title: Drug target validation and identification of secondary drug target effects using DNA microarrays.
abstract: We describe here a method for drug target validation and identification of secondary drug target effects based on genome-wide gene expression patterns. The method is demonstrated by several experiments, including treatment of yeast mutant strains defective in calcineurin, immunophilins or other genes with the immunosuppressants cyclosporin A or FK506. Presence or absence of the characteristic drug 'signature' pattern of altered gene expression in drug-treated cells with a mutation in the gene encoding a putative target established whether that target was required to generate the drug signature. Drug dependent effects were seen in 'targetless' cells, showing that FK506 affects additional pathways independent of calcineurin and the immunophilins. The described method permits the direct confirmation of drug targets and recognition of drug-dependent changes in gene expression that are modulated through pathways distinct from the drug's intended target. Such a method may prove useful in improving the efficiency of drug development programs.
authors.affiliation: Rosetta Inpharmatics, Kirkland, Washington 98034, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Marton
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: DeRisi
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stoughton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burchard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Slade
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bassett
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Hartwell
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Friend
mesh_terms: D019703:Calcineurin / Q000235:genetics*; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015195:Drug Design; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D005838:Genotype; D020104:Immunophilins / Q000235:genetics*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D019703:Calcineurin; D020104:Immunophilins; D016559:Tacrolimus