title: Cyclosporine A limits myocardial infarct size even when administered after onset of ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A as a preconditioning-mimetic in the rabbit heart was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cyclosporine A, a potent protein 2B or calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase (PP) inhibitor, was administered isolated rabbit hearts starting either 15 min prior to or 10 or 20 min after the onset of a 30 min period of regional ischemia and continuing until the onset of reperfusion. The effect of pretreatment with a second PP2B antagonist, FK-506, was also examined. In an additional protocol L-NAME was perfused for 50 min starting 5 min before the 45-min infusion of cyclosporine A. After 2 h of reperfusion infarct size was measured with triphenyltetrazolium chloride. In a second study left ventricular biopsies of isolated rabbit hearts were obtained to measure the effect of cyclosporine A on dephosphorylation of [32P] phosphorylase kinase by calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with cyclosporine A resulted in only 10.0%, infarction of the risk zone, significantly less than that in untreated control hearts (28.7%, p < 0.001) but comparable to the extent of infarction in ischemically preconditioned hearts (10.0% p < 0.001 vs. control). Equivalent protection was also observed in hearts with treatment delayed for 10 min following the onset of ischemia (10.4% infarction, p < 0.001 vs. control). However, protection waned when cyclosporine A was administered only during the last 10 min of the 30-min ischemic period (25.5% infarction, p = n.s. vs. control). Pretreatment with FK-506 also resulted in myocardial salvage (10.4% infarction, p < 0.001 vs. control). When hearts were exposed to a co-infusion of L-NAME and cyclosporine A, protection was still evident (18.1% infarction, p < 0.05 vs. L-NAME), although not as robust as that seen with the PP2B blocker alone. In hearts pretreated with cyclosporine A dephosphorylation of [32P] phosphorylase kinase by calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatases was inhibited by 67%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyclosporine A and FK-506, potent PP2B inhibitors, can protect the ischemic rabbit heart, and at least cyclosporine A continues to be effective when infusion is delayed until after the onset of ischemia. The mechanism of this protection may be related to inhibition of phosphatases and prolongation of the phosphorylation state of ischemic cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile 86688-0002, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weinbrenner
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Downey
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010477:Perfusion; D011817:Rabbits; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D016559:Tacrolimus