title: Abnormally high levels of cystatin S in submandibular glands, saliva, and gingiva of plaque-resistant rats.
abstract: To identify salivary biomarkers of periodontal diseases, we used plaque-resistant and -susceptible rats as animal models. The levels of salivary cystatin S in saliva, salivary glands, and gingiva were tested in Nembutal-anesthetized young and adult plaque-resistant and -susceptible rats of both sexes with and without chronic treatment with isoproterenol. Isoproterenol was injected i.p. once a day for 4 or 6 consecutive days. Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis by the PhastSystem and the western blotting method were used to separate different proteins and to identify a salivary cystatin S band in these samples. The expression of salivary cystatin S mRNA was also determined by the northern blotting method. Depending upon the types of agonists, a few differences were observed in secretory functions between both strains of rats in both sexes, but the levels of salivary cystatin S in saliva elicited from the submandibular gland and in the extracts of the submandibular glands and gingiva were significantly higher in plaque-resistant rats when compared with those of plaque-susceptible rats in both sexes. However, no significant difference was seen between the strains after chronic treatment with isoproterenol. The N-terminal 26-amino-acid sequence of salivary cystatin S purified from submandibular saliva of plaque-resistant rats was identical with that purified from submandibular saliva of Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to chronic treatment with isoproterenol. The expression of salivary cystatin S mRNA was dramatic in the submandibular glands of the plaque-resistant rats and in the submandibular glands of Wistar rats subjected to chronic treatment with isoproterenol, but not in those of plaque-susceptible rats. These results suggest that salivary cystatin S might be a good biomarker in distinguishing between the two strains of rats and that its concentration is correlated with plaque resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okina
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohmori
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishiura
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Letić-Gavrilović
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015891:Cystatins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D051381:Rats; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D055333:Salivary Cystatins; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C525174:Cyss protein, rat; D015891:Cystatins; D055333:Salivary Cystatins