title: Role of blood clot formation on early edema development after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Blood "toxicity" is hypothesized to induce edema and brain tissue injury following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Lobar ICH in pigs produces rapidly developing, marked perihematomal edema (>10% increase in water content) associated with clot-derived plasma protein accumulation. Coagulation cascade activation and, specifically, thrombin itself contribute to edema development during the first 24 hours after gray matter ICH in rats. In the present study, we sought to determine whether blood clot formation is necessary for edema development by comparing intracerebral infusions of heparinized and unheparinized blood in pig (white matter) and in rat (gray matter). We also examined heparin's effect on thrombin-induced gray matter edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  In pigs, we infused autologous blood (with or without heparin) into the cerebral white matter to produce lobar hematomas and froze the brains in situ at 1, 4, or 24 hours after ICH. We determined hematomal and perihematomal edema volumes on coronal sections by computer-assisted morphometry. In rats, we infused either blood or thrombin (with or without heparin) into the basal ganglia and measured water, sodium, and potassium contents at 24 hours after ICH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In pigs, unheparinized blood induced rapid (at 1 hour) and prolonged (24 hours) perihematomal edema (average volume, 1.29+/-0. 20 mL; n=6). No perihematomal edema was present following heparinized blood infusions (n=6). In rats, unheparinized blood produced significantly greater edema than heparinized blood infusions. As with whole blood, thrombin-induced gray matter edema at 24 hours was significantly reduced by coinjection of heparin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After ICH, blood clot formation is required for rapid and prolonged edema development in perihematomal white and gray matter. Thrombin also contributes to prolonged edema in gray matter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Keep
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: de Courten-Myers
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Broderick
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Brott
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hoff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013552:Swine; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006490:Hemostatics; D014867:Water; D006493:Heparin; D013917:Thrombin