title: Molecular basis of vaccination.
abstract: Vaccines represent the most cost-effective means to prevent infectious diseases. Most of the vaccines which are currently available were developed long before the era of molecular biology and biotechnology. They were obtained following empirical approaches leading to the inactivation or to the attenuation of microorganisms, without any knowledge neither of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of the disease they were expected to protect from, nor of the immune responses elicited by the infectious agents or by the vaccine itself. The past two decades have seen an impressive progress in the field of immunology and molecular biology, which have allowed a better understanding of the interactions occurring between microbes and their hosts. This basic knowledge has represented an impetus towards the generation of better vaccines and the development of new vaccines. In this monograph we briefly summarize some of the most important biotechnological approaches that are currently followed in the development of new vaccines, and provide details on an approach to vaccine development: the genetic detoxification of bacterial toxins. Such an approach has been particularly successful in the rational design of a new vaccine against pertussis, which has been shown to be extremely efficacious and safe. It has been applied to the construction of powerful mucosal adjuvants, for administration of vaccines at mucosal surfaces.
authors.affiliation: IRIS, Chiron SpA Research Center, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Del Giudice
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pizza
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rappuoli
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D001886:Bordetella pertussis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D022121:Cholera Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D003353:Corynebacterium diphtheriae / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid / Q000276:immunology; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D006801:Humans; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000276:immunology; D010567:Pertussis Vaccine / Q000276:immunology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D014611:Vaccination; D014612:Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000276:immunology; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000941:Antigens; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D022121:Cholera Vaccines; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D010567:Pertussis Vaccine; D014612:Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli