title: Gender differences in acute N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide (NDHS) and N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinamic acid (2-NDHSA) nephrotoxicity in Fischer 344 rats.
abstract: N-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) is an agricultural fungicide that induces nephrotoxicity as its major toxicity. NDPS is also a more potent nephrotoxicant in female than in male rats. The purpose of this study was to examine the nephrotoxic potential of the two NDPS metabolites N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide (NDHS) and N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinamic acid (2-NDHSA) in age-matched male and female Fischer 344 rats to determine if gender differences exist for the nephrotoxicity induced by the two NDPS metabolites. Rats (4 per group) were administered a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of NDHS or 2-NDHSA (0.025 or 0.05 mmol/kg) or vehicle, and renal function was monitored for 48 h. Neither compound induced significant nephrotoxicity in male rats at the doses tested. However, in female rats both metabolites induced marked nephrotoxicity at the 0.05 mmol/kg dose level, and treatment with 0.025 mmol/kg 2-NDHSA induced some changes in renal function (transient diuresis, transient proteinuria, decreased organic ion accumulation). Little effect on renal function was induced in females by treatment with 0.025 mmol/kg NDHS. At toxic levels in female rats, the renal lesions were located primarily in the S2 and S3 segments of the proximal tubule. These results indicate that, like the parent compound, gender differences exist in the nephrotoxic potential of NDHS and 2-NDHSA. The results also suggest that in females, as in males, NDPS nephrotoxicity is mediated via NDHS and/or 2-NDHSA. However, it is not clear if the ultimate nephrotoxicant species following NDPS exposure is different in males and females or if the same ultimate nephrotoxicant species is produced in both species but handled differently by male and female kidneys. Thus, further studies are needed to determine the exact nature of the ultimate nephrotoxicant species and the mechanisms of the observed gender differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia 25704-9388, USA.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Anestis
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Valentovic
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: P I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: G O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Rankin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012737:Sex Factors; D013386:Succinates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D013388:Succinimides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D013386:Succinates; D013388:Succinimides; C070526:N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide; C070595:N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinamic acid