title: Effects of the antiestrogens tamoxifen, toremifene, and ICI 182,780 on endometrial cancer growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tamoxifen has been shown to promote the growth of human endometrial tumors implanted in athymic mice, and it has been associated with a twofold to threefold increase in endometrial cancer. Toremifene, a chlorinated derivative of tamoxifen, and ICI 182,780, a pure antiestrogen, are two new antiestrogens being developed for the treatment of breast cancer. The effects of these drugs on endometrial cancer are currently unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of toremifene and ICI 182,780 on the growth of human endometrial cancer in athymic mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Athymic, ovariectomized mice were implanted with human endometrial tumors and treated with estrogen, tamoxifen, or the new antiestrogens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effects of tamoxifen and toremifene on the growth of either tamoxifen-stimulated or tamoxifen-naive endometrial tumors in athymic mice were not substantially different. ICI 182,780 inhibited the growth of tamoxifen-stimulated endometrial cancer, in both the presence and the absence of estrogen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Toremifene and tamoxifen produce identical effects in our endometrial cancer models. Therefore, it is possible that toremifene, like tamoxifen, may be associated with an increased incidence of endometrial cancer. In contrast, ICI 182,780 inhibited tamoxifen-stimulated endometrial cancer, both in the presence and in the absence of estrogen, suggesting that this drug may be safe with regard to the endometrium, even if it is used following tamoxifen, and that it may not result in an increased incidence of endometrial cancer. Indeed, it is even possible that ICI 182,780 may prove useful as an adjuvant agent in early stage endometrial cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: O'Regan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cisneros
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: England
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: MacGregor
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Muenzner
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Assikis
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bilimoria
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piette
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Dragan
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Pitot
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chatterton
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010052:Ovariectomy; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017312:Toremifene / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D013629:Tamoxifen; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D004958:Estradiol; D017312:Toremifene