title: The advanced glycation end product Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine is increased in serum from children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes have increased serum levels of the glycoxidation product Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) at an early stage of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The serum levels of CML in 38 patients with type 1 diabetes aged 14+/-3.2 (mean+/-SD) years were compared with those in 26 control subjects aged 16+/-1.7 years. The mean duration of diabetes was 5+/-4.7 years, ranging from 0.5 to 15 years. The mean levels of HbA1c were 10.3+/-2.5% in the patient group. The serum levels of CML were measured using a monoclonal anti-CML antibody in a fluoremetric immunoassay. Serum protein levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were assayed using a polyclonal antibody from rabbit immunized with AGE-RNase (pAGE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The serum levels of CML and pAGE were significantly increased in the patient group versus the control group: 1.08 (0.45-2.97) U/ml CML (median 10-90 percentiles) vs. 0.70 (0.36-1.79) U/ml CML, P < 0.03, and 6.6 (5.1-9.9) U/ml pAGE vs. 5.5 (3.7-8.2) U/ml AGEs, P < 0.01. A significant relationship between CML and pAGE was found in the IDDM group, r = 0.76, P < 0.001. The CML levels were not associated with the HbAlc levels (n = 23, r = -0.02, NS), cholesterol levels (n = 21, r = 0.07, NS), age, sex, or diabetes duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum levels of CML are increased in patients with type 1 diabetes. This increase precedes the development of micro- and macrovascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Aker Diabetes Research Center, Aker University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. t.j.berg@ioks.uio.no
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Torjesen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dahl-Jørgensen
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bangstad
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Hanssen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D008239:Lysine; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine