title: Analysis and interpretation of cost data in randomised controlled trials: review of published studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review critically the statistical methods used for health economic evaluations in randomised controlled trials where an estimate of cost is available for each patient in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey of published randomised trials including an economic evaluation with cost values suitable for statistical analysis; 45 such trials published in 1995 were identified from Medline.
  
  
  METHODS
  The use of statistical methods for cost data was assessed in terms of the descriptive statistics reported, use of statistical inference, and whether the reported conclusions were justified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although all 45 trials reviewed apparently had cost data for each patient, only 9 (20%) reported adequate measures of variability for these data and only 25 (56%) gave results of statistical tests or a measure of precision for the comparison of costs between the randomised groups. Only 16 (36%) of the articles gave conclusions which were justified on the basis of results presented in the paper. No paper reported sample size calculations for costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analysis and interpretation of cost data from published trials reveal a lack of statistical awareness. Strong and potentially misleading conclusions about the relative costs of alternative therapies have often been reported in the absence of supporting statistical evidence. Improvements in the analysis and reporting of health economic assessments are urgently required. Health economic guidelines need to be revised to incorporate more detailed statistical advice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Statistics and Evaluation, Imperial College School of Medicine, London W12 0NN. j.barber@rpms.ac.uk
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018401:Sample Size; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity