title: Specific inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase block 3T3-L1 adipogenesis.
abstract: SB203580 and SB202190, pyridinyl imidazoles that selectively inhibit p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, are widely utilized to assess the physiological roles of p38. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts with these p38 MAP kinase inhibitors prevents their differentiation into adipocytes as judged by an absence of lipid accumulation, a lack of expression of adipocyte-specific genes, and a fibroblastic morphological appearance. In 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and developing adipocytes, p38 is active. p38 activity decreases dramatically during later stages of differentiation. In accordance with the time course of p38 activity, p38 inhibitor treatment during only the early stages of differentiation is sufficient to block adipogenesis. In addition, we constructed a 3T3-L1 cell line harboring an inducible dominant negative p38 mutant. The induction of this dominant negative mutant of p38 prevents adipocyte differentiation. Thus, it is likely that the antiadipogenic activity of SB203580 and SB202190 is indeed due to inhibition of p38 MAP kinase. This study points out that CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta), a transcription factor critical for the initial stages of 3T3-L1 adipogenesis, bears a consensus site for p38 phosphorylation and serves as a substrate for p38 MAP kinase in vitro. Although the induction of C/EBPbeta is not significantly altered in the presence of the p38 inhibitor, the amount of in vivo phosphorylated C/EBPbeta is reduced by SB203580. The transcriptional induction of PPARgamma, a gene whose expression is induced by C/EBPbeta, and a factor critically involved in terminal differentiation of adipocytes, is impaired in the presence of p38 inhibitors. Thus, transcription factors such as C/EBPbeta that promote adipocyte differentiation may be p38 targets during adipogenesis. Collectively, the data in this study suggest that p38 MAP kinase activity is important for proper 3T3-L1 differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Engelman
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lisanti
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Scherer
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D007093:Imidazoles; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011725:Pyridines; D014157:Transcription Factors; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093642:SB 203580; C090942:4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one