title: Effect of early referral to an endocrinologist on efficiency and cost of evaluation and development of treatment plan in patients with thyroid nodules.
abstract: Radionuclide uptake and scan and sonogram, frequently ordered before referral to an endocrinologist, are expensive and poor predictors of thyroid nodule malignancy. We estimated costs of excessive imaging and other studies by reviewing the records of all patients (n = 70) referred to a single, consulting endocrinologist, for thyroid nodule evaluation in a 2-yr interval and subsequently, presenting only pertinent histories and results of physical examinations, thyroid function tests, and thyroid autoantibodies, to a second, reviewing endocrinologist (RE) who was blinded to diagnosis and management. Concordance in diagnosis and management between consulting endocrinologist and RE was 87.1% and 93.4%, respectively. Accuracy of diagnosis, loss of patient's time (8.7 h, average), and cost of unnecessary testing, defined as tests not required by the RE for diagnosis and management according to published guidelines, were determined. Unnecessary testing included 153 physician's office or diagnostic laboratory visits, 44 sets of thyroid function tests, 32 radionuclide uptake and scan, 39 thyroid sonograms, and 3 computed tomography scans. The total direct cost of unnecessary tests was estimated at $27,290 ($390/patient) in addition to costs of 30 unnecessary physician's office visits. Only 2 of 8 surgical referrals required surgery, whereas 6 other patients required surgery, including 3 with papillary carcinoma. We conclude that early referral to an endocrinologist of patients with suspected thyroid nodules results in significant savings in cost of evaluation, patient's time, and increased diagnostic precision. Six of the 8 patients referred for surgery before endocrine consultation had benign thyroid disease that did not require surgery. Six additional patients were referred to surgery, 3 of whom had papillary thyroid carcinoma. Early referral of patients with suspected thyroid nodules to an endocrinologist results in significant savings in both cost and patient's time as well as increased precision of diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hupart
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: DeFesi
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Surks
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004704:Endocrinology / Q000191:economics*; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures