title: The use of oral contraceptives by adolescents for contraception, menstrual cycle problems or acne.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral contraceptives are prescribed as contraception but also as therapy for menstrual cycle disturbances and acne. We studied the prevalence of oral contraceptive (OC) use and the indications to start OC use among adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort consisting of ninth grade secondary school girls (mean age 15.3+/-0.6 (s.d.) years) answered a questionnaire on their menstrual cycle. OC users were asked about duration and reasons for OC-use and the name of the preparation they used. The influence of calendar age, gynecological age and level of education on the prevalence of OC was studied by multiple logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response on the questionnaire was 92%. Of 2248 responders 248 (11%) used oral contraceptives: 74% used low dose 'sub 50' preparations, 3% pills with 50 microg estrogen, 3% tri-phase preparations and 17% pills with antiandrogens. Of girls aged 14, 15 and 16 years 4%, 12% and 28% respectively, used OC. Of the 15-year-olds 31% mentioned contraception as most important reason for OC use, 18% menstrual cycle irregularity, 26% dysmenorrhea, 10% acne and 5% other reasons. Calendar age, gynecological age and level of education were independent variables for OC use in general and for OC use for contraception or dysmenorrhea, but less so for OC use for menstrual cycle irregularity or acne.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During adolescence low dose OC's were frequently used. In The Netherlands OC use among girls aged 15 and 16 years doubled in comparison with 1982. One third of the adolescent OC-users mentioned contraception as most important reason to start OC. Gynecological age (a determinant of biological maturation), calendar age (a determinant of biological maturation and lifestyle in peer groups), and level of education (a determinant of lifestyle in peer groups) were associated with OC use.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Endocrinology, Reproduction and Metabolism, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Fertility, Medical Centre of the Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: van Hooff
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hirasing
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Kaptein
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koppenaal
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Voorhorst
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schoemaker
mesh_terms: D000152:Acne Vulgaris / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal