title: Clonidine use and abuse among methadone program applicants and patients.
abstract: Forty-eight consecutive applicants and 30 known clonidine-abusing methadone patients at three methadone treatment programs were surveyed regarding their use of clonidine. Two distinct patterns of clonidine use emerged. Of 22 applicants who took clonidine illicitly, 15 used it primarily to decrease opioid withdrawal, as well as for its sedating effect. Applicants mostly obtained it from physicians, used an average dose of 0.37 mg at a time, and about one third believed clonidine to be addictive. In contrast, clonidine-using patients took clonidine primarily for its psychoactive effects, including the interaction with methadone, in addition to decreasing opioid withdrawal. Patients obtained clonidine frequently on the street and from family or friends, but less from physicians. The average reported dose for patients was 0.6 mg. The vast majority of these patients felt clonidine was addictive. Our findings, when coupled with the risk inherent in clonidine overdose, suggest that further research into the identification and treatment of clonidine abuse among methadone patients is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201-1180, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beuger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tommasello
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clinton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D003000:Clonidine; D008691:Methadone