title: Spectrum of gestational exposure to illicit drugs and other xenobiotic agents in newborn infants by meconium analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To detect the spectrum of gestational exposure to illicit drugs and other xenobiotic agents in neonates by meconium analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meconium was collected from 98 neonates and analyzed for illicit drugs and other xenobiotic agents by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-one (82.7%) infants tested positive for xenobiotic agents, and each infant had from 1 to 9 drugs present. These included local anesthetics (30%) such as lidocaine and mepivacaine; food additives (25%) such as ionol (butylated hydroxytoluene); illicit drugs (11%), especially cocaine and morphine; analgesics (10%) such as meperidine; and fewer (< 10%) other drugs such as antihistamines, antidepressants, adrenergics, anticonvulsants, cough medications, analeptics, hypnosedatives, and cardiotonics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated substantial exposure of neonates to xenobiotic agents, ranging from exposure to food additives, prescribed or over-the-counter medications, and drugs of abuse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hutzel Hospital, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ostrea
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Matias
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mac
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Utarnachitt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ostrea
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazhar
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008470:Meconium / Q000737:chemistry*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D015262:Xenobiotics