title: Microbial flora of the cervix assessed at the time of embryo transfer adversely affects in vitro fertilization outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the presence of cervical microorganisms, as detected on catheters used for ET, alters the outcome of IVF-ET.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The assisted reproduction unit of a hospital in Clamart, France.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred seventy-nine controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) cycles performed for IVF-ET. Inclusion criteria were a patient age of < or =38 years, a morphologically normal uterus, and > or =2 good-quality embryos transferred.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tips of catheters used for ruling out possible cervical obstruction before ET were subjected to quantitative (> or =10 colonies = positive culture group; <10 colonies = negative culture group) and qualitative microbial assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnancy and implantation rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 143 (51%) of 279 ETs, cultures were positive, predominantly for Escherichia coli (64%) and Streptococcus species (8%). Although data on patients, COH, and embryology were similar in both culture groups, clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates as well as implantation rates were significantly lower in the positive culture group than in the negative culture group (24% versus 37%; 17% versus 28%; and 9% versus 16%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of microbial flora of the cervix on ET catheters is associated with poor IVF-ET outcome.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France. renato.fanchin@abc.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fanchin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harmas
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Benaoudia
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lundkvist
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Olivennes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frydman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000382:microbiology*; D010064:Embryo Implantation; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies