title: Predictors and outcome of discharge against medical advice from the psychiatric units of a general hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study examined predictors of discharge against medical advice (AMA) and outcomes of psychiatric patients with AMA discharges, as measured by poorer symptom ratings at discharge and higher rates of rehospitalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 195 patients discharged AMA from general hospital psychiatric units were compared retrospectively with 2,230 regularly discharged patients. AMA status was defined as signing out against medical advice, being absent without leave, or being administratively discharged. All patients received standardized assessments within 24 hours of admission and at discharge. Demographic characteristics, psychiatric history, DSA-IV psychiatric and substance use diagnoses, and scores on an expanded 32-item version of the Psychiatric Symptom Assessment Scale were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups did not differ in primary psychiatric diagnoses. Patients discharged AMA were significantly less likely to be Caucasian or to be functionally impaired due to physical illness. They were more likely to live alone, have a substance use diagnosis, use more psychoactive substances, and have more previous hospitalizations. Patients discharged AMA had significantly shorter lengths of stay, higher rehospitalization rates, and more severe symptoms at discharge, even when length of stay was taken into account. The differences between the groups in male gender and young age were better accounted for by a greater likelihood of substance abuse in these groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest a profile of patients who may be discharged AMA. Such patients have worse outcomes and are more likely to be high utilizers of inpatient resources. Aggressive identification of patients likely to be discharged AMA and early discharge planning for appropriate outpatient treatment are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle 98104, USA. kpages@earthlink.net
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Pages
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Wingerson
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ries
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Roy-Byrne
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Cowley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006769:Hospitals, General / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010352:Patient Dropouts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016312:Treatment Refusal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014861:Washington