title: Acute effects of lead, steel, tungsten-iron, and tungsten-polymer shot administered to game-farm mallards.
abstract: Sixteen-bird groups (sexes equal) of adult mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were orally dosed with eight #4 steel short, eight #4 lead shot, eight BB-size tungsten-iron shot, eight BB-size tungsten-polymer shot, or were sham-dosed and maintained for 30 days (16 January 1996 to 15 February 1996). Half of the lead-dosed ducks (five males, three females) died during the study, whereas no ducks died in the other dosage groups. For lead-dosed ducks, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration were decreased on day 15 of the trial, but not on day 30. Delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in lead-dosed ducks was lower when compared to steel-dosed ducks only. Plasma activities of selected enzymes were elevated in lead-dosed ducks when compared to enzyme activities of ducks in the other groups. For lead-dosed ducks, relative heart, liver, and kidney weights increased in comparison to relative weights of those organs of ducks in other groups. Histology of tissues indicated that renal nephrosis accompanied by biliary stasis was present in the eight lead-dosed ducks that died. For the eight lead-dosed ducks that survived, six had mild to severe biliary stasis. Mild biliary stasis was noted in five tungsten-iron dosed ducks and three tungsten-polymer dosed ducks. Amounts of lead in the femur, liver, and kidneys were higher in lead-dosed ducks than in ducks of the other four groups. Small amounts of tungsten were detected in the femur and kidneys of two tungsten-polymer dosed ducks. Higher concentrations of tungsten were detected in the femur, liver, and kidneys of all tungsten-iron dosed ducks. The rate of shot erosion was highest (80%) for the tungsten-polymer shot, followed by tungsten-iron (55%), lead (50%), and steel shot (33%). Results indicated that tungsten-iron or tungsten-polymer shot (8 shot/duck) orally administered to mallards did not adversely affect them during a 30-day trial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Aulerich
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Balander
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Stickle
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cray
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Tempelman
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bursian
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004372:Ducks; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000737:chemistry; D005895:Gizzard, Avian / Q000473:pathology; D006400:Hematocrit / Q000662:veterinary; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011041:Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary; D000623:Porphobilinogen Synthase / Q000097:blood; D011897:Random Allocation; D013232:Steel / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D014414:Tungsten / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D013232:Steel; D007854:Lead; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D000623:Porphobilinogen Synthase; D014414:Tungsten