title: Endoscopic application in aesthetic and reconstructive facial bone surgery.
abstract: Twenty-three cases of endoscopically assisted facial bone surgery were performed over the past 3 years. Our series is consistent with 16 cases of aesthetic contouring surgery and 12 treatments of facial bone fracture, including three cases for recontouring of frontal bone, three cases for recontouring of zygoma, endoscopically assisted correction of three zygomatic and blowout fractures, four cases for rhinoplasty and septoplasty for deviated nose, and three cases for mandible contouring surgery. To accomplish this technique, a rigid 4-mm, 30-degree down-angled endoscope was used. The frontal bone or zygomatic arch was approached endoscopically through two or three small incisions on the frontal or temporoparietal scalp. All endoscopic instruments were then manipulated through these incisions. The approach for endoscopically assisted rhinoplasty is the same as with standard rhinoplasty procedures. The approach for zygoma complex and maxillary sinus needs an intraoral incision. Recontouring of zygoma, mandible, and nasal dorsum by an air-driven burr and rasp was performed with endoscopic visual assistance. A plate and screw fixation for zygomatic arch fracture requires an additional small skin incision over the plate for the trocar method. The duration of follow-up ranged from 6 months to 30 months. The postoperative course was satisfactory with a few complications. The extra time needed for the endoscopic procedures was less than 1 hour. Endoscopically assisted facial bone surgery can be performed with adequate visualization and direct manipulation of all facial bones. Complications usually associated with extensive incisions in the bicoronal approach may be avoided. Poor visualization in the conventional approach for operation of orbit, nose, maxillae, and mandible may be avoided by use of the endoscope. This technique may prove to be ideal for aesthetic surgery for facial skeleton with smaller scar and less morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, at Catholic University of Taegu Hyosung, Korea.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Ahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D019723:Endoscopes; D004954:Esthetics; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000295:instrumentation; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D013525:Surgical Instruments