title: Retinal degenerations with truncation mutations in the cone-rod homeobox (CRX) gene.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the phenotypes of retinal degenerations associated with mutations in the gene encoding CRX (cone-rod homeobox), a photoreceptor-specific transcription factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heterozygotes with the E168 [delta1 bp], E168 [delta2 bp], or G217 [delta1 bp] CRXgene mutation were studied clinically, with visual function tests, including rod and cone perimetry and electroretinography (ERG), and with optical coherence tomography (OCT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical diagnoses included autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy in one family (E168 [delta1 bp] mutation) and simplex Leber congenital amaurosis in two families (E168 [delta2 bp], G217 [delta1 bp] mutations). In the family with the E168 [delta1 bp] mutation, two siblings had relatively mild disease expression in the third decade of life. The central retinas of these two patients had profound loss of rod and short wavelength cone function; long/middle wavelength cone thresholds were elevated at fixation, but there were greater paracentral than central abnormalities. Peripheral retinal dysfunction was evident by psychophysics and by maximum amplitude loss for rod- and cone-isolated ERG photoreceptor responses. OCT cross-sectional reflectance images showed decreased central retinal thickness consistent with photoreceptor loss. An additional member of this family (E168 [delta1 bp] mutation) and two other patients (representing E168 [delta2 bp] and G217 [delta1 bp] mutations) had a severe phenotype with retina-wide loss of function and islands of function remaining only in the temporal periphery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Truncation mutations in CRX are associated with retinopathies that share phenotypic features but vary in disease severity. The disease mechanism could involve abnormal photoreceptor development compounded by a disturbance in the maintenance of photoreceptors in the mature retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Cideciyan
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Affatigato
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Zack
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: McInnes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000502:physiology*; D011601:Psychophysics; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014054:Tomography; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; C109288:cone rod homeobox protein