title: Transition metals as protease inhibitors.
abstract: An alternative approach to the development of clinically useful protease inhibitors was investigated. The approach utilized coordination chemistry of transition metal ions rather than substrate analogs to block active sites of these enzymes. In the case of serine proteases it was found that aqueous Ti(IV) is a potent inhibitor of the trypsin subclass, but not the chymotrypsin subclass. The direct binding of Ti(IV) to trypsin was made possible by the presence of a free carboxyl group at the bottom of the substrate binding pocket of the enzyme, and the five-coordinate geometry of TiO(SO4)(H2O). Although initial binding of Ti(IV) was reversible, it was followed in time by irreversible inhibition. Direct binding of octahedral or tetrahedral metal ion complexes was prevented by the inability of the enzyme active sites to promote formation of a five-coordinate transition state of the metal ion required for reaction. These studies demonstrate the ability of direct metal ion binding as a way to enhance blocking of enzyme active sites as compared with that of traditional organic inhibitors. Application of these findings was investigated by measuring the affect Ti(IV) had on growth of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Five-coordinate titanyl sulfate completely inhibited the growth of these organisms. This suggests that five-coordinate titanyl sulfate, which is easier and less expensive to manufacture than conventional antibiotics, may be useful in controlling endemic infections of E. coli and S. typhimurium.
authors.affiliation: The Gibson Institute for Medical Research, Santa Rosa, CA, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwietert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: France
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Culbertson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McCue
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014361:Trypsin Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014361:Trypsin Inhibitors; D014025:Titanium