title: Involvement of nitric oxide in the mediation of NANC inhibitory neurotransmission of guinea-pig trachea.
abstract: 1. The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory (NANC-i) neurotransmission was evaluated in guinea-pigs anaesthetized with chloralose-urethane, using a tracheal pouch preparation. 2. The tracheal pouch, a surgically isolated segment of trachea with intact nerve and blood supply, is an in situ method to demonstrate NANC-i response after complete cholinergic and adrenergic blockade using atropine (5 mg kg(-1)) and propranolol (1 mg kg(-1)), respectively. Cervical vagi and sympathetic trunks were isolated and cut cranially. The distal ends of the vagi were positioned on bipolar electrodes for subsequent stimulation with 5 V pulses for 2 ms duration at 15 Hz for a total of 90 s. The relaxation response was measured as a pressure drop (cm of H2O) in the pouch. Each experimental group was composed of six animals. 3. NANC-i responses to two consecutive nerve stimulations at 25 min apart were reproducible. 4. Pouch relaxation responses to electrical nerve stimulations were determined before and after incubation of the pouch with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 10(-5) M), a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, for 30 min. L-NAME significantly, but not completely, inhibited the NANC-i response of the pouch, suggesting involvement of NO in the NANC-i neurotransmission. 5. The pouch relaxations to vagal stimulations were inhibited significantly after incubation with oxyHb indicating that NO was released. 6. The amount of methaemoglobin (metHb) formed from oxyhaemoglobin (oxyHb) during vagal stimulation was measured by spectrophotometry. Comparison of the values between the control and after nerve stimulation indicated a trend (P = 0.07) toward greater metHb formation in the pouch perfusate after nerve stimulation. 7. NANC-i responses were not significantly inhibited by incubation of the pouch with either of the guanylate cyclase inhibitors, methylene blue or 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). However, a trend toward significance (P < or = 0.07) was observed. 8. This study demonstrated that NO is involved in NANC-i neurotransmission. However, the findings did not conclusively support the contention that NO is the sole neurotransmitter of NANC inhibition. It is possible that NO produced relaxation of guinea-pig trachea through a cGMP-independent mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Venugopalan
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Krautmann
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Maher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008297:Male; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000494:pharmacology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000502:physiology*; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: C095284:1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010069:Oxadiazoles; D011810:Quinoxalines; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008706:Methemoglobin; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D008751:Methylene Blue