title: Effect of ifosfamide treatment on glutathione and glutathione conjugation activity in patients with advanced cancers.
abstract: Several studies have suggested that the glutathione/glutathione S-transferase (GSH/GST) system is involved in resistance of tumors toward ifosfamide and other cytostatic agents. Besides, ifosfamide metabolites (in vitro) as well as ifosfamide treatment (in vivo) have been shown to decrease cellular GSH availability. In the present study, the in vivo effects of three different ifosfamide treatment schedules on the GSH/GST system were studied in patients with advanced cancers (n = 24): continuous i.v. infusions of 1300 mg/m2 daily for 10 days and 5000 mg/m2/day for 24 h, as well as a 4-h infusion of 3000 mg/m2 daily for 3 days. The GSH/GST system was characterized by administering bromisoval, a probe drug to assess GSH conjugation activity in vivo, as well as by daily monitoring of GSH concentrations in blood cells and plasma. Bromisoval pharmacokinetics was assessed before and at the end of the ifosfamide treatment. Blood cell GSH levels decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during the 3- and 10-day ifosfamide treatment schedules; the 24-h treatment had no effect. The ifosfamide treatment schedules had only minimal effects on bromisoval pharmacokinetics. Assuming that the kinetics of the probe drug provide an accurate reflection of enzyme activity, this suggests that GST activity remains unchanged. Because GSH conjugation of bromisoval enantiomers requires both GST activity and GSH availability, these results also indicate that, despite the 35% decrease in GSH in blood cells of two patient groups, the GSH availability of the cancer patients was not rate-limiting for GSH conjugation of bromisoval enantiomers. If GSH levels in blood cells reflect those in tumors/other tissues, the present results indicate that ifosfamide may be used clinically to decrease GSH levels. However, whether a 35% decrease is sufficient to increase tumor sensitivity toward (other) cytostatics remains uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Mulders
authors.lastname: Keizer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ouwerkerk
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: van der Velde
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Breimer
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Mulder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000201:enzymology; D001968:Bromisovalum / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D001968:Bromisovalum; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione; D007069:Ifosfamide