title: The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions: reliability, validity, and responsiveness to change in older male primary care patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the reliability, validity, and responsiveness to change of AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) questions 1 to 3 about alcohol consumption in a primary care setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomly selected, male general medical patients (n = 441) from three VA Medical Centers, who had 5 or more drinks containing alcohol in the past year and were willing to be interviewed about their health habits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three self-administered AUDIT consumption questions were compared with a telephone-administered version of the trilevel World Health Organization interview about alcohol consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 393 eligible patients, 264 (67%) completed interviews. Test-retest reliability--Correlations between baseline and repeat measures 3 months later for four dimensions of consumption according to the AUDIT, ranged from 0.65 to 0.85, among patients who indicated they had not changed their drinking (Kendall's Tau-b). Criterion validity--Correlations between AUDIT and interview for four dimensions of alcohol consumption ranged from 0.47 to 0.66 (Kendall's Tau-b). Discriminative validity--The AUDIT questions were specific (90 to 93%), but only moderately sensitive (54 to 79%), for corresponding criteria for heavy drinking. Responsiveness to change--The AUDIT consumption questions had a Guyatt responsiveness statistic of 1.04 for detecting a change of 7 drinks/week, suggesting excellent responsiveness to change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AUDIT questions 1 to 3 demonstrate moderate to good validity, but excellent reliability and responsiveness to change. Although they often underestimate heavy alcohol consumption according to interview, they performed adequately to be used as a proxy measure of consumption in a clinical trial of heavy drinkers in this population.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research and Development, VA Puget Sound Health Care System (Seattle Division), and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 98108, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: McDonell
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kivlahan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Diehr
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fihn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014768:Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology