title: Management of thrombosis and pregnancy loss in the antiphospholipid syndrome.
abstract: More than a decade has gone by since the detailed clinical description of the Antiphospholipid (Hughes) Syndrome. Because of the wide spectrum of manifestations, virtually any physician may encounter patients with this potentially treatable condition. Because of limited controlled, prospective data, current therapy remains empirical and directed at coagulation mechanisms, immune mechanisms, or both. There is now good evidence that patients with antiphospholipid-associated thrombosis will be subject to recurrences and require prophylactic therapy. Although most authorities agree about the efficacy of warfarin alone or warfarin plus low-dose aspirin in preventing recurrences of venous and arterial thrombosis, there is still doubt regarding the intensity and duration of warfarin therapy. Steroids and immunosuppressive drugs have not provided long-term benefit. Controlled clinical trials of the treatment of pregnant women with antiphospholipid antibody demonstrated that prednisolone is ineffective, and possibly detrimental, in treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss and that heparin plus low-dose aspirin is beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Lupus Research Unit, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK. 106404.2325@compuserve.com
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khamashta
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000032:analysis; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D000075202:Contraindications; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016285:Iloprost / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D000925:Anticoagulants; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014859:Warfarin; D006493:Heparin; D016285:Iloprost; D001241:Aspirin