The sensorimotor and cognitive integration of gravity.
In order to demonstrate that gravity is not only a load acting locally and continuously on the body limbs, but is also used by higher levels of the nervous system as a dynamic orienting reference for the elaboration of the motor act, a review of several experiments conducted both in 1 g and 0 g are presented. During various locomotor tasks, the strategy that consists of stabilizing the head with respect to gravity illustrates one of the solutions used by the CNS to optimize the control of dynamic equilibrium. A question which remains to be solved when considering experimental results obtained in weightlessness concerns, however, the maintenance of motor schema that has evolved under normal gravity. Results have suggested that the concept of conservative processes, that would adapt postural control to weightlessness by using previously learned innate strategies, must be reconsidered during goal-oriented tasks. In fact, it is proposed that when conservative processes and existing solutions derived from a repertoire of terrestrial postural strategies do not provide efficient output, the CNS has to create novel strategies through a slow learning process. As with the study of postural control, three-dimensional arm reaching movements also illustrate the central representation of gravity. Indeed, gravity can be regarded as either initiating or braking arm movements and, consequently, may be represented in the motor command at the planning level. Finally, from a prospective point of view, there is a need to determine new experimental paradigms in order to study the specific motor control of man in space. It is suggested that the formulation of experimental paradigms should not consider man in space simply as a terrestrial biped.
Pozzo
T
T
Groupe Analyse du Mouvement (G.A.M), U.F.R. S.T.A.P.S., Campus Universitaire, Université de Bourgogne, B.P. 138, 21004, Dijon, France. tpozzo@U-bourgogne.fr
Papaxanthis
C
C
Stapley
P
P
Berthoz
A
A
D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D006112:Gravitation; D018466:Gravity Sensing / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D014893:Weightlessness