title: A descriptive study of U.S. OSHA penalties and inspection frequency for musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace.
abstract: Information on the frequency and cost of OSHA enforcement penalties for musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in the literature is limited. Such information would be of value to organizations in estimating the likelihood and financial impact of enforcement activity in their operations. This descriptive study utilized data from federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspections to examine the distribution of penalty costs arising from inspections with MSD-related citations from January 1985 to June 1994 and to estimate the probability of OSHA inspection in general and OSHA citation for MSD hazards from October 1985 to September 1993. The mean and median values of proposed penalties were $47,707 and $3600 respectively. A substantial influence of 1991 changes to the penalty structure was noted with decreasing mean and increasing median penalty values. Penalty values increased with establishment size and were higher for unplanned than for planned inspections. The probability of a federal OSHA inspection for any establishment ranged from 1:50 in 1986 to 1:100 in 1993 whereas the estimated probability of an inspection with MSD-related citations ranged from 1:167,000 in 1996 to as much as 1:38,000 during the peak of enforcement activity in 1990. The probability of an inspection with MSD citations for the largest establishments during the period was more than 1000 times greater than that for the smallest. The results of this study may be utilized by organizations seeking to demonstrate the advantages of reducing musculoskeletal morbidity in the workplace.
authors.affiliation: Liberty Mutual Research Center for Safety and Health, Hopkinton, MA 01748-1298, USA. msmail2.courtnet@tsod.lmig.com
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Clancy
mesh_terms: D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States; D014489:United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*