Outcome measures for low back pain research. A proposal for standardized use.
METHODS
An international group of back pain researchers considered recommendations for standardized measures in clinical outcomes research in patients with back pain.


OBJECTIVE
To promote more standardization of outcome measurement in clinical trials and other types of outcomes research, including meta-analyses, cost-effectiveness analyses, and multicenter studies.


BACKGROUND
Better standardization of outcome measurement would facilitate comparison of results among studies, and more complete reporting of relevant outcomes. Because back pain is rarely fatal or completely cured, outcome assessment is complex and involves multiple dimensions. These include symptoms, function, general well-being, work disability, and satisfaction with care.


METHODS
The panel considered several factors in recommending a standard battery of outcome measures. These included reliability, validity, responsiveness, and practicality of the measures. In addition, compatibility with widely used and promoted batteries such, as the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Lumbar Cluster were considered to minimize the need for changes when these instruments are used.


RESULTS
First, a six-item set was proposed, which is sufficiently brief that it could be used in routine care settings for quality improvement and for research purposes. An expanded outcome set, which would provide more precise measurement for research purposes, includes measures of severity and frequency of symptoms, either the Roland or the Oswestry Disability Scale, either the SF-12 or the EuroQol measure of general health status, a question about satisfaction with symptoms, three types of "disability days," and an optional single item on overall satisfaction with medical care.


CONCLUSIONS
Standardized measurement of outcomes would facilitate scientific advances in clinical care. A short, 6-item questionnaire and a somewhat expanded, more precise battery of questionnaires can be recommended. Although many considerations support such recommendations, more data on responsiveness and the minimally important change in scores are needed for most of the instruments.
Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
R A
RA
Deyo
M
M
Battie
A J
AJ
Beurskens
C
C
Bombardier
P
P
Croft
B
B
Koes
A
A
Malmivaara
M
M
Roland
M
M
Von Korff
G
G
Waddell
D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012106:Research / Q000592:standards; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires