title: The highly conserved, coregulated SNO and SNZ gene families in Saccharomyces cerevisiae respond to nutrient limitation.
abstract: SNZ1, a member of a highly conserved gene family, was first identified through studies of proteins synthesized in stationary-phase yeast cells. There are three SNZ genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, each of which has another highly conserved gene, named SNO (SNZ proximal open reading frame), upstream. The DNA sequences and relative positions of SNZ and SNO genes have been phylogenetically conserved. This report details studies of the expression of the SNZ-SNO gene pairs under various conditions and phenotypic analysis of snz-sno mutants. An analysis of total RNA was used to determine that adjacent SNZ-SNO gene pairs are coregulated. SNZ2/3 and SNO2/3 mRNAs are induced prior to the diauxic shift and decrease in abundance during the postdiauxic phase, when SNZ1 and SNO1 are induced. In snz2 snz3 mutants, SNZ1 mRNA is induced prior to the diauxic shift, when SNZ2/3 mRNAs are normally induced. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, SNZ1 mRNAs accumulate in tryptophan, adenine, and uracil auxotrophs but not in prototrophic strains, indicating that induction occurs in response to the limitation of specific nutrients. Strains carrying deletions in all SNZ-SNO gene pairs are viable, but snz1 and sno1 mutants are sensitive to 6-azauracil (6-AU), an inhibitor of purine and pyrimidine biosynthetic enzymes, and methylene blue, a producer of singlet oxygen. The conservation of sequence and chromosomal position, the coregulation and pattern of expression of SNZ1 and SNO1 genes, and the sensitivity of snz1 and sno1 mutants to 6-AU support the hypothesis that the associated proteins are part of an ancient response to nutrient limitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Fuge
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Errett
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Werner-Washburne
mesh_terms: D017124:Conserved Sequence; D003470:Culture Media; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D008751:Methylene Blue; D005810:Multigene Family; D016296:Mutagenesis; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D014498:Uracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D019759:Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D008751:Methylene Blue; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D014498:Uracil; C103168:SNZ1 protein, S cerevisiae; D019759:Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases; C100248:azauracil