title: Metal-catalyzed oxidation of extracellular matrix increases macrophage nitric oxide generation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxygen radicals are believed to play a significant role in glomerular disease. In part this may be due to oxidation of lipids, but protein oxidation may play a contributory role as well. We have demonstrated that the mesangial extracellular matrix is susceptible to metal-catalyzed oxidation and that this increases scavenger receptor-mediated adhesion of macrophages, cells which appear to be important participants in glomerular injury via their secretory products. As other scavenger receptor ligands can increase macrophage nitric oxide generation, we examined whether oxidation of matrix could increase the activity of macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Extracellular matrix was oxidized using a metal-catalyzed oxidation system. Matrix oxidation was measured using carbonyl analysis, and iNOS activity in macrophages seeded onto the matrix was measured by nitrite determination and Western and Northern analyses for iNOS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Macrophages exposed to oxidized matrix demonstrated a significant enhancement of iNOS activity. This enhancement could be antagonized by cotreatment of matrix with the radical spin trap N-tert-butyl-a-phenylnitrone, resulting in a corresponding decrease in protein carbonyl content, a measure of protein oxidation. Seeding macrophages onto oxidized matrix and adding the scavenger receptor ligand polyinosinic acid further augmented iNOS activity, suggesting that additional scavenger receptors were available to bind ligand and that further augmentation of iNOS activity did not require an additional change in cell shape. Western blot analysis revealed an increase in iNOS protein expression as a consequence of interaction with the oxidized matrix, but there was no difference in iNOS mRNA expression by Northern analysis suggesting a post-transcriptional mechanism for enhanced iNOS activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that oxidation of extracellular matrix enhances macrophage nitric oxide generation, and suggest a previously undescribed role for extracellular matrix modification in the regulation of cellular function and possibly the mediation of glomerular injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, the Long Island Campus for the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mattana
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Margiloff
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chaplia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Singhal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002936:Cinnarizine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008670:Metals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011069:Poly I / Q000494:pharmacology; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000502:physiology; D018110:Receptors, Lipoprotein; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; D051122:Scavenger Receptors, Class B
chemical_list: D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008670:Metals; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D018110:Receptors, Lipoprotein; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; C454739:Scarb1 protein, mouse; D051122:Scavenger Receptors, Class B; D011069:Poly I; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002936:Cinnarizine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester