title: Is the use of ecstasy and hallucinogens increasing? Results from a community study.
abstract: This report presents findings of a community survey of 3,021 adolescents and young adults aged 14-24 years in Munich, Germany, carried out to determine the prevalence of use and abuse of and dependence on ecstasy, amphetamines and hallucinogens. The response rate was 71%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) In 1995, 4% of the male and 2.3% of the female respondents aged 14-24 reported the use of ecstasy. Ecstasy-related substances (amphetamines and chemically related substances) were reported by 3.6% of men and 1.6% of women. Hallucinogens were reported slightly less frequently by 3% of men and about 2% of women (LSD combined with others). (2) Compared to findings from a 1990 survey this constitutes a substantial, at least twofold, increase in consumption rate of both types of substances. (3) Among lifetime users of both ecstasy and related substances as well as hallucinogens about two thirds could be regarded as regular users. (4) The prevalence of DSM-IV abuse and dependence on ecstasy and related substances is about 1%, identical to rates of hallucinogen abuse and dependence. Findings also point to a significant dependence potential for both substances. (5) Furthermore, considerable overlap between the two substances was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests a substantial increase in both the use of ecstasy and related substances as well as hallucinogens. The data further suggest that the increase is strongest in younger age groups, but the risk of first use of these substances continues to be present up to the age of 24 years. The higher proportion of women contributing to this increase is noteworthy.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology Unit, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lieb
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lamertz
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Wittchen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D017668:Age of Onset; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000009:adverse effects; D015897:Comorbidity; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D006213:Hallucinogens; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine