title: Carotid endarterectomy by eversion technique: its safety and durability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The outcome of standard longitudinal carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can be measured by preservation of neurologic function with a low incidence of restenosis. Closure of the internal carotid arteriotomy with or without a patch may predispose to restenosis. Alternatively, transection of the internal carotid artery at the bulb with eversion endarterectomy allows expeditious removal of the plaque and direct visualization of the endpoint. Because the proximal internal carotid artery is anastomosed to the common carotid artery, this obviates the need for patch closure. The authors report their results with this technique in more than 2200 procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  From May 1993 to March 1998, 1855 patients underwent 2249 CEAs using the eversion technique. During the same period, 410 patients had 474 CEAs by standard technique. Three hundred fifteen procedures in the eversion group and 65 procedures in the standard group were combined CEA and coronary artery bypass grafts. Most solo CEAs (97%) were performed in awake patients using regional anesthesia. Shunts were used on demand in 6% of CEAs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The operative mortality rate was 1.02% (16/1575) in the solo eversion group and 2.2% (9/410) in the standard group. There were 18 permanent neurologic deficits (0.8%) in the eversion group and 11 (2.3%) in the standard group. Transient neurologic deficits occurred in 20 patients (0.9%) in the eversion group and 13 patients (2.7%) in the standard group. Of the 1855 patients, 1786 (96%) presented for duplex ultrasound follow-up. There were seven (0.3%) stenoses greater than 60% in the eversion group versus five (1.1%) in the standard group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eversion CEA can be performed safely with a low rate of stroke and death and a minimal restenosis rate in short- and long-term follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Disease, Albany Medical College, New York 12208, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Darling
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Paty
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Kreienberg
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Leather
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged