title: Differential expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in the failing human heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extracellular matrix turnover is regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a family of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Together, these proteins may contribute to myocardial remodeling in congestive heart failure. We hypothesized that the expression of MMPs and TIMPs might be differentially regulated in the failing human heart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Northern blot analyses were performed with probes to TIMP-1 to -4 and GAPDH with poly A+ mRNA from ventricular tissues of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM, n=16) or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM, n=15) and nonfailing control hearts (n=15). TIMP-1 to -4 and MMP-9 proteins were quantified by ELISA and/or Western blot, and the total gelatinolytic activity was studied by gelatin zymography. The results showed that cardiac expression of TIMP-1 and -3 transcripts and proteins was significantly reduced in ICM and DCM. No significant difference was observed in TIMP-2 and -4 transcripts. However, TIMP-4 protein was significantly reduced in ICM myocardium. MMP-9 protein content and total gelatinolytic activity were upregulated in the same samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies demonstrated a selective downregulation of TIMPs along with upregulation of MMP-9 and gelatinolytic activity in the failing hearts, alterations that favor matrix degradation and turnover. These findings might be of pathophysiological significance and might suggest new therapeutic targets for limiting the ventricular remodeling and dilatation process characteristic of the failing human heart.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Division of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: McTiernan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017364:Collagenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005780:Gelatin / Q000378:metabolism; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D005780:Gelatin; D017364:Collagenases; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9