title: Effects of the feeding process of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) on embryonic development of its parasitoid, Ixodiphagus hookeri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).
abstract: The chalcid wasp Ixodiphagus hookeri (Howard) is a parasitoid of several ixodid ticks including the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say. We evaluated effects of the feeding process of nymphal I. scapularis on the embryonic development of I. hookeri. Potentially wasp-parasitized nymphal I. scapularis were collected on Prudence Island, RI. Subsamples of the questing nymph cohort were allowed to feed on laboratory white mice. Both the body length and the scutal length of ticks were measured individually for questing nymphs and for feeding nymphs that were removed from hosts at time intervals of 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h after attachment. The diameters of wasp eggs they contained were also measured for each designated time interval. There was a positive relationship between the mean scutal index (ratio between body length and scutal length) of ticks and the mean diameter of wasp eggs during 72 h of tick feeding (P < 0.05). Moreover, it appeared that within 24 h of tick attachment, the scutal index of ticks remained unchanged. However, after that period, the scutal index increased significantly (P < 0.05). Diameters of wasp eggs increased continuously during tick feeding and at 72 h after attachment, enclosed eggs and completely formed larvae were found in several ticks. We conclude that factors related to the feeding process of nymphal I. scapularis are necessary to initiate the embryonic development of wasps.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hyland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D018884:Ixodes / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051379:Mice; D014863:Wasps / Q000196:embryology* / Q000469:parasitology*