title: Detection of vascular endothelial growth factor and tumor necrosis factor alpha in epiretinal membranes of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, proliferative vitreoretinopathy and macular pucker.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate epiretinal membranes in proliferative eye disease for the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha).
  
  
  METHODS
  Membranes were surgically removed from 66 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and macular pucker (MP). Cytokine concentrations were determined by ELISA (VEGF) and bioassay (TNF-alpha).
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGF was detected in all 66 membranes investigated. The highest VEGF values were found in patients with type I diabetes (mean = 5,994 pg/mg protein). In patients with type II diabetes, the values were at a mean of 1,242 pg/mg protein. When coagulation therapy was performed for longer than 3 months prior to surgery, VEGF was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced. Intermediate levels of VEGF were found in PVR membranes (mean = 1,417 pg/mg protein). The lowest activity was found in MP (mean = 216 pg/mg protein). In contrast, TNF-alpha was present in 16 PDR membranes, 9 PVR membranes and 8 MP membranes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of VEGF in all membranes investigated indicates that this cytokine plays an important role in angiogenesis in ischemic retinal disease and in membrane growth in proliferative disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Science and Pathology, University of Buffalo, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Augustin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spengler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Jada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nickola
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grus
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000473:pathology; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014821:Vitrectomy; D018630:Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors