title: Human serum attenuates the activity of protease inhibitors toward wild-type and mutant human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: The potency of therapeutic regimens containing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors is related to the ability to maintain concentrations of drug in the plasma of patients that are sufficient for blocking viral replication. The estimation of concentrations required for in vivo activity using in vitro assays is complicated by the fact that extensive binding of many protease inhibitors to serum proteins attenuates their antiviral potency. To provide insight into the relative in vivo potency of current protease inhibitors, we assayed their in vitro activity against wild-type and mutant HIV in the presence of human serum (HS). Using this assay, ABT-378, a new protease inhibitor with trough levels in humans far in excess of the EC50 in the presence of 50% HS, was identified. The antiviral activity of ABT-378 was only modestly attenuated by HS, in contrast to ritonavir, saquinavir, and nelfinavir. Examination of the effect of individual serum components suggested that the activity of ABT-378 is affected predominantly by binding to alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) while the activity of ritonavir is modulated by both AGP and albumin. The method described here may provide insight into the in vivo potency of protease inhibitors and be useful for the preclinical evaluation and selection of new protease inhibitors for clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, 60064, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molla
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vasavanonda
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Sham
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grabowski
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Denissen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kohlbrenner
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Plattner
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Norbeck
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kempf
mesh_terms: D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D061466:Lopinavir; D009154:Mutation; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000378:metabolism*; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D061466:Lopinavir; D019438:Ritonavir