title: The efficacy of the ketogenic diet-1998: a prospective evaluation of intervention in 150 children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, low-protein, low-carbohydrate diet developed in the 1920s for the treatment of children with difficult to control seizures. Despite advances in both the pharmacotherapy and the surgery of epilepsy, many children continue to have difficult-to-control seizures. This prospective study sought to determine the ketogenic diet's effectiveness and tolerability in children refractory to today's medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty consecutive children, ages 1 to 16 years, virtually all of whom continued to have more than two seizures per week despite adequate therapy with at least two anticonvulsant medications, were prospectively enrolled in this study, treated with the ketogenic diet, and followed for a minimum of 1 year. Seizure frequency was tabulated from patients' daily seizure calendars and seizure reduction calculated as percentage of baseline frequency. Adverse events and reasons for diet discontinuation were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The children (mean age, 5.3 years), averaged 410 seizures per month before the diet, despite an exposure to a mean of 6.2 antiepileptic medications. Three months after diet initiation, 83% of those starting remained on the diet and 34% had >90% decrease in seizures. At 6 months, 71% still remained on the diet and 32% had a >90% decrease in seizures. At 1 year, 55% remained on the diet and 27% had a >90% decrease in seizure frequency. Most of those discontinuing the diet did so because it was either insufficiently effective or too restrictive. Seven percent stopped because of intercurrent illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ketogenic diet should be considered as alternative therapy for children with difficult-to-control seizures. It is more effective than many of the new anticonvulsant medications and is well tolerated by children and families when it is effective.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Epilepsy, Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Vining
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pillas
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Pyzik
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats