title: Neuroimaging analyses of human working memory.
abstract: We review a program of research that uses neuroimaging techniques to determine the functional and neural architecture of human working memory. A first set of studies indicates that verbal working memory includes a storage component, which is implemented neurally by areas in the left-hemisphere posterior parietal cortex, and a subvocal rehearsal component, which is implemented by left-hemisphere speech areas, including Broca's area as well as the premotor and supplementary motor areas. We provide a number of neuroimaging dissociations between the storage and rehearsal areas. A second set of studies focuses on spatial working memory and indicates that it is mediated by a network of predominantly right-hemisphere regions that include areas in posterior parietal, occipital, and frontal cortex. We provide some suggestive evidence that these areas, too, divide into storage and rehearsal regions, with right-hemisphere posterior parietal and premotor regions subserving spatial rehearsal. In a final set of studies, we turn to "executive processes," metaprocesses that regulate the processing of working-memory contents. We focus on the executive process of inhibition as it is used in verbal working memory. We provide evidence that such inhibition is mediated by the left-hemisphere prefrontal region and that it can be dissociated from verbal storage and rehearsal processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1109, USA. eesmith@umich.edu
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jonides
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008959:Models, Neurological; D008960:Models, Psychological; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology