title: Vascular reactivity is impaired in genetic females taking high-dose androgens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the vascular effects of high-dose androgen treatment in genetic females.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Male gender is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease, suggesting either a protective effect of estrogens and/or a deleterious effect of androgens. We have recently demonstrated that androgen deprivation is associated with enhanced vascular reactivity in adult men, however, the effects of androgen excess on vascular function in humans has not been reported previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied vascular reactivity in two groups of genetic females: 12 female-to-male transsexuals receiving long-term high-dose androgens, and 12 healthy female control subjects, matched for age and smoking history. Using external vascular ultrasound, brachial artery diameter was measured at rest, after flow increase (leading to flow-mediated dilatation [FMD], which depends on normal endothelial function) and after sublingual nitroglycerin (NTG), an endothelium-independent dilator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Testosterone levels were higher (15.2+/-8.7 vs. 1.9+/-1.3 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lower (1.2+/-0.2 vs. 1.6+/-0.4 mmol/L, p=0.02) in the transsexuals compared with the control subjects. In each group, nine of 12 subjects were current or ex-smokers, leading to impaired FMD in both groups (5.1+/-3.7% in the transsexuals vs. 6.9+/-4.1% in controls, p=0.28). The NTG response was significantly decreased in the transsexuals (15.9+/-4.9% vs. 22+/-5.8% in controls, p=0.01), independent of the effects of age, cholesterol or vessel size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term treatment with high-dose androgens is associated with impaired vascular reactivity in genetic females, consistent with a deleterious effect of androgen excess on arterial physiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McCredie
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCrohon
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Handelsman
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Celermajer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D013739:Testosterone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014189:Transsexualism / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D018924:Vascular Capacitance / Q000187:drug effects; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects*; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D013739:Testosterone; D005996:Nitroglycerin