title: Effect of implantable cardioverter/defibrillator lead placement in the right ventricle on defibrillation energy requirements. A combined experimental and clinical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) lead placement in the right ventricle (RV) on defibrillation efficacy has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the goal of this combined experimental and clinical study was to evaluate the effect of a septal and a non-septal position of the right ventricular endocardial spring lead on defibrillation energy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 12 isoflurane-anaesthetized swine and subsequently in 8 patients who underwent ICD implantation, two different positions of the distal spring lead in the RV were investigated in randomized order: non-septal position (free wall of the RV) and septal position (interventricular septum). For each position, separate 50% probability determinations of energy (E50), peak voltage (V50) and peak current (A50) were calculated using the three reversal up/down defibrillation procedure. The E50, V50, A50 and impedance (I) were averaged and compared using the two-sided t-test for paired samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the experimental study and the clinical study demonstrated that placing the distal defibrillation lead near to the septum rather than near to the ventricular free wall resulted both in the swine and in the patients in significantly lower E50-31.6%/ - 37.1%, V50-16.1%/-20.9% and A50 -10.0%/ - 24.2%, respectively. Defibrillation impedances were significantly reduced only in the experimental study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Defibrillation efficacy depends on the position of the distal spring electrode in the RV. A septal position significantly reduces the energy requirements compared to a non-septal position. The decrease in energy requirements might be explained by an increase in current flow through the septum and the posterolateral wall of the left ventricle. reserved
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Heil
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schumann
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schannwell
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Schipke
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013552:Swine; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016276:Ventricular Function