title: Early renal involvement in diabetes mellitus: comparison of renal Doppler US and radioisotope evaluation of glomerular hyperfiltration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the usefulness of Doppler ultrasonography (US) in the diagnosis of hyperfiltration in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-one consecutive patients with IDDM were studied. All patients were normotensive and had normal creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was evaluated by means of plasma clearance of chromium-51 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, urinary albumin excretion, US evaluation of renal volume, and Doppler evaluation of resistance index (RI) in the renal interlobar arteries. The patients were divided according to GFR into the following groups: those with hyperfiltering kidneys (group 1, n = 40) and those with normofiltering kidneys (group 2, n = 41).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median renal volume was 351 mL (95% CI = 337 mL, 379 mL) in group 1 and 318 mL (95% CI = 300 mL, 335 mL) in group 2 (P = .005). The number of patients with microalbuminuria was significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 (P = .02). The median RI was significantly lower in group 1 (0.55; 95% CI = 0.53, 0.57) than in group 2 (0.57; 95% CI = 0.56, 0.59) (P = .04). An RI of less than 0.5, a renal volume greater than 410 mL/m2, and the absence of microalbuminuria were independent predictors of hyperfiltration. An RI of less than 0.5 and a renal volume greater than 410 mL/m2 showed high specificity (98% and 95%, respectively) and poor sensitivity (25% and 23%, respectively) in the diagnosis of hyperfiltration in IDDM patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both RI and renal volume showed correlation with GFR, but neither parameter is sufficiently sensitive in screening for hyperfiltration in IDDM patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marzano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pompili
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Rapaccini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Covino
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cotroneo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manto
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Todaro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ghirlanda
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gasbarrini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler