title: Relationship of hypoxia to metallothionein expression in murine tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if metallothionein, an endogenous chemo- and radioprotectant, is expressed in hypoxic cells in mouse C3H mammary carcinomas and if that expression responds to acute changes in tumor hypoxia.
  
  
  METHODS
  C3H mammary tumors were established in the hind legs of female CDF1 mice. The mice were then subjected to air breathing (chronic hypoxia), carbogen breathing (acute decrease in hypoxia), or hydralazine injection (acute increase in hypoxia). Ninety minutes after the start of the experiment, tumors were excised, fixed in formalin, and sectioned. Hypoxic cells and metallothionein-containing cells were quantitated by image analysis. Pimonidazole hydrochloride and an IgG1 mouse monoclonal antibody were used to detect hypoxia, and a mouse antimetallothionein monoclonal antibody (DAKO) was used to detect Type I and II metallothionein in sets of contiguous tissue sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distribution of immunostaining intensity for metallothionein was the same in all three groups-heavy in hypoxic cells and light in other regions of the tumors. The acute increase in hypoxia caused by hydralazine injection was accompanied by an increase in metallothionein expression (p = 0.04). Carbogen breathing largely eliminated pimonidazole binding, but metallothionein expression persisted in the tumors of carbogen-breathing mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypoxic cells in C3H mammary carcinomas strongly express metallothionein. Metallothionein expression is responsive to acute increases in hypoxia brought about by hydralazine injection. The effectiveness of hydralazine in enhancing the activation of bioreductive cytotoxins might be offset by the increased expression of metallothionein. The persistence of metallothionein in tumors of carbogen-breathing mice might contribute to a residual radioresistance in the tumors.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Raleigh
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tables
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suchindran
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Varia
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Horsman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C011700:carbogen; D008668:Metallothionein; D010100:Oxygen