title: Delayed radiosensitization of human colon carcinoma cells after a brief exposure to 2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (Gemcitabine).
abstract: We have shown that 2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (dFdCyd; Gemcitabine), a deoxycytidine analogue, is a potent radiation sensitizer when cells are exposed to it continuously for >16 h in low concentrations (in the range of 10 nM). However, the most common method of clinical administration is by short-term infusion (30-90 min). Therefore, we wished to determine under what conditions dFdCyd could produce radiosensitization after a relatively brief exposure to drug. We hypothesized that the long half-life of the phosphorylated metabolites of dFdCyd would produce long-lasting dNTP pool perturbation, particularly dATP pools, leading to radiosensitization hours or even days after the drug was removed from the medium. We tested this hypothesis by exposing HT29 human colon cancer cells for 2 h to clinically relevant concentrations of dFdCyd, removing the drug from the medium, and assessing radiation sensitivity up to 72 h later. We found that 100 nM dFdCyd, which was noncytotoxic, radiosensitized HT29 cells up to 48 h after drug removal. During this period, there was an increase in the S phase population, whereas by 72 h after drug removal, the cell cycle distribution resembled that seen under control conditions. dATP pools remained depleted throughout the 72-h period after drug treatment. This study supports the hypothesis that radiosensitization occurs in cells that are replicating DNA in the presence of perturbed dNTP pools. Furthermore, they may be useful in the design of rational clinical trials using dFdCyd as a radiation sensitizer.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0582, USA.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Shewach
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000633:toxicity; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms; D004249:DNA Damage; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D006801:Humans; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine