title: Ethnic and gender differences in smoking prevalence among a longitudinal sample of inner-city adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if ethnic and gender differences in smoking (lifetime prevalence and 30-day prevalence) exist among a cohort of Asian, black, Hispanic, and white inner-city adolescents during the 3-year middle school period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Students in 22 urban schools completed self-report questionnaires and provided carbon monoxide breath samples at three annual assessments. Chi-square analyses were conducted to test for associations between ethnic group (Asian, black, Hispanic, and white) and smoking and to test for gender differences in smoking within each ethnic group. Additional analyses examined differences in smoking between two Hispanic subgroups (Puerto Rican and Dominican).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethnicity was associated with lifetime smoking prevalence at all three assessment points but was only associated with 30-day smoking prevalence at the 2-year follow-up. However, there were no differences in smoking between Puerto Rican and Dominican youth. Black girls reported higher lifetime smoking prevalence than black boys at all three assessments. At the 2-year follow-up, Asian boys reported higher lifetime smoking prevalence than Asian girls; Hispanic girls reported higher 30-day prevalence than Hispanic boys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  White and Hispanic adolescents were at higher risk for smoking relative to Asian and black adolescents. With the exception of white youth, gender differences were found within each ethnic group.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention Research, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Botvin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Diaz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002648:Child; D002947:Cities; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*