title: Prevalence and incidence rate of HIV, hepatitis B and C among drug users on methadone maintenance treatment in Geneva between 1988 and 1995.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence and incidence rates of infection with HIV, hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV), in a cohort of drug users (DU) in Geneva, Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective open cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Private methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 700 DU in treatment between 1988 and 1995 were tested biannually for HIV, HBV and HCV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence for HIV, HBV and HCV at study entry, determined by gender, by injection behaviour, by year of start of MMT and incidence rates for HIV, HBV and HCV, assuming equal risk of seroconversion on each day of the interval between last negative and first positive test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence at entry into treatment declined dramatically over time for all three viruses. Comparing DU entering treatment before 1988 to those entering treatment after 1993, the prevalence of HIV was 38.2% versus 4.5%, of HBV 80.5% versus 20.1%, and of HCV 91.6% versus 29.8%, respectively. Follow-up rate was 80%. The incidence rates for HIV and HBV were 0.6% and 2.1% per person-year of follow-up, respectively. For HCV the rate was higher (4.2%) especially among women (9.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that DU have changed HIV risk-taking behaviour in response to HIV prevention campaigns. Current prevention efforts should focus on improvement of HCV prevention, identification of high-risk individuals and maintaining safe behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Broers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Junet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bourquin
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Déglon
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hirschel
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D008691:Methadone