title: Evolution of personality disorder diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
abstract: This article reviews the history and evolution of the diagnosis of personality disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) from its first edition in 1952 through its fourth edition in 1994. The article also traces the earliest origins of personality disorders (e.g., Hippocrates) through the modern foundational works of Pritchard, Schneider, and Horney. Analysis of the changes across the editions of the DSM suggest slow but steady progress in the clarification and classification of personality disorders, although formidable challenges remain. A call for future research as to reliability and validity of personality disorders is made, and suggestions for research are offered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs 80933, USA.
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Coolidge
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Segal
mesh_terms: D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000266:history; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000266:history; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States