title: Update on vertical HIV transmission.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the factors that contribute to vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and review means of decreasing the risk of transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline search of the international English-language literature pertaining to HIV in pregnancy from 1989 to the present. Special emphasis was placed on articles published in the last three years related to vertical transmission as well as to antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum management to reduce transmission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High levels of maternal viral load and more advanced maternal disease are associated with a greater risk of vertical transmission of HIV. Antepartum and intrapartum maternal treatment with zidovudine and postpartum neonatal zidovudine treatment decreases the risk of transmission by two-thirds, at least in patients with earlier stages of the disease. Breast-feeding is a source of postpartum HIV transmission and may double the total transmission rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zidovudine should be used in pregnancy to decrease the viral load and reduce transmission of HIV to the fetus. Other antiviral agents should be used during pregnancy if indicated, although current information is lacking about their effects on the fetus and any potential benefits in decreasing vertical transmission of HIV. Breast-feeding should be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Groginsky
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bowdler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yankowitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; D011295:Prenatal Care; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015215:Zidovudine