title: A 2-week pretreatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid + interferon-alpha-2a prior to definitive radiation improves tumor tissue oxygenation in cervical cancers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have evaluated the tumor tissue pO2 in cervical cancers in patients treated with 13-cis-retinoic acid and interferon-alpha-2a prior to and during radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From June 1995 through April 1997, 22 patients with squamous cell carcinoma FIGO IIB/III of the cervix who were scheduled for definitive radiotherapy with curative intent received additional treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid (cRA, isotretinoin) plus interferon-alpha-2a (IFN-alpha-2a) as part of a phase-II protocol. cRA/IFN-alpha-2a started 14 days prior to radiotherapy (1 mg per kilogramme body weight cRA orally daily plus 6 x 10(6) IU IFN-alpha-2a subcutaneously daily). After this induction period, standard radiotherapy was administered (external irradiation with 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions of 1.8 Gy plus HDR-brachytherapy). During radiotherapy, cRA/IFN-alpha-2a treatment was continued with 50% of the daily doses. Tumor tissue pO2-measurements were performed prior to and after the cRA/IFN-induction period as well as at 20 Gy and at the end of radiotherapy with an Eppendorf-pO2-histograph.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 11 out of the 22 patients, pO2-measurements were performed prior to the cRA/IFN-induction therapy. The median pO2 of these untreated tumors was 17.7 +/- 16.3 mm Hg. The relative frequency of hypoxic readings with pO2-values below 5 mm Hg ranged from 0% to 60.6% (mean 24.3 +/- 21.0%). After the 2-week induction period with cRA/IFN, the median pO2 had increased from 17.7 +/- 16.3 mm Hg to 27.6 +/- 19.1 mm Hg (not significant). In all 5 patients with hypoxic tumors prior to cRA/IFN (median pO2 of 10 mm Hg or less), the median pO2 was above 20 mm Hg after the 2-week cRA/IFN-induction. In this subgroup of hypoxic tumors, the median pO2 increased from 6.3 +/- 2.7 mm Hg to 27.0 +/- 5.6 mm Hg (p = 0.004, t-test for paired samples). The frequency of hypoxic readings (pO2-values < 5 mm Hg) decreased from 44.7 +/- 17.1% to 2.0 +/- 2.5% (p = 0.012, t-test for paired samples). There was, however, no obvious volume reduction after 14 weeks of cRA/IFN on clinical examination. A complete clinical remission of the local tumor was observed in 19/22 patients after radiotherapy and additional cRA/IFN-alpha-2a-treatment. In primarily hypoxic tumors (with a median pO2 below 10 mm Hg prior to treatment), 4/5 achieved complete remission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment with cRA/IFN improves oxygenation of primarily hypoxic cervical cancers. The mechanisms of action remain unclear and further investigation of the combination regimen is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dunst
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hänsgen
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Füchsel
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015474:Isotretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007641:Keratolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013997:Time Factors; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D007641:Keratolytic Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015474:Isotretinoin; D010100:Oxygen