Focus on the breast fascial system: a new approach for inframammary fold reconstruction.
Anatomists and surgeons have underestimated the importance of understanding the anatomic connective frame of the inframammary region. The submammary fold does not originate as a self-governing unit but depends on breast mould and on a fine superficial fascial system suspension. The authors investigated the inframammary fold anatomy and subcutaneous breast territory in cadaver and live dissection with histologic analyses, without sharing the theories about superficial fascia splitting and inframammary ligament existence. The authors have understood that a reliable and fine correction of inframammary fold contour in breast reconstruction may only be achieved by an empirical surgical procedure that exclusively concerns the restoration of the superficial fascial system. The literature on this subject is reviewed. Fascial anchoring surgery, after capsulotomy and superficial fasciotomy, without lower thoracic advancement flap or deep subcutaneous undermining, was performed for 100 breast reconstructions after biodimensional device programming. Technique and results are also discussed.
Nava
M
M
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Instituto Nazionale per l. Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
Quattrone
P
P
Riggio
E
E
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D019928:Breast Implantation; D005205:Fascia / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D016462:Mammaplasty; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013536:Suture Techniques