title: Effect of inhaled endotoxin on induced sputum in normal, atopic, and atopic asthmatic subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhalation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes an inflammatory response in the lungs. To explore this response, inflammatory indices were measured in induced sputum from atopic asthmatic patients and compared with atopic and non-atopic subjects after inhalation of LPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of inhaled LPS (60 micrograms) or placebo (0.9% saline) were examined in a randomised, double blind, crossover trial in 11 non-atopic normal subjects, seven atopic, non-asthmatic individuals, and eight atopic, asthmatic patients. Sputum was induced by inhalation of 3.5% saline before the test inhalation and again at six hours and 24 hours. Spirometry (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC)), heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature were recorded before challenge and at intervals until eight hours, and at 24 hours after challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no change in cardiovascular parameters or spirometry with either exposure in any group. In the asthmatic patients only, inhalation of LPS caused a rise in temperature, with a peak of 0.6 degree C at seven hours, which was significantly higher than following placebo inhalation (p < 0.05). In normal subjects, LPS caused a significant rise in absolute neutrophil counts at 24 hours compared with placebo (median 1.1 x 10(6) cells/ml after LPS; median 0.2 x 10(6) cells/ml after placebo, p < 0.01), but no change in differential counts. In asthmatic patients, LPS caused a significant rise in differential neutrophil counts at six hours compared with placebo (median 88% after LPS; median 56% after placebo, p < 0.05), but no change in absolute cell counts at any time point. There was no change in neutrophil counts in the atopic subjects. There was a significant rise in sputum interleukin 8 (IL-8) concentrations in normal subjects at six hours compared with placebo (mean placebo 1.1 ng/ml; LPS 3.0 ng/ml, p < 0.05) and in asthmatics at 24 hours (mean placebo 2.0 ng/ml, LPS 6.9 ng/ml, p < 0.05). There were no changes in sputum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor alpha or granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor at any time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhalation of LPS causes a neutrophilic inflammation with increases in IL-8 in both normal and asthmatic subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nightingale
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kharitonov
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Barnes
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D009504:Neutrophils; D013147:Spirometry; D013183:Sputum / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016209:Interleukin-8; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor