title: Application of color Doppler flow mapping to calculate orifice area of St Jude mitral valve.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effective orifice area (EOA) of a prosthetic valve is superior to transvalvular gradients as a measure of valve function, but measurement of mitral prosthesis EOA has not been reliable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro flow across St Jude valves was calculated by hemispheric proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) and segment-of-spheroid (SOS) methods. For steady and pulsatile conditions, PISA and SOS flows correlated with true flow, but SOS and not PISA underestimated flow. These principles were then used intraoperatively to calculate cardiac output and EOA of newly implanted St Jude mitral valves in 36 patients. Cardiac output by PISA agreed closely with thermodilution (r=0.91, Delta=-0.05+/-0.55 L/min), but SOS underestimated it (r=0.82, Delta=-1.33+/-0.73 L/min). Doppler EOAs correlated with Gorlin equation estimates (r=0.75 for PISA and r=0.68 for SOS, P<0.001) but were smaller than corresponding in vitro EOA estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proximal flow convergence methods can calculate forward flow and estimate EOA of St Jude mitral valves, which may improve noninvasive assessment of prosthetic mitral valve obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Department of Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Vandervoort
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002302:Cardiac Output; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D005260:Female; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*