title: Topical anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To consider topical anesthetic options available to primary care physicians, indications for their use, and efficacy and safety of these agents as supported by the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five randomized controlled trials were retrieved that compared various topical anesthetics as well as topical anesthetics versus infiltrative anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A combination of lidocaine, epinephrine, and tetracaine (LET) is currently the topical anesthetic of choice for repair of simple lacerations involving the faces and scalps of children. A promising new topical preparation is bupivacaine and epinephrine, but its efficacy must be studied in larger populations before widespread use can be advocated. Using EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) for repair of extremity lacerations requires further study and cannot yet be recommended. Continued use of topical tetracaine, adrenaline, and cocaine (TAC) is not supported in the literature, because of its greater expense, its status as a restricted narcotic, its potential for toxicity, and better availability of an equally efficacious alternative, LET.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children's simple facial and scalp lacerations can be safely repaired using topical LET gel. Physicians must adhere to recommendations to avoid mucous membrane contact and ensure appropriate dosing with these agents. Bupivacaine-epinephrine topical preparation is a promising analgesic agent that warrants further study.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Keyes
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tallon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rizos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003042:Cocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D018579:Patient Selection; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012107:Research Design; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013748:Tetracaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D011318:Prilocaine; D013748:Tetracaine; C034627:TEC solution; D008012:Lidocaine; D003042:Cocaine; D004837:Epinephrine