title: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in childhood: analysis of clinical and immunological findings in 34 patients and comparison with SLE characteristics in adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the pattern of disease expression in patients with childhood onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective analysis of clinical manifestations and immunological features of 34 patients in whom the first manifestations appeared in childhood from a series of 430 unselected patients with SLE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty one (91%) patients from the childhood onset group were female and three male (9%) (ratio female/male, 10/1, with no difference compared with the adult onset group). Mean age of this group at disease onset was 11 years (range 5-14) compared with 32 years (15-48) for the remaining patients. The childhood onset patients more often had nephropathy (20% v 9% in adult onset SLE, p = 0.04; OR:2.7; 95% CI:1.1, 7), fever (41% v 21%, p = 0.006; OR:2.6, 95% CI:1.2, 5.7), and lymphadenopathy (6% v 0.5%, p = 0.03, OR: 12.3, 95% CI: 1.2, 127.6), as presenting clinical manifestations. During the evolution of the disease, the childhood onset patients had an increased prevalence of malar rash (79% v 51%, p = 0.002; OR:3.7; 95% CI:1.5, 9.5) and chorea (9% v 0%, p < 0.0001). This group exhibited a higher prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) of the IgG isotype when compared with the remaining patients (29% v 13%, p = 0.017; OR:2.9, 95% CI:1.2, 6.8). No significant differences were found among the other antibodies between the two groups. Childhood onset patients more often received azathioprine (15% v 6%, p = 0.00004; OR:11.2; 95% CI:2.8, 44.9) but no differences were detected between the groups concerning side effects or drug toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presentation and the clinical course of SLE varied in this series of 430 patients depending on their age at disease onset. Nephropathy, fever, and lymphadenopathy were more common in childhood onset patients as presenting clinical manifestations, while malar rash, chorea, and detection of IgG aCL were more common during the evolution of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Font
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cervera
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pallarés
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramos-Casals
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: García-Carrasco
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Seisdedos
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ingelmo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis; D008206:Lymphatic Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D007074:Immunoglobulin G