title: Outcome and complications of epidural analgesia in patients with chronic cancer pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some cancer patients require invasive techniques for control of chronic cancer pain. Many patients have benefited from local administration of opioids and anesthetics through an epidural catheter. However, epidural abscess and meningitis are side effects of epidural catheters that have serious morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective study, the charts of all patients who received an epidural catheter for the management of chronic cancer pain in a 3-year period (1993-1996) were reviewed. Patients with nervous system infections were identified and pertinent clinical, radiologic (magnetic resonance imaging), and bacteriologic data were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-one patients received 137 epidural catheters for a total of 4326 catheter days. All but four patients had died at the time of the final analysis. The median survival after placement of the first epidural catheter was 38 days (range, 1 day--> 1000 days). Seventy-two patients received a percutaneous port whereas 19 patients were treated with an implanted subcutaneous port. Adequate pain relief was obtained in 76% of the 58 patients with nociceptive pain and in 73% of 33 patients with neuropathic pain. All neuropathic pain was associated with active tumor and could be classified as nociceptive nerve pain. Technical complications and superficial infections occurred in as many as 43% of patients. Deep infections occurred in 12 patients, 11 of whom had a spinal epidural abscess.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deep infection is a frequent complication of epidural analgesia and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Only cancer patients with a short life expectancy (< or =3 months) should be treated with epidural analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuro-oncology, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Smitt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsafka
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Teng-van de Zande
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van der Holt
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Elswijk-de Vries
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Elfrink
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van den Bent
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Vecht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome