title: A randomized, vehicle-controlled trial of tacrolimus ointment for treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. Pediatric Tacrolimus Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A topical formulation of tacrolimus, an immunosuppressant currently marketed for the prevention of rejection after solid organ transplant, is a potential therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine the safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment in pediatric patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this double-blind, vehicle-controlled multicenter trial, children ages 7 to 16 years were treated with twice daily application of tacrolimus ointment at 1 of 3 concentrations (0.03% [n = 43], 0.1% [n = 49], or 0.3% [n = 44]) or vehicle (n = 44) for up to 22 days, with a 2-week follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Physician's Global Evaluation of clinical response showed that 69% (95% confidence interval: 53-82) of patients in the 0.03% tacrolimus ointment group, 67% (95% confidence interval: 52-81) in the 0.1% tacrolimus ointment group, and 70% (95% confidence interval: 54-83) in the 0.3% tacrolimus ointment group, compared with 38% (95% confidence interval: 24-54) in the vehicle group, had a marked to excellent (> or =75%) improvement or clearing of their atopic dermatitis (P =.005, .007, and .004, respectively for the 3 tacrolimus groups compared with the vehicle group). The mean percent improvement for a modified Eczema Area and Severity Index at end of treatment for each of the 3 tacrolimus groups (0.03%, 72%; 0.1%, 77%: and 0.3%, 81%) was significantly better than that of the vehicle group (26%; P <.001). The median percent reduction in pruritus was significantly greater for tacrolimus-treated patients (74% to 89%) than for vehicle-treated patients (51%, P = .027). No serious systemic adverse events were noted, and systemic absorption was minimal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tacrolimus ointment appears to be safe and effective in children with atopic dermatitis.
authors.affiliation: National Jewish Medical and Research Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boguniewicz
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Fiedler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raimer
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hanifin
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016559:Tacrolimus