title: Effect of computerized physician order entry and a team intervention on prevention of serious medication errors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adverse drug events (ADEs) are a significant and costly cause of injury during hospitalization.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of 2 interventions for preventing nonintercepted serious medication errors, defined as those that either resulted in or had potential to result in an ADE and were not intercepted before reaching the patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before-after comparison between phase 1 (baseline) and phase 2 (after intervention was implemented) and, within phase 2, a randomized comparison between physician computer order entry (POE) and the combination of POE plus a team intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the comparison of phase 1 and 2, all patients admitted to a stratified random sample of 6 medical and surgical units in a tertiary care hospital over a 6-month period, and for the randomized comparison during phase 2, all patients admitted to the same units and 2 randomly selected additional units over a subsequent 9-month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A physician computer order entry system (POE) for all units and a team-based intervention that included changing the role of pharmacists, implemented for half the units.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonintercepted serious medication errors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing identical units between phases 1 and 2, nonintercepted serious medication errors decreased 55%, from 10.7 events per 1000 patient-days to 4.86 events per 1000 (P=.01). The decline occurred for all stages of the medication-use process. Preventable ADEs declined 17% from 4.69 to 3.88 (P=.37), while nonintercepted potential ADEs declined 84% from 5.99 to 0.98 per 1000 patient-days (P=.002). When POE-only was compared with the POE plus team intervention combined, the team intervention conferred no additional benefit over POE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physician computer order entry decreased the rate of nonintercepted serious medication errors by more than half, although this decrease was larger for potential ADEs than for errors that actually resulted in an ADE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02115, USA.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Leape
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Laird
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Teich
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Burdick
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kleefield
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vander Vliet
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Seger
mesh_terms: D016303:Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004360:Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010594:Pharmacies; D010819:Physician's Role; D011897:Random Allocation