title: Cadmium may be a risk factor for osteoporosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary study aim was to examine the possible role of cadmium as a risk factor for osteoporosis by determining the bone mineral density (BMD) in workers previously exposed to cadmium. A second objective was to validate the BMD data obtained with a movable instrument.
  
  
  METHODS
  43 workers who were exposed to cadmium for < or = 5 years before 1978 were studied. Cadmium in blood (B-Cd) and urine (U-Cd) were used as dose estimates. The BMD was assessed in the forearm, the spine, and the hip (neck and trochanter) with a dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) instrument. Age and sex matched reference populations were used to compute Z scores, commonly used to assess osteoporosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean forearm Z score was -0.60 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) -1.08 to -0.12) in the group exposed to cadmium. The mean Z score for the spine was -0.47 (95% CI -0.92 to -0.03), for the hip neck -0.40 (95% CI -0.75 to -0.05), and for the hip trochanter -0.22 (95% CI -0.52 to -0.07). The decrease in forearm BMD was correlated with age (p = 0.002) and B-Cd (p = 0.040). No such correlations were found for the other sites. Workers with tubular proteinuria had a lower forearm BMD (p = 0.029) and a lower Z score (p = 0.072) than workers without tubular proteinuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a suggested dose-effect relation between cadmium dose and bone mineral density. Furthermore, there was a dose-response relation between cadmium dose and osteoporosis. Cadmium may be a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis at lower doses than previously anticipated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Stockholm County Council, Sundbyberg, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Järup
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alfvén
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Toss
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Elinder
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000295:instrumentation; D015519:Bone Density; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium