title: Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus in otitis media with effusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association of human rhinovirus (HRV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human coronavirus infections in children aged 6 months to 12 years with otitis media with effusion (OME). To determine how long HRV RNA can be detected after HRV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Middle ear effusion (MEE) samples collected at the time of tympanostomy tube placement from 100 children with OME were examined. Viral RNA was detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. For HRV the results were compared with virus isolation in cell culture. In vitro studies of the persistence of HRV infectivity and RNA were conducted by combining approximately 10(5) median cell culture infectious doses of HRV with pooled MEE at 37 degrees C and assaying serial samples for 12 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virus RNA was detected in 30 children. HRV was detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in 19 children with OME and by virus isolation in 5 children. RSV RNA was found in 8 and HCV in 3 children with OME. No dual viral infection was found. Bacterial pathogens were isolated from 35 MEE samples and were associated with viral RNA in 11 cases, most often with HRV (9 cases). Under in vitro conditions, HRV culture positivity declined rapidly (<2 days), but RNA was detectable for up to 8 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that virus infection, particularly HRV infection, either alone or concurrent with bacteria, is present in a larger percentage of children with OME than previously suspected. It remains to be determined how often the presence of viral RNA in MEE represents persistent RNA, ongoing viral replication, or recurrent infection.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pitkäranta
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jero
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arruda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Virolainen
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Hayden
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017934:Coronavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology*; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D012008:Recurrence; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012136:Respiratory Syncytial Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014774:Virulence; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral