title: Posttraumatic cerebral ischemia after fluid percussion brain injury: an autoradiographic and histopathological study in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mild-to-moderate reductions in local cerebral blood flow (ICBF) have been reported to occur in rats after moderate (1.7-2.2 atm) fluid percussion brain injury. The purpose of this study was to determine whether evidence for severe ischemia (i.e., mean ICBF < 0.25 ml/g/min) could be demonstrated after severe brain injury. In addition, patterns of indium-labeled platelet accumulation and histopathological outcome were correlated with the hemodynamic alterations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 23), anesthetized with halothane and maintained on a 70:30 mixture of nitrous oxide:oxygen and 0.5% halothane, underwent normothermic (37 degrees C) parasagittal fluid percussion brain injury (2.4-2.6 atm). Indium-111-tropolone-labeled platelets were injected 30 minutes before traumatic brain injury (TBI), while 14C-iodoantipyrine was infused 30 minutes after trauma for ICBF determination. Sham-operated animals (n = 8) underwent similar surgical procedures but were not injured. For histopathological analysis, traumatized rats (n = 5) were perfusion-fixed 3 days after TBI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In autoradiographic images of indium-labeled platelets, abnormal platelet accumulation that was most pronounced overlying the pial surface was commonly associated with severe reductions in ICBF within underlying cortical regions 30 minutes after TBI. For example, within the lateral parietal cortex, ICBF was significantly reduced from 1.67 +/- 0.11 ml/g per minute (mean +/- standard error of the mean) in sham-operated animals to 0.23 +/- 0.03 ml/g per minute within the traumatized group. In addition to focal severe ischemia, moderate reductions in ICBF were detected throughout the traumatized hemisphere, including the frontal and occipital cortices, hippocampus, thalamus, and striatum. Mild decreases in ICBF were also observed throughout the contralateral cerebral cortex. At 3 days after severe TBI, histopathology demonstrated intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with cerebral contusion and selective neuronal necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that multiple cerebrovascular abnormalities, including subarachnoid hemorrhage, focal platelet accumulation, and severe ischemia, are important early events in the pathogenesis of cortical contusion formation after TBI. Injury severity is expected to be a critical factor in determining what therapeutic strategies are attempted in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Neurotrauma Disease Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101, USA.
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Busto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Dewanjee
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications*