title: Expression patterns of cyclin D1 and related proteins regulating G1-S phase transition in uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A checkpoint mechanism in late G1, whose regulation via loss of retinoblastoma protein (pRB) or p16, or overexpression of cyclin D1 or cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), has been proposed to constitute a common pathway to malignancy. The aims of this study were (a) to compare markers of cell cycle G1-S phase transition in an intraocular tumour with known pRB deficiency (retinoblastoma) and compare it with one with an apparently functional pRB (uveal melanoma); (b) to determine if one of these markers may have a role in the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma; and (c) to determine if there is a difference in cell cycle marker expression following treatment of uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  90 eyes were enucleated from 89 patients for retinoblastoma (n = 24) or for choroidal or ciliary body melanoma (n = 66). Conventional paraffin sections were assessed for cell type and degree of differentiation. Additional slides were investigated applying standard immunohistochemical methods with antibodies specific for cyclin D1 protein, pRB, p53, p21, p16, BCL-2, and MIB-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyclin D1 protein and pRB were negative in retinoblastoma using the applied antibodies. In contrast, cyclin D1 protein expression was observed in 65% of uveal melanomas; a positive correlation between cyclin D1 cell positivity and tumour cell type, location, growth fraction, as well as with pRB positivity was observed. p53, p21, and p16 could be demonstrated in both tumours. An inverse relation between p53 and p21 expression was demonstrated in most choroidal melanomas and in some retinoblastomas. Apart from a decrease in the growth fractions of the tumours as determined by MIB-1, a significant difference in the expression of G1-S phase transition markers in vital areas of uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma following treatment with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinoblastomas and uveal melanomas, two tumours of differing pRB status, differ also in their immunohistochemical pattern for markers of the G1-S phase transition of the cell cycle. The results of the present study support the concept of (a) an autoregulatory loop between pRB and cyclin D1 in tumours with a functional pRB and the disruption of this loop in the presence of pRB mutation, as well as (b) a checkpoint mechanism in late G1, whose regulation via loss of p16 or pRB, or overexpression of cyclin D1 constitutes a common pathway to malignancy. Further, the results raise the possibility of cyclin D1 overexpression having a role in the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Coupland
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bechrakis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schüler
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Anagnostopoulos
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bornfeld
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D016193:G1 Phase; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016196:S Phase; D014604:Uveal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D019938:Cyclin D1