title: Insulin induces upregulation of vascular AT1 receptor gene expression by posttranscriptional mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An interaction of insulin with angiotensin II effects could be pathophysiologically important for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the effect of insulin on AT1 receptor gene expression in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). A 24-hour incubation with insulin (100 nmol/L) produced a 2-fold increase in AT1 receptor density on VSMCs, as assessed by radioligand binding assays. This enhanced AT1 receptor expression was caused by a time- and concentration-dependent upregulation of the AT1 receptor mRNA levels, as assessed by Northern analysis. The maximal effect was detected after a 24-hour incubation of cells with 100 nmol/L insulin (270+/-20%). AT1 receptor upregulation was caused by a stabilization of the AT1 receptor mRNA, because the AT1 receptor mRNA half-life was prolonged from 5 hours under basal conditions to 10 hours after insulin stimulation. In contrast, insulin had no influence on AT1 receptor gene transcription, as assessed by nuclear run-on assays. The insulin-induced AT1 receptor upregulation was followed by an increased functional response, because angiotensin II evoked a significantly elevated intracellular release of calcium in cells that were preincubated with 100 nmol/L insulin for 24 hours. The insulin-induced AT1 receptor upregulation was dependent on tyrosine kinases, as assessed by experiments with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. Furthermore, experiments using the intracellular calcium chelator bis(2-amino-5-methylphenoxy)ethane-N, N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetraacetoxymethyl ester suggest that intracellular calcium release may be involved in AT1 receptor regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin-induced upregulation of the AT1 receptor by posttranscriptional mechanisms may explain the association of hyperinsulinemia with hypertension and arteriosclerosis, because activation of the AT1 receptor plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Universität Köln, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nickenig
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Röling
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strehlow
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schnabel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böhm
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D004004:Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D015138:RNA, Nuclear / Q000032:analysis; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007328:Insulin; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015138:RNA, Nuclear; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella; D000804:Angiotensin II; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D004004:Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole; C058180:5,5'-dimethyl-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate; D019833:Genistein; D002118:Calcium