title: Characterization of the bactericidal effects of sodium nitroprusside and other pentacyanonitrosyl complexes on the food spoilage bacterium Clostridium sporogenes.
abstract: The potent bactericidal activity of sodium nitroprusside (SNP; Na2[Fe(CN)5(NO)]) towards Clostridium sporogenes has been investigated. SNP inhibited cell growth in the concentration range of 10 to 40 microM. Concentrations above 80 microM caused irreversible loss of cell viability and cell lysis. Inhibition of cell growth was similar in complex and in defined media. SNP was found to be unreactive towards individual components of the defined medium, with the exception of cysteine. The chemical characteristics responsible for the potency of SNP were investigated by synthesizing analogs of SNP in which the Fe was replaced by different metals. The inhibitory potency of the pentacyanonitrosyl complexes decreased in the order Fe > Cr > V, which correlates with N-O stretching frequency (vNO). In contrast, the Ru complex which had a vNO comparable to that of Fe was a poor inhibitor. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that SNP was rapidly reduced to the paramagnetic Fe(I) compound [Fe(CN)4(NO)](2-) on contact with cells. Analysis of fractions from SNP-treated cells showed 90% oxidation of thiols in the cell walls compared with those in control cells. The toxicity of SNP involves S-nitrosation and reduction, the lack of toxicity of the Ru analog being consistent with the fact that it has poor reactivity towards thiols. When C. sporogenes cells were exposed to sublethal concentrations of SNP and viewed under the electron microscope, they showed blisters on the surface. These results point to the cell wall surface as a primary point of attack of the nitrosyl complex.
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Study of Metals in Biology and Medicine, King's College London, London W8 7AH, United Kingdom. C.Joannou@umds.ac.uk
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Joannou
authors.forename: X Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vielotte
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Torres Martinez
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Vugman
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cammack
mesh_terms: D002458:Cell Fractionation; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003013:Clostridium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003470:Culture Media; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005516:Food Microbiology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D009599:Nitroprusside