title: Pediatric hepatic trauma: does clinical course support intensive care unit stay?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to determine if grade of liver injury predicts outcome after blunt hepatic trauma in children and to initiate analysis of current management practices to optimize resource utilization without compromising patient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 36 children who had blunt hepatic trauma treated at a pediatric trauma center from 1989 to present was performed. Hepatic injuries graded (AAST Organ Injury Scaling) ranged from grade I to IV. Injury Severity Score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), transfusion requirements, liver transaminase levels, associated injuries, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, and survival were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (+/-SEM) age was 6.6+/-0.8 years, mean grade of hepatic injury was 2.4+/-0.2, mean ISS was 17+/-2.6, mean GCS was 13+/-1, and mean transfusion was 15.4 mL/kg of packed red blood cells (PRBC). There were three deaths with a mean ISS of 59+/-9 and a mean GCS of 3+/-0. Death was not associated with a high-grade liver injury, survivors versus nonsurvivors, 2.3+/-0.2 versus 2.7+/-0.3, but was associated with ISS, 13+/-1.4 versus 59+/-9 (P = .005) and GCS, 14+/-1 versus 3+/-0 (P = .005). Only one patient (grade III, ISS = 43) underwent surgery. There were no differences in mean ISS or GCS between grades I to IV patients. The hepatic injury grades of patients requiring transfusion versus no transfusion were significantly different, 3.4+/-0.2 versus 2.2+/-0.2 (P = 0.04). Abused patients had high-grade hepatic injuries and significant laboratory and clinical findings. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly higher in grade III and IV injuries than in grades I and II, 1,157+/-320 versus 333+/-61 (P= .02) and 1,176+/-299 versus 516+/-86 (P= .04), respectively. No children with grade I or II injury had a transfusion requirement or surgical intervention. There were no liver-related complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mortality and morbidity rates in pediatric liver injuries, grades I to IV, correlate with associated injuries not the degree of hepatic damage. ALT, AST, and transfusion requirements are significantly related to degree of liver injury. Low-grade and isolated high-grade liver injuries seldom require transfusion. Blunt liver trauma rarely requires surgical intervention. In retrospect, the need for expensive ICU observation for low-grade and isolated high-grade hepatic injuries is questionably warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital of University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kou
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sivit
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stallion
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Dudgeon
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Grisoni
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D009820:Ohio; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*