title: An investigation of genital ulcers in Jackson, Mississippi, with use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay: high prevalence of chancroid and human immunodeficiency virus infection.
abstract: In 1994, an apparent outbreak of atypical genital ulcers was noted by clinicians at the sexually transmitted disease clinic in Jackson, Mississippi. Of 143 patients with ulcers tested with a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, 56 (39%) were positive for Haemophilus ducreyi, 44 (31%) for herpes simplex virus, and 27 (19%) for Treponema pallidum; 12 (8%) were positive for > 1 organism. Of 136 patients tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by serology, 14 (10%) were HIV-seropositive, compared with none of 200 patients without ulcers (P < .001). HIV-1 DNA was detected by PCR in ulcers of 6 (50%) of 12 HIV-positive patients. Multivariate analysis indicated that men with chancroid were significantly more likely than male patients without ulcers to report sex with a crack cocaine user, exchange of money or drugs for sex, and multiple sex partners. The strong association between genital ulcers and HIV infection in this population highlights the urgency of preventing genital ulcers in the southern United States.
authors.affiliation: Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mertz
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Orle
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Totten
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Overbaugh
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Currier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: St Louis
mesh_terms: D002602:Chancroid / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008922:Mississippi; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D013587:Syphilis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014456:Ulcer