title: Endothelial cell death, angiogenesis, and microvascular function after castration in an androgen-dependent tumor: role of vascular endothelial growth factor.
abstract: The sequence of events that leads to tumor vessel regression and the functional characteristics of these vessels during hormone-ablation therapy are not known. This is because of the lack of an appropriate animal model and monitoring technology. By using in vivo microscopy and in situ molecular analysis of the androgen-dependent Shionogi carcinoma grown in severe combined immunodeficient mice, we show that castration of these mice leads to tumor regression and a concomitant decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Androgen withdrawal is known to induce apoptosis in Shionogi tumor cells. Surprisingly, tumor endothelial cells begin to undergo apoptosis before neoplastic cells, and rarefaction of tumor vessels precedes the decrease in tumor size. The regressing vessels begin to exhibit normal phenotype, i.e., lower diameter, tortuosity, vascular permeability, and leukocyte adhesion. Two weeks after castration, a second wave of angiogenesis and tumor growth begins with a concomitant increase in VEGF expression. Because human tumors often relapse following hormone-ablation therapy, our data suggest that these patients may benefit from combined anti-VEGF therapy.
authors.affiliation: Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. jain@steele.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Safabakhsh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sckell
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Keshet
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002369:Castration; D016923:Cell Death; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors