title: Ketamine significantly reduces the migration of leukocytes through endothelial cell monolayers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the role of neutrophils in host defense, using human endothelial cells in migration studies in the presence of ketamine (0.3, 3, and 30 microg/mL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research laboratories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven independent experiments from different donors were done, investigating the influence of ketamine (0.3, 3, and 30 microg/mL) to the migration of human leukocytes through human endothelial cell monolayers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human endothelial cell monolayers and/or human leukocytes were preincubated with clinically relevant (3 microg/mL), higher (30 microg/mL), and lower (0.3 microg/mL) concentrations of ketamine. The amount of leukocyte migration after 3 hrs was measured in a fluorometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human endothelial cells isolated from umbilical veins were cultured on microporous membranes (polyethylene-terephthalat membranes) until they formed an endothelial cell monolayer. Leukocytes were separated by standard procedures. The migration of leukocytes through monolayers of endothelial cells under the clinically relevant concentration of ketamine was reduced to 59+/-9.8% (SD) (p< .05) when leukocytes but not the endothelial cell monolayers were preincubated with ketamine. Leukocyte migration was reduced to 92+/-7.3% (p > .05) when only monolayers of endothelial cells were treated with ketamine, and to 52+/-8.8% (p< .05) when both leukocytes and monolayers of endothelial cells were treated with ketamine. The higher and lower concentrations showed a dose-dependent effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We investigated the cellular interaction between both cell systems, leukocytes and endothelial cells, simultaneously in the presence of ketamine. Ketamine is able to reduce significantly the migration of leukocytes through endothelial cell monolayers. The use of different dosages revealed a dose-dependent effect. The current model allowed treatment of one cell type, either leukocyte or endothelial cell. Ketamine inhibits the function of leukocytes more than the function of endothelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medicine, The University of Vienna, Austria. roland.hofbauer@akh-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hofbauer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hammerschmidt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapiotis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frass
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007649:Ketamine