title: Retroperitoneoscopy: experience with 200 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A retroperitoneal access is commonly used for open urological procedures. Since the introduction of the balloon dissecting technique by Gaur this anatomical route has also been used for laparoscopic surgery. We present our experience with retroperitoneoscopy in 200 cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  From December 1992 to October 1997 a total of 200 retroperitoneoscopic procedures were performed in 197 patients 4 to 82 years old, comprising 78 nephrectomies, 50 renal cyst resections, 14 nephropexies, 11 ureterolyses, 8 retroperitoneal lymph node dissections, 8 renal biopsies, 6 adrenalectomies, 6 heminephrectomies, 6 pyeloplasties, 5 ureterolithotomies, 6 ureterocutaneostomies and 2 others. Of the patients 38 (19%) and 22 (11%) had undergone previous abdominal surgery, and kidney and ureter operations, respectively. Dissection of the retroperitoneal space was enabled by the use of a balloon catheter in 14, balloon trocar system in 93 and finger dissection technique in 93 cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We classified 76 procedures (38%) as simple (renal biopsy, renal cyst resections, ureterocutaneostomy), 102 (51%) as difficult (adrenalectomy, nephrectomy, nephropexy) and 22 (11%) as very difficult (pyeloplasty, heminephrectomy, lymphadenectomy). There was a significant learning curve during the first 50 cases reflected by longer operating time, and higher complication, conversion to open surgery and open reintervention rates (14, 10 and 6%, respectively). In addition to the learning curve, mean operating time depended on the difficulty of the procedure, averaging 45 to 100 minutes for a simple, 95 to 185 for a difficult and 185 to 240 for a very difficult retroperitoneoscopy. In the last 50 cases the complication, conversion and reintervention rates (2, 4 and 2%, respectively) were acceptable for routine clinical application.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After experience with more than 200 cases of retroperitoneoscopy the access technique has been significantly simplified. The procedure is standardized, safe and reproducible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Stadtkrankenhaus Heilbronn and Klinikum Mannheim, Clinical Faculty of Medical School, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rassweiler
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Seemann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frede
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Henkel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alken
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000601:surgery*