title: Oxidative damage of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA induced by ionizing radiation in human hepatoblastoma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as mediators of radiation-induced cellular damage, the aim of our studies was to determine the effects of ionizing radiation on the regulation of hepatocellular reduced glutathione (GSH), survival and integrity of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in human hepatoblastoma cells (Hep G2) depleted of GSH prior to radiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  GSH, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and generation of ROS were determined in irradiated (50-500 cGy) Hep G2 cells. Clonogenic survival, nuclear DNA fragmentation, and integrity of mtDNA were assessed in cells depleted of GSH prior to radiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiation of Hep G2 cells (50-400 cGy) resulted in a dose-dependent generation of ROS, an effect accompanied by a decrease of reduced GSH, ranging from a 15% decrease for 50 cGy to a 25% decrease for 400 cGy and decreased GSH/GSSG from a ratio of 17 to a ratio of 7 for controls and from 16 to 6 for diethyl maleate (DEM)-treated cells. Depletion of GSH prior to radiation accentuated the increase of ROS by 40-50%. The depletion of GSH by radiation was apparent in different subcellular sites, being particularly significant in mitochondria. Furthermore, depletion of nuclear GSH to 50-60% of initial values prior to irradiation (400 cGy) resulted in DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. Consequently, the survival of Hep G2 to radiation was reduced from 25% of cells not depleted of GSH to 10% of GSH-depleted cells. Fitting the survival rate of cells as a function of GSH using a theoretical model confirmed cellular GSH as a key factor in determining intrinsic sensitivity of Hep G2 cells to radiation. mtDNA displayed an increased susceptibility to the radiation-induced loss of integrity compared to nuclear DNA, an effect that was potentiated by GSH depletion in mitochondria (10-15% intact mtDNA in GSH-depleted cells vs. 25-30% of repleted cells).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSH plays a critical protective role in maintaining nuclear and mtDNA functional integrity, determining the intrinsic radiosensitivity of Hep G2. Although the DNA repair is a complex process that is not yet completely understood, the protective role of GSH probably does not seem to involve the repair of classical DNA damage but may relate to modification of DNA damage dependent signaling.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas, August Pi i Suñer (IDIBAPS), CSIC-UB, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Reyes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biete
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fernández-Checa
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D004247:DNA / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000528:radiation effects; D004159:Diphenylamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008298:Maleates / Q000494:pharmacology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D008298:Maleates; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D004247:DNA; D004159:Diphenylamine; C014476:diethyl maleate; D005978:Glutathione