title: Relationships of PPARgamma and PPARgamma2 mRNA levels to obesity, diabetes and hyperinsulinaemia in rhesus monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) together with CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and glucose transporter (GLUT4) mRNA in adipose tissue of rhesus monkeys in relation to obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cloning of the PPARgamma1 and gamma2 cDNAs and analysis of PPARgamma, C/EBPalpha, LPL and GLUT4 mRNA levels in the adipose tissue of lean and obese monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  28 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with a wide range of body weights (9.2-22.6 kg) and with or without type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sequence of PPARgamma1 and gamma2. Tissue distribution of PPARgamma1 and gamma2. The mRNA levels of PPARgamma, C/EBPalpha, LPL and GLUT4 in adipose tissue. The ratio of PPARgamma2 mRNA to total PPARgamma mRNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The monkey PPARgamma2 protein showed 99% identity with the human protein. PPARgamma1 mRNA was shown to be expressed in various tissues and most abundantly in adipose tissue. PPARgamma2 existed mainly in adipose tissue. A significant correlation between the ratio of PPARgamma2 mRNA to total PPARgamma mRNA and obesity was observed, whereas total PPARgamma mRNA levels showed no significant relationships to obesity. There was also a significant relationship between the ratio of PPARgamma2 mRNA to total PPARgamma mRNA and fasting plasma insulin concentration. The mRNA levels of C/EBPalpha, LPL and GLUT4 were highly correlated to that of total PPARgamma mRNA. They were also significantly correlated to the mRNA levels of PPARgamma1 and PPARgamma2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ratio of PPARgamma2 mRNA to total PPARgamma mRNA is related to obesity in the rhesus monkey and mRNA expression of PPARgamma1, PPARgamma2, C/EBPalpha, LPL and GLUT4 appear to be coordinated in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Obesity and Diabetes Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hotta
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Ortmeyer
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Bodkin
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000378:metabolism*; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase / Q000235:genetics; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017385:Sequence Homology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; C495692:SLC2A4 protein, human; C495693:Slc2a4 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase