title: Risk factors of inadequate pain relief during epidural analgesia for labour and delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the causes of failure of epidural analgesia during labour and delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  During six months, pregnant patients receiving epidural analgesia and delivering vaginally were studied prospectively. Bupivacaine 0.125% was used for the initial bolus dose and subsequent continuous infusion. Top-ups of the same solution were used for inadequate pain relief assessed using a visual analogue pain score (VAPS) and/or by clinical examination. Inadequate pain relief was defined as the need for > or = 2 top-ups in addition to epidural infusion and failure during delivery as VAPS > or = 30 mm during the expulsion phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1009 patients delivered during this period, 596 had epidural analgesia for vaginal delivery of a live infant and data were complete in 456. Inadequate pain relief during labour and during delivery were found in 5.3% and 19.7% of patients. Risk factors of inadequate pain relief included: inadequate analgesic efficacy of the first dose (Odds ratio: 3.5, P = 0.001) and posterior presentation (Odds ratio: 5.6, P = 0.001). Radicular pain during epidural placement was associated with failure during labour (Odds ratio: 3.9, P = 0.05). Duration of epidural analgesia > six hours (Odds ratio: 9.1, P = 0.001) was a risk factor for insufficient pain relief during labour whereas duration of epidural analgesia < one hour was associated with pain during delivery (Odds ratio: 18.3, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several obstetrical and epidural-related factors increase the risk of inadequate epidural analgesia. For some, simple changes of practice pattern may lead to improved pain relief.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Le Coq
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ducot
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benhamou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure