title: Clinical and economic outcomes of individuals with severe peptic ulcer hemorrhage and nonbleeding visible vessel: an analysis of two prospective clinical trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report the clinical outcomes and direct medical costs of 155 patients with severe peptic ulcer hemorrhage and a nonbleeding visible vessel at emergency endoscopy treated with endoscopic hemostasis or medical-surgical therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two consecutive, prospective, randomized, controlled trials, patients were randomly assigned to endoscopic hemostasis (heater probe, bipolar electrocoagulation, or injection sclerosis) or medical-surgical treatment. Study endpoints included the incidence of severe ulcer rebleeding and emergency surgery, length of hospital stay, blood transfusion requirements, mortality rate, and direct costs of utilized health care. Direct medical costs were estimated using combined fixed and variable institutional costs for consumed resources and Medicare reimbursement rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with medical-surgical treatment, endoscopically treated patients had significantly lower rates of severe ulcer rebleeding (p = 0.004), emergency surgery (p = 0.002 and p = 0.019, 0.024), and blood transfusions (p = 0.025). Observed inter-trial differences in ulcer rebleeding rates may be partially explained in a multivariate model by covariates of comorbid disease and inpatient ulcer bleeding. In both trials, length of hospital stay, mortality rates, and treatment-related complications were similar. Estimated median direct costs per patient differed: The first trial had lower costs with endoscopic hemostasis ($4254, vs $4620 for electrocoagulation and $5909 for medical-surgical treatment), yet the second trial yielded lower costs with medical-surgical treatment ($3169, vs $3477 for injection sclerosis and $4098 for heater probe).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with medical-surgical therapy, endoscopic hemostasis for severe ulcer hemorrhage and a nonbleeding visible vessel yielded significantly better patient outcomes and was safe. This procedure may or may not yield lower direct medical costs and cost savings.
authors.affiliation: CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine 90095-1684, USA.
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Gralnek
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gornbein
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jutabha
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Machicado
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sue
mesh_terms: D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000191:economics; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D016558:Hemostasis, Endoscopic / Q000191:economics; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States