title: Analysis of breast milk to assess exposure to chlorinated contaminants in Kazakstan: high levels of 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in agricultural villages of southern Kazakstan.
abstract: To assess levels of chlorinated contaminants in breast milk, we measured organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in breast milk samples collected in 1994 according to the World Health Organization protocol from 92 donors that were representative of regional populations in southern Kazakstan. High levels (10-120 pg/g fat) of 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic of the PCDD/PCDF congeners, were found in breast milk samples from an agricultural region. TCDD was the major contributor (75%) to the international toxicity equivalents of these samples. The same distinctive PCDD/PCDF congener pattern was found in 15 breast milk samples and 4 serum samples collected in 1996 in a follow-up study, and has now been confirmed by three analytical laboratories.
authors.affiliation: Hazardous Materials Laboratory, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA 94707 USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: M X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Petreas
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chuvakova
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kazbekova
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Druz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seminova
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sharmanov
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: She
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Visita
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grassman
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stephens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007623:Kazakhstan; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D012989:Soil Pollutants