title: Discordant organ xenotransplantation in primates: world experience and current status.
abstract: The pig-to-primate model is increasingly being utilized as the final preclinical means of assessing therapeutic strategies aimed at allowing discordant xenotransplantation. We review here the world experience of both pig-to-human and pig-to-nonhuman primate organ transplantation. Eight whole organ transplants using discordant mammalian donors have been carried out in human recipients; only one patient was reported (in 1923) to have survived for longer than 72 hr. Therapeutic approaches in the experimental laboratory setting have included pharmacologic immunosuppression, antibody and/or complement depletion or inhibition, the use of pig organs transgenic for human complement regulatory proteins, and conditioning regimens aimed at inducing a state of tolerance or specific immunologic hyporesponsiveness. The greatest success to date has been obtained with methods that inhibit complement-mediated injury, either by the administration of cobra venom factor or soluble complement receptor I to the recipient (with organ survival up to 6 weeks) or by the use of donor organs transgenic for human decay-accelerating factor (with organ survival up to 2 months). The future of xenotransplantation may lie in the judicious combination of current approaches.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lambrigts
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016663:Cercopithecinae; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000379:methods*