title: Insulin stimulation of the fatty acid synthase promoter is mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Involvement of protein kinase B/Akt.
abstract: Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a critical enzyme in de novo lipogenesis. It catalyzes the seven steps in the conversion of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to palmitate. We have shown that the rate of FAS transcription is induced dramatically when fasted animals are refed with a high carbohydrate, fat-free diet or when streptozotocin-diabetic mice are given insulin. The FAS promoter was up-regulated by insulin through the proximal insulin response sequence containing an E-box motif at the -65-base pair position. Binding of upstream stimulatory factors to the -65 E-box is functionally required for insulin regulation of the FAS promoter. In the present study, we characterized signaling pathways in the insulin stimulation of FAS transcription using specific inhibitors for various signaling molecules and transfecting engineered phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase subunits and protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt. PD98059 and rapamycin, which inhibit MAP kinase and P70 S6 kinase, respectively, had little effect on the insulin-stimulated FAS promoter activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. On the other hand, wortmannin and LY294002, which specifically inactivate PI 3-kinase, strongly inhibited the insulin-stimulated FAS promoter activity. As shown in RNase protection assays, LY294002 also inhibited insulin stimulation of the endogenous FAS mRNA levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cotransfection of expression vectors for the constitutively active P110 subunit of PI 3-kinase resulted in an elevated FAS promoter activity in the absence of insulin and a loss of further insulin stimulation. Transfecting a dominant negative P85 subunit of PI 3-kinase decreased FAS promoter activity and blocked insulin stimulation. Furthermore, cotransfected wild-type PKB/Akt increased FAS promoter activity in the absence of insulin and a loss of insulin responsiveness of the FAS promoter. On the other hand, kinase-dead PKB/Akt acted in a dominant negative manner to decrease the FAS promoter activity and abolished its insulin responsiveness. These results demonstrate that insulin stimulation of fatty acid synthase promoter is mediated by the PI 3-kinase pathway and that PKB/Akt is involved as a downstream effector.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3104, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Sul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases / Q000235:genetics*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases; D007328:Insulin; D009025:Morpholines; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one