title: Variable cross-resistance to Cry11B from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) resistant to single or multiple toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.
abstract: A novel mosquitocidal bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan, and one of its toxins, Cry11B, in a recombinant B. thuringiensis strain were evaluated for cross-resistance with strains of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus that are resistant to single and multiple toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. The levels of cross-resistance (resistance ratios [RR]) at concentrations which caused 95% mortality (LC95) between B. thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan and the different B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis-resistant mosquito strains were low, ranging from 2.3 to 5.1. However, the levels of cross-resistance to Cry11B were much higher and were directly related to the complexity of the B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Cry toxin mixtures used to select the resistant mosquito strains. The LC95 RR obtained with the mosquito strains were as follows: 53.1 against Cq4D, which was resistant to Cry11A; 80.7 against Cq4AB, which was resistant to Cry4A plus Cry4B; and 347 against Cq4ABD, which was resistant to Cry4A plus Cry4B plus Cry11A. Combining Cyt1A with Cry11B at a 1:3 ratio had little effect on suppressing Cry11A resistance in Cq4D but resulted in synergism factors of 4.8 and 11.2 against strains Cq4AB and Cq4ABD, respectively; this procedure eliminated cross-resistance in the former mosquito strain and reduced it markedly in the latter strain. The high levels of activity of B. thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, both of which contain a complex mixture of Cry and Cyt proteins, against Cry4- and Cry11-resistant mosquitoes suggest that novel bacterial strains with multiple Cry and Cyt proteins may be useful in managing resistance to bacterial insecticides in mosquito populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA. mcwirth@mail.ucr.edu
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delécluse
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Federici
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Walton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000145:classification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D001681:Biological Assay; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis