title: Influence of glucagon-like peptide 1 on fasting glycemia in type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin after sulfonylurea secondary failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has glucose-dependent insulinotropic and glucagonostatic actions in type 2 diabetic patients on diet and on oral agents. It is not known, however, whether after secondary sulfonylurea failure, GLP-1 is still effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therefore, 10 type 2 diabetic patients (6 women, 4 men; age 65+/-10 years, BMI 30.4+/-5.1 kg/m2, HbA1c 8.2+/-1.5%, 6+/-3 [2-13] years after starting insulin treatment) were examined in the fasting state after discontinuing NPH insulin on the evening before the two study days. GLP-1 (1.2 pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1) or placebo (NaCl with 1% human serum albumin) were infused over 6 h. Plasma glucose (glucose oxidase) insulin (IMx), and C-peptide (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting plasma glucose was 9.4+/-0.5 mmol/l and was reduced by GLP-1 to 5.3+/-0.3 (3.9-7.3) mmol/l (placebo: 8.2+/-0.7 mmol/l; P < 0.0001). GLP-1 transiently increased insulin (from 115+/-31 to 222+/-64 pmol/l at 150 min; P < 0.0001) and C-peptide (from 1.00+/-0.12 to 1.90+/-0.23 nmol/l at 120 min; P < 0.0001) with no effect of placebo. Glucagon and free fatty acids were lowered transiently. After normalization of plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide concentrations became lower again during the ongoing administration of exogenous GLP-1, and no hypoglycemia occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that exogenous GLP-1 effectively lowers plasma glucose concentrations in advanced type 2 diabetes long after sulfonylurea secondary failure. These findings may broaden the applicability of GLP-1-derived drugs as a new treatment to nearly all type 2 diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Ruhr-University, Knappschafts-Krankenhaus, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nauck
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sauerwald
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ritzel
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schmiegel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005215:Fasting; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011384:Proinsulin / Q000097:blood; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011498:Protein Precursors; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D014280:Triglycerides; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon; D011384:Proinsulin; D002784:Cholesterol