title: Synthesis and characterization of heteroarotinoids demonstrate structure specificity relationships.
abstract: Heteroarotinoids are synthetic retinoids derived from trans-retinoic acid and the arotinoid structures and include a heteroatom in a five- or six-membered cyclic ring. This is the first systematic study of influences of the heteroatom, ring size, number of aryl groups, and terminal side chain on retinoid receptor specificity. Two new heteroarotinoids were synthesized and characterized. Although all heteroarotinoids activated RAR receptors, two dominant associations between structure and specificity were identified across all compounds. The six-membered ring conferred increased RARbeta specificity over the five-membered ring. The sulfur atom conferred greater specificity for RARgamma than the oxygen atom. RARalpha specificity was attenuated by a combination of influences from the heteroatom and aryl groups. In summary, the heteroatom and cyclic ring size exerted dominant effects, while the number of aryl rings and terminal side chain had attenuating effects on retinoid receptor specificity of heteroarotinoids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, PO Box 26901, WP2470, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Benbrook
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Berlin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D012176:Retinoids / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D012176:Retinoids