title: Phorbol ester-induced juxtamembrane cleavage of angiotensin-converting enzyme is not inhibited by a stalk containing intrachain disulfides.
abstract: Specialized proteases, referred to as sheddases, secretases, or membrane-protein-solubilizing proteases (MPSPs), solubilize the extracellular domains of diverse membrane proteins by catalyzing a specific cleavage in the juxtamembrane stalk regions of such proteins. A representative MPSP (tumor necrosis factor-alpha convertase) was cloned recently and shown to be a disintegrin metalloprotease that is inhibited by peptide hydroxamates including the compound TAPI. Substrate determinants that specify cleavage by MPSPs remain incompletely characterized, but may include the physicochemical properties of the stalk or unidentified recognition motifs in the stalk or the extracellular domain. We constructed a mutant angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in which the stalk has been replaced with an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain (ACE-JMEGF), to test the hypothesis that MPSP cleavage requires an open, comparatively unfolded or extended stalk. Wild-type ACE is a type I transmembrane (TM) ectoprotein that is efficiently solubilized by a typical MPSP activity. We found that ACE-JMEGF was solubilized inefficiently and accumulated in a cell-associated form on transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells; cleavage was stimulated by phorbol ester and inhibited by TAPI, features typical of MPSP activity. Determination of the C-terminus of soluble ACE-JMEGF revealed that, surprisingly, cleavage occurred at a Gly-Phe bond between the fifth and sixth cysteines within the third disulfide loop of the EGF-like domain. Reduction of intact CHO cells with tributylphosphine resulted in the rapid release of ACE-JMEGF (but not wild-type ACE) into the medium, suggesting that a proportion of membrane-bound ACE-JMEGF is cleaved but remains cell-associated via disulfide tethering. The mechanism for the release of ACE-JMEGF in the absence of chemical reduction is unclear. We conclude that the presence of a compact, disulfide-bridged domain does not per se inhibit cleavage by an MPSP activity, but ectodomain release is prevented by disulfide tethering to the TM domain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town Medical School, South Africa.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Schwager
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Chubb
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Scholle
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eckerskorn
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Sturrock
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ehlers
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D016466:CHO Cells; D002458:Cell Fractionation; D006224:Cricetinae; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004220:Disulfides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics; D006868:Hydrolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D015240:Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019163:Reducing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004151:Dipeptides; D004220:Disulfides; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C092152:N-((2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl)-4-methylpentanoyl)-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanylalanine, 2-aminoethylamide; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019163:Reducing Agents; D015240:Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A