title: What if socioeconomics made no difference?: access to a cadaver kidney transplant as an example.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have noted the impact of socioeconomic factors on access to expensive medical care, but none of those studies controlled for self-reported health and functional status or attitudes about treatment alternatives when analyses were completed. Because these factors may be correlated with socioeconomic status, the failure to control for them may have led to bias in other studies. The authors merged data from secondary sources with telephone survey data from a national sample of 456 end-stage renal disease patients to show how estimates of the effects of socioeconomic factors change when self-reported health and functional status and attitudes about treatment are incorporated into statistical models. The authors also showed how kidney transplant rates would change if socioeconomic factors no longer influences organ allocation decisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Weibull proportional hazard analyses were used to show relationships between socioeconomic measures and waiting list entry and kidney transplant rates, before versus after accounting for self-reported health and functional status, attitudes about treatment, and other variables. Simulation analyses were used to estimate the number of waiting list spots and transplant operations that would move from economically advantaged to disadvantaged persons if socioeconomics no longer influenced organ allocation decisions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incorporating information about health and functional status, attitudes about treatment, and other factors into the hazard models often reduced the estimated impact of socioeconomic measures on the odds of (1) being on a waiting list for a cadaver kidney transplant and (2) receiving a transplant. Simulations showed that 30 to 65 waiting list spots or transplant operations per 1,000 patients would shift from economically advantaged to disadvantaged persons if socioeconomics no longer influenced organ allocation decisions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful efforts to level the playing field would result in substantial redistributions of kidney transplants from economically advantaged to disadvantaged persons.
authors.affiliation: MEDSTAT Group, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ozminkowski
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassol
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D015276:Health Care Rationing / Q000191:economics; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000191:economics; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008489:Medical Indigency / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States