The central role of the mitochondrial megachannel in apoptosis: evidence obtained with intact cells, isolated mitochondria, and purified protein complexes.
The mitochondrial megachannel (also called permeability transition pore) is a polyprotein complex formed in the contact site between the inner and the outer mitochondrial membranes and participates in the regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability. We have obtained three independent lines of evidence suggesting the implication of the mitochondrial megachannel in apoptosis. First, in intact cells, apoptosis is accompanied by an early dissipation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (delta psi m). In several models of apoptosis, specific agents inhibiting the mitochondrial megachannels prevent this delta psi m dissipation and simultaneously abolish the manifestations of caspase- and endonuclease activation, indicating that megachannel opening is a critical event of the apoptotic process. Second, mitochondria are rate-limiting for caspase and nuclease activation in several cell-free systems of apoptosis. Isolated mitochondria release apoptogenic factors capable of activating pro-caspases or endonucleases upon opening of the mitochondrial megachannel in vitro. Third, opening of the purified megachannel reconstituted into liposomes is inhibited by recombinant Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL, two apoptosis-inhibitory proteins which also prevent megachannel opening in cells and isolated mitochondria. This indicates that the megachannel is under the direct regulatory control of anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family. Altogether, our results suggest that megachannel opening is sufficient and (mostly) necessary for triggering apoptosis.
Marzo
I
I
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 420, Villejuif, France.
Brenner
C
C
Kroemer
G
G
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000502:physiology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010539:Permeability; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051020:bcl-X Protein
C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D051020:bcl-X Protein