title: The Wilms' tumor gene WT1 can regulate genes involved in sex determination and differentiation: SRY, Müllerian-inhibiting substance, and the androgen receptor.
abstract: Genital abnormalities associated with Wilms' tumors in the WAGR and Denys-Drash syndromes and the failure of the gonads to develop in Wilms' tumor gene (wt1)-homozygous mutant mice suggest that WT1 may also function in sexual development. To elucidate the mechanism of action of WT1 in embryonal sexual development, we examined how the four isoforms of WT1 regulate the transcription of several genes involved in sexual development using cotransfection assays. SRY (the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome) promoter was strongly activated by the WT1 isoforms without the KTS tripeptide, WT1(-)KTS, but was not activated by the WT1 isoforms with the KTS tripeptide, WT1(+)KTS, in all cells tested. The second alternative splicing site, which inserts the tripeptide KTS, alters the DNA binding capability. The MüAdullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) promoter was strongly repressed by WT1(-)KTS isoforms and more weakly repressed by the WT1(+)KTS isoforms in Sertoli cells but not in HeLa cells. The androgen receptor (AR) promoter was strongly repressed by the WT1(-)KTS isoforms in all cells tested and was more weakly or not repressed by WT1(+)KTS isoforms depending on cell lines. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed strong binding by recombinant WT1(-)KTS protein and weaker or no binding by the WT1(+)KTS protein to DNA probes containing WT1 binding sites from these three promoters. The results of these functional and binding assays suggest that WT1 has an important role in regulation of genes involved in embryonal sexual development and that WT1 can function as a transcriptional activator.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shimamura
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fraizer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trapman
authors.lastname: Lau YfC
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Saunders
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone; D001483:Base Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016162:Genes, Wilms Tumor; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics; D012708:Sertoli Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D019849:Sex Determination Processes; D051876:Sex-Determining Region Y Protein; D013735:Testicular Hormones / Q000235:genetics; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D025721:WT1 Proteins; D009396:Wilms Tumor / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; C497745:SRY protein, human; D051876:Sex-Determining Region Y Protein; C497746:Sry protein, mouse; D013735:Testicular Hormones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025721:WT1 Proteins; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone