title: Neuromodulation in bladder dysfunction.
abstract: Neuromodulation is one option for the management of a wide variety of lower urinary tract disorders, including non-neuropathic and neuropathic bladder dysfunctions. The mechanisms of action of the reported techniques remain unclear; urodynamic changes are minimal, but symptomatic improvements are common. Although the treatment is relatively free from side-effects compared with more aggressive surgical options, the placebo effect is likely to be significant. Its exact cost effectiveness is unclear, but the technology is a welcome addition to the range of treatment options for lower urinary tract dysfunctions, such as urgency and urge incontinence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sunderland Royal Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Neal
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000628:therapy