title: Malignant tumors of the kidney, brain, and soft tissues in children and young adults with the tuberous sclerosis complex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by seizures, mental retardation, and benign tumors of the brain, heart, skin, and kidney. Malignant tumors also can occur in patients with tuberous sclerosis, particularly in the kidney, although they occur less frequently than benign tumors. The types of malignancy that occur in TSC have not been characterized fully.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and pathologic features of 8 malignant tumors from 6 TSC patients ranging in age from 22 months to 21 years are reviewed. Six tumors were renal, one was from the inguinal region, and one was from the brain. The tumors were analyzed for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the chromosomal regions of the TSC1, TSC2, and VHL genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients (ages 7, 8, and 20 years) had renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). Two of these patients had multifocal RCCs. All three patients with RCC also had prominent multifocal dysplasia of renal cyst epithelium. Two patients (ages 20 and 21 years) had malignant angiomyolipomas (1 renal and 1 inguinal). One patient (age 22 months) had a Grade 4 giant cell astrocytoma (glioblastoma multiforme). LOH in the region of the TSC2 gene was found, either in the malignant tumor or in benign tumors, in all five patients whose DNA could be analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with TSC, as well as adults with the disease, are at risk for developing malignant tumors. Two types of renal malignancy occur in TSC: RCC, which appears to arise from dysplastic renal cyst epithelial cells, and malignant angiomyolipoma. Tumors cytologically similar to malignant angiomyolipomas also may occur at extrarenal sites. LOH analyses suggest that the majority of patients with TSC who develop malignant tumors have germline TSC2, rather than TSC1, gene mutations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Al-Saleem
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wessner
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Scheithauer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Dreyer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujikawa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bjornsson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Henske
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018207:Angiomyolipoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002885:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 / Q000235:genetics; D002893:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3 / Q000235:genetics; D002899:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008297:Male; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins