title: Folate, vitamin B12, and serum total homocysteine levels in confirmed Alzheimer disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies suggest that vascular disease may contribute to the cause of Alzheimer disease (AD). Since elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) level is a risk factor for vascular disease, it may also be relevant to AD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of AD with blood levels of tHcy, and its biological determinants folate and vitamin B12.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study of 164 patients, aged 55 years or older, with a clinical diagnosis of dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT), including 76 patients with histologically confirmed AD and 108 control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Referral population to a hospital clinic between July 1988 and April 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum tHcy, folate, and vitamin B12 levels in patients and controls at entry; the odds ratio of DAT or confirmed AD with elevated tHcy or low vitamin levels; and the rate of disease progression in relation to tHcy levels at entry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum tHcy levels were significantly higher and serum folate and vitamin B12 levels were lower in patients with DAT and patients with histologically confirmed AD than in controls. The odds ratio of confirmed AD associated with a tHcy level in the top third (> or = 14 micromol/L) compared with the bottom third (< or = 11 micromol/L) of the control distribution was 4.5 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-9.2), after adjustment for age, sex, social class, cigarette smoking, and apolipoprotein E epsilon4. The corresponding odds ratio for the lower third compared with the upper third of serum folate distribution was 3.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.8-6.3) and of vitamin B12 distribution was 4.3 (95% confidence interval, 2.1-8.8). The mean tHcy levels were unaltered by duration of symptoms before enrollment and were stable for several years afterward. In a 3-year follow-up of patients with DAT, radiological evidence of disease progression was greater among those with higher tHcy levels at entry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low blood levels of folate and vitamin B12, and elevated tHcy levels were associated with AD. The stability of tHcy levels over time and lack of relationship with duration of symptoms argue against these findings being a consequence of disease and warrant further studies to assess the clinical relevance of these associations for AD.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford, England.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jobst
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Refsum
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ueland
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12