title: Cerebrovascular ischemic events with high positive anticardiolipin antibodies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to characterize the patient profile and prognostic value associated with high positive IgG (>100 GPL) anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the clinical, laboratory, radiological, and prospective historical features of ischemic cerebrovascular disease in patients with >100 GPL titers. From our neurology department, 27 consecutive patients were prospectively identified and followed up (mean follow-up time, 34 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of our cohort was 41 years. Lupuslike illness occurred in 3; 23 had primary antiphospholipid syndrome, including 3 who met criteria for Sneddon's syndrome; 1 patient had progressive systemic sclerosis. Cerebral infarcts occurred in 74% and were recurrent in 37%. Systemic ischemic events, most commonly deep vein thrombosis, occurred in 37%. Tobacco use was documented in 85%, hyperlipidemia in 74%, hypertension in 44%, and diabetes mellitus in 7% of patients. A prominent headache history was present in 67%. Lupus anticoagulant (LA) was present in 72%, approximately one half had positive antinuclear antibodies and thrombocytopenia, and one quarter had a false-positive VDRL. We compared mean GPL levels in patients testing positive for specific laboratory features of antiphospholipid syndrome with those testing negative for these parameters. Only the LA(+) group had a significantly higher mean GPL than the LA(-) group (P=0.006). Brain imaging showed nonlacunar infarcts in 73% and lacunes in 12%. Of 19 cerebral angiograms, 5 (26%) showed large-vessel occlusive disease and 6 (32%) branch obstruction. Echocardiograms were abnormal in 75%: thickened left-sided valves in 33% and vegetations in 12%. Recurrent cerebrovascular ischemic events were observed in 96%, with transient events (mean rate, 25%/y) occurring 5 times more frequently than strokes (mean rate, 5%/y). Using a standardized disability scale blinded to aCL titer, neurological impairment was severe in 7%, moderate in 30%, and mild or nonexistent in 63%, and unrelated to mean GPL value (P=0.567). Titers fluctuated greatly for individual patients, and most did not consistently test as highly positive. An analysis of fluctuation in symptom severity with concurrent GPL values did not show a statistically significant correlation. Compared with historical controls having a wide range of positive titers, the presence of high IgG aCL titers did not confer a worse prognosis for disability and recurrent ischemic events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that cerebrovascular events associated with high positive GPL are frequently multiple and minor (with no disability-titer correlation), present in relatively young patients, and often associated with tobacco abuse, hyperlipidemia, LA, systemic ischemic events, and occult cardiac disease.
authors.affiliation: Center for Stroke Research, Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Science Center (Detroit Campus of Case Western University), Detroit, Mich., USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verro
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Tietjen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000097:blood*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004452:Echocardiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D002542:Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor / Q000097:blood; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor