title: Psychosocial risk factors in near-fatal asthma and in asthma deaths.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A description of near-fatal asthma (NFA) and comparison with patients who died of asthma in an English health district between 1988 and 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hospital case notes of patients aged under 65 years with NFA, identified from the intensive therapy unit register, were reviewed using forms based on those of the East Anglian confidential asthma death enquiry. Details were compared with patients dying from asthma in the same population during the same period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1988 and 1995, 19 patients suffered 23 episodes of NFA and 44 died from asthma. Those with NFA were significantly younger. There were more women in both groups. Two patients with NFA subsequently died of asthma. Significantly more patients with NFA had had a previous NFA episode than those who died. Five had a cardio-respiratory arrest. Thirteen required intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). PaCO2 ranged from 6.1 to 17.8 kPa; nine had PaCO2 > or = 10 kPa and three recovered without IPPV. Adverse psychological and social factors were similar in both groups. Denial was the commonest psychological factor and domestic, financial or employment stress, smoking or passive smoking the commonest adverse social factors; only two with NFA and seven who died had no recorded adverse psychological or social factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NFA and deaths from asthma occur in asthmatics who have many psychosocial risk factors in common. Special attention needs to be directed at patients with these adverse psychosocial factors, emphasising that they need continued follow-up with support to help them manage their asthma according to currently recommended practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich Hospital.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Innes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halstead
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Watkin
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001249:Asthma / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors