title: Norepinephrine stimulates apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes by activation of the beta-adrenergic pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myocardial sympathetic activity is increased in heart failure. We tested the hypothesis that norepinephrine (NE) stimulates apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocytes were exposed to NE alone (10 micromol/L), NE+propranolol (2 micromol/L), NE+prazosin (0.1 micromol/L), or isoproterenol (ISO, 10 micromol/L) for 24 hours. NE and ISO decreased the number of viable myocytes by approximately 35%. This effect was completely blocked by the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol but was not affected by the alpha1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin. NE increased DNA laddering on agarose gel electrophoresis and increased the percentage of cells that were stained by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end-labeling from 5.8+/-1. 0% to 21.0+/-2.3% (P<0.01; n=4). NE likewise increased the percentage of apoptotic cells with hypodiploid DNA content as assessed by flow cytometry from 7.8+/-0.7% to 16.7+/-2.2% (P<0.01; n=6), and this effect was abolished by propranolol but not prazosin. ISO and forskolin (10 micromol/L) mimicked the effect of NE, increasing the percentage of apoptotic cells to 14.7+/-1.9% and 14. 4+/-2.2%, respectively. NE-stimulated apoptosis was abolished by the protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 (20 micromol/L) or the voltage-dependent calcium channel blockers diltiazem and nifedipine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NE, acting via the ss-adrenergic pathway, stimulates apoptosis in adult rat cardiac myocytes in vitro. This effect is mediated by protein kinase A and requires calcium entry via voltage-dependent calcium channels. NE-stimulated apoptosis of cardiac myocytes may contribute to the progression of myocardial failure.
authors.affiliation: Myocardial Biology Unit and Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Communal
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Pimentel
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Colucci
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D007545:Isoproterenol; D009638:Norepinephrine