title: Electrophysiological basis of arrhythmogenicity of QT/T alternans in the long-QT syndrome: tridimensional analysis of the kinetics of cardiac repolarization.
abstract: Tachycardia-dependent QT/T alternans occurs in patients with the congenital or idiopathic form of long-QT syndrome (LQTS) and may presage the onset of polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias. To examine the electrophysiological basis of arrhythmogenicity of QT/T alternans in LQTS, the tridimensional repolarization pattern of QT/T alternans was studied in the anthopleurin-A model of LQTS, a surrogate for LQT3. In 11 anesthetized mongrel puppies, tridimensional repolarization and activation patterns were analyzed from 256 to 384 unipolar electrograms. Cardiac repolarization was evaluated as the activation-recovery interval (ARI) of local electrograms. To induce QT/T alternans, the pacing cycle length (CL) was abruptly shortened in steps of 50 ms from a basic drive of 1000 ms. ARIs were calculated at epicardial (Epi), midmyocardial (Mid), and endocardial (End) sites. ARI restitution at each site was assessed by using a single premature stimulation delivered after the basic drive. ARI alternans occurred at longer CLs at Mid sites compared with End and Epi sites, and the magnitude of alternans at Mid sites was greater. Two factors contributed to the modulation of ARI during QT/T alternans: (1) differences in restitution kinetics at Mid sites, characterized by larger DeltaARI and a slower time constant (tau), and (2) differences in diastolic intervals resulting in different input to restitution at the same constant CL. These 2 factors could explain not only the onset of alternans at Mid sites at longer CLs but also the critical observation that ARI dispersion between Epi and Mid sites during alternans was greater than during the slower basic CL. Marked ARI alternans could be present in local electrograms without manifest alternation of the QT/T segment in the surface ECG. The latter was seen at critically short CLs associated with reversal of the gradient of ARI between Epi and Mid sites, with a consequent reversal of polarity of the intramyocardial QT wave in alternate cycles. The arrhythmogenicity of QT/T alternans was primarily due to the greater degree of spatial dispersion of repolarization during alternans than during slower rates not associated with alternans. This could result in functional conduction block and reentrant ventricular tachyarrhythmias during the fixed drive associated with alternans.
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Health Science Center, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chinushi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Restivo
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Caref
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El-Sherif
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000209:etiology