title: Retrograde coronary venous infusion of ethanol for ablation of canine ventricular myocardium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Permanent cure of reentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT) associated with coronary artery disease is difficult to achieve. Retrograde coronary venous infusion of ethanol for ablation of ventricular myocardium associated with reentrant tachyarrhythmias has several potential advantages, including use of physiologic mapping techniques and production of deeper, wider necrotic zones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine anesthetized dogs had baseline hemodynamic measurement, left ventriculography, coronary arteriography, occlusive coronary venography, and programmed electrical stimulation of the right ventricular apex and outflow tract. A balloon-tipped infusion catheter was advanced into a distal coronary venous branch, the balloon slowly inflated, and pure ethanol infused at volumes of 1.5, 3, or 5 cc. Hemodynamic measurements, angiography, ventriculography, and programmed electrical stimulation were repeated immediately and 1 week following ablation. Formalin-perfused hearts were serially sectioned and lesion volumes determined. Histologic examination of ablation beds then was performed. No significant difference was found in any hemodynamic measurement before or after ablation. Coronary arteriograms and left ventriculograms were unchanged after ablation. Nonsustained VT occurred in eight dogs during ethanol infusion; however, VT was not inducible in any dog before or after ablation. Infusion volumes of 3 cc or more were required to produce transmural lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrograde coronary venous infusions of ethanol using a balloon-tipped infusion catheter were effective in ablating ventricular myocardium. Retrograde chemical ablation did not itself result in inducible VT or adversely affect hemodynamic measurements or coronary arteries. Transmural myocardial necrosis, necessary in the ablation of VT associated with coronary artery disease, can be produced by higher infusion volumes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bicknell
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Walcott
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Kay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D000431:Ethanol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015637:Gated Blood-Pool Imaging; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000379:methods; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D013611:Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol