title: Health risk influence on medical care costs and utilization among 2,898 municipal employees.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although worksite health promotion programs are credited with stabilizing medical benefits costs, research is needed to characterize the medical costs of cohorts with selected health risk factors. The purpose of this study was to compare medical cost outcomes in City of Birmingham, Alabama, employees who differ on selected health risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health risk appraisal and medical claims cost data were examined in 2,898 employees participating in health screening during 1992 and 1993. Probit analysis was employed to test the null hypotheses that there are no differences in (1) probability of medical service utilization and (2) probability of medical service cost quartile (high, moderate, and low) between groups characterized by risks. Age, gender, race, education, marital status, and diabetes were included as covariates in each model examined. In addition, smoking habits was included as a covariate in models involving risk taking behavior and psychosocial risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in medical care utilization and costs were found between risk groups based on psychosocial risk, cardiovascular disease risk, and total risk. No association was found between risk-taking behavior and utilization and costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects reporting psychosocial, cardiovascular disease, and total risk factors were more likely to use medical services and to be in the high or high/moderate cost categories.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama, Birmingham School of Nursing 35294-1210, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Forrester
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hilyer
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Capilouto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000407:Alabama; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016272:Occupational Health; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking