title: Differences in gross target volumes on contrast vs. noncontrast CT scans utilized for conformal radiation therapy treatment planning for prostate carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the gross target volumes (GTVs) (prostate and seminal vesicles) defined on noncontrast and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) images used for three-dimensional conformal treatment planning (3DCRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1993 to 1996, 39 patients referred for radiation therapy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate underwent pretreatment pelvic CT scanning with and without intravenous (i.v.) contrast for treatment planning purposes. Seven patients were excluded because of incomplete data sets. The prostate and seminal vesicles were outlined by the same physician on all images of 32 patients. On 18 CT exams, the prostate and seminal vesicles were blindly outlined a second time by the same physician to evaluate intraphysician consistency. Discrepancies between the GTVs outlined with and without contrast and between the first and second outline on the same study were assessed by calculating the projected area in the anterior-to-posterior (AP) and right lateral (RLAT) beam's-eye view (BEV). To assess the magnitude, frequency, and direction of discrepancies between the two GTVs, the extension of the GTVs in six directions (right, left, anterior, posterior, cephalad, and caudal) was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GTV outlined with contrast was larger in all directions, except caudal, in the majority of patients. The change in the GTV with contrast was significant in the cephalad (p=0.0003) and right (p=0.0007) directions, but not in the other directions. Although the increase with contrast in any direction was usually small (average < or =5 mm), these changes resulted in a significant increase in GTV area in both the AP and RLAT BEV (9.0%, p=0.0017 and 8.2%, p=0.023, respectively). The intraphysician variability in outlining the prostate/ seminal vesicles was minimal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of i.v. contrast does appear to make a significant difference in how the prostate and seminal vesicles are outlined by an experienced observer. The increase in area of the target, found when contrast is used, should be taken into consideration when designing the treatment fields for patients with carcinoma of the prostate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Bentel
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Anscher
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media