title: Chronic multisymptom illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gulf War (GW) veterans report nonspecific symptoms significantly more often than their nondeployed peers. However, no specific disorder has been identified, and the etiologic basis and clinical significance of their symptoms remain unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To organize symptoms reported by US Air Force GW veterans into a case definition, to characterize clinical features, and to evaluate risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional population survey of individual characteristics and symptoms and clinical evaluation (including a structured interview, the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36, psychiatric screening, physical examination, clinical laboratory tests, and serologic assays for antibodies against viruses, rickettsia, parasites, and bacteria) conducted in 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional questionnaire survey included 3723 currently active volunteers, irrespective of health status or GW participation, from 4 air force populations. The cross-sectional clinical evaluation included 158 GW veterans from one unit, irrespective of health status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptom-based case definition; case prevalence rate for GW veterans and nondeployed personnel; clinical and laboratory findings among veterans who met the case definition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We defined a case as having 1 or more chronic symptoms from at least 2 of 3 categories (fatigue, mood-cognition, and musculoskeletal). The prevalence of mild-to-moderate and severe cases was 39% and 6%, respectively, among 1155 GW veterans compared with 14% and 0.7% among 2520 nondeployed personnel. Illness was not associated with time or place of deployment or with duties during the war. Fifty-nine clinically evaluated GW veterans (37%) were noncases, 86 (54%) mild-to-moderate cases, and 13 (8%) severe cases. Although no physical examination, laboratory, or serologic findings identified cases, veterans who met the case definition had significantly diminished functioning and well-being.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among currently active members of 4 Air Force populations, a chronic multisymptom condition was significantly associated with deployment to the GW. The condition was not associated with specific GW exposures and also affected nondeployed personnel.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nisenbaum
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robin
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Washko
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Noah
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Herwaldt
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mawle
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Reeves
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008877:Middle East; D008889:Military Personnel; D018923:Persian Gulf Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans; D014857:Warfare