A polydactylous human foot with 'double-dorsal' toes.
A human polydactylous left foot with 9 toes, amputated from an 11-mo-old child, was examined by x-ray and magnetic resonance imaging and by gross dissection to identify the digits. The normal sequence of toes from medial to lateral is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Examination of the morphology of tendons and muscles suggested the toe sequence was 1, 2, 3/4, ?5, 2, 3/4, 3/4, 5. The 2 toes in the sequence that are underlined were displaced dorsally and were found to have 2 extensor tendons, no flexor tendons and nails that were conical and situated at their tips. These toes resembled those described as 'double-dorsal' and which develop in paws of mice in which a gene normally expressed ventrally is functionally inactivated (Loomis et al. 1996). Specification of toe formation occurs in leg buds early in embryonic development and later there is rotation of the limb so that the anterior (rostral) part comes to lie medially, i.e. the hallux which was anterior (rostral) now is on the inner (medial) side of the foot. A disruption in the patterning of this foot in both anteroposterior (rostral-caudal) and dorsoventral axes during development could be responsible.
D'Souza
D
D
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK.
McDiarmid
J
J
Tickle
C
C
D005260:Female; D005529:Foot Bones / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009024:Morphogenesis; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017689:Polydactyly / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D011859:Radiography; D013710:Tendons / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014034:Toes / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging