title: Beta-blocker therapy for congestive heart failure: a systemic overview and critical appraisal of the published trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of beta-blockers on mortality and morbidity, and to provide an appraisal of the reliability of the available data.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE search for trials of beta-blockers for congestive heart failure (CHF).
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomized trials of beta-blockers versus placebo, or greater than one month's duration, in patients with CHF. Eighteen published trials involving 2986 patients were selected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Independently by two authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Yusuf-Peto method for combining data was used. Data were available on mortality in 2841 patients (95%), on hospitalization for heart failure in 1514 (51%) and on heart transplantation in 2330 (79%). There was a lower rate of death in the active treatment group (131 of 1606) [8.2] versus 155 of 1235 [12.6%]; OR = 72; 99% CI 0.51 to 1.00), a lower rate of hospitalization for heart failure (137 of 756 [18.1%] versus 218 of 758 [28.7%]; OR = 0.54; 99% CI 0.39 to 0.74) and a trend towards a lower proportion of patients receiving heart transplantation (15 of 1354 [l.1%] versus 26 of 976 [2.7%]; OR = 0.45; 99% CI 0.20 to 1.03). Ventricular function improved; however, there was no effect on exercise duration. Although the effects on mortality were nominally statistically significant, the use of formal methods of interim monitoring adapted for meta-analyses suggests that substantially more patients still need to be studied in large scales trials to provide reliable and conclusive evidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the available data on the use of beta-blockers in CHF appear to be promising, they are neither complete nor robust. The routine use of beta-blockers in patients with heart failure should wait the results of ongoing studies.
authors.affiliation: Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avezum
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Tsuyuki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pogue
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists