title: Verification of set-up deviations in patients with breast cancer using portal imaging in clinical practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine set-up deviations during irradiation of patients with breast cancer using Electronic Portal Imaging (EPI).
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to monitor the intrafractional set-up deviations multiple portal image readings were carried out on 5 patients with breast cancer. Moreover interfractional set-up deviations were determined by the acquisition of daily EPIs in a total of 20 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of intrafractional set-up deviation based on 130 EPIs revealed a maximum lateral and longitudinal (cranio-caudal) deviation of 2 mm (range:-10 mm to 8 mm) as well as 1 degree in rotation (range: -2 degree to 2 degrees). The interfractional set-up deviations in 20 breast cancer patients during a treatment series of 25 fractions showed mean standard deviations of 5 mm in lateral and longitudinal direction, respectively. Only in few cases deviations up to maximally 24 mm were observed. The mean standard deviation of the rotational error was 2 degrees and reached a maximum of 6.5 degrees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that intrafractional set-up deviations in breast cancer patients are negligible in clinical practice. They can be attributed to random errors due to patient movement and breathing. The set-up deviations during a treatment series can be differentiated in systematic and random errors. Patient fixation and immobilization is crucial in minimizing random errors. Taking into account 10 mm safety margins as used in our department around the "clinical target volume" (CTV), set-up errors outside of this volume (PTV) were exceptional. The enlarged PTV definition of 15 mm for lateral and cranio-caudal field margins, respectively as used in this study covers 99% of the CTV in all patients.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. dboehmer@primus-online.de
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Böhmer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Feyer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harder
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Körner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sternemann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dinges
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Budach
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012984:Software