title: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii: an unexpected difference in epidemiologic behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Dutch guideline on hospital policy for the prevention of nosocomial spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) states that patients transferred from hospitals abroad must be placed in strict isolation immediately on admission to a hospital in the Netherlands. Three patients colonized with both MRSA and a multiresistant Acinetobacter were transferred from hospitals in Mediterranean countries to 3 different hospitals in the Netherlands. Despite isolation precautions, Acinetobacter spread in 2 of the 3 hospitals, whereas nosocomial spread of MRSA did not occur.
  
  
  METHODS
  For outbreak analysis, the Acinetobacter isolates, identified as Acinetobacter baumannii by the use of amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis, were comparatively typed by 4 methods. Comparison of isolation measures in the hospitals was performed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 2 hospitals in which nosocomial spread of Acinetobacter occurred, most of the epidemiologically related isolates were indistinguishable from the index strains. In these 2 hospitals, isolation measures were in concordance with those recommended for the prevention of contact transmission. The precautions of the hospital in which no outbreak occurred included the prevention of airborne transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Precautions recommended for multiresistant gram-negative organisms are insufficient for the prevention of nosocomial spread of multiresistant Acinetobacter. The airborne mode of spread of acinetobacters should be taken into account, and guidelines should be revised accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Bernards
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Frénay
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dijkshoorn
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van Boven
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D009426:Netherlands; D010360:Patient Transfer; D012703:Serotyping; D013030:Spain; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus