Post-craniectomy intracranial hypotension: potential impact on rehabilitation.
More aggressive neurosurgical management of intractably elevated intracranial pressure has resulted in increased survival of severely brain injured patients, many of whom are transferred for inpatient rehabilitation status post-craniectomy. Positional headache due to intracranial hypotension has been described in the literature, but is rarely reported as a complicating factor for patients receiving rehabilitation therapies. Low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure symptoms include postural headache, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, visual symptoms, auditory symptoms, and rarely cognitive changes. This report describes a patient who sustained a severe traumatic brain injury requiring craniectomy for management of increased intracranial pressure who subsequently developed intracranial hypotension. One month post-craniectomy, she developed postural headaches with cognitive and functional decline, which significantly impaired her rehabilitation. Aggressive efforts at conservative management including hydration and empiric blood patch were unsuccessful. Once the bone flap was replaced, she made rapid and dramatic functional gains, with total resolution of headache. This paper hypothesizes that the mechanism of low CSF pressure after extensive craniectomy is related to loss of hydrostatic pressure following removal of the skull vault. In rehabilitation of severely brain injured patients with craniectomies, it is important to recognize and appropriately treat this syndrome to avoid compromising patient care and prolonging hospitalization.
Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
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Ellis
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Speed
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Balbierz
D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000601:surgery; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy; D005260:Female; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000601:surgery*; D019585:Intracranial Hypotension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012086:Reoperation; D016896:Treatment Outcome