title: IL-1beta, IL-6, TNFalpha, fetal fibronectin, and endotoxin in the lower genital tract of pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In our studies on women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) in early pregnancy a strong association has been found between BV and the levels of endotoxin or interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) in the lower genital tract. In the present study we investigated if an association could be found between BV and other cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF) or fetal fibronectin (FFN). The cytokine-inducing capacity of endotoxins present in the cervical mucus was explored in a monocytic cell assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cervical mucus or cervicovaginal fluid was collected from women with (BV) and without BV (nonBV) attending a family planning unit for first trimester abortion. The concentrations of IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF and FFN were determined by quantitative enzyme immunoassays. TNF was determined in 63 women (BV, n=25) out of whom 37 (BV, n=11) were analyzed for IL-1beta and the remaining 26 for IL-6 (BV, n=14). FFN was determined in another 36 women (BV, n= 19). The cytokine-inducing capacity of endotoxin-containing cervical mucus and purified endotoxin of Prevotella bivia were studied by an in vitro cell assay using a human monocytic cell line (THP-1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-lbeta and IL-6 were found in almost all women. The levels of IL-1beta, but not IL-6, TNF or FFN, were significantly increased in women with BV compared with the nonBV women (p<0.05). Purified endotoxin from P. bivia, and cervical mucus from BV women containing high levels of endotoxin were able to induce a cytokine response (IL-6) in monocytic cells in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BV is associated with increased levels of IL-1beta in the lower genital tract of pregnant women in the first trimester. The ability of BV-associated endotoxins to induce cytokine production in monocytic cells may partly explain the increased IL-1beta levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Bacteriology, University of Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mattsby-Baltzer
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Platz-Christensen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hosseini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rosén
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016866:Bacteroidaceae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D002582:Cervix Mucus / Q000378:metabolism; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D018720:Prevotella; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D005353:Fibronectins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha