title: Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of titanocene dichloride in adults with advanced solid tumors.
abstract: This Phase I dose-escalation clinical trial of a lyophilized formulation of titanocene dichloride (MKT4) was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose, the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), and pharmacokinetics of titanium (Ti) after a single i.v. infusion of MKT4. Forty patients with refractory solid malignancies were treated with a total of 78 courses. Using a modified Fibonacci scheme, 15 mg/m2 initial doses of titanocene dichloride were increased in cohorts of three patients up to level 11 (560 mg/m2) if DLT was not observed. The maximum tolerated dose was 315 mg/m2, and nephrotoxicity was DLT. Two minor responses (bladder carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer) were observed. The pharmacokinetics of plasma Ti were assessed in 14 treatment courses by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The ratio for the area under the curve(0-infinity) in plasma and whole blood was 1.2. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for plasma, as calculated in a two-compartment model: biological half-life t1/2beta in plasma was 22.8+/-11.2 h (xh +/- pseudo-SD), peak plasma concentration cmax approximately 30 microg/ml at a dose of 420 mg/m2, distribution volume Vss= 5.34+/-2.1 L (xa +/- SD), and a total clearance CItotal = 2.58+/-1.23 ml/min (xa +/- SD). There was a linear correlation between the area under the curve(0-infinity) of Ti in plasma and the titanocene dichloride dose administered with a correlation coefficient r2 of 0.8856. Plasma protein binding of Ti was in the 70-80% range. Between 3% and 16% of the total amount of Ti administered were renally excreted during the first 36 h. The recommended dose for Phase II evaluation is 240 mg/m2 given every 3 weeks with i.v. hydration to reduce renal toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Benjamin Franklin Hospital, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Korfel
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Scheulen
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schmoll
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gründel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harstrick
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knoche
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fels
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skorzec
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baumgart
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sass
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seeber
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Berdel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014025:Titanium; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D014025:Titanium; C020528:titanocene dichloride