The role of Medicaid in ensuring children's access to care.
BACKGROUND
Congress enacted a series of laws beginning in the mid 1980s to expand Medicaid eligibility for children, especially those in poor families. As a result, Medicaid enrollment of children has nearly doubled over the past decade.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the effectiveness of Medicaid in improving access to and use of health services by poor children.


METHODS
Analysis of cross-sectional survey data from the 1995 National Health Interview Survey. Poor children with Medicaid were compared to poor children without insurance and nonpoor children with private insurance.


METHODS
A total of 29711 children younger than 18 years (3716 poor children with Medicaid, 1329 poor children without insurance, 14609 nonpoor children with private insurance, and 10057 children with other combinations of poverty and insurance status) included in a nationally representative stratified probability sample of the US noninstitutionalized population.


METHODS
Usual source of care, access to a regular clinician, unmet health needs, and use of physician services.


RESULTS
Poor children with Medicaid compared to poor children without health insurance experienced superior access across all measured dimensions of health care, including presence of a usual source of care (95.6% vs 73.8%), frequency of unmet health needs (2.1 % vs 5.9%), and use of medical services (eg, > or =1 physician contact in past year) (83.9% vs 60.7%). Poor children with Medicaid compared to nonpoor children with private insurance used similar levels of physician services (83.9% vs 84%), but were more likely to have unmet health needs (2.1 % vs 0.6%) and were less likely to have a usual source of care (95.6% vs 97.4%).


CONCLUSIONS
Medicaid is associated with improvements in access to care and use of services. However, there remains room for improvement when Medicaid is judged against private health insurance. The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 contains several Medicaid provisions that could stimulate further improvements in access for poor children.
Newacheck
P W
PW
Institute for Health Policy Studies, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94109, USA.
Pearl
M
M
Hughes
D C
DC
Halfon
N
N
D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002669:Child Welfare; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health; D008484:Medicaid; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011203:Poverty; D014481:United States