title: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery training simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of a haptic (force feedback) device and to compare isosurface and volumetric models of a functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) training simulator.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pilot study involving faculty and residents from the Department of Otolaryngology at The Ohio State University.
  
  
  METHODS
  Objective trials evaluated the haptic device's ability to perceive three-dimensional shapes (stereognosis) without the aid of image visualization. Ethmoidectomy tasks were performed with both isosurface and volumetric FESS simulators, and surveys compared the two models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The haptic device was 77% effective for stereognosis tasks. There was a preference toward the isosurface model over the volumetric model in terms of visual representation, comfort, haptic-visual fidelity, and overall performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FESS simulator uses both visual and haptic feedback to create a virtual reality environment to teach paranasal sinus anatomy and basic endoscopic sinus surgery techniques to ear, nose, and throat residents. The results of the current study showed that the haptic device was accurate in and of itself, within its current physical limitations, and that the isosurface-based simulator was preferred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Rudman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stredney
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sessanna
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yagel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crawfis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heskamp
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Edmond
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wiet
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005005:Ethmoid Sinus / Q000601:surgery; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000193:education*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D013236:Stereognosis; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014785:Vision, Ocular