title: Comparison of subperiosteal vs subgaleal elevation techniques used in forehead lifts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare eyebrow and forehead elevation and tension among the following 3 surgical techniques: subperiosteal dissection to the supraorbital rim, subperiosteal dissection with release (elevation, incision, and spread) of periosteum at the supraorbital rim, and subgaleal dissection to the supraorbital rim, and to determine the optimal method of elevation in an aesthetically accepted range for the endoscopic forehead lift.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, self-controlled study using an open approach to the forehead in cadaver heads. Each half of head was compared with the other in the following 2 study groups: subperiosteal dissection without release vs subperiosteal dissection with release of periosteum (group 1) and subperiosteal dissection with release of periosteum vs subgaleal dissection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anatomy laboratory at a university medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight cadaver heads fixed with ethylene glycol in each group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Predissection distances in millimeters from fixed anatomic landmarks were measured. The forehead flaps were elevated using a coronal incision and divided with a midline incision for side-to-side comparison. Cadaver heads and side of surgical intervention were selected randomly. The flap tensions associated with incremental flap advancement of 0.5 and 1.0 cm were measured. Traction of 2.2 kg was then applied to each flap, and distances between the fixed landmarks were measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean predissection and postdissection distance of brow and forehead elevation for each dissection type and mean distance and median tension of brow and forehead elevation within each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean postdissection brow measurements at rest were significantly greater than the mean predissection measurements at most landmarks in all dissections for both groups (P<.05). The mean postdissection brow and forehead measurements with 2.2 kg of traction were significantly greater than the mean predissection measurements at all landmarks in all dissections for both groups (P<.05). The mean increase in distance from predissection to postdissection (at rest and with 2.2 kg of traction) did not significantly differ between the different dissection types (P>.05). For group 1, the median flap tension for subperiosteal dissection without release was greater than that for subperiosteal dissection with release (P>.05). For group 2, subperiosteal dissection with release had greater median flap tension than subgaleal dissection (P>.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All 3 methods of dissection significantly elevated the brow at rest for most landmarks. All 3 methods of dissection significantly elevated the brow and forehead when traction was applied to the flap. Brow and forehead elevation at rest and with 2.2 kg of traction did not significantly differ between the dissections. Subgaleal dissection was associated with less flap tension compared with the subperiosteal dissection with or without release. The data support the use of all 3 methods of forehead dissection for brow elevation and subgaleal forehead dissection as the optimal approach for the forehead lift, whether performed endoscopically or open.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, St Louis University School of Medicine, MO, USA. psnassif@prodigy.net
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Nassif
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kokoska
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Homan
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004724:Endoscopy; D005138:Eyebrows / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010521:Periosteum / Q000601:surgery; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods*