title: Sustained nitric oxide exposure decreases soluble guanylate cyclase mRNA and enzyme activity in pulmonary artery smooth muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The soluble isoform of guanylate cyclase (sGC) is activated by nitric oxide (NO) to form guanoside 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). Cyclic GMP levels cause smooth muscle relaxation and regulate vascular tone to various vascular beds, including the lung. Under conditions of cytokine excess the inducible synthesis of NO may result in cGMP overproduction, generalized vasodilatation, and septic shock. In the pulmonary bed the opposite response, pulmonary hypertension, may occur. We hypothesized that sGC activity decreases in the face of sustained levels of NO.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the NO-donor S-nitroso-acetyl-D-L-penicillamine to study the effects of NO on sGC mRNA abundance and enzyme activity in cultured rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NO caused a prompt rise in extracellular cGMP production. Pretreating cells with NO for >/=45 min inhibited subsequent cGMP synthesis. NO-pretreated cells recovered the capacity for cGMP synthesis after removal of NO for 120 min. When actinomycin or cycloheximide was added to NO pretreatment, cells retained cGMP synthetic capacity. NO pretreatment decreased sGC mRNA abundance, but did not totally eliminate it.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NO has important regulatory effects on cGMP synthesis at the level of enzyme activity and mRNA abundance. NO causes an immediate synthesis of large amounts of cGMP. With prolongation of exposure (>/=60 min) sGC enzyme activity decreases and cGMP production drops significantly. Soluble GC mRNA abundance also decreases and may result in decreased responsiveness of cells to NO with regard to cGMP production.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Surgery and Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7210, USA.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Nakayama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000201:enzymology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003609:Dactinomycin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; D003513:Cycloheximide; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D010396:Penicillamine; D006152:Cyclic GMP