title: A double blind randomized comparison of oral trimeprazine-methadone and ketamine-midazolam for sedation of pediatric dental patients for oral surgical procedures.
abstract: The safety and efficacy of an oral sedation technique for children having minor oral surgical procedures under local anesthesia were studied. One hundred healthy children between the ages of 2 and 7 yr received either a combination of midazolam (0.35 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg) (Group A), or a combination of trimeprazine (3 mg/kg) and methadone (0.2 mg/kg) (Group B) 30 min preoperatively. Hemodynamic parameters, adverse reactions, postoperative recovery, and behavior were evaluated. More children were asleep, but rousable to verbal commands, 30 min after drug administration in Group A (40%) than in Group B (8%). Immediately before the dental procedure, 46% of children in Group A were asleep in contrast to 8% of children in group B. Significantly more children in Group A were awake, coughing, crying, and moving purposefully 30 and 60 min after admission to the recovery room. Two children (4%) in Group A vomited. Ten (20%) children in Group A hallucinated compared to none in Group B. The surgeon rated the procedure as good or very good in 94% of children in Group A compared to 78% in Group B. Our results show that the combination of midazolam and ketamine, administered orally, is a safe, effective, and practical approach to managing children for minor oral surgical procedures under local anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Roelofse
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Louw
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Roelofse
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D019140:Dental Care for Children; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014291:Trimeprazine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007649:Ketamine; D014291:Trimeprazine; D008874:Midazolam; D008691:Methadone