title: Pallidotomy lesion locations: significance of microelectrode refinement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether stereotactic pallidotomy requires refinement using microelectrode recording to ensure proper lesion placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiment approach was based on retrospective comparisons of microelectrode-refined radiofrequency lesion locations with hypothetical unrefined lesion positions. Actual and hypothetical pallidotomy lesions were classified based on their lesion center (thermocoagulative zone) locations and their total lesion areas (surrounding edematous zone) relative to the pallidal target. Assessments were made using postoperative T2-weighted magnetic resonance axial images, which showed both the lesion and globus pallidus (GP). The magnitude of microelectrode refinement from an initial preoperative starting point determined by computed tomography was calculated using stereotactic coordinates and included corrections for the lesioning tract trajectory angle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 25 patients, the center of the actual pallidotomy lesion was within the GP. Without microelectrode refinement, 13 of 25 hypothetical lesion positions would have been localized such that the lesion center would not have remained in the GP. In eight cases, microelectrode refinement resulted in no significant change in lesion location, but in one case, microelectrode refinement resulted in lesion center placement away from the GP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kinesthetically driven microelectrode refinement in pallidotomy lesioning seems to be required to ensure proper lesion location within the GP.
authors.affiliation: Imaging Resource Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66103, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Overman
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Koller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Batnitzky
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D016634:Radiosurgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation