title: Defining an antigenic epitope on platelet factor 4 associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
abstract: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a potentially serious complication of heparin therapy. Antibodies to platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin complexes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder, but the antigenic epitope(s) on the protein have not been defined. To address this issue, we studied the binding of HIT antibodies to a series of recombinant proteins containing either point mutations in PF4 or chimeras containing various domains of PF4 and the related protein, neutrophil activating peptide-2 (NAP-2). Serum samples from 50 patients with a positive 14C-serotonin release assay (14C-SRA) and a clinical diagnosis of HIT and 20 normal controls were studied. HIT antibodies reacted strongly with wild-type (WT) PF4/heparin complexes, but reacted little, if at all, with NAP-2/heparin complexes (optical density [OD]405 = 2.5 and 0.2, respectively). Alanine substitutions at three of the four lysine residues implicated in heparin binding, K62, K65, and K66, had little effect on recognition by HIT antibodies (OD405 = 2.2, 2.8, and 2.0, respectively), whereas an alanine substitution at position K61 led to reduced, but still significant binding (OD405 = 1.0). Similar studies involving chimeras between PF4 and NAP-2 localized a major antigenic site to the region between the third and fourth cysteine residues for more than half of the sera tested. This site appears to involve a series of amino acids immediately after the third cysteine residue beginning with P37. Thus our studies suggest that whereas the C-terminal lysine residues of PF4 are important for heparin binding, they do not comprise a critical antigenic site for most HIT antibodies. Rather, we propose that maintaining a region near the third cysteine residue of PF4, distal from the proposed heparin-binding domain, is required to form the epitope recognized by many HIT antibodies.
authors.affiliation: Tel-Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine and Sheba Medical Center, Institute for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ziporen
authors.forename: Z Q
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sabnekar
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arepally
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoenfeld
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kieber-Emmons
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Cines
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poncz
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000937:Antigen-Antibody Reactions; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology; D001665:Binding Sites; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D000939:Epitopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010978:Platelet Factor 4 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017354:Point Mutation; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin
chemical_list: D000939:Epitopes; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; C061615:PPBP protein, human; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010455:Peptides; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin; D010978:Platelet Factor 4; C009862:connective tissue-activating peptide; D006493:Heparin