title: Benzodiazepine use in pregnancy and major malformations or oral cleft: meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if exposure to benzodiazepines during the first trimester of pregnancy increases risk of major malformations or cleft lip or palate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies from 1966 to present.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were located with Medline, Embase, Reprotox, and from references of textbooks, reviews, and included articles. Included studies were original, concurrently controlled studies in any language.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data extraction and quality assessment were done independently and in duplicate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal exposure to benzodiazepines in at least the first trimester; incidence of major malformations or oral cleft alone, measured as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals with a random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of over 1400 studies reviewed, 74 were retrieved and 23 included. In the analysis of cohort studies fetal exposure to benzodiazepine was not associated with major malformations (odds ratio 0.90; 95% confidence interval 0.61 to 1. 35) or oral cleft (1.19; 0.34 to 4.15). Analysis of case-control studies showed an association between exposure to benzodiazepines and development of major malformations (3.01; 1.32 to 6.84) or oral cleft alone (1.79; 1.13 to 2.82).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pooled data from cohort studies showed no association between fetal exposure to benzodiazepines and the risk of major malformations or oral cleft. On the basis of pooled data from case-control studies, however, there was a significant increased risk for major malformations or oral cleft alone. Until more research is reported, level 2 ultrasonography should be used to rule out visible forms of cleft lip.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S2.
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Dolovich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Addis
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vaillancourt
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Power
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koren
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Einarson
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines