title: Radio-frequency tissue ablation: effect of pharmacologic modulation of blood flow on coagulation diameter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether vasoactive pharmacologic agents can alter radio-frequency (RF)-induced coagulation necrosis by modulating hepatic blood flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  RF ablation was performed in normal, in vivo porcine liver with 1.5-cm internally cooled electrodes and a standardized RF application (i.e., 500 mA for 10 minutes). Ablation was performed without (n = 9) and with pharmacologic modulation of blood flow with halothane (n = 7), vasopressin (n = 6), or epinephrine (n = 7). Laser Doppler techniques were used to quantify changes in hepatic blood flow. Remote thermometry was also performed. Blood flow was correlated with both induced coagulation necrosis and tissue temperatures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Halothane reduced mean blood flow (+/- SD) to 46.1% +/- 8.5 of normal, and vasopressin increased mean blood flow to 132.7% +/- 13.9. Epinephrine caused increased hepatic blood flow centrally (171.1% +/- 31.7) but not peripherally (102.8% +/- 15.4). Mean coagulation diameter was 1.4 cm +/- 0.3 with vasopressin, 2.2 cm +/- 0.4 with normal blood flow, and 3.2 cm +/- 0.1 with halothane (P < .01). After epinephrine infusion, mean coagulation measured 2.3 cm +/- 0.3 peripherally and 1.4 cm +/- 0.5 centrally (P < .01). A linear correlation between coagulation diameter and blood flow was demonstrated (r2 = 0.78). Temperatures 10 and 15 mm from the electrode correlated with both blood flow and coagulation diameter (r2 = 0.65 and 0.60, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The coagulation necrosis achieved for a standardized RF application correlates with relative tissue perfusion. Pharmacologic reduction of blood flow during thermally mediated percutaneous ablation may induce greater coagulation necrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Halpern
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Fogle
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gazelle
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology; D008102:Liver Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014667:Vasopressins; D006221:Halothane; D004837:Epinephrine