title: Cryptorchidism and hypospadias in sons of gardeners and farmers.
abstract: Cryptorchidism and hypospadias have been related to prenatal estrogen exposure in animal models. Some chemicals used in farming and gardening have been shown to possess estrogenic and other hormone-disrupting effects. Earlier studies have indicated increased risks of urogenital malformations in the sons of pesticide appliers. In the present study, parental occupation in the farming and gardening industry among 6,177 cases of cryptorchidism, 1,345 cases of hypospadias, and 23,273 controls, born live from 1983 to 1992 in Denmark, was investigated in a register-based case-control study. A significantly increased risk of cryptorchidism but not hypospadias was found in sons of women working in gardening (adjusted odds ratio = 1.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-2.47). The risks were not increased in sons of men working in farming or gardening. The increased risk of cryptorchidism among sons of female gardeners could suggest an association with prenatal exposure to occupationally related chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Weidner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Skakkebaek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000383:Agriculture; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides