title: Incidence of cataract operations in Finnish male smokers unaffected by alpha tocopherol or beta carotene supplements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of alpha tocopherol and beta carotene supplementation on the incidence of age related cataract extraction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Alpha-tocopherol Beta-carotene (ATBC) Study was a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, 2 x 2 factorial trial conducted in south western Finland. The cataract surgery study population of 28,934 male smokers 50-69 years of age at the start.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random assignment to one of four regimens: alpha tocopherol 50 mg per day, beta carotene 20 mg per day, both alpha tocopherol and beta carotene, or placebo. Follow up continued for five to eight years (median 5.7 years) with a total of 159,199 person years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cataract extraction, ascertained from the National Hospital Discharge Registry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  425 men had cataract surgery because of senile or presenile cataract during the follow up. Of these, 112 men were in the alpha tocopherol alone group, 112 men in the beta carotene alone group, 96 men in the alpha tocopherol and beta carotene group, and 105 men in the placebo group. When supplementation with alpha tocopherol and with beta carotene were introduced to a Cox proportional hazards model with baseline characteristics (age, education, history of diabetes, body mass index, alcohol consumption, number of cigarettes smoked daily, smoking duration, visual acuity, and total cholesterol), neither alpha tocopherol (relative risk, RR, 0.91, 95% confidence intervals, CI, 0.74, 1.11) nor beta carotene (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.79, 1.19) supplementation affected the incidence of cataract surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplementation with alpha tocopherol or beta carotene does not affect the incidence of cataract extractions among male smokers.
authors.affiliation: University of Helsinki, Department of Public Health, Finland.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Teikari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rautalahti
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haukka
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Järvinen
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virtamo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Heinonen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002386:Cataract / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E