title: Nature of life events and difficulties in depressed adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the significance of acute life events and ongoing difficulties in adolescents with a recent major depressive disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents (aged 13-18 years) with a recent episode of major depressive disorder based on DSM-III-R (n = 26) and normal controls free of any Axis I lifetime psychiatric disorder (n = 15) were assessed using the investigator-based Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Traditionally defined severe events were more likely to occur in the year prior to onset among depressed adolescents (46%) than in a comparable period among normal controls (20%), but these differences did not reach statistical significance. Expanding the definition of severe events to include those events focused on others important to the adolescent resulted in a significantly higher percentage of depressed adolescents having one or more refined "severe" events in the year prior to onset (62%) compared with normal controls (27%) (p < or = .02). It is interesting that one half of the depressed adolescents had two or more refined severe events occur during the year prior to onset compared with none of the normal controls (p < or = .01). Further analyses showed that depressed adolescents were significantly more likely to have a major difficulty precede the onset of their depression (27%) compared with normal controls (0%) (p < or = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that depressed adolescents are exposed to high levels of stress prior to becoming depressed. Future investigations might benefit from using the LEDS with adolescents to assess acute and ongoing stressors.
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birmaher
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Matty
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kupfer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory