title: Health economic benefits and quality of life during improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the long-term health benefits of good glycemic control in patients with diabetes are well documented, shorter-term quality of life (QOL) and economic savings generally have been reported to be minimal or absent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine short-term outcomes of glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two sites in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 569 male and female volunteers with type 2 DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a 3-week, single-blind placebo-washout period, participants were randomized to diet and titration with either 5 to 20 mg of glipizide gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) (n = 377) or placebo (n = 192) for 12 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Change from baseline in glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and symptom distress, QOL, and health economic indicators by questionnaires and diaries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 12 weeks, mean (+/-SE) HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels decreased with active therapy (glipizide GITS) vs placebo (7.5% 0.1% vs 9.3%+/-0.1% and 7.0+/-0.1 mmol/L [126+/-2 mg/dL] vs 9.3+/-0.2 mmol/L [168+/-4 mg/ dL], respectively; P<.001). Quality-of-life treatment differences (SD units) for symptom distress (+0.59; P<.001), general perceived health (+0.36; P= .004), cognitive functioning (+0.34; P=.005), and the overall visual analog scale (VAS) (+0.24; P=.04) were significantly more favorable for active therapy. Subscales of acuity (+0.38; P=.002), VAS emotional health (+0.35; P=.003), general health (+0.27; P=.01), sleep (+0.26; P=.04), depression (+0.25; P=.05), disorientation and detachment (+0.23; P= .05), and vitality (+0.22; P=.04) were most affected. Favorable health economic outcomes for glipizide GITS included higher retained employment (97% vs 85%; P<.001), greater productive capacity (99% vs 87%; P<.001), less absenteeism (losses = $24 vs $115 per worker per month; P<.001), fewer bed-days (losses = $1539 vs $1843 per 1000 person-days; P=.05), and fewer restricted-activity days (losses = $2660 vs $4275 per 1000 person-days; P=.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved glycemic control of type 2 DM is associated with substantial short-term symptomatic, QOL, and health economic benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass 02115, USA. testa@sdac.harvard.edu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Simonson
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005913:Glipizide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012647:Self-Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D005913:Glipizide