title: Milacemide, a glycine pro-drug, inhibits strychnine-allodynia without affecting normal nociception in the rat.
abstract: The blockade of spinal glycine receptors with intrathecal (i.t.) strychnine (STR) produces reversible, segmentally localized allodynia in the rat. The purpose of this study was: (1) to investigate the effect of the anticonvulsant agent, milacemide, a glycine pro-drug on STR-allodynia; (2) to compare this effect with that of milacemide on normal nociception (without STR); and (3) to determine the sensitivity of the anti-allodynic effect of milacemide to pretreatment with selective monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A (clorgyline) and MAO-B (L-deprenyl) inhibitors. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, fitted with chronic i.t. catheters, were lightly anesthetized with urethane. Hair deflection (HD) evoked maximum changes in blood pressure and heart rate were recorded from left carotid artery, and cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was continuously monitored using subdermal needle electrodes before and after i.t. STR (40 microg). Rats were pretreated with a single intravenous (i.v.) injection of milacemide (100-600 mg/kg), 1 h before i.t. STR. To sustain the allodynic state, STR was injected every hour for up to 4 h. HD was applied to the affected dermatomes (2 min duration) using a cotton-tipped applicator at 5-min intervals for the duration of the STR effect. Normally innocuous HD elicited a marked increase in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate, an immediate motor responses, and desynchronisation of EEG when applied to the cutaneous dermatomes affected by i.t. STR. Milacemide (100-600 mg/kg, i.v.) dose-dependently inhibited the heart rate and pressor responses (ED50 = 398 mg/kg; 95%CI = 196-873) and the motor responses (ED50 = 404 mg/kg; 95%CI = 275-727). Maximum inhibition was observed approximately 2 h after i.v. injection. The duration of action ranged from 3 h (400 mg/kg) to 4 h (600 mg/kg). Milacemide had no effect on the percent synchrony in the EEG. At the time of maximum inhibition of STR-allodynia (2 h post-infusion), responses evoked by noxious pinch were unaffected by milacemide. Pretreatment with L-deprenyl (3 mg/kg, i.p.), but not clorgyline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly blocked the anti-allodynic effect of milacemide (600 mg/kg i.v). These data indicate that i.v. milacemide significantly attenuates the allodynia arising from spinal glycine receptor blockade, and are consistent with: (1) the selective modulation of low threshold afferent input by STR-sensitive, glycine interneurons in the rat spinal cord; and (2) the pharmacological actions of milacemide as a glycine pro-drug.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6 Canada Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6 Canada.
authors.forename: Hemal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khandwala
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Loomis
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003010:Clorgyline / Q000494:pharmacology; D005998:Glycine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D012642:Selegiline / Q000494:pharmacology; D013331:Strychnine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D011355:Prodrugs; C039332:milacemide; D012642:Selegiline; D013331:Strychnine; D003010:Clorgyline; D005998:Glycine