title: [ETICS Study: Empirical therapy of idiopathic chronic singultus].
abstract: Idiopathic chronic singultus (ICS) describes recurring episodes of persistent hiccuping lasting longer than an arbitrary time limit (e.g. one month) for which no organic cause or consistently effective treatment can be found. It has been suggested that ICS may result from chronic stimulation of a supraspinal "hiccup center" by impulses originating from receptors in the gastrointestinaltract. This hypotesis implies the possibility of treating ICS by reducing gastric acid (via omeprazole), facilitating gastric emptying (via cisapride), or suppressing of the "hiccup centre" (via GABA-ergic offects of baclofen or gabapentin). 29 patients (28 male, one female; age 71 +/- 10 years) suffering from ICS for four to 564 months were treated with a combination of cisapride (30 mg/d), omeprazole (20 mg/d) and baclofen (45 mg/d) (COB). The patients rated the severity of hiccuping on a subjective assessment scale (SAS) that ranged from 0 (= no hiccuping) to 10 (= unbearable hiccuping). Hiccuping ceased in 38% (11/29) of the treated patients and decreased in severity in an additional 24% (7/29). Mean SAS-scores following 20 to 24 weeks of therapy (3.7 +/- 3.4) were significantly lower compared to before therapy (8.8 +/- 1.3) (Mann-Whitney rank order test [p < 0.02]). In the patients that failed to respond to COB, gabapentin (1.200 mg/d) was substituted for baclofen. Hiccuping ceased in one and improved in two of these ten subjects. We conclude that COB is an effective empirical therapy in the majority of patients with ICS. It may be useful to substitute gabapentin for baclofen in those not responding to COB.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Fakultät für Klinische Medizin Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Petroianu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petroianu
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bergler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rüfer
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000588:Amines; D001418:Baclofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002908:Chronic Disease; D020117:Cisapride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D000077206:Gabapentin; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006606:Hiccup / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000588:Amines; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin; D001418:Baclofen; D009853:Omeprazole; D020117:Cisapride