title: Extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields as risk factors in chemical industry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The risk assessment for staff in the chemical industry is usually related to accident hazards, production emergencies, blast and fire danger, or to the adverse effects of toxic substances. The combined effect of electric and magnetic fields with other factors combined with other hazards and working conditions, has not yet been studied. In all branches of industry, the members of staff who endure the most exposure to electric and magnetic fields, are electricians. This group is considered at high risk because of the increased probability of cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied electric and magnetic fields with low frequencies in the nitrogen chemical fertilizer plant "HIMCO", Vratza. Sources of extremely low frequency fields (50 Hz) are local thermal power plants, substations, open (110 kV) and closed (6 kV and 0.4 kV) distribution devices, transformers, compressors and turbocompressors, command halls, and video display units. The methods used for assessing exposure of low frequency electric and magnetic fields were based on the separate measurement of the electric and magnetic components of the field, using spot measurements and evaluation of the real time duration of exposure for different staff groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measured values for the different staff groups were within the limits of national and international standards. The measured magnetic flux densities in the "HIMCO" plant exceeded 3 mG, a value which is considered by many investigations in the literature, as a possible carcinogenic factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prolonged exposure to low frequency electric and magnetic fields determines the place of these physical factors in the complex of hazardous environmental factors for the staff. The simultaneous performance of combined investigations of all risk factors would result in the complete risk assessment for staff in the chemical industry. Electricians are considered to be a professional group who have an increased risk of contracting cancer. Extensive measurement and assessment of exposure of the low frequency electric and magnetic fields is needed using individual dosimeters and retrospective analysis to determine this. It is important to study all types of nonionizing radiation in the whole of the Bulgarian chemical industry, especially within petroleum refineries.
authors.affiliation: National Center of Hygiene, Medical Ecology and Nutrition, Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Troptcheva
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ivanova
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Israel
mesh_terms: D002031:Bulgaria; D002617:Chemical Industry; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D018570:Risk Assessment