title: Can EMS providers adequately assess trauma patients for cervical spinal injury?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether EMS providers can accurately apply the clinical criteria for clearing cervical spines in trauma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  EMS providers completed a data form based on their initial assessments of all adult trauma patients for whom the mechanism of injury indicated immobilization. Data collected included the presence or absence of: neck pain/tenderness; altered mental status; history of loss of consciousness; drug/alcohol use; neurologic deficit; and other painful/distracting injury. After transport to the ED, emergency physicians (EPs) completed an identical data form based on their assessments. Immobilization was considered to be indicated if any one of the six criteria was present. The EPs and EMS providers were blinded to each other's assessments. Agreement between the EP and EMS assessments was analyzed using the kappa statistic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five-hundred seventy-three patients were included in the study. The EP and EMS assessments matched in 78.7% (n = 451) of the cases. There were 44 (7.7%) patients for whom EP assessment indicated immobilization, but the EMS assessment did not. The kappa for the individual components of the assessments ranged from 0.35 to 0.81, with the kappa for the decision to immobilize being 0.48. The EMS providers' assessments were generally more conservative than the EPs'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMS and EP assessments to rule out cervical spinal injury have moderate to substantial agreement. However, the authors recommend that systems allowing EMS providers to decide whether to immobilize patients should follow those patients closely to ensure appropriate care and to provide immediate feedback to the EMS providers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, USA.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gough
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Simonds
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000592:standards*; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D010820:Physicians / Q000592:standards*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014481:United States