title: The stiffness of lumbar spinal motion segments with a high-intensity zone in the anulus fibrosus.
abstract: METHODS
  Biomechanical and anatomic study of human cadaveric spinal motion segments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the stiffness of spinal motion segments by disc type and by load type (flexion, extension, axial rotation, or lateral bending). To compare stiffness in motion segments with and without a high-intensity zone or radial tear in the anulus fibrosus.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The high-intensity zone, that is a linear zone of high-intensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance images corresponding to a radial tear in the anulus fibrosus, is a marker for a painful disc at discography. The high-intensity zone is hypothetically associated with diminished stiffness of the motion segment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human cadaveric lumbar spinal motion segments with normal disc morphology or a high-intensity zone of the anulus fibrosus were selected on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging. The motion segments were subjected to incremental flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending torques. Rotation was measured with a kinematic system. Torque-rotation curves and stiffness were calculated for each motion segment and for each torque. The motion segments were sectioned on a cryomicrotome to verify the disc morphology as normal or as that of a radial tear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In four motion segments with normal discs, stiffness was greater in axial rotation (8.4 Nm/degree) than in lateral bending (2.3 Nm/degree), flexion (1.8 Nm/degree), or extension (2.6 Nm/degree). In 16 motion segments with a high-intensity zone, stiffness was 2.4 Nm/degree in axial rotation, and less severely reduced in lateral bending, flexion, and extension. Stiffness in motion segments with a high-intensity zone was significantly less with smaller than with larger axial rotation loads.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of a high-intensity zone in the intervertebral disc is associated with reduced stiffness of motion segments. The reduction is greater in axial rotation than in other torques. The reduction is more in smaller than in larger axial torques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Nowicki
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Haughton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology*; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D019415:Torque