1A promoter region, a complex arrangement of positive and negative regulatory elements, which are only conditionally needed for promoter activity, are likely involved in gene-specific fine-tuning of the expression of this member of the SPRR gene family.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Sark
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Meijer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van de Putte
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Backendorf
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015415:Biomarkers; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D055233:Cornified Envelope Proline-Rich Proteins; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D055233:Cornified Envelope Proline-Rich Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C524531:SPRR1A protein, human; C101744:SPRR2A protein, human; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate