title: Negative emotionality and cortisol during adolescent pregnancy and its effects on infant health and autonomic nervous system reactivity.
abstract: This research examined the relations among maternal emotionality, biology, and infant outcome and autonomic nervous system reactivity (cardiac vagal tone). The sample consisted of 27 pregnant adolescents and their 3-week-old infants. Measures of anxiety, depression, anger, and saliva cortisol were obtained from the adolescents both pre- and postnatally. Infant outcome measures consisted of gestational age at delivery, birth weight, number of risk factors at birth and at 24 hr, Apgar score at 1 and 5 min, abnormalities on newborn physical exam, number of resuscitation measures used on the infant, and cardiac vagal tone. Significant relations were found among the adolescent's emotionality, infant physical outcomes, and cardiac vagal tone. Higher concentrations of adolescent cortisol were associated with lower infant Apgar scores and an increased need for resuscitation measures performed on the infant. The positive association between negative emotions and better infant outcomes also was found and may reflect the sensitivity of the adolescents to their feelings and needs during pregnancy. Social support during pregnancy mediated the effects of maternal negative emotionality and infant cardiac vagal tone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802-6508, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ponirakis
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Susman
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stifter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003863:Depression / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone