title: Identification of formulation and manufacturing variables that influence in vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability of propranolol hydrochloride tablets.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of formulation and processing changes on the dissolution and bioavailability of propranolol hydrochloride tablets. Directly compressed blends of 6 kg (20,000 units) were prepared by mixing in a 16-qt V blender and tablets were compressed on an instrumented Manesty D3B tablet press. A half-factorial (2(5-1), Resolution V) design was used to study the following variables: filler ratio (lactose/dicalcium phosphate), sodium starch glycolate level, magnesium stearate level, lubricant blend time, and compression force. The levels and ranges of the excipients and processing changes studied represented level 2 or greater changes as indicated by the Scale-up and Post Approval Changes (SUPAC-IR) Guidance. Changes in filler ratio, disintegrant level, and compression force were significant in affecting percent drug released (Q) in 5 min (Q5) and Q10. However, changes in magnesium stearate level and lubricant blend time did not influence Q5 and Q10. Hardness was found to be affected by changes in all of the variables studied. Some interaction effects between the variables studied were also found to be significant. To examine the impact of formulation and processing variables on in vivo absorption, three batches were selected for a bioavailability study based on their dissolution profiles. Thirteen subjects received four propranolol treatments (slow-, medium-, and fast-dissolving formulations and Inderal 80 mg) separated by 1 week washout according to a randomized crossover design. The formulations were found to be bioequivalent with respect to the log Cmax and log AUC0-infinity. The results of this study suggest that (i) bioavailability/bioequivalency studies may not be necessary for propranolol and perhaps other class 1 drugs after level 2 type changes, and (ii) in vitro dissolution tests may be used to show bioequivalence of propranolol formulations with processing or formulation changes within the specified level 2 ranges examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201-6808, USA. eddingto@pharmacy.ab.umd.edu
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Eddington
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Augsburger
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fossler
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Lesko
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Rekhi
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004355:Drug Stability; D006801:Humans; D011433:Propranolol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013607:Tablets; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D013607:Tablets; D011433:Propranolol