title: Family, social, and cultural factors in pedestrian injuries among Hispanic children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In an earlier population based surveillance study of pediatric injuries, the rate of Hispanic children injured as pedestrians was 63/100,000 compared with 17/100,000 for non-Hispanic white children. The present study was designed to examine the effect of family, social, and cultural factors on the rate of pedestrian injury in a population of Hispanic children in the southwestern US.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study of pedestrian injuries among Hispanic children. The sample consisted of 98 children 0-14 years of age hospitalized as a result of a pedestrian injury and 144 randomly selected neighborhood controls matched to the case by city, age, gender, and ethnicity. Cases were compared with controls using conditional logistic regression; in the study design the odds ratio (OR) estimates the incidence rate ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following family and cultural variables were associated with an increased risk of injury: household crowding (OR = 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 7.1 for 1.01-1.5 persons per room, compared with < or = 1.0 persons per room), one or more family moves within the past year (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 4.1), poverty (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.3), and inability of mother (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.3 to 10) or father (OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.5 to 20) to read well. However, children in single parent households and children whose parents did not drive a car, had less education, or were of rural origin, did not have an increased rate of injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results have implications for childhood pedestrian prevention efforts for low income, non-English speaking Hispanic populations, and perhaps for other immigrant and high risk groups. Prevention programs and materials need to be not only culturally sensitive but also designed for those with limited reading skills. In addition, environmental interventions that provide more pedestrian friendly neighborhoods must be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Health Policy and Research, University of California Irvine 92697-5800, USA.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Agran
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Winn
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Valle
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016138:Walking / Q000293:injuries*