title: UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase is a class I integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum.
abstract: UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGalT) transfers UDP-galactose to ceramide to form the glycosphingolipid galactosylceramide. Galactosylceramide is the major constituent of myelin and is also highly enriched in many epithelial cells, where it is thought to play an important role in lipid and protein sorting. Although the biochemical pathways of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis are relatively well understood, the localization of the enzymes involved in these processes has remained controversial. We here have raised antibodies against CGalT and shown by immunocytochemistry on ultrathin cryosections that the enzyme is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope but not to the Golgi apparatus or the plasma membrane. In pulse-chase experiments, we have observed that newly synthesized CGalT remains sensitive to endoglycosidase H, confirming the results of the morphological localization experiments. In protease protection assays, we show that the largest part of the protein, including the amino terminus, is oriented toward the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. CGalT enzyme activity required import of UDP-galactose into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum by a UDP-galactose translocator that is present in the Golgi apparatus of CHO cells but absent in CHOlec8 cells. Finally, we show that CGalT activity previously observed in Golgi membrane fractions in vitro, in the absence of UDP-glucose, is caused by UDP-glucose:ceramide glucosyltransferase. Therefore all galactosylceramide synthesis occurs by CGalT in vivo in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Utrecht University School of Medicine, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sprong
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kruithof
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leijendekker
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Slot
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Meer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Sluijs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D016466:CHO Cells; D002518:Ceramides / Q000378:metabolism; D006224:Cricetinae; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000494:pharmacology; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000201:enzymology*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005699:Galactosylceramides / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005700:Galactosyltransferases / Q000737:chemistry*; D051147:Ganglioside Galactosyltransferase; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000502:physiology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D009685:Nuclear Envelope / Q000201:enzymology; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014531:Uridine Diphosphate Galactose / Q000378:metabolism; D000099237:UDP-Galactose Translocators
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D010450:Endopeptidases; D005699:Galactosylceramides; D005700:Galactosyltransferases; D051147:Ganglioside Galactosyltransferase; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014531:Uridine Diphosphate Galactose; D000099237:UDP-Galactose Translocators; C023246:ceramide glucosyltransferase