title: Coronary collateral quantitation in patients with coronary artery disease using intravascular flow velocity or pressure measurements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated two methods for the quantitative measurement of collaterals using intracoronary (IC) blood flow velocity or pressure measurements.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The extent of myocardial necrosis after coronary artery occlusion is substantially influenced by the collateral circulation. So far, qualitative methods have been available to assess the human coronary collateral circulation, thus restraining the conclusive investigation of, for example, therapies to promote collateral development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one patients with a coronary artery stenosis to be treated by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) were investigated using IC PTCA guidewire-based Doppler and pressure sensors positioned distal to the stenosis. Simultaneous measurements of aortic pressure, IC velocity and pressure distal to the stenosis during and after PTCA provided the variables for calculating collateral flow indices (CFIv and CFIp) that express collateral flow as a fraction of flow via the patent vessel. Both CFIv and CFIp were compared with conventional methods for collateral assessment, among them ST-segment changes >1 mm on IC and surface electrocardiogram (ECG) at PTCA. Also, CFIv and CFIp were compared with each other.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 11 patients without ECG signs of ischemia during PTCA (sufficient collaterals), relative collateral flow amounted to 46% as determined by Doppler and pressure wire. Patients with insufficient collaterals (n=40) had relative collateral flow values of 18%. Using a threshold of CFI=30%, sufficient and insufficient collaterals could be diagnosed with 100% sensitivity and 93% specificity by IC Doppler, and 75% sensitivity and 92% specificity by IC pressure measurements. The agreement between Doppler and pressure measurements was good: CFIv=0.08 + 0.8 CFIp, r=0.80, p=0.0001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intracoronary flow velocity or pressure measurements during routine PTCA represent an accurate and, at last, quantitative method for assessing the coronary collateral circulation in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland. christian.seiler@insel.ch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seiler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fleisch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garachemani
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meier
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*