MR lymphangiography in infants, children, and young adults.
OBJECTIVE
Our objective was to offer a preliminary description of MR lymphangiography; its uses and limitations; and its findings in infants, children, and young adults.


METHODS
Twenty-nine patients underwent 32 MR lymphangiographic examinations for evaluation of vascular malformations, other masses, soft-tissue swelling, gigantism, fluid accumulation, or pain. MR lymphangiography was based on a heavily T2-weighted fast spin-echo sequence and a maximum-intensity-projection algorithm. We assessed the axial and off-axial lymphatic channels in conjunction with MR venography to help differentiate veins from lymphatics. Correlation was made with published lymphangiograms and anatomic diagrams to assist interpretation and (when available) with histologic specimens (n = 11) for validation.


RESULTS
Presumed lymphatic channels were seen universally, although 14 examinations showed incomplete venous signal suppression. Lymphatic channels appeared normal in eight children and in 20 of the 21 asymptomatic contralateral limbs. Ten patients had an increased number and size of off-axial channels, including seven children with large, diffuse low-flow vascular malformations. Enlarged axial and off-axial channels were seen in five patients, four of whom had Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome. Six patients, each with an extensive hemangioendothelioma, Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome, Gorham syndrome, or unilateral body edema, showed absence or interruption of axial channels.


CONCLUSIONS
MR lymphangiography appears to be a useful noninvasive technique to study superficial and deep lymphatic channels in children with local or diffuse vascular lesions or swelling of extremities. Its limitations notwithstanding, the technique may offer further insight into the nature of vascular anomalies, may direct therapy, and may predict prognosis.
Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
T
T
Laor
F A
FA
Hoffer
P E
PE
Burrows
H P
HP
Kozakewich
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008206:Lymphatic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male
D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA