title: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of patients with resistant superficial bladder cancer: a long-term experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines a photosensitizer such as Photofrin with red laser light (630 nm) to destroy cancer cells. Investigators have reported effectiveness of PDT in the management of patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer. We retrospectively reviewed our experience in 58 patients to assess the long-term role of PDT in the management of resistant superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) including Ta, T1, and refractory carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the urinary bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 58 patients had failed at least one course of standard intravesical therapy or had contraindication for intravesical chemo- or immunotherapy. Patients with malignancy present (Ta-T1/Grade I-III, CIS) were accepted for ablative PDT. Patients undergoing prophylactic PDT after complete resection were confirmed to be tumor-free by cystoscopy and bladder was cytology before PDT. Post-PDT evaluations included weekly telephone contact to assess acute adverse reactions and assessment of efficacy and bladder toxicity at three months and quarterly thereafter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These 58 patients underwent a single PDT treatment with 2.0 or 1.5 mg/kg of Photofrin and 10-60 J/cm2 light (630 nm). At three months, complete response rates were 84% and 75% for residual resistant papillary TCC and refractory CIS respectively; and 90% of patients treated prophylactically had not had recurrences. At a median followup of 50 months (range 9-110), 59% (34/58) of the responders are alive, with 31/34 still disease-free.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PDT using 1.5 mg/kg of Photofrin and 15 J/cm2 of light (630 nm) should be considered a safe and effective treatment for refractory CIS or recurrent papillary TCC.
authors.affiliation: West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA. Unseyo@wvuhsc1.hsc.wvu.edu
authors.forename: U O
authors.initials: UO
authors.lastname: Nseyo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DeHaven
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lundahl
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Lamm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006414:Hematoporphyrin Photoradiation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000601:surgery; D019233:Retreatment; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether