Liver as a focus of impaired oxygenation and cytokine production in a porcine model of endotoxicosis.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether the liver is a focus of insufficient oxygenation and whether liver is a source of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in a porcine model of endotoxicosis.


METHODS
In vivo, prospective, controlled, repeated-measures, experimental study.


METHODS
Experimental physiology laboratory in a university.


METHODS
Juvenile pigs, weighing 22 to 35 kg.


METHODS
Catheters for blood sampling were inserted into the carotid artery, portal vein, hepatic vein, and pulmonary artery of anesthetized animals. Ultrasonic flow probes were placed on the portal vein and the hepatic artery. During surgery, normal saline was infused intravenously at 25 mL/kg/hr. Following stabilization, animals were allocated randomly to one of two groups. The endotoxemic group (n = 6) received 50 mg/kg of purified Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide infused into the external jugular vein over 1 hr. The control group (n = 6) received a sham saline infusion infused over 1 hr. Once the endotoxin or sham infusion was initiated, the rate of the intravenous saline infusion was increased to 48 mL/kg/hr for the remainder of the experiment. Measurements were obtained before the endotoxin or sham infusion, immediately after the infusion, and every 30 mins thereafter for 4 hrs.


RESULTS
Blood gases, lactate, and bioactive TNF and IL-6 concentrations were measured from the carotid artery, portal vein, hepatic vein, and pulmonary artery. The porcine model is characterized by systemic hypotension, pulmonary hypertension, and maintenance of cardiac output. Despite decreased hepatic oxygen delivery in endotoxemic animals (p < .02), there was no change in hepatic oxygen consumption compared with controls. Throughout the experiment, there was net hepatic consumption of lactate in both groups. There was no significant hepatic production (or consumption) of TNF or IL-6 in either group.


CONCLUSIONS
In this porcine model of endotoxicosis, there is a reduction of hepatic oxygen delivery but dysoxia is not present. The liver is not a source of TNF or IL-6 in this model of endotoxicosis.
Bathe
O F
OF
Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Rudston-Brown
B
B
Chow
A W
AW
Phang
P T
PT
D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000150:complications*; D013552:Swine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019344:Lactic Acid