title: A positive GATA element and a negative vitamin D receptor-like element control atrial chamber-specific expression of a slow myosin heavy-chain gene during cardiac morphogenesis.
abstract: We have used the slow myosin heavy chain (MyHC) 3 gene to study the molecular mechanisms that control atrial chamber-specific gene expression. Initially, slow MyHC 3 is uniformly expressed throughout the tubular heart of the quail embryo. As cardiac development proceeds, an anterior-posterior gradient of slow MyHC 3 expression develops, culminating in atrial chamber-restricted expression of this gene following chamberization. Two cis elements within the slow MyHC 3 gene promoter, a GATA-binding motif and a vitamin D receptor (VDR)-like binding motif, control chamber-specific expression. The GATA element of the slow MyHC 3 is sufficient for expression of a heterologous reporter gene in both atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes, and expression of GATA-4, but not Nkx2-5 or myocyte enhancer factor 2C, activates reporter gene expression in fibroblasts. Equivalent levels of GATA-binding activity were found in extracts of atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes from embryonic chamberized hearts. These observations suggest that GATA factors positively regulate slow MyHC 3 gene expression throughout the tubular heart and subsequently in the atria. In contrast, an inhibitory activity, operating through the VDR-like element, increased in ventricular cardiomyocytes during the transition of the heart from a tubular to a chambered structure. Overexpression of the VDR, acting via the VDR-like element, duplicates the inhibitory activity in ventricular but not in atrial cardiomyocytes. These data suggest that atrial chamber-specific expression of the slow MyHC 3 gene is achieved through the VDR-like inhibitory element in ventricular cardiomyocytes at the time distinct atrial and ventricular chambers form.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5115, USA.
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nikovits
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schleinitz
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Stockdale
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009024:Morphogenesis; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011784:Quail; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains