title: Efficacy of sterilisation methods and their effect on enamel demineralisation.
abstract: The aim of this project was to determine the effectiveness of sterilisation methods for dental enamel for use in intra-oral cariogenicity tests, and their possible effect on the degree of demineralisation of enamel. Bovine incisors were cut vertically into five portions and each assigned to one of five groups. Group 1 was used as a control while the other four groups were subjected, respectively, to gamma irradiation ( congruent with 25kGy), steam autoclaving (121 degrees C for 15 min), sodium hypochlorite (12% w/v for 24h) and povidone-iodine (7.5% w/v for 24h). Total viable counts of microorganisms remaining following sterilisation of the specimens were performed following incubation of the specimens for 24h at 37 degrees C. Caries-like lesions were produced in each specimen using an acidic buffer solution (pH4.5). Sections were cut from each specimen, ground to 80-microgram thickness, and microradiographed. Mineral loss and lesion depth were quantified using transverse microradiography. Statistical analysis was by ANOVA. Dunnett's and Tukey's tests. Microbial growth (Staphylococcus aureus and bacilli) was observed only in control specimens in both brain heart infusion broth and on blood agar plates. The sterilisation methods affected the enamel surface as follows: gamma irradiation (cream discolouration), NaOCl (bleaching), and povidone-iodine (white spot-like lesion). Compared with the control, there was no significant difference in mineral loss and lesion depth with any of the groups, but the numerical values of mineral loss and lesion depth in groups can be ranked as follows: gamma irradiation <povidone-iodine <control <autoclave <NaOCl. In conclusion, the four sterilisation methods were all effective to sterilise enamel, but gamma irradiation proved the most acceptable method for enamel to be used in cariogenicity tests having the least adverse effect.
authors.affiliation: Cariology Research Group, Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, The University of Liverpool, United Kingdom b.t.amaechi@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Amaechi
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Higham
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Edgar
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001407:Bacillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002021:Buffers; D002417:Cattle; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005720:Gamma Rays / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008852:Microradiography; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis; D011206:Povidone-Iodine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D013227:Steam; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods*; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002021:Buffers; D004202:Disinfectants; D008903:Minerals; D013227:Steam; D011206:Povidone-Iodine; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite