title: Interleukin-6 regulates prostate-specific protein expression in prostate carcinoma cells by activation of the androgen receptor.
abstract: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels are frequently elevated in sera of patients with metastatic prostate cancer. IL-6 receptors are expressed in prostate cancer cell lines, as well as in benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer tissue specimens. The androgen receptor (AR) is a key transcription factor that is present in all stages of prostate carcinoma, even in therapy-refractory tumors. In an attempt to investigate possible cross-talk between IL-6 and androgen signal transduction cascades, we tested the effects of this cytokine on AR transcriptional activity. The regulation of AR activity by IL-6 was studied in DU-145 cells, which were cotransfected with the androgen-responsive reporter plasmid ARE2TATACAT and the AR expression vector pSG5AR. We show that IL-6 up-regulates AR activity in a ligand-independent manner, as well as synergistically, with very low doses of the synthetic androgen methyltrienolone (5-10 pM). Therefore, AR activation by IL-6 may be operative in prostate cancer patients who have decreased androgen levels because of androgen ablation therapy. The maximal induction of reporter gene activity by IL-6 alone (50 ng/ml) was 67% of that stimulated by 1 nM of methyltrienolone. The nonsteroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide (Casodex) nearly completely inhibited AR activation by IL-6. IL-6 effects on AR activity were also abolished or greatly reduced by inhibitors of protein kinase A and C and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In concordance with the results obtained in DU-145 cells, IL-6 induced AR-regulated prostate-specific antigen mRNA and protein in LNCaP cells. Stimulation of prostate-specific antigen protein secretion by IL-6 was antagonized by bicalutamide and inhibitors of protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Taken together, our data show for the first time that IL-6 is a nonsteroidal activator of the AR and that this activation is implicated in the regulation of prostate-specific proteins. Keeping in mind that IL-6, its receptor, and the AR are expressed in prostate cancers, cross-talk between IL-6 and AR signaling pathways may have clinical significance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hobisch
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Eder
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Putz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Horninger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klocker
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Culig
mesh_terms: D015536:Down-Regulation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000187:drug effects*; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen