title: Female voice communications in high level aircraft cockpit noises--part II: vocoder and automatic speech recognition systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The intelligibility of female and male speech is equivalent under most ordinary living conditions. However, due to small differences between their acoustic speech signals, called speech spectra, one can be more or less intelligible than the other in certain situations such as high levels of noise. Anecdotal information, supported by some empirical observations, suggests that some of the high intensity noise spectra of military aircraft cockpits may degrade the intelligibility of female speech more than that of male speech.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an applied research study, the intelligibility of female and male speech was measured in several high level aircraft cockpit noise conditions experienced in military aviation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Part I, (Nixon CW, et al. Aviat Space Environ Med 1998; 69:675-83) female speech intelligibility measured in the spectra and levels of aircraft cockpit noises and with noise-canceling microphones was lower than that of the male speech in all conditions. However, the differences were small and only those at some of the highest noise levels were significant. Although speech intelligibility of both genders was acceptable during normal cruise noises, improvements are required in most of the highest levels of noise created during maximum aircraft operating conditions. These results are discussed in a Part I technical report. This Part II report examines the intelligibility in the same aircraft cockpit noises of vocoded female and male speech and the accuracy with which female and male speech in some of the cockpit noises were understood by automatic speech recognition systems. The intelligibility of vocoded female speech was generally the same as that of vocoded male speech. No significant differences were measured between the recognition accuracy of male and female speech by the automatic speech recognition systems. The intelligibility of female and male speech was equivalent for these conditions.
authors.affiliation: Biodynamics and Biocommunications Division, Crew Systems Directorate, Armstrong Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nixon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McCavitt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McKinley
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yeager
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McDaniel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D001359:Aviation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology; D009623:Noise, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011845:Radio / Q000592:standards*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D013067:Speech Perception; D014481:United States; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology