Cellular kinetics of induction by oltipraz and its keto derivative of detoxication enzymes in human colon adenocarcinoma cells.
Oltipraz [5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiole-3-thione] is a synthetic dithiolethione with chemopreventive activity against carcinogen-induced neoplasia of liver, lung, and colon in several animal model systems. Protection from tumor formation is associated with elevation of Phase II enzymes, including glutathione (GSH) transferase and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (DT-diaphorase) in experimental carcinogenesis models in vivo. To investigate the time and dose relationships of the pharmacological action of oltipraz and to develop a model for its investigation, a human colon adenocarcinoma HT29 cell line was primarily used. In this cell line, oltipraz resulted in increased activity of both GSH transferase and DT-diaphorase. At the maximum effective concentration (100 microM), the elevation of GSH transferase was 3-fold and that of DT-diaphorase was 2-fold. The optimal duration of oltipraz exposure to HT29 cells was 24 h, following which the peak in enzyme activity was observed at 24 h after removal of the drug, and activity had almost returned to control levels after 72 h in drug-free media. Steady-state mRNA levels for DT-diaphorase were observed to increase during the period of drug exposure and remained elevated, even as catalytic activities declined to control levels, suggesting additional mechanisms for control of the activity of this enzyme. More prolonged drug exposure was associated with less induction of the detoxication enzymes, prompting an investigation of the possible toxicity of oltipraz to these cells. Although the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay revealed inhibition of proliferation (IC50, 100 microM oltipraz), a clonogenic assay demonstrated no loss of clonogenicity. Oltipraz is known to be extensively metabolized in many species; two major metabolites include a 3-ketone (metabolite 2, M2) and a molecular rearrangement to a pyrrolopyrazine derivative (metabolite 3, M3), numerous conjugates of which are formed in vivo. To investigate the potential cause of the lag in response, we synthesized two major oltipraz metabolites (M2 and M3) and tested their efficacy in enzyme induction. The activity of DT-diaphorase was induced similarly by both oltipraz and M2 (2.6- versus 2.8-fold baseline) at 100 microM, whereas M3 was inactive at all concentrations. M2 also resulted in a 5.8-fold elevation of steady-state DT-diaphorase mRNA levels. Both enzyme activity and steady-state mRNA peaked at 24 h as with the parent compound. Thus, the oxidative desulfuration of oltipraz results in the formation of an active metabolite, but this process is not rate limiting for the induction of detoxicating enzymes. These data support the use of intermittent schedules in oltipraz in clinical trials of chemoprevention because of evidence of attenuation of response. The metabolite M2, but not M3, is as active as the parent compound and may be considered for clinical development in its own right.
O'Dwyer
P J
PJ
Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA. podwyer@lac.jci.tju.edu
Clayton
M
M
Halbherr
T
T
Myers
C B
CB
Yao
K s
Ks
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D007700:Kinetics; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone) / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013871:Thiones; D013876:Thiophenes; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D011719:Pyrazines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013871:Thiones; D013876:Thiophenes; C026209:oltipraz; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); D005982:Glutathione Transferase