title: The accuracy and precision of four infrared aural canal thermometers during cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Four infrared aural canal thermometers are currently available in Japan: Genius, Thermoscan, Quickthermo, and Thermopit. We therefore tested the hypothesis that each is sufficiently accurate and precise for clinical use.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the purpose of this investigation, we considered accuracy to be the mean difference between the test thermometers and the reference thermocouple. Precision was considered to be the standard deviation of the difference between the test and reference values. We evaluated ten patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia (approximately 30 degrees C). Aural canal temperatures were measured in random order with each infrared thermometer, and compared with readings from a thermocouple positioned at the contralateral tympanic membrane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the thermocouple, the Genius and Thermoscan both had regression slopes > 0.85 and correlation coefficients near 0.87; in contrast, slopes of the Quickthermo and Thermopit regressions were 0.68 and 0.53, respectively. The correlation coefficients for each were < 0.65. The accuracy (offset, or bias) was near 0 degree C with both the Genius and Thermoscan thermometers. In contrast, it was 1.1 degrees C with the Quickthermo and a full 2.3 degrees C with the Thermopit. The precision (standard deviation) of the measurements, however, was approximately 0.8 degree C in each case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that none of the tested aural canal infrared thermometers was sufficiently accurate and precise for perioperative use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Yamanashi Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsukawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sessler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kumazawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001831:Body Temperature; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D004424:Ear Canal / Q000502:physiology; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013821:Thermometers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000502:physiology