title: Losing and gaining in old age: changes in personal network size and social support in a four-year longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have shown that most older people have a significant number of relationships. However, the question of whether the aging of old people produces losses in their personal networks remains open for discussion. This study models the individual variability of the changes affecting multiple personal network characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Personal interviews were conducted with 2,903 older Dutch adults (aged 55-85) in three waves of a four-year longitudinal study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A stable total network size was observed, with an increasing number of close relatives and a decreasing number of friends. Contact frequency decreased in relationships, and the instrumental support received and emotional support given increased. Age moderated the effect of time for some of the network characteristics, and for many of them, effects of regression towards the mean were detected. Furthermore, major variations in the direction and the speed of the changes were detected among individual respondents, and nonlinear trends were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The widely varying patterns of losses and gains among the respondents squares with the focus on the heterogeneity of developments among aging people. The instability of the network composition might reflect the natural circulation in the membership of networks.
authors.affiliation: Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. tilburgtgvan@scw.vu.nl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Tilburg
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004522:Educational Status; D004644:Emotions; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands; D012944:Social Support