title: A prospective study of the use of liquid oral dietary supplements in nursing homes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the use of liquid oral dietary supplements among nursing home residents who were eating poorly and losing weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, descriptive, anthropological study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two proprietary nursing homes with 105 and 138 beds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Purposive sampling was used to select 40 residents from among the 100 residents who were not eating well. Dietary data were collected on this sub-sample of 40 residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participant observation, in-depth interviews, event analysis, bedside dysphagia screenings, oral health examinations, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and chart review were used to collect data. Dietary data were collected over a 3-day period, and data were gathered on how supplements were ordered, served, and consumed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Supplements had been ordered for 29 of the subsample of 40 residents. Only nine of 29 residents were served the correct number and type of supplements as ordered by their physicians, and only two residents consumed the full amount of supplement as ordered. The overall mean percentage of supplement consumed compared with that ordered was 55.1%. Although supplements were ordered primarily to prevent weight loss and to facilitate weight gain, nearly half (n = 14) of the residents continued to lose weight. Supplements were ordered without investigating the underlying factors contributing to weight loss, such as inadequate staffing and lack of supervision at mealtime, undiagnosed dysphagia, and poor oral health. Without evaluation of these factors, it is unknown which residents might benefit from oral supplements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicate that supplements were used nonspecifically as an intervention for weight loss in nursing home residents without regard to dose, diagnosis and management of underlying problem(s), amount of supplement consumed, and outcome. Further research is needed to establish when supplements should be ordered, how to ensure that they will be taken, and whether they are effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kayser-Jones
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Schell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Barbaccia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steinbach
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Redford
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pengilly
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002149:Energy Intake; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005526:Food, Formulated / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006269:Health Facilities, Proprietary; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012866:Skilled Nursing Facilities; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014600:Utilization Review; D015431:Weight Loss