title: Intracranial pressure monitoring during intraarterial papaverine infusion for cerebral vasospasm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intraarterial papaverine infusions are performed to reverse cerebral arterial vasospasm resulting from subarachnoid hemorrhage, but such infusions may lead to increases in intracranial pressure (ICP). This study was undertaken to determine when ICP monitoring is indicated during papaverine treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-eight vessels were treated in 51 sessions in 28 patients with symptomatic vasospasm. ICP, papaverine doses, and infusion rates were recorded during treatment sessions. The procedural data, Hunt and Hess scores, Fisher grades, Glasgow Coma Scale scores, and ages for all subjects were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline ICP ranged from 0 to 34 mm Hg. With typical papaverine doses of 300 mg per territory and infusion times ranging from 5 to 60 minutes per vessel, ICP increases above baseline during papaverine infusion ranged from 0 to 60 mm Hg. Significant (> or = 20 mm Hg) ICP increases during therapy were observed even in patients with low baseline ICP and with papaverine infused at the slowest rate. Patients with a baseline ICP of more than 15 mm Hg were much more likely to have significant ICP increases than were patients with a baseline ICP of 0 to 15 mm Hg. Hunt and Hess scores, Fisher grades, age, and Glasgow Coma Scale scores on admission and immediately before treatment did not correlate with ICP increases during papaverine infusion. Patients with ICP increases of more than 10 mm Hg during therapy were more likely to experience adverse clinical events than were patients with ICP increases of < or = 10 mm Hg. Reduction in the rate of papaverine infusion, or termination of infusion, resulted in reversal of drug-induced ICP elevation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICP monitoring during intraarterial papaverine infusions for cerebral vasospasm is recommended for all patients and is particularly important for patients with elevated baseline ICP. Continuous ICP monitoring facilitates safe and time-efficient drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Angtuaco
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Milburn
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Diringer
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Dacey
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010208:Papaverine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D013997:Time Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D010208:Papaverine