title: Distribution of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in human colon suggests roles for muscularis mucosae in innervation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a ligand for the receptor complex of GDNF family receptor alphas (GFRalphas) and Ret receptor tyrosine kinase, the product of a known Hirschsprung's disease gene. The aim of this study was to analyze the mRNA distribution of these genes in the developing human intestine to understand their roles in enteric innervation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cryosections of fetal and newborn stomach, ileum, and colon were hybridized in situ with S35-labeled cRNA probes to GDNF, Ret, GFRalpha-1 or GFRalpha-2. GDNF mRNA levels in fetal ileum and colon were compared by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  GDNF mRNA expression was abundant in the muscularis mucosae of both fetal and newborn colon but was found neither in the neural plexuses nor in other regions of the intestine. Accordingly, by reverse transcription-PCR, GDNF mRNA level was many times higher in colon than ileum. Ret, GFRalpha-1 and GFRalpha-2 mRNA were expressed in the ganglionic cells of both myenteric and submucosal plexuses throughout the intestine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The highly restricted distribution of GNDF mRNA suggests an important role for muscularis mucosae in the development of human enteric nervous system. Ret, GFRalpha-1, and GFRalpha-2 most likely act as GDNF receptors in colon but may have alternative ligands in other enteric segments.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, The Hospital for Children and Adolescents, and HUCH Diagnostics, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wartiovaara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sainio
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rintala
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sariola
mesh_terms: D003106:Colon / Q000196:embryology / Q000294:innervation* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000378:metabolism; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013270:Stomach / Q000196:embryology; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: C495039:GDNF protein, human; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger