title: Buprenorphine-related deaths among drug addicts in France: a report on 20 fatalities.
abstract: This paper reports a series of 20 fatalities involving a high-dose, sublingual buprenorphine (BUP) formulation recently marketed in France for the substitutive therapy of opiate addicts. The files were recorded over a 16-month period from five different urban areas in France. All subjects but one were male, aged 14-48 (mean 26.6). BUP and its primary metabolite norbuprenorphine (norBUP) were assayed in postmortem fluids and viscerae by HPLC-MS. Blood levels for BUP and norBUP ranged from 1.1 to 29.0 ng/mL (mean 8.4 ng/mL) and 0.2 to 12.6 ng/mL (mean 2.6 ng/mL), respectively, that is, within or slightly over the therapeutic range. BUP exhibited extensive tissue distribution, with average postmortem concentrations of 6.0, 35.0, 45.5, and 80.0 ng/g in the myocardium, kidney, brain, and liver, respectively. In blood, as in viscerae, norBUP levels were generally lower than BUP. The highest concentrations were found in the bile for both BUP (range 575-72,650 ng/mL) and norBUP (range 41-30,000 ng/mL). Therefore, bile may represent a sample of choice for postmortem screening. BUP was identified in 9 of the 11 hair samples assayed at concentrations ranging from 6 to 597 ng/g (mean 137 ng/g), whereas norBUP was never detected. Intravenous injection of crushed tablets, a concomitant intake of psychotropics (especially benzodiazepines), and the high dosage of the BUP formulation available in France appear to be the major risk factors for such fatalities.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Médecine Légale, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tracqui
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kintz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ludes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000506:poisoning*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006197:Hair / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000378:metabolism / Q000506:poisoning*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D002047:Buprenorphine; C043585:norbuprenorphine