title: Early dopaminergic drug-induced hallucinations in parkinsonian patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize patients who develop hallucinations early in the course of dopaminergic therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) and contrast them with patients developing hallucinations after chronic drug treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parkinsonian patients who met diagnostic criteria for PD, experienced hallucinations, had a detailed hallucination interview at the onset time of their first hallucination, and had a 5-year clinical follow-up or an autopsy in those 5 years were identified and divided into two groups for comparison: 12 patients who developed early hallucinations within 3 months of starting levodopa therapy and 58 PD patients who developed hallucinations after 1 year of dopaminergic therapy. We contrasted the quality, content, diurnal nature, and emotional elements of the hallucinations, as well as the 5-year follow-up data on diagnosis, disease course, community home or nursing home outcome, and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups experienced a predominance of visual hallucinations, visions of people and animals, and vivid colors and definition. Features distinctive to the early onset hallucinating patients included visions that persisted in daytime as well as nighttime, frightening content with paranoia, and accompanying nonvisual hallucinations, either auditory, olfactory, tactile, or combinations thereof. At the 5-year follow-up, none of the early onset hallucinators had PD as their sole disorder. Four of the 12 had an underlying psychiatric illness that included hallucinations or psychosis preceding their parkinsonism by several years. In the other eight patients at the 5-year follow-up, their parkinsonism evolved to include additional signs that were no longer consistent with PD. The primary diagnoses were diffuse Lewy body disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD) with extrapyramidal signs. Patients with early drug-induced hallucinations had significantly greater placement to nursing homes and greater mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early onset drug-related hallucinations are not typical of PD. Their presence should signal an investigation of two alternative diagnoses, either a comorbid psychotic illness (often unrevealed by the patient initially) or an evolving parkinsonism-plus syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University/Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Stebbins
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002230:Carbidopa / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D007980:Levodopa; D002230:Carbidopa