title: In vitro and in vivo Raman spectroscopy of human skin.
abstract: Noninvasive techniques that provide detailed information about molecular composition, structure, and interactions are crucial to further our understanding of the relation between skin disease and biochemical changes in the skin, as well as for the development of penetration enhancers for transdermal drug administration. In this study we present in vitro and in vivo Raman spectra of human skin. Using a Raman microspectrometer, in vitro spectra were obtained of thin cross sections of human skin. They provided insight into the molecular composition of different skin layers. Evidence was found for the existence of a large variation in lipid content of the stratum corneum. A simple experimental setup for in vivo confocal Raman microspectroscopy of the skin was developed. In vivo Raman spectra of the stratum corneum were obtained at different positions of the arm and hand of three volunteers. They provided evidence for differences in the concentration of natural moisturizing factor at these positions.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Caspers
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Lucassen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wolthuis
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bruining
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Puppels
mesh_terms: D020405:Dermis / Q000737:chemistry; D004817:Epidermis / Q000737:chemistry; D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids