title: Perkinsus marinus tissue distribution and seasonal variation in oysters Crassostrea virginica from Florida, Virginia and New York.
abstract: Perkinsus marinus infection intensity was measured in eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica collected in October and December 1993, and March, May, and July 1994 from 3 U.S. sites: Apalachicola Bay (FL), Chesapeake Bay (VA), and Oyster Bay (NY). Gill, mantle, digestive gland, adductor muscle, hemolymph, and remaining tissue (including gonadal material and rectum) were dissected from 20 oysters from each site at each collection time. Samples were separately diagnosed for P. marinus infections by incubation in Ray's Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (RFTM) and subsequent microscopic quantification of purified enlarged hypnospores. At all sampling times and sites, average P. marinus infection intensity (g wet wt tissue-1 or ml hemolymph-1) was lowest in hemolymph samples, and generally highest in the digestive gland. Perkinsus marinus prevalence was 100% at both FL and NY sites for each of the 5 collection times, and, for the VA site, was less than 100% in only 1 month (May 1994). Seasonal intensity patterns and mean total body burdens differed among the sites. Average body burden was highest in VA during October and progressively declined to a minimum in May. This decline was probably due to mortality of heavily infected oysters and diminution of parasite activity associated with colder temperatures and reduced salinities. Intensities varied little during the months of October and December at both the FL and NY sites. Minimum average intensities were observed in March in FL oysters and May in NY oysters. Relatively high P. marinus infection levels that persisted throughout the winter in NY oysters compared with VA oysters could reflect constant high salinity in Long Island Sound which favors parasite activity, and also rapid decline in temperature in the fall that may have prevented epizootic oyster mortalities.
authors.affiliation: U.S. EPA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Gulf Ecology Division, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561-5299, USA. oliver.leah@epamail.epa.gov
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Burreson
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gandy
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D016782:Apicomplexa / Q000502:physiology*; D005431:Florida; D009518:New York; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater; D014768:Virginia