title: The role of type-1 and type-2 T-helper immune responses in HIV-1 vaccine protection.
abstract: The dichotomy of type-1 and type-2 T-helper (Th) immune responses is thought to be an obstacle to develop Human immunodeficiency virus-type- (HIV-1) vaccines capable of inducing effective cellular as well as humoral immune responses. Macaca mulatta were immunized using two different HIV-1sf2 envelope vaccine strategies, based on either immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOM) or chimeric Fowlpox (FP) vaccines. One month following the third immunization all animals were heterologously challenged with simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIVsf13). Vaccinated monkeys, which were protected had the highest levels of both type-1 and type-2 HIV-1 specific T-helper cell (Th) responses in addition to the highest homologous and heterogenous virus neutralizing antibodies. To determine how long Th responses persisted and if they correlated with protection, animals were rechallenged after waiting for four months without re-boosting. Macaques which maintained the highest gp120-specific type-1 (IFN-gamma) responses were protected, while there was evidence of viral clearance in two others. These findings demonstrate the importance of both or mixed type-1 and type-2 Th responses in HIV-1 vaccine induced immunity while suggesting a possible role of persistent type-1 responses in maintaining protective immunity over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, The Netherlands. heeney@bprc.nl
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Heeney
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: van Gils
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Meide
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Giuli Morghen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ghioni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gimelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raddelli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Akerblom
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morein
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D015686:Gene Products, env / Q000276:immunology*; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D016882:ISCOMs; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D015686:Gene Products, env; D015483:HIV Antibodies; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D016882:ISCOMs; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D007371:Interferon-gamma