title: Influence of plasma expansion on plasma protein binding of ketorolac.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of dilution with intravascular volume expanders commonly used by anesthesiologists on clinically relevant levels of free serum ketorolac.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmaceutics laboratory of a medical college.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of 6% hydroxyethylstarch, 5% albumin, 6% dextran 60, and lactated Ringer's solution on in vitro plasma protein binding of ketorolac was investigated by ultrafiltration. The binding was studied at three different drug concentrations: low therapeutic (0.3 microgram/ml), high therapeutic (3 micrograms/ml), and toxic (10 micrograms/ml), and at two or more volume expander dilutions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effect of plasma dilution on free ketorolac was consistent across all volume expanders tested and for each ketorolac concentration studied. As the plasma dilution with albumin, hydroxyethylstarch, dextran 60, or lactated Ringer's solution increased, the unbound ketorolac also increased from 3.2% to 3.3% in undiluted plasma to 5.0% to 8.7% in 50% dilution of the plasma with the investigated expanders. Dilution of plasma by only 10% resulted in a significant, but relatively minor, increase of unbound ketorolac to 3.2% to 3.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the pharmacokinetic properties of ketorolac, this pharmacokinetic interaction can be expected to have only minor effects on unbound ketorolac concentrations when ketorolac is administered after the plasma expander. When ketorolac administration is followed by rapid plasma expander infusion, a transient increase of unbound ketorolac in plasma can be expected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610-0254, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gravenstein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suri
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Derendorf
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Koska
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000378:metabolism*; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020910:Ketorolac; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001798:Blood Proteins; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D014046:Tolmetin; D020910:Ketorolac