title: A comparison of the long-term effectiveness of distraction and focusing in the treatment of auditory hallucinations.
abstract: Cognitive-behavioural interventions for patients experiencing neuroleptic resistant auditory hallucinations have fallen into two main categories: those which encourage distraction as a coping strategy, and those which encourage patients to focus on or expose themselves to their hallucinations. A 20-session distraction treatment was compared with an equal length focusing treatment for 19 patients who were experiencing chronic auditory hallucinations. Patients were followed-up for approximately 2 years. No differences were observed between the groups for outcome on symptom severity overall, although the focusers showed a greater belief that their voices were their own thoughts at the final follow-up point. When the two groups were combined, there was a significant reduction in the frequency of hallucinations and the disruption to life caused by them during treatment, although this was not maintained at follow-up. During treatment, there was a significant increase in self-esteem for focusers but a significant decrease for distracters. At 2-year follow-up, both focusers and distracters showed a reduction in self-esteem in comparison to the end of therapy. The results show no overwhelming advantage of one treatment over the other and confirm previous observations of the difficulty of treating hallucinations with cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT). However, there was some indication that CBT influenced some important clinical variables and further investigation is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haddock
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Slade
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bentall
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Faragher
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D001307:Auditory Perception; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents