title: Selective anticoagulation with active site-blocked factor IXA suggests separate roles for intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways in cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple stimuli converge in cardiopulmonary bypass to create a tremendous prothrombotic stimulus. The ideal anticoagulant for cardiopulmonary bypass should selectively target only the intravascular stimuli, thereby eliminating pathologic clotting in the bypass circuit while preserving hemostasis in the thoracic cavity. We propose the inhibition of factor IX as such a targeted anticoagulant strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prepared an inhibitor of activated factor IX and applied it to a primate model of cardiopulmonary bypass to confirm the anticoagulant efficacy of activated factor IX in this setting and to assess more subtle markers of thrombin generation, macrophage procoagulant activity, and cellular tissue factor expression. Seven baboons that received activated factor IX (460 microg/kg) and 7 that received heparin (300 IU/kg) and protamine underwent cardiopulmonary bypass for 90 minutes and were followed after the operation for 3 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of plasma factor IX activity demonstrated adequate inhibition (<20%) of factor IX throughout cardiopulmonary bypass. Activated factor IX-treated baboons demonstrated similar circuit patency to heparin-treated baboons but had significantly diminished intraoperative blood loss. Preservation of extravascular hemostasis was further demonstrated in activated factor IX-treated animals by (1) significantly increased levels of thrombin-antithrombin III complex and prothrombin activation peptide (F1+2) without intravascular thrombosis, (2) significantly greater macrophage procoagulant activity in pericardial-derived monocytes, and (3) immunohistochemical evidence of tissue factor expression in pericardial mesothelial cells and macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anticoagulation with activated factor IX allows for intravascular anticoagulation with maintenance of extravascular hemostasis. These findings suggest activated factor IX as an agent that not only exemplifies a targeted approach to selective anticoagulation in cardiac surgery but also further characterizes the procoagulant milieu during cardiopulmonary bypass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Spanier
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Oz
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kisiel
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000503:physiopathology; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000295:instrumentation; D005164:Factor IX / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D015949:Factor IXa / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010215:Papio; D013499:Surface Properties; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000097:blood; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D005164:Factor IX; D006493:Heparin; D013925:Thromboplastin; D015949:Factor IXa; D013917:Thrombin