title: An ergonomic analysis of the fulcrum effect in the acquisition of endoscopic skills.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The loss of three-dimensional visual depth cues has been thought to be the main hindrance to the acquisition of endoscopic skills. However, the "fulcrum effect" of the abdominal wall on the manipulation of instruments has not to our knowledge been previously investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with no experience in endoscopy were required to make multiple defined incisions under laparoscopic laboratory conditions, within ten two-minute periods in the first study and 50 in the second. Eleven subjects operated under normal imaging conditions and 11 with the y-axis inverted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects who operated with the image inverted made significantly more incisions and significantly more correct incisions than those working under normal conditions. This effect persisted over 50 trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fulcrum effect has a major detrimental influence on acquisition of endoscopic skills. Further work is required to investigate the role of image inversion in clinical endoscopic training.
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Centre for Endoscopic Training and Research, Queen's University of Belfast. Ag.Gallagher@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGuigan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Sheehy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003867:Depth Perception; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011434:Proprioception; D011594:Psychometrics; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis