Urinary markers of disease activity in multiple sclerosis.
Numerous markers of disease activity, representing different aspects of the inflammatory cascade and pathogenic process in multiple sclerosis, can be detected in the urine. Urinary monitoring provides distinct advantages over blood and cerebrospinal fluid: it is easier to collect, allows frequent sampling and acts as a natural integrator by capturing the excretion of a substance over a prolonged period of time. We will discuss the principles, advantages, and pitfalls of urinary monitoring in relationship to multiple sclerosis.
Giovannoni
G
G
Department of Clinical Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
Thompson
E J
EJ
D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015166:Monitoring, Immunologic; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000652:urine*
D015415:Biomarkers