title: Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section.
abstract: Seventy-eight pregnant women at term, scheduled for elective cesarean section, were enrolled in this multicenter trial to compare the analgesic efficacy and side effect profile of a spinal block with hyperbaric bupivacaine alone (Group B) or combined with 75 microg of clonidine (Group BC) or with clonidine 75 microg and fentanyl 12.5 microg (Group BCF). Intraoperatively, clonidine increased the spread of the sensory block and decreased pain (pain scores 23+/-7 mm vs 17+/-6 and 2+/-1 mm for Group B versus Groups BC and BCF; P < 0.05) and analgesic supplementation. This improved analgesia was best with the clonidine-fentanyl combination (Group BC versus Group BCF; P < 0.05). Postoperative analgesia was prolonged only in Group BCF (215+/-79 min vs 137+/-35 and 183+/-80 min for Group BCF versus Groups B and BC; P < 0.05). Blood pressure and heart rate changes were not significantly different among groups, whereas sedation and pruritus were significantly more frequent in Group BCF. Nausea and vomiting were decreased in Groups BC and BCF. Apgar scores and umbilical artery blood pH were not different among groups. We conclude that adding a small dose of intrathecal clonidine to bupivacaine increases the quality of intraoperative analgesia and decreases pain during cesarean section. Combining clonidine with fentanyl further improved analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we demonstrate improved intraoperative spinal analgesia by adding 75 microg of clonidine to bupivacaine; side effects were not increased. The combination of clonidine and fentanyl further improved analgesia but moderately increased sedation and pruritus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France. dBenhamou.beclere@invivo.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benhamou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thorin
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Brichant
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dailland
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Milon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002585:Cesarean Section; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011247:Pregnancy; D011312:Pressure
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003000:Clonidine; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine