title: Biomechanical testing of the lumbosacral spine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess various forms of anterior and posterior sacral fixation and to study the influence of anterior lumbosacral fixation and posterior pedicle fixation at L5 in conjunction with lumbosacral fixation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Moments at the lumbosacral junction are high in the long constructs requiring lumbosacral fixation. The purpose of this study was to assess bending moments in flexion-extension and lateral bending and rotational forces at the lumbosacral junction involving a variety of long constructs to the lumbosacral junction. The incidence of pseudarthrosis in such constructs in the adult spine literature ranges from 7% to 40%.
  
  
  METHODS
  An alignment jig was designed to display three-dimensional motion in the three orthogonal planes. Nine constructs of five specimens each were tested. These consisted of fixation at T12-L5-S1 (construct 1), T12-L5-S1 with anterior L5-S1 fixation and grafting (construct 2), T12-L5-S1, S2 with and without L5-S1 fixation and grafting anterior (constructs 3 and 4, respectfully), T12-S1, S2 with and without L5-S1 anterior grafting and fixation (constructs 5 and 6, respectfully), T12 Jackson intrasacral fixation with or without L5-S1 grafting anteriorly at the anterior fixation (constructs 7 and 8, respectfully), and T12-L5-S1, S2 fixation with anterior grafting only (construct 9).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of anterior fixation statistically increased stiffness in extension. There was a trend toward increasing stiffness in constructs with anterior fixation (two anterior anterior-oblique L5-S1 screws) and in other loading modes as well. Failure to use L5 screw fixation significantly decreased torsional rigidity in long constructs without anterior fixation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In long constructs, particularly in scoliosis surgery requiring lumbosacral fixation, the addition of anterior fixation at L5-S1 is recommended. The addition of L5 fixation in addition to sacral fixation significantly decreases rotational stresses and is recommended as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kostuik
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valdevit
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanzaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012447:Sacrum / Q000502:physiology*; D012756:Sheep; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014102:Torsion Abnormality