title: Helmet and shoulder pad removal from a player with suspected cervical spine injury. A cadaveric model.
abstract: METHODS
  Video fluoroscopy was used to evaluate the motion in an unstable spine during helmet and shoulder pad removal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To observe the amount of motion that occurs during the removal of helmet and shoulder pads in an injured spine.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Removal of shoulder pads and helmet from a football player with suspected cervical spine injury can be particularly hazardous. How much flexion occurs at the unstable level during removal of equipment is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six fresh cadavers were used in the study. In three, an unstable C1-C2 segment was created by transoral osteotomy of the base of C2. In the remaining three, instability was created at C5-C6 by a posterior release. Under fluoroscopic recording, the helmets were removed by first removing the chin strap, face mask, and ear pieces. With the neck stabilized, the helmet was carefully removed. The shoulder pads were carefully removed, with the head stabilized. Angulation, distraction, and space available for the cord were measured at C1-C2. Translation, angulation, distraction, and change in disc height were measured in the specimens with unstable C5-C6.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cadavers with C1-C2 instability, the mean change in angulation was 5.47 degrees, and space available for the cord was 3.91 mm. Shoulder pads were removed while the head was stabilized. The mean change in angulation at C1-C2 was less during removal of shoulder pads than during helmet removal at 2.9 degrees. Space available for the cord was 2.64 mm. Distraction was also greater during helmet removal (2.98 mm) than during shoulder pad removal (1.76 mm). In the unstable spine, the change in displacement in translation was greater during shoulder pad removal (3.87 mm), than during helmet removal (0.41 mm). Disc height change was similar. Distraction of the spinous processes was greater during helmet removal (3.68 mm) than during shoulder pad removal (1.37 mm). Angulation was similar in both maneuvers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Helmet and shoulder pad removal in the unstable cervical spine is a complex maneuver. In the unstable C1-C2 segment, helmet removal causes more angulation in flexion, more distraction, and more narrowing of the space available for the cord. In the lower cervical spine (C5-C6), helmet removal causes flexion of 9.32 degrees, and during shoulder pad removal the neck extends 8.95 degrees, a total of approximately 18 degrees. Disc height changes from 1.24 mm of distraction to 1.06 mm of compression during helmet removal and shoulder pad removal for a total 2.3-mm change. Translation, which correlates with the change in the space available for the cord, is greater at C5-C6 during shoulder pad removal. Because most of the cadavers had C5 anteriorly displaced on C6 to begin with, the extension force during shoulder pad removal caused a 3.87-mm change in reduction of C5 on C6. Because of the motion observed in the unstable spine, helmet and shoulder pad removal should be performed in a carefully monitored setting. They should be removed together by at least three, preferably four, trained people.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania, USA. wdonaldsuoi.upmc.edu
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lauerman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heil
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blanc
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Swenson
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D010027:Osteotomy; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019876:Sports Equipment; D014743:Videotape Recording / Q000379:methods