title: Vasoplegic syndrome after open heart surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A new form of postperfusion manifestation is detailed, a vasoplegic syndrome presenting in the postoperative period after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) heart surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study included sixteen patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery using CPB and exhibited clinical and hemodynamic features compatible with vasoplegic syndrome. The technique of CPB was hypothermic (28 degrees C) in 15 and normothermic in 1 patient, and hypothermic blood cardioplegia was employed in all patients, except 1. The mean CPB time was 121 minutes, ranging from 80 to 210 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients presented a severe feature comprising hypotension, tachycardia, normal or elevated cardiac output, low systemic vascular resistance and decreased filling pressures. Fluid administration alone was not capable of restoring hemodynamic parameters. Physical examination revealed normal capillary filling at the extremities although oliguria and hypotension were observed. These patients needed a high dosage of vasoconstrictor drugs (norepinephrine) for blood pressure control but even high dose norepinephrine did not produce the classical situation of cool extremities and weak peripheral pulses, with increased morbidity and mortality. Severe systemic complications could develop if the vasoplegic syndrome persisted 36-48 hours after its onset. All patients, except 3, presented associated postoperative complications and 4 patients died. The characteristics of vasoplegic syndrome are similar to those observed in septic shock, where the alterations are mediated by cytokines and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The appearance of vasoplegic syndrome augmented operative morbidity with a consequent increased risk to the patient in the early postoperative period.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Surgery Discipline, Escola Paulista de Medicina and São Paulo Hospital-Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Teles
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Branco
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Silas
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buffolo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013577:Syndrome; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D009638:Norepinephrine