title: Changes in transforming growth factor beta1 gene expression and immunoreactivity levels during development of chronic radiation enteropathy.
abstract: Chronic intestinal radiation injury is associated with locally increased TGF-beta1 immunoreactivity that correlates with morphological alterations. However, the underlying mechanisms are not known. This study examined changes in intestinal TGF-beta1 immunoreactivity, steady-state TGF-beta1 mRNA levels, and cellular localization of TGF-beta1 mRNA during development of chronic radiation enteropathy in a rat model. A loop of small bowel was fixed inside the scrotum of orchiectomized male rats. The intestine was subsequently exposed locally to 0, 12 or 21 Gy X radiation. Intestine was procured at 24 h and 2, 6 and 26 weeks and subjected to histopathological analysis, quantitative immunohistochemistry with computerized image analysis, assessment of steady-state TGF-beta1 mRNA levels with quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and identification of cell types expressing TGF-beta1 mRNA with in situ hybridization. Intestine from the 21-Gy group exhibited more histopathological injury and increased TGF-beta immunoreactivity 2-26 weeks after irradiation compared to the 12-Gy group and sham-irradiated controls. TGF-beta1 mRNA in irradiated intestine increased up to six times relative to controls at 24 h and 2 weeks, was less at 6 weeks, and did not differ from controls at 26 weeks. In situ hybridization detected TGF-beta1 mRNA in epithelial and Paneth cells in control intestine. Irradiated intestine exhibited additional TGF-beta1 mRNA in inflammatory and fibroblast-like cells. We conclude that there is a radiation-induced shift in the cellular sources of TGF-beta1, and that Tgfb1 gene expression is increased mainly during the early phases of radiation enteropathy, preceding the increase in immunoreactivity and histopathological injury. Translational or post-translational mechanisms are likely involved in sustaining increased TGF-beta1 immunoreactivity levels during the chronic phase of radiation enteropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hauer-Jensen
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hardin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000276:immunology / Q000293:injuries* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta