title: Physicians' experiences and beliefs regarding informal consultation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Efforts to control medical expenses by emphasizing primary care and limiting specialty care may influence how physicians use informal or "curbside" consultation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To understand physicians' use of and beliefs about informal consultation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey mailed in July 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of a random sample of Massachusetts general internists, pediatricians, cardiologists, orthopedic surgeons (n=300 each), and infectious disease specialists (n=200) surveyed, 1225 were eligible and 705 (58%) responded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported use of and beliefs about informal consultation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Generalist physicians requested more informal consultations than specialists (median, 3 vs 1 per week; P<.001) and were asked to provide fewer (2 vs 5 per week; P<.001). In multivariate analyses, physicians in a health maintenance organization, multispecialty group, or single-specialty group requested more informal consultations than those in solo practice (82%, 40%, and 28% more, respectively; all P<.001) and were more often asked to provide them (43%, 63%, and 14% more, respectively; all P<.05). Physicians with at least 30% of their income from capitation requested 38% more and were asked to provide 46% more informal consultations than those with little or no income from capitation (both P<.001). Generalists' overall approval of informal consultation was greater than specialists' (mean 5.9 vs 5.1 on a 7-point Likert scale; P<.001), and approval was strongly associated with beliefs about how informal consultation affects quality of care (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of informal consultation is common, varies by specialty, practice setting, and capitation, and therefore may increase with current trends toward group practice and managed care. Because overall approval of informal consultation is strongly associated with beliefs about how it affects quality of care, this issue should be carefully considered by physicians who participate in informal consultation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02115, USA.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zaslavsky
authors.forename: J Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Ayanian
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008511:Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013038:Specialization; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires