title: Cardiovascular complications adversely affect survival during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used in the management of infants with cardiorespiratory failure. ECMO causes a decrease in load-dependent measures of cardiac performance that have not been demonstrated to affect patient outcome, while other cardiovascular complications occur which may affect outcome. The purpose of this study was to describe the cardiovascular complications associated with ECMO, and to determine their relationship to survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained, retrospectively, from the medical records of 500 consecutive newborns treated with ECMO at our institution since 1984.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypertension (mean arterial pressure of >65 mm Hg) was the most common complication, requiring medical intervention in 192 infants. Myocardial stun, the near-total absence of systolic function during ECMO, occurred in 59 infants. Rhythm abnormalities, including noncannulation-related bradycardia, occurred in 43 infants, cardiac arrest, and pericardial effusion in 17 infants, and noninfective thrombosis in 9 infants. Only one infant required ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus during ECMO. Infants with at least one cardiovascular complication had a lower survival rate, compared with those infants without a complication. Survival rates were decreased in infants with myocardial stun, arrhythmia, and cardiac arrest. Hypertension and pericardial effusion were not associated with decreased survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that some cardiovascular complications during ECMO are more common than previously thought, and cardiovascular complications may adversely impact outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D016638:Critical Illness; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis