title: Initial performance evaluation of an indirect-detection, active matrix flat-panel imager (AMFPI) prototype for megavoltage imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development of the first prototype active matrix flat-panel imager (AMFPI) capable of radiographic and fluoroscopic megavoltage operation is reported. The signal and noise performance of individual pixels is empirically quantified. Results of an observer-dependent study of imaging performance, using a contrast-detail phantom, are detailed and radiographic patient images are shown. Finally, a theoretical investigation of the zero-frequency detective quantum efficiency (DQE) performance of such imagers, using a cascaded systems formalism, is presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  The imager is based on a 508-microm pitch, 26 x 26 cm2 array which detects radiation indirectly via an overlying copper plate + phosphor screen converter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Due to its excellent optical coupling, the imager exhibits sensitivity superior to that of video-based systems. With an approximately 133 mg/cm2 Gd2O2S:Tb screen the system is x-ray quantum-noise-limited down to approximately 0.3 cGy, conservatively, and extensions of this behavior to even lower doses by means of reduced additive electronic noise is predicted. The observer-dependent study indicates performance superior to that of conventional radiotherapy film while the patient images demonstrate good image quality at 1 to 4 MU. The theoretical studies suggest that, with a 133 mg/cm2 Gd2O2S:Tb screen, the system would provide DQE performance equivalent to that of video-based systems and that almost a factor of two improvement in DQE is achievable through the incorporation of a 400 mg/cm2 screen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported prototype imager is the first megavoltage AMFPI having performance characteristics consistent with practical clinical operation. The superior contrast-detail sensitivity of the imager allows the capture of high-quality 6- and 15-MV images at minimal dose. Moreover, significant performance improvements, including extension of the operational range up to full portal doses, appear feasible. Such capabilities could be of considerable practical benefit in patient localization and verification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Antonuk
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: El-Mohri
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Jee
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Siewerdsen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maolinbay
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Scarpine
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yorkston
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods*; D013679:Technology, Radiologic; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens