title: Line-associated bloodstream infections in pediatric intensive-care-unit patients associated with a needleless device and intermittent intravenous therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine risk factors for an increase in line-associated bloodstream infections (BSIs) in three pediatric intensive-care units at one hospital that recently had changed brands of needleless access device.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-control studies; review of the units' infection control policies and procedures for accessing and replacing components of needleless access devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community tertiary-care hospital's three pediatric intensive-care units.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children in one of the three intensive-care units with a central venous catheter in place during January 1, 1995, through May 15, 1996, who developed laboratory-confirmed primary BSI. Children who had central venous catheters in place for >48 hours and who did not develop BSI were chosen randomly as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients met the case definition; they had 11 episodes of BSI. Multivariate analysis identified duration of catheterization and exposure to the IVAC first-generation needleless device as independent risk factors for BSI. Compared with patients from another pediatric intensive-care unit in which the IVAC device also was used but in which an increased BSI rate did not occur, patients from the unit with an increased BSI rate were more likely to receive intermittent (vs continuous) intravenous therapy through one or more lumens. In both units, the IVAC device valve component was replaced every 6 days, and the endcap used to cover the valve (when connected to an unused lumen) was replaced every 24 hours or after each access. The BSI rate returned to baseline after institution of a policy to replace the entire IVAC device, valve, and endcap every 24 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increased risk of BSI was associated with use of the IVAC first-generation needleless device when replaced every 6 days. This increased risk may have been more pronounced in one pediatric intensive-care unit, because patients were more likely to receive intermittent intravenous therapy. Intermittent intravenous therapy or central venous catheter flushing practices may be important determinants of BSI risk.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jarvis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors