title: Optimization of the scintillation detector in a combined 3D megavoltage CT scanner and portal imager.
abstract: A parametric study is described leading to the optimization of a custom-made scintillation detector with a relatively high quantum efficiency (QE) for megavoltage photons and light output toward a remote lens. This detector allows low-dose portal imaging and continuous cone-beam megavoltage CT acquisition. The EGS4 Monte Carlo code was used to simulate the x-ray and electron transport in the detector. A Monte Carlo model of optical photon transport in a detector element was devised and used as well as various irradiation experiments on scintillators. Different detector materials and configurations were compared in terms of the optical photon irradiance on the lens from on- and off-axis detector elements and the practical constraints regarding detector construction and weight. Effects of scintillator material, detector element size, crystal coating type, and reflectivity, combinations of different coatings on detector faces, scintillator doping level, and crystal transparency were studied. With scintillator thickness adjusted to give an 18% x-ray QE at 6 MV, the light output of CsI(Tl) was at least eight times higher than ZnWO4, BGO and NE118 plastic. Further, CsI(Tl) showed the smallest decrease in QE going from 6 to 24 MV. The off-axis reduction in emittance from the periphery of the detector was relatively small with a slight dependence on the type and reflectivity of the coating and the crystal thickness for a fixed detector element cross section. Light output was more strongly dependent on the reflectivity of lambertian coatings than specular ones. For a fixed detector element cross section, optimum coating type depended on crystal thickness. Typical CsI(Tl) crystals showed a relatively small variation in light output with changes in optical attenuation length. The optimum detector element was found to be CsI(Tl) coated on five faces with TiO2-loaded epoxy resin offering about a ten-fold improvement in light output per incident photon compared to typical metal/phosphor screens.
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Physics, Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom. aminm@rsch.org.uk
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mosleh-Shirazi
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Swindell
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D002586:Cesium / Q000528:radiation effects; D003460:Crystallization; D004583:Electrons; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007454:Iodides / Q000528:radiation effects; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D017785:Photons; D012588:Scintillation Counting / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013793:Thallium / Q000528:radiation effects; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D007454:Iodides; D002586:Cesium; D013793:Thallium; C040050:cesium iodide