title: Analyzing the time and value of housestaff inpatient work.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine time allocation and the perceived value to education and patient care of the weekday activities of internal medicine housestaff on inpatient rotations and to compare the work activities of interns and residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study. We classified activities along five dimensions (association, location, activity, time, and value), developed a computer-assisted self-interview survey, and demonstrated its face and content validity, internal consistency, and interrater reliability. Subjects were assigned survey computers for 5 consecutive weekdays over a 24-week period, into which they entered data when prompted several times a day.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical service of a university-affiliated Veterans Administration Medical Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty housestaff (36 interns, 24 residents) rotating on the inpatient wards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed activities according to content (direct patient care, indirect patient care, education), association, and location. Likert-scale ratings of perceived value to education and patient care were also obtained. Housestaff provided complete responses to 3,812 (95%) of 3,992 prompts by a median of 11 seconds; 93% of responses were logically consistent across the measured dimensions. Housestaff spent more time in indirect patient care (56%) than in direct patient care (14%) or educational activities (45%). Formal educational activities had the highest educational value (66 on 0-100 scale), and direct care had the highest value to patient care (81). Over 30% of time was spent in administrative activities, which had low educational value(40). Compared with residents, interns allocated significantly less time to educational activities (38% vs 57%) and more time to lower-value activities such as documentation (19% vs 12%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved data collection methods demonstrate that housestaff in our program, particularly interns, spend much of their workday in activities that are low in educational and patient care value. Selective elimination or delegation of such activities would preserve higher-value experiences during reductions in overall inpatient training time. Planners can use automated random sampling to guide the rational redesign of housestaff work.
authors.affiliation: Medical Service, San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, USA.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Dresselhaus
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luck
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Spragg
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bozzette
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education*; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008838:Microcomputers; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D016526:Workload