title: [The expert identification of the remains of the imperial family by means of molecular genetic verification of genealogical relations].
abstract: The paper presents the results of international complex molecular genetic expert identification of skeletal remains of 9 subjects buried near the Koptiaki road in Ekaterinburg region, presumably belonging to the Romanov Royal Family and persons in their attendance. The armory of methods based on analysis of the least permissible amounts of DNA by the polymerase chain reaction and direct fluorescent sequencing of amplified DNA fragments included the latest scientific technologies. In addition, new methods were developed and used, which have no analogs in the world expert practice. The strategy included identification of biological gender of skeletons, of familial group among exhumed individuals, and of ties of relationship of this family with two independent maternal branches of the Romanov genealogical tree using tracing kindred markers based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The study was carried out in two stages: in 1992-1993 at Aldermaston Criminology Center of Home Office of the UK with participation of British specialists and in 1995 at Military Medical Institute of Ministry of Defence of the USA in Washington with participation of American specialists. In 1993 five skeletons were identified as Emperor Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra Fedorovna, and their three daughters with 99.6% certainty. From modern criminological viewpoint, the result could not be considered as sufficiently certain for such an extraordinary case, and therefore in 1995 molecular genetic studies of presumable remains of Nicholas II and his brother Prince Georgiĭ Romanov were carried out again. The results showed absolute positional identity of mtDNA genetic code of these two men due to an extremely rare genetic abnormality (heteroplasmia), and thus the problem of appurtenance of the remains to the Romanov royal family was solved.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Ivanov
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology; D002048:Burial / Q000266:history; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis*; D005197:Famous Persons; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006708:Homicide / Q000266:history*; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D008967:Molecular Biology; D010375:Pedigree; D012425:Russia (Pre-1917); D012732:Sex Determination Analysis / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004247:DNA