title: Ethnic and sex bias in primary care screening tests for alcohol use disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of self-report screening tests for alcohol use disorders in the primary care setting has been advocated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test for ethnic and sex bias in three self-report screening tests for alcohol use disorders in a primary care population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study with patients randomly selected from appointment lists.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based family practice clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Probability sample of 1333 adult family practice patients stratified by sex and ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients completed 1) a diagnostic interview to determine the presence of a current alcohol use disorder and 2) three screening tests: the CAGE questionnaire, the Self-Administered Alcoholism Screening Test (SAAST), and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The areas under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the CAGE questionnaire and the SAAST ranged from 0.61 to 0.88 and were particularly poor for African-American men and Mexican-American women. For the AUDIT, the area under the ROC curves was greater than 0.90 for each patient subgroup. The sensitivity of the CAGE questionnaire and the SAAST at standard cut-points was lowest for Mexican-American women (0.21 and 0.13, respectively). Positive likelihood ratios for the AUDIT were similar to or higher than those for the other screening tests, whereas negative likelihood ratios were lowest for the AUDIT (<0.33), indicating the superiority of this test in ruling out a disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A marked inconsistency in the accuracy of common self-report screening tests for alcohol use disorders was found when these tests were used in a single clinical site with male and female family practice patients of different ethnic backgrounds. The AUDIT does not seem to be affected by ethnic and sex bias.
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 77555-0429, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Steinbauer
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Cantor
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Holzer
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Volk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D015982:Bias; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*