title: The relation between feelings of knowing and the number of neighboring concepts linked to the test cue.
abstract: We investigated whether feeling-of-knowing judgments are influenced by the number of different neighboring concepts linked to the test cue in long-term memory as measured using association norms. The purpose was to evaluate contrasting predictions made by the partial-retrieval hypothesis and the competition hypothesis. The partial-retrieval hypothesis assumes the more neighboring concepts activated by the test cue, the higher the feeling of knowing. In contrast, the competition hypothesis assumes that feelings of knowing are sensitive to competition between neighboring concepts, and it predicts that the fewer neighboring concepts activated by the cue, the higher the feeling of knowing. The findings were compatible with the competition hypothesis showing that both feeling-of-knowing and prediction-of-knowing ratings always were higher, the fewer different concepts were linked to the test cue. We obtained an identical pattern of results using different kinds of cues including taxonomic category names, ending sounds, and meaningfully related associates. We consider different ways that these findings could be reconciled with the partial-retrieval hypothesis, and we also discuss implications for other explanations of feeling-of-knowing effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA. schreibe@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003463:Cues; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008568:Memory; D011939:Mental Recall; D012660:Semantics; D014936:Word Association Tests