title: Premorbid educational attainment in schizophrenia: association with symptoms, functioning, and neurobehavioral measures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to examine the association of educational attainment with phenomenology and neurobehavioral measures assessing brain structure and function in schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixty-two patients with schizophrenia were divided into two groups on the basis of educational attainment: > or = 13 years of education was the cutoff between the high and low groups. The two education groups were compared on symptomatology, functioning, and subsamples on neuropsychological profile, brain volume by magnetic resonance imaging, and brain metabolism by fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients with more education had lower levels of psychotic symptomatology than their counterparts with less education. This was most evident for affective flattening, alogia, avolition, and bizarre behavior. The higher education group also had better ratings on premorbid adjustment, and the engagement and vocational factors of the Quality of Life Scale. Patients in the high education group also performed better on the neuropsychological battery. There were no brain volume differences or differences in brain metabolism between the two education groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Education is an important indicator of premorbid function and is related to the clinical presentation of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-4283, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bilker
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Petty
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gur
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001519:Behavior; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D004493:Education; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed