title: Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Switzerland. A prospective 3-year study of 10,174 patients. Swiss Association of Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We set out to analyze the technical aspects, intraoperative complications, morbidity, and mortality of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a multi-institutional study representative of Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 10,174 patients from 82 surgical services. A total of 353 different parameters per patient were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found intraoperative complications in 34.4% of patients and had a conversion rate of 8.2%. This rate was significantly increased in patients with complicated cholelithiasis and in those with previous upper-but not lower-abdominal surgery. In most cases, conversions to open procedures were required because of technical difficulties due to inflammatory changes and/or unclear anatomical findings at the time of operation. Bleeding was a common intraoperative complication, that significantly increased the risk of conversion. Patients with loss of gallstones in the peritoneal cavity had increased rates of abscesses. The rate of common bile duct injuries was 0.31%, but it decreased significantly as the laparoscopic experience of the surgeon increased. The rate of common bile duct injuries was not increased in patients with acute cholecystitis or in the 1.32% of patients undergoing laparoscopic common bile duct exploration. Intraoperative cholangiography did not reduce the risk of common bile duct injuries, but it allowed them to be diagnosed intraoperatively in 75% of patients. Local complications were recorded in 4.79% of patients, and systemic complications were seen in 5.59%. The mortality rate was 0.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe procedure, the rate of conversion to open cholecystectomy is still substantial. The conversion rate depends both on the indication and intraoperative complications. There is still a 10.38% morbidity associated with the procedure; however, the incidence of common bile duct injuries, which decreases with growing laparoscopic experience, was relatively low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Z'graggen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wehrli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buehler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frei
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klaiber
mesh_terms: D002758:Cholangiography; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000601:surgery; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013557:Switzerland