title: Screening for renovascular hypertension in a population with relatively low prevalence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy and cost-efficacy of the diagnostic procedure and treatment for renovascular hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 519 patients referred to the university clinic for hypertension were screened for renovascular hypertension with 405 captopril challenge tests (CCT) and 450 captopril renographies (CRG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Abdominal angiography was performed on 84 patients for positive screening. Fifteen patients underwent angiography for a sole suspicious clinical presentation. The angiography revealed 17 renal artery stenoses and five occlusions in 20 patients. Fifteen technically successful angioplasties and three nephrectomies were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the patients who underwent angiography, CCT had a specificity of 39% and a sensitivity of 67% for renovascular hypertension. CRG had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 68%. In the whole study population, the estimated specificity of CCT was 88% and that of CRG 95%. Invasive treatment reduced systolic/diastolic blood pressure from 157/99 to 140/87 mmHg and the number of antihypertensive drugs used from 2.6 to 1.4 in 16 patients (mean age 49 years). Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition was effective in four elderly patients. Cost-efficacy analysis Screening with CRG and invasive treatment cost US$15400 per successful invasive treatment Equally effective pharmacological treatment would have cost US$10400. Limiting the screening with CRG to the 173 patients with no obvious renal parenchymal disease and with hypertension at a younger age (< or =30 years) or unresponsive to two antihypertensive drugs (diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg) would have yielded a prevalence of 12% and missed only one elderly patient who responded to ACE inhibition. The limited screening, along with invasive treatment, would have cost US$7300 per patient
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRG is superior to CCT for screening of renovascular hypertension. Screening with CRG is cost-effective when limited to patients with no obvious renal parenchymal disease and with hypertension that does not respond to two antihypertensive drugs or is detected in patients no older than 30 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland. karri.helin@huch.fi
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Helin
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tikkanen
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: von Knorring
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lepäntalo
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Liewendahl
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Laasonen
authors.forename: F Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Fyhrquist
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tikkanen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography / Q000191:economics; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002216:Captopril / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006978:Hypertension, Renovascular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy; D015995:Prevalence; D011866:Radioisotope Renography / Q000191:economics; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002216:Captopril