title: Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Omani diabetics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in a population of patients attending a diabetic clinic and to evaluate the medical risk factors underlying its development.
  
  
  METHODS
  500 randomly selected diabetic patients attending the diabetes clinic in Al Buraimi hospital were referred to the ophthalmology department where they were fully evaluated for the absence or presence of retinopathy. Any retinopathy present was graded as mild non-proliferative retinopathy (NPR), moderate-severe NPR, and proliferative retinopathy. Several risk factors were then evaluated in order to delineate those related to occurrence of retinopathy in general as well as to the different grades of retinopathy in particular.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic retinopathy was detected in 212 patients (42.4%), with mild NPR present in 128 patient (25.6% of the total population), moderate-severe NPR in 20 patients (4%), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy present in 64 patients (12.8%). Factors significantly related to occurrence of retinopathy were age of the patient, duration of diabetes, presence of ischaemic heart disease, presence of hypertension, a high fasting capillary glucose level as well as elevated serum levels of urea, creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides. After adjustment for covariates, it was found that duration of diabetes was the only risk factor associated with mild NPR, while high diastolic blood pressure and high levels of serum creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly associated with the occurrence of proliferative retinopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to glycaemic control, lowering of blood lipids as well as diastolic blood pressure (in hypertensive patients) may be effective in lowering the incidence of retinopathy in compromised patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Al Buraimi Hospital, Sultanate of Oman.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: el Haddad
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Saad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009850:Oman / Q000453:epidemiology; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine