title: Clinical indications and injection technique for the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some wrinkles and unsightly facial expressions are due to overactivity of the underlying facial musculature. Botulinum A exotoxin reversably paralyses selected muscles. Botulinum toxin has been used to correct facial cosmetic concerns.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper describes the authors' experience with the cosmetic use of botulinum toxin. The areas that can be treated, the appropriate technique for each area and special considerations such as dose, dilution, and relevant anatomy are discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results have been published previously and are referenced in this paper.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum toxin is safe and effective in the management of some facial lines and wrinkles. Its use is associated with a high degree of patient and physician satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carruthers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carruthers
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000379:methods*; D009121:Muscle Denervation; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A