title: Domain-specific gene disruption reveals critical regulation of neuregulin signaling by its cytoplasmic tail.
abstract: Neuregulins are a multi-isoform family of growth factors that activate members of the erbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases. The membrane-anchored isoforms contain the receptor-activating ligand in their extracellular domain, a single membrane-spanning region, and a long cytoplasmic tail. To evaluate the potential biological role of the intracellular domain of the membrane-anchored neuregulin isoforms, we used a domain-specific gene disruption approach to produce a mouse line in which only the region of the neuregulin gene encoding almost the entire intracellular domain was disrupted. Consistent with previous reports in which all neuregulin isoforms were disrupted, the resulting homozygous neuregulin mutants died at E10.5 of circulatory failure and displayed defects in neural and cardiac development. To further understand these in vivo observations, we evaluated a similarly truncated neuregulin construct after transient expression in COS-7 cells. This cytoplasmic tail-deleted mutant, unlike wild-type neuregulin isoforms, was resistant to proteolytic release of its extracellular-domain ligand, a process required for erbB receptor activation. Thus, proteolytic processing of the membrane-bound neuregulin isoforms involved in cranial ganglia and heart embryogenesis is likely developmentally regulated and is critically controlled by their intracellular domain. This observation indicates that erbB receptor activation by membrane-bound neuregulins most likely involves a unique temporally and spatially regulated "inside-out" signaling process that is critical for processing and release of the extracellular-domain ligand.
authors.affiliation: Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buckland
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology; D019556:COS Cells; D003062:Codon; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000002:abnormalities; D005838:Genotype; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D006720:Homozygote; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D016296:Mutagenesis; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D020880:Neuregulins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013234:Stem Cells; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D006023:Glycoproteins; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D020880:Neuregulins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011994:Recombinant Proteins