title: Paracrine regulation of menstruation.
abstract: Endometrial proliferation, secretion, vascular neoformation and modification to shedding is under direct and/or indirect control of steroid hormones. The progressive modification of the endometrial architecture is due to its growth and differentiation. The new tissue regenerates monthly from a 2-5 mm to a 12-18 mm of complex tissue until it sheds under a co-ordinated network of bioactive molecules produced and activated during the menstrual cycle. The steroid hormones, the HLA-DR and integrin molecules, the intense production of several proteins, the vascular damage, and the disconnection of cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction are participating in both the endometrial preparation for embryonic implantation and the shedding and bleeding of the tissue itself. Menstruation is a process associated with damage to the epithelium, endothelium and extracellular matrix, ending on controlled bleeding, tissue dissolution and repair. Endometrial proteinases and tissue factor (TF) contribute to systemic factors to control the mechanisms of regulation of tissue dissolution, tissue shedding, and vascular bleeding during menstruation.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica 1a, Università di Bologna, Fisiopatologia della Riproduzione, Ospedale Infermi-Regione Emilia Romagna, Rimini, Italy. bull@novacomp.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bulletti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Ziegler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albonetti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flamigni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D004717:Endometrium / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008598:Menstruation; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000502:physiology; D014590:Uterine Contraction
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases