title: Co-twin study of the effect of environment and dietary elements on acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection.
abstract: The rate of Helicobacter pylori infection is inversely related to socioeconomic status, and childhood is thought to be the major acquisition period. The authors investigated the importance of childhood environment in the acquisition of H. pylori infection. A cross-sectional study was conducted of monozygotic and dizygotic twins who were reared apart or reared together. Three hundred twins from a subregistry of the Swedish Twin Registry were studied. H. pylori status was evaluated by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin G. Socioeconomic status during childhood was assessed on the basis of the density of the living conditions and the economic situation of the family that reared the twins. Current socioeconomic status was estimated by using a scale that combined income and education. Dietary elements that were studied included fat and fiber intake and ascorbic acid consumption. The density of the childhood home was consistently found to be significantly associated with the acquisition of H. pylori infection (p = 0.04). Among monozygotic twins reared apart and discordant for H. pylori status, affected twins were raised in homes under poorer socioeconomic conditions than those of their unaffected co-twins (p = 0.02). Additionally, infected twins consumed more ascorbic acid than their unaffected co-twins (p = 0.04). The finding of an effect of socioeconomic status during childhood on the acquisition of H. pylori among monozygotic twins who were reared apart and had an identical genetic makeup but not a common environment confirms the hypothesis that childhood acquisition of H. pylori infection is linked to hygiene practices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Malaty
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Isaksson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Engstrand
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology