title: Dose-dependent inhibition of postprandial gallbladder motility and plasma hormone secretion during acute hyperglycemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Actual blood glucose concentrations influence gastrointestinal function. We investigated whether in healthy subjects the inhibitory effect of acute hyperglycemia on gallbladder motility is dose-dependent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven healthy volunteers were studied on four separate occasions in random order during euglycemia and during hyperglycemic clamping, at 4 mmol/l, 8 mmol/l, 12 mmol/l, and 16 mmol/l, respectively. Gallbladder volumes (ultrasonography) and plasma hormone release were studied before and after ingestion of a meal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postprandial gallbladder contraction was significantly (P < 0.05) and dose-dependently inhibited during the hyperglycemic experiments at 8, 12, and 16 mmol/l (56%+/-8%, 49%+/-8%, and 30%+/-5%, respectively) compared with euglycemia (68%+/-6%). Postprandial cholecystokinin release was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced compared with euglycemia only at a plasma glucose level of 16 mmol/l (116+/-28 versus 159+/-13 pmol x l(-1) x 120 min). Plasma pancreatic polypeptide secretion, as an indirect measure of vagal-cholinergic tone, was significantly (P < 0.05) and dose-dependently reduced during hyperglycemia at 8, 12, and 16 mmol/l.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In healthy subjects acute hyperglycemia significantly and dose-dependently inhibits postprandial gallbladder motility. Future studies on gallbladder motility should take into account the influence of plasma glucose, because already at postprandial glucose levels gallbladder motility is reduced.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Gielkens
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van Oostayen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frölich
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Biemond
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Lamers
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Masclee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D016473:Gallbladder Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D010191:Pancreatic Polypeptide / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D010191:Pancreatic Polypeptide; D002766:Cholecystokinin