title: Failed coronary stent deployment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary stent deployment failure may be more common in clinical practice than generally appreciated. The incidence of failed deployment in routine clinical practice and the clinical sequelae have not been described. This study sought to determine the incidence and consequences of failed coronary stent deployment and to identify clinical and angiographic characteristics associated with deployment failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A series of 1303 consecutive procedures involving attempted coronary stenting were reviewed retrospectively. Failed stent deployment was defined as failure of the stent to be either delivered to or adequately deployed at the target lesion site. Clinical records and angiograms were reviewed and qualitative coronary angiography was performed for all cases of failed deployment. Deployment was unsuccessful in 108 (8.3%) cases involving 134 stents. Stenting was attempted as a primary procedure in 40%, as bailout in 18%, and for suboptimal angioplasty in 43% of cases. In 87% of cases, attempts were made to withdraw the stent from the coronary artery. Stent retrieval was successful in 45%, peripheral embolization occurred in 38% of patients, and in 4% the stent dislodged in the left main artery. In 35% of cases, additional stent(s) were successfully deployed. Deployment failure was associated with an overall in-hospital adverse outcome in 19% of patients, including 16% urgent coronary artery bypass grafting, 5% nonfatal myocardial infarction, and 3 in-hospital deaths. At 6-month follow-up, 39% of patients had had at least 1 adverse clinical outcome of death, myocardial infarction, or repeat target lesion revascularization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Failure to deploy stents is a serious and relatively common problem that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates. Improved deployment strategies, including new stent designs, are required to improve procedural outcomes.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto Interventional Study Group (St Michael's Hospital, the Toronto Hospital, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Cantor
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lazzam
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dolman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mackie
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Natarajan
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Strauss
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome