title: Immune-mediated congenital heart block (CHB): identifying and counseling patients at risk for having children with CHB.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify patterns of maternal antibodies associated with an increased risk of having a child with congenital heart block (CHB) and to provide a basis for counseling women with a previously affected child.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective clinical study of the obstetric histories of 46 Finnish women with a CHB child compared the strength and specificity of the immune response to SS-A/Ro and SS-B/La, as determined by immunoblot and ELISA, in 44 affected women with 85 women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 32 women with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) with healthy children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High levels of anti-SS-A/Ro and anti-SS-B/La by practically all assays were associated with a significantly increased risk of having a CHB child. The best single test to identify high-risk mothers was anti-52 kd SS-A/Ro by immunoblot (OR 18.9), and it was the only assay to detect mothers at increased risk of CHB as compared with controls with primary SS. Low risk of CHB was indicated by undetectable or low levels of antibodies in the ELISA assays and no reactivity on immunoblot. Mothers with a previous child with CHB had a history of fetal loss (mostly spontaneous abortions) or a history of recurrent fetal losses (> or = 3) slightly more often than controls. Late-trimester obstetric complications in non-CHB pregnancies were insignificant. The relative risk for a female child compared with a male child to have CHB was 1.9 (1.2-2.9, P = .009), and the risk of the mother having another child with CHB was 12% (4 of 34).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is no unique antibody profile specific for CHB, mothers with a high or low risk of having a child with CHB can be identified. Female children appear to have an increased risk of CHB, but the risk of the mother having another child with CHB is low.
authors.affiliation: Peijas Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Finnish Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, and University of Helsinki.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Julkunen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaaja
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Siren
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McCready
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holthöfer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kurki
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maddison
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D003376:Counseling; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005387:Finland; D006327:Heart Block / Q000151:congenital* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D015995:Prevalence; D020733:RNA, Small Cytoplasmic; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000276:immunology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000097585:SS-B Antigen; D000099207:SS-A Antigen
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens; D020733:RNA, Small Cytoplasmic; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; D000097585:SS-B Antigen; D000099207:SS-A Antigen; C116006:RO60 protein, human