title: Significance of fractional excretion of sodium and endothelin levels in the early diagnosis of renal failure in septic neonatal piglets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This experiment was designed to help understand the cascade of events that end in renal impairment in septic animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty 3- to 8-day-old piglets were anesthetized and the femoral artery, jugular and femoral veins, and bladder were catheterized. After stabilization under anesthesia with ventilatory support, they were divided into a control group and three groups that received endotoxin (ETX) in doses of 0.01 mg/kg, 0.025 mg/kg, and 0.05 mg/kg. Blood pressure and blood gases were monitored continuously. Blood and urine samples were obtained before (B), 1 hour (E1), and 3 hours (E3) after the bolus of ETX to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR), fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incremental doses of ETX induce greater release of ET-1 with an early proportionate increase in FENa (P< .05) and late decrease in GFR (P< .05). TNF release is dose and time dependent after ETX injection (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ET-1 and FENa are the best tests to evaluate renal failure during early sepsis in neonatal piglets.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lievano
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fornell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: John
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000378:metabolism; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D012964:Sodium