title: Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration in houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii).
abstract: The in-vitro activity of enrofloxacin against 117 strains of bacteria isolated from bustards was determined. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for 72% of the Proteus spp., E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella spp. (n = 61) and for 48% of the Streptococci spp. and Staphylococci spp. (n = 31) were < or = 0.5 microg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 76% of Pseudomonas spp. (n = 25) was < or = 2 microg/mL. Fourteen strains were resistant to concentrations > or = 128 microg/mL. The elimination half-lives (t1/2 elim beta) (mean +/- SEM) of 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin in eight houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata) were 6.80 +/- 0.79, 6.39 +/- 1.49 and 5.63 +/- 0.54 h after oral (p.o.), intramuscular (i.m.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration, respectively. Enrofloxacin was rapidly absorbed from the bustard gastro-intestinal tract and maximum plasma concentrations of 1.84 +/- 0.16 microg/mL were achieved after 0.66 +/- 0.05 h. Maximum plasma concentration after i.m. administration of 10 mg/kg was 2.75 +/- 0.11 microg/mL at 1.72 +/- 0.19 h. Maximum plasma concentration after i.m. administration of 15 mg/kg in two birds was 4.86 microg/mL. Bioavailability was 97.3 +/- 13.7% and 62.7 +/- 11.1% after i.m. and oral administration, respectively. Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin > or = 0.5 microg/mL were maintained for at least 12 h for all routes at 10 mg/kg and for 24 h after i.m. administration at 15 mg/kg. Plasma enrofloxacin concentrations were monitored during the first 3 days of treatment in five houbara bustards and kori bustards (Ardeotis kori) with bacterial infections receiving a single daily i.m. injection of 10 mg/kg for 3 days. The mean plasma enrofloxacin concentrations in the clinical cases at 27 and 51 h (3.69 and 3.86 microg/mL) and at 48 h (0.70 microg/mL) were significantly higher compared with the 3 h and 24 h time intervals from clinically normal birds. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax)/MIC ratio was ranked i.v. (10/mg/kg) > i.m. (15 mg/kg) > i.m. (10 mg/kg) > oral (10 mg/kg), but it was only higher than 8:1 for i.v. and i.m. administrations of enrofloxacin at 10 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg, respectively, against a low MIC (0.5 microg/mL). A dosage regimen of 10 mg/kg repeated every 12 h, or 15 mg/kg repeated every 24 h, would be expected to give blood concentrations above 0. 5 microg/mL and hence provide therapeutic response in the bustard against a wide range of bacterial infections.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Science Department, National Avian Research Center, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sheen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Silvanose
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Samour
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garner
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Harron
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000662:veterinary; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D001717:Birds / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015363:Quinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D015363:Quinolones; D000077422:Enrofloxacin