title: Carrageenan-based nonoxynol-9 spermicides for prevention of sexually transmitted infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carrageenan-based nonoxynol-9 (N-9)-containing formulations were developed in response to the concern that over the counter (OTC) spermicides may not protect people from HIV infection and other sexually transmitted pathogens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy of carrageenan-based formulations to OTC spermicides in protecting mice from infection by herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were challenged with vaginal inoculation of HSV-2 after pretreatment with test formulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carrageenan-based formulations were significantly more effective than currently marketed spermicides containing the same amount of N-9. Efficacy was demonstrated over a wide pH range. The carrageenan-based formulations could be autoclaved without losing antiviral activity and remained active in the vagina for several hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that carrageenan-based N-9 formulations are likely to provide a more significant degree of protection against HSV-2 and other enveloped viruses than current OTC spermicides while providing comparable spermicidal activity.
authors.affiliation: Population Council, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Zacharopoulos
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D017137:Nonoxynol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015229:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013089:Spermatocidal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013089:Spermatocidal Agents; D017137:Nonoxynol; D002351:Carrageenan