title: Electroperturbation of human stratum corneum fine structure by high voltage pulses: a freeze-fracture electron microscopy and differential thermal analysis study.
abstract: Application of high voltage pulses (HVP) to the skin has been shown to promote the transdermal drug delivery by a mechanism involving skin electroporation. The aim of this study was to detect potential changes in lipid phase and ultrastructure induced in human stratum corneum by various HVP protocols, using differential thermal analysis and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Due to the time involved between the moment the electric field is switched off and the analysis, only "secondary" phenomena rather than primary events could be observed. A decrease in enthalpies for the phase transitions observed at 70 degrees C and 85 degrees C was detected by differential thermal analysis after HVP treatment. No changes in transition temperature could be seen. The freeze-fracture electron microscopy study revealed a dramatic perturbation of the lamellar ordering of the intercellular lipid after application of HVP. Most of the planes displayed rough surfaces. The lipid lamellae exhibited rounded off steps or a vanished stepwise order. There was no evidence for perturbation of the corneocytes content. In conclusion, the freeze-fracture electron microscopy and differential thermal analysis studies suggest that HVP application induces a general perturbation of the stratum corneum lipid ultrastructure.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Pharmacie Galénique, Ecole de Pharmacie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jadoul
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanojo
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Préat
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bouwstra
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Spies
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Boddé
mesh_terms: D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D018274:Electroporation; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005614:Freeze Fracturing; D006801:Humans; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D013696:Temperature