title: Hormonal and reproductive influences and risk of melanoma in women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence linking female hormones to the development of malignant melanoma has been contradictory. The purpose of this study was to examine the risk of melanoma in relation to exogenous and endogenous hormonal variables in women, including oral contraceptives, replacement oestrogens, pregnancy, and menopause.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hormonal and reproductive factors were evaluated using data from a personal-interview population-based case-control study of melanoma in women conducted in Connecticut during 1987-1989. Caucasian female incident invasive melanoma cases (n = 308) were confirmed by standardized histopathological review. Caucasian female controls (n = 233) were selected by random digit dialling and frequency-matched on age. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ever being pregnant, age at first pregnancy, current use of replacement oestrogens, ever use of oral contraceptives, duration of use of oral contraceptives, and age at first use of oral contraceptives were not associated with melanoma. Among other variables, cases were more than twice as likely as controls to report a single pregnancy lasting >6 months, but this association lacked a dose-response relationship. Menopause and body mass index were not independently associated with risk of melanoma. However, this analysis did suggest that menopause and body mass index may be interactive risk factors. Melanoma cases were three times more likely than controls to be obese and report natural menopause when compared to thin/acceptable premenopausal women (OR = 3.00, 95% CI: 1.03-8.73).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data do not provide strong evidence that hormonal and reproductive factors are associated with risk of melanoma in women, although the few positive results should be explored further.
authors.affiliation: Division of Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455-0381, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Barnhill
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berwick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003237:Connecticut / Q000453:epidemiology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones