Time to peak tidal expiratory flow and the neuromuscular control of expiration.
The ratio of the time needed to reach peak tidal expiratory flow (tPTEF) and the duration of expiration (tE) is used to detect airflow obstruction in young children. tPTEF is decreased in patients with asthma, but knowledge about the physiological determinants of this parameter is scarce. This study examined the relationship between tPTEF and postinspiratory activities of inspiratory muscles and evaluated the effects of changing sensory information from the lung. Airflow patterns and electromyographic (EMG) activity of inspiratory muscles were recorded in seven spontaneously breathing, anaesthetized cats. The trachea was cannulated and, as a result, the larynx and upper airways were bypassed. Changes in postinspiratory muscle activity were induced by changing afferent sensory nerve information (by cooling the vagus nerves, by administration of histamine and by additional application of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)). Durations of postinspiratory activities of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles (characterized by their time constants tau diaphr and tau interc) correlated strongly with tPTEF (r=0.85 and 0.77, respectively). Tau diaphr, tau interc and tPTEF were significantly increased during cooling of the vagus nerves (4-8 degrees C) compared with values at 22 and 37 degrees C (p<0.05). Conversely, administration of histamine and CPAP caused significant decreases in tau diaphr, tau interc and tPTEF, which were absent during cooling of the vagus nerves. In conclusion, the time needed to reach peak tidal expiratory flow is highly influenced by the activities of inspiratory muscles during the early phase of expiration which, in turn, depend on the activities of vagal receptors in the lung.
van der Ent
C K
CK
Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Hospital for Children and Youth, Dept of Pediatric Pulmonology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
van der Grinten
C P
CP
Meessen
N E
NE
Luijendijk
S C
SC
Mulder
P G
PG
Bogaard
J M
JM
D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004576:Electromyography; D006632:Histamine / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D012016:Reference Values; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology*
D006632:Histamine