Preferential effects of nicotine and 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone on mitochondrial glutathione S-transferase A4-4 induction and increased oxidative stress in the rat brain.
We have investigated the in vivo effects of the tobacco-specific toxins nicotine and 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) on antioxidant defense systems in the mitochondrial, microsomal, and cytosolic compartments of rat brain, lung, and liver. Nicotine induced maximum oxidative stress in brain mitochondria, as seen from a 1.9-fold (P < 0.001) increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and a 2-fold (P < 0.001) increase in glutathione S-transferase (GST) A4-4 (also referred to as rGST 8-8) activities. These changes were accompanied by a 25-40% increase in reactive oxygen species and a 20-30% decrease in alcohol dehydrogenase activities. The 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced oxidative damage was apparent in the microsomal fraction of brain, lung, and liver, and it also increased 4-hydroxynonenal specific GST A4-4 activity in the brain and lung mitochondrial matrix fraction. The levels of microsomal thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, cytochrome P4502E1 activity, and reactive oxygen species were also increased significantly (P < 0.001) in all tissues. Both of these toxins induced the level of GST A4-4 mRNA in the brain, while they caused a marked reduction in the liver GST A4-4 mRNA pool. Additionally, the brain mitochondrial matrix showed a markedly higher level of 4-hydroxynonenal specific GST activity and mGST A4-4 antibody-reactive protein than did the cytosolic fraction. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence for the occurrence of GST A4-4 enzyme activity in mammalian mitochondria, in addition to demonstrating that both mitochondria and microsomes are intracellular targets for nicotine- and NNK-induced organ toxicity.
Bhagwat
S V
SV
Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6047, USA.
Vijayasarathy
C
C
Raza
H
H
Mullick
J
J
Avadhani
N G
NG
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
D009602:Nitrosamines; D009538:Nicotine; C016583:4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; D005982:Glutathione Transferase