title: Assessment of regional left ventricular wall stress after myocardial infarction by echocardiography-based structural analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of regional left ventricular (LV) wall stress after myocardial infarction (MI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  After a large MI, structural changes occur in the heart that ultimately may lead to alterations in LV size and shape, a process generally referred to as ventricular remodeling. Regional variation in myocardial wall stress may be responsible for initiation of physiologic and cellular changes that result in myocardial hypertrophy, dilatation, and remodeling after MI. Simplified geometric analytic methods of estimating global LV wall stress cannot determine regional variation such as that occurring after MI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To assess regional LV wall stress after MI, we applied the finite element method to patient-specific end-systolic LV models generated from echocardiographic imaging. After validation by comparison with analytic solutions of LV wall stress in idealized ventricles, LV models were constructed from rotated orthogonal apical images from 13 normal volunteers, 16 patients with recent (<4 days) anterior MI, and 7 patients with recent infero-posterior MI. The mean Von Mises stress was calculated for the entire LV and for 5 separate regions of the LV. Von Mises LV wall stress was increased globally in patients with anterior MI (211 +/- 46 kdyne/cm2; P < .002) or infero-posterior MI (175 +/- 23 kdyne/cm2; P = .04) compared with normal patients (144 +/- 57 kdyne/cm2). Global wall stress correlated directly with ejection fraction (P < .0001) and inversely with wall motion index (P < .004) in patients with anterior MI. Wall stress in the apical regions was increased by a factor of 2.3 in patients with anterior MI (P < .0001), whereas other regions did not differ from normal patients. There were no individual regions that were significantly different from normal in patients with infero-posterior MI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anterior MI is associated with an increase in apical end-systolic wall stress compared with normal and infero-posterior MI. This may be an important stimulus for LV remodeling after anterior MI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02115, USA.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aikawa
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosario
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Makker
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gerson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greaves
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013599:Systole; D014463:Ultrasonography; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling