title: Systemic hypertension and proteinuria in dogs with diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine prevalence and severity of systemic arterial hypertension and proteinuria in dogs with naturally developing diabetes mellitus (DM) and to determine whether these abnormalities were related to age, sex, duration of DM, or degree of control of glycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series and cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty dogs with naturally developing DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood pressure was measured in all 50 dogs. Thirty-eight dogs were evaluated once, and 12 were evaluated sequentially. Thirty-five were evaluated for proteinuria by determining protein-to-creatinine ratio in urine (n = 35) or by electrophoresis of urine (33).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypertension was detected in 23 on the basis of a systolic pressure > 160 mm HG (12 dogs), a diastolic pressure > 100 mm HG (21), or a mean pressure > 120 mm HG (23). All dogs with systolic hypertension had concurrent diastolic and mean hypertension, and 19 of 21 dogs with diastolic hypertension had concurrent high mean pressure. Ten of 12 dogs reevaluated at subsequent visits had no change in blood pressure. Blood pressure remained consistent in 3 dogs tested at different times during the day on a single visit. Duration of DM and presence of proteinuria were significant predictors of hypertension. Seven of 35 (20%) dogs had an increased protein-to-creatinine ratio in their urine. Albumin concentration and albumin-to-creatinine ratio were significantly higher in urine from diabetic dogs, compared with healthy, nondiabetic dogs. Hypertension was associated with an increased albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systemic hypertension and proteinuria may be common in diabetic dogs, but the clinical importance of these findings are, as yet, unknown.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis 95616-8734, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Struble
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kass
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000662:veterinary*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D019270:Fructosamine / Q000097:blood; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine; D019270:Fructosamine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin