title: Seven surgical exemplars and the College--lest we forget.
abstract: The Society of Black Academic Surgeons was founded, not to foster any measure of separatism or exclusivity, but rather to encourage and nurture black surgeons to pursue careers and participate fully in all phases of academic surgery. The Society meets annually with varied scientific presentations by its members. State-of-the-art lectures by nationally acclaimed surgical leaders remain an integral part of the program. On this occasion, it seems appropriate to recall the contributions of some of our colleagues and especially their relationship to the American College of Surgeons (the College, or ACS). We are well aware that progress in academic surgery did not begin with those of us currently on the scene but rather that our paths have been made smoother by those who have gone before us. To that end, I have chosen seven black surgeons who played major roles in these efforts. Owing to space constraints, only abbreviated accounts of their contributions will be given. Oral and written versions of their lives demonstrate a keenness of mind and strength of character that enabled them to confront various indignities while persevering to achieve their goals. Equally important was the demonstration of good will, justice, and fair play by some leaders in American surgery who afforded these seven stalwarts the opportunity to train, to develop, and to succeed. Both groups deserve our praise, tribute, and respect. Prudence dictates that no special mention be made of the living; thus, I will side with prudence and restrict my statements to the contributions of seven colleagues who have departed this vale. These seven surgical exemplars are Daniel H. Williams, Louis T. Wright, Frederick D. Stubbs, William H. Sinkler, Matthew Walker, Charles R. Drew, and Samuel L. Kountz.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Leffall
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D007857:Leadership; D011287:Prejudice; D012955:Societies, Medical; D014481:United States