title: Adrenergic receptors in premenstrual dysphoric disorder: I. Platelet alpha 2 receptors: Gi protein coupling, phase of menstrual cycle, and prediction of luteal phase symptom severity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormal alpha 2-adrenergic receptor (AR) function is implicated in anxiety and depressive disorders. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is characterized by anxiety and depressive symptoms, which may be associated with changes in alpha 2AR function. Previous studies on alpha 2AR function during phases of the menstrual cycle in controls and PMDD patients are inconsistent.
  
  
  METHODS
  alpha 2AR function was examined in 16 PMDD patients and 15 controls during the follicular phase, and in 10 PMDD patients during late luteal phase. Antagonist-measured maximum binding capacity, agonist-measured receptor density in high- and low-conformational states, and agonist affinity to both states were measured. Coupling efficiency to Gi protein was estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in coupling efficiency. PMDD patients had significantly low antagonist affinity; there were no differences in other binding parameters. There were no changes in alpha 2AR binding parameters between phases of menstrual cycle in PMDD women. alpha 2AR density and symptom severity were inversely related during the follicular phase in controls and patients. During luteal phase, alpha 2AR density correlated positively with symptom severity in patients. High follicular alpha 2AR density predicted more severe luteal symptoms in PMDD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are discussed in view of the molecular biology of alpha 2AR, and their role in PMDD, anxiety, and depressive disorders.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216, USA.
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Gurguis
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Yonkers
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Blakeley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rush
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000523:psychology; D019206:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D019206:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go