title: Ureteral jets in normal second- and third-trimester pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We wished to assess whether urodynamic changes accompanying normal pregnancy altered the pattern of ureteral jets, complicating detection of pathologic obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ureteral jets were observed with color Doppler sonography for 5 minutes in 26 women in the second or third trimester of pregnancy and in 6 non-pregnant controls (3 men and 3 women).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A mean of 5.5 jets/minute were detected in the pregnant subjects, and the mean difference in frequency of jets between the right and left sides was 42%. Corresponding results for controls were 7.6 jets/minute and 11%, respectively. The 2 groups were significantly different with respect to jet symmetry (p < 0.02). Unilateral absence of jets was noted in 4 pregnant women but in no controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of variation in ureteral jet bilaterality and symmetry during the later stages of pregnancy, caution is recommended in the use of the technique to diagnose obstructive urolithiasis in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Washowich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000502:physiology*; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics