title: Application and evaluation of male-specific bacteriophage as a process integrity or faecal contamination indicator in a pork slaughterhouse environment.
abstract: A male-specific bacteriophage plaque assay was evaluated as a faecal contamination or process integrity indicator for aspects of the pork slaughter process. Over 400 samples were tested including: sponge swabs from animal hauling trailer floors and dressed carcass surfaces; faecal material; water from slaughter sites; and water from each stage of wastewater treatment. Bacteriophage were observed in wastewater, trailers, slaughter process water and swine faeces. No bacteriophage were observed on dressed carcasses. Numbers of phage plaque-forming units per gram or millilitre showed greater variation and were usually lower than standard indicators, including total coliform or Escherichia coli counts. Among the applications studied, male-specific bacteriophage appear to be best suited for process control verification for wastewater treatment.
authors.affiliation: Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, USA. amiller@arserrc.gov
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Eblen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oser
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Burkhardt
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000818:Animals; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000254:growth & development*; D015415:Biomarkers; D003090:Coliphages / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000821:virology; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013552:Swine; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay / Q000379:methods*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers