title: The human elk-1 gene family: the functional gene and two processed pseudogenes embedded in the IgH locus.
abstract: Elk-1 is a transcription factor whose activation by several mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) mediates the immediate early responses of the c-fos promoter to growth factors and other stimuli. Here, we report the structure of the human elk-1 gene, which we have localized about 6.5kb upstream of the properdin gene on the X chromosome. The coding sequence is interrupted by four introns; two additional introns lie within the 5' untranslated region. We have also found two elk-1-related processed pseudogenes in the human immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus, accounting for 'elk-2' previously visualized by in-situ hybridization at 14q32. A processed pseudogene evidently inserted downstream of a primordial immunoglobulin Calpha gene and was duplicated along with part of the IgH locus. Gene/pseudogene sequence comparisons and Southern blots of primate DNAs suggest that both the pseudogene insertion and the locus duplication occurred between about 30 and 60 million years ago.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biologics, Evaluation and Research, FDA, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harindranath
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meindl
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Max
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002883:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14 / Q000235:genetics; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005091:Exons; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin / Q000235:genetics; D000882:Haplorhini / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics; D007438:Introns; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011544:Pseudogenes / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C494112:ELK1 protein, human; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1; D004247:DNA