Human papillomavirus oncoproteins alter differentiation-dependent cell cycle exit on suspension in semisolid medium.
The suspension of keratinocytes containing episomal forms of the human papillomavirus (HPV)-31 genome in semisolid medium results in the induction of viral late functions. In this study, the suspension in semisolid medium was used to analyze how HPV deregulates the process of cell cycle exit during differentiation. In cells that contain the entire HPV-31 genome, induction of late protein synthesis was found to be linked with the expression of cyclin A. Consistent with analyses in organotypic rafts, the expression of the high-risk E7 oncoprotein alone was sufficient to retain cyclin A expression during suspension-induced differentiation. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) p27 and p57 were found to be up-regulated in normal keratinocytes, as well as in the lines that express the HPV oncoproteins. The up-regulation of these CKIs is coincident with the inhibition of cyclin/cdk activity in normal keratinocytes. Cells expressing E7 were found to retain significant cdk2-associated kinase activity, although it was partially inhibited, coincident with CKI induction. When the phosphorylation state of Rb was examined during differentiation, cells expressing E7 retained phosphorylated forms of Rb, whereas Rb in normal keratinocytes was hypophosphorylated. As previously reported, E7-expressing cells were found to contain less Rb protein than normal keratinocytes. Interestingly, the Rb levels decreased during normal keratinocyte differentiation, and this differentiation-dependent reduction in Rb levels was enhanced by EG and E7 expression. This study identified proteins that may be critical for cell cycle regulation during normal epithelial differentiation and demonstrated that HPV oncoproteins alter their activities.
Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA.
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Ruesch
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Laimins
D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003470:Culture Media; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000032:analysis; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D006801:Humans; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000821:virology*; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010957:Plasmids; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000096:biosynthesis
D003470:Culture Media; D019925:Cyclin A; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D011498:Protein Precursors; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; C032253:involucrin; D011503:Transglutaminases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases