title: Interferon-mediated activation of the STAT signaling pathway in a human carcinoid tumor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growth inhibition of human cancers (e.g., endocrine tumors) by interferons (IFNs) has been demonstrated, but the exact cellular mechanisms remain largely undefined. IFNs and other cytokines can activate novel Stat (Signal transducers and activators of transcription) proteins, which translocate to the nucleus to activate target genes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma on the Stat pathway using a unique human pancreatic carcinoid tumor, BON, established in our laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  BON cells were treated with IFN-alpha (500 U/mL) or IFN-gamma (500 U/mL); nuclear protein was extracted at selected intervals. Steady state levels of Stat proteins 1, 3, and 5 were measured by Western blot; protein binding was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) using probes containing either the Stat1/Stat3 or Stat5 binding sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with IFN-alpha increased predominantly Stat3 and Stat5 protein levels and binding activities. IFN-gamma increased Stat1, 3, and 5 protein levels, with maximal elevations occurring at 24 to 48 hours after addition; Stat3 and 5 binding activities were also increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that both IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma can induce Stat protein binding (particularly Stat3 and Stat5) to their cognate DNA consensus sites and increase Stat protein steady state levels in BON cells. Delineating the signaling pathways altered by IFN treatment will provide a better understanding of downstream gene targets and mechanisms for IFN-mediated growth inhibition of endocrine tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, People's Hospital, Beijing Medical University, China.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tyring
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Evers
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004586:Electrophoresis; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008894:Milk Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D008894:Milk Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494079:STAT1 protein, human; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators; D007371:Interferon-gamma