title: Enflurane and isoflurane, but not halothane, protect against myocardial reperfusion injury after cardioplegic arrest with HTK solution in the isolated rat heart.
abstract: To investigate the effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on myocardial reperfusion injury after ischemic protection by cardioplegic arrest, isolated perfused rat hearts were arrested by infusion of cold HTK cardioplegic solution containing 0.015 mmol/L Ca2+ and underwent 30 min of ischemia and a subsequent 60 min of reperfusion. Left ventricular (LV) developed pressure and creatine kinase (CK) release were measured as variables of myocardial function and cellular injury, respectively. In the treatment groups (each n = 9), anesthetics were given during the first 30 min of reperfusion in a concentration equivalent to 1.5 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of the rat. Nine hearts underwent the protocol without anesthetics (controls). Seven hearts underwent ischemia and reperfusion without cardioplegia and anesthetics. In a second series of experiments, halothane was tested after cardioplegic arrest with a modified HTK solution containing 0.15 mmol/L Ca2+ to investigate the influence of calcium content on protective actions against reperfusion injury by halothane. LV developed pressure recovered to 59%+/-5% of baseline in controls. In the experiments with HTK solution, isoflurane and enflurane further improved functional recovery to 84% of baseline (P < 0.05), whereas halothane-treated hearts showed a functional recovery similar to that of controls. CK release was significantly reduced during early reperfusion by isoflurane and enflurane, but not by halothane. After cardioplegic arrest with the Ca2+-adjusted HTK solution, halothane significantly reduced CK release but did not further improve myocardial function. Isoflurane and enflurane given during the early reperfusion period after ischemic protection by cardioplegia offer additional protection against myocardial reperfusion injury. The protective actions of halothane depended on the calcium content of the cardioplegic solution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enflurane and isoflurane administered in concentrations equivalent to 1.5 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration in rats during early reperfusion offer additional protection against myocardial reperfusion injury even after prior cardioplegic protection. Protective effects of halothane solely against cellular injury were observed only when cardioplegia contained a higher calcium concentration.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Klinische Anaesthesiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany. benedikt@herzkreis.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Preckel
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schlack
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thämer
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D004737:Enflurane / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011343:Procaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D017725:Ventricular Pressure
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; C039984:Bretschneider cardioplegic solution; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D008353:Mannitol; D011343:Procaine; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D004737:Enflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D005947:Glucose; D006221:Halothane