title: The efficacy and fetal-maternal cardiovascular effects of transdermal glyceryl trinitrate in the prophylaxis of pre-eclampsia and its complications: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pre-eclampsia continues to be a major cause of maternal and perinatal mortality. A disorder of the nitric oxide system is implicated in the pathogenesis of this condition and preliminary studies have suggested a possible therapeutic role for nitric oxide donors in women with established pre-eclampsia. The aim of this study was to determine whether pre-eclampsia and its complications could be prevented by the long-term use of nitric oxide donors in a group of women identified to be at risk on the basis of abnormal uterine artery Doppler measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 40 healthy normotensive women at high risk of pre-eclampsia selected on the basis of abnormal uterine artery Doppler waveforms at 24-26 weeks of gestation. Women were randomly allocated to receive transdermal glyceryl trinitrate 5 mg-patches or equivalent placebo patches in a double-blind randomized study. The primary outcome measures were pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, preterm delivery or small for gestational age/fetal growth restriction rates. Patches were worn daily from recruitment for 10 weeks or until delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary outcomes were not significantly different in the placebo compared to the glyceryl trinitrate group. However, survival analysis of adverse events with gestation in both groups showed a significantly reduced risk of an adverse event in the glyceryl trinitrate group (p = 0.004), equating to a 73% reduction in hazard. There was no difference in maternal systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean uterine artery resistance index and fetal umbilical and middle cerebral artery pulsatility indices between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose prophylactic transdermal glyceryl trinitrate commenced late in the second trimester did not reduce the incidence of pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery or fetal growth restriction, but may increase the likelihood of a complication-free pregnancy. Transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (5 mg/day) did not affect maternal cardiovascular, uterine artery or fetal arterial Doppler parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Valensise
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Byiers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Romanini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D005996:Nitroglycerin