title: Prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among cocaine abusers seeking treatment.
abstract: In this study, 281 cocaine abusers seeking treatment were assessed for adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Structured assessments included the SCID for DSM-IV, a SCID-like module for ADHD, and a pattern of drug use questionnaire. The sample consisted of 82% men, 67% African-Americans, 19% Hispanics, and 14% Caucasians identified at several treatment sites. Average age was 33.7 +/- .4 years. Twelve percent (n = 34) of the sample met DSM-IV criteria for childhood ADHD. Of the entire sample, 10% (n = 27), or 79% of the patients diagnosed with childhood ADHD, had adult ADHD. A history of conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder were prevalent among those with adult ADHD (63% and 52%, respectively). This subpopulation of cocaine abusers may be one of the most difficult-to-treat cocaine-abusing groups, particularly if the ADHD remains undetected. To provide effective treatment for cocaine abusers, clinicians may need to identify subpopulations of patients, such as those with ADHD, and target both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions for these groups.
authors.affiliation: Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Kleber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index