title: TNF-related ligands and their receptors.
abstract: Multicellular organisms have the challenging task of coordinating the activities of many distinct cell types. This coordination is accomplished largely by cell-associated and soluble signalling molecules that act locally or distantly to alter target-cell physiology. The tumour necrosis factor family of cytokines are type II transmembrane proteins that are important regulators of homeostasis and have been implicated as mediators of disease. These molecules serve as ligands for a family of cell-surface receptors termed the tumour necrosis factor/nerve growth factor (TNF/NGF) receptor family. The receptors are type I transmembrane proteins capable of mediating a wide range of responses in vitro and in vivo. Signal transduction is mediated by several newly discovered cytoplasmic proteins that couple these receptors to downstream signalling events. The elucidation and use of spontaneously occurring mutants in TNF-related ligands and receptors in addition to gene-targeting experiments have begun to clarify the diverse biological effects mediated by this superfamily of cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Orlinick
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Chao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C505661:FASLG protein, human; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D008024:Ligands; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha