title: [Johann Georg Heine--treatment leeway for technical specialists after Bavarian medical reform in the early 19th century].
abstract: Various technical professions such as orthopedics and dentistry were introduced into the universities of Bavaria in the early 19th Century. The representatives of these professions were craftsmen who first had to legally become "doctors" before they could regularly take part in specialized treatment technology and firmly establish their originally technical discipline in an academic setting. A case study is used to paradigmatically illustrate how this course of developments subsequent to the Bavarian Medical Reform of 1808, which was intended to bridge all gaps for these marginal professions, ever became possible and to describe the role of the State in the establishment of technical specialties. It turned out that some of the newly formed fields that were formerly specialized technical trades did not fit into the rigid medical legislative system. This led to great uncertainty about various legal positions in the sector where medical and police regulations did not apply. In this "unlegislated sector", government jurists--not medical boards--made decisions regarding the further development of the new specialty. Economics and public health policies became important factors in view of the demand for services in the new specialty field. This created more freedom of action for "technical" medical specialties that were in great demand.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Geschichte der Medizin, Universität Würzburg.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schwarzmann-Schafhauser
mesh_terms: D004501:Education, Medical / Q000266:history*; D005858:Germany; D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000266:history*; D013038:Specialization / Q000266:history*