title: Mild vitamin A deficiency leads to inborn nephron deficit in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin A plays a critical role in fetal organogenesis, and its severe deficiency during pregnancy is known to result in malformations of several organs, including the kidney. However, the consequences of mild vitamin A deficiency (VAD) has received little attention. In the present study, we examined the effect of in utero exposure to mild VAD on renal organogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rat model of mild VAD compatible with normal gestation was developed. Plasma retinol was determined by reverse phase HPLC in mothers and fetuses. Nephron counting was performed in kidneys of fetuses and pups issued from control and VAD mothers. Metanephroi explanted from 14-day-old fetuses from both groups were cultured in the presence or absence of retinoic acid (RA), and growth and differentiation were assessed. c-ret expression was analyzed from fetuses exposed in utero to VAD or to normal vitamin A status and also in metanephroi grown in culture with or without RA using RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 50% reduction in circulating vitamin A levels induced by vitamin A deprivation in pregnant rats did not affect the overall fetal development. However, the number of nephrons was reduced by 20% in 21-day-old VAD fetuses. The number of nephrons was closely correlated with circulating vitamin A level in both VAD and control fetuses. Metanephroi taken from VAD fetuses developed to a lesser extent in vitro, but their capacity to respond to exogenous retinoic acid was not altered. Finally, we found that the expression of the proto-oncogene c-ret was modulated according to the retinoid environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that vitamin A supply to the fetus is critical in determining the number of nephrons. Data available thus far on the frequency of mild VAD during pregnancy and on the long-term consequences of inborn nephron deficit highlight the clinical relevance of the present study.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherches sur le Développement Normal et Pathologique des Fonctions Epithéliales, INSERM U 319, Université Paris 7, Paris, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lelièvre-Pégorier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vilar
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ferrier
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Merlet-Bénichou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005260:Female; D009399:Nephrons / Q000002:abnormalities*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014801:Vitamin A; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C416649:Ret protein, Drosophila; C495001:Ret protein, rat