title: Fatty acid composition in maternal milk and plasma during supplementation with cod liver oil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated how cod liver oil influences the amount of essential fatty acids in mothers' breast milk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lactating mothers (n =22) were randomized into four groups 3-8 weeks after parturition. They were supplemented for 14 days with 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 ml cod liver oil (7.7 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), 10.2 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and 22.9 g n-3 fatty acids in total per 100 ml).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In maternal plasma phospholipids there was an increase in the content of EPA and DHA in the group supplemented with 10 ml cod liver oil daily (P < or = 0.05). DHA concentrations in breast milk pre-supplementation ranged from 0.15 to 1.56 wt% and increased in all supplemented groups (P< or =0.05). The concentration of EPA in breast milk increased in the groups supplemented with 5 or 10 ml cod liver oil (P< or =0.05), whereas the concentration of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) did not change in any of the supplemented groups. Total intake of DHA adjusted to body mass index (BMI), correlated to DHA concentrations in plasma (r = 0.49, P = 0.02) and breast milk (r = 0.45, P = 0.04). The concentration of tocopherol did not change during the supplementation period, neither in plasma nor in breast milk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary intake of DHA is reflected in the concentration of DHA in breast milk, without affecting the concentration of AA or tocopherol.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Nutrition Research, Department of Pediatric Research, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Helland
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saarem
authors.forename: O D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Saugstad
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Drevon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003060:Cod Liver Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D005227:Fatty Acids; D010743:Phospholipids; D014810:Vitamin E; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D003060:Cod Liver Oil; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid