title: The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae on the digestion of the cell wall fraction of a mixed diet in defaunated and refaunated sheep rumen.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of two probiotics, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and Aspergillus oryzae (AO), without their culture medium, on the digestion of plant cell wall components in sheep that had been successively defaunated and refaunated. Six sheep fitted with large rumen cannulae were used to study 1) defaunated sheep with no probiotic, 2) defaunated sheep with SC or AO, 3) refaunated sheep with no probiotic, 4) refaunated sheep with SC or AO. The apparent digestibility of the plant cell walls was not altered (P > 0.05) by the probiotics in defaunated sheep but was increased (P < 0.05) with SC (+16%) in refaunated sheep. Simultaneously, SC stimulated the growth of the protozoal population in the rumen. As noted in most previous experiments, the positive effect of the presence of protozoa on plant cell wall digestion (P < 0.001) was confirmed here. The effect (P > 0.05) of SC or AO on in situ ADF digestion was either not significant or negative in defaunated rumens, whereas it became positive in refaunated rumen after a residence time of 12 h. The improvement of in situ ADF digestion due to the presence of protozoa was significant (P < 0.05 for NDF; P < 0.001 for ADF). However, we could not determine whether this was a direct effect of protozoa or an indirect effect operating via bacteria. The limits of the nylon bag technique for evaluating the microbial activity are discussed in relation to the ability of protozoa to enter and grow in the bags, and the pH regulation inside the bags. The pH values below 5.5 noted inside the bags can significantly alter the bacterial and protozoal populations and limit the validity of the technique. SC increased (P < 0.05) the specific activity of CMCase and xylanase of the solid-adherent bacteria (SAB) isolated from the rumen digesta of refaunated sheep. Stimulation of both the bacterial activity and protozoa numbers could explain the positive effect of SC on cell wall digestion in the rumen since the modelling of marker excretion in faeces showed that the ruminal mean retention time of hay measured from the model of Danhoa et al. was not modified (P > 0.05) by either refaunation or the presence of probiotics. AO increased (P < 0.05) the total retention time of the solid particles in the whole digestive tract and increased the ruminal liquid volume in the refaunated animals but it had no effect on the protozoa population or on the polysaccharidase activity of the SAB, which could explain the absence of effect of AO on the total digestibility of plant cell walls. Both probiotics decreased the liquid turnover in defaunated rumens (P < 0.05) but neither had any effect (P > 0.05) on this parameter after refaunation. The improvement of plant cell wall degradation in the whole digestive tract is probably due to a stimulation of digestion at the rumen level as indicated by the higher activity of the SAB in rumen digesta and the growth of protozoa.
authors.affiliation: Inra, SRNH, Centre de Clermont-Theix, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France. jouany@clermont.inra.fr
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jouany
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Senaud
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bohatier
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bertin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mercier
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001236:Aspergillus oryzae / Q000502:physiology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D002482:Cellulose / Q000378:metabolism; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000378:metabolism; D004063:Digestion / Q000502:physiology*; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D006109:Poaceae / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D019936:Probiotics; D012417:Rumen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000502:physiology*; D012756:Sheep / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D011134:Polysaccharides; C007916:hemicellulose; D002482:Cellulose