title: Association of genetic polymorphisms in the ACE, ApoE, and TGF beta genes with early onset ischemic heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The genetic factors that contribute to ischemic heart disease (IHD) are poorly understood, and it is likely that multiple genes acting independently or synergistically contribute to the risk of IHD and outcome. The genes for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) have been implicated independently in the risk of IHD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined whether genetic polymorphisms in the ACE and ApoE genes are associated with early onset IHD. Polymorphisms in a third gene, transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF beta 2), with a known role in wound repair and cardiac development, are also examined with respect to early onset IHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 101 patients with IHD and onset of disease before 55 years for men and 60 years for women, and 100 controls with angiographically confirmed normal coronary arteries were recruited for this study. The ACE, ApoE, and TGF beta 2 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification or Southern blotting and were compared with the patient's clinical and family histories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of the ACE D allele was significantly lower in the patient group (0.475) than in the control group (0.59, p = 0.03), which was attributed to a reduction in the number of patients with the DD genotype (patients: 24% DD, controls: 33% DD). Sudden cardiac death was also associated with the DD genotype. These data are consistent with the ACE D allele contributing to a fatal outcome. No association between the DD genotype and risk of myocardial infarction, presenting age, extent of vessel disease, family history, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia was seen. Analysis of the ApoE genotype showed no association with early onset IHD. There was no evidence for a synergistic effect between the ACE and ApoE genotypes on the risk of early onset IHD. A polymorphism in the TGF beta 2 gene was rare and not associated with early onset IHD.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Department, St. Thomas's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biggart
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fauchon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cardew
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: du Fou
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harker
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mayne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D017931:DNA Primers; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A