title: Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa polymicrobial bloodstream infections traced to extrinsic contamination of a dextrose multidose vial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors for polymicrobial bloodstream infections (BSIs) in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients during an outbreak of BSIs.
  
  
  METHODS
  During an outbreak of BSIs, we conducted a retrospective cohort study, assessed NICU infection control practices and patient exposure to NICU healthcare workers (HCWs), and obtained cultures of the environment and HCW hands.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the period May 3 to 7, 1996, 5 infants contracted BSIs caused by both Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one infant contracted a BSI caused by E cloacae only. For each pathogen, all isolates were identical on DNA typing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants exposed to the following were more likely than nonexposed infants to have BSI: umbilical venous catheters (6/14 vs 0/7, P = .05), total parenteral nutrition given simultaneously with a dextrose/electrolyte solution (6/12 vs 0/9, P = .02), or one HCW (5/7 vs 1/13, P = .007). Neither environmental nor HCW hand cultures yielded the outbreak pathogens. Quality control cultures of intravenous solution bags were negative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We speculate that a dextrose multidose vial became contaminated during manipulation or needle puncture and that successive use of this contaminated vial for multiple patients may have been responsible for BSIs. Aseptic techniques must be employed when multidose vial medications are used. Single-dose vials should be used for parenteral additives whenever possible to reduce the risk of extrinsic contamination and subsequent transmission of nosocomial pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Archibald
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Arduino
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Aguero
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deseda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jarvis
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D004340:Drug Contamination; D004349:Drug Packaging; D016972:Enterobacter cloacae; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa; D011647:Puerto Rico; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose