title: [Vena cava filter. Indications, complications, clinical evaluation].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary embolism is the third leading cause of death in the western countries. If anticoagulation fails or is contra-indicated, or if the risk for pulmonary embolism is increased for other reasons, the percutaneous implantation of a vena cava filter should be considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  The available filters can be differentiated by the design (cone, basket, net-types), by the material, and by their removability. The rate of complications (caval thrombosis, fracture of filter) and the in vitro efficacy in trapping thrombotic clots is dependent on the specific filter type.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In clinical practice there is no evidence for significant differences in trapping efficacy among the different filters. About 4% of all patients treated by caval filters still can have pulmonary embolism, and 1% will have a fatal outcome. Dependent on the filter type, the most common complication is caval thrombosis, in up to 25% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The percutaneous implantation of caval filters can readily be performed by interventional radiologists. However, randomized clinical studies failed to clearly document efficacy of caval filters. Therefore, indication has to be considered carefully.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Radiologische Diagnostik, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Helmberger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Helmberger
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Holzknecht
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Waggershauser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stäbler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reiser
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010690:Phlebography; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D013924:Thrombophlebitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D016306:Vena Cava Filters; D014684:Venae Cavae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery