title: Variation among neonatal intensive care units in narcotic administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare rates of narcotic administration for medically treated neonates in different neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and to compare treated and untreated neonates to assess whether narcotics provided advantages or disadvantages for short-term outcomes, such as cardiovascular stability (ie, blood pressure and heart rate), hyperbilirubinemia, duration of respiratory support, growth, and the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical charts of neonates weighing less than 1500 g, admitted to 6 NICUs (A-F), were abstracted. Neonates who had a chest tube or who had undergone surgery were excluded from the study, leaving the records of 1171 neonates. We modeled outcomes by linear or logistic regression, controlling for birth weight (<750, 750-999, and 1000-1499 g) and illness severity (low, 0-9; medium, 10-19; high, > or =20) using the Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology (SNAP), and adjusted for NICU.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Narcotic use varied by birth weight (<750 g, 21%; 750-999 g, 13%; and 1000-1499 g, 8%), illness severity (low, 9%; medium, 19%; and high, 37%), day (1, 11%; 3, 6%; and 14, 2%), and NICU. We restricted analyses to the 1018 neonates who received mechanical ventilation on day 1. Logistic regression, adjusting for birth weight and SNAP, confirmed a 28.6-fold variation in narcotic administration (odds ratios, 4.1-28.6 vs NICU A). Several short-term outcomes also were associated with narcotic use, including more than 33 g of fluid retention on day 3 and a higher direct bilirubin level (6.8 micromol/L higher [0.4 mg/dL higher], P = .03). There were no differences in weight gain at 14 and 28 days or mechanical ventilatory support on days 14 and 28. Narcotic use was not associated with differences in worst blood pressure or heart rate or with increased length of hospital stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study found a 28.6-fold variation among NICUs in narcotic administration in very low-birth-weight neonates. We were unable to detect any major advantages or disadvantages of narcotic use. We did not assess iatrogenic abstinence syndrome or long-term outcomes. These results indicate the need for randomized trials to rationalize these widely differing practices.
authors.affiliation: Joint Program in Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02215, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bednarek
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Frantz
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Pursley
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009294:Narcotics