title: Cutaneous manifestations of childhood systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: We assessed the mucocutaneous signs in 57 children with classical systemic lupus erythematosus seen during a 6 year period. The female:male ratio was 4.2:1. Ages ranged from 4 to 15 years (mean 11.9 years) at the time of diagnosis. Cutaneous manifestations (77%) were the second most common finding, next to renal involvement (84%). The skin changes noted were malar rash (74%), oral ulcer (46%), vasculitis (42%), photosensitivity (40%), alopecia (32%), and discoid lupus erythematosus (LE) (19%). All 11 discoid LE patients were girls. Periungual erythema, Raynaud's phenomenon, periungual gangrene, nail involvement, and subacute LE were rare. Antinuclear antibody reaction was positive in 93% and anti-dsDNA was positive in 46%. Eight patients died, six from severe infection and two from renal failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wananukul
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watana
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pongprasit
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000505:Alopecia / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005076:Exanthema / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D019226:Oral Ulcer / Q000209:etiology; D010787:Photosensitivity Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000209:etiology