title: A re-evaluation of the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin on facial movement disorders in man.
abstract: Despite a lot of research aimed at clarifying the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin, mostly at supraspinal levels, a complete understanding of it is still elusive. However, recent investigations, including our own, allow us to suggest that, in facial muscles, the effects of botulinum toxin are not only in the neuromuscular junctions affecting the acetylcholine release but also modify the sensory inflow with subsequent changes on the muscle spindle-gammamotoneuron system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, UIS-Santander University School of Medicine, Bucaramanga, Colombia, South America.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Leon-S
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arimura
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chavez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins