title: Clinical experience with heart transplantation in infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orthotopic heart transplantation has become an accepted therapeutic concept for adult patients with endstage heart disease. In newborns and infants this procedure is still a matter of discussion because of unknown long-term results and the lack of donor organs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since March 1988 we have performed 40 orthotopic heart transplantation in 39 infants who were from 1 to 280 days of age. Indications for transplantation included hypoplastic left-heart syndrome (n = 28), dilative cardiomyopathy (n = 4), endocardial fibroelastosis (n = 4) and other complex structural anomalies (n = 3). The mean waiting period for transplantation was 53 days. A donor-recipient weight ratio up to 4.0 was accepted. Profound hypothermic circulatory arrest was used for graft implantation in all those patients who required extensive aortic arch reconstruction (71%). The initial immunomodulation was based on Cyclosporine, Azathioprine and Prednisolone. Patients who underwent transplantation during the first 6 weeks of life received a chronic single-drug therapy with Cyclosporine after 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were six peri-operative deaths caused by drug-resistant right-heart failure in three cases, humoral rejection (n = 1), CMV infection (n = 1) and multi organ failure (n = 1). One infant died late, due to rejection. The actuarial survival rate for the entire group is now 82%. There is a remarkable influence of increasing experience. Whereas six of 15 infants who had heart transplantation between 1988 and 1993 died early post-operatively (survival rate: 60%), only one late death occurred among 24 recipients in the period from 1994 to April 1997 (survival rate: 96%). Episodes of rejection occurred once or several times in about half of the patients in this series (48%). All surviving children are living at home in excellent condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heart transplantation during early infancy is a rational and durable therapy for heart diseases with irreversible myocardial failure or severe structural anomalies. The intermediate-term results have been encouraging in many centers, but more data must be accumulated to determine the sequelae of chronic immunosuppression. The lack of donor organs remains one of the major problems in pediatric heart transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany. dapper@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dapper
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zickmann
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bohle
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hagel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schranz
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000601:surgery; D004695:Endocardial Fibroelastosis / Q000601:surgery; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome