title: Comparative pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous ifosfamide/mesna/methylene blue therapy.
abstract: Oral treatment with ifosfamide results in dose-limiting encephalopathy. Methylene blue is effective in reversal and prophylaxis of this side effect. In the present study, the pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide after iv and po therapy in combination with prophylactic administration of methylene blue were investigated. Nine patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer were treated by a combination of ifosfamide (3 days), sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (4 days), and etoposide (8 days). Cycles were repeated every 28 days. Ifosfamide was administered orally, with the exception of one of the first two cycles, when it was administered as a short infusion (randomly assigned). The patients received methylene blue in doses of 50 mg po 3 times daily; an initial dose of 50 mg was given the evening before chemotherapy. Urine samples were collected over the entire treatment period, and concentrations of ifosfamide and its major metabolite, 2-chloroethylamine, were measured by gas liquid chromatography. By the same technique, 2- and 3-dechloroethylifosfamide were determined in plasma and urine. Overall alkylating activity in urine was assayed by reaction of the alkylating metabolites with 4-(4'-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine. The chemotherapeutic regimen was well-tolerated by all of the patients studied. There was no evidence of a shift in the metabolic pattern dependent on the route of administration. From the data, we conclude that methylene blue has a neuroprotective effect and that the pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide are not influenced by its comedication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aeschlimann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Küpfer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schefer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cerny
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000931:Antidotes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D005100:Expectorants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D015080:Mesna / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D005100:Expectorants; D015080:Mesna; D008751:Methylene Blue; D007069:Ifosfamide