title: Longitudinal population-based twin study of retrospectively reported premenstrual symptoms and lifetime major depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While family and twin studies suggest that retrospectively reported premenstrual symptoms are heritable, these studies have not accounted for the unreliability of such measures. In addition, we know little about the relationship of the familial risk factors for premenstrual symptoms and major depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lifetime major depression and premenstrual-related tiredness, sadness, and irritability were assessed twice over 6 years in 1,312 menstruating female twins ascertained from a population-based twin register. A twin-measurement model--which permits estimation of the etiologic roles of genetic and environmental factors with correction for errors of measurement or short-term temporal fluctuations--was applied to these data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single premenstrual symptom factor was found that was moderately stable over time. The best-fitting twin-measurement model estimated the heritability of the stable component of premenstrual symptoms at 56% and showed no impact of family-environmental factors. A bivariate twin-measurement model estimated that the genetic and environmental risk factors for lifetime major depression contributed only modestly to the etiology of premenstrual syndrome. No evidence was found for significant biases in the twin method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrospectively reported premenstrual-related symptoms of depression and anxiety are moderately stable over time and, when correction is made for this level of stability, substantially heritable. The genetic and environmental risk factors for these premenstrual symptoms and lifetime major depression are not closely related.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0126, USA. kendler@hsc.vcu.edu
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kendler
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Karkowski
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Corey
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Neale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010641:Phenotype; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014768:Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology