title: Plane polarized x-ray fluorescence system for the in vivo measurement of platinum in head and neck tumours.
abstract: A plane polarized x-ray fluorescence system based on an orthovoltage radiotherapy treatment unit, the Pantak DXT-300, has been developed and optimized to measure tumour platinum concentration. The platinum derives from platinum based chemotherapy agents, such as cisplatin and carboplatin used to treat tumours in the head and neck region. Photons from an x-ray tube are polarized by scattering through 90 degrees, and used to stimulate the emission of characteristic platinum x-rays from the tumour. Information about the drug in the tumour could be of use in establishing dose-response relationships, in order to optimize the treatment and reduce the toxicity of the drug. The performance of the system was optimized with respect to the applied x-ray tube voltage, the current and the filter material; the effect on the minimum detection limit (MDL) of the thickness of the overlying tissue surrounding the tumour was investigated in detail. The lowest MDL is achieved using 0.25 mm of tin filter and x-ray tube voltage of 220 kV. This is 5.6 ppm for a tumour surrounded with 20 mm of overlying tissue, a measurement time of 2000 s and an estimated skin dose of 3.0 mGy. This represents the most sensitive in vivo XRF system to date. We have embarked on a clinical pilot study to measure the platinum concentration in tumours of the head and neck, and expect initial results to be available in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Al-Hussany
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: El-Sharkawi
mesh_terms: D002945:Cisplatin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004867:Equipment Design; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D010984:Platinum / Q000032:analysis*; D011859:Radiography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C034697:transplatin; D010984:Platinum; D002945:Cisplatin