title: Gadolinium-based contrast and carbon dioxide angiography to evaluate renal transplants for vascular causes of renal insufficiency and accelerated hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the utility and potential nephrotoxicity of gadolinium-based contrast angiography when used with carbon dioxide angiography in renal transplant patients with suspected vascular causes of renal insufficiency and/or accelerated hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen consecutive renal transplant patients with suspected vascular causes of renal insufficiency and/or accelerated hypertension were evaluated with gadolinium-based contrast and CO2 angiography with use of digital subtraction techniques. Stenotic lesions were treated with angioplasty with/or without stent placement. No iodinated contrast agents were used. Serum creatinine levels were obtained before and at 24 and 48 hours after the procedure. An increase in creatinine levels greater than 0.5 mg/dL (44 micromol/L) was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine patients were studied for renal insufficiency, two for accelerated hypertension, and two for both. All 13 studies were considered diagnostic. Significant stenoses were treated in four patients with angioplasty with or without stent placement. Two patients had progression of their renal insufficiency. One of these patients underwent biopsy and was found to have both acute and chronic rejection. The other patient underwent cardiac catheterization 2 days after a transplant renal artery angioplasty. In the remaining nine patients with renal insufficiency (creatinine range, 1.8-3.9 mg/dL [159-345 micromol/L]; mean, 2.7 mg/dL [239 micromol/L]), renal function improved or did not worsen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this limited study, gadolinium-based contrast angiography appears to be a promising supplement to CO2 angiography for the diagnosis and treatment of vascular lesions in patients with renal transplant insufficiency and/or accelerated hypertension. Further study is necessary to determine safety, optimal gadolinium dosage, and imaging parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Spinosa
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Angle
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Hagspiel
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Isaacs
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: P I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Lobo
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods*; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D001706:Biopsy; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D015607:Stents
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C064925:gadodiamide; D003404:Creatinine; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA