title: Hoarseness after cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence, severity, and duration of hoarseness after adult cardiac surgery and to examine movement of the endotracheal tube (ETT) during neck extension for sternotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two adults undergoing elective cardiac surgery (assessment of hoarseness was completed in 68).
  
  
  METHODS
  An ETT with an internal diameter of 8.0 mm and 7.5 mm was used for men and women, respectively. After surgical positioning, the ETT was placed with its tip about 3 cm above the carina.
  
  
  METHODS
  ETT migration during positioning for sternotomy was measured using a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Hoarseness was examined at 6-12 hrs after extubation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ETT moved away from the carina during surgical positioning and the migration was 11+/-6 (1-27) mm [mean+/-SD (range)]. Hoarseness occurred in 32% of the patients (22/68), of whom five (23%) were grade 1 on a four-point scale (0-3), 14 (64%) were grade 2, and three (14%) were grade 3 (aphonic). The duration of hoarseness was 4+/-3 (1-14) days, except in one patient with left vocal cord paralysis (60 days). When this patient was excluded, intubation time was an independent predictor of the severity of hoarseness (p=0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hoarseness after cardiac surgery is common. Most hoarseness is transient and its severity is predicted by duration of intubation. Positioning for sternotomy displaces the ETT cuff away from the carina. This may cause persistent hoarseness because displaced cuff from trachea to larynx may damage the recurrent laryngeal nerve or vocal cords.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Kansai Medical University Hospital, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujise
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shingu
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006685:Hoarseness / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery