title: The effects of chlorpromazine and lorazepam on abnormal antisaccade and no-saccade distractibility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormally high levels of saccadic distractibility have been demonstrated to occur in patients with schizophrenia. Converging evidence implicates frontal cortical dysfunction as a mechanism; however, much of the neuropharmacology of saccadic distractibility has not yet been established.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured antisaccade, no-saccade, and visually guided saccade components in healthy subjects following single doses of lorazepam 2 mg, chlorpromazine 50-100 mg, and placebo. Visual analogue rating scales (VARS) provided a subjective measure of sedation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lorazepam, but not chlorpromazine, was shown to cause an increase in saccadic distractibility in both the antisaccade and no-saccade tasks. Peak visually guided saccade velocity was decreased by lorazepam and chlorpromazine in a dose-dependent manner, with corresponding changes seen in VARS. Lorazepam, unexpectedly, did not affect peak antisaccade velocity. The background level of antisaccade directional errors was 6.43%, which is relatively low compared to control groups in patient studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the view that abnormal saccadic distractibility in patients with schizophrenia is not due to an acute effect of antipsychotic medication. The use of benzodiazepines and the level of task practice are highlighted as possible confounding variables in patient studies. The implications of these results for the current neuropathological theories of abnormal saccadic distractibility are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutics and Pharmacology, Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D012438:Saccades / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D008140:Lorazepam; D002746:Chlorpromazine