title: [Multiple sclerosis in childhood: our experience and a review of literature].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is infrequent in childhood (0.3-2% of all cases of MS). At the present time more and more paediatric patients are being described. In this paper we describe our experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review seven patients diagnosed as having MS before the age of 16, between 1984 and 1996. We have recorded: age, sex, personal and family history, form of onset and clinical course. CSF, neurophysiological and neuroimaging tests, treatment and diagnostic category according to the criteria of Poser.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four boys and three girls aged between three and thirteen years at the onset of the disorder. In one case there was a family history of MS. The most frequent form of onset was hemiparesia, followed by oculomotor paralysis and cerebellar disorders. Six cases followed a recurrent-remittent course and one followed a secondarily progressive course. There were oligoclonal bands (OGB) in the CSF in three cases. Visual evoked potentials (VEP) were abnormal in six cases. Magnetic resonance (RM) was a great help in diagnosis and in six cases was very informative. Six patients were treated with corticosteroids during the acute phase and two with long-term azathioprine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The commonest form of presentation, hemiparesia, makes the differential diagnosis with acute hemiplegia of childhood obligatory. Neurophysiological techniques, especially the VEP are very useful for initial assessment. RM is the most sensitive method, although it is not specific for diagnosis. The average follow-up period (4.5 years) is too short to determine the prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital Clincio San Carlos, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Calderón
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de Santos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Angulo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Careaga
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campos-Castelló
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003366:Cosyntropin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D003366:Cosyntropin; D008775:Methylprednisolone