title: Muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with external beam radiation: influence of total dose, overall treatment time, and treatment interruption on local control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and eventually quantify a possible influence of tumor proliferation during the external radiation course on local control in muscle invasive bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The influence of total dose, overall treatment time, and treatment interruption has retrospectively been analyzed in a series of 379 patients with nonmetastasized, muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. All patients received external beam radiotherapy at the Netherlands Cancer Institute between 1977 and 1990. Total dose varied between 50 and 75 Gy with a mean of 60.5 Gy and a median of 60.4 Gy. Overall treatment time varied between 20 and 270 days with a mean of 49 days and a median of 41 days. Number of fractions varied between 17 and 36 with a mean of 27 and a median of 26. Two hundred and fourty-four patients had a continuous radiation course, whereas 135 had an intended split course or an unintended treatment interruption. Median follow-up was 22 months for all patients and 82 months for the 30 patients still alive at last follow-up. A stepwise procedure using proportional hazard regression has been used to identify prognostic treatment factors with respect to local recurrence as sole first recurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and thirty-six patients experienced a local recurrence and 120 of these occurred before regional or distant metastases. The actuarial local control rate was 40.3% at 5 years and 32.3% at 10 years. In a multivariate analysis total dose showed a significant association with local control (p = 0.0039), however in a markedly nonlinear way. In fact only those patients treated with a dose below 57.5 Gy had a significant higher bladder relapse rate, whereas no difference in relapse rate was found among patients treated with doses above 57.5 Gy. This remained the case even after adjustment for overall treatment time and all significant tumor and patient characteristics. The Normalized Tumor Dose (NTD) (alpha/beta = 10) and NTD (alpha/beta = 15) were not significantly related to local control (p = 0.96 and p = 0.053, respectively). Only weak evidence was found for an association between local control and overall treatment time (p = 0.067). No difference in bladder relapse rate was found among patients treated with a continuous course and patients who had treatment interruptions (p = 0.099). Neither the length of the interruption, nor the actual number of treatment days has a significant influence on local control (p = 0.04 and p = 0.09, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to two earlier, but smaller reports, in this study no significant effect of treatment prolongation on outcome after radiotherapy could be demonstrated and thus no support was found for an important role for tumor proliferation as the cause of treatment failure in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Results of large-sized phase III trials will have to be awaited to show any benefit from reduction of the overall treatment time and to quantify the potential effect of tumor proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Huis, Amsterdam.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moonen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: vd Voet
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Nijs
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horenblas
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bartelink
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002455:Cell Division; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*