title: Nosocomial infections: prospective survey of incidence in five French intensive care units.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the incidence and to evaluate the feasibility of inter-unit continuous surveillance of intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective multicentre, longitudinal, incidence survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five ICUs in university hospitals in western France.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients admitted to the ICU during two 3-month periods (1994-1995).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main clinical characteristics of the patients, ICU-acquired infections, length of exposure to invasive devices and the micro-organisms isolated were analysed. The study included 1589 patients (16970 patient-days) and the infection rate was 21.6 % (13.1 % of patients). The ventilator-associated pneumonia rate was 9.6 %, sinusitis 1.5 %, central venous catheter-associated infection 3.5 %, central venous catheter-associated bacteraemia 4.8 %, catheter-associated urinary tract infection 7.8 % and bacteraemia 4.5 %. The incidence density rate of ICU-acquired infections was 20.3% patient-days. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and sinusitis rates were 9.4 and 1.5% ventilation-days, respectively. Central venous catheter-associated infection and central venous catheter-associated bacteraemia rates were 2.8 and 3.8% catheter-days, respectively. The catheter-associated urinary tract infection rate was 8.5% urinary catheter-days and the bacteraemia rate 4.2% patient-days. Six independent risk factors for ICU-acquired infection were found by stepwise logistic regression analysis: absence of infection on admission, age > 60 years, length of stay, mechanical ventilation, central venous catheter and admission to one particular unit. A total of 410 strains of micro-organisms were isolated, 16.8 % of which were Staphylococcus aureus (58.0% methicillin-resistant).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This prospective study using standardised collection of data on the ICU-acquired infection rate in five ICUs identified six risk factors. It also emphasized the difficulty of achieving truly standardised definitions and methods of diagnosis of such infections.
authors.affiliation: Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Legras
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malvy
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Quinioux
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Villers
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bouachour
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017053:Infection Control / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007373:Interinstitutional Relations; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors