title: Central nervous system tuberculosis in children: a review of 214 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the clinical, laboratory, and treatment features observed in pediatric patients with tuberculous meningitis in Turkey. Study Design. Retrospective case review study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of medical records for demographic data, medical history, clinical manifestations, auxiliary test results, complications, and treatment of 214 children with central nervous system tuberculosis (TB) admitted to Dicle University's hospital between August 1988 and February 1996.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 214 patients with tuberculous meningitis, 112 (52%) were male. The mean age at presentation was 4. 1 years, with 165 patients (77%) younger than 5 years. Twenty-two patients (10%) were in the first stage of the disease, 120 (56%) in the second, and 72 (34%) in the third. Our epidemiologic data showed that 141 (66%) of the patients had a family history of TB, and 64 (30%) had a Mantoux skin test result of >10 mm of induration. Radiographic studies demonstrated abnormal chest findings in 187 patients (87%) (hilar adenopathy, 33%; infiltrates, 33%; miliary pattern, 20%; and pleural effusions, 1%, and 172 (80%) cases with hydrocephalus, 26% with parenchymal disease, 15% with basilar meningitis, and 2% with tuberculomas. Only 22 (13%) of 164 children had a positive acid-fast bacilli smear in cerebrospinal fluid, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated in 49 patients (30%). All the patients were treated with Isoniazid, rifampin, and streptomycin or pyrazinamide for 2 months, followed by 10 months of Isoniazid and rifampin alone. Also, all the patients received adjuvant treatment with steroids early in the course of treatment, and 140 of 172 cases with hydrocephalus had surgical intervention. The overall mortality rate was 23%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One or more of these findings: a family history of TB, positive tuberculin skin test results, abnormal cranial computed tomography, and/or cerebrospinal fluid analysis compatible with TBM were found in all but 3 children in our study. central nervous system, tuberculous meningitis, diagnosis, hydrocephalus, children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Diseases, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yaramiş
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gurkan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elevli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Söker
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haspolat
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kirbaş
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Taş
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014390:Tuberculosis, Meningeal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents