title: Staring spells in children: descriptive features distinguishing epileptic and nonepileptic events.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify questions sensitive and specific for staring spells of epileptic (absence seizures [AS]) or nonepileptic etiology to increase the yield of history taking.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was completed by parents of 40 children who presented with staring spells. Results from 17 children with AS and 23 with nonepileptic staring (NES) were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Features with moderate sensitivity (43% to 56%) but high specificity (87% to 88%) for NES included preserved responsiveness to touch, lack of interruption of playing, and initial identification by a teacher or health professional. These features were more frequent in NES than in AS (P = .013, .016, .030). Body rocking occurred only in NES, but sensitivity was low (13%). Features with high specificity (91% to 100%) for AS included limb twitches, upward eye movements, and urinary incontinence; but sensitivities were low (13% to 35%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children with normal interictal electroencephalography findings and without neurologic disease, staring spells are most likely nonepileptic when parents report preserved responsiveness to touch, body rocking, or initial identification by a teacher or health professional without limb twitches, upward eye movements, interruption of play, or urinary incontinence. In these cases a diagnosis of NES may be confidently applied, with confirmation based on long-term follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rosenow
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wyllie
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kotagal
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mascha
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Wolgamuth
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamer
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004832:Epilepsy, Absence / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity