Orientation, positional, additivity, and oligomerization-state effects of interhelical ion pairs in alpha-helical coiled-coils.
The role of interhelical g-e' ion pairs in the dimerization specificity and stability of alpha-helical coiled-coils is highly controversial. Synthetic 35-residue coiled-coils based on the heptad repeat QgVaGbAcLdQeK f were used to investigate the effect of orientation of interhelical ion pairs between lysine and glutamic acid residues on coiled-coil stability. Stability was estimated from urea denaturation at 20 degreesC, monitoring unfolding with circular-dichroism spectroscopy. Double mutant cycles were employed to estimate the net interaction energy, Delta DeltaGuint, for the two orientations of the ion pair; Ee-Kg and Ke-Eg. Delta DeltaGuint was found to be about 1.4-fold higher for the Ee-Kg orientation in a coiled-coil containing an N-terminal disulfide bridge. The Delta DeltaGuint value was similar whether obtained from the middle heptad or averaged over all five heptads of the coiled-coil, suggesting that ion pairs contribute additively to coiled-coil stability. The effect of uncompensated charges was also illustrated by single substitutions of Gln with either Lys or Glu, resulting in Lys-Gln or Glu-Gln g-e' pairs. These substitutions were found to be twice as destabilizing at position g as at position e, and Lys was about twice as destabilizing as Glu at both positions e and g. In the absence of an interhelical disulfide bridge, Glu and Lys substitutions in the middle heptad were equally destabilizing at positions e and g (Lys continued to be more destabilizing than Glu) and the Delta DeltaGuint value for Lys-Glu ion pairs was not orientation dependent. These and previous results suggest the non-covalently-linked synthetic coiled-coils behave as molten globules, whereas a disulfide-bridge may "lock in" the structural differences between positions of the heptad repeat. Interhelical Lys-Glu ion pairs in either orientation promoted the formation of trimeric coiled-coils (in the absence of a disulfide bridge) while Gln-Gln g-e' interactions led to dimer formation. The results support a role for g-e' ionic attractions in controlling coiled-coil specificity, stability and oligomerization state, possibly through effects on the side-chain packing at the subunit interface.
Kohn
W D
WD
Department of Biochemistry and the Medical Research Council Group in Protein Structure and Function, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada.
Kay
C M
CM
Hodges
R S
RS
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D004355:Drug Stability; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007477:Ions; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D055672:Static Electricity; D013816:Thermodynamics
D007477:Ions; D010455:Peptides; D011506:Proteins; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D008239:Lysine