title: Enhancement of fibrinolysis with 40-kHz ultrasound.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound at frequencies of 0.5 to 1 MHz and intensities of > or =0.5 W/cm2 accelerates enzymatic fibrinolysis in vitro and in some animal models, but unacceptable tissue heating can occur, and limited penetration would restrict application to superficial vessels. Tissue heating is less and penetration better at lower frequencies, but little information is available regarding the effect of lower-frequency ultrasound on enzymatic fibrinolysis. We therefore examined the effect of 40-kHz ultrasound on fibrinolysis, tissue penetration, and heating.
  
  
  RESULTS
  125I-fibrin-radiolabeled plasma clots in thin-walled tubes were overlaid with plasma containing tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and exposed to ultrasound. Enzymatic fibrinolysis was measured as solubilization of radiolabel. Tissue attenuation and heating were examined in samples of porcine rib cage. Fibrinolysis was increased significantly in the presence of 40-kHz ultrasound at 0.25 W/cm2, reaching 39+/-7% and 93+/-11% at 60 minutes and 120 minutes, compared with 13+/-8% and 37+/-4% in the absence of ultrasound (P<0.0001). The acceleration of fibrinolysis increased at higher intensities. Attenuation of the ultrasound field was only 1.7+/-0.5 dB/cm through the intercostal space and 3.4+/-0.9 dB/cm through rib. Temperature increments in rib were <1 C/(W/cm2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that 40-kHz ultrasound significantly accelerates enzymatic fibrinolysis at intensities of > or =0.25 W/cm2 with excellent tissue penetration and minimal heating. Externally applied 40-kHz ultrasound at low intensities is a potentially useful therapeutic adjunct to enzymatic fibrinolysis with sufficient tissue penetration for both peripheral vascular and coronary applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Rochester and the Rochester Center for Biomedical Ultrasound, NY, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Suchkova
authors.forename: F N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Siddiqi
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Carstensen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dalecki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Child
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Francis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005337:Fibrin / Q000502:physiology; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D007700:Kinetics; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D005337:Fibrin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator