title: A controlled, prospective, 1-year trial of citalopram in the treatment of panic disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of citalopram in the long-term treatment of adult outpatients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients in this double-blind, parallel-group trial were assigned to 1 of 3 fixed dosage ranges of citalopram (10 or 15 mg/day, 20 or 30 mg/day, or 40 or 60 mg/day), 1 dosage range of clomipramine (60 or 90 mg/day), or placebo. After the completed 8-week acute treatment period, the eligible patients could continue the treatment for up to 1 year. Of the 475 patients who were randomly assigned for the short-term trial, 279 agreed to continue double-blind treatment at their assigned doses. The primary efficacy measure used was the Clinical Anxiety Scale panic attack item, and the response was defined as no panic attacks (score of 0 or 1). The other key measures used were the Physician's Global Improvement Scale, the Patient's Global Improvement Scale, and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all drug-treated groups, except the group receiving the lowest citalopram dose, the treatment outcome was generally better than with placebo. As determined by a life table analysis of response, the probability of response during the 12 months was significantly greater with all treatment regimens than with placebo (p < .05), with citalopram 20 or 30 mg/day demonstrating the best response. Panic attacks tended to disappear in all patients remaining in the study until the end of follow-up. Analysis of the difference in the number of patients in different treatment groups remaining in the study (perhaps the best measure of long-term efficacy) also demonstrated that the patients treated with citalopram in dosage ranges of 20 or 30 mg/day and 40 or 60 mg/day had better response than placebo-treated patients (p < .0002 and p < .004, respectively). HAM-A and Global Improvement Scale scores also showed that patients treated with active drug showed greater improvement than placebo-treated patients. All treatment groups showed no new or exceptional adverse event clusters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Citalopram in the dosage range of 20 to 60 mg/day is effective, well tolerated, and safe in the long-term treatment of patients who have panic disorder.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Research Clinic of Kuopio and Universities of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: U M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Lepola
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Leinonen
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Koponen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frazer
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sjödin
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Penttinen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lehto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015283:Citalopram / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D010919:Placebos; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D015283:Citalopram