title: Effects of lead, iron, and bismuth alloy shot embedded in the breast muscles of game-farm mallards.
abstract: Effects of five lead (Pb), iron (Fe), or bismuth (Bi)/tin (Sn) alloy shot embedded in the breast muscles of game-farm mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were studied from 28 March 1994 through 27 March 1995. We detected no differences in the mean survival times, mean hematocrits, or mean body weights among the three shot types. Connective tissue encapsulated Pb and Bi/Sn shot but only slight changes occurred in tissues surrounding the shot. Recovered Pb and Bi/Sn shot were essentially unchanged in appearance and weight. A thin zone of "oxide" surrounded Fe shot with a slight inflammatory response and a small amount of scarring adjacent to the embedded shot. Fe shot decreased slightly in weight while embedded. Bacterial infections were absent in all dosed ducks. Mean weights of kidneys, livers, and gonads did not vary by type of shot. Kidneys and livers of Bi-dosed ducks had higher concentrations of Bi than in Pb- and Fe-dosed ducks. Muscle and blood showed no differences in Bi concentrations among doses. We found no histological dose-related effects in kidneys, liver, and gonads from the embedded shot.
authors.affiliation: Center for Wildlife Ecology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign 61820, USA.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Havera
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Skowron
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Brawn
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Seets
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D001729:Bismuth / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004372:Ducks; D005260:Female; D006066:Gonads / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007501:Iron / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007854:Lead / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011041:Poisoning / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D007854:Lead; D007501:Iron; D001729:Bismuth