title: The transcription factors KNIRPS and KNIRPS RELATED control cell migration and branch morphogenesis during Drosophila tracheal development.
abstract: Cell migration during embryonic tracheal system development in Drosophila requires DPP and EGF signaling to generate the archetypal branching pattern. We show that two genes encoding the transcription factors KNIRPS and KNIRPS RELATED possess multiple and redundant functions during tracheal development. knirps/knirps related activity is necessary to mediate DPP signaling which is required for tracheal cell migration and formation of the dorsal and ventral branches. Ectopic knirps or knirps related expression in lateral tracheal cells respecifies their anteroposterior to a dorsoventral migration behavior, similar to that observed in the case of ectopic DPP expression. In dorsal tracheal cells knirps/knirps related activity represses the transcription factor SPALT; this repression is essential for secondary and terminal branch formation. However, in cells of the dorsal trunk, spalt expression is required for normal anteroposterior cell migration and morphogenesis. spalt expression is maintained by the EGF receptor pathway and, hence, some of the opposing activities of the EGF and DPP signaling pathways are mediated by spalt and knirps/knirps related. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the border between cells acquiring dorsal branch and dorsal trunk identity is established by the direct interaction of KNIRPS with a spalt cis-regulatory element.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kühnlein
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Eulenberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Affolter
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schuh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004330:Drosophila / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D014132:Trachea / Q000254:growth & development*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C064196:dpp protein, Drosophila; C074089:kni protein, Drosophila; C089211:knrl protein, Drosophila; C085793:salm protein, Drosophila; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor