title: Is nondipping in 24 h ambulatory blood pressure related to cognitive dysfunction?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Associations between the outcome of 24 h ambulatory monitoring and cognitive performance were studied in order to evaluate the potential relevance of ambulant blood pressure status to brain function. It was hypothesized that a small daytime-night-time difference in mean blood pressure (nondipping) is associated with reduced cognitive performance, in line with studies in hypertensive subjects that have reported associations between nondipping and target-organ damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study followed a cross-sectional design and was part of a larger research programme on determinants of cognitive aging (Maastricht Aging Study, MAAS). A group of 115 community residents aged 28-82 years was recruited from a general practice population and screened for cardiovascular events and medication use. All underwent 24 h blood pressure monitoring. Cognitive performance was measured with tests of verbal memory, attention, simple speed and information processing speed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean daytime or night-time levels of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were unrelated to cognitive outcome, when age, sex and educational level were controlled for. Differences between mean daytime and night-time blood pressure (based on both narrow and wide measurement intervals for day and night-time periods) were positively associated with memory function (5-9% of additional variance explained) and one sporadic positive association was found on the sensorimotor speed score (4%). Nondippers (n=15) showed lower levels of both memory and sensorimotor speed scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ambulatory blood pressure status was not associated with cognitive performance. A reduced nocturnal blood pressure drop was associated with quite specific cognitive deficits, but the underlying mechanism remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. martin.vanboxtel@np.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: van Boxtel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaillard
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Houx
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buntinx
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: de Leeuw
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jolles
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis