title: Is atrial sensing of ventricular far-field signals important in single-lead VDD pacing?
abstract: In single-lead VDD pacing the atrial sensitivity frequently is programmed to sensitive values. Atrial sensing of ventricular far-field signals should be reduced by differential atrial sensing. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 10 patients with a single-lead VDD pacemaker (Thera 8948, Lead 5032). The atrial sensitivity was set to its most sensitive value of 0.18 mV and the telemetered intraatrial EGM was continuously recorded. After atrial tracked ventricular pacing, VVI pacing was performed with pacing rates from 100 to 160 beats/min in steps of 10 beats/min and up to 165 beats/min. The peak-to-peak amplitudes of P waves (P) and ventricular far-field signals (VFFS) were measured from the recordings. The ratio P/VFFS that defines the atrial signal-to-noise ratio was calculated, and the time from stimulus to maximum of the far-field signals amplitude (Tmax) was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  P measured 0.98 +/- 0.76 mV. A VFFS was visible in the atrial channel in all patients with an amplitude of 0.45 +/- 0.25 mV (range 0.01-1.0 mV), independent of the pacing rate. The ratio P/VFFS was 3.9 +/- 4.2 (range 0.9-21.0). Tmax measured 99.4 +/- 15.2 ms during sinus rhythm. A rate dependent shortening of Tmax to 92.7 +/- 11.2 ms at 140 beats/min was observed (P = 0.001). At rates above 140 beats/min no further shortening occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ventricular far-field signals are measurable in the atrial channel of VDD systems and may reach considerable amplitudes, which are not rate dependent. Although differential sensing provides favorable P waves to ventricular far-field signal ratios, refractory periods are needed to avoid far-field sensing. The rate dependent shortening of the ventricular signal can be detected in the atrial channel in VDD pacing.
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany. Nowak@2-med.klinik.unimainz.de
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kramm
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schwaier
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maimaitiming
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Geil
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zellerhoff
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Przibille
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosocha
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liebrich
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006327:Heart Block / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D013686:Telemetry