title: Potentiation of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine activity by bryostatin 1 in the resistant chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell line (WSU-CLL): association with increased ratios of dCK/5'-NT and Bax/Bcl-2.
abstract: The activities of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) metabolizing enzymes, deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) were measured in control and bryostatin 1 treated CLL cells using an EBV-negative WSU-CLL cell line. This cell line was established from a patient with CLL resistant to fludarabine. The results revealed a significant increase in dCK activity in bryostatin 1 treated cells at 48 and 72 h compared with the control. 5'-NT activity decreased significantly at 48 h. The ratio of dCK to 5'-NT activity was significantly increased in bryostatin 1 treated WSU-CLL cells after 48 h. WSU-CLL cells treated with bryostatin 1 exhibited an increase in the percentage of apoptotic and dead cells from control levels of 16% to 40%. This percentage was further increased to 67% following the addition of 11.2 microM 2-CdA to WSU-CLL cells pretreated with bryostatin 1. Results from Western blot analysis indicate that WSU-CLL cells express high levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and c-myc, and a low level of Bax. p53 in untreated WSU-CLL cells is undetectable. WSU-CLL cells treated with bryostatin 1 showed a significant increase in the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2. To demonstrate that the bryostatin 1 mediated enhancement of 2-CdA efficacy was not restricted to in vitro cell culture, we have studied the tumor growth delay of WSU-CLL xenografts treated with placebo, bryostatin 1, 2-CdA, and bryostatin 1 followed by 2-CdA. SCID mice given bryostatin 1 at 75 microg x kg(-1) x d(-1) for 5 days followed by 30 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) 2-CdA for 5 days in two cycles, had significantly improved tumor growth delay (P = 0.05). We conclude that bryostatin 1 is not only capable of inducing apoptosis by itself, but also sensitizes de novo resistant WSU-CLL cells to the chemo-therapeutic effects of 2-CdA. The bryostatin 1-induced increased ratio of dCK/5'-NT activity and an increased ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 are at least two mechanisms through which this natural compound is able to potentiate the anti-tumor activity of 2-CdA in otherwise resistant CLL cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mohammad
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katato
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamdy
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Katib
mesh_terms: D015720:5'-Nucleotidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D054713:Bryostatins; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D017338:Cladribine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003842:Deoxycytidine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018942:Macrolides; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D016513:Mice, SCID; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C494826:BAX protein, human; C494827:Bax protein, mouse; D054713:Bryostatins; D007783:Lactones; D018942:Macrolides; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C046785:bryostatin 1; D017338:Cladribine; D003842:Deoxycytidine Kinase; D015720:5'-Nucleotidase