title: Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of an Argentine Spanish Version of the Stanford Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To translate into Argentine Spanish and cross-culturally adapt the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) and validate the adapted instrument in Argentine patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five bilingual Argentine pediatric rheumatologists translated into Argentine Spanish and cross-culturally adapted the United States English CHAQ. Pretesting was done in a sample of 23 parents using a probe question technique. Parents of 70 patients with JRA and 21 healthy children (controls) participated in the validation phase. All were from Argentina.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean disability index (DI) scores for patients with systemic, polyarticular, or pauciarticular onset JRA were 0.64, 0.32, and 0.1, respectively. Healthy controls averaged 0.2. Intercomponent correlations were between 0.4 and 0.9, suggesting internal consistency, but also some redundancy. Test-retest reliability, studied at a 1-week interval, was moderate (mean DI 0.44 [in clinic] and 0.29 [one week later], Pearson's correlation = 0.82). We compared CHAQ scores from 15 parents with those of their children > 10 years of age. Significantly higher DI scores were given by patients than their respective parents (P > 0.019), but the pairwise scores (parent-patient) were highly correlated (r = 0.986).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-cultural adaptation of the US CHAQ to Argentina required few changes. Although DI scores for all patient subgroups were higher than for controls subjects, the scores were low, particularly for those with pauciarticular disease. Prospective studies designed to examine the sensitivity to change and predictive validity will help to assess further the usefulness of the adapted CHAQ in the Argentine population.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Moroldo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Cunto
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hübscher
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liberatore
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palermo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Giannini
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D001118:Argentina; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000145:classification*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014175:Translating; D014481:United States