title: Optimal method of urgent decompression of the collecting system for obstruction and infection due to ureteral calculi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compare the efficacy of percutaneous nephrostomy with retrograde ureteral catheterization for renal drainage in cases of obstruction and infection associated with ureteral calculi.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomized 42 consecutive patients presenting with obstructing ureteral calculi and clinical signs of infection (temperature greater than 38 C and/or white blood count greater than 17,000/mm.3) to drainage with percutaneous nephrostomy or retrograde ureteral catheterization. Preoperative patient and stone characteristics, procedural parameters, clinical outcomes and costs were assessed for each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urine cultures obtained at drainage were positive in 62.9% of percutaneous nephrostomy and 19.1% of retrograde ureteral catheterization patients. There was no significant difference in the time to treatment between the 2 groups. Procedural and fluoroscopy times were significantly shorter in the retrograde ureteral catheterization (32.7 and 5.1 minutes, respectively) compared with the percutaneous nephrostomy (49.2 and 7.7 minutes, respectively) group. One treatment failure occurred in the percutaneous nephrostomy group, which was successfully salvaged with retrograde ureteral catheterization. Time to normal temperature was 2.3 days in the percutaneous nephrostomy and 2.6 in the retrograde ureteral catheterization group, and time to normal white blood count was 2 days in the percutaneous nephrostomy and 1.7 days in the retrograde ureteral catheterization group (p not significant). Length of stay was 4.5 days in the percutaneous nephrostomy group compared with 3.2 days in the retrograde ureteral catheterization group (p not significant). Cost analysis revealed that retrograde ureteral catheterization was twice as costly as percutaneous nephrostomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrograde ureteral catheterization and percutaneous nephrostomy effectively relieve obstruction and infection due to ureteral calculi. Neither modality demonstrated superiority in promoting a more rapid recovery after drainage. Percutaneous nephrostomy is less costly than retrograde ureteral catheterization. The decision of which mode of drainage to use may be based on logistical factors, surgeon preference and stone characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pearle
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Summa
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mutz
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Petty
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Roehrborn
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Kryger
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Nakada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003664:Decompression; D004322:Drainage / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000191:economics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000150:complications*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000191:economics; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*