title: Endogenous hormones and the risk of hip and vertebral fractures among older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group.
abstract: METHODS
  In postmenopausal women, the serum concentrations of endogenous sex hormones and vitamin D might influence the risk of hip and vertebral fractures. In a study of a cohort of women 65 years of age or older, we compared the serum hormone concentrations at base line in 133 women who subsequently had hip fractures and 138 women who subsequently had vertebral fractures with those in randomly selected control women from the same cohort. Women who were taking estrogen were excluded. The results were adjusted for age and weight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The women with undetectable serum estradiol concentrations (<5 pg per milliliter [18 pmol per liter]) had a relative risk of 2.5 for subsequent hip fracture (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 4.6) and subsequent vertebral fracture (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 4.2), as compared with the women with detectable serum estradiol concentrations. Serum concentrations of sex hormone-binding globulin that were 1.0 microg per deciliter (34.7 nmol per liter) or higher were associated with a relative risk of 2.0 for hip fracture (95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 3.9) and 2.3 for vertebral fracture (95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 4.4). Women with both undetectable serum estradiol concentrations and serum sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations of 1 microg per deciliter or more had a relative risk of 6.9 for hip fracture (95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 32.0) and 7.9 for vertebral fracture (95 percent confidence interval, 2.2 to 28.0). For those with low serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations (< or =23 pg per milliliter [55 pmol per liter]), the risk of hip fracture increased by a factor of 2.1 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 3.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postmenopausal women with undetectable serum estradiol concentrations and high serum concentrations of sex hormone-binding globulin have an increased risk of hip and vertebral fracture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Browner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ensrud
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jamal
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ettinger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000032:analysis*; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D014807:Vitamin D; D004958:Estradiol