title: Hepatitis G virus infection in drug users in Liverpool.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the prevalence of hepatitis G (HGV) in drug users in Liverpool; to explore the risk factors for, and the effects of, HGV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples from 129 drug users who had attended the Infectious Diseases Unit at Fazakerley Hospital, Liverpool, between January 1995 and June 1996 were examined for HGV RNA using PCR, HGV RNA results were collated with demographic data, information on drug-use behaviour, hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) serology, and the results of serum bilirubin and aspartate amino-transferase (AST) measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 37 (29%) of patients were HGV RNA positive, 89 (69%) were negative, and equivocal results were obtained in three (2%) cases. Direct sequencing of PCR products of the 5' non-translated region for 13 patients showed that these were generally more closely related to the HGV than the GB virus C (GBV-C) sequence. HGV co-infection with HCV and HBV was common: of HGV-positive patients, 28 (76%) and 16 (44%) had antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) and hepatitis B core protein (anti-HBc), respectively. Increasing duration of injecting drug use was associated with a decreasing seroprevalence of HGV RNA, dropping from 39% for 0-4 years of injecting to 14% for > 12 years injecting. Serum bilirubin and AST values were frequently elevated, but statistical analysis showed no differences between HGV-positive and HGV-negative patient groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HGV infection is common in drug users in Liverpool, but HGV RNA prevalence falls with increasing duration of injecting drug use, probably as a result of viral clearance and the development of protective immunity. HGV infection does not appear to be a significant cause of hepatic dysfunction in Liverpool drug users.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Fazakerley Hospital, U.K.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Beeching
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lamden
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mutton
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D017848:Blood-Borne Pathogens; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D018067:Flaviviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral