title: Association of road-traffic accidents with benzodiazepine use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychomotor studies suggest that commonly prescribed psychoactive drugs impair driving skills. We have examined the association between the use of psychoactive drugs and road-traffic accidents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used dispensed prescribing as a measure of exposure in a within-person case-crossover study of drivers aged 18 years and over, resident in Tayside, UK, who experienced a first road-traffic accident between Aug 1, 1992, and June 30, 1995, and had used a psychoactive drug (tricyclic antidepressant, benzodiazepine, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, or other psychoactive drug [mainly major tranquillisers]) between Aug 1, 1992, and the date of the accident. For each driver, the risks of having a road-traffic accident while exposed and not exposed to a drug were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  19386 drivers were involved in a first road-traffic accident during the study period. 1731 were users of any study drug. On the day of the accident, 189 individuals were taking tricyclic antidepressants (within-patient exposure odds ratio for an accident 0.93 [95% CI 0.72-1.21]), 84 selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (0.85 [0.55-1.33]), 235 benzodiazepines (1.62 [1.24-2.12]), and 47 other psychoactive drugs (0.88 [0.62-1.25]). The risk associated with benzodiazepine use decreased with increasing driver's age and was greater when the breath test for alcohol was positive. A dose-response relation was evident with benzodiazepines. The increased risk with benzodiazepines was significant for long-half-life drugs, used as anxiolytics, and for short-half-life hypnotics (all zopiclone).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Users of anxiolytic benzodiazepines and zopiclone were at increased risk of experiencing a road-traffic accident. Users of anxiolytic benzodiazepines and zopiclone should be advised not to drive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, UK.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barbone
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: McDevitt
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D008875:Middle Aged; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000431:Ethanol