title: Air vs ground transport and outcome in trauma patients requiring urgent operative interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study trauma patients requiring urgent operative interventions to determine whether transport mode was associated with outcome difference.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible patients were injured adults and children who presented over a 57-month period to the emergency department (ED) at the study hospital (annual ED census 36,000) after air or ground transport from trauma scenes or referring hospitals. Patients included were those whose ED lengths of stay were <60 minutes prior to transfer to an operating room. Data collected included injury severity score (ISS), ED and hospital lengths of stay, and mortality. Continuous data, which were not distributed normally, were analyzed using Wilcoxon nonparametric analysis. Categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square testing. Multivariate logistic regression was used to account for confounding variables and isolate the effects of transport mode on mortality. Alpha for all tests was set at 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  272 patients were eligible for study; 168 air medical and 104 ground transports. No between-group differences were found for ED length of stay, ISS, or mortality. A significantly longer hospital stay was found for air-transported patients. Subgroup analysis of patients with penetrating trauma and ISS of > or =25 revealed mortalities of 28% and 45% for air- and ground-transported patients, respectively; this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.24), but the study had a power of only 22% to detect a difference at this magnitude.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study failed to identify, but had insufficient power to rule out, outcome benefit to air medical transport in a subset of trauma patients requiring urgent operative interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, USA. sikour0@pop.uky.edu
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Koury
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moorer
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Stapczynski
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004630:Emergencies; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000592:standards*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007629:Kentucky; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014187:Transportation of Patients / Q000379:methods*; D014193:Trauma Centers; D016896:Treatment Outcome