title: Effect of veno-venous ultrafiltration on myocardial performance immediately after cardiac surgery in children. A prospective randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to evaluate the effects of veno-venous ultrafiltration on myocardial contractility in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for repair of congenital heart defects.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Ultrafiltration (UF) is currently used to diminish postoperative fluid accumulation following CPB in children. Previous reports indicate improvement in hemodynamics immediately after UF, but the mechanism of its action is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three patients (ages 2 months to 9.1 years; 13 males, 10 females) underwent UF for 10 min after CPB. Twelve patients underwent UF immediately after CPB (Group A). They were studied: (1) before and (2) after CPB, (3) after UF, and (4) 10 min after UF. Eleven patients underwent UF 10 min after CPB (Group B). They were studied: (1) before and (2) after CPB, (3) after a 10-min delay before UF, and (4) after UF. Contractility was determined by the difference in the observed and predicted velocity of circumferential fiber shortening for the measured wall stress, using transesophageal echocardiography. Left ventricular wall thickness was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant improvement in contractility after UF in both groups (mean+/-SD, Group A: -0.28+/-0.13 to -0.01+/-0.21 circ/s, p < 0.05; Group B: -0.26+/-0.16 to -0.11+/-0.17 circ/s, p < 0.05). Myocardial thickness to cavity dimension decreased in both groups following UF (Group A: 0.19+/-0.04 to 0.14+/-0.03, p < 0.05; Group B: 0.18+/-0.04 to 0.14+/-0.03, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UF improves hemodynamics by improving contractility and possibly by reducing myocardial edema in children following cardiac surgery. Enhanced patient outcome after ultrafiltration may in part be due to these changes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kimball
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Daniels
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006440:Hemofiltration; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies