title: Modulation of bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity in the hamster by the antioxidant amifostine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bleomycin produces lung fibrosis in a wide variety of species. In humans, it can cause significant morbidity and mortality when used to treat malignancies such as lymphoma and testicular carcinoma. In rodents, it has been extensively used to study key mechanisms of lung injury and repair. Bleomycin pulmonary toxicity is mediated, at least in part, by the generation of active oxygen species. Amifostine, an aminothiol compound, is a cytoprotectant that is used with many antitumor agents and can act as a potent scavenger of free radicals. The authors hypothesized that amifostine could ameliorate bleomycin lung injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hamsters weighing 120 g were given an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of amifostine (200 mg/kg, 1180 mg/m2) or saline with intratracheal (IT) bleomycin (1 unit) or saline, followed by daily IP amifostine or saline for 6 days. Lungs were assessed on Day 2 for acute lung injury, which was determined by wet-to-dry lung weight ratios. On Day 21, histologic assessment of fibrosis and biochemical analysis of lung hydroxyproline content were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in morbidity or mortality were observed among the groups. Animals who received IT bleomycin, when compared with controls, had increased lung water measurements on Day 2 that were consistent with acute inflammation; on Day 21, they had pulmonary fibrosis, as measured by morphometric analysis, as well as increased hydroxyproline content. For animals treated with amifostine and bleomycin, significant decreases in wet-to-dry lung weight ratios were observed (mean +/- standard deviation, 4.5+/-1.2 vs. 10.2+/-2.7), as well as significant decreases in the percentage of fibrosis per lung (15.03%+/-3.27 vs. 37.26%+/-5.76) and hydroxyproline content (1.132+/-0.30 vs. 1.831+/-0.243).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amifostine significantly decreased the amount of acute lung injury and subsequent fibrosis in the hamster model of bleomycin-induced lung injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, The Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence 02903, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nici
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santos-Moore
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calabresi
mesh_terms: D004999:Amifostine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000633:toxicity*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000633:toxicity*; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis; D006224:Cricetinae; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D000975:Antioxidants; D001761:Bleomycin; D003094:Collagen; D004999:Amifostine