title: Alterations in serotonergic responsiveness during cocaine withdrawal in rats: similarities to major depression in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Withdrawal from long-term cocaine use is accompanied by symptoms resembling major depression. Because acute cocaine affects serotonin (5-HT) neurons, and 5-HT dysfunction is implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, we evaluated the effects to 5-HT agonists in rats withdrawn from repeated injections of cocaine (15 mg/kg i.p., b.i.d., 7 days) or saline.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first study, prolactin (PRL) responses elicited by the 5-HT-releasing agent fenfluramine, the 5-HT1A agonist (+/-)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), and the 5-HT2A/2C agonist (+/-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI) were examined as indices of postsynaptic 5-HT receptor function. In a second study, specific responses induced by 8-OH-DPAT, namely inhibition of brain 5-HT synthesis and stimulation of feeding, were examined as correlates of 5-HT1A autoreceptor function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior treatment with cocaine did not modify fenfluramine-evoked PRL release; however, the PRL secretory response to 8-OH-DPAT was blunted and the PRL response to DOI was potentiated after chronic cocaine treatment. Cocaine exposure did not alter the inhibitory effect of 8-OH-DPAT on 5-HT synthesis. 8-OH-DPAT-induced feeding was influenced by prior cocaine, but this effect was secondary to pronounced baseline hyperphagia in the cocaine-treated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that withdrawal from chronic cocaine renders specific subpopulations of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors subsensitive and 5-HT2A/2C receptors supersensitive. No evidence for cocaine-induced changes in 5-HT1A autoreceptor responsiveness was found. A survey of the literature reveals similarities in the profile of 5-HT dysfunction between rats withdrawn from cocaine and humans diagnosed with depression. We propose that withdrawal from chronic cocaine in rats may serve as a useful animal model of depressive disorders.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Rothman
mesh_terms: D006916:5-Hydroxytryptophan / Q000378:metabolism; D017371:8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005277:Fenfluramine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012701:Serotonin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D006916:5-Hydroxytryptophan; D017371:8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin; D000662:Amphetamines; D003042:Cocaine; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D005277:Fenfluramine; D011388:Prolactin; D012701:Serotonin; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; C015952:4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine