title: A statewide survey of immunization rates in Minnesota school age children: implications for targeted assessment and prevention strategies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A retrospective statewide immunization survey of the 69115 Minnesota children who entered kindergarten in 1992 was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was collected from school immunization records on date of birth, dates of vaccination for each dose of vaccine, address of residence and race/ethnicity (when available). Immunization rates were assessed retrospectively for each month of a child's life from 2 to 48 months of age. Age-appropriate immunization was defined as receipt of all scheduled vaccines within 30 days of the recommended age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunization levels varied by vaccine, age of the child and race/ethnicity. For example at 19 months of age, 73% of students had received measles, mumps, rubella vaccine; however, only 39% had received their fourth dose of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine. White, non-Hispanic students consistently had higher vaccination rates than children of other racial/ ethnic groups. For example 45% of white, non-Hispanic students were age-appropriately vaccinated at 16 months of age compared with 25% of Blacks, 30% of American Indians, 30% of white Hispanics and 28% of Asian-Pacific Islanders (Mantel-Haenzel chi square, P < 0.001 for each comparison). Furthermore coverage rates frequently varied significantly by neighborhood, thereby identifying pockets of underimmunization within communities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that vaccination rates can vary substantially by age, race/ ethnicity and neighborhood. Detailed immunization assessment is necessary so that effective targeted interventions can be developed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Disease Prevention and Control, Minnesota Department of Health, Minneapolis 55414, USA.
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Ehresmann
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hedberg
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Korlath
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Osterholm
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017589:Immunization Programs; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008458:Measles Vaccine; D008910:Minnesota; D009108:Mumps Vaccine; D017955:Poliovirus; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; D008458:Measles Vaccine; D009108:Mumps Vaccine