title: Dissociation of angiotensin II-stimulated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase from vascular contraction.
abstract: Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a potent pressor hormone, a stimulus for vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy and an activator of multiple tyrosine kinases. The physiological effects of Ang II are mediated through activation of AT1 and AT2 receptors, receptors that have been coupled to tyrosine kinase(s) and tyrosine phosphatases, respectively. Agonists of G protein-coupled receptors, of which Ang II is one, have recently been shown to stimulate smooth muscle contraction in part via activation tyrosine kinases. We tested the hypothesis that Ang II-induced contraction in the rat aorta was dependent on activation of tyrosine kinase(s) and specifically investigated the role of the tyrosine kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), a kinase important to the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Rat thoracic aortic strips denuded of endothelium and cultured aortic smooth muscle cells were used in isolated tissue baths for measurement of isometric contractile force and Western analyses of protein tyrosyl-phosphorylation. Ang II (0.1-100 nM)-induced contraction in the aorta was completely blocked by the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan (1 microM) but unaffected by the AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319 (100 nM) or tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate (1 microM), indicating an AT1 receptor mediates aortic contraction to Ang II. Neither the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (5 microM), inactive tyrosine kinase inhibitor daidzein (5 microM) nor MEK inhibitor PD098059 (10 microM) reduced Ang II-induced contraction; the concentrations of inhibitors used maximally reduced contraction stimulated by other agonists of G protein-coupled receptors such as serotonin. Moreover, Ang II-induced contraction was not altered by the combination of PD098059 and PD123319, indicating that it is unlikely AT2 receptor stimulation masks activation of the MAPK pathway through AT1 receptor activation. The nonflavone tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin B42 (30 microM) reduced Ang II-induced maximal contraction (to 11.2% control) but, unlike the other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, also reduced KCl-induced contraction (to 55.2% control), indicating a probable nonselectivity of tyrphostin B42. Ang IIinduced maximal contraction was reduced by the L-type voltage gated calcium channel antagonist nifedipine (50 nM), consistent with the activation of calcium channels by Ang II. In cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells, Ang II (0.1-1000 nM) stimulated concentration-dependent tyrosyl-phosphorylation of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (Erk) mitogen activated protein kinases (maximal stimulation, fold basal: Erk-1 = 17-fold, Erk-2 = 3-fold), indicating that Ang II can activate MEK. Losartan (1 microM) abolished Ang II (10 nM)-induced Erk tyrosyl-phosphorylation and PD098059 (10 microM), which did not diminish Ang II-induced aortic contraction, reduced Ang II (10 nM)-stimulated phosphorylation of Erk-2 by 72%. Finally, Ang II (1 microM) increased tyrosyl-phosphorylation of the Erk proteins in isolated aorta exposed to Ang II for 5 min. Thus, while Ang II can stimulate both MEK activation and vascular contraction via interaction with AT1 receptors, stimulation of MEK does not appear to be important for Ang II-induced contraction. These findings dissociate the process of Ang II-stimulated Erk protein tyrosyl-phosphorylation from Ang II-induced contraction in the rat aorta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Florian
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Monroe
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D008297:Male; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000502:physiology; D020032:Tyrphostins; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D009570:Nitriles; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin; D020032:Tyrphostins; C095512:alpha-cyano-(3,4-dihydroxy)-N-benzylcinnamide; D000804:Angiotensin II; D019833:Genistein; D011494:Protein Kinases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one