title: Combination of DMT-mononucleotide and Fmoc-trinucleotide phosphoramidites in oligonucleotide synthesis affords an automatable codon-level mutagenesis method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Synthetic DNA has been used to introduce variability into protein-coding regions. In protocols that produce a few mutations per gene, the sampling of amino-acid sequence space is limited by the bias imposed by the genetic code. It has long been apparent that the incorporation of trinucleotides in the synthetic regime would circumvent this problem and significantly enhance the usefulness of the technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A new method is described for the creation of codon-level degenerate oligodeoxyribonucleotides that combines conventional dimethoxytrityl (DMT) mononucleoside phosphoramidite chemistry with 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) trinucleotide phosphoramidites (whose synthesis is reported in the paper). The substoichiometric use of these Fmoc-trinucleotides in an automatable, solid-phase synthesis procedure afforded DNA fragments comprising the wild-type sequence and a controllable distribution of mutants within two- and three-codon stretches of DNA, within the multiple cloning site of the conventional cloning vector pUC19.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DMT and Fmoc are compatible protecting groups in conventional oligonucleotide synthesis methods, resulting in controllable levels of codon-based mutagenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Recognition and Biostructure, Instituto de Biotecnología/UNAM, Cuernavaca, Mor. México.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gaytán
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yañez
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mackie
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Soberón
mesh_terms: D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003062:Codon; D004247:DNA / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008956:Models, Chemical; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D004247:DNA; C024408:endodeoxyribonuclease SacI; C025651:CCCGGG-specific type II deoxyribonucleases; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific