title: Coupled systolic-ventricular and vascular stiffening with age: implications for pressure regulation and cardiac reserve in the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that age-related arterial stiffening is matched by ventricular systolic stiffening, and that both enhance systolic pressure sensitivity to altered cardiac preload.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Arterial rigidity with age likely enhances blood pressure sensitivity to ventricular filling volume shifts. Tandem increases in ventricular systolic stiffness may also occur and could potentially enhance this sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Invasive left ventricular pressure-volume relations were measured by conductance catheter in 57 adults aged 19 to 93 years. Patients had normal heart function and no cardiac hypertrophy and were referred for catheterization to evaluate chest pain. Twenty-eight subjects had normal coronary angiography and hemodynamics, and the remaining had either systolic hypertension or coronary artery disease without infarction. Data recorded at rest and during transient preload reduction by inferior vena caval obstruction yielded systolic and diastolic left ventricular chamber and effective arterial stiffness and pulse pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction and heart rate were unaltered by age, whereas vascular load and stiffening increased (p < 0.008). Arterial stiffening (Ea) was matched by increased ventricular systolic stiffness (Ees): Ees=0.91 x Ea + 0.53, (r=0.50, p < 0.0001), maintaining arterial-heart interaction (Ea/Ees ratio) age-independent. Ventricular systolic and diastolic stiffnesses correlated (r=0.51, p < 0.0001) and increased with age (p < 0.03). Both ventricular and vascular stiffening significantly increased systolic pressure sensitivity to cardiac preload (p < 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arterial stiffening with age is matched by ventricular systolic stiffening even without hypertrophy. The two effects contribute to elevating systolic pressure sensitivity to altered chamber filling. In addition to recognized baroreflex and autonomic dysfunction with age, combined stiffening could further enhance pressure lability with diuretics and postural shifts in the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Veterans General Hospital-Taipei and National Yang-Ming University, Republic of China.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nevo
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Fetics
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Maughan
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kass
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000502:physiology*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology*; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000502:physiology