title: Early isotonic saline resuscitation from uncontrolled hemorrhage in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attempts to modify traditional fluid resuscitation have been based on animal models that evaluate several variables including anesthesia. This study presents the effects of early saline resuscitation from severe uncontrolled hemorrhage unanesthetized rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three female Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into three groups: group A, nonresuscitated; and groups B and C, resuscitated ;with isotonic saline (40 and 80 mL/kg, respectively). Hemodynamics, blood loss, survival time, and mortality were recorded for 360 minutes after the hemorrhage, which was initiated by 75% resection of the tail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group C, 80 mL/kg of saline significantly lowered mortality (24% vs 76% and 71% for groups A and B, respectively) with concomitant increases in mean survival time (241 +/- 103 min vs 146 +/- 108 and 175 +/- 92 min for groups A and B, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in blood loss, hematocrit, or hemodynamic parameters among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early and adequate isotonic saline resuscitation of unanesthetized rats improved outcome despite continuing hemorrhage. The significantly lower mortality rate and increased survival time were not a result of transiently improved arterial pressure and did not correlate with blood loss. No significant bleeding increases were noted in the resuscitated groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, USA.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Soucy
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: F N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Hagedorn
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Illner
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Shires
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001810:Blood Volume; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012151:Resuscitation; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D012965:Sodium Chloride