title: Effects of vasodilators and perfusion pressure on coronary flow and simultaneous release of nitric oxide from guinea pig isolated hearts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims were to validate the use of a direct reading NO electrode, to compare the effects of diverse acting drugs on altering coronary flow (CF) and NO release, and to examine the effects of altered perfusion pressure on flow-induced changes in NO concentration [NO] in the hemoglobin free effluent of guinea pig isolated hearts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hearts were isolated and perfused initially at a constant perfusion pressure (55 mmHg) with a modified Krebs-Ringer's solution equilibrated with 97% O2 and 3% CO2 at 37 degrees C. Heart rate, left ventricular pressure, CF, and effluent pH, pCO2, pO2, and NO generated current were monitored continuously on-line. Effluent was sampled for L-citrulline. Percent O2 extraction and O2 consumption were calculated. [NO] was quantitated with a sensitive amperometric sensor (sensitivity > or = 1 nmol/l approximately 3 pA) and a selective gas permeable membrane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The electrode was not sensitive to changes in solution pO2, flow, or pressure. The electrode was sensitive to pCO2 (-0.50 nmol/l/mmHg) and temperature (+24.5 nmol/l/degree C), so coronary effluent pCO2 was measured to compensate for a small decrease in pCO2 that occurred with an increase in coronary flow, and effluent temperature was rigidly controlled. Serotonin, bradykinin, and nitroprusside increased NO release along with CF, whereas nifedipine, butanedione monoxime, zaprinast, and bimakalim comparably increased CF but did not increase [NO] or NO release. Increases in CF (ml/g/min) and NO release (pmol/g/min), respectively, were 5.0 +/- 1 and 100 +/- 17 for 1 mumol/l serotonin, 7.5 +/- 1 and 148 +/- 18 for 100 nmol/l bradykinin, and 7.8 +/- 1 and 173 +/- 28 for 100 mumol/l nitroprusside. The increases in effluent NO by bradykinin were proportional to the increases in L-citrulline. Tetraethylammonium decreased CF, but did not change NO release, indomethacin changed neither CF nor NO release, and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) reduced CF by 2.6 +/- 1 ml/g/min and NO release by 25 +/- 8 pmol/g/min. An increase of CF of 8.0 +/- 0.3 ml/g/min, produced by increasing perfusion pressure from 25 to 90 mmHg, increased [NO] by 30 +/- 4 nmol/l; L-NAME but did not reduce the pressure-induced increase in CF, but reduced the increase in [NO] to 10 +/- 5 nmol/l.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates in intact hearts real-time release of NO by several vasodilator drugs and by pressure-induced increases in flow (shear stress) and attenuation of these effects by L-NAME.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Roerig
authors.forename: Z J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Bosnjak
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Stowe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000494:pharmacology; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002801:Cholinesterase Reactivators / Q000494:pharmacology; D002956:Citrulline / Q000378:metabolism; D003931:Diacetyl / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004095:Dihydropyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004566:Electrodes; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010477:Perfusion; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011312:Pressure; D011688:Purinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001578:Benzopyrans; D002801:Cholinesterase Reactivators; D004095:Dihydropyridines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D011688:Purinones; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; C004717:diacetylmonoxime; D002956:Citrulline; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012701:Serotonin; C061050:bimakalim; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; C011145:zaprinast; D009543:Nifedipine; D003931:Diacetyl; D001920:Bradykinin; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester