title: A fluorescent double-labeling method to detect and confirm apoptotic nuclei in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: In situ end-labeling (ISEL) has become a widely used method to determine whether cells die via apoptosis by detecting double-stranded DNA breaks that are the result of endonuclease digestion. The enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase can be used to label the digested 3'-OH ends of DNA with biotin-, digoxigenin-, or fluorescent probe-conjugated nucleotides. However, both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA breaks can be labeled by this method and therefore ISEL cannot unequivocally demonstrate apoptosis when used alone. We have developed a fluorescent double-labeling method using ISEL combined with the cyanine dye YOYO-1 that binds to DNA. When combined with confocal laser microscopy and deconvolution analysis, YOYO-1 can demonstrate the presence or absence of nuclear chromatin condensation and thus confirm that ISEL-positive nuclei are indeed apoptotic. Preliminary findings indicate that dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta die via apoptosis in Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Tatton
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maclean-Fraser
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Tatton
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Perl
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Olanow
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000737:chemistry; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes