title: Selective inactivation of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase: reaction of lipoic acid with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal.
abstract: Previous research has established that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a highly toxic product of lipid peroxidation, is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration. HNE exerts its effects on respiration by inhibiting alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH). Because of the central role of KGDH in metabolism and emerging evidence that free radicals contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction associated with numerous diseases, it is of great interest to further characterize the mechanism of inhibition. In the present study, treatment of rat heart mitochondria with HNE resulted in the selective inhibition of KGDH and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), while other NADH-linked dehydrogenases and electron chain complexes were unaffected. KGDH and PDH are structurally and catalytically similar multienzyme complexes, suggesting a common mode of inhibition. To determine the mechanism of inhibition, the effects of HNE on purified KGDH and PDH were examined. These studies revealed that inactivation by HNE was greatly enhanced in the presence of substrates that reduce the sulfur atoms of lipoic acid covalently bound to the E2 subunits of KGDH and PDH. In addition, loss of enzyme activity induced by HNE correlated closely with a decrease in the availability of lipoic acid sulfhydryl groups. Use of anti-lipoic acid antibodies indicated that HNE modified lipoic acid in both purified enzyme preparations and mitochondria and that this modification was dependent upon the presence of substrates. These results therefore identify a potential mechanism whereby free radical production and subsequent lipid peroxidation lead to specific modification of KGDH and PDH and inhibition of NADH-linked mitochondrial respiration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4970, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Humphries
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Szweda
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001666:Binding Sites, Antibody; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D007106:Immune Sera / Q000378:metabolism; D007655:Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000201:enzymology; D011768:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013439:Sulfhydryl Reagents / Q000378:metabolism; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D007106:Immune Sera; D011768:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex; D013439:Sulfhydryl Reagents; D008063:Thioctic Acid; D007655:Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal