title: Nutritional status of the Finnish elite ski jumpers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional status of Finnish elite male ski jumpers (N = 21) and age-matched controls (N = 20).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nutritional status was assessed by estimating body composition with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), dietary intake with 4-d food records, and assessment of nutritional status was complemented with biochemical and hematological indices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (SD) age (19.7 (3.6) vs 19.8 (3.9) yr, P = 0.675) and stature (176.4 (6.0) vs 178.5 (5.5) cm, P = 0.259) were similar in ski jumpers and in controls, respectively. However, ski jumpers had a lower mean (SD) body weight (61.9 (4.8) vs 71.5 (9.0) kg, P < 0.001) and body fat percentage (8.6 (1.9) vs 16.1 (7.2)%, P < 0.001) than controls. The amount of bone-free lean soft tissue and bone mineral content (BMC) did not differ between the groups, but age- and bone-free lean soft tissue-adjusted bone mineral density (BMD) in lumbar spine (L2-4) and in proximal femur was greater in ski jumpers. Mean (SD) energy intake was lower in ski jumpers than in controls (7.4 (3.3) vs 11.0 (2.6) MJ, P = 0.001), respectively, whereas the percentage of energy derived from carbohydrates was higher in athletes. Despite the markedly lower energy consumption, intake of thiamin, riboflavin, folate, vitamin C, calcium, and iron was similar in both groups, whereas intake of vitamins D and E, magnesium, and zinc was lower in ski jumpers than in controls (P-values range from 0.012 to 0.004). Biochemical and hematological indices showed no abnormalities in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that despite the lower body weight and energy intake, nutritional status of the elite Finnish ski jumpers was not compromised as compared with that of nonathletic controls.
authors.affiliation: Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rankinen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lyytikainen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vanninen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Penttila
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rauramaa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uusitupa
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001823:Body Composition; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D015519:Bone Density; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005387:Finland; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012865:Skiing / Q000502:physiology*; D013831:Thiamine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005492:Folic Acid; D007501:Iron; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D002118:Calcium; D012256:Riboflavin; D013831:Thiamine