title: Safety and accuracy of transarticular screw fixation C1-C2 using an aiming device. An anatomic study.
abstract: METHODS
  In this anatomic study, the safety and accuracy of C1-C2 transarticular screw placement was tested in a normal anatomic situation in cadaver specimens using a specially designed aiming device.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the safety and accuracy of transarticular screw placement using the technique described by Magerl and a specially designed aiming device.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Transarticular C1-C2 screw fixation has been shown to be biomechanically superior to posterior C1-C2 wiring techniques. Several clinical series have been reported in the literature. However, no previous study assessing the accuracy or safety of this technique has been published. Structures at risk are the vertebral arteries, spinal canal, and the occiput-C1 joint.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five frozen human cadaveric specimens were thawed and instrumented with 10 C1-C2 transarticular screws, according to the technique described by Magerl but using a specially designed aiming device described by the senior author (Jeanneret). After screw placement, the accuracy of screw positioning and the distance of the screws from the spinal canal, vertebral arteries, and atlanto-occipital joint were determined by anatomic dissection and radiographic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The structure at greatest risk was the atlanto-occipital joint, with one screw found to be damaging the joint. Vertebral artery or spinal canal penetration was not observed in any of the specimens. Screw length averaged 45 mm and, with proper length, the screw tip was found to be located approximately 7.5 mm behind the anterior tubercle of C1 on lateral radiographs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This anatomic study demonstrates that C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation can be performed safely in a normal anatomic situation by surgeons who are familiar with the pertinent anatomy. The aiming device allowed safe instrumentation in all patients. In case of an irregular anatomic situation (e.g., congenital abnormalities or trauma), computed tomographic scan with sagittal reconstruction is recommended-in particular, to obtain information about the course of the vertebral artery.
authors.affiliation: Lakewood Orthopaedic Clinic, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gebhard
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Schimmer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jeanneret
mesh_terms: D001368:Axis, Cervical Vertebra / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D001270:Cervical Atlas / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013115:Spinal Canal; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods