title: The human orphan nuclear receptor PXR is activated by compounds that regulate CYP3A4 gene expression and cause drug interactions.
abstract: The cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase 3A4 (CYP3A4) is responsible for the oxidative metabolism of a wide variety of xenobiotics including an estimated 60% of all clinically used drugs. Although expression of the CYP3A4 gene is known to be induced in response to a variety of compounds, the mechanism underlying this induction, which represents a basis for drug interactions in patients, has remained unclear. We report the identification of a human (h) orphan nuclear receptor, termed the pregnane X receptor (PXR), that binds to a response element in the CYP3A4 promoter and is activated by a range of drugs known to induce CYP3A4 expression. Comparison of hPXR with the recently cloned mouse PXR reveals marked differences in their activation by certain drugs, which may account in part for the species-specific effects of compounds on CYP3A gene expression. These findings provide a molecular explanation for the ability of disparate chemicals to induce CYP3A4 levels and, furthermore, provide a basis for developing in vitro assays to aid in predicting whether drugs will interact in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Willson
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kliewer
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000502:physiology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D006801:Humans; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D056920:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000737:chemistry*; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000737:chemistry*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D014157:Transcription Factors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C104464:CYP3A protein, human; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; C538859:NCOA1 protein, human; C538861:Ncoa1 protein, mouse; D056920:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1