title: Liver embolizations of patients with malignant neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumors usually present with inoperable metastatic disease and severe hormonal symptoms. Specific chemotherapy, interferon-alpha (IFN), and somatostatin analogs are established therapies for these patients, but all of them eventually fail. Hepatic arterial embolization can provide reduction of both hormonal symptoms and tumor burden in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1981 and 1995, a total of 55 liver embolizations with gel foam powder were performed on 41 patients with histopathologically verified neuroendocrine tumors; 29 had carcinoid tumors and 12 had endocrine pancreatic tumors (EPTs). All patients had received medical treatment, including chemotherapy (n = 18), IFN (n = 31), and octreotide (n = 19), and were experiencing treatment failure when liver embolization was performed at a median of 37 months after diagnosis of liver metastases. Medical treatment was continued after embolization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An overall objective response was noted in 15 of 29 patients with carcinoid tumors (52%). The median duration of effect was 12 months in patients with midgut carcinoid tumors. An overall objective response was observed in 6 of 12 patients with EPTs (50%), with a median duration of effect of 10 months. Adverse events were observed, and, in agreement with earlier reports, the rate of serious complications was 10%. Survival analyses showed a median survival of 80 months and a 5-year survival rate of 60% from the performance of embolization on patients with midgut carcinoid tumors, whereas for patients with EPTs the median survival from embolization was only 20 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liver embolizations performed relatively late in the clinical course in our series appeared to be as effective as "early" embolizations in other series of patients with carcinoid tumors. The results for those with EPTs were poorer, and earlier embolizations may result in better outcomes for these patients. Considering the morbidity associated with the procedure, it is imperative to select patients according to extent of liver involvement, severity of carcinoid heart disease, and somatostatin receptor status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Uppsala Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Skogseid
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Löfberg
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Lörelius
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Oberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D019233:Retreatment; D015996:Survival Rate