Effect of age and loading rate on human cervical spine injury threshold.
METHODS
Statistical analysis of human cadaver cervical spine compression experiments.


OBJECTIVE
To quantify the cervical spine compressive injury threshold as a function of the person's age, gender, and external loading rate.


BACKGROUND
Results of epidemiologic studies have indicated that most survivors of cervical spinal cord injury have spinal column fractures and dislocations that result from a compression or compression-flexion force vector. Cervical spinal column injury thresholds are dependent on many factors. Delineation of the injury thresholds according to age, gender, and loading rate is necessary to improve clinical assessments and prevention strategies.


METHODS
Twenty-five human cadaver head-neck compression tests were included in the analysis. Two statistical models were used to quantify the effects of age, gender, and loading rate on the force required to induce failure in the cervical spine. A multiple linear regression model provided a direct equation that quantified the effects of the variables, and a proportional hazards model was used to quantify probability of injury with each factor.


RESULTS
The regression model had a correlation coefficient of 0.87. There was an interactive effect between age and loading rate: Increasing age reduced the effect of loading rate and at approximately 82 years, loading rate had no effect. Men were consistently 600 N stronger than women. The 50% probability of failure for a 50-year-old man at a 4.5-m/sec loading rate was approximately 3.9 kN. Differences in probability curves followed the same trends as seen in the regression model.


CONCLUSIONS
The effects of age on cervical spine injury threshold are coupled with the rate of loading experienced through the external force vector that causes the trauma. Assessment of injury mechanisms and thresholds should be based on the person's age, gender, and loading rate to determine treatment and prevent injuries.
Pintar
F A
FA
Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA. fpintar@post.its.mcw.edu
Yoganandan
N
N
Voo
L
L
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012737:Sex Factors; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical