title: Long-lasting recovery in CD4 T-cell function and viral-load reduction after highly active antiretroviral therapy in advanced HIV-1 disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) decreases viral load and increases CD4 T-cell counts in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection. Whether HAART can improve CD4 T-cell function, and the biological characteristics affecting immune reconstitution, remain unclear. We undertook an open prospective pilot study to address these issues. Both treatment-naïve and previously treated patients were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 patients (seven naïve, 13 previously treated) were treated with one protease inhibitor and two reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and followed up for 12 months. We measured CD4-cell proliferation in response to cytomegalovirus and tuberculin antigens and counted subsets of CD4 cells at baseline and months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Patients who had no antigen-specific reactivity at baseline but developed it while receiving HAART were classified as immunological responders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients had antigen-specific reactivity at baseline compared with 14 at month 12 (p <0.001). Between month 3 and month 12 viral load fell by a median of 1.5 log copies/mL from baseline (4.6 log copies/mL) and CD4-cell count increased by a median of 63/microL (from 93/microL). Ten patients (six of seven naïve, four of 13 previously treated) were immunological responders. They differed significantly from the ten non-responders in that their viral-load reduction was sustained for 12 months, the increase in CD4 count was greater, and they showed an early increase in memory CD4 T cells with an increase of naïve T cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAART can induce sustained recovery of CD4 T-cell reactivity against opportunistic pathogens in severely immunosuppressed patients. This recovery depends not on baseline values but on the amplitude and duration of viral-load reduction and the increase of memory CD4 T cells.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tubiana
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katlama
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Calvez
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ait Mohand
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Autran
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D002455:Cell Division; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007121:Immunocompetence; D019469:Indinavir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019469:Indinavir; D019438:Ritonavir