title: Antepartum risk factors for newborn encephalopathy: the Western Australian case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain antepartum predictors of newborn encephalopathy in term infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population based, unmatched case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metropolitan area of Western Australia, June 1993 to September 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 164 term infants with moderate or severe newborn encephalopathy; 400 randomly selected controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adjusted odds ratio estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The birth prevalence of moderate or severe newborn encephalopathy was 3.8/1000 term live births. The neonatal fatality was 9.1%. The risk of newborn encephalopathy increased with increasing maternal age and decreased with increasing parity. There was an increased risk associated with having a mother who was unemployed (odds ratio 3.60), an unskilled manual worker (3.84), or a housewife (2.48). Other risk factors from before conception were not having private health insurance (3.46), a family history of seizures (2.55), a family history of neurological disease (2.73), and infertility treatment (4.43). Risk factors during pregnancy were maternal thyroid disease (9.7), severe pre-eclampsia (6.30), moderate or severe bleeding (3.57), a clinically diagnosed viral illness (2.97), not having drunk alcohol (2.91); and placenta described at delivery as abnormal (2.07). Factors related to the baby were birth weight adjusted for gestational age between the third and ninth centile (4.37) or below the third centile (38.23). The risk relation with gestational age was J shaped with 38 and 39 weeks having the lowest risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The causes of newborn encephalopathy are heterogeneous and many of the causal pathways start before birth.
authors.affiliation: TVW Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Badawi
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kurinczuk
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Keogh
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Alessandri
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pemberton
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Stanley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008423:Maternal Age; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016742:Preconception Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology