title: Application of spinal pain mapping in the diagnosis of low back pain--analysis of 104 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low back pain is probably the most common pain problem seen in a general pain clinic and the cause of low back pain can be enigmatic at times. Often the pain sources are difficult to identify with the conventional diagnostic modalities. Spinal pain mapping is a sequence of well organized nerve block procedures. We undertook this study to evaluate the usefulness of this modality in diagnosing low back pain of uncertain etiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, 104 consecutive adult patients who underwent spinal pain mapping were examined and analyzed. All patients had intractable low back pain of undetermined etiology after medical history, physical examination and 4-view roentgenographic evaluation of the lumbar spine had been undertaken to locate it. In addition, 41 patients (39%) had one or more of the following tests done, which included CT, MRI, EMG/NC but all failed to delineate the causes of the pain. All patients failed to respond to the conservative therapies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With pain mapping the source of pain was found to be caused by sacro-iliac joint in 6%, lumbar nerve root in 20%, facet joint in 24%, combined lumbar nerve root and facet disease in 24%, internal disc disorder in 7%, combined facet and sacro-iliac joint in 4% and lumbar sympathetic dystrophy in 2% of patients. Pain mapping failed to demonstrate the causes of the pain in the remaining 13% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the difficult nature of this group of patients, spinal pain mapping provided a useful functional approach to the diagnosis of low back pain with obscure etiology in 87% of patients in our series.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*