title: Production of endothelins by the ventilatory muscles in septic shock.
abstract: Circulating endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentration increases significantly in animal models of sepsis. The main mechanism responsible for this rise in ET-1 levels is believed to be upregulation of ET-1 synthesis in various organs, such as the lungs and heart. In this study we investigated whether ET-1 is synthesized in the ventilatory muscles and whether this synthesis is regulated in septic shock. Conscious rats were injected with Escherichia coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) and killed 6, 12, and 24 h later. A fourth group of rats was injected with normal saline and served as a control. The diaphragm was excised at the end of the experiment and quickly frozen. Diaphragmatic ET-1 level was measured with radioimmunoassay, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of ET-1 precursor prohormone (preproET-1), preproET-3, and endothelin-converting enzyme was measured with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. LPS injection elicited an early (within 6 h) and prolonged rise in diaphragmatic ET-1 concentration. In addition, mRNA levels of preproET-1 and preproET-3 rose by about 4- and 3-fold within 6 to 12 h of LPS injection, whereas mRNA of endothelin-converting enzyme increased by more than 10-fold and peaked within 24 h of LPS injection. Immunostaining with anti-ET-1 antibody revealed positive ET-1 staining in the endothelium and somatic muscle fibers of septic diaphragms. These results indicate that diaphragmatic muscle fibers synthesize significant amounts of ET-1 in septic shock and that the rise in ET-1 production is due to upregulation of ET precursors and the converting enzyme.
authors.affiliation: Critical Care and Respiratory Divisions, Royal Victoria Hospital; Meakins-Christie Laboratories; and Department of Pathology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cernacek
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giaid
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000166:cytology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072396:Endothelin-Converting Enzymes; D016232:Endothelins / Q000235:genetics; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D016232:Endothelins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D000072396:Endothelin-Converting Enzymes