title: A new method for measuring aerosol nebulizer output using radioactive tracers.
abstract: Reproducibility and comparability of bronchial challenge tests depends critically on accurate assessment of nebulizer output. Evaporation during nebulization means that simple weighing is inaccurate, overestimating the delivered dose of active ingredient. We wanted to quantify this effect in the context of intermittent nebulization, using a dosimeter as used in bronchial provocation tests. Output of three types of nebulizer, from the MEFAR dosimeter, was measured by radioactive tracer, using a standard solution of technetium-99m-pertechnetate (1.5 kBq x mL(-1)) in 4 mL of normal saline. The aerosol was impacted by suction onto a microfilter, and the radioactivity measured. Nebulizers were weighed before and after nebulization. Ratio of nebulized volume calculated from the radioactivity on the filter, to the total volume loss by weight, was expressed as nebulized ratio. The effect on output of two concentrations of methacholine, two tracers of different weights, and change in temperature, were assessed. Nebulized ratio varied between 44.1-71.6%. Results were more consistent within the same type of nebulizer than between different makes. Neither changes in molar concentration nor molecular weight affected nebulizer output or nebulized ratio. Mean nebulized ratio was 58.5%, showing that calibration by weighing, overestimates the delivered dose by a factor of approximately two. Measuring radioactivity eluted from a microfilter, onto which nebulized output had been impacted proved to be a satisfactory method of calibration.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Medicine, Memorial Hospital, Darlington, UK.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gatnash
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chandler
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D002138:Calibration; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers / Q000592:standards*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013670:Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013670:Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m