title: Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase (COX), the key enzyme required for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins was first identified over 20 years ago. Drugs, like aspirin, that inhibit cyclooxygenase activity have been available to the public for about 100 years. In the past decade, however, more progress has been made in understanding the role of cyclooxygenase enzymes in biology and disease than at any other time in history. Two cyclooxygenase isoforms have been identified and are referred to as COX-1 and COX-2. Under many circumstances the COX-1 enzyme is produced constitutively (i.e., gastric mucosa) whereas COX-2 is inducible (i.e., sites of inflammation). Here, we summarize the current understanding of the role of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in different physiological situations and disease processes ranging from inflammation to cancer. We have attempted to include all of the most relevant material in the field, but due to the rapid progress in this area of research we apologize that certain recent findings may have been left out.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine/GI, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279, USA. duboisrn@ctrvax.vanderbilt edu
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Crofford
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Van De Putte
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lipsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D001168:Arthritis / Q000503:physiopathology; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004194:Disease; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases