title: Central analgesic actions of loperamide following transient permeation of the blood brain barrier with Cereport (RMP-7).
abstract: The bradykinin analog, Cereport (RMP-7), was designed to increase permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB). Over the past several years it has been developed primarily as a means of increasing permeability of the blood brain tumor barrier, where early evidence indicated a particularly robust and reliable effect. The present series of experiments were intended to determine whether Cereport might also be used to increase delivery of pharmacological agents across the normal (i.e., non-tumor) BBB. This was accomplished by testing the ability of Cereport to enhance delivery of the peripherally acting opiate agonist, loperamide, to the brain, as evidenced by induction of a centrally mediated analgesic effect. Intravenous administration of a combination of Cereport and loperamide produced a significant analgesic effect (2-fold increase in response times) when animals were tested on a hotplate apparatus. Loperamide alone did not produce analgesia. An analysis of the time course of analgesia revealed a graded onset of analgesia which peaked at 30 min, maintained asymptote at 60 min, and began to diminish by 120 min following Cereport and loperamide administration. Finally, the analgesic effects of combining Cereport and loperamide were completely blocked when animals were pre-treated with the opiate antagonist naloxone, demonstrating that the analgesia was mediated through opiate receptors. Collectively, these results suggest that Cereport was able to increase delivery of loperamide across the BBB, allowing it to gain access to opiate receptors in the CNS to produce a centrally mediated analgesic effect. They therefore provide clear evidence that safe and well-tolerated doses of Cereport can increase permeability of the normal (i.e., non-tumor) BBB. Moreover, they provide the first evidence of a pharmacological effect specifically enabled by controlled (i.e., receptor-mediated) modulation of the BBB.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical R and D, Alkermes, Inc., 64 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Emerich
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Snodgrass
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pink
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Bartus
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects*; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008139:Loperamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; C089876:RMP 7; D008139:Loperamide; D001920:Bradykinin