title: 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors reduce PC-3 cell proliferation and initiate nonnecrotic cell death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Products of the arachidonic acid-metabolizing enzyme, 5-lipoxygenase, stimulate the growth of several cell types. Selective inhibitors of the enzyme, including SC41661A and MK886, reduce PC-3 prostate cell proliferation. With continued culture, cells die, but the mode of death, necrotic or nonnecrotic, has not been established.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow cytometry, laddering after agarose electrophoresis of DNA from inhibitor-treated cells, and light and electron microscopy were employed to examine the type of death in PC-3 prostate cells cultured with either 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inhibitors induced nonnecrotic, programmed cell death. SC41661A-treated cells exhibited "foamy," vacuolated cytoplasm and mitochondria with disrupted cristae and limiting membranes, while some cells contained numerous polysomes and extended hypertrophic Golgi and secretory cisternal networks. A proportion of the treated cells detached and the nuclei of these cells were characteristic of type 1 "apoptotic" programmed cell death. MK886, a 5-lipoxygenase-inhibitor with a different mechanism of action, induced nonnecrotic changes largely confined to the cytoplasm, most consistent with type 2 "autophagic" programmed cell death. In preliminary studies of mechanism, we demonstrated that PC-3 cells express mRNA for 5-lipoxygenase and for 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein. The less active inhibitor, SC45662 neither reduced proliferation nor induced DNA laddering. The antioxidant, N-acetyl-l-cysteine but not butylated hydroxy toluene or alpha tocopherol, partially reduced the inhibition of proliferation from SC41661A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SC41661A and MK886 inhibit PC-3 cell proliferation and induce a form of type 1 or type 2 programmed cell death, respectively. PC-3 cells contain messenger RNA for 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteins. Drug-induced changes included altered redox potential, inferred from the increased survival due to the antioxidant and glutathione precursor, N-acetyl-l-cysteine. PC-3 cells are an appropriate model for studying the mechanism responsible for 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor-induced cellular suicide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seed
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mulshine
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Alrefai
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D002722:Chlorobenzenes
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D007211:Indoles; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C060893:MK-886; D002722:Chlorobenzenes; C081292:SC 41661A