title: Insulin stimulates pyruvate dehydrogenase and protects human ventricular cardiomyocytes from simulated ischemia.
abstract: Impaired myocardial metabolism after cardioplegic arrest results in persistent anaerobic lactate production. Insulin may protect the heart from ischemia and reperfusion by enhancing myocardial metabolic recovery. However, the stimulation of glycolysis during ischemia may be detrimental because of an accumulation of metabolic end-products. We examined the effect of insulin on quiescent human ventricular cardiomyocytes subjected to simulated cardioplegic ischemia and reperfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cardiomyocyte cultures were established from patients undergoing corrective repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Cells were exposed to varying concentrations of glucose and insulin during 30 minutes of stabilization in 10 mL of phosphate-buffered saline solution. Ischemia was simulated by exposing the cells to a low volume (1.5 mL) of deoxygenated phosphate-buffered saline solution for 90 minutes followed by 30 minutes of simulated reperfusion in 10 mL of normoxic phosphate-buffered saline solution. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion. The activity of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase was measured in 3 states: stabilization, ischemia, and reperfusion. In addition intracellular lactate, adenine nucleotides, extracellular lactate, pyruvate, and acid release were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher ambient glucose concentrations resulted in greater cellular injury although insulin-treated cells displayed less injury after ischemia and reperfusion. Insulin increased the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity by 31% in cardiomyocytes and reduced extracellular lactate production by 40%. Intracellular adenosine triphosphate was improved by 75% in cells exposed to high glucose concentrations in the presence of insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin protected human ventricular cardiomyocytes from ischemia and reperfusion. This protection may be due to a stimulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity which resulted in improved aerobic metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cardiovascular Research, The Toronto Hospital and the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Merante
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Weisel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shirai
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ikonomidis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Tumiati
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shiono
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mickle
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000378:metabolism; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011768:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D007328:Insulin; D011768:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex; D019344:Lactic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D005947:Glucose