title: Suppression of inflammatory neurotoxins by highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia.
abstract: A human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-seropositive, antiretroviral-naive patient presented with significant cognitive dysfunction. Neuropsychologic, neuroradiologic, immunologic, and virologic studies confirmed HIV-associated dementia (HAD). After 12 weeks of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with ibuprofen, dramatic improvements were demonstrated in neurologic function and were sustained for > 1 year. HIV-1 RNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) decreased from 10(5) to 10(4) copies/mL after 4 weeks. After 20 weeks of therapy, plasma viremia decreased from 10(6) copies/mL to undetectable (< 96 copies/mL). Assays of neurotoxins (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, quinolinic acid, and nitric oxide) in plasma and CSF were considerably elevated at presentation and significantly decreased after therapy. Baseline plasma and CSF demonstrated neurotoxic activities in vitro, which also reduced markedly. These data, taken together, support the notion that HAD is a reversible metabolic encephalopathy fueled by viral replication. HAART used with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents leads to the suppression of inflammatory neurotoxins and can markedly improve neurologic function in HAD.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-5400, USA.
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gendelman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Coulter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghorpade
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Che
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thylin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rubocki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Persidsky
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reinhard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swindells
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019469:Indinavir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D017378:Quinolinic Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019259:Lamivudine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015215:Zidovudine; D019469:Indinavir; D017378:Quinolinic Acid; D007052:Ibuprofen