title: Time saved with use of emergency warning lights and sirens during response to requests for emergency medical aid in an urban environment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the use of warning lights and sirens saves a significant amount of time for ambulances responding to requests for medical aid in an urban, 2-tiered EMS setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective design was used to determine run times for ambulances responding to calls with lights and sirens (Code 3), and for a similarly equipped "chase" vehicle traveling to the same call on the same route without lights and sirens (Code 2). Data were collected for run times, distance traveled, visibility, road surface condition, time of day, and day of the week. Simple statistics and analysis of variance were used to test for significant differences between Code 3 and Code 2 operation, as well as the other variables listed above.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-four runs were timed during a 9-month period. The average Code 3 response interval was 4.46 minutes. The average Code 2 response interval was 7.48 minutes. The 3.02 minutes saved on average represents a significant time savings of 38.5% (P < .01). Run distance was the only variable that was statistically significant in affecting time saved during a Code 3 response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Code 3 operation by EMS personnel in an urban, 2-tiered EMS setting saved significant time over Code 2 operation when traveling to a call.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Emergency Medicine and EMS Education, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN. ho911doc@aol.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Casey
mesh_terms: D000552:Ambulances; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008910:Minnesota; D009624:Noise, Transportation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D013995:Time; D019037:Urban Health Services