title: Evidence of androgen receptor expression in lichen sclerosus: an immunohistochemical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While topical androgen administration is widely used in the treatment of lichen sclerosus of the vulva, localization and level of expression of androgen receptor (AR) have not been described previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine paraffin-embedded punch biopsies of patients with lichen sclerosus of the vulva were examined. Androgen receptor, estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) expression in lichen sclerosus and in normal vulvar skin were investigated by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five tissue specimens (12.8%) of lichen sclerosus showed nuclear staining with anti-AR in the parabasal cell layers of the epidermis. Median age of patients with positive nuclear staining for AR versus women without AR expression was 71 (range, 63-78) and 66.5 (range, 38-91) years, respectively. Estrogen receptor expression was present in only one patient. Nuclear staining reaction for PR expression was absent in all cases. Four of the five AR-positive women reported no complaints and therefore received no topical testosterone therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest a lack of complaints in AR-positive lichen sclerosus patients. Our findings could justify a larger study comparing symptoms of patients with and without AR expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany. pkohlb@frk1.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Kohlberger
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Joura
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bancher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gitsch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breitenecker
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kieback
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018459:Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000032:analysis*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014845:Vulvar Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D013739:Testosterone