title: Relationship between impairments, disability and handicap in reflex sympathetic dystrophy patients: a long-term follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between impairments, disability and handicap in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A long-term follow-up study of upper extremity RSD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five patients, 3-9 years (mean interval 5.5 years) after RSD of the upper extremity (mean age 50.2 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Impairments: range of motion, moving two point discrimination, muscle strength of the hand and pain were measured. Disability was assessed with the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS) and handicap was assessed with three subscales (social functioning, role limitations due to physical problems and role limitations due to emotional problems) of the RAND-36.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After RSD of the upper extremity, 62% of the patients are limited in activities of daily living (ADL) and/or instrumental ADL (IADL). Pain and restrictions in forward flexion of the shoulder, thumb opposition and grip strength are the most important impairments limiting ADL and IADL. Patients with limitations in ADL and IADL are significantly more handicapped than patients without limitations. Pain is the most important factor contributing to handicap.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between impairments and disability and between disability and handicap in RSD patients is weak to moderate. Pain is the most important factor leading to disability and handicap.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Geertzen
authors.forename: P U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: van Sonderen
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Groothoff
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: ten Duis
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Eisma
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012019:Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy / Q000503:physiopathology*