Anti-apoptotic versus pro-apoptotic signal transduction: checkpoints and stop signs along the road to death.
The activation of caspases is a final commitment step for apoptosis. It is now evident that signal transduction pathways involving specific protein kinases modulate the apoptotic response. Both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic pathways integrate environmental cues that control the decision to undergo apoptosis. Pro- and anti-apoptotic signal pathways regulate the activation of the caspases. In this review we describe our current understanding of apoptotic signal transduction.
Jarpe
M B
MB
Program in Molecular Signal Transduction, Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
Widmann
C
C
Knall
C
C
Schlesinger
T K
TK
Gibson
S
S
Yujiri
T
T
Fanger
G R
GR
Gelfand
E W
EW
Johnson
G L
GL
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D048371:MAP Kinase Kinase 3; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
D020169:Caspases; D016207:Cytokines; D006133:Growth Substances; D048371:MAP Kinase Kinase 3; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; C482530:MAP2K3 protein, human