title: Signs of glaucoma in rhesus monkeys from a restricted gene pool.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the distribution of intraocular pressure (IOP) and cup properties in a colony of rhesus monkeys that has had no outside genetic input since 1938 (approximately 12 generations). This sample of sequestered monkeys is significantly larger than any previously reported. Comparisons are made with a sample of random-source monkeys to develop population estimates defining the limits of normalcy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The IOP and cup/disc ratio estimates were collected from 701 eyes of 354 adult rhesus monkeys from the closed colony on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Results for IOP were compared with the normal rhesus IOP population distribution function calculated from an earlier sample of genetically heterogeneous rhesus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean +/- standard deviation IOP in the Cayo Santiago monkeys (15.8+/-3 mmHg) related well to the calculated "normal" rhesus distribution (14.5+/-2 mmHg) below and around the mean IOP only. Above the mean rhesus IOP, the samples from the Cayo monkeys were strongly skewed: 129 eyes had IOP more than two standard deviations above the normal mean IOP, and 54 eyes had IOP more than three standard deviations above the normal mean IOP. Cup/disc ratio estimations tended to cluster as higher values in the higher IOP quartiles. Some eyes with IOP below the mean had cup/disc ratios > 0.5. Values for IOP that were more than two standard deviations above the mean and cup/disc ratios > 0.4 were not uniformly distributed across social groupings, although incidence of high IOP was more than 25% in one group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After 12 generations with the same genetic pool, expression of ocular hypertension and large optic disc cups is high but not uniform.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0284, USA.
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sherwood
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005788:Gene Pool; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000662:veterinary*; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology