title: The crystal structure of dienoyl-CoA isomerase at 1.5 A resolution reveals the importance of aspartate and glutamate sidechains for catalysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The degradation of unsaturated fatty acids is vital to all living organisms. Certain unsaturated fatty acids must be catabolized via a pathway auxiliary to the main beta-oxidation pathway. Dienoyl-coenzyme A (dienoyl-CoA) isomerase catalyzes one step of this auxiliary pathway, the isomerization of 3-trans,5-cis-dienoyl-CoA to 2-trans,4-trans-dienoyl-CoA, and is imported into both mitochondria and peroxisomes. Dienoyl-CoA isomerase belongs to a family of CoA-binding proteins that share the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase sequence motif.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The crystal structure of rat dienoyl-CoA isomerase has been determined at 1.5 A resolution. The fold closely resembles that of enoyl-CoA hydratase and 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA dehalogenase. Dienoyl-CoA isomerase forms hexamers made up of two trimers. The structure contains a well ordered peroxisomal targeting signal type-1 which is mostly buried in the inter-trimer space. The active-site pocket is deeply buried and entirely hydrophobic, with the exception of the acidic residues Asp176, Glu196 and Asp204. Site-directed mutagenesis of Asp204 revealed that this residue is essential for catalysis. In a molecular modeling simulation, a molecule of 3-trans,5-cis-octadienoyl-CoA was docked into the active site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The structural data, supported by the mutagenesis data, suggest a reaction mechanism where Glu196 acts as a proton acceptor and Asp204 acts as a proton donor. Asp176 is paired with Glu196 and is important for optimizing the catalytic proton transfer properties of Glu196. In the predicted mode of substrate binding, an oxyanion hole stabilizes the transition state by binding the thioester oxygen. The presence of a buried peroxisomal targeting signal suggests that dienoyl-CoA isomerase is prevented from reaching its hexameric structure in the cytosol.
authors.affiliation: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Modis
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Filppula
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Novikov
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Norledge
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hiltunen
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Wierenga
mesh_terms: D000214:Acyl Coenzyme A / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000502:physiology; D019748:Carbon-Carbon Double Bond Isomerases / Q000737:chemistry*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004746:Enoyl-CoA Hydratase / Q000737:chemistry; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D008830:Microbodies / Q000201:enzymology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed / Q000235:genetics; D011487:Protein Conformation; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals / Q000737:chemistry; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D051381:Rats; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D000214:Acyl Coenzyme A; D005227:Fatty Acids; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; D004746:Enoyl-CoA Hydratase; D019748:Carbon-Carbon Double Bond Isomerases; C085575:delta(3,5),delta(2,4)-dienoyl-CoA isomerase