title: Lamellar granule biogenesis: a role for ceramide glucosyltransferase, lysosomal enzyme transport, and the Golgi.
abstract: Although lamellar granules are critical to the formation of the epidermal permeability barrier and are a known marker of late keratinocyte differentiation, very little is known about the physiologic regulators of lamellar granule assembly and extrusion. Ceramide glucosyltransferase (CGT), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of lamellar granule glucosylceramides (GlcCer; the precursors of the stratum corneum ceramides), is localized to the Golgi apparatus in other cell types. We have found that CGT is induced during keratinocyte culture differentiation coincident with increased GlcCer content and the appearance of lamellar granules. In this study we show that the differentiation-related CGT induction is likely mediated at the transcriptional level. In addition, all-trans retinoic acid, a well-known inhibitor of keratinocyte differentiation, prevents the appearance of lamellar granules and decreases culture CGT activity and GlcCer content without affecting sphingomyelin or total lipid content, indicating a specific inhibition of this enzymatic pathway. These data show a direct relationship between CGT activity and epidermal differentiation, suggesting that regulation of CGT expression is a critical part of epidermal barrier generation. The differentiation dependence of CGT activity, the key role of this Golgi-localized enzyme in epidermal GlcCer synthesis, and our previous finding that ceramides are converted to GlcCer in the Golgi apparatus in keratinocyte cultures, strongly suggest a Golgi origin for lamellar granules. In contrast to CGT, the activity of the lysosomal enzymes acid lipase and glucocerebrosidase is less clearly related to epidermal differentiation and the appearance of lamellar granules, although both enzymes show striking colocalization and enrichment in a subcellular lamellar granule fraction derived from pig epidermis. Acid lipase activity in the lamellar granule fraction was found to contain primarily a small lysosomal form of the enzyme, whereas total acid lipase secreted by keratinocyte cultures was found to contain a mannose-6-phosphorylated large prelysosomal form as well as a small lysosomal form. That secreted acid lipase activity is derived from both prelysosomal and lysosomal compartments suggests there may be multiple pathways by which lysosomal enzymes are secreted from keratinocytes. The combined secretion of lipid and lysosomal enzymes from lamellar granules places these organelles in the category of "dual-function" specialized secretory vesicles described in certain other cell types. Electron microscopic images of lamellar granules show shapes consistent with cross-sections of tubules or buds from tubules in addition to vesicles. These images provide evidence for the involvement of trans-Golgi network tubules and/or buds in lamellar granule synthesis and secretion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA. kathi-madison@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Madison
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Sando
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: True
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Swartzendruber
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wertz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004817:Epidermis / Q000254:growth & development*; D005962:Glucosylceramidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008049:Lipase / Q000378:metabolism; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000201:enzymology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013107:Sphingolipids / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013107:Sphingolipids; D014212:Tretinoin; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C023246:ceramide glucosyltransferase; D008049:Lipase; D005962:Glucosylceramidase