title: A prefilled injection device for outreach tetanus immunization by Bolivian traditional birth attendants.
abstract: This study evaluated the performance, acceptability, and appropriateness of a new, single-use, prefilled injection device called UniJect for an outreach immunization application. Between April and June 1995, UniJect devices were used by 36 traditional birth attendants to administer tetanus toxoid injections to 2,240 pregnant women during routine, antenatal home visits in the Northern, Ichilos, and Warnes Districts of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Because tetanus toxoid is relatively heat stable, the traditional birth attendants were able to keep the tetanus toxoid-filled UniJect devices in their homes for up to one month without refrigeration. The devices were stored, transported, and disposed of in an outreach carrier designed to reduce the risks of improper handling and disposal. Data were collected from injection recipients, traditional birth attendants, and supervisors via observation, questionnaires, and post-study interviews. The performance of the UniJect device and its acceptability among all groups was very high. The traditional birth attendants used UniJect properly and safely; there were no reports or observations of device misuse, reuse, or needle-stick. Advantages cited included the fact that the device required no assembly, offered assured sterility, and reduced vaccine wastage sometimes associated with multi-dose vials. The ability to store and transport the vaccine-filled devices without ice also greatly simplified logistics.
authors.affiliation: Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano, Secretaría Nacional de Salud, La Paz, Bolivia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Quiroga
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Halkyer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kristensen
mesh_terms: D001838:Bolivia; D004209:Disposable Equipment; D005260:Female; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000295:instrumentation; D009339:Needles; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D013594:Syringes; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D013745:Tetanus Toxoid