title: In vivo tear-film thickness determination and implications for tear-film stability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous measurements of tear-film thickness in vivo are limited and cannot be easily applied in a clinical setting. A novel technique to measure tear-film thickness indirectly is introduced here, requiring only a slit lamp, video camera, and computer. A recent fluid mechanical theory relates tear-film thickness h, to the tear meniscus radius R, tear surface tension or, tear viscosity mu, and upper lid velocity U. This theory yields the result that h/R = 2.12 (microU/sigma)2/3. All parameters except h/R are taken as known physical constants, and R was measured for each subject, allowing the above equation to establish h. Tear-film breakup was also evaluated and correlated with tear-film thickness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A clinical study was performed in which aqueous tear-film thickness was determined for 45 subjects, including 24 non-lens subjects, 15 hydrogel contact lens wearers, and 6 RGP lens wearers. R was measured by instilling fluorescein dye in the form of an eyedrop and videotaping the tear meniscus in profile. Tear-film breakup was videotaped through the ocular port of the slit lamp and evaluated based on a severity scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aqueous tear-film measurements are in the same range as literature values, with most measured values falling between 6 and 12 microm. Average tear-film thicknesses for non-lens, hydrogel, and RGP subjects are 10.4, 6.5, and 5.8 microm, respectively. Tear-film breakup is most severe in subjects with thin tear films, especially in contact-lens wearers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tear-film thickness is an important parameter that varies among individuals. These variations correlate with differences in tear-film stability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1462, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Creech
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fatt
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Radke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003261:Contact Lenses; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology; D003890:Desiccation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D014835:Volatilization