title: Ultrastructure of collagen thermally denatured by microsecond domain pulsed carbon dioxide laser.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical improvement in photodamaged skin after carbon dioxide (CO2) laser resurfacing is thought to result in part from thermal collagen shrinkage. The presence of such collagen has not been unequivocally demonstrated. To identify and characterize the morphological features of collagen after CO2 laser exposure, we irradiated ex vivo human facial skin and bovine calcaneus tendon with microsecond domain pulsed CO2 laser energy and examined specimens for histopathological and ultrastructural changes in collagen.
  
  
  METHODS
  In dermis and tendon, 3 zones of collagen structure were apparent on electron microscopy. The first, most superficial zone demonstrated loss of collagen structure. The second zone consisted of admixed normal collagen fibers and thickened collagen fibers. Zone 3 consisted of normal-appearing collagen fibers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrastructural examination of irradiated collagen revealed distinct morphological zones of denatured collagen fibers. Partially denatured fibers had an increased diameter consistent with lineal shrinkage. Zonal distinction was undetectable by light microscopy. Ultrastructurally, the zones of denatured collagen located above the normal fibers correlated with the zone of altered material seen on light microscopy. These findings suggest that collagen fiber shrinkage does occur after pulsed CO2 laser irradiation and that this phenomenon contributed, at least in part, to the immediate tissue contraction observed clinically.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Zelickson
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Zachary
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Tope
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002417:Cattle; D003094:Collagen / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053685:Laser Therapy; D007834:Lasers; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013710:Tendons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D003094:Collagen