title: A randomized, placebo-controlled dose-comparison trial of haloperidol for psychosis and disruptive behaviors in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy and side effects of two doses of haloperidol and placebo in the treatment of psychosis and disruptive behaviors in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 6-week random-assignment, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (phase A), haloperidol, 2-3 mg/day (standard dose), and haloperidol, 0.50-0.75 mg/day (low dose), were compared in 71 outpatients with Alzheimer's disease. For the subsequent 6-week double-blind crossover phase (phase B), patients taking standard- or low-dose haloperidol were switched to placebo, and patients taking placebo were randomly assigned to standard- or low-dose haloperidol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the 60 patients who completed phase A, standard-dose haloperidol was efficacious and superior to both low-dose haloperidol and placebo for scores on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale psychosis factor and on psychomotor agitation. Response rates according to three sets of criteria were greater with the standard dose (55%-60%) than the low dose (25%-35%) and placebo (25%-30%). The advantage of standard dose over low dose was replicated in phase B. In phase A, extrapyramidal signs tended to be greater with the standard dose than in the other two conditions, primarily because of a subgroup (20%) who developed moderate to severe signs. Low-dose haloperidol did not differ from placebo on any measure of efficacy or side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated a favorable therapeutic profile for haloperidol in doses of 2-3 mg/day, although a subgroup developed moderate to severe extrapyramidal signs. A starting dose of 1 mg/day with gradual, upward dose titration is recommended. The narrow therapeutic window observed with haloperidol may also apply to other neuroleptics used in Alzheimer's disease patients with psychosis and disruptive behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Devanand
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marder
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Michaels
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Sackeim
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Pelton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mayeux
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000523:psychology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003702:Delusions / Q000188:drug therapy; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000188:drug therapy; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000188:drug therapy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D006220:Haloperidol