title: Outcome of 22 successful pregnancies after liver transplantation.
abstract: To evaluate course and outcome of pregnancies in liver transplanted patients and to provide a brief summary on the development of these children, 22 pregnancies and 23 children (1 month-99 months old) of 16 patients who had been liver transplanted at our institution (mean interval from transplantation to pregnancy 43.1 months) were reviewed. Standard immunosuppressive regimen during pregnancy consisted of cyclosporine A (CyA), tacrolimus (FK), azathioprine (Aza) and/or a low-dose steroid therapy. CyA and FK whole blood trough levels were monitored on a routinely basis to keep therapeutic range (CyA 80-150 ng/mL; FK 4-8 ng/mL). No patient had a graft loss and there were no lethal complications. Beside de novo hypertension (n = 3) and preeclampsia (n = 3) problems during pregnancy included one steroid-sensitive rejection at 36 wk gestation, one case of tacrolimus toxicity at 24 wk with complete reconstitution, and one case of de novo choledocholithiasis with recurrent cholangitis. Three cases of infections occurred. In total, 23 children, including one set of twins, were born. Terms of gestation (mean = 38.1 wk, +/- 2.2 SD), deliveries (spontaneous n = 13, cesarean section n = 7, forceps n = 1, vacuum extraction (VE) n = 1) and birth weights (2876 g, +/- 589.3 SD) were typical. Three pregnancies were preterm, one being a twin pregnancy. Neither congenital malformations nor unusual infections were seen in the children. Postnatal follow-up revealed appropriate physical growth to date. Psychological development seems to be adequate. Our data indicate that successful pregnancies after liver transplantation (LTX) under careful management by transplant specialists, obstetricians and perinatalogists have a good outcome. So far, neither pre- nor postnatal child development appear to be influenced by maternal immunosuppressive therapy during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Klinik fuer Abdominal- und Transplantationschirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nashan
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Messner
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Guenther
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niesert
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pichmayr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008099:Liver / Q000503:physiopathology; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D016559:Tacrolimus