title: Influence of propylene glycol and isopropyl myristate on the in vitro percutaneous penetration of diclofenac sodium from carbopol gels.
abstract: The influence of propylene glycol (PG) on the in vitro penetration of diclofenac sodium (DFS) through a synthetic membrane and abdominal rat skin from carbopol gels was investigated using Franz-type diffusion cells. The combined effect of isopropyl myristate (IPM) and PG was also evaluated. It was found that the penetration through the synthetic membrane was well described by the Higuchi model. The gel containing 40% PG showed the highest release rate, indicating that a releasing maximum exists for PG content which provides the fully solubilized drug in the vehicle. When using rat skin as the barrier, the penetration rate was controlled by the membrane. DFS flux decreased with increasing PG content of the gels due to an increase of the drug affinity to the vehicle. A cosolvent action of PG was evident. However, the combination of PG and IPM resulted in a synergistic enhancement of DFS flux. Maximum enhancing activity was obtained from gels containing 40% PG, which yielded an enhancement ratio of about 8. Increasing IPM content from 3 to 5% increased the flux and decreased the lag time taken to reach a steady-state level.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Navarra, Apdo. 177. 31080, Pamplona, Spain. aarellano@mail2.cti.unav.es
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arellano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santoyo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ygartua
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005782:Gels; D008297:Male; D009226:Myristates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019946:Propylene Glycol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005782:Gels; D009226:Myristates; D011145:Polyvinyls; C006912:carboxypolymethylene; C008205:isopropyl myristate; D004008:Diclofenac; D019946:Propylene Glycol