title: Cervical and vaginal shedding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells throughout the menstrual cycle.
abstract: Cervical and vaginal secretions from 17 women infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were evaluated daily through the course of one menstrual cycle for HIV-1 DNA (21-31 visits per woman). HIV-1-infected cells were detected in 207 (46%) of 450 endocervical swabs and 74 (16%) of 449 vaginal swabs. There was considerable variability in the percentage of positive swabs from each woman, ranging from 4% to 100% of endocervical swabs and from 0 to 71% of vaginal swabs. In multivariate analyses, plasma HIV-1 RNA was significantly associated with shedding of HIV-1-infected cells; each 1-unit increase in the log of plasma virus load was associated with a 5.6-fold increase in the odds of cervical shedding (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1-14.8) and a 3.9-fold increase in the odds of vaginal shedding (95% CI, 2.1-7.2). There was no discernible pattern of genital tract shedding with phase of the menstrual cycle and no significant association with serum estradiol or progesterone levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Mostad
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Overbaugh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chohan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mandaliya
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nyange
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ndinya-Achola
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bwayo
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kreiss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000821:virology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000097:blood / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D014621:Vagina / Q000821:virology; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral