title: Immunoaffinity localization of the enzyme xanthine oxidase on the outside surface of the endothelial cell plasma membrane.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reactive oxygen metabolites generated from endothelial xanthine oxidase (XO) trigger reperfusion injury in many organs. We evaluated the possibility that endothelial XO was localized on the endothelial cell surface, as well as within the cytoplasm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cultures of bovine (BAECs) and porcine (PAECs) aortic endothelial cells were grown in media documented to be free of XO. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were developed against XO. These antibodies were used to evaluate BAEC and PAEC for cell surface XO through immunofluorescence staining, hybridoma cell surface labeling, and endothelial cell surface binding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These antibodies bound specifically to the surface of these cells when the membrane was shown to be intact and impermeable (and the cytoplasm inaccessible) to immunoglobulins Moreover, hybridoma cells expressing monoclonal antibody to XO bound specifically to the endothelial cell surface. Finally, intact endothelial cells bound specifically to the anti-XO polyclonal antibodies immobilized to the surface of a Petri dish. The integrity of these endothelial cell plasma membranes was demonstrated by the subsequent growth and replication of these cells in culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that XO is present on the outside surface of the endothelial cell plasma membrane. This would not only explain the known in vivo efficacy of intravascularly administered large molecular weight antioxidants (such as superoxide dismutase) but could have important implications for inflammatory signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-0007, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vickers
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schiller
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hildreth
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Bulkley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology; D002417:Cattle; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000201:enzymology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006825:Hybridomas; D012157:Mononuclear Phagocyte System / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase