title: Thyroid dose in children undergoing prophylactic cranial irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the radiation dose received by the thyroid gland as a result of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in childhood leukemia and the factors influencing that dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dose to the thyroid resulting from simulated cranial irradiation with parallel opposed lateral fields of an adult anthropomorphic (ART) phantom with both 6 MV X-rays and Cobalt-60 gamma-rays was measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). The dependence of thyroid dose on the distance of the field from the thyroid and the proportions of thyroid dose from stray radiation (leakage, scatter from jaws, etc.) and tissue scattered radiation were measured. The effects of a shadow tray and shielding blocks were also determined. Calculation of thyroid dose using the Clarkson scatter integration method was performed for 6 MV X-rays to compare with the measured doses. In vivo thyroid dose estimates were made using TLD measurements for three children receiving PCI with 6 MV X-rays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using open, unshielded fields, the thyroid region of the phantom received 1.2-1.4% of the prescribed cranial dose for 6 MV X-rays and 1.5-1.7% for Cobalt-60. For both treatment units, stray radiation accounted for approximately two thirds of the thyroid dose and tissue scatter accounted for the remaining one third. The thyroid dose increased as the field moved closer to the thyroid, with an increasing proportion of the dose due to tissue scatter. Placement of a thyroid shielding block on a shadow tray reduced the thyroid dose by only 20% compared with the open, unshielded setup. Thyroid dose from 6 MV using open fields was affected by the orientation of the collimator. When the inferior field edge was defined by the lower jaw, the dose was reduced by 27% compared with the upper jaw. Good correlation of dose to the thyroid region was obtained between phantom measured doses, in vivo measured doses and calculation of dose using the Clarkson method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For PCI doses of 1800 or 2400 cGy in the adult phantom, the dose to the thyroid was 20-40 cGy (1-2%). For small children this could rise to approximately 5% of the prescribed dose, of which half was due to stray radiation. As the thyroid in children is very sensitive to radiation and the dose-response curve for thyroid tumor induction is linear, attempts to shield the thyroid during cranial irradiation are mandatory. Cobalt-60 units should not be used, as the thyroid dose was higher than using 6 MV X-rays. Collimator orientation and the use of shadow trays and shielding were important factors in determining thyroid dose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia. gstevensradonc.rpa.cs.nsw.gov.au.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Downes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ralston
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016371:Cranial Irradiation; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry; D013961:Thyroid Gland
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals