title: Vascular endothelial growth factor is of high prognostic value in node-negative breast carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein, known to stimulate endothelial growth and angiogenesis, was evaluated in node-negative breast carcinoma (NNBC) and compared with established prognostic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 525 consecutive patients with primary invasive NNBC (T1-2N0M0; tumor, node, metastasis stage), of whom 500 patients did not receive any systemic therapy, the cytosolic levels of VEGF165 were measured by using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The median follow-up was 46 months. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGF level was significantly inversely correlated with estrogen receptor (ER) positivity but positively associated with tumor size and histologic grade. Patients with VEGF levels above the median value (2.40 pg/microg of DNA) showed a significantly shorter survival time (P=.0012) than patients with levels less than the median value, also when analyzed as a continuous variable (P=.0277). Tumor size, grade, and ER expression were all statistically significant for overall survival in univariate analyses (P=.0069, P=.014, and P < .001, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that VEGF level was the strongest predictor of overall survival (P=.0199). Histologic grade was also an independent predictor of survival (P=.0477). Among the 381 patients with ER-positive tumors, a group in general considered to have a good prognosis, we found a significant reduction in survival for those with levels of VEGF greater than the median value (P=.0009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the level of VEGF165 protein is an independent, strong prognostic factor for survival in patients with NNBC, especially in the subgroup of patients with ER positivity. Thus, cytosolic VEGF165 might be useful to select patients for adjuvant systemic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Umeå University Hospital, Sweden. barbro.linderholm@onkologi.umu.se
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Linderholm
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tavelin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grankvist
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Henriksson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors