title: Preclinical assessment of hypoxic marker specificity and sensitivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the search for a sensitive, accurate, and noninvasive technique for quantifying human tumor hypoxia, our laboratory has synthesized several potential radiodiagnostic agents. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the hypoxic marking properties of both radioiodinated and Tc-99m labeled markers in appropriate test systems which can predict for in vivo activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preclinical assessment of hypoxic marker specificity and sensitivity employed three laboratory assays with tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Radiolabeled marker uptake and/or binding to whole EMT-6 tumor cells under extremely hypoxic and aerobic conditions was measured and their ratio defined hypoxia-specific factor (HSF). Marker specificity to hypoxic tumor tissue was estimated from its selective avidity to two rodent tumors in vivo, whose radiobiologic hypoxic fractions (HF) had been measured. The ratios of % injected dose/gram (%ID/g) of marker at various times in EMT-6 tumor tissue relative to that in the blood and muscle of scid mice were used to quantify hypoxia-specific activity. This tumor in this host exhibited an average radiobiologic HF of approximately 35%. As well, nuclear medicine images were acquired from R3327-AT (HF approximately =15%) and R3327-H (no measurable HF) prostate carcinomas growing in rats to distinguish between marker avidity due to hypoxia versus perfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HSF for FC-103 and other iodinated markers were higher (5-40) than those for FC-306 and other Tc-99m labeled markers. The latter did not show hypoxia-specific uptake into cells in vitro. Qualitative differences were observed in the biodistribution and clearance kinetics of the iodinated azomycin nucleosides relative to the technetium chelates. The largest tumor/blood (T/B) and tumor/muscle (T/M) ratios were observed for compounds of the azomycin nucleoside class in EMT-6 tumor-bearing scid mice. These markers also showed a 3-4 x higher uptake into R3327-AT tumors relative to the well-perfused R3327-H tumors. While both FC-306 and CERETEC rapidly distributed at unique concentrations to different tissues, their avidity to EMT-6 and R3327-AT tumors did not correlate with tumor HF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The halogenated azomycin nucleosides with the lowest lipid/water partition coefficient values were found to yield the optimal hypoxia-specific signal in these animal tumors. Our Tc-99m-labeled azomycin chelates showed little or no hypoxia-specific uptake and had in vivo biodistribution and clearance kinetics similar to those of CERETEC, a perfusion agent with no known hypoxic binding activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Stobbe
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009593:Nitroimidazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D009593:Nitroimidazoles; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime