title: Short-term temperature changes influence the force exerted by superelastic nickel-titanium archwires activated in orthodontic bending.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alterations in mouth temperature may lead to changes in the force exerted by an activated superelastic wire. It has been assumed that variations in archwire stiffness associated with short-term cooling or heating are transient. This investigation studied the effect of short-term cooling or heating on the bending force exerted by nickel-titanium archwire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six rectangular superelastic wires and one conventional nickel-titanium wire were tested in bending at 37 degrees C. The test specimens were deflected 0.5 mm, and the bending force was measured continually. The activated specimens were subjected to cold (10 degrees C) or hot (80 degrees C) water under constant deflection, simulating an inserted archwire that is subjected to cold or hot drinks or food during a meal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The conventional nickel-titanium wire was marginally affected by brief cooling or heating. In contrast, some of the superelastic wires were strongly affected by short-time application of cold or hot water. Whereas the effect of brief heating disappeared quickly, some wires continued to exert sub-baseline bending forces (up to 32% less) after short-time application of cold water and showed little or no tendencies toward increase even after 30 minutes of postexposure restitution (up to 43% less).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term exposures to hot liquid increased the bending force exerted for a given deflection transiently. The effect of short-term exposures to cold liquid was not always transient; the bending force remained sub-baseline for a number of the thermosensitive wires tested for a prolonged time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Ullevaal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Meling
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Odegaard
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D004548:Elasticity; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium