title: Comparison of 2D and 3D algorithms for adding a margin to the gross tumor volume in the conformal radiotherapy planning of prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the adequacy of tumor volume coverage using a three-dimensional (3D) margin-growing algorithm compared to a two-dimensional (2D) margin-growing algorithm in the conformal radiotherapy planning of prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two gross tumor volumes (GTV) were segmented in each of 10 patients with localized prostate cancer; prostate gland only (PO) and prostate with seminal vesicles (PSV). A predetermined margin of 10 mm was applied to these two groups (PO and PSV) using both 2D and 3D margin-growing algorithms. The 2D algorithm added a transaxial margin to each GTV slice, whereas the 3D algorithm added a volumetric margin all around the GTV. The true planning target volume (PTV) was defined as the region delineated by the 3D algorithm. The adequacy of geometric coverage of the GTV by the two algorithms was examined in a series of transaxial planes throughout the target volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2D margin-growing algorithm underestimated the PTV by 17% (range 12-20) in the PO group and by 20% (range 13-28) for the PSV group when compared to the 3D-margin algorithm. For the PO group, the mean transaxial difference between the 2D and 3D algorithm was 3.8 mm inferiorly (range 0-20), 1.8 mm centrally (range 0-9), and 4.4 mm superiorly (range 0-22). Considering all of these regions, the mean discrepancy anteriorly was 5.1 mm (range 0-22), posteriorly 2.2 (range 0-20), right border 2.8 mm (range 0-14), and left border 3.1 mm (range 0-12). For the PSV group, the mean discrepancy in the inferior region was 3.8 mm (range 0-20), central region of the prostate was 1.8 mm ( range 0-9), the junction region of the prostate and the seminal vesicles was 5.5 mm (range 0-30), and the superior region of the seminal vesicles was 4.2 mm (range 0-55). When the different borders were considered in the PSV group, the mean discrepancies for the anterior, posterior, right, and left borders were 6.4 mm (range 0-55), 2.5 mm (range 0-20), 2.6 mm (range 0-14), and 3.9 mm (range 0-45), respectively. Underestimation of the required margin with the 2D algorithm occurred when the transaxial definition of the GTV shifted in position significantly between successive adjacent slices, resulting in transaxial discrepancies of up to 22 mm and 55 mm, respectively, for the PO and PSV groups. In the superior regions, the 2D algorithm was inadequate, often providing a margin of less than 3 mm compared to the 10 mm margin delineated by the 3D algorithm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study illustrates that target margins added by a laminar method in the transaxial plane are inadequate for covering a 3D tumor volume so that a margin-growing algorithm which fully takes into account the 3D shape of the GTV should be used. If a 2D-margin method is utilized, an appreciation of spatial margins in 3D is required.
authors.affiliation: The Academic Unit of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bedford
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dearnaley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011467:Prostate; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011859:Radiography; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D012669:Seminal Vesicles