High blood pressure management: potential benefits of I1 agents.
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND HYPERTENSION: Biochemical, electrophysiological, pharmacological and haemodynamic findings support the existence of sympathetic nervous system activation in primary human hypertension. Analysis of regional sympathetic nervous system function, using both neurophysiological methods for measuring sympathetic nerve firing rates, and neurochemical techniques for quantifying regional noradrenaline spillover to plasma has demonstrated activation of the sympathetic nervous outflows to the heart, the kidneys, and skeletal muscle vasculature, particularly in younger patients. The initiating cause of this sympathetic nervous stimulation is unknown, but estimation of central nervous system noradrenaline turnover in hypertensive patients, using measurements of the washout of noradrenaline and its lipophilic metabolites into the internal jugular veins, indicates that activation of forebrain pressor noradrenergic nuclei is the probable underlying mechanism. CONSEQUENCES OF INCREASED SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY: The sympathetic activation present in human hypertension no doubt contributes to the blood pressure elevation, and is a legitimate target for therapeutic intervention with imidazoline receptor-binding agents such as rilmenidine. In addition, the sympathetic nervous activation seems to have adverse consequences in hypertensive patients beyond initiating the blood pressure elevation. There is evidence that neural vasoconstriction has metabolic effects, in skeletal muscle impairing glucose delivery to muscle, causing insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, and in liver retarding postprandial clearing of lipids, contributing to hyperlipidaemia. Cardiac sympathetic activation is demonstrably a cause of sudden death in heart failure patients; a comparable arrhythmogenic effect is probable in hypertension. A trophic effect of sympathetic activation on cardiovascular growth is also likely, contributing to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. Rilmenidine, through its central nervous system actions, has been demonstrated to powerfully reduce sympathetic nervous activity in essential hypertension patients. INHIBITING THE SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM: As the clinical consequences of sympathetic nervous activation in essential hypertension appear to go beyond that of hypertension pathogenesis, extending to a causal influence in atherosclerosis development, cardiovascular hypertrophy and cardiac arrhythmias, it is possible that, of all antihypertensive drugs, those inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system might best reduce cardiovascular risk. This remains to be tested.
Esler
M
M
Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
D018674:Adrenergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D054755:Imidazoline Receptors; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000378:metabolism*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology
D018674:Adrenergic Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D054755:Imidazoline Receptors; D011955:Receptors, Drug