title: Iron supplementation in haemodialysis--practical clinical guidelines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this prospective study was to test a new protocol for iron supplementation in haemodialysis patients, as well as to assess the utility of different iron metabolism markers in common use and their 'target' values for the correction of iron deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three of 56 chronic haemodialysis patients were selected for long-term (6 months) i.v. iron therapy at 20 mg three times per week post-dialysis based on the presence of at least one of the following iron metabolism markers: percentage of transferrin saturation (%TSAT) <20%; percentage of hypochromic erythrocytes (%HypoE) > 10% and serum ferritin (SF) <400 microg/l. Reasons for patient exclusion were active inflammatory or infectious diseases, haematological diseases, psychosis, probable iron overload (SF > or =400 microg/l) and/or acute need of blood transfusion mostly due to haemorrhage and change in renal replacement treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than half (51.8%) of the patients of our dialysis centre proved to have some degree of iron deficiency in spite of their regular oral iron supplementation. At the start of the study the mean haemoglobin was 10.8 g/dl and increased after the 6 months of iron treatment to 12.8 g/dl (P<0.0001). The use of erythropoietin decreased from 118 units/kg/week to 84 units/kg/week. The criterion for iron supplementation with the best sensitivity/specificity relationship (100/87.9%) was ferritin <400 microg/l. Patients with ferritin < 100 [microg/l and those with ferritin between 100 microg/l and 400 microg/l had the same increase in haemoglobin but other parameters of iron metabolism were different between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine supplementation of iron in haemodialysis patients should be performed intravenously. Target ferritin values should be considered individually and the best mean haemoglobin values were achieved at 6 months with a mean ferritin of 456 microg/l (variation from to 919 microg/l). The percentage of transferrin saturation, percentage of hypochromic erythrocytes and ferritin <100 microg/l, were not considered useful parameters to monitor routine iron supplementation in haemodialysis patients. No significant adverse reactions to iron therapy were observed.
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Hemodiálise, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Pragal, Almada, Portugal.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colaço
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ponce
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077605:Ferric Oxide, Saccharated; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005937:Glucaric Acid; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018529:Nutritional Support; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D006454:Hemoglobins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014168:Transferrin; D004921:Erythropoietin; D013395:Sucrose; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron; D000077605:Ferric Oxide, Saccharated; D005937:Glucaric Acid