title: In vitro and in situ absorption of SDZ-RAD using a human intestinal cell line (Caco-2) and a single pass perfusion model in rats: comparison with rapamycin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the intestinal absorption and active efflux protein susceptibility of a new immunosuppressive agent (SDZ-RAD) with that of its analog rapamycin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caco-2 cell monolayers were used to examine bidirectional transport of the two compounds at low micromolar concentrations. Single pass rat intestinal perfusion was also used to examine steady state permeability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rapamycin and SDZ-RAD showed a distinct preference for transport in the basolateral to apical direction of Caco-2 monolayers as efflux was >20 times greater than apical to basolateral transport. Efflux of SDZ-RAD was completely inhibited by verapamil while efflux of rapamycin was mostly inhibited by verapamil and partially inhibited by probenecid. Passive permeability was shown to be 20 x 10(-6) cm/sec for SDZ-RAD and 10 x 10(-6) cm/sec for rapamycin. In situ rat studies also showed the permeability of rapamycin to be half that of SDZ-RAD with permeabilities of 12.6 X 10(-6) for rapamycin and 24.8 x 10(-6) cm/sec for SDZ-RAD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SDZ-RAD and rapamycin are strong substrates for P-gp-like mediated efflux. Rapamycin is also partially removed from cells by a second efflux system that is not responsive to SDZ-RAD. When these efflux pumps are inhibited SDZ-RAD is likely to be absorbed across the intestine at a faster rate than rapamycin.
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Pharma Inc., Basel, Switzerland. andrew.crowe@pharma.novartis.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crowe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lemaire
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D000068338:Everolimus; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D008353:Mannitol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011433:Propranolol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D008353:Mannitol; D000068338:Everolimus; D011433:Propranolol; D014700:Verapamil; D020123:Sirolimus