title: Clinical validation of ineffective breathing pattern, ineffective airway clearance, and impaired gas exchange.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical validation of symptoms or defining characteristics of three respiratory diagnoses. The contributing factors or etiologies of the diagnoses were identified and the degree of importance of 30 nursing interventions, 15 direct care and 15 teaching, was rated for each diagnosis and each patient. Three nursing diagnoses--ineffective breathing pattern (IBP), ineffective airway clearance (IAC), and impaired gas exchange (IGE)--were among the most frequently used, yet no reported clinical studies validated the defining characteristics of these diagnoses. This study answers the research questions: What are the defining characteristics of IBP, IAC, and IGE? What are the etiologies of IBP, IAC, AND IGE? What are the most important interventions for IBP, IAC, and IGE?
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized clinical validation using a convenience sample of 76 people hospitalized with medical and surgical diagnoses, in one U.S. city, and identified as having one of the three diagnoses. Data were collected in 1992-1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature-based concept analysis generated 37 possible defining characteristics for the three diagnoses which were included in the instrument. The nurse experts conducted a health history and physical examination of each patients and decided (a) whether the 37 defining characteristics were present or absent, (b) the degree of importance of each possible defining characteristic for making one or more of the diagnoses, (c) the etiologies, and (d) which of the 30 nursing interventions were important for each diagnosis and patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For each diagnosis, many of the 37 possible defining characteristics were judged as present but few reached the criterion of .50 as important for making one of the diagnoses. Two of the possible defining characteristics reached this criterion for IBP, seven for IAC, and two for IGE. In contrast to the defining characteristics approved by NANDA, the subjective cues of "expresses fatigue" and "expresses anxiety" were judged as important for making one or more of the diagnoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical validation methods allow discriminating among defining characteristics. Data that are present are not necessarily characteristic of a diagnosis, and the subjective cues of expresses fatigue or anxiety may be important for making these diagnoses.
authors.affiliation: Radford University, School of Nursing, VA 24142, USA. jcarlson@runet.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlson-Catalano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lunney
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paradiso
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Luise
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Massoni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pachter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000402:Airway Obstruction; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009733:Nursing Diagnosis / Q000592:standards*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014939:Work of Breathing