title: Ligaments of the ankle: normal anatomy with MR arthrography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to define the normal MR arthrographic anatomy of ankle ligaments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prior to injection of intraarticular gadolinium in cadaveric ankle joints, proton density and T2-weighted images were obtained to assess the integrity of the ligaments and tendons as well as the amount of preexisting joint effusion. Following injection of 10 ml of contrast agent (gadopentetate dimeglumine 1:250, Omnipaqe 300, Knox gelatin 50%, and methylene blue), T1-weighted images with fat saturation in axial, oblique axial, coronal, and sagittal planes were obtained in neutral, dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion positions. Specimens were sectioned, allowing anatomic and MR correlation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrast agent outlining anterior and posterior aspects of the anterior talofibular ligament and posterior talofibular ligament (PTAF) was a normal finding, related to anterior and posterior recesses of the ankle joint that extend out beyond these ligaments in an anteroposterior direction above the level of the ligaments. Intraarticular contrast material allowed resolution of superficial and deep components of the posterior tibiofibular ligament. Both were seen separately from PTAF with dorsiflexion. Posterior intermalleolar ligament was not present in our specimens. Visualization of calcaneofibular ligament was much improved by contrast material outlining the articular aspect of the ligament. Visualization of the syndesmotic ligamentous complex also was improved by contrast material outlining the articular side of the ligaments and separating them from adjacent bone. Superiorly, the distribution of contrast agent was limited by the interosseous ligament. Visualization of the medial collateral ligaments was not improved by the presence of the intraarticular contrast material.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MR arthrography of the ankle allows improved visualization and evaluation of the lateral and syndesmotic ligamentous complex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trudell
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Resnick
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002102:Cadaver; D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA