title: Effect of early water contact on solubility of glass ionomer luting cements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glass ionomer cements are susceptible to attack by moisture during the initial setting period that can result in an increased solubility.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was to evaluate the solubility of glass ionomer luting cements immersed in distilled water at early stages after mixing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four commercial glass ionomer cements were used (Ketac-Cem, Fuji Ionomer I; AquaCem; AquaMeron). For each material, 5 resin cement holders were made with 2 circular cavities (diameter = 5 mm; depth = 2 mm). One minute after start of mixing, the specimens were placed in a humidifier at 37 degrees C and 100% relative humidity. After 2, 5, and 8 minutes storage time, they were immersed in 50 mL of distilled water in a glass weighing bottle where they were stored for 3 hours at 37 degrees C. Next, the specimens were removed and the water was evaporated from the weighing bottle at 130 degrees C for 2 hours. The difference between the final and initial weights of the bottle was taken as amount of solubility. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan's test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Solubility was greatest at 3 minutes immersion time and least at 9 minutes. The lowest cement loss was for AquaCem at 9 minutes immersion time (1.68 mg/cm2). The greatest loss was for Fuji Ionomer I after 3 minutes immersion time (14.98 mg/cm2). Solubility of cements decreased by 39% for Ketac-Cem, 61% for Fuji Ionomer I, 38% for AquaCem, and 37% for AquaMeron when the specimens were immersed in water 6 minutes after mixing. Comparison of all 4 cements revealed a relatively large difference between loss of substance from AquaCem and AquaMeron, and the 2 other conventional glass ionomer cements, Keta-cCem and Fuji Ionomer I.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing the time from start of mixing until immersion in water from 3 to 9 minutes resulted in a marked decrease in loss of substance from the surface of all 4 cements. Water-hardening glass ionomer cements (AquaCem and AquaMeron) were less sensitive to early water contamination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gemalmaz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yoruc
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozcan
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Alkumru
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D003890:Desiccation; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006813:Humidity; D007101:Immersion; D008277:Magnesium Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D014867:Water; C045751:Aqua-cem; C084541:Fuji glass-ionomer lining cement; D008277:Magnesium Oxide; C040235:Ketac-cem; D015034:Zinc Oxide