title: Long-term prognosis of painless exercise-induced ischemia in stable patients with previous myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to better understand the functional correlates and the prognostic relevance of exercise-induced painless ischemia relative to painful ischemia in patients with stable coronary artery disease and previous myocardial infarction (MI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The usefulness of exercise testing (ET) for predicting cardiac events, years after MI, although suggested and widely applied, is questionable. In particular, previous studies have reached conflicting conclusions as to whether exercise-induced painless ischemia is related to a less severe myocardial ischemia or to a different prognosis than painful ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven hundred sixty-six consecutive stable patients (mean age 57+/-8.6 years, 89% men) with previous MI (mean time from MI 2.8+/-0.75 years) who underwent a Bruce treadmill test and whose data were prospectively entered into our institutional database were enrolled. Patients were followed up for an average of 7+/-0.6 years. End points were (1) cardiac death, (2) cardiac death or nonfatal reinfarction (primary), (3) cardiac death, nonfatal reinfarction, or unstable angina (secondary), and (4) cardiac death, nonfatal reinfarction, unstable angina, or revascularization procedures (secondary, restricted). These patients were retrospectively classified into 4 groups according to exercise test results: (1) painless ischemia, 156 patients; (2) painful ischemia, 75 patients; (3) negative ET, 99 patients; and (4) nondiagnostic ET, the remaining 436 patients. Patients with painless ischemia had less functional impairment and less exercise ischemia than the symptomatic patients (longer exercise duration [P < .001], higher double product [P < .001], higher ischemic threshold [P < .001], and shorter time to ST normalization [P < .001]). Patients with painful ischemia had significantly (P < .0005) increased 6-year risk rates of secondary and restricted end points (49% and 64%, respectively) versus those with painless ischemia (28% and 35%), no inducible ischemia (25% and 27%), or nondiagnostic ET (32% and 37%). Adverse outcomes were mainly the result of higher incidence of unstable angina or revascularization procedures. At multivariate analysis, neither painless nor painful exercise-induced ischemia were independent predictors of end points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stable patients with previous MI represent a very low-risk population. In this subset, painless exercise-induced ischemia signifies less severe ischemia than the symptomatic one and has a limited prognostic power. Thus painless exercise-induced ischemia in stable patients with previous MI does not identify patients at increased risk.
authors.affiliation: The Cardiology Section, Ospedale Maggiore, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casella
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Pavesi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Medda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: diNiro
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Camplese
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bracchetti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000209:etiology*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies