title: Surgical hand disinfection with alcohols at various concentrations: parallel experiments using the new proposed European standards method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the concentration of isopropanol that exerts the same immediate and sustained effects as n-propanol 60% v/v in surgical scrubbing, and to assess the performance of the test method proposed as the European standard in parallel experiments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isopropanol at concentrations of 70%, 80%, and 90% v/v was tested in comparison with n-propanol 60%, the proposed reference preparation, in the draft method proposed by the European standard. A Latin square design was used with four balanced blocks of five volunteers each in four experimental runs that were spaced by intervals of 1 week each. Volunteers were allotted randomly to one of the four blocks. Independently, the volunteers' right and left hands also were randomized into two groups for the assessment of either immediate or sustained effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two laboratories supervised by two investigators, one from Vienna, Austria, and one from London, The United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  The release of skin flora from the fingertips of clean hands was assessed before and after treatment by immediate sampling from one hand and by sampling of the other, gloved hand after 3 hours. The mean log10 reductions (RF) of bacterial release achieved by rubbing the alcoholic preparations for 3 minutes onto the hands were established.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both experiments, the immediate effects of isopropanol 70% (RF, 2.0 and 2.1, respectively) were significantly smaller than those of the reference n-propanol 60% (RF, 2.4 and 2.6, respectively). This also was found with the sustained effects (RF, 0.7 and 1.1 vs 1.0 and 1.6, respectively). At 90%, isopropanol equalled the immediate effect of n-propanol 60%, whereas at 80% it proved slightly (although not significantly) less active. There were no significant differences in the results of both investigators. The sustained effects of isopropanol 80% and 90% were both larger than the reference in Vienna but were found smaller by the London investigator; none of the differences were significant. Mean RFs were significantly different between Vienna and London with n-propanol 60% and isopropanol 70%, but not with isopropanol at 80% or 90%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At 90%, isopropanol is as effective as n-propanol 60%, which was proposed by the European Committee for Standardization as a reference in testing products for surgical hand disinfection. It could, therefore, serve as an alternative if the proposed agent is undesirable for any reason. In parallel experiments by two investigators, the proposed test method proved well workable; the results were very similar and the conclusions identical.
authors.affiliation: Hygiene-Institute of University, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rotter
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koller
mesh_terms: D000433:1-Propanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019840:2-Propanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001317:Austria; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories / Q000592:standards; D008131:London; D008297:Male; D012015:Reference Standards; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D004202:Disinfectants; D000433:1-Propanol; D019840:2-Propanol