title: Using an office system intervention to increase breast cancer screening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate an innovative approach to continuing medical education, an outreach intervention designed to improve performance rates of breast cancer screening through implementation of office systems in community primary care practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled trial with primary care practices assigned to either the intervention group or control group, with the practice as the unit of analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty mostly rural counties in North Carolina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physicians and staff of 62 randomly selected family medicine and general internal medicine practices, primarily fee-for-service, half group practices and half solo practitioners.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physician investigators and facilitators met with practice physicians and staff over a period of 12 to 18 months to provide feedback on breast cancer screening performance, and to assist these primary care practices in developing office systems tailored to increase breast cancer screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physician questionnaires were obtained at baseline and follow-up to assess the presence of five indicators of an office system. Three of the five indicators of office systems increased significantly more in intervention practices than in control practices, but the mean number of indicators in intervention practices at followup was only 2.8 out of 5. Cross-sectional reviews of randomly chosen medical records of eligible women patients aged 50 years and over were done at baseline (n = 2,887) and follow-up (n = 2,874) to determine whether clinical breast examinations and mammography, were performed. Results for mammography were recorded in two ways, mention of the test in the visit note and actual report of the test in the medical record. These reviews showed an increase from 39% to 51% in mention of mammography in intervention practices, compared with an increase from 41% to 44% in control practices (p = .01). There was no significant difference, however, between the two groups in change in mammograms reported (intervention group increased from 28% to 32.7%; control group increased from 30.6% to 34.0%, p = .56). There was a nonsignificant trend (p = .06) toward a greater increase in performance of clinical breast examination in intervention versus control practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A moderately intensive outreach intervention to increase rates of breast cancer screening through the development of office systems was modestly successful in increasing indicators of office systems and in documenting mention of mammography, but had little impact on actual performance of breast cancer screening. At follow-up, few practices had a complete office system for breast cancer screening. Outreach approaches to assist primary care practices implement office systems are promising but need further development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Kinsinger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qaqish
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Strecher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaluzny
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003154:Community Medicine / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008327:Mammography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011216:Practice Management, Medical; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012424:Rural Population; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires