title: Application of cloud-point extraction-reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A preliminary study of the extraction and quantification of vitamins A and E in human serum and whole blood.
abstract: Methods available for quantification of vitamins A and E in serum or blood requires preconcentration and clean-up by liquid-liquid extraction, evaporation of the extract, and reconstitution of the extract in a solvent of choice before analysis. This process not only involves the use of toxic organic solvents but also requires a long sample preparation time. The lipids and other non-polar coextractants often require additional steps for sample clean-up and evaporation, which may cause sample losses. The use of cloud-point extraction eliminates most of these sample clean-up problems. We recently demonstrated that cloud-point extraction (CPE) can be used for extraction and quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) from human serum. We now demonstrate how CPE can be used with human serum and blood, at volumes as low as 50 microl, and report a methodology for extracting and quantifying two clinically important vitamins, (A and E) from human serum and blood. Vitamins A and E were extracted from human serum and blood by using Genapol X-80 as the cloud-point extractant under salting out conditions. Serum and blood samples were diluted in organic-free water to get sufficiently large sample volumes for CPE. The surfactant-rich phases were separated by centrifugation, and the samples were analyzed by HPLC-UV after deleterious coextractants were removed by precipitating them with acetonitrile. The recoveries of spiked vitamins A and E were found to be 85.6+/-0.4% and 82.6+/-5.2%, respectively. The average concentration of vitamins A and E in a serum pool after correction for recoveries were found to be 43.4+/-1.8 microg/dl (1.5+/-0.1 micromol/l) and 564.3+/-65.3 microg/dl (13.1+/-1.5 micromol/l), respectively. Vitamin A and E concentrations in whole blood were found to be 26.3+/-0.4 microg/dl (0.92+/-0.01 micromol/l) and 457.5+/-15.6 microg/dl (10.6+/-0.4 micromol/l), respectively. These values are comparable with those obtained by the reference method used at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The success of the preliminary study will lead to a comprehensive validation of this method for vitamins A and E in serum and blood.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Laboratory Sciences, National Centers for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sirimanne
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Justice
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles; D002498:Centrifugation; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C116996:genapol X 080; C032159:acetonitrile