title: Joint influence of alcohol, tobacco, and coffee on biological markers of heavy drinking in alcoholics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent reports suggest that gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) decreases with coffee intake. The aim of this study was to examine the joint influence of alcohol, tobacco, cotinine, coffee, and caffeine on biological markers of heavy drinking in an alcoholic population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 160 alcohol-dependent inpatients. Biological assessments, performed at admission, were plasma levels of GGT, apolipoprotein AI, aspartate aminotransferase, and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and urine cotinine and caffeine indexes. Years of alcohol abuse and of smoking, alcohol and coffee intake, and smoking rate were estimated in a semistructured interview, and Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire was completed by inpatients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coffee intake, but not caffeine, correlated negatively with biological markers of heavy drinking, after controlling for alcohol and tobacco intake. Years of smoking correlated positively to MCV, after controlling for alcohol and coffee intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concerning the effect of coffee, the most likely hypothesis is that noncaffeine coffee fractions have a protective effect on liver cells. Concerning the effect of smoking, one can propose that the increase of MCV with smoking could be a consequence of carbon monoxide inhalation, leading to hypoxemia, or of folate deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Alcoologie, Hôpital Emile Roux, Limeil-Brévannes, France.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Aubin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laureaux
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zerah
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tilikete
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vernier
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vallat
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barrucand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000378:metabolism*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002110:Caffeine / Q000097:blood; D003069:Coffee; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004909:Erythrocyte Indices; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D003367:Cotinine