title: An exploration of screening practices for prostate cancer and the associated community expenditure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine: (i) the prevalence, reasons for, and demographic and psychosocial predictors of prostate cancer screening among a randomly selected sample of men; and (ii) to estimate the community expenditure involved in the screening of asymptomatic men.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of men aged 40-79 years was selected from the State Electoral Register of New South Wales, Australia, and asked to complete a computer-assisted telephone interview. The questions determined their demographic characteristics, their subjective health rating compared with others of the same age (5-point scale), the prevalence and reasons for any screening for prostate cancer ('ever screened' and 'screened within the last 12 months'), whether they had undergone a digital rectal examination (DRE), a blood test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), and the prevalence of urinary symptoms. Those who had been screened were then asked to nominate the single most important factor in the decision to undergo prostate cancer screening. To estimate community expenditure, the costs for prostate cancer screening were estimated by applying Medicare schedule charges to the screening and subsequent diagnostic tests performed. Two scenarios were developed to estimate costs: the first used guidelines which do not recommend the use of routine screening for all asymptomatic men, and the second was based on guidelines where the routine use of PSA or TRUS as part of a periodic health examination is not recommended, but the use of DRE in asymptomatic men aged 50-70 years is.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 551 eligible participants, 86% completed the interview; 44% of participants reported that they had 'ever' been screened, whilst 23% had been screened in the year before the study. Among those who had been screened, the reason reported most often for screening, apart from symptoms and family history, was the doctor's recommendation after a medical assessment of their prostate cancer risk status. Screening status was predicted both by the age of the man and his symptom score. As a result, the community expenditure in New South Wales for screening among asymptomatic men was estimated to be A$6.4 million and A$5.2 million for the first and second scenarios, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that, despite the recommendations of primary bodies that asymptomatic men not be screened for prostate cancer, screening is occurring at a high level and with significant costs to the healthcare system.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Newcastle, Australia.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sanson-Fisher
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Youman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000191:economics*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000453:epidemiology