title: Assessment of foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis for the prediction of total body water.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the accuracy of foot-to-foot impedance methodology for the prediction of total body water and whether leg length rather than stature should be used in the prediction of total body water.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study using volunteers from the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  University laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  57 subjects (29 male; 28 female) aged 19-56 y.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total body water was measured using a deuterium oxide dilution technique. Total body water was also predicted using foot-to-foot impedance apparatus (Tanita Inc, Tokyo, Japan, Model TBF 305).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean values for predicted and measured total body water differed by 0.71. However this bias was not constant across all individuals with a progressive underestimation of total body water by foot-to-foot impedance technology as the water content of the body increases. Also the use of leg length did not improve the accuracy of the prediction equation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the population level predictions of total body water obtained from foot-to-foot impedance technology compare well with measured total body water. However the significant correlation between the difference between predicted and measured total body water and the absolute value for total body water is a concern especially if the technology is used for body composition assessment during a weight loss program.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Movement Studies, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015982:Bias; D001827:Body Height; D001834:Body Water; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017666:Deuterium Oxide; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot; D006801:Humans; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D007866:Leg / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D017666:Deuterium Oxide