title: Rescue echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis for cardiac perforation complicating catheter-based procedures. The Mayo Clinic experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of rescue echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis as a primary strategy for the management of acute cardiac perforation and tamponade complicating catheter-based procedures.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In this era of interventional catheterization, acute tamponade from cardiac perforation as a complication is encountered more frequently. The safety and efficacy of echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis in this life-threatening situation and outcomes of patients managed by this technique are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 960 consecutive echocardiographically guided pericardiocenteses performed at the Mayo Clinic (1979 to 1997), 92 (9.6%) were undertaken in 88 patients with acute tamponade that developed in association with a diagnostic or interventional catheter-based procedure. Most of the patients were hemodynamically unstable at the time of pericardiocentesis, with clinically overt tamponade in 40% and frank hemodynamic collapse (systolic blood pressure <60 mm Hg) in 57%. Clinical end points of interest were the success and complication rates of rescue pericardiocentesis and patient outcomes, including the need for other interventions, clinical and echocardiographic follow-up findings and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rescue pericardiocentesis was successful in relieving tamponade in 91 cases (99%) and was the only and definitive therapy in 82% of the cases. Major complications (3%) included pneumothorax (n=1), right ventricular laceration (n=1) and intercostal vessel injury with right ventricular laceration (n=1); all were treated successfully. Minor complications (2%) included a small pneumothorax and an instance of transient nonsustained ventricular tachycardia; all were resolved spontaneously. Further surgical intervention was performed in 16 patients (18%). No deaths resulted from the rescue pericardiocentesis procedure itself. Early death (<30 days) in this series was due to injuries from cardiac catheter-based procedures (n=3), perioperative complications (n=2) and underlying cardiac diseases (n=2). Clinical or echocardiographic follow-up for a minimum of 3 months or until death (if <3 months) for recurrent effusion or development of pericardial constriction was achieved in 87 (99%) of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis was safe and effective for rescuing patients from tamponade and reversing hemodynamic instability complicating invasive cardiac catheter-based procedures. For most patients, this was the definitive and only therapy necessary.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Reeder
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Seward
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002305:Cardiac Tamponade / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019152:Paracentesis / Q000379:methods*; D010490:Pericardial Effusion / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D010496:Pericardium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome