title: Dynamics of clarithromycin and azithromycin efficacies against experimental Haemophilus influenzae pulmonary infection.
abstract: The dynamics of clarithromycin and azithromycin efficacy against pulmonary Haemophilus influenzae infection in rats were evaluated. Efficacy was measured by reduction in pulmonary H. influenzae burden on days 3 and 7 postinoculation. Clarithromycin therapy was effective on day 3 or 7 of therapy, while azithromycin was effective on day 7 but not on day 3 of therapy. Both macrolides produced marked efficacy against all six strains of H. influenzae tested, including four strains for which MICs were above the susceptible breakpoint (8 microgram/ml) concentration of clarithromycin. The two macrolides demonstrated markedly different pharmacokinetic characteristics, with clarithromycin present in both blood and tissue, while azithromycin was concentrated primarily in tissue. During pulmonary infection in rats, H. influenzae was found in both intracellular locations and an extracellular location in the lung. Blood concentrations of clarithromycin and azithromycin approximated human pharmacokinetics, and the blood concentrations for either macrolide rarely exceeded MICs for H. influenzae. At dosages producing blood concentrations similar to values achieved clinically, clarithromycin produced efficacy on day 3 of therapy, while both clarithromycin and azithromycin were equally effective on day 7. The different dynamics of clarithromycin and azithromycin suggest that length of therapy should be considered as a key parameter in evaluations of drug efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacology, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA. alderj@bbott.com
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Alder
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ewing
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nilius
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mitten
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tovcimak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oleksijew
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paige
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017963:Azithromycin; D017291:Clarithromycin