title: Prevention of the spread of rabies to wildlife by oral vaccination of raccoons in Massachusetts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the use of bait containing rabies vaccine to create a barrier of rabies-vaccinated raccoons in Massachusetts and to determine the effectiveness of various bait distribution strategies in halting the spread of rabies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Free-ranging raccoons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baits were distributed twice yearly in a 207-km2 (80-mi2) area in the vicinity of the Cape Cod Canal. Bait density and distribution strategy varied among 3 treatment areas. Raccoons were caught in live traps after bait distribution and anesthetized; blood samples were obtained to measure serum antibody titers to rabies virus. Vaccination rates were determined by the percentage of captured raccoons with antibody titers to rabies virus > or = 1:5. In addition, raccoons with clinical signs of illness inside the vaccination zone and adjacent areas were euthanatized and submitted for rabies testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of vaccinated raccoons differed significantly among the following 3 areas with various bait densities: high-density area with uniform bait distribution (103 baits/km2 [267 baits/mi2]) = 37%; low-density area with additional targeted bait distribution (93 baits/km2 [240 baits/mi2]) = 67%; and, high-density area with additional targeted bait distribution (135 baits/km2 [350 baits/mi2]) = 77%. Nineteen animals with rabies (15 raccoons, 3 skunks, 1 cat) were reported in the area just outside of the vaccination zone, but only 1 raccoon with rabies was reported from inside the vaccination zone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this suburban study area, an approximate vaccination rate of 63% was sufficient to halt the spread of rabies in free-ranging raccoons. Compared with uniform bait distribution, targeting raccoon habitats increased vaccination rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Borden
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Windmiller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niezgoda
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kreindel
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: McGuill
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: DeMaria
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Rupprecht
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rowell
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011818:Rabies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D011819:Rabies Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011821:Raccoons; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D011819:Rabies Vaccines