title: The value of screening for psychiatric disorders in rheumatology referrals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Musculoskeletal complaints are common and often unexplained and often lead to rheumatology referrals. The prevalence of psychiatric disease in patients with musculoskeletal complaints is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of common psychiatric disorders among patients referred to a rheumatology clinic and the likelihood of establishing a rheumatic diagnosis if a psychiatric disorder is present.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective diagnostic survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hospital-based rheumatology clinics and a general medicine clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive sample of newly referred patients (n = 185) and their rheumatologists (n = 9).
  
  
  METHODS
  Before their visit, all patients filled out a self-administered version of PRIME-MD (Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders), a questionnaire that makes Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition: Primary Care Version, diagnoses of depressive, anxiety, and somatoform disorders. After the visit, the study rheumatologists, who were unaware of the PRIME-MD results, completed a questionnaire regarding their diagnostic assessment. These patients were compared with 210 patients with musculoskeletal complaints who were cared for in a general medicine clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychiatric and rheumatic disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with patients with musculoskeletal complaints in a general medicine clinic, patients referred to a rheumatology clinic had a higher prevalence of psychiatric disease (40% vs 29%; P = .008), had an almost 2-fold higher prevalence of anxiety disorders, and were more likely to have multiple psychiatric disorders (odds ratio = 2.70, 95% confidence interval = 1.50-5.00). The likelihood of a psychiatric disorder differed among patients with connective tissue disease, nonsystemic articular or periarticular disorders, and nonarticular disorders (27%, 38%, 55%, respectively; P = .006). In a best-fitting logistic regression model, psychiatric disorders markedly decreased the likelihood of a connective tissue disease (odds ratio = 0.24, 95% confidence interval = 0.09-0.62).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Forty percent of patients referred to a rheumatology clinic in this study had a psychiatric disorder, and its presence predicted a lower likelihood of a connective tissue disease. Prospective studies are needed to determine if screening for psychiatric disease before referring patients with unexplained musculoskeletal complaints would reduce costs or improve recognition of potentially treatable psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington DC, USA. pgomally@msn.com
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kroenke
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hornstein
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Dennis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003240:Connective Tissue Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis