title: Improved endoscopic stenting for malignant dysphagia using Tygon plastic prostheses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic palliative treatment of malignant esophageal stenosis using conventional plastic stents has been reported to be associated with a considerable risk of perforation. Stenoses with a distance of less than 2cm from the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) have generally been excluded from treatment. Using self-expandable metal stents, procedure-related complications are rare. However, the rates of late complications necessitating retreatment appear to be as high as those of plastic stents. This study describes our stent placement technique and our results using a modified Tygon plastic stent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a two-year period, 71 consecutive patients with incurable malignant esophageal stenosis were prospectively studied. Tygon plastic stents of diameter 9-14 mm were individually tailored according to length and location of the stenosis. Prior to stenting, stepwise bougienage was performed, if necessary over several sessions. After endoscopic placement of a guide wire, the stent was inserted over a bougie without fluoroscopic monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 71 patients (54 men and 17 women, median age 69, range 34-93), were treated with Tygon plastic stents (14 mm: 19 patients; 12 mm: 50 patients; 9 mm: 2 patients). Median length of the strictures and of the stents were 7 (range 2-18) and 10 (range 6-25) cm, respectively. Four patients had an associated esophago-respiratory fistula. After a median of 2 (range 1-5) bougienage sessions, stent insertion was technically successful in all patients. Forty-one stents were placed across the cardia, 13 were positioned 0.5-1 cm below the UES. Three patients had to undergo retreatment within 24 hours because of pain or stent migration and the stents were repositioned or exchanged. No procedure-related perforation, hemorrhage or respiratory problems were observed. During a median follow-up of 63 (range 2-388) days, 82% of the patients died. Improvement or stabilization of dysphagia allowing for oral nutrition could be achieved in 89%. Dislocation occurred in eight patients, bolus obstruction in five patients and tumor overgrowth in four patients. Three of the four fistulas could be covered by the stent. In one patient with a fistula located at the level of the UES, a stent was placed but migrated after 5 days. Overall, 27 patients (38%) required reinterventions, mainly for dysphagia or nutritional problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our experience, Tygon plastic stents with a diameter of 9-14 mm can be safely placed after stepwise, less extensive bougienage. Effective palliation is possible even for lesions located close to the UES. Perforation can be avoided. Reintervention rates seem to be comparable to those seen with self-expanding metal stents.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Endoscopic Surgery, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bohnacker
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thonke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hinner
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Binmoeller
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: V D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Rathod
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soehendra
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D010969:Plastics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics