title: A phase I trial of continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion with tumor necrosis factor and cisplatin in the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), hyperthermia, and cisplatin have synergistic cytotoxicity against cancer cells in vitro. This combination may be well suited to the regional treatment of peritoneal tumor spread in patients. Continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion (CHPP) is a technique that allows uniform delivery of cytotoxic agents and heat to the peritoneal surface. A Phase I trial of CHPP with TNF and cisplatin was conducted to define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for TNF and cisplatin under moderate hyperthermia in the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis underwent exploratory laparotomy and tumor debulking followed by a 90-minute CHPP with cisplatin (100-350 mg/m2) and TNF (0-0.3 mg/L). Perfusion parameters included a perfusate volume of 3-9 L, a peritoneal temperature of 42-43 degrees C, and a flow rate of 1.5 L/minute. Sodium thiosulfate was administered systemically during and after the perfusion as a cisplatin binding agent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no operative or treatment-related mortality in this study. CHPP resulted in a 14-fold higher area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) for cisplatin in the perfusate compared with plasma, and a 4854-fold higher AUC for TNF. The MTD was defined as 250 mg/m2 cisplatin plus 0.1 mg/L TNF. The dose-limiting toxicity was renal insufficiency. No other systemic toxicity was identified, and no significant regional toxicity was identified. The median time to toleration of a regular diet was 8 days (range, 5-20 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The favorable regional pharmacologic profile of the combination of cisplatin and TNF suggests that these agents administered via CHPP warrant further evaluation as prophylaxis against or treatment for peritoneal carcinomatosis.
authors.affiliation: Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Buell
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Libutti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Figg
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Venzon
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000628:therapy*; D010478:Chemotherapy, Cancer, Regional Perfusion; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010534:Peritoneal Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002945:Cisplatin