title: Later orthodontic appliance reactivation stimulates immediate appearance of osteoclasts and linear tooth movement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delays in the appearance of osteoclasts at compression sites occur after orthodontic appliance reactivation, when this is done during both the period of osteoclast recruitment and the peak expansion in the osteoclast population. This experiment examines osteoclasts and tooth movement in alveolar bone after appliance reactivation coinciding with alveolar bone formation and the time when reactivation osteoclasts first appear (ie, 10 days after initial appliance activation).
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral orthodontic appliances were activated to mesially tip maxillary molars with 40 cN in 144 rats. After 10 days, all rats were randomized into two groups of 72. Group I had appliances reactivated in precisely the same manner as the first activation. Group II had appliances sham-reactivated. Nine to 12 rats were then sacrificed at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days in both groups (eg, day 1 represents an interval of 11 days after the first appliance activation and 1 day after either sham or real reactivation). Orthodontic movement was measured cephalometrically; changes in osteoclasts and root resorption were assessed at both compression and tension sites histomorphometrically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Teeth in the reactivated group (Group I) displayed linear tooth movement (62.6 micrometers/day), and 0.9 mm tooth movement by day 10. Significant increases in osteoclast numbers, osteoclast surface percentage, and surface per individual osteoclast were evident in these animals by 1 day postreactivation (P <.01). Significant treatment-related increases in root resorption were not evident at compression sites at any time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that, after appliance reactivation during the time when reactivation osteoclasts appear, a second cohort of osteoclasts can be recruited immediately, along with immediate and substantial tooth movement and no greater risk of root resorption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7446, USA. gking@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012391:Root Resorption / Q000209:etiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods