title: Botulinum toxin type A and short-term electrical stimulation in the treatment of upper limb flexor spasticity after stroke: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the combined approach of botulinum toxin type A (BtxA) and electrical stimulation was more effective than the toxin alone in the treatment of chronic upper limb spasticity after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, placebo-controlled study with four treatment groups: 1000 units BtxA (Dysport) + electrical stimulation (A), 1000 units BtxA (B), placebo + electrical stimulation (C) and placebo (D).
  
  
  METHODS
  A neurological rehabilitation clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four stroke patients with chronic upper limb spasticity after stroke, six patients in each treatment group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intramuscular injection of either toxin or placebo into six upper imb flexor muscles. In group A and C additional electrical stimulation of the injected muscles with surface electrodes, three times half an hour each day for three days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Muscle tone rated with the modified Ashworth score, limb position at rest and difficulties encountered during three upper limb motor tasks assessed before and 2, 6 and 12 weeks after injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most improvements were observed in patients of group A. Cleaning the palm (p = 0.004) differed across groups. Pairwise comparison for this target variable showed that group A differed from group B and D (p <0.01), but not from C. Indicative across-group differences were obtained for elbow spasticity reduction (p = 0.011), and improvement of putting the arm through a sleeve (p = 0.020).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The placebo-controlled trial favours the concept that electrical stimulation enhances the effectiveness of BtxA in the treatment of chronic upper limb flexor spasticity after stroke.
authors.affiliation: Klinik Berlin, Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reiter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Konrad
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Jahnke
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000628:therapy*; D009129:Muscle Tonus
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A