title: Simultaneous gradient-echo/spin-echo EPI of graded ischemia in human skeletal muscle.
abstract: The goal of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) methodologies to provide temporal and spatial information about skeletal muscle perfusion. A simultaneous gradient echo (GE) and spin-echo (SE) imaging sequence (GE/SE) with alternating TE was used to acquire images of leg skeletal muscle throughout a stepped reactive hyperemia paradigm. The change in both the GE and SE relaxation rates (deltaR2*, deltaR2) measured during ischemia and reactive hyperemia scaled with the duration of cuff inflation (the ischemic period) plateaued for cuff inflations lasting longer than 120 seconds and were greater in soleus muscle than in gastrocnemius. The ratio deltaR2*/deltaR2 was found to be less during the reactive hyperemia period relative to ischemia. Considering that a greater proportion of capillary vessels are perfused during reactive hyperemia than during ischemia, this finding suggests that magnetic susceptibility methodologies, with their dependence on compartment size, may provide a measure of the relative distribution of small and large vessels in skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: Biophysics Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA. kathleen@mcw.edu
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Kylen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guven
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Bershawi
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Luh
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bandettini
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kissebah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000473:pathology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen