title: Disturbance of sleep in blindness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and severity of sleep disturbance in blind subjects and its relation to the form and duration of visual loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 403 blind subjects (visual acuity of less than 20/200 or a visual field of less than 5 degrees) recruited for the study, 15 were excluded because of affective disorder as identified by Montgomery Asberg Depression Scale. The remaining 388 subjects and a comparison group of 44 normally sighted individuals underwent an interview, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire was administered. Sleep disturbance was classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Disturbance of sleep was recorded in 189 (48.7%) of the blind subjects. The prevalence was higher and the sleep disturbance was more severe in those with no perception of light than in those with light perception or better visual acuity. In the comparison group, four (9.1%) had mild sleep disturbance only. The differences between blind subjects and normally sighted individuals were highly significant (P < .001). The most common sleep-related problem among the blind subjects was interrupted sleep, followed by increased sleep latency, short sleep duration, and daytime naps. Among the blind subjects, no correlation was found between the extent of sleep disturbance and the duration and pattern of visual loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blind subjects who retain light perception, as well as those with total loss of vision, have a high frequency of sleep disturbance, although disorder is more common and more severe in subjects with no light perception. Management of the sleep disturbance may improve the quality of life in the visually handicapped.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, England.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tabandeh
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lockley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buttery
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Skene
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Defrance
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arendt
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bird
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001766:Blindness / Q000150:complications*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014794:Visual Fields