title: Fulminant acute pancreatitis and infected necrosis: results of open management of the abdomen and "planned" reoperations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controversy still surrounds the management of fulminant acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Because mortality rates continue to be high, especially in patients with fulminant acute pancreatitis and infected necrosis, aggressive surgical techniques, such as open management of the abdomen and "planned" reoperations, seem to be justified.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1988 through 1995, 28 patients with fulminant acute pancreatitis and infected necrosis were treated with open management of the abdomen followed by planned reoperations at our surgical intensive care unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had infected necrosis with severe clinical deterioration: 12 patients had an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score > or = 20 and 16 patients had a Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) > or = 15. Nineteen patients suffered from severe multiorgan failure; the remaining 9 patients needed only ventilatory and inotropic support. The mean number of reoperations was 17. In 14 patients, major bleeding occurred; fistula developed in 7. Later, 9 abscesses were drained percutaneously. The hospital mortality rate was 39%. Longterm morbidity in survivors was substantial, especially concerning abdominal-wall defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Open management of the abdomen followed by planned reoperations is an aggressive but reasonably successful surgical treatment strategy for patients with fulminant acute pancreatitis and infected necrosis. Morbidity and mortality rates were high, but in these critically ill patients, such high rates could be expected. Because management and clinical surveillance require specific expertise, management of these patients is best undertaken in specialized centers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bosscha
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Hulstaert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hennipman
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Gooszen
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: van Vroonhoven
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: v d Werken
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003422:Critical Care; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019283:Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012086:Reoperation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome