title: [Evaluation of the risk of mediastinal or retroperitoneal injuries caused by dorso-lumbar pedicle screws].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Within an anatomical and a clinical study, the authors employed computerized tomographic scans to evaluate the risks of anterior surrounding tissues injuries during screw insertion.
  
  
  METHODS
  CT scans of 20 patients suffering from cardiac disease were reviewed retrospectively. Scans through the thoracic and lumbar spine were obtained using 6 mm slice thickness. These examinations were performed with intravenous contrast medium. Measurements of vessel diameters and distance of the soft tissues situated directly anterior to the spine were done. A retrospective study of 61 pedicle screws implanted for spine fractures evaluated the penetration of the anterior vertebral cordex with X rays and CT scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Computerized tomographic scans of the thoracic and lumbar spine of the 20 patients in the control group confirmed proximity of the posterior mediastinal structures to the anterior vertebral cortex. Many structures of the posterior mediastinum were within five millimeters of the anterior vertebral cortex and thus were at risk: aorta, azygos vein, vena cava, parietal pleura and lungs. The theoretical risk of unrecognized screw penetrations evaluated on geometric shape of the anterior vertebral body is as high as 21 per cent when screw position is only seen with an antero posterior and a lateral X Ray. In the other group, computerized tomographic scans showed that 30 per cent of the implanted screws were outside the boundaries of the anterior thoracic spine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two orthogonal incidences do not enable determination of whether the extremity of the screw is slightly outside the anterior cortex of the vertebral body. However the geometric shape of the anterior vertebral body enables peroperative definition of a safety zone on two orthogonal incidences. Even if a breach of a few millimeters of the anterior cortical boundaries of the vertebral body may not initially damage the adjacent soft-tissue structures, chronic irritation may result in late damages of these structures. The use of metallic markers and the respect of a safe vertebral zone on X Rays could guide the choice of the appropriate screw length.
authors.affiliation: Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hernigou
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Germany
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001863:Bone Screws; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed