title: Activation of the Epstein-Barr virus transcription factor BZLF1 by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced phosphorylation.
abstract: BZLF1 is a member of the extended AP-1 family of transcription factors which binds to specific BZLF1 sequence motifs within early Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) promoters and to closely related AP-1 motifs. BZLF1's activity is regulated at the transcriptional level as well as through protein interactions and posttranslational modifications. Phorbol esters or immunoglobulin cross-linking both reactivate EBV from latently infected B cells via transactivation of BZLF1. We report here that the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is capable of inducing BZLF1's activity even further. The induction occurs at the posttranscriptional level and depends on a single serine residue located in the DNA binding domain of BZLF1. This serine residue (S186) is phosphorylated by protein kinase C in vitro and in vivo after stimulation with TPA. Phosphorylation of S186 per se interferes with the DNA binding affinity of BZLF1 in vitro but is mandatory for TPA-induced increase in DNA binding of BZLF1, as shown in gel retardation assays and reconstruction experiments with cellular extracts. In transcriptional reporter assays, S186 is essential for the activation of BZLF1 by TPA. Presumably, a yet-to-be-identified cellular factor restores the DNA binding affinity and enhances the transcriptional activity of S186-phosphorylated BZLF1, which is required to induce the lytic phase of EBV's life cycle.
authors.affiliation: GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie und Tumorgenetik, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mischak
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dammeier
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kolch
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gires
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pich
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zeidler
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Delecluse
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hammerschmidt
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014764:Viral Proteins
chemical_list: C063676:BZLF1 protein, Herpesvirus 4, Human; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014764:Viral Proteins; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate