title: MIBG inhibits respiration: potential for radio- and hyperthermic sensitization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) in its 131I-labeled form is clinically used as a tumor-targeted radiopharmaceutical in the diagnosis and treatment of adrenergic tumors. This well established drug may have additional clinical applications as a radiosensitizer or hyperthermic agent, ie., MIBG reportedly inhibits mitochondrial respiration in vitro. The mechanism for MIBG inhibition of cellular oxygen consumption is uncertain. Moreover, MIBG reportedly stimulates glycolysis both in vitro and in vivo. Our studies show the effect of MIBG on 9L glioma oxygen consumption and redox status with tumors cells in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects on electron transfer were determined by following oxygen consumption with a Clark oxygen electrode. Fluorescence measurements were used to determine effects of MIBG on intracellular electron acceptors, NADPH and flavoproteins, in vitro and in vivo. 31P-NMR was used to determine alterations in tumor cell pH in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show the inhibition of oxygen utilization with MIBG for cell suspensions in vitro. The same results were demonstrated for tumor cell suspensions rapidly isolated from tumors grown in rats. Moreover, NAD(P)H and flavoprotein (Fp) fluorescence changes were observed to rapidly occur following MIBG addition in vitro. Changes in intracellular pH measured with 31P-NMR, in vivo, precede the changes in fluorescence of NAD(P)H and Fp obtained with frozen sections of tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that 31P-NMR measurements and fluorescence changes, following MIBG injection, can be used as criterion for selecting the proper time to treat tumors with ionizing radiation or hyperthermia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Biaglow
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manevich
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leeper
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chance
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dewhirst
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Tuttle
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wroblewski
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Glickson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004579:Electron Transport; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects*; D010758:Phosphorus; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005420:Flavoproteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D010758:Phosphorus; D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine; D009249:NADP