Paediatric HIV infection.
HIV infection in children is a family disease, with social, economic and medical aspects that make it one of the most challenging diseases of our time. Knowledge about the factors involved in mother-to-child transmission and the natural history of the disease is gradually increasing although there is still much to understand. As the majority of children become infected through mother-to-child transmission, perinatally acquired infection will parallel increases in heterosexual transmission and the numbers of infected women of childbearing age. Current estimates of the rate of vertical transmission range from 14% to 39% in different studies. The relative proportion of transmission occurring in utero, peripartum or postpartum may vary in different localities and remains unclear. A study recently carried out in the USA showed that zidovudine given late in pregnancy, peripartum and in the neonatal period decreases HIV transmission from 25% to 8%. The clinical presentation of HIV infection in children depends in part on exposure to different infections. In developing countries the children usually present with nonspecific signs and symptoms, such as failure to thrive, chronic diarrhoea, cough and recurrent bacterial infections. Other common presentations include generalized lymphadenopathy, oropharyngeal candidiasis, dermatitis, enlargement of parotid glands and neurological problems, including delayed development.
Friesen
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Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Papua New Guinea, Boroko, Papua New Guinea.
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D010219:Papua New Guinea / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents