title: Sedimentation of free and attached Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in water.
abstract: Experimental analysis of the sedimentation velocity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia lamblia cysts was compared with mathematical description of their sedimentation velocities by using measurements of (oo)cyst size and density and the density and viscosity of the sedimentation medium to determine if the sedimentation kinetics of freely suspended oocysts of C. parvum and cysts of G. lamblia can be described by Stokes' law. The theoretically calculated sedimentation kinetics showed a good agreement with the experimentally observed kinetics. Both showed a decline in sedimentation velocity over time, caused primarily by variation in (oo)cyst density. The initial apparent sedimentation velocities in Hanks balanced salt solution at 23 degrees C was 0.35 micron . s-1 for oocysts and 1.4 micron . s-1 for cysts. (Oo)cysts that enter the surface water environment by discharges of biologically treated sewage may be attached to sewage particles, and this will affect their sedimentation kinetics. Therefore, (oo)cysts were mixed with settled secondary effluent. (Oo)cysts readily attached to the (biological) particles in effluent; 30% of both cysts and oocysts attached during the first minutes of mixing, and this fraction increased to approximately 75% after 24 h. The sedimentation velocity of (oo)cysts attached to secondary effluent particles increased with particle size and was (already in the smallest size fraction [1 to 40 micron]) determined by the sedimentation kinetics of the effluent particles. The observed sedimentation velocities of freely suspended (oo)cysts are probably too low to cause significant sedimentation in surface water or reservoirs. However, since a significant proportion of both cysts and oocysts attached readily to organic biological particles in secondary effluent, sedimentation of attached (oo)cysts after discharge into surface water will probably be a significant factor in the environmental ecology of C. parvum and G. lamblia. Attachment to particles influences not only sedimentation of (oo)cysts in surface water but also their behavior in drinking water treatment processes.
authors.affiliation: Microbiological Laboratory of Health Protection, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. medema@kiwaoa.nl
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Medema
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Schets
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Teunis
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Havelaar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002499:Centrifugation, Density Gradient; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D007700:Kinetics; D014783:Viscosity; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D015053:Zygote / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D014867:Water