title: Surgical management of subclavian-vein effort thrombosis as a result of thoracic outlet compression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is considerable variability and controversy in the current management of subclavian-vein effort thrombosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term effectiveness and the functional outcome of our preferred treatment strategy of early thrombolysis/recanalization and prompt extensive supraclavicular decompression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three patients who ranged in age from 15 to 60 years underwent operative decompression of 34 primary subclavian-vein thromboses, one of which was bilateral. There were 21 patients with acute thrombosis 7 of whom had had prior unsuccessful balloon venoplasty, 1 with stent placement and 8 patients with chronic/recurrent thrombosis 5 of whom had had 9 unsuccessful prior operations for attempted decompression. Four patients had high-grade symptomatic stenosis and positional occlusion. A supraclavicular approach was used in 32 cases and, in 23 cases, was complemented by an infraclavicular (n = 21) or transaxillary (n = 2) incision. Complete subclavian-vein decompression was achieved by first-rib resection (n = 31), scalenectomy (n = 33), and circumferential venolysis (n = 34).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up was obtained in 30 patients at a mean of 31 months. Twenty of the 21 patients with acute thrombosis had a complete resolution of symptoms with a return to full activity; the other patient was lost to follow-up. Four of the 8 patients with chronic thrombosis reported a mild relief of symptoms but still had limitations of activities of daily living. All of the patients with high-grade symptomatic stenosis with positional occlusion had a complete relief of symptoms and a return to full activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimal management of acute effort thrombosis of the subclavian vein includes anticoagulation therapy, thrombolysis/recanalization, confirmatory positional venography, and early supraclavicular decompression of the subclavian vein. In the patients with chronic subclavian-vein thrombosis and positional venographic evidence of compression of first-rib bypass graft collaterals, the initial anticoagulation therapy should be followed by the surgical decompression of the collaterals. The supraclavicular approach alone or with an infraclavicular incision provides optimal exposure for scalenectomy, total first-rib resection, and circumferential venolysis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azakie
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McElhinney
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Raven
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stoney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D013350:Subclavian Vein; D013901:Thoracic Outlet Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*