title: Who reviews the reviewers? Feasibility of using a fictitious manuscript to evaluate peer reviewer performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a fictitious manuscript into which purposeful errors were placed could be used as an instrument to evaluate peer reviewer performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  An instrument for reviewer evaluation was created in the form of a fictitious manuscript into which deliberate errors were placed in order to develop an approach for the analysis of peer reviewer performance. The manuscript described a double-blind, placebo control study purportedly demonstrating that intravenous propranolol reduced the pain of acute migraine headache. There were 10 major and 13 minor errors placed in the manuscript. The work was distributed to all reviewers of Annals of Emergency Medicine for review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The manuscript was sent to 262 reviewers; 203 (78%) reviews were returned. One-hundred ninety-nine reviewers recommended a disposition for the manuscript: 15 recommended acceptance, 117 rejection, and 67 revision. The 15 who recommended acceptance identified 17.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 11.3% to 23.4%) of the major and 11.8% (CI 7.3% to 16.3%) of the minor errors. The 117 who recommended rejection identified 39.1 % (CI 36.3% to 41.9%) of the major and 25.2% (CI 23.0% to 27.4%) of the minor errors. The 67 who recommended revision identified 29.6% (CI 26.1% to 33.1%) of the major and 22.0% (CI 19.3% to 24.8%) of the minor errors. The number of errors identified differed significantly across recommended disposition. Sixty-eight percent of the reviewers did not realize that the conclusions of the work were not supported by the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the use of a preconceived manuscript into which purposeful errors are placed may be a viable approach to evaluate reviewer performance. Peer reviewers in this study failed to identify two thirds of the major errors in such a manuscript.
authors.affiliation: Annals of Emergency Medicine, Irving, TX, USA.
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Baxt
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Waeckerle
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Berlin
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Callaham
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008374:Manuscripts, Medical as Topic; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D010147:Pain Measurement; D018579:Patient Selection; D017712:Peer Review, Research / Q000592:standards*; D010919:Placebos; D011433:Propranolol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011643:Publishing / Q000592:standards*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D011433:Propranolol