title: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists inhibit chick scleral chondrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) have been implicated in the control of myopia in humans and in animal models. This study was conducted to determine whether mAChRs influence the growth of the chick sclera and, if so, which mAChR subtypes are involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sclera and scleral chondrocytes from normal and form-deprived eyes of 10- to 14-day-old chicks were treated with a total of seven ligands: two agonists, carbachol (nonselective) and McN-A-343 (selective for the M1 mAChR subtype); and five antagonists, atropine (nonselective), pirenzepine and telenzepine (M1), gallamine (M2), and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP; M1 and M3). Incorporation of sulfate into glycosaminoglycans and of thymidine into DNA were quantified and normalized to sample DNA content. Possible toxicity of ligands at high doses was examined by analysis of cell number (by cell counting), viability (by trypan blue exclusion), and cellular metabolic activity (by dehydrogenase activity).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cellular proliferation and extracellular matrix production were inhibited by atropine in whole sclera and in its cartilaginous layer. Sulfate incorporation by chondrocytes from normal and form-deprived eyes was inhibited by mAChR antagonists with a rank order of potency (atropine > pirenzepine = 4-DAMP >> gallamine) consistent with regulation by M1, rather than M3 or M2 mAChR subtypes. Pirenzepine inhibited sulfate incorporation by chondrocytes from form-deprived eyes more effectively than those from normal eyes. Chondrocyte cultures were not viable when grown in high doses of any of the ligands used except gallamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In chick scleral chondrocytes, synthesis of DNA and glycosaminoglycans was inhibited by mAChR antagonists. This inhibition was probably mediated by the M1 subtype mAChR. Therefore in vivo the sclera may be a site of action for the mAChR antagonists previously used to influence myopia. Although at high concentrations mAChR antagonists tested seemed to be toxic to chondrocytes, at lower doses inhibition occurred without toxic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, City College, City University of New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marzani
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wallman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002452:Cell Count / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002645:Chickens; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009216:Myopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000378:metabolism*; D012590:Sclera / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D008024:Ligands; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D013431:Sulfates; D001285:Atropine; D002217:Carbachol