title: Prospective and randomized trial of intravenous tenoxicam versus fentanyl and tramadol for analgesia in outpatient extracorporeal lithotripsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is frequently carried out on an outpatient basis, it is crucial to choose an adequate analgesic with less adverse effect. This study evaluated the use of three different intravenous agents: fentanyl, tramadol HCl and tenoxicam in ESWL.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty patients undergoing lithotripsy were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous fentanyl 1 microgram/kg, tramadol HCl 1.5 mg/kg or tenoxicam 0.3 mg/kg before lithotripsy. Pain intensity was recorded using verbal rating pain scales (VRPS). Cases without adequate analgesia (VRPS > 4) or could not tolerate the pain, additional bolus of fentanyl 25 micrograms were given until adequate analgesia was achieved. Side effects were recorded as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were found among groups in demographic data, VRPS, number of total shock waves, cases with supplementary fentanyl, mean dose of supplementary fentanyl or the incidence of dizziness. However, the incidence of nausea or vomiting was significantly higher in fentanyl and tramadol groups comparing with tenoxicam group (15.0% and 25.0% vs. 0.0%). Oxygen saturation in fentanyl group was also significantly lower than the other two groups (p < 0.01). In addition, VRPS had a significant correlation with voltage intensities (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lithotripsy can be satisfactorily performed by employing fentanyl, tramadol or tenoxicam for analgesia; tenoxicam apparently offers a better analgesic quality with less side effect. Furthermore, the need for stronger analgesia during larger voltage intensity should be tailored to the needs of the individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Veterans General Hospital-Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000698:Analgesia; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010894:Piroxicam; D014147:Tramadol; D005283:Fentanyl; C032801:tenoxicam