title: Nitric oxide production by pig endothelial cells in response to human-derived injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The hyperacute rejection induced by natural antibodies is the first barrier to the success of pig to human organ xenotransplantation. When this barrier is overcome, an infiltrate of mainly monocytes and natural killer cells can be observed. Nitric oxide (NO) has been described to be involved in allo- and xenorejection, and to participate in the regulation of monocyte infiltration in other models.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have studied the capacity of human monocytes and natural antibodies to induce the production of NO by pig endothelial cells, by measuring NO2, a stable end product of NO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human monocytes can induce HuProVim (HUP), a pig endothelial line, and "in situ, ex vivo" pig endothelial cells to produce NO2. This NO2 production was inhibited by NG-nitro-L-arginine-methylester and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, inhibitors of NO production. This induction can be observed even if cells are separated by a semipermeable membrane, which indicates that it is a result of soluble factors. Activated cells continue producing NO after triggering for 1 hr. No NO2 production was observed after activation of HUP cells with recombinant human interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta1, IL-2, IL-4, interferon-gamma, or recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rhTNF-alpha) alone. Only the combination of rhTNF-alpha+rIL-1alpha or rIL-1beta, and rhTNF-alpha+rIL-1alpha+IFN-gamma induces some NO production. Human natural anti-pig antibodies, which had been described to induce cytoskeleton changes on endothelial cells, do not induce NO production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that human monocytes induce the production of NO by pig endothelial cells. The inducing signal is soluble and cannot be provided by human anti-pig natural antibodies.
authors.affiliation: Servei Immunologia, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Millan
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rojo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaya
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vives
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martorell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide