title: In vivo perfusion measurements in the human placenta using echo planar imaging at 0.5 T.
abstract: This paper presents the first in vivo measurements of perfusion in the human placenta from 20 weeks gestational age until term, using the non-selective/selective inversion recovery echo-planar imaging sequence, in which data is alternately acquired following a selective and non-selective inversion pulse. Twenty pairs of images were collected, two each at the following inversion times: 20, 310, 610, 910, 1110, 1410, 1910, 2810, 3310, and 4510 ms with the sequence being repeated with a repetition time (TR) of 10 s. The results of these measurements were used to suggest the optimum sequence for future work in terms of the signal to noise ratio in the measured perfusion rate in a given measurement time. The sequence was also analyzed to determine the expected variability in the measurements. In normal pregnancies the average value of perfusion rate was found to be 176 (standard error = +/-24) ml/100 mg/min. (n = 16, standard deviation = 96 ml/100 mg/min). The expected variability in the measured parameters due to signal to noise ratio considerations alone was calculated to be 71%. For a maximum scanning time of 400 s, the optimum sequence for measuring placental perfusion was found to require 8 repetitions at each of 10 inversion times which were geometrically spaced (given by a(o), a(o)r, a(o)r2, a(o)r3, . . .), with a(o) = 850 ms, r = 1.073 and TR = 5 s, giving a pixel variability of 38%. Other timing schemes are recommended for measuring perfusion in other anatomical regions with different values of perfusion rate and longitudinal relaxation time.
authors.affiliation: Magnetic Resonance Centre, Department of Physics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gowland
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Issa
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Bowtell
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Worthington
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000098:blood supply; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012016:Reference Values; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology