Tardive dyskinesia and serum iron indices.
BACKGROUND
This study was undertaken to evaluate whether peripheral (serum) markers of iron status are associated with severity of the choreoathetoid movements seen in tardive dyskinesia (TD).


METHODS
Serum iron indices (ferritin, iron, and total iron binding capacity) and fluphenazine levels were measured in a group of 30 male DSM-III diagnosed schizophrenic patients chronically treated with fluphenazine decanoate. The severity of choreoathetoid movements was assessed with the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), and akathisia was assessed with the Barnes scale.


RESULTS
A significant positive correlation was observed between AIMS scores and serum ferritin. This relationship remained significant after controlling for age and plasma fluphenazine levels. No significant correlations were observed between serum iron or total iron binding capacity and choreoathetoid movement ratings. There were no significant associations between serum iron indices and akathisia ratings.


CONCLUSIONS
The data suggest that choreoathetoid movements are associated with serum ferritin levels in chronically medicated male schizophrenic patients. This relationship does not seem to be caused by an association of these variable with age or plasma fluphenazine levels. In addition, the relationship seems to be specific, since other iron indices and another extrapyramidal side effect (akathisia) do not demonstrate a similar relationship. In view of reports that antipsychotic medications change normal iron metabolism and increase iron uptake into the brain, the current results could be interpreted to suggest that serum ferritin levels may be a risk factor for TD in patients treated with "classic" antipsychotic medications.
Wirshing
D A
DA
Psychiatry Service, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, CA 90073, USA.
Bartzokis
G
G
Pierre
J M
JM
Wirshing
W C
WC
Sun
A
A
Tishler
T A
TA
Marder
S R
SR
D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D005476:Fluphenazine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron; D005476:Fluphenazine