title: The economic costs of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs in Canada, 1992.
abstract: AIMS, DESIGN AND SETTING: The economic costs of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs in Canadian society in 1992 are estimated utilizing a cost-of-illness framework and recently developed international guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  For causes of disease or death (using ICD-9 categories), pooled relative risk estimates from meta-analyses are combined with prevalence data by age, gender and province to derive the proportion attributable to alcohol, tobacco and/or illicit drugs. The resulting estimates of attributable deaths and hospitalizations are used to calculate associated health care, law enforcement, productivity and other costs. The results are compared wit other studies, and sensitivity analyses are conducted on alternative measures of alcohol consumption, alternative discount rates for productivity costs and the use of diagnostic-specific hospitalization costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The misuse of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs cost more than $18.4 billion in Canada in 1992, representing $649 per capita or 2.7% of GDP. Alcohol accounts for approximately $7.52 billion in costs, including $4.14 billion for lost productivity, $1.36 billion for law enforcement and $1.30 billion in direct health care costs. Tobacco accounts for approximately $9.56 billion in costs, including $6.82 billion for lost productivity and $2.68 billion for direct health costs. The economic of illicit drugs are estimated at $1.4 billion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substance abuse exacts a considerable toll to Canadian society in terms of illness, injury, death and economic costs.
authors.affiliation: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. e.single@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Single
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehm
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality; D002170:Canada; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality