title: Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial fibrillation (AF) causes substantial morbidity. It is uncertain whether AF is associated with excess mortality independent of associated cardiac conditions and risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the mortality of subjects 55 to 94 years of age who developed AF during 40 years of follow-up of the original Framingham Heart Study cohort. Of the original 5209 subjects, 296 men and 325 women (mean ages, 74 and 76 years, respectively) developed AF and met eligibility criteria. By pooled logistic regression, after adjustment for age, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, valvular heart disease, and stroke or transient ischemic attack, AF was associated with an OR for death of 1.5 (95% CI, 1.2 to 1.8) in men and 1.9 (95% CI, 1.5 to 2.2) in women. The risk of mortality conferred by AF did not significantly vary by age. However, there was a significant AF-sex interaction: AF diminished the female advantage in survival. In secondary multivariate analyses, in subjects free of valvular heart disease and preexisting cardiovascular disease, AF remained significantly associated with excess mortality, with about a doubling of mortality in both sexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In subjects from the original cohort of the Framingham Heart Study, AF was associated with a 1.5- to 1.9-fold mortality risk after adjustment for the preexisting cardiovascular conditions with which AF was related. The decreased survival seen with AF was present in men and women and across a wide range of ages.
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, National Institutes of Health, Mass, USA. emelia@fram.nhlbi.nih.gov
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Silbershatz
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Kannel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000401:mortality*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors