title: Incidence and outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia is frequently associated with metastatic complications and infective endocarditis (IE). The Duke criteria for the diagnosis of IE utilize echocardiographic techniques and are more sensitive than previous criteria. The documentation of IE in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) has become increasingly important in order to avoid the overuse of empiric vancomycin and the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who developed S. aureus bacteremia while undergoing HD at a tertiary medical center or one of four affiliated outpatient HD units were identified. Clinical outcome (death, metastatic complications, IE, and microbiologic recurrence) was assessed during hospitalization and at three months after discharge. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms were performed and the Duke criteria were used to diagnose IE. Pulse field gel electrophoresis was performed to confirm genetic similarity of recurrent isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred and forty-five patients underwent hemodialysis for 5431.8 patient-months. Sixty-two developed 65 episodes of S. aureus bacteremia (1.2 episodes/100 patient-months). Complications occurred in 27 (44%) patients. Bacteremia recurred in patients who dialyzed through polytetrafluorethylene grafts (44.4% vs. 7.1%, P = 0.0.01), and there was a trend to increased recurrence in patients who received only vancomycin (19.5% vs. 7.1%, P = 0.4). IE was diagnosed in 8 patients (12%), six of whom had normal transthoracic echocardiograms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sensitive echocardiographic techniques and the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of IE should be used to determine the proper duration of antibiotic therapy in hemodialysis patients with S. aureus bacteremia. This diagnostic approach, coupled with early removal of hardware, may assist in improving outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Nephrology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Marr
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Conlon
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Corey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*