Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents.
Sleep and waking behaviors change significantly during the adolescent years. The objective of this study was to describe the relation between adolescents' sleep/wake habits, characteristics of students (age, sex, school), and daytime functioning (mood, school performance, and behavior). A Sleep Habits Survey was administered in homeroom classes to 3,120 high school students at 4 public high schools from 3 Rhode Island school districts. Self-reported total sleep times (school and weekend nights) decreased by 40-50 min across ages 13-19, ps < .001. The sleep loss was due to increasingly later bedtimes, whereas rise times were more consistent across ages. Students who described themselves as struggling or failing school (C's, D's/F's) reported that on school nights they obtain about 25 min less sleep and go to bed an average of 40 min later than A and B students, ps < .001. In addition, students with worse grades reported greater weekend delays of sleep schedule than did those with better grades. Furthermore, this study examined a priori defined adequate sleep habit groups versus less than adequate sleep habit groups on their daytime functioning. Students in the short school-night total sleep group (< 6 hr 45 min) and/or large weekend bedtime delay group (> 120 min) reported increased daytime sleepiness, depressive mood, and sleep/wake behavior problems, ps < .05, versus those sleeping longer than 8 hr 15 min with less than 60 min weekend delay. Altogether, most of the adolescents surveyed do not get enough sleep, and their sleep loss interferes with daytime functioning.
College of the Holy Cross, Department of Psychology, Worcester, MA 01610, USA. AWolfson@Holycross.edu
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D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent / Q000502:physiology*; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012237:Rhode Island; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013997:Time Factors