title: Diagnosis and surgical management of obstructive ureteral calculi in cats: 11 cases (1993-1996).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate diagnostic methods, surgical treatment, perioperative management, and renal function of cats with obstructive calcium oxalate ureteroliths.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  11 cats that underwent surgery for removal of calcium oxalate ureteroliths.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records were reviewed, and the following information was recorded: signalment; results of physical examination, clinicopathologic analyses, and abdominal imaging; surgical procedure; postoperative management; and results of ureterolith quantitative analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ureteroliths in the proximal portion of the ureter were removed from 5 cats (pyelotomy, 1 cat; unilateral ureterotomy, 2 cats; bilateral ureterotomies, 2 cats). Calculi in the middle and distal part of the ureter were removed by partial ureterectomy and ureteroneocystostomy (6 cats). Ten cats recovered from surgery and were discharged from the hospital. One cat died from unknown causes 4 months after surgery, and 1 cat had a nephrectomy elsewhere 5 weeks after ureterolith removal. Eight cats were evaluated 12 to 20 months after surgery. Of these, 2 cats that were markedly azotemic before surgery improved after surgery, and 2 cats developed nephroliths after surgery. Also, of 5 cats that had nephroliths that were not removed at the time of surgery, 4 still had visible nephroliths. One cat had recurrent ureteral obstruction from a ureterolith and persistent urinary tract infection. Ureteroliths or ultrasonographic evidence of ureteral obstruction were not detected in other cats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of microsurgical techniques and intensive postoperative care is necessary to minimize morbidity of cats after removal of a ureterolith. Renal function may improve or stabilize after removal of the ureteral obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kyles
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gookin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spaulding
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Clary
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wylie
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spodnick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D002415:Cats; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000662:veterinary; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*