title: Perinatal management of congenital complete atrioventricular block: report of nine cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The addition of fetal ultrasonography has allowed the prenatal diagnosis and observation of congenital complete atrioventricular block (CCAVB). Thus, the management of the affected fetuses should be modified accordingly.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records were reviewed to identify patients with CCAVB, and clinical and laboratory data were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine patients with CCAVB, diagnosed prenatally, were identified. The gestational age at the time of diagnosis ranged from 18 to 38 weeks (median, 25 weeks). The gestational age and birthweight ranged from 29 to 41 weeks and from 1420 to 4075 g, respectively. An accompanying congenital cardiac anomaly was noted in three cases, including one with polysplenia syndrome. The heart rate at birth ranged from 30 to 80 bpm. In three neonates, isoproterenol was given for bradycardia. One fetus with hydrops fetalis associated with complex heart disease was treated with maternally administered digoxin, with resolution of the fluid accumulation. A permanent pacemaker was implanted in six cases: two within 1 day of birth; two during the neonatal period; one at 51 days; and the other at 2 years and 11 months of age. There were no deaths or major complications and all have remained well beyond their infancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the improvement of diagnostic methodology, more cases with CCAVB, including those with complex heart disease, could be diagnosed during fetal life. Their outcome has been steadily improving with the advances in perinatal management, pacemakers and implant techniques, irrespective of associated structural cardiac defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fukushige
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hijii
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006327:Heart Block / Q000151:congenital* / Q000628:therapy*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal