title: Phosphorylation of tau at both Thr 231 and Ser 262 is required for maximal inhibition of its binding to microtubules.
abstract: The paired helical filaments (PHFs) found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains are composed primarily of the microtubule-associated protein tau. PHF-tau is in a hyperphosphorylated state and is unable to promote microtubule assembly. We investigated whether the inhibition of tau binding to microtubules is increased when tau is phosphorylated by different kinases in combination with GSK-3. We found that when tau was first phosphorylated by A-kinase, C-kinase, cdk5, or CaM kinase II and then by GSK-3, its binding to microtubules was inhibited by 45, 61, 78, and 79%, respectively. Further, the kinase combinations cdk5/GSK-3 and CaM kinase II/GSK-3 rapidly phosphorylated the sites Thr 231 and Ser 235. When these sites were individually replaced by Ala and the phosphorylation experiments repeated, tau binding to microtubules was inhibited by 54 and 71%, respectively. By comparison, when Ser 262 was replaced by Ala, tau binding to microtubules was inhibited by only 8% after phosphorylation by CaM kinase II. From these observations we estimate that the phosphorylation of Thr 231, Ser 235, and Ser 262 contributes approximately 26, approximately 9, and approximately 33%, respectively, of the overall inhibition of tau binding to microtubules. Together, our results indicate that the binding of tau to microtubules is controlled by the phosphorylation of several sites, among which are Thr 231, Ser 235, and Ser 262.
authors.affiliation: New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island 10314, USA. kiqbal@admin.con2.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kabat
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grundke-Iqbal
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iqbal
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051360:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D006801:Humans; D007536:Isomerism; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D013912:Threonine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D016875:tau Proteins; D013912:Threonine; D012694:Serine; D051360:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; C495905:CDK5 protein, human; C495907:Cdk5 protein, rat; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3