title: Right vagal nerve stimulation during minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting in dogs. A preliminary study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minimal access coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass has been used with increasing frequency. However, some surgeons are still unwilling to perform MIDCAB because the anastomosis is technically demanding. The aim of this study was to assess whether autonomic activation via right vagal nerve stimulation will be an effective support technique on heart rate during MIDCAB in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preliminary study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, University Clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  The right cervical vagal nerve was stimulated in five dogs. In one dog, right thoracotomy was performed to isolate the vagal nerve. Bipolar hook electrodes were attached to the vagal nerve. The vagal nerve was stimulated (3-5 mA, 40 Hz) for a few seconds while suturing the coronary artery. Experiments were conducted in two groups. In Group I, two dogs received vagal stimulation via the right neck, and one dog received vagal stimulation via the right thoracic cavity approach. In Group H, all vagal stimulations were performed via the neck during intravenous infusion of diltiazem (10 mg/hrs) or verapamil (5 mg/hrs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Group I, when the cervical nerve stimulation started the heart rate decreased from 190 to 45 beats/min in one dog, and from 180 to 42 beats/min in another dog. During thoracic nerve stimulation, the heart rate decreased from 205 to 70 beats/min. In Group II, vagal stimulation of one dog (10 mg/hr diltiazem) caused ventricular arrest, and in the other dogs (5 mg/hr verapamil) vagal stimulation caused marked bradycardia with atrioventricular block. After the cessation of nerve stimulation, the heart rate returned to normal sinus rhythm immediately in each dog.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our findings, this type of autonomic stimulation (especially with i.v. administration of diltiazem or verapamil) can be an effective technique in reducing heart beats, thus obtaining relatively quiet surgical field for coronary anastomosis in CABG without cardiopulmonary bypass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hosoda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000494:pharmacology; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D013900:Thoracic Nerves / Q000502:physiology; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D014700:Verapamil; D004110:Diltiazem