title: Orally administered cholera toxin prevents murine intestinal T cells from staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced anergy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cholera toxin (CT) has been shown to be a strong mucosal adjuvant for the induction of antigen-specific secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA). The mechanism of adjuvant activity of CT is still unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the immunomodulatory function of CT on mucosal T cells using staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) as coadministered oral antigen, because SEB has been shown to directly regulate alpha beta T-cell responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  C3H/HeN mice were orally or systemically immunized with SEB and/or CT. The levels of SEB-specific antibodies and frequencies of CD4(+)Vbeta8(+) T cells were analyzed. SEB-specific T-cell proliferation and cytokine production were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither SEB-specific IgA nor IgG antibodies were induced in feces when SEB was administered alone. This was a result of the clonal deletion and partial unresponsiveness of CD4(+)Vbeta8(+)T cells in Peyer's patches. On the other hand, SEB-specific antibodies were induced by oral immunization with SEB and CT. Although some degree of clonal deletion was induced by oral immunization with SEB and CT, coadministered CT prevented the induction of anergy for CD4(+)Vbeta8(+) T cells in Peyer's patches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT is a powerful immunomodulatory molecule that prevents mucosal T cells from SEB-induced anergy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mucosal Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iijima
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hiroi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimaoka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiyono
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*; D007114:Immunization; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D010581:Peyer's Patches / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D016693:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta / Q000187:drug effects; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D016207:Cytokines; D004768:Enterotoxins; D007376:Interleukin-2; D016693:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal; D002772:Cholera Toxin