title: No evidence of infection with porcine endogenous retrovirus in recipients of porcine islet-cell xenografts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study of whether porcine xenografts can lead to porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) infection of recipients is critical for evaluating the safety of pig-to-man xenotransplantation. PERV is carried in the pig germline, and all recipients of porcine tissues or organs will be exposed to the virus.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 10 diabetic patients who had received porcine fetal islets between 1990 and 1993, looking for evidence of PERV infection by using PCR serology, PCR, and reverse transcriptase assays. Prolonged xenograft survival (up to a year) was confirmed in five patients by porcine C-peptide excretion and detection of pig mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in serum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite the evidence for extended exposure to pig cells and despite concomitant immunosuppressive therapy, we were unable to detect markers of PERV infection in any patient. Screening for two PERV sequences in peripheral blood lymphocytes collected 4-7 years after the xenotransplantation was negative. Markers of PERV expression, including viral RNA and reverse transcriptase, were undetectable in sera from both early (day 3 to day 180) and late (4-7 years) time points. Western blot analysis for antibodies was consistently negative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested the absence of PERV infection in these patients. Also this study establishes a minimum standard for post-transplant surveillance of patients given porcine xenografts.
authors.affiliation: HIV and Retrovirology Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. WMH2@cdc.gov
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heneine
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tibell
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Switzer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sandstrom
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Rosales
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Korsgren
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Folks
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Groth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000821:virology*; D016332:Fetal Tissue Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000196:embryology; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012192:Retroviridae Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral