title: Giant cell arteritis and cardiovascular risk factors: a multicenter, prospective case-control study. Groupe de Recherche sur l'Artérite à Cellules Géantes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the role of cardiovascular risk factors, measured at the time of diagnosis, in the pathogenesis of giant cell (temporal) arteritis (GCA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred new patients with GCA or polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and population-based, individually age- and sex-matched controls were included in this multicenter, prospective case-control study. Each participant was evaluated by review of the medical history and by clinical and laboratory assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among women, smoking was associated with a 6-fold increase in risk (P = 0.00006, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2-17), heavy smoking with a 17-fold increase in risk, and previous atheromatous disease with a 4.5-fold increase in risk (P = 0.0003, 95% CI 2-11) of GCA in both the biopsy-positive and biopsy-negative GCA groups; only smoking appeared to be a risk factor for PMR in women (odds ratio 3.64, 95% CI 1.07-12.40). Among men, no risk factor was found to be significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking and previous arterial disease were independently associated with GCA in women. In order to avoid matching bias, risk factors for diseases with an unbalanced sex distribution should be studied separately in each sex, using a sex-matched, case-control study design.
authors.affiliation: Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duhaut
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pinede
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demolombe-Rague
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loire
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seydoux
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ninet
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pasquier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D013700:Giant Cell Arteritis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking