title: Wartime stressors and health outcomes: women in the Persian Gulf War.
abstract: This descriptive correlational study of war time stressors and stress responses of women from the Persian Gulf War examined numerous stressors both physical and psychological. The psychological stressors more directly impacted postwar physical and psychological symptoms than did physical stressors. These findings add to our understanding of women's reactions to wartime stress and the types of stressors affecting women. The study provides more data to support the contention that sexual harassment is widely prevalent in the military. The study did not find data to support concerns about maternal guilt on leaving children, nor any significant evidence of stress symptomology from this situation. The results of this study confirmed the call by Wolfe, Brown, Furey, and Levin (1993) for more precise evaluation of wartime stressors in view of the changing gender composition of military forces and the subsequent increase of women in combat roles. Clinicians should be alerted to recognize gender-specific experiences. Education of military women about stressors and coping mechanisms should be broadened to address the development issue of intimacy versus isolation. Nurses, both military and civilian, must understand the effect of isolation and discrimination on women both in combat and in other high stress situations. The need for continued study of the problem of sexual harassment is confirmed. Understanding the scope of the problem and the health care outcomes strengthens the role of prevention and intervention for nurses and their clients.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Administration Outpatient Clinic, Savannah, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weed
mesh_terms: D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008877:Middle East; D012307:Risk Factors; D017406:Sexual Harassment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*; D014857:Warfare; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*