title: Characterization of a strain of infectious hepatitis E virus isolated from sewage in an area where hepatitis E is not endemic.
abstract: Raw sewage samples from an area where hepatitis E is not endemic (Barcelona, Spain) were analyzed by reverse transcriptase-PCR followed by nested PCR. One of the 37 tested samples showed a positive result for hepatitis E virus (HEV). The detected strain was amplified by inoculation into rhesus monkeys, and the course of the infection was studied by analyzing serological and biochemical parameters and by monitoring the presence of HEV in serum and feces. Fecal suspensions from the rhesus monkeys were used as the source of viral particles for sequence analysis. Eighty percent of the genome of the isolated strain, named BCN, was sequenced and found to be phylogenetically related to Asian (Indian) strains, with a 98% nucleotide identity with an isolate from Madras, India. Since this was a single isolation we cannot conclude that HEV is regularly present in the sewage. However, the finding of viable HEV in sewage has implications for contamination of the environment and shellfish by HEV and must be considered in the diagnosis of viral hepatitis in regions of nonendemic hepatitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biology School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pina
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jofre
authors.forename: S U
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Emerson
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Purcell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Girones
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D016679:Genome, Viral; D016751:Hepatitis E / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016752:Hepatitis E virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology*; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage