title: Opportunistic infections occurring during highly active antiretroviral treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the characteristics of opportunistic infections in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study performed in seven hospitals, included all patients starting treatment by ritonavir or indinavir between 26 March and 31 December 1996. Patients were evaluated for the development of AIDS-defining events. Clinical evaluation, plasma HIV-1 RNA quantification, CD4 cell count were recorded at baseline and at the onset of the event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred and eighty-six patients were included: 44.2% had a CD4 cell count below 50 x 10(6) cells/l. Fifty clinical events were recorded in 46 patients with a mean follow-up of 6.1 months, of which 34 events (68%) were observed during the first 2 months of HAART. Eighteen of these occurred despite a reduction of viral load by at least 1.5 log10) and a 100% increase of the CD4 cell count compared with that at the onset of the event, corresponding to 11 cytomegalovirus infections, five mycobacterial infections, one case of cryptococcosis, and one case of Varicella-Zoster virus-related acute retinal necrosis. Among the 16 events observed after the second month, six occurred despite a marked biological improvement, corresponding to a recurrence in five of six patients who had stopped their maintenance therapy. Events were one cytomegalovirus infection, two mycobacterial infections, one episode of oesophageal candidiasis and one cryptococcal meningitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients at high risk of developing an opportunistic infection prior to the institution of a HAART regimen, prophylaxis should not be discontinued during the first 2 months of treatment, and maintenance therapy should be carried on despite a significant increase in the CD4 cell count.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Unit, Hopital Pontchaillou, University hospital, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michelet
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arvieux
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: François
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Besnier
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rogez
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Breux
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Souala
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Allavena
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raffi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garre
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cartier
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015497:HIV-1; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009164:Mycobacterium Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016781:Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019469:Indinavir; D019438:Ritonavir