title: Inability of an aggressive policy of thromboprophylaxis to prevent deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in critically injured patients: are current methods of DVT prophylaxis insufficient?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in severely injured patients is a life-threatening complication. Effective and safe thromboprophylaxis is highly desirable to prevent DVT. Low-dose heparin (LDH) and sequential compression device (SCDs) are the most frequently used methods. Inappropriate use of these methods because of the nature or site of critical injuries (eg, brain lesion, solid visceral or retroperitoneal hematoma, extremity fractures) may lead to failure of DVT prophylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of a policy of aggressive use of LDH and SCDs in patients who are at very high risk for DVT. From January 1996 to August 1997, 200 critically injured patients were followed by weekly Doppler examinations to detect DVT at the proximal lower extremities. Only 3 patients did not receive any thromboprophylaxis. SCDs were applied in 97.5% and LDH was administered to 46% of the patients; 45% had both.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DVT was found in 26 patients (13%). The majority (58%) developed DVT within the first 2 weeks, but new cases were found as late as 12 weeks after admission. The incidence of DVT was the same among patients who had SCDs only or a combination of LDH and SCDs. Mechanism of injury, type and number of operations, site of injury, Injury Severity Score, and the incidence of femoral lines were not different between patients with and without DVT. Differences were found in the severity of injury to the chest and the extremities and the need for high-level respiratory support. Patients with DVT had prolonged ICU and hospital stays (on average, 34 and 49 days, respectively) and a high mortality rate (31%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of DVT remains high among severely injured patients despite aggressive thromboprophylaxis. A combination of LDH and an SCD showed no advantage over SCD alone in decreasing DVT rates. Risk factors in this group of patients who are already at very high risk are hard to detect; Doppler examinations are justified for surveillance in all critically injured patients. Current methods of thromboprophylaxis seem to offer limited efficacy, and the search for more effective methods should continue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, 90033-4525, USA.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Velmahos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nigro
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tatevossian
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Cornwell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Belzberg
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Asensio
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Berne
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Demetriades
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001458:Bandages; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness; D005121:Extremities / Q000293:injuries; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications; D005676:Gravity Suits; D006406:Hematoma / Q000150:complications; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply; D007902:Length of Stay; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000150:complications; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin