title: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for lower caliceal calculi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study is to determine the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) therapy for isolated lower caliceal calculi.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 165 patients who were treated with the Siemens Lithostar Plus on an outpatient basis between March 1993 and August 1997. The age of patients ranged from 17 to 70 (mean 39.11) years. The stone size varied from 4 to 42 mm, and patients who had stones larger than 21 mm had a double-J stent inserted prior to treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall stone-free rate at 3 months was 53.33%; whereas it was 61.79, 48.27, and 27.27% according to the stone size, </=10, 11-20 and >/=21 mm, respectively. Complications were rare, including 2 pyelonephritis, 2 subcapsular hematoma formation, 24 renal colics and 8 stone streets, which were managed by ureteral stenting or additional ESWL and resulted in complete stone clearance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESWL therapy is a reasonable and effective method for small lower caliceal stones, but due to its relatively low stone-free and high complication rates, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy or open surgery should be considered for stones larger than 21 mm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Gazi Medical School, Ankara, Turkey. urology@behcet.tip.gazi.edu.tr
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Küpeli
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Biri
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sinik
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karaca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuncayengin
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Karaoğlan
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bozkirli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome