title: Axon outgrowth is regulated by an intracellular purine-sensitive mechanism in retinal ganglion cells.
abstract: Although purinergic compounds are widely involved in the intra- and intercellular communication of the nervous system, little is known of their involvement in the growth and regeneration of neuronal connections. In dissociated cultures, the addition of adenosine or guanosine in the low micromolar range induced goldfish retinal ganglion cells to extend lengthy neurites and express the growth-associated protein GAP-43. These effects were highly specific and did not reflect conversion of the nucleosides to their nucleotide derivatives; pyrimidines, purine nucleotides, and membrane-permeable, nonhydrolyzable cyclic nucleotide analogs were all inactive. The activity of adenosine required its conversion to inosine, because inhibitors of adenosine deaminase rendered adenosine inactive. Exogenously applied inosine and guanosine act directly upon an intracellular target, which may coincide with a kinase described in PC12 cells. In support of this, the effects of the purine nucleosides were blocked with purine transport inhibitors and were inhibited competitively with the purine analog 6-thioguanine (6-TG). In PC12 cells, others have shown that 6-TG blocks nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth and selectively inhibits the activity of protein kinase N, a partially characterized, nerve growth factor-inducible serine-threonine kinase. In both goldfish and rat retinal ganglion cells, 6-TG completely blocked outgrowth induced by other growth factors, and this inhibition was reversed with inosine. These results suggest that axon outgrowth in central nervous system neurons critically involves an intracellular purine-sensitive mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. benowitz@a1.tch.harvard.edu
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Benowitz
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tabibiazar
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Petrausch
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stuermer
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Irwin
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006054:Goldfish; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007288:Inosine / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011684:Purine Nucleosides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011685:Purine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism*; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D013866:Thioguanine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D011684:Purine Nucleosides; D011685:Purine Nucleotides; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D007288:Inosine; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D013866:Thioguanine; D000241:Adenosine