title: Endovaginal ultrasound to exclude endometrial cancer and other endometrial abnormalities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding is a common clinical problem. Endovaginal ultrasound (EVUS) is a noninvasive diagnostic test that may help determine which women should undergo endometrial biopsy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the accuracy of EVUS in detecting endometrial disease in postmenopausal women with vaginal bleeding according to hormone replacement use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search of English-language and non-English-language articles published from 1966 through November 1996 using MEDLINE and by a manual search of bibliographies of published articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were included if they prospectively collected EVUS measurements of endometrial thickness prior to obtaining endometrial tissue for histologic evaluation in postmenopausal women with vaginal bleeding. Of 85 studies that included data on EVUS and endometrial histology, 35 were included in the meta-analysis and included 5892 women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were reviewed and independently selected and abstracted by 2 reviewers. Disagreement was resolved by consensus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall summary mean weighted estimates of sensitivity and specificity were calculated for thresholds of endometrial thickness from 3 to 10 mm. Using a 5-mm threshold to define abnormal endometrial thickening, 96% (95% confidence interval [CI], 94%-98%) of women with cancer had an abnormal EVUS result, whereas 92% (95% CI, 90%-93%) of women with endometrial disease (cancer, polyp, or atypical hyperplasia) had an abnormal result. This did not vary by hormone replacement use. However, the number of women with normal histology who had an abnormal EVUS result did vary by hormone replacement use. In women who were not using hormone replacement therapy, 593 (8%) with normal histological findings had an abnormal EVUS result (specificity, 92%; 95% CI, 90%-94%), whereas 1544 (23%) using hormone replacement therapy had an abnormal EVUS result (specificity, 77%; 95% CI, 75%-79%). For a postmenopausal woman with vaginal bleeding with a 10% pretest probability of endometrial cancer, her probability of cancer is 1% following a normal EVUS result.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovaginal ultrasound has a high sensitivity for detecting endometrial cancer and other endometrial disease and can reliably identify postmenopausal women with vaginal bleeding who are highly unlikely to have significant endometrial disease so that endometrial sampling may be unnecessary.
authors.affiliation: San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Radiology, University of California, 94115, USA. Rebecca.Smith-Bindman@Radiology.UCSF.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith-Bindman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kerlikowske
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Feldstein
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Subak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scheidler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grady
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D019160:Endosonography; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D017698:Postmenopause; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage