title: Can the number of cigarettes smoked predict high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among women with mildly abnormal cervical smears?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether the number of cigarettes smoked by women who had mildly abnormal cytologic study results could identify those at risk for high-grade dysplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective study of all women who were referred for colposcopy with a mildly abnormal cervical smear over a 4-year period. A detailed questionnaire was completed that evaluated sociodemographic characteristics including smoking history. Colposcopy then determined the degree of disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred seventy-three women were referred with a mildly abnormal cervical smear. There was a significant relationship between the numbers of cigarettes smoked and the risk of high grade disease (P = .007). Once the number of cigarettes smoked daily exceeded 20, the risk of high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was increased fivefold (odds ratio 5.85 [95% confidence interval 1.92 to 17.80]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking is associated with a dose-dependent increased risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 among women who have mildly abnormal cervical smears.
authors.affiliation: Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department in Coombe Women's Hospital, Dublin.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: English
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clinch
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Prendiville
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000209:etiology*