title: Postoperative analgesia with intramuscular morphine at fixed rate versus epidural morphine or sufentanil and bupivacaine in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery.
abstract: We assessed the efficacy and side effects of postoperative analgesia with three different pain regimens in 90 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. The patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: epidural morphine (EM) or sufentanil (ES), both combined with bupivacaine, or IM morphine (IM) at fixed intervals. Before incision, patients in the epidural groups received sufentanil or morphine in bupivacaine via a thoracic catheter, followed by a continuous infusion 1 h later. General anesthesia consisted of N2O/O2 and isoflurane for all groups. Patients in all groups received IV sufentanil as part of their anesthetic management. Patients in the IM group received IV sufentanil 1 microg/kg before incision, and patients in all groups received sufentanil 10 microg for inadequate analgesia. Postoperatively, the epidural or IM treatment was continued for > or =5 days. Postoperative analgesia at rest and during coughing and movement was significantly better in the epidural groups than in the IM group during the 5 consecutive days. There were no significant differences between the epidural groups. The incidence of most side effects was similar in all groups. We conclude that epidural analgesia provided better pain relief than IM analgesia, even if the latter was optimized by fixed-dose administration at fixed intervals and included adjustments on demand. Epidural sufentanil and morphine, both combined with bupivacaine, seemed to be equally effective with similar side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postoperative analgesia with epidural sufentanil or morphine and bupivacaine after major abdominal surgery seemed to be better than the conventional method of IM morphine treatment, despite optimal administration, i.e., fixed doses at fixed intervals with regular adjustments. Analgesic efficacy and side effects of epidural sufentanil and morphine were similar.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Broekema
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Veen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fidler
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gielen
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hennis
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D017409:Sufentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D017409:Sufentanil; D002045:Bupivacaine