High-dose rate interstitial with external beam irradiation for localized prostate cancer--results of a prospective trial.
OBJECTIVE
A prospective phase II trial was carried out to test the feasibility and effectiveness of a combined interstitial with external beam radiotherapy approach for localized prostate cancer.


METHODS
Between October 1992 and December 1994, 82 evaluable patients were treated. T2 and T3 tumours, according to the AJCC classification system of 1992, were found in 21 and 61 cases, respectively. The median follow-up was 24 months; three patients were lost during follow-up. All of the patients were pathologically proven to be node-negative by laparoscopic node dissection of the fossa obturatoria region. A dose of 9 Gy a week was prescribed during the first and second weeks of treatment (10 Gy each week from October 1992 to December 1993) interstitially with high-dose rate Iridium-192 brachytherapy to the prostate and tumour extension beyond the capsule. External beam four-field box irradiation was then given to the prostate to a dose of 45 Gy/25 fractions (40 Gy/20 fractions from October 1992 to December 1993).


RESULTS
Before starting treatment, a PSA value of > or =10 ng/ml was found in 64.6% (53/82) of patients with a median PSA of 14.0 ng/ml. The median PSA 3, 12 and 24 months after completion of therapy was 1.20, 0.78 and 0.70 ng/ml, respectively. The PSA value was < 1.0 ng/ ml in 52.9% of patients at 2 years. Negative punch biopsies 12 and 24 months after therapy were observed in 69.8% (44/63) and 73. 1% (38/ 52) of patients, respectively. A positive biopsy combined with a PSA value of > 1.0 ng/ml was considered as local failure. The local tumour control rate was 79.5% at 2 years. Acute side-effects were not increased relative to external beam irradiation alone. Severe side-effects were observed in three patients (two of the three patients had additional risk factors (colitis ulcerosa and diabetes mellitus)); they developed rectourethral fistulae requiring colostomy after biopsies from the anterior rectal wall.


CONCLUSIONS
The described method is feasible and well tolerable. The three complications observed were not caused by irradiation alone. Biopsies from the anterior rectal wall after definitive high-dose radiotherapy for prostate cancer have to be seen as obsolete. The rate of negative prostate biopsies of 73.1% after 24 months represents an encouraging result.
Dinges
S
S
Department of Radiotherapy, Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany.
Deger
S
S
Koswig
S
S
Boehmer
D
D
Schnorr
D
D
Wiegel
T
T
Loening
S A
SA
Dietel
M
M
Hinkelbein
W
W
Budach
V
V
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000150:complications; D003125:Colostomy; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005402:Fistula / Q000209:etiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012003:Rectal Fistula / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000209:etiology
D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen