title: Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in the critically ill elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the electrographic and clinical features of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) in the critically ill elderly and to identify potential predictors of outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively identified 25 episodes of altered mentation and NCSE in 24 critically ill elderly patients associated with generalized, focal, or bihemispheric epileptiform EEG patterns. Patients with anoxic encephalopathy were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 25 hospitalizations, 13 (52%) resulted in death, and 12 (48%) patients survived to discharge. Death was associated with the number of acute, life-threatening medical problems on presentation (survivors, 1.8; fatalities, 2.8; p = 0.013) and with generalized EEG pattern (p = 0.017). Higher doses or greater number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) did not improve outcome. Treatment with intravenous benzodiazepines was associated with increased risk of death (p = 0.033). Ten patients with advance directives were managed outside the intensive care unit (ICU). Mean hospitalization was 39 days in the ICU group and 22 for those with advance directives (p = 0.017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severity of illness correlates with mortality in critically ill elderly patients with NCSE. Treatment with intravenous benzodiazepines may increase their risk of death. Aggressive ICU management may prolong hospitalization at considerable cost, without improving outcome. It is unclear whether NCSE affects outcome in the critically ill elderly or is merely a marker for severity of disease in predisposed patients. The benefits of aggressive therapy are unclear. Carefully controlled, prospective trials will be necessary to determine the best therapies for NCSE in the critically ill elderly and the appropriate role of the ICU in their management.
authors.affiliation: Emory University Department of Neurology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Litt
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wityk
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hertz
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Henry
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003422:Critical Care; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019452:Terminally Ill