Accumulated clonal genetic alterations in familial and sporadic colorectal carcinomas with widespread instability in microsatellite sequences.
A subset of hereditary and sporadic colorectal carcinomas is defined by microsatellite instability (MSI), but the spectra of gene mutations have not been characterized extensively. Thirty-nine hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome carcinomas (HNPCCa) and 57 sporadic right-sided colonic carcinomas (SRSCCa) were evaluated. Of HNPCCa, 95% (37/39) were MSI-positive as contrasted with 31% (18/57) of SRSCCa (P < 0.000001), but instability tended to be more widespread in SRSCCa (P = 0.08). Absence of nuclear hMSH2 mismatch repair gene product by immunohistochemistry was associated with germline hMSH2 mutation (P = 0.0007). The prevalence of K-ras proto-oncogene mutations was similar in HNPCCa and SRSCCa (30% (11/37) and 30% (16/54)), but no HNPCCa from patients with germline hMSH2 mutation had codon 13 mutation (P = 0.02), and two other HNPCCa had multiple K-ras mutations attributable to subclones. 18q allelic deletion and p53 gene product overexpression were inversely related to MSI (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0001, respectively). Frameshift mutation of the transforming growth factor beta type II receptor gene was frequent in all MSI-positive cancers (85%, 46/54), but mutation of the E2F-4 transcription factor gene was more common in HNPCCa of patients with germline hMSH2 mutation than in those with germline bMLH1 mutation (100% (8/8) versus 40% (2/5), P = 0.04), and mutation of the Bax proapoptotic gene was more frequent in HNPCCa than in MSI-positive SRSCCa (55% (17/31) versus 13% (2/15), P = 0.01). The most common combination of mutations occurred in only 23% (8/35) of evaluable MSI-positive cancers. Our findings suggest that the accumulation of specific genetic alterations in MSI-positive colorectal cancers is markedly heterogeneous, because the occurrence of some mutations (eg, ras, E2F-4, and Bax genes), but not others (eg, transforming growth factor beta type II receptor gene), depends on the underlying basis of the mismatch repair deficiency. This genetic heterogeneity may contribute to the heterogeneous clinical and pathological features of MSI-positive cancers.
Fujiwara
T
T
Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Stolker
J M
JM
Watanabe
T
T
Rashid
A
A
Longo
P
P
Eshleman
J R
JR
Booker
S
S
Lynch
H T
HT
Jass
J R
JR
Green
J S
JS
Kim
H
H
Jen
J
J
Vogelstein
B
B
Hamilton
S R
SR
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002288:Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002887:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 / Q000235:genetics; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050704:E2F4 Transcription Factor; D005260:Female; D017491:Genes, APC / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008875:Middle Aged; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D056465:Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C494826:BAX protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050704:E2F4 Transcription Factor; C493762:E2F4 protein, human; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D056465:Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; C501009:HRAS protein, human; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)