title: BAD enables ceramide to signal apoptosis via Ras and Raf-1.
abstract: Prior investigations document that proliferative signaling cascades, under some circumstances, initiate apoptosis, although mechanisms that dictate the final outcome are largely unknown. In COS-7 cells, ceramide signals Raf-1 activation through Ras (Zhang, Y., Yao, B., Delikat, S., Bayoumy, S., Lin, X. H., Basu, S., McGinley, M., Chan-Hui, P. Y., Lichenstein, H., and Kolesnick, R. (1997) Cell 89, 63-72), but not apoptosis. However, expression of small amounts of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, BAD, conferred ceramide-induced apoptosis onto COS-7 cells. Ceramide signaled apoptosis in BAD-expressing cells by a pathway involving sequentially kinase suppressor of Ras (KSR)/ceramide-activated protein kinase, Ras, c-Raf-1, and MEK1. Downstream, this pathway linked to BAD dephosphorylation at serine 136 by prolonged inactivation of Akt/PKB. Further, mutation of BAD at serine 136 abrogated ceramide signaling of apoptosis. The present study indicates that when ceramide signals through the Ras/Raf cascade, the availability of a single target, BAD, may dictate an apoptotic outcome.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bayoumy
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kolesnick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D019556:COS Cells; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002518:Ceramides / Q000502:physiology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000502:physiology*; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002518:Ceramides; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; D012694:Serine; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D018631:ras Proteins