title: Conceptual foundations of schizophrenia: II. Disintegration and division.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This is the second of two papers that aim to identify some cultural themes and institutional processes that shaped the development of schizophrenia as a disease concept.
  
  
  METHODS
  A number of domains within 19th century European history are explored for evidence of the concept of the divided or disintegrated person. These include German academic psychiatry, Mesmerism and hypnosis, neurology and neurophysiology, psychoanalysis and German Romantic literature, and its descendants within a wider European literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Representations of division or disintegration are evident in all these domains, enjoying widespread currency and penetration throughout the 19th century.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These culturally based ideas, combined with the idea of degeneration, were important elements in the foundation of the schizophrenia concept.
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide, Department of Psychiatry, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia. rbarrett@medicine.adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Barrett
mesh_terms: D004213:Dissociative Disorders; D005060:Europe; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008513:Medicine in Literature; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000266:history*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000266:history*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013240:Stereotyping; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D019366:Western World / Q000266:history