title: Beneficial effect of raxofelast, an hydrophilic vitamin E analogue, in the rat heart after ischemia and reperfusion injury.
abstract: Several studies report that among the antioxidant agents used to reduce injury after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, analogues of vitamin E (VE) seem to have a significant efficacy. Raxofelast is a potent antioxidant agent under investigation, structurally related to VE, having an excellent bioavailability and favourable physicochemical properties. We assessed raxofelast in a rat model of myocardial damage induced by 1 h of left coronary artery occlusion followed by 6 h of reperfusion. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion produced: wide tissue necrosis (50.3+/-10.3%); membrane peroxidation, evaluated by assessing cardiac malondialdehyde (MAL) (87.8+/-15.8 nmol/g tissuev 9.53+/-2.4 nmol/g tissue) and plasma conjugated dienes (CD) (8.73+/-1.86 DeltaABS/mlv 1.61+/-0.45 DeltaABS/ml); endogenous antioxidant wasting [cardiac VE=23.5+/-10.2 nmol/g tissuev 61.4+/-13.4 nmol/g tissue, cardiac reduced glutatione (GSH)=2.15+/-1.23 micromol/g proteinv 7.34+/-0.92 micromol/g protein and cardiac superoxide dismutase (SOD)=8.9+/-4.1 U/mg proteinv 17. 5+/-4.2 U/mg protein]; depressed mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (61.4+/-5.8 mmHgv 85.3+/-6.2 mmHg); heart rate (HR) (275+/-35 beats/minv 368+/-34 beats/min) and left-ventricular derivative developed force (LV dP/dtmax) (1050+/-187 mmHg/sv 2520+/-194 mmHg/s); and cardiac neutrophil accumulation, evaluated by assessing cardiac myeloperoxidase (MPO) (9.23+/-2.1 U/g tissuev 0.92+/-0.12 U/g tissue). Administration of raxofelast (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg i.p. 5 min after occlusion) limited myocardial necrosis (22.3+/-14.8%P<0. 005, following the highest dose), reduced lipid peroxidation (MAL=43. 5+/-14.7 nmol/g tissueP<0.001 and CD=4.01+/-2.21 DeltaABS/mlP<0.001, following the highest dose), restored the endogenous antioxidants VE (52.8+/-14.2 nmol/g tissueP<0.001, following the highest dose), SOD (14.2+/-2.7 U/mg proteinP<0.001, following the highest dose) and GSH (4.92+/-1.33 micromol/g proteinP<0.005, following the highest dose), improved hemodynamic parameters (MAP=68.1+/-5.3 mmHgP<0.05, HR=317+/-27 beats/minP<0.05, LV dP/dtmax=1427+/-143 mmHg/sP<0.05, following the highest dose) and reduced myocardial neutrophil infiltration (MPO=5.1+/-1.5 U/g tissueP<0.001, following the highest dose). These data suggest that raxofelast could be considered a useful drug to reduce myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Squadrito
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Altavilla
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quartarone
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ceccarelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferlito
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avenoso
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Squadrito
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saitta
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Caputi
mesh_terms: D000475:Alkenes / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000475:Alkenes; D000975:Antioxidants; D001572:Benzofurans; D014810:Vitamin E; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; C071049:Raxofelast