title: Post cardiac surgery phrenic nerve palsy: value of plication and potential for recovery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of an aggressive policy for the treatment of phrenic nerve palsy (PNP), following cardiac operations, with emphasis on early diaphragmatic plication. Attention was given to the incidence and predisposing factors for PNP and the potential for recovery following plication.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1 June 1991 to 1 January 1996 we prospectively screened patients for PNP following cardiac surgery. The diagnosis was suspected if difficulty was experienced in weaning the child from the ventilator. If abnormal elevation of the hemidiaphragm was present diaphragmatic plication was performed. Echocardiography was used to assess subsequent return of diaphragmatic function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen children (nine boys, eight girls), out of 867 (1.9%) children younger than 16 years of age, undergoing cardiac operations were found to have PNP. The mean age was 66 days (range 1-17 months) with 16 patients below 1 year out of a total of 285 patients (incidence 5.6%) and one patient 17 months old. The incidence following open procedures was 11/190, following closed procedures 2/95 and following reoperation 4/83. PNP was diagnosed from 2 to 44 days (mean 14 days) following surgery. It was present on the right side in seven cases, the left in nine and was bilateral in one patient. Two patients were extubated at the time of diagnosis, one patient could be extubated shortly thereafter. Fourteen children underwent diaphragmatic plication, at a median 5 days post diagnosis. Extubation was possible 1-60 days (mean 4 days) after plication. Mean follow-up was 19 +/- 5 months. Subsequent recovery of diaphragmatic movement was documented in seven (41%) children. Time to recovery following plication was 16 months, without plication 38 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prospective screening for PNP revealed an incidence in children younger than 1 year of 6%. Early plication substantially reduces the duration of ventilation, with its associated reduced morbidity and ICU stay.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Heart Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: van Onna
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Metz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jekel
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Woolley
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van de Wal
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015984:Causality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012133:Respiratory Paralysis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013997:Time Factors; D015300:Ventilator Weaning