Anti-apoptotic versus pro-apoptotic signal transduction: checkpoints and stop signs along the road to death.
The activation of caspases is a final commitment step for apoptosis. It is now evident that signal transduction pathways involving specific protein kinases modulate the apoptotic response. Both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic pathways integrate environmental cues that control the decision to undergo apoptosis. Pro- and anti-apoptotic signal pathways regulate the activation of the caspases. In this review we describe our current understanding of apoptotic signal transduction.
Program in Molecular Signal Transduction, Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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MB
Jarpe
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C
Widmann
C
C
Knall
T K
TK
Schlesinger
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S
Gibson
T
T
Yujiri
G R
GR
Fanger
E W
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Gelfand
G L
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Johnson
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D048371:MAP Kinase Kinase 3; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
D020169:Caspases; D016207:Cytokines; D006133:Growth Substances; D048371:MAP Kinase Kinase 3; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; C482530:MAP2K3 protein, human