title: A community-based randomized trial encouraging sun protection for children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the impact of an intervention promoting sun protection behavior among children 2 to 11 years of age through schools and day care centers, primary care practices, and recreation areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten towns in New Hampshire were paired, then assigned randomly to intervention or control status. The multicomponent SunSafe intervention was provided to children and caregivers through primary care practices, day care centers, schools, and beach recreation areas. Training support and materials were provided by the SunSafe project, but project staff had no direct contact with children or parents in providing the intervention. All intervention components promoted the same message: avoid the sun between 11 AM and 3 PM, cover up using hats and protective clothing, use sun block with a sun protection factor >/=15, and encourage sun protection among family and friends. The impact of the intervention was determined by observing children's sun protection behavior at the beach during baseline compared with 1 year later. The primary outcomes of interest were changes in the proportion of children per town using at least some sun protection and changes in the proportion of children fully protected. Children were clustered by town, with the town thus being the unit of analysis. The primary care practice component included one practice meeting for clinicians and staff at which project staff presented background on skin cancer and how to promote its prevention; a sun protection office system manual based on our previous work, which provided specific direction on how to share responsibility among office staff and clinicians in carrying out routines that promote sun protection; and educational posters, pamphlets, and self-adhesive reminder notes designed to enhance sun protection counseling. SunSafe removable tattoos and stickers were offered to children at well-child and illness visits during the summer months. Schools each received three project staff visits: a brief visit with the principal to describe the intervention and to answer questions; an in-service program to educate teachers about skin cancer and to introduce curricular materials; and help with one parent outreach program. Larger day care centers each received one project staff visit. An additional six smaller day care centers received curricular materials through the mail but no visits. Two similar sets of curricular materials were used, one for grade schools and the other for preschools and day care centers. Both emphasized the importance of sun protection rather than the danger of skin cancer. Materials emphasized dynamic activities modeled after the "Slip, Slop, Slap" and "SunSmart" programs and included new material developed to suit regional needs. Both manuals offered structured plans but also provided a variety of activities from which teachers could choose. Teachers agreed to devote a minimum of two class periods to these materials. For recreation areas, lifeguards in each of the intervention communities attended an in-service meeting, during which background about skin cancer prevention was presented by project staff. The project also provided displays about the ultraviolet (UV) light index and about sun protection to be posted at each beach. Subsequently, project staff called beach staff in each community each morning with the predicted UV index for the day to post on the display. Educational pamphlets about the UV index and free sun-block samples were available to beachgoers through the lifeguards. One brief follow-up visit by project staff was made to each beach area to provide reinforcement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed 1930 children. Use of some sunscreen on at least one body area increased in all 5 intervention towns compared with paired control towns. In intervention towns, this mean proportion increased from 0.56 of those observed at baseline to 0.76 of those observed postintervention, with a minimal increase among control town children. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Family Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Sox
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Tosteson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahles
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Winchell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grant-Petersson
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Collison
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sanson-Fisher
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003020:Clothing; D015438:Health Behavior; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D016015:Logistic Models; D009513:New Hampshire; D013471:Sunburn / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D013473:Sunscreening Agents