title: A bHLH transcription factor mediates organ, region and flower type specific signals on dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (dfr) gene expression in the inflorescence of Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae).
abstract: The angiosperm family Asteraceae is characterized by composite inflorescences, which are highly organized structures consisting of different types of flowers. In order to approach the control of floral organ differentiation in Asteraceae at molecular level, we are studying regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in Gerbera hybrida. Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (dfr) expression is regulated according to anthocyanin pigmentation patterns in all tested gerbera varieties at several anatomical levels. We have isolated a promoter for one of the dfr genes, Pgdfr2. Gerbera plants transgenic for a Pgdfr2-uidA construct reveal that the activity of the Pgdfr2 promoter from one variety follows the pigmentation in other varieties which have different color patterns. It is thus evident that the observed complex regulation of dfr expression occurs in trans. In order to identify the trans-acting regulators, we isolated a cDNA (gmyc1) homologous to the previously characterized genes encoding bHLH-type regulators of the anthocyanin pathway in plants. The expression of gmyc1 in different varieties suggests that it has a major role in regulating dfr activity in corolla and carpel, but not in pappus and stamen. Specifically in gerbera, the identical patterns of gmyc1 and dfr expression in corolla tissue suggest that GMYC1 also regulates dfr expression in a region and flower type specific manner. Our studies show that in gerbera GMYC1-dfr interaction is part of several developmental processes characteristic for Asteraceae (such as specification of flower types across the composite inflorescence), whereas in other processes (such as differentiation of sepal as pappus) other regulators control dfr expression to determine the spatial specificity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland. Paula.Elomaa@Helsinki.Fi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elomaa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mehto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotilainen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Helariutta
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Teeri
mesh_terms: D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000737:chemistry; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D018744:DNA, Plant; D018749:RNA, Plant; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C056570:dihydroflavanol 4-reductase