title: Telemetry system for monitoring anterior cruciate ligament graft forces in vivo.
abstract: Quantifying changes in the tension of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft in vivo during rehabilitative exercises is useful for developing the optimum rehabilitation for patients who have had reconstructive surgery. The purpose of the work reported is to design, build and test a telemetry system that can measure the in vivo ACL graft tension post-operatively. A commercially available fixation device is modified to sense the graft tension, house electronic components, transmit an output signal and pass the power generating signal. A transcutaneous inductive link is used to power the implanted telemetry electronics. The current difference technique is used to measure changes in two resistance strain gauges that monitor shear strain developed on the femoral fixation device by the ACL graft. This current regulates a frequency-modulated output signal that is transmitted using a new technique. Harnessing the ionic and volume conduction properties of the body fluids, the new technique involves injecting current subcutaneously into the tissue and then sensing the potential developed on the skin by surface electrodes. The waveform shape, amount of charge injected, charge density and current density are regulated to avoid tissue damage, pain and unwanted muscular stimulation. A signal conditioning board detects and converts the output to an analogue voltage for collection by a computer data-acquisition system. A performance evaluation demonstrates that the telemetry system either meets or exceeds all of the criteria necessary for the application.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Lindsey
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Howell
mesh_terms: D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D012046:Rehabilitation; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016378:Tissue Transplantation; D014159:Transducers