title: Influence of Neotyphodium coenophialum on copper concentration in tall fescue.
abstract: Poor performance of livestock that graze tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) has been associated with the endophyte fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum [Morgan-Jones and Gams] Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin). Recent evidence suggests lowered Cu status and a depression of Cu-related immune function in steers that graze endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue. Greenhouse and field studies investigated relationships between the endophyte and Cu concentrations in tall fescue. Seventeen infected 'Kenhy' clones were divided, and one plant of each pair was treated three times with Benomyl to remove the endophyte (E-). Plants were watered with nutrient solution in a greenhouse for 6 mo before sampling. Copper concentrations were greater (P < .001) in E- than in E+ clones (3.4 vs 2.8 microg/g; SE, .06). In the second greenhouse experiment, genetically similar E+ and E- 'Kentucky'-31 (KY-31) and 'Georgia Jessup' were grown from seed and fertilized with nutrient solution to produce mature plants. Copper concentrations were higher (P < .05) in E- than in E+ tall fescue (8.6 vs 7.6 microg/g; SE, .3). In a field plot experiment in Texas, E+ and E- KY-31 were grown with 0, 50, and 100% replacement of potential evapotranspiration. By September, Cu concentrations were higher (P < .05) in E- than in E+ tall fescue (7.3 vs 6.6 microg/g; SE, .2). In pasture experiments, KY-31 E+ (> 70% infection level) and E- (< 5% infection level) tall fescue were grown in Virginia at two locations with three rates of N fertilizer. Copper concentrations were higher (P < .05) in E- than in E+ tall fescue (4.8 vs 4.5 microg/g; SE, .1) and increased (P < .01) linearly in response to N. Our data demonstrate that the presence of the endophyte is associated with lower Cu concentrations in tall fescue, which may contribute to lowered Cu status in animals and thus contribute to the etiology of fescue toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Saker
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fontenot
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ayad
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000164:Acremonium / Q000502:physiology*; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis* / Q000172:deficiency; D006109:Poaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D003300:Copper