Effects of local cooling on microvascular hemodynamics and leukocyte adhesion in the striated muscle of hamsters.
OBJECTIVE
Cellular metabolism is dependent on the local temperature in tissues. Induced hypothermia has been shown to be protective in a number of conditions, especially traumatic, ischemic, burn, and neurological injury. However, the protective mechanisms of cold therapy remain controversial and the hemodynamic changes in the microcirculation of striated muscles in response to hypothermia have not been studied in detail previously.


METHODS
In this study, we investigated the microvascular response of local cooling and rewarming in the striated muscle of hamsters by use of the dorsal skinfold preparation and in vivo fluorescence microscopy.


RESULTS
We found that reduction of the surface temperature to 8 degrees C for 30 minutes caused arteriolar vasoconstriction with a decrease in diameters by 43+/-7% while the venular and capillary diameters remained unchanged. The cooling procedure also markedly reduced the functional capillary density and the blood flow velocity and diameters in all vessel types, i.e., arterioles, venules, and capillaries. Moreover, the percentage of capillaries with no flow increased from 0.4+/-0.5% to 44+/-14% after 10 minutes of cold therapy. However, these hemodynamic changes induced by local hypothermia were completely reversed to the precooling values after termination of cooling and 30 min of rewarming. Strikingly, we found no increase in the number of adherent leukocytes and vascular permeability after the cooling and rewarming period, while, in contrast, additional experiments with warm ischemia (30 minutes) and reperfusion (30 minutes), i.e., reduced microvascular perfusion and reperfusion at normothermia, caused a sustained decrease in local perfusion and a nine-fold increase in venular leukocyte adhesion.


CONCLUSIONS
Taken together, our functional data demonstrate that hypothermia markedly reduces microvascular perfusion, which is completely restored upon rewarming. The reduced microvascular perfusion during hypothermia did not provoke an inflammatory response, whereas leukocyte recruitment was prominent after reduced perfusion at normothermia, indicating that transient hypothermia has no adverse effects on microvascular parameters in the striated muscle in vivo.
Thorlacius
H
H
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Vollmar
B
B
Westermann
S
S
Törkvist
L
L
Menger
M D
MD
D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D006224:Cricetinae; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D008647:Mesocricetus; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology