title: Glutathione modulates rat and mouse hepatocyte sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha causes much of the hepatocellular injury and cell death that follows toxin-induced liver damage. The mechanism by which toxic liver injury sensitizes hepatocytes to TNF-alpha cytotoxicity is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the antioxidant glutathione in this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rat hepatocyte cell line and primary hepatocytes sensitized to TNF-alpha toxicity by the addition of actinomycin D were examined for changes in glutathione levels and for the effects of glutathione depletion or supplementation on cell death. The in vivo effects of glutathione depletion were determined in mice treated with galactosamine plus lipopolysaccharide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of hepatocytes with actinomycin D and TNF-alpha induced apoptotic cell death without affecting cellular glutathione levels or production of the reactive oxygen intermediate H2O2. Glutathione depletion induced by diethyl maleic acid significantly increased TNF-alpha-induced cell death even when this agent was administered 2 hours after TNF-alpha treatment. Hepatocyte cell death was not affected by glutathione supplementation. In mice treated with galactosamine plus lipopolysaccharide, glutathione depletion increased mortality from liver injury from 32% to 72%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity in hepatocytes occurs in the absence of glutathione depletion. However, a preexisting reduction in glutathione levels can significantly increase cell death from TNF-alpha.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Neufeld
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Czaja
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000506:poisoning; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005688:Galactosamine / Q000506:poisoning; D005978:Glutathione / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000506:poisoning; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003609:Dactinomycin; D005688:Galactosamine; D005978:Glutathione