title: Cognitive impairment, drug use, and the risk of hip fracture in persons over 75 years old: a community-based prospective study.
abstract: The authors examined the effects of cognitive function, as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination, and drug use on the incidence of hip fracture in a community-based Swedish population of 1,608 subjects who were aged > or = 75 years on October 1, 1987, and who had not had a hip fracture. During the 7,123.8 person-year follow-up, 134 first hip fractures were identified. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the relative risk of developing hip fracture, taking into account several potential confounders. Compared with those without cognitive impairment, subjects with mild impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination scores 18-23) had a relative risk of 2.04 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29-3.24), and subjects with moderate-severe impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination score < 18) had a relative risk of 2.09 (95% CI 1.17-3.72). Subjects using opioid analgesics (97% took propoxyphene) had a relative risk of 2.01 (95% CI 1.19-3.40). Taking potassium supplements (99% took potassium chloride) was related to a reduced risk of hip fracture (relative risk = 0.55, 95% CI 0.31-0.98), while diuretics did not have an independent impact. In summary, the results show that cognitive impairment and use of propoxyphene are associated with increased risk of hip fracture. The observed protection of potassium chloride merits further attention. The limitation of the study was that the assessment of drug use was made only at baseline.
authors.affiliation: Stockholm Gerontology Research Center and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wills
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viitanen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fastbom
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winblad
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D018672:Community Health Planning; D011431:Dextropropoxyphene / Q000009:adverse effects; D004232:Diuretics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D004232:Diuretics; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D011431:Dextropropoxyphene