title: Imidazolyl carboxylic acids as mechanistic probes of flavocytochrome P-450 BM3.
abstract: omega-Imidazolyl carboxylic acids (C10-C12) have been used as probes of the active site and catalytic mechanism of the fatty acid hydroxylase P-450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium. These compounds are the most potent inhibitors of P-450 BM3 yet reported. All are mixed inhibitors, increasing the Km and decreasing the kcat for laurate oxidation. All ligate the P-450 BM3 ferric heme iron, inducing a type II shift in the Soret absorbance band from 419 to 424 nm. Binding to the ferrous form is much weaker. 10-(Imidazolyl)decanoic acid was the best inhibitor (Kic = 0.9 microM, Kiu = 5.7 microM), while 12-(imidazolyl)dodecanoic acid (Kic = 1.35 microM, Kiu = 6.9 microM) was superior to 11-(imidazolyl)undecanoic acid (Kic = 7.5 microM, Kiu = 16 microM). Dissociation constants for binding to oxidized P-450 BM3 heme iron were determined spectrophotometrically as 8 microM (C12 azole) and 27 microM (C11 azole). The binding of 10-(imidazolyl)decanoic acid was too tight for an absolute Kd to be determined spectrophotometrically, but this value is <0.2 microM. The binding of different fatty acids to the enzyme was found to have distinct effects on the Kd for the azoles. Laurate induced tighter binding (Kd for the C12 azole lowered to 4.7 microM), while arachidonate weakened the affinity (Kd increased to 23 microM). Arachidonate diminished the affinity for the C10 azole sufficiently that a Kd could be determined by spectrophotometric titration (11 microM). Affinity for the C12 azole was decreased in active-site-mutants R47G (R47 tethers the fatty acid carboxylate group) and F87Y but increased in mutant F87G-indicating an important role for this residue in determining heme accessibility. The C10 azole binds much more weakly to the spin-state-insensitive F87Y (32. 2 microM), suggesting that the inhibitors may bind preferentially to different conformers of P-450 BM3. NADP+ binding in the reductase also tightened affinity of these inhibitors for P-450 BM3 (Kd for the C12 azole decreased to 2.7 microM), but this effect was not observed for FMN-deficient mutant W574D, suggesting that the interdomain effect of NADP+ on inhibitor binding was mediated via flavin mononucleotide. Resonance Raman spectroscopy indicates that the inhibitors form low-spin complexes with P-450 BM3 and that their binding induces movements of the heme vinyls relative to the ring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quaroni
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Chumanov
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hanzlik
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Munro
mesh_terms: D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001665:Binding Sites; D002384:Catalysis; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006418:Heme / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D007850:Lauric Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007093:Imidazoles; D007850:Lauric Acids; C030358:lauric acid; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D006418:Heme; D009249:NADP; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; C052423:flavocytochrome P450 BM3 monoxygenases