title: Treating repetitive seizures with a rectal diazepam formulation: a randomized study. The North American Diastat Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a single-dose treatment for acute repetitive seizure (ARS) episodes (e.g., clusters) administered in a nonmedical setting by caregivers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Patients with epilepsy may experience ARS episodes despite optimal anticonvulsant treatment. Such episodes require rapid treatment as medical emergencies. Typically, the patient is treated in an emergency medical setting with i.v. medication by trained medical personnel.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors undertook a multicenter, randomized, parallel, double-blind study of a single administration of Diastat (diazepam rectal gel) for treating episodes of ARS. ARS episodes and treatment criteria were defined for each patient at the start of the study. Caregivers were taught to determine ARS episode onset, administer a predetermined dose of study medication, monitor outcome, count respirations, and record seizures and adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 29 centers enrolled 158 patients, of whom 114 patients had a treated ARS episode (Diastat, n = 56; placebo, n = 58). Diastat treatment reduced median seizure frequency (p = 0.029). More Diastat patients were seizure free post-treatment (Diastat, 55%; placebo, 34%; p = 0.031). Kaplan-Meier analysis of the time to the next seizure favored Diastat treatment (p < 0.007). The most common adverse event was somnolence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of a single rectal dose of Diastat was significantly more effective than placebo in reducing the number of seizures following an episode of ARS. Caregivers could administer treatment safely and effectively in a nonmedical setting.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201-3098, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cereghino
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kriel
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trevathan
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000293:Adolescent; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D012119:Respiration; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D005782:Gels; D003975:Diazepam