title: Importance of the two ester functions for the brain retention of 99mTc-labelled ethylene dicysteine diethyl ester (99mTc-ECD).
abstract: 99mTc-ethylene dicysteine diethyl ester (99mTc-L,L-ECD) is a neutral lipophilic tracer agent that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is retained in the brain of primates following enzymatic hydrolysis of one of the ester functions to the ionized mono-ester, mono-acid metabolite. Up to now, it is not clear whether the second ethylcarboxylate group is essential for brain uptake and retention. Therefore, we have synthesized and studied two derivatives of 99mTc-L,L-ECD that contain only one ethylcarboxylate function, namely 99mTc-labelled L- and D-ethylene cysteamine cysteine ethyl ester (99mTc-ECCE). Direct labelling of L- or D-ECCE at neutral pH and room temperature resulted for each of them in the formation of two probably diastereomeric 99mTc-complexes in a 1:1 ratio. This means that four different isomers could be isolated. The 99mTc-labelled complexes formed after labelling ECCE (A and B, in order of elution during HPLC) are slightly less lipophilic than 99mTc-L,L-ECD. In mice, all four isomers show a low brain activity at 10 min post injection (p.i.), approximately 0.1% to 0.3% of the injected dose versus 0.9% for 99mTc-L,L-ECD. The clearance from the blood is comparable with (isomers LA and LB) or slower (isomers DA and DB) than that of 99mTc-L,L-ECD. Isomers LA and DA show high liver uptake and rapid excretion to the intestines. Both 99mTc-ECCE-LB and 99mTc-ECCE-DB, the most lipophilic isomers, are cleared from the blood mainly by the kidneys and excreted more efficiently to the urine. 99mTc-ECCE-LB is characterized by a surprisingly high heart uptake (about 1.5% of i.d.) at 10 min p.i. versus 1.0% for 99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) and 0.2-0.3% for the other isomers, but also lung uptake is relatively high. In the baboon, brain and heart uptake of isomers LA and LB of 99mTc-ECCE were negligible. Activity concentrated mostly in the hepatobiliary system for isomer LA and in the renal system for isomer LB. The results indicate a clear difference in biological behaviour between 99mTc-L,L-ECD and the four isomers of 99mTc-ECCE. This shows that the presence of both ester functions in 99mTc-L,L-ECD is an essential structural requirement for its brain uptake and retention in primates.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, F.F.W., K.U. Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Vanbilloen
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cleynhens
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Verbruggen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D003543:Cysteamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D003545:Cysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004952:Esters / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010215:Papio; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D004952:Esters; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C115519:ethylene cysteamine cysteine ethyl ester; C073806:technetium Tc 99m-ethylenedicysteine; D003543:Cysteamine; D003545:Cysteine