title: Increased familial history of arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and renal disease in Brazilian type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether there is a familial association of arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, renal disease, and stroke with diabetic nephropathy
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 115 outpatients and 34 patients with end-stage renal disease treated by hemodialysis (61 men, age range 41-81 years) and having at least one sibling with type 2 diabetes studied. The positive or negative history of siblings (n = 765) was assessed by a standard questionnaire. The urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) was measured by radioimmunoassay in 24-h sterile urine (three samples). The subjects were grouped as normoalbuminuric (UAER <20 microg/min, n = 59), microalbuminuric (UAER 20-200 microg/min, n = 35), macroalbuminuric (UAER >200 microg/min, n = 21), and end-stage renal disease (n = 34).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, or end-stage renal disease had an increased prevalence of sibling history of arterial hypertension (33.2, 37.3, and 33.8 vs. 23.4%, P < 0.001) and coronary heart disease (15.2, 17.0, and 19.4 vs. 10.2%, P = 0.044) compared with the normoalbuminuric group. The renal disease history was increased only in the siblings of patients with macroalbuminuria or end-stage renal disease (12.8 and 15.6 vs. 7.6 and 6.1%, P = 0.005). The presence of sibling arterial hypertension strongly increases the prevalence of sibling renal and coronary heart disease independent of patient renal status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an association of diabetic nephropathy and sibling history of arterial hypertension and renal and coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetic patients. These associations are not independent, and arterial hypertension may be their main determining factor.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Canani
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gerchman
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D001938:Brazil; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires