title: Left-sided laparoscopic para-aortic lymphadenectomy: anatomy of the ventral tributaries of the infrarenal vena cava.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the anatomy of the infrarenal portion of the human inferior vena cava and their ventral tributaries by video laparoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 112 patients underwent laparoscopic para-aortic lymphadenectomy for gynecologic malignancies. All procedures were videotaped. The number and anatomic distribution of the infrarenal tributaries of the anterior part of the inferior vena cava was evaluated retrospectively from videotapes. The inferior vena cava was divided into 3 levels: the area of the bifurcation of the vena cava (level 1), the area between the bifurcation and the inferior mesenteric artery (level 2), and the area between the inferior mesenteric artery and the right ovarian vein (level 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tributaries were found in level 1 in 65 (58%) patients, in level 2 in 22 (19.6%) patients, and in level 3 in 1 (0.9%) patient; in 24 (21.5%) patients no tributaries were found. A total of 237 tributaries was counted: 82.3% (195 of 237) were located at level 1, 17.3% (41 of 237) at level 2, and 0.4% (1 of 237) at level 3. Patients with tributaries had a mean of 3 tributaries in level 1, a mean of 1.7 tributaries in level 2, and 1 patient had 1 tributary in level 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ventral tributaries of the inferior vena cava show a specific distribution pattern. The knowledge of these anatomic landmarks can be important for laparoscopic surgeons to avoid accidental injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Possover
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Plaul
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000716:Anatomy, Artistic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D010220:Para-Aortic Bodies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013690:Television; D014684:Venae Cavae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*