title: Early plus delayed hirudin reduces restenosis in the atherosclerotic rabbit more than early administration alone: potential implications for dosing of antithrombin agents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A 2-hour infusion of r-hirudin at the time of balloon angioplasty limits restenosis in atherosclerotic rabbits. Because thrombin activity in the vessel wall after angioplasty remains high for 48 to 72 hours, we hypothesized that a second infusion of hirudin at 24 hours would reduce restenosis more than early treatment alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Femoral atherosclerosis was induced in 35 rabbits by air desiccation injury and a high-cholesterol diet. At the time of angioplasty, rabbits were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: controls: heparin bolus, saline infusion at 24 hours; early hirudin: hirudin bolus+2 hours' infusion, saline infusion at 24 hours; delayed hirudin: heparin bolus, hirudin infusion+/-bolus at 24 hours; and early+delayed hirudin: hirudin bolus+2 hours' infusion, hirudin infusion+/-bolus at 24 hours. Rabbits were euthanized after 28 days. The early+delayed hirudin treatment group had less loss of minimal lumen diameter by angiography at 28 days. By histomorphometry, cross-sectional area narrowing by plaque was least in the early+delayed treatment group compared with controls (P=0.0001), early hirudin (P=0.01), or delayed hirudin (P=0.001). The early+delayed hirudin group also had a significant reduction in absolute plaque area and an improvement in lumen area compared with the other groups. No differences were observed between treatment groups with respect to the cross-sectional area encompassed by the internal or external elastic laminae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined early+delayed administration of hirudin significantly reduces angiographic restenosis and cross-sectional area narrowing by plaque compared with early or late treatment alone. These results suggest that restenosis after balloon angioplasty is markedly influenced by thrombin-mediated events not only occurring early but also extending beyond the first 24 hours in this model.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division and the Department of Molecular Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Thome
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Gimple
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Bachhuber
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ragosta
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Gertz
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Humphries
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Sarembock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000473:pathology; D006629:Hirudins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D011817:Rabbits; D011859:Radiography; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D006629:Hirudins