title: Computed axial tomography of the porcine nasal cavity and a morphometric comparison of the nasal turbinates with other visualization techniques.
abstract: A non-invasive imaging modality, computed tomography (CT), was used to visualize changes in nasal turbinates of anesthetized pigs over a 12-week observation period (pigs were 14 wk of age at study week 0). Normal, non-infected pigs were compared to pigs with mild challenge-induced atrophic rhinitis (AR) in order to detect subtle differences in morphology. To determine feasibility for time course studies in future experiments, morphometric quantitation at the level of the 2nd premolar (turbinate area ratio or TAR) in cross-section CT images at multiple timepoints was done. Additionally, at study termination, the TAR determined from CT images, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and wet tissue (WT), were compared to each other and to the standard subjective measure, visual scoring. There were no statistically significant differences between the control and AR groups at CT imaging dates of 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 wk (P = 0.182). However, a statistically significant decrease in TAR measurements over time (P = 0.015) was observed in both groups, with lower mean values observed on Weeks 3 and 6 before rebounding to baseline values at study termination. At Week 12 (termination of the study), the TAR measurements derived from CT, MRI, and WT were not statistically different from one another (P = 0.220) and the treatment group-by-method interaction was not significant (P = 0.800). This provided evidence of equivalency of the techniques. Mean values for normal and infected groups were not significantly different based on either TAR imaging methods (P = 0.552) or visual scores (P = 0.088). Thus, the current study demonstrated that CT was an acceptable alternative imaging modality which could be used for quantitation of turbinate changes in snouts of live pigs to provide data comparable to tissue taken at necropsy. Computed tomographic imaging would allow non-invasive tracking of disease or treatment responses within individual animals over time. Morphometric analysis of the TAR was equivalent between the CT, MRI, and WT specimens.
authors.affiliation: Elanco Animal Health, Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, Indiana 46140, USA.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Shryock
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Losonsky
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Gatlin
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Francisco
authors.forename: I V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Kuriashkin
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Clarkson
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001699:Biometry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012222:Rhinitis, Atrophic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013552:Swine / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014420:Turbinates / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000379:methods