title: Virtual reality applied to hepatic surgery simulation: the next revolution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article describes a preliminary work on virtual reality applied to liver surgery and discusses the repercussions of assisted surgical strategy and surgical simulation on tomorrow's surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Liver surgery is considered difficult because of the complexity and variability of the organ. Common generic tools for presurgical medical image visualization do not fulfill the requirements for the liver, restricting comprehension of a patient's specific liver anatomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the National Library of Medicine, a realistic three-dimensional image was created, including the envelope and the four internal arborescences. A computer interface was developed to manipulate the organ and to define surgical resection planes according to internal anatomy. The first step of surgical simulation was implemented, providing the organ with real-time deformation computation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three-dimensional anatomy of the liver could be clearly visualized. The virtual organ could be manipulated and a resection defined depending on the anatomic relations between the arborescences, the tumor, and the external envelope. The resulting parts could also be visualized and manipulated. The simulation allowed the deformation of a liver model in real time by means of a realistic laparoscopic tool.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional visualization of the organ in relation to the pathology is of great help to appreciate the complex anatomy of the liver. Using virtual reality concepts (navigation, interaction, and immersion), surgical planning, training, and teaching for this complex surgical procedure may be possible. The ability to practice a given gesture repeatedly will revolutionize surgical training, and the combination of surgical planning and simulation will improve the efficiency of intervention, leading to optimal care delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marescaux
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Clément
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tassetti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koehl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cotin
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Russier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mutter
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Delingette
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ayache
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery*