title: Analysis of 5'-flanking region of human Smad4 (DPC4) gene.
abstract: Among the transducers of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor signaling proteins, Smad4 and Smad1 act together in BMP 2/4 signaling pathways, and Smad4 and Smad2 act in TGF-beta/activin signaling. To investigate how the Smad4 gene is regulated at the transcriptional level, we cloned and characterized its 5'-flanking region. The major transcription start site mapped by primer extension analysis was 132 bp upstream of the translation start site. The promoter region lacked canonical TATA and GC boxes; it did, however, contain a TATA-like structure (TAAAAT) 32 bp upstream of the transcription start site. A consensus sequence for homeoprotein HoxA-5 (TTTAAAAATTA) was identified at 171 bp upstream of the transcription start site. Within 600 bp upstream of the transcription start site, two Pit-1 and four F2F binding sites were found. One putative AP-1 site was located at -1129. These findings suggest that these homeoproteins could conduct their signals specifically by controlling both inter- and intracellular signal transduction pathways.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Pathology, Kobe University School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kitazawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitazawa
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010957:Plasmids; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497796:SMAD4 protein, human; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta