title: Automated lung segmentation in digital lateral chest radiographs.
abstract: We are developing a fully automated computerized scheme for segmenting the lung fields in digital lateral chest radiographs. Existing computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) schemes and automated lung segmentation methods have focused exclusively on the posteroanterior view, despite the diagnostic importance of the lateral view. Information from the lateral radiograph is routinely incorporated by radiologists in their decision-making process, and thus computer analysis of lateral images may potentially add another dimension to current CAD schemes. Automated analysis of the lung fields in lateral images will necessarily require accurate segmentation. Our scheme employs an initial procedure to eliminate external and subcutaneous pixels. Global gray-level histogram analysis then allows for the identification of a range of gray-level thresholds. An iterative gray-level thresholding scheme is implemented using this range of thresholds to construct a series of binary images in which contiguous regions are identified and geometrically analyzed. Regions determined to be outside the lungs are prevented from contributing to binary images at later iterations. Adaptive local gray-level thresholding is applied along the initial contour that results from the global thresholding procedure to extend the contour closer to the true lung borders. This local thresholding method uses regions of interest of various dimensions, depending on the enclosed anatomy. Smoothing and polynomial curve fitting complete the segmentation. A database of 100 normal and 100 abnormal lateral images was analyzed. Quantitative comparison of computer-segmented lung regions with lung regions manually delineated by two radiologists indicated that 83% and 84% of normal and abnormal images, respectively, displayed segmentation contours within three standard deviations of the mean inter-radiologist contour degree-of-overlap value.
authors.affiliation: Kurt Rossmann Laboratories for Radiologic Image Research, Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Armato
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Giger
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ashizawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: MacMahon
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015588:Observer Variation; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity