title: A murine AP-endonuclease gene-targeted deficiency with post-implantation embryonic progression and ionizing radiation sensitivity.
abstract: Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (here designated APE/REF) carries out repair incision at abasic or single-strand break damages in mammals. This multifunctional protein also has putative role(s) as a cysteine 'reducing factor' (REF) in cell-stress transcriptional responses. To assess the significance of APE/REF for embryonic teratogenesis we constructed a more precisely targeted Ape/Ref-deficient genotype in mice. Ape/Ref gene replacement in ES cells eliminated the potential of APE/REF protein synthesis while retaining the Ape/Ref bi-directional promoter that avoided potential inactivation of an upstream gene. Chimeric animals crossed into Tac:N:NIHS-BC produced germline transmission. Homozygous null Ape/Ref-embryos exhibited successful implantation and nearly normal developmental progression until embryonic day 7.5 followed by morphogenetic failure and adsorption of embryos by day 9.5. We characterized the cellular events proceeding to embryonic lethality and examined ionizing radiation sensitivity of pre-implantation Ape/Ref-null embryos. After intermating of heterozygotes, Mendelian numbers of putative Ape/Ref-null progeny embryos at day 6.5 displayed a several-fold elevation of pycnotic, fragmenting cell nuclei within the embryo proper-the epiblast. Increased cell-nucleus degeneration occurred within epiblast cells while mitosis continued and before obvious morphogenetic disruption. Mitogenic response to epiblast cell death, if any, was ineffective for replacement of lost cells. Extra-embryonic yolk sac, a trophectoderm derived lineage retained normal appearance to day 9. Explanted homozygous Ape/Ref-null blastocysts displayed increased sensitivity to gamma-irradiation, most likely a manifestation of APE/REF incision defect. Our study establishes that this new Ape/Ref deficiency genotype is definitely capable of post-implantation developmental progression to the onset of gastrulation. Function(s) of APE/REF in base damage incision and also conceivably in mitogenic responses towards epiblast cell death are critical for transit through the gastrulation stage of embryonic growth and development.
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: MacInnes
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takiguchi
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Purtymun
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henrie
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meneses
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000528:radiation effects; D019757:Carbon-Oxygen Lyases / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase; D043223:Deoxyribonuclease IV (Phage T4-Induced); D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D005260:Female; D005720:Gamma Rays; D018390:Gene Targeting; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D005838:Genotype; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D043223:Deoxyribonuclease IV (Phage T4-Induced); D019757:Carbon-Oxygen Lyases; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase