title: A randomized, double-blinded trial of preemptive analgesia in laparoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that local anesthetic administered before skin incision, an example of preemptive analgesia, reduces postoperative pain for women undergoing laparoscopy, as compared with postincisional local anesthetic or placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy were randomized to one of three blinded treatment groups. Treatment group A patients received local infiltration of 0.5% bupivacaine at the surgical site before incision and a saline placebo infiltration before incision closure. Treatment group B received the saline placebo before skin incision and bupivacaine after laparoscopy but before closure of the skin incisions. For treatment group C patients, saline was infiltrated as a placebo before and after laparoscopy. All patients underwent a standardized general anesthetic induction and maintenance. Postoperative pain was evaluated using the modified McGill Present Pain Intensity scale. Pain and supplementary analgesic use was compared among the three treatment groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 57 patients completed the study for analysis. Age, weight, height, race, indication, and operating time did not vary significantly between the three groups. By 24 hours after surgery, patients in treatment group A reported significantly lower pain scores (McGill Present Pain Intensity Scale: 0.5+/-0.9) than either treatment group B (1.6+/-1.3) or C (1.3+/-1.2). Group A patients also could tolerate a significantly longer time delay to their first analgesic medication than patients who received postincisional bupivacaine or than control patients who received no bupivacaine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preemptive administration of bupivacaine before laparoscopy results in decreased postoperative pain and should allow a more rapid return to normal activities. The popular practice of infiltrating bupivacaine at time of incision closure does not offer any benefit in the control of pain after laparoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163, USA. rke@utmem1.utmem.edu
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Portera
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bagous
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lincoln
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine