title: Occult nitric oxide inhalation improves oxygenation in mechanically ventilated children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Auto-inhalation of nitric oxide (NO) produced in the upper airways may have physiologic effects on lung function. For intubated patients, the upper airway source of NO is eliminated, but the hospital compressed air source from the environment is contaminated with varying levels of NO, creating an "occult" form of NO therapy. We examined the physiologic significance of occult inhaled NO in ventilator-dependent pediatric patients. We hypothesized that very low levels of NO contamination in inspired gas improve PaO2 in ventilator-dependent children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inspired NO levels at the mouth were measured by chemiluminescence in 4 pediatric subjects with normal lungs and 3 with parenchymal lung disease. Subjects were sequentially ventilated with first standard hospital gas (H1), switched to pure nitrogen-oxygen at a similar FIO2 but with no NO contamination (A2), hospital gas again (H2), the nitrogen-oxygen (A2) to control for time and sequence, and finally the nitrogen-oxygen mixture with supplemental NO in an amount equal to the NO previously measured in hospital gas (A2 + NO). Inhaled NO levels and PaO2 were recorded 15 minutes into each of the 5 steps. Two patients were studied a second time, remote from their first examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NO levels in inhaled hospital gas mixtures ranged from 13 to 79 ppb (mean H1 = 53.3 +/- 23.7 ppb, mean H2 = 53.2 +/- 20.7 ppb, mean A2 + NO = 45 +/- 15.3 ppb; P < .0001). Removing NO from ventilator gas decreased PaO2 in all subjects, whereas replacing NO in artificial gas restored PaO2 to baseline values (P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concentrations of NO in hospital compressed air are variable and have physiologic effects. The long-term implications of these findings remain to be defined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lum
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saville
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Venkataraman
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pinsky
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010100:Oxygen