title: Involvement of human cytochromes P450 (CYP) in the reductive metabolism of AQ4N, a hypoxia activated anthraquinone di-N-oxide prodrug.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the role of the human cytochromes P450 (CYPs) in the reductive metabolism of the novel anthraquinone di-N-oxide prodrug AQ4N.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metabolism of AQ4N was conducted in a panel of 17 human phenotyped liver microsomes. AQ4N and metabolites were detected by reverse phase isocratic HPLC. CYP inhibitors and Spearman rank correlation were used to determine the significance of AQ4N metabolism versus specific CYP activity and/or expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anaerobic metabolism of AQ4N to the 2-electron reduction product, AQM, and the 4-electron reduced tertiary amine, AQ4, occurred in all 17 human liver microsome preparations. The range (+/- SE) for total AQ4N turnover was 14.26 +/- 1.43 nmol/incubate (highest) to 3.65 +/- 1.05 nmol/incubate (lowest). Metabolism was not detected in the absence of NADPH or microsomes. In aerobic incubates, AQM was less than 4% of anaerobic values whereas AQ4 was undetectable. CYP-mediated metabolism of AQ4N was inhibited completely by ketoconazole (KET) and carbon monoxide (CO), two global inhibitors of CYP-mediated metabolism. AQ4N metabolism correlated significantly with probes for CYP 3A, specifically benzoxylresorufin O-dealkylation [r(s) = 0.70,p <0.01] and tamoxifen N-demethylation (r(s) = 0.85, p < 0.01), but not with probes for CYPs 2C, 2D, and 1A. CYP 3A involvement was confirmed by the use of the CYP 3A specific inhibitor, triacetyloleandomycin (TAO), which repressed the formation of AQM to 13% of the uninhibited value and abolished completely the formation of AQ4. Alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF), an inhibitor of CYP 2C and 1A, had no significant effect on AQ4N metabolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the human CYP 3A enzymes can contribute to the reductive metabolism of AQ4N. CYP 3A enzymes are highly expressed in a broad spectrum of human cancers. The results show that AQ4N requires anaerobic conditions for CYP 3A-mediated reduction and hence this subfamily of enzymes is likely to selectively activate AQ4N in hypoxic tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Raleigh
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wanogho
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: McKeown
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Patterson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000378:metabolism*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C094428:AQ4N; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System