title: Interventional radiology and radiotherapy for inoperable cholangiocarcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of external radiation therapy (ERT), alone or combined with endoluminal brachytherapy (BRT), following percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) in the treatment of patients affected by inoperable cholangiocarcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 1980 to June 1996, 130 jaundiced patients affected by inoperable cholangiocarcinoma were submitted to PTBD at the Division of Radiology C of the National Cancer Institute of Milan. Nineteen were excluded from the present analysis due to the short survival after PTBD (< 30 days). The other 111 patients were divided into three groups according to the following therapy: no further treatment after palliative PTBD in 89 patients (80%, group 1); ERT in 10 patients (9%, group 2); ERT plus BRT in 12 patients (11%, group 3). All the ERT + BRT patients were enrolled after 1990 and were treated with high-energy photon beams followed by endobiliary insertion of one or two iridium-192 wires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median overall survival among the 111 assessable patients was 126 days; for groups 1, 2 and 3 it was 108, 345 and 428 days, respectively. The patients submitted to radiotherapy (ERT alone or ERT + BRT) were evaluated by radiologic examinations after the end of radiation. In group 2, a partial remission in 3 cases, a progression of disease in 1 case, and no change in 6 cases were observed. Among the patients of group 3, complete remission in 5 and partial remission in 7 patients were achieved. In all the patients achieving complete remission, the PTBD could be removed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of ERT plus BRT improves survival and quality of life of the patients submitted to PTBD for cholangiocarcinoma. Under the technical point of view, radiation treatment is easy to perform, but much caution is required in defining clinical and planning target volumes. Moreover, drainage during the radiation treatment has to be submitted to a very meticulous surveillance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiology C, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milella
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvetti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cerrotta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cozzi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uslenghi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tavola
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gardani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Severini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D017734:Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic / Q000601:surgery; D001918:Brachytherapy; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes