title: The influence of hydroxyapatite seed on the crystallization induced by volume reduction of solutions with an ion composition corresponding to that in the distal tubule at different pH levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To simulate the crystallization process that might occur in the nephron segment from the distal part of the distal tubule (DTd) to the end of the collecting duct (CD), we evaporated salt solutions with an ion composition assumed to correspond to that in the DTd.
  
  
  METHODS
  100-mL samples of DTd solutions with and without dialysed urine (dU) and with hydroxyapatite (HAP) seed crystals were evaporated to a final volume of 10-20 mL at different starting pH levels. After evaporation, the number and volume of crystals were recorded in a Coulter Multisizer and the crystal morphology examined by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray crystallography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Volume reduction of solutions with a pH of 6.5 resulted in a crystallization of calcium phosphate (CaP) and calcium oxalate (CaOx). An increased fraction of CaOx in the precipitate was observed when the pH was decreased. In solutions with an initial pH of 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5, the number and volume of crystals were smaller in samples analysed after 60 min than in those analysed immediately after the evaporation. This might reflect dissolution of crystals, as expected, most pronounced in the most acid solutions, but apparently counteracted by dU. The results obtained in these experiments suggest that CaP formed high in the nephron might induce heterogeneous nucleation of CaOx when subjected to the lower pH levels and increased supersaturation with CaOx encountered in the CD. With an alkaline pH in the CD, a pronounced crystallization of CaP can be anticipated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Højgaard
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fornander
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Tiselius
mesh_terms: D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000652:urine*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000652:urine*; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D017886:Durapatite; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007686:Kidney Tubules, Distal / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012996:Solutions; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D012996:Solutions; C485828:alpha-tricalcium phosphate; C485830:tetracalcium phosphate; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; C485838:calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous; D017886:Durapatite; C020243:calcium phosphate; C485829:calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous