Electromyographic guidance in injecting botulinum toxin.
BACKGROUND
Many practitioners involved with the cosmetic applications of botulinum toxin believe that electromyography (EMG) is an invaluable tool in determining the precise locations to inject. Others feel that it is unnecessary and of no value whatsoever.


OBJECTIVE
The objective of this paper is to (1) demonstrate the proper technique for usage of the EMG machine, and (2) determine if its use in connection with injection of facial muscles for cosmetic purposes is worthwhile.


CONCLUSIONS
The anatomy of the muscles of the face is somewhat variable from person to person. Electromyography can be a valuable adjunct when injecting botulinum toxin for cosmetic purposes by ensuring that the injecting needle is precisely in the muscle, thereby ensuring that the botulinum toxin will have the greatest possible effect.
Klein
A W
AW
Department of Dermatology/Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, USA.
Mantell
A
A
D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000187:drug effects; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000379:methods*; D009121:Muscle Denervation; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A