title: Interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in second-trimester serum from women with preeclampsia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the serum levels of interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor at the moment of diagnosis and in early second-trimester serum from women with preeclampsia and from gestational age-matched controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum from 14 women with preeclampsia at the moment of diagnosis and 14 gestational age-matched controls was analyzed. In 10 cases and 10 controls, second-trimester serum also was studied. Cytokines were measured by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor at the moment of diagnosis were detected less frequently (21 compared with 71%, P < .01) and in lower concentrations (0 pg/mL [range 0-56] compared with 55.5 pg/mL [range 0-105], P = .01) in women with preeclampsia as compared with controls. In second-trimester serum, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor detection rates (20 and 70% respectively, P = .06) and concentrations (0 pg/mL [range 0-32] and 2.5 pg/mL [range 0-37], respectively, P = .08) were lower in the group of preeclampsia, but the differences do not reach statistical significance. Measurements regarding interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 were similar between both study groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor support the concept of the existence of an immunologic imbalance as part of the etiologic mechanisms leading to preeclampsia.
authors.affiliation: Departament d'Obstetrícia i Ginecologia, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain. egratacos@meditex.es
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gratacós
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Filella
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palacio
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cararach
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fortuny
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood*; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second
chemical_list: D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor