title: Blue-on-yellow and achromatic perimetry in diabetic children without retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared blue-on-yellow perimetry with achromatic perimetry to determine whether the first was more sensitive in detecting visual field defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 50 children and adolescents (22 male, 28 female) with IDDM, ranging in age from 10.1 to 16.3 years (mean 13.3+/-2.1 years), with a disease duration of 5.2-10.0 years (mean 7.1+/-1.9 years). Patients were divided into subgroups according to the presence of persistent microalbuminuria. No one had signs of diabetic retinopathy when studied with fluorescein angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By achromatic perimetry, the analysis of subareas of the central 30 degrees of the visual field (0-9 degrees; 10-18 degrees; out of 18 degrees) showed no differences between diabetic subgroups in the central 18 degrees of the visual field, while a significant difference between the same subgroups was found outside the 18 degrees of the 24-2 program of the Humphrey perimeter (P = 0.027). By blue-on-yellow perimetry, in all three of the perimetric subareas evaluated, the sensitivity was lower in microalbuminuric patients than in normoalbuminuric ones. The differential sensitivity between the perimetric tests performed with blue-on-yellow and with achromatic stimuli showed statistically significant data, with a higher level of significance in the central 18 degrees (P < 0.0001) than outside the 18 degrees (P = 0.033).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that blue-on-yellow perimetry is more useful and more sensitive than achromatic perimetry in the detection of preclinical visual field defects in diabetic children with microalbuminuria but without clinically detectable retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy. l.lobefalo@ophthalmology.unich.it
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lobefalo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verrotti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mastropasqua
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Della Loggia
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cherubini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morgese
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Gallenga
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiarelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D003118:Color Perception; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D058609:Visual Field Tests