title: In vitro antitumor activity of the novel marine agent, ecteinascidin-743 (ET-743, NSC-648766) against human tumors explanted from patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ecteinascidin-743 (ET-743), a member of the ecteinascidin family selected for clinical development, is a tetrahydroisoquinolone alkaloid isolated from the marine ascidian, Ecteinascidia turbinata. This novel compound is a minor groove binding, guanine-specific alkylating agent which also interacts with the microtubule network and blocks cell cycle progression at late S/G2.
  
  
  METHODS
  A soft agar cloning assay was used to determine the in vitro effects of ET-743 against primary human tumor specimens taken directly from patients. A total of 93 evaluable specimens were exposed to ET-743 for one-hour (n = 25) and/or 14-day continuous exposure (n = 92) at concentrations ranging from 0.1 nM to 1 microM. In vitro responses were defined as an inhibition > or = 50% of human tumor colony forming units at a given concentration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-hour exposure to ET-743 at concentrations of 0.1 nM, 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM and 1 microM induced in vitro responses in 0% (0/17), 6% (1/17), 16% (4/25), 13% (1/8), and 25% (2/8) of specimens, respectively. Continuous exposure to ET-743 at concentrations of 0.1 nM, 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM and 1 microM, inhibited 0% (0/16), 13% (2/16), 49% (44/90), 62% (47/76), and 77% (58/75) of tumor specimens, respectively. Tumor-specific responses and concentration-dependent relationships were observed with a continuous exposure to ET-743. At 100 nM, the compound inhibited 79% (11/14) breast, 69% (9/13) non-small-cell lung, 58% (7/12) ovary, and 88% (7/8) melanoma specimens. At 1 microM, ET-743 inhibited 100% (14/14) breast specimens, 85% (11/13) non-small-cell lung, 67% (8/12) ovary and 86% (6/7) melanoma specimens. Activity of ET-743 at and above 10 nM was also observed against sarcoma and kidney tumors. At 10 nM concentration and continuous exposure ET-743 demonstrated incomplete cross-resistance with paclitaxel, alkylating agents, doxorubicin and cisplatin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data from the cloning assay indicate that the duration of exposure to ET-743 is an important factor in human tumors. Therefore, long-term exposure to ET-743 may be preferred in future clinical trials. The activity of ET-743 in breast, non-small-cell lung, and ovarian cancers as well as in melanoma may deserve further clinical evaluations. The potential of ET-743 in sarcoma and renal tumors might also be considered. In addition, our data indicate that a plasma concentration of 100 nM of ET-743 must be considered as a target during the clinical development of the compound; also the concept of continuous/protracted exposure in clinical trials with ET-743 has to be taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Drug Development-Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Izbicka
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eckhardt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Faircloth
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jimeno
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Von Hoff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000494:pharmacology; D044005:Tetrahydroisoquinolines; D013997:Time Factors; D000077606:Trabectedin; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay; D014561:Urochordata
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D004149:Dioxoles; D007546:Isoquinolines; D044005:Tetrahydroisoquinolines; D014404:Tubulin; D000077606:Trabectedin; D017239:Paclitaxel