title: Ureteroscopic laser treatment of upper urinary tract tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the present status of ureteroscopic laser treatment of upper urinary tract tumors.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Small diameter rigid and flexible ureteroscopes can provide convenient access to the upper urinary tract. The small diameter of the instruments and the working channels are ideally suited for the placement of laser fibers as an intraluminal ablative technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed the literature and their own experience with laser treatment of upper tract tumors for the description of instruments, techniques, and the results achieved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At least 12 reports have presented the results after using lasers for treating upper tract tumors. The Nd:YAG laser has been used in most series but more recently, the holmium:YAG laser has become available. Each laser has particular advantages and each can be delivered along the same low water content quartz fibers. Less scarring with stricture formation has been reported after use of the laser versus electrofulguration. Among the series reported, local recurrences occurred in 33% of patients with renal pelvic tumors or ureteral tumors. In the authors' experience, the holmium:YAG laser was most frequently used and the combination of holmium and Nd:YAG was nearly as common. The Nd:YAG was used alone in less than 10% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ureteroscopic treatment of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma is a reasonable alternative to surgical removal in many patients. It provides a major advantage in patients with specific indications for conservative therapy and may be a reasonable elective therapy in others with small, low grade, tumors. The holmium laser alone or in combination with the Nd:YAG laser has become our primary mode of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Bagley
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D006695:Holmium; D006801:Humans; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009354:Neodymium; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000601:surgery; D018666:Ureteroscopy; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D009354:Neodymium; D006695:Holmium