title: An experimental study of airbag impact to the orbit using an instrumented Hybrid III headform.
abstract: This paper provides the results from an experimental study intended to assess airbag impact to the orbit. Twenty-seven airbags were deployed onto an instrumented Hybrid III headform. Seven different types of airbags were used that included tethered and nontethered, light to heavy nylon weaves, and different coating types. The airbags were deployed via a pneumatic deployment system. Seven individual force transducers, each having a 2.25 cm2 contact area, were placed on the right orbital region to evaluate the force patterns. The midpoint of the two ocular regions of the headform was positioned 12.5 cm above and 15.0 cm away from the center of the airbag, a position determined from previous airbag deployments to yield the highest leading edge velocity. The average maximum force per sensor ranged from 15.4 N to 63.6 N, and peak pressure ranged from 68 kPa to 282 kPa. The upper center of the orbit presented the highest values while the center of the orbit recorded the lowest values, a comparison that was proven to be statistically significant. For this configuration, the maximum force on the ocular region was found to be independent of the presence of a tether or the maximum internal airbag pressure.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia, Automobile Safety Laboratory, Charlottesville, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Duma
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kress
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Porta
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D017278:Air Bags / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic