Functional anatomy of the human efferent tear ducts: a new theory of tear outflow mechanism.
BACKGROUND
The mechanism of lacrimal drainage under physiological conditions is controversial. The aim of this study was to analyze the three-dimensional architecture of human efferent tear ducts from functional and clinical points of view. A new theory of tear outflow is discussed.


METHODS
Thirty-two prepared lacrimal systems of adults were examined by histological, immunohistochemical and scanning electron microscopic techniques.


RESULTS
The wall of the lacrimal sac is made up of collagen bundles, elastic and reticular fibers arranged in a helical pattern. Wide luminal vascular plexus are embedded in this helical system and connected to the cavernous tissue of the inferior turbinate in the region of Hasner's valve. Immunohistochemical analysis showed evidence of type I and type III collagen as well as chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate.


CONCLUSIONS
With blinking, the lacrimal part of the orbicularis muscle contracts. The fornix of the sac moves in a cranial-lateral direction. Thus the lacrimal sac distends and may be "wrung out" due to its medial attachment and helically arranged fibrillar structures. The vascular plexus may play an important role in the absorption and drainage of lacrimal fluid.
Thale
A
A
Department of Ophthalmology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany.
Paulsen
F
F
Rochels
R
R
Tillmann
B
B
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000032:analysis; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D013666:Tears / Q000502:physiology*
D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D003094:Collagen