title: Clinical evaluation of keratometry and computerised videokeratography: intraobserver and interobserver variability on normal and astigmatic corneas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate intra- and interobserver variability in measurements on normal and astigmatic corneas with keratometry and computerized videokeratography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Keratometric readings with the 10 SL/O Zeiss keratometer and topographic maps with the TMS-1 were obtained by two independent examiners on 32 normal and 33 postkeratoplasty corneas. Inter- and intraobserver coefficients of variability (COR) for measurements of steep and flat meridian power and location, in addition to the magnitude of astigmatism, were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with TMS-1, the 10 SL/O keratometer showed a superior repeatability in measuring normal corneas (intraobserver COR for keratometry and TMS-1 respectively: 0.22 and 0.30 D for steep meridian power; 0.18 and 0.44 D for flat meridian power; 0.26 and 0.40 D for astigmatism; 5 degrees and 26 degrees for steep meridian location; 5 degrees and 13 degrees for flat meridian location). Astigmatism intraobserver COR (0.20 D and 0.26 D for the two observers) and interobserver COR (0.28 D) of the keratometer for normal corneas was very good and not affected by observers' experience. Repeatability of the TMS-1 on normal corneas was found to be: (a) observer related, and (b) astigmatism related. A novice observer showed a much greater COR (1.62 D for astigmatism, 30 degrees for flat meridian location) compared with the experienced examiner (0.40 D for astigmatism, 13 degrees for flat meridian location). Higher deviation scores were observed for corneas with higher astigmatism. For the postkeratoplasty corneas, again the keratometer achieved superior reproducibility (astigmatism interobserver COR 1.12 D for keratometry, 4.06 D for TMS-1; steep meridian location interobserver COR 10 degrees for keratometry, 34 degrees for TMS-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Keratometric readings are more reproducible than topographic data both for normal and postkeratoplasty corneas. The two instruments should not be used interchangeably especially on highly astigmatic corneas. For the TMS-1, users with the same level of experience should be employed in clinical or experimental studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Bristol Eye Hospital.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Karabatsas
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Papaefthymiou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sparrow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001251:Astigmatism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014741:Video Recording