title: An in vivo study of voluntary mandibular lateral translation concerning its existence, magnitude, and timing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The existence of mandibular lateral translation and the approaches to its measurement and interpretation by using a pantograph are controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the validity of using a pantograph to measure mandibular lateral translation and analyzed human pantographic tracings to determine whether they exhibited mandibular lateral translation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pantograph was modified by adding 2 posterior horizontal recording tables and styli at the transverse horizontal axis. Pantographic tracings of 25 human subjects were compared with the corresponding theoretically determined values for tracings that exhibited only rotation with no translation. Differences in the tracings at 2 pantographic recording table locations, relative to the transverse horizontal axis, were also compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The character of the lateral component of 100 pantographic tracings all differed from the lateral component of theoretically determined values for pure rotation. In 64% of tracings, over 50% of the total mandibular lateral translation occurred by the first 1 mm of forward movement of the nonworking side condyle. In 94% of tracings, more than 50% of the translation had occurred in the first 3 mm of forward movement. For the pantographic system used, the amount of mandibular translation represented in the tracing was not changed by altering the posterior horizontal recording table position in the anterior-posterior direction, relative to the transverse horizontal axis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All subjects showed evidence of mandibular lateral translation. New definitions for timing of mandibular lateral translation are proposed. Of the tracings, 64% were classified as exhibiting early translation, 30% as intermediate, and 4% as late mandibular lateral translation.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Knoernschild
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007574:Jaw Relation Record / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors