title: Effect of oral contraceptive progestins on serum copper concentration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent epidemiologic studies have shown an increased mortality from cardiovascular diseases in people with higher serum copper levels. Even though higher serum copper concentration in women using oral contraceptives is well known, there is still uncertainty about the influence of newer progestin compounds in oral contraceptives on serum copper concentration. This issue is of particular interest in the light of recent findings of an increased risk of venous thromboembolism in users of oral contraceptives containing newer progestins like desogestrel compared to users of other oral contraceptives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional epidemiologic study. Examinations included a detailed questionnaire on medical history and lifestyle factors, a seven day food record, and blood samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  National health and nutrition survey among healthy people living in private homes in West Germany in 1987-1988.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonpregnant and nonlactating women aged 18-44 y (n = 610).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the use of oral contraceptives was positively associated with serum copper concentration in by bi- and multivariable linear regression models with log-transformed values of serum copper concentration as dependend variable and oral contraceptive preparations and potential confounding variables as independent variables. Serum copper concentration in women using oral contraceptives varied more strongly by different progestin compounds than by estrogen contents. The highest increase of serum copper was seen in women using oral contraceptives containing antiandrogen progestins (55%; 95% CI: 37-76%), followed by desogestrel (46%; 95% CI: 36-56%), norethisteron/lynestrenol (42%; 95% CI: 29-57%), and levonorgestrel (34%; 95% CI: 24-45%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While elevated serum copper concentration was found in users of all types of oral contraceptives, elevation was more pronounced among women taking oral contraceptives with antiandrogen effective progestins like antiandrogens or third generation oral contraceptives containing desogestrel. Further investigation is required to shed light on the possible role of high serum copper concentration in increasing cardiovascular or thrombotic risk of women using oral contraceptives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kohlmeier
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brenner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017135:Desogestrel / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000009:adverse effects; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000009:adverse effects; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000009:adverse effects; D011372:Progestins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D011372:Progestins; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D003300:Copper; D017135:Desogestrel; D009640:Norethindrone