title: Risk factor assessment of endoscopically removed malignant colorectal polyps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malignant colorectal polyps are defined as endoscopically removed polyps with cancerous tissue which has invaded the submucosa. Various histological criteria exist for managing these patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the significance of histological findings of patients with malignant polyps.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five pathologists reviewed the specimens of 85 patients initially diagnosed with malignant polyps. High risk malignant polyps were defined as having one of the following: incomplete polypectomy, a margin not clearly cancer-free, lymphatic or venous invasion, or grade III carcinoma. Adverse outcome was defined as residual cancer in a resection specimen and local or metastatic recurrence in the follow up period (mean 67 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Malignant polyps were confirmed in 70 cases. In the 32 low risk malignant polyps, no adverse outcomes occurred; 16 (42%) of the 38 patients with high risk polyps had adverse outcomes (p<0.001). Independent adverse risk factors were incomplete polypectomy and a resected margin not clearly cancer-free; all other risk factors were only associated with adverse outcome when in combination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As no patients with low risk malignant polyps had adverse outcomes, polypectomy alone seems sufficient for these cases. In the high risk group, surgery is recommended when either of the two independent risk factors, incomplete polypectomy or a resection margin not clearly cancer-free, is present or if there is a combination of other risk factors. As lymphatic or venous invasion or grade III cancer did not have an adverse outcome when the sole risk factor, operations in such cases should be individually assessed on the basis of surgical risk.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Inselspital, University of Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Netzer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Biral
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruchti
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neuweiler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stauffer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schönegg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hüsler
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Halter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmassmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D003111:Colonic Polyps / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007417:Intestinal Polyps / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011123:Polyploidy; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012307:Risk Factors