title: Transcatheter regional urokinase therapy in the management of inferior vena cava thrombosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the efficacy of local infusion of urokinase (UK) in the treatment of symptomatic inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients (five men and three women) who ranged in age from 19 years to 75 years (mean, 56 years) with symptomatic IVC thrombosis underwent local catheter-directed infusion of UK with use of up to three access sites. Infrarenal IVC thrombus and iliac vein thrombus was identified in all patients. Four patients had extension of thrombus proximal to the renal veins. Seven of eight patients had at least one risk factor for IVC thrombosis: hypercoagulable state (n = 3), IVC filter (n = 3), malignancy (n = 2), recent surgery (n = 2), and oral contraceptive use (n = 1). No serious procedure-related complications were encountered, although one patient died 5 days after UK therapy of pulmonary failure due to advanced lung cancer. UK was infused for an average of 79 hours (range, 24-140 hours) and a mean total dose of 7.4 million U of UK (range, 2.9-14.4 million U). Adjunctive balloon angioplasty was performed in three patients. No vascular stents were placed. Clinical and/or radiographic follow-up was obtained in all eight patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thrombolysis was successful in seven of eight (88%) IVCs with no or minimal residual thrombus. The remaining seven patients had no lower extremity swelling 2-24 months (mean, 11 months) after the procedure. Three of seven patients had computed tomographic or venographic follow-up (mean, 9 months; range, 1.5-15 months), demonstrating unchanged or improved IVC patency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcatheter regional infusion of UK for re-establishing venous patency in acute IVC thrombosis appears to be effective with good short-term and mid-term clinical benefit.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Angle
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al Shammari
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Hagspiel
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Spinosa
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Humphries
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D002423:Cause of Death; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007084:Iliac Vein; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012082:Renal Veins; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000150:complications; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014654:Vascular Patency; D016306:Vena Cava Filters; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator