title: Biologic determinants of bone formation for osseointegration: clues for future clinical improvements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Further improvement in and expansion of the application of dental implants requires control and improvement of bone mass for implant support.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Although osseointegration involves both the formation and the maintenance of bone at implant surfaces, the aim of this article is to identify cellular and molecular determinants of bone formation that may be used in clinical attempts to enhance or expand the application of endosseous implants for dental and craniofacial prosthetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of bone biology and dental and orthopedic implant literature was performed using Medline and published monographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This spectrum of information indicates that molecular and cellular approaches to creating and maintaining bone mass may be used to expand the application of dental implants and to improve dental implant success in bone-deficient sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D001695:Biology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008967:Molecular Biology; D016348:Osseointegration; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants