title: Effect of diffusion potential, osmosis and ion-exchange on transdermal drug delivery: theory and experiments.
abstract: Equations expressing the effect of the diffusion potential on the trace ion transfer across a porous charged membrane have been derived. These equations have been tested with experiments with human cadaver skin. The transfer of sotalol and salicylate was measured varying the salt (NaCl) concentration in the donor and receiver compartments. It appears that osmotic pressure and ion-exchange make a significant contribution to the flux enhancement by the diffusion potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Murtomäki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kontturi
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000838:Anions; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002412:Cations; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000502:physiology; D004058:Diffusion; D006801:Humans; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009995:Osmosis; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013015:Sotalol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000838:Anions; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002412:Cations; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013015:Sotalol; D020156:Salicylic Acid