title: Rehabilitation of the expanded programme on immunization in Sudan following a poliomyelitis outbreak.
abstract: In 1993 a large outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred in Sudan as a result of an accumulation of large numbers of susceptible children that was accelerated by faltering immunization services. The extent of the outbreak led to the rapid rehabilitation of Sudan's Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI); the government began financing vaccine purchase, operational aspects of EPI were decentralized, vaccine delivery was changed from a mobile to a fixed-site strategy, a solar cold chain network was installed, inservice training was resuscitated, and social mobilization was enhanced. National immunization days (NIDs) for poliomyelitis eradication were conducted throughout the country, including the southern states during a cease fire in areas of conflict. Measles immunization coverage was increased by offering measles vaccine during the second round of NIDs and subsequently through routine immunization services. Supplemental tetanus toxoid immunization of women of child-bearing age began in three provinces at high risk for neonatal tetanus. From 1994 to 1996 reported immunization coverage increased and the incidence of all EPI target diseases fell. Trends in coverage, disease incidence, financing, and the implementation of WHO-recommended disease-control strategies suggest that more sustainable immunization services have been re-established in Sudan.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: ElZein
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Birmingham
authors.forename: Z A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Karrar
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Elhassan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Omer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008457:Measles / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013397:Sudan / Q000453:epidemiology; D013742:Tetanus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D008458:Measles Vaccine; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid