title: Low serum aluminum values in dialysis patients with increased bone aluminum levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using an HPLC/ETAAS hybrid speciation technique we previously demonstrated iron to have a multifold effect on the binding of aluminum to transferrin by limiting the number of available binding sites and decreasing the affinity of transferrin for aluminum. Theoretically, at a 60% iron-transferrin saturation the aluminum-transferrin fraction in serum should not exceed 30 microg/l. In the present study previous experimental data were confronted with recent clinical observations in patients with either normal iron status or iron overload.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum aluminum levels and iron overload: In 38 dialysis patients with a normal iron status and of whom 63% received Al(OH)3 for phosphate binding 26 (68%) had a serum aluminum level >30 microg/l. On the other hand out of 28 transfusional iron overloaded patients; 68% of them taking Al(OH)3, only 1 subject (4%) had a serum aluminum value in excess of 30 microg/l. Taking patients of both groups receiving Al(OH)3 together a significant (p = 0.001) negative correlation (r = -0.5017) was found between the iron-transferrin saturation and the serum aluminum levels. Iron status and parenteral aluminum loading: Also could a significant (p = 0.001) negative correlation (r = -0.6383) between these parameters be found in an independent group of 44 patients which were acutely intoxicated by the use of aluminum-contaminated dialysis fluids. Since in this population aluminum loading occurred parenterally and not via the gastrointestinal tract, a direct effect of iron on the transferrin binding of aluminum rather than on the element's gastrointestinal absorption must have been responsible for the inverse relationship. Bone aluminum and iron overload: Out of 22 patients with a normal iron status (mean + SD serum ferritin: 216 +/- 245 microg/l; iron-transferrin saturation 20.4 +/- 9.6%), all of them having aluminum overload (bone aluminum level >15 microg/g and/or positive Aluminon staining) none of them presented with a serum aluminum <30 microg/l (mean +/- SD: 82.2 +/- 51.6 microg/l). On the other hand out of 13 iron overloaded patients (serum ferritin >800 microg/l; iron-transferrin saturation 61.4 +/- 17.6%) 10 (77%) presented the proposed criteria of aluminum overload in the presence of a serum aluminum level <30 microg/l.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that in dialysis patients with iron overload (iron-transferrin saturation >60%; serum ferritin >800 microg/l) serum aluminum levels are low (<30 microg/l) despite exposure to aluminum by the intake of Al(OH)3 or the use of aluminum-contaminated dialysis fluids. Low serum aluminum nevertheless may be associated with aluminum overload and even aluminum-related bone disease. An effect of iron on the serum aluminum speciation may at least in part explain our observations. Our findings allow a more accurate interpretation of baseline serum aluminum values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: van Landeghem
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: D'Haese
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Lamberts
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Djukanovic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pejanovic
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: De Broe
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000378:metabolism*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions; D014168:Transferrin; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide; D000535:Aluminum