title: Real-time magnetic resonance image-guided interstitial brachytherapy in the treatment of select patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to establish the dose-localization capability and acute toxicity of a real-time intraoperative magnetic resonance (MR) image-guided approach to prostate brachytherapy in select patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients with 1997 American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) clinical stage T1cNxM0 prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) < 10 ng/ml, biopsy Gleason score not exceeding 3 + 4, and endorectal coil MR stage T2 disease were enrolled into this study. The prescribed minimum peripheral dose was 160 Gy to the clinical target volume (CTV), which was the MR-defined peripheral zone (PZ) of the prostate gland. Using a real-time 0.5 Tesla intraoperative MR imaging unit, 5-mm image planes were obtained throughout the prostate gland. The PZ of the prostate gland, anterior rectal wall, and prostatic urethra were identified on the T2 weighted axial images by an MR radiologist. An optimized treatment plan for catheter insertion was generated intraoperatively. Each catheter containing the 125Iodine sources was placed under real-time MR guidance to ensure that its position in the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes was in agreement with the planned trajectory. Real-time dose- volume histogram analyses were used intraoperatively to optimize the dosimetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the 9 study patients, 89-99% (median 94%) of the CTV received a minimum peripheral dose of 160 Gy and > or = 95% of the volume of the prostatic urethra and 42-89% (median 70%) of the volume of the anterior rectal wall received doses that were below the reported tolerance. All patients voided spontaneously within 3 h after discontinuation of the Foley catheter and no patient required more than a limited course (< or = 3 weeks) of oral alpha-1 blockers for postimplant urethritis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Real-time MR-guided interstitial radiation therapy provided the ability to achieve the planned optimized dose-volume histogram profiles to the CTV and healthy juxtaposed structures intraoperatively, with minimal acute morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cormack
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tempany
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Topulos
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kooy
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Coleman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D003199:Computer Systems; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018579:Patient Selection; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012007:Rectum; D014521:Urethra
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen