title: How well do physicians use electronic information retrieval systems? A framework for investigation and systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the proliferation of electronic information retrieval (IR) systems for physicians, their effectiveness has not been well assessed. The purpose of this review is to provide a conceptual framework and to apply the results of previous studies to this framework.
  
  
  METHODS
  All sources of medical informatics and information science literature, including MEDLINE, along with bibliographies of textbooks in these areas, were searched from 1966 to January 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  All articles presenting either classifications of evaluation studies or their results, with an emphasis on those studying use by physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  A framework for evaluation was developed, consisting of frequency of use, purpose of use, user satisfaction, searching utility, search failure, and outcomes. All studies were then assessed based on the framework.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Due to the heterogeneity and simplistic study designs, no meta-analysis of studies could be done. General conclusions were drawn from data where appropriate. A total of 47 articles were found to include an evaluation component and were used to develop the framework. Of these, 21 articles met the inclusion criteria for 1 or more of the categories in the framework. Most use of IR systems by physicians still occurs with bibliographic rather than full-text databases. Overall use of IR systems occurs just 0.3 to 9 times per physician per month, whereas physicians have 2 unanswered questions for every 3 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies comparing IR systems with different searching features have not shown that advanced searching methods are significantly more effective than simple text word methods. Most searches retrieve only one fourth to one half of the relevant articles on a given topic and, once retrieved, little is known about how these articles are interpreted or applied. These studies imply that further research and development are needed to improve system utility and performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA. hersh@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Hersh
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Hickam
mesh_terms: D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D016239:MEDLINE; D008491:Medical Informatics Applications; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010820:Physicians; D014481:United States