title: In vitro investigation of cerebrospinal fluid leakage after dural puncture with various spinal needles.
abstract: Postspinal headache is one of the most common complications of spinal anesthesia and has repeatedly led to controversy concerning needle size and configuration. In an in vitro investigation, we measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage with Sprotte, Whitacre, Quincke, and Atraucan needles under physiological conditions in human dura. The puncture characteristics were examined under an electron microscope. The pencil-point needles show 2-3 times less leakage of CSF compared with the cutting Quincke needles of corresponding size. Between the Sprotte and the Whitacre needles, there were no significant differences. The least loss of CSF occurred with the 26-gauge Atraucan needle. Under the electron microscope, a sharply delineated, persistent perforation channel was shown with the Quincke needles, which may explain the high CSF loss. With pencil-point needles, which push the tissue apart bluntly, a large opening on the inside is found, with some tearing of the dura. However, in contrast to the cutting needles, a persistent perforation channel is not manifested. The 26-gauge Atraucan needle, which both cuts and pushes apart conically, shows a relatively discrete opening on the inside, with slight tears in the dura and arachnoidea but without a visible perforation channel. The results of our study show that larger needles (26-gauge Atraucan) that are easier to handle can lead to good and, in some cases even better, puncture results if they have characteristics of both the cutting and the pencil-point needles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We compared several brands of pencil-point and standard cutting spinal needles of varying sizes. All pencil-point needles had less cerebrospinal fluid leakage, the least loss occurring with 26-gauge Atraucan needles. Electron microscopic examination of the dura after puncture showed characteristic findings with each needle type. We conclude that the combined cutting and pencil-point characteristics seen in the Atraucan needle may have clinical advantages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karlsburg Hospital, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Möllmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ebel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hausman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wendt
mesh_terms: D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009339:Needles; D013129:Spinal Puncture / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*