Regulation by ionizing radiation of CDC2, cyclin A, cyclin B, thymidine kinase, topoisomerase IIalpha, and RAD51 expression in normal human diploid fibroblasts is dependent on p53/p21Waf1.
Induced cell cycle delays were among the first described cellular responses to ionizing radiation (IR). To understand the sensitivity and the molecular events involved in the response to low doses of IR and to examine the role of p53 and its downstream effector p21Waf1, we measured changes in expression of genes postulated to be involved in the cellular response to IR. Expression levels were examined in normal human diploid fibroblasts irradiated and maintained in quiescent density-inhibited growth up to 24-48 h after exposure to X-ray doses as low as 0.1-0.3 Gy, which have negligible effects on cell survival. Among 31 genes analyzed, we observed down-regulation in response to IR of the mRNA levels of CDC2, cyclin A, cyclin B, thymidine kinase, topoisomerase IIalpha, and RAD51. A similar reduction in the expression levels of these genes occurred when irradiated cells were released from confluence and allowed to proliferate. This was not observed in cells in which p53 function was defective and up-regulation of p21Waf1 levels either did not occur (E6 transfected normal human fibroblasts and Li-Fraumeni fibroblasts) or was delayed (ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts) after irradiation. Down-regulation was also absent in p21Waf1-null mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) but occurred at a lower level in p53-null MEFs, due to slight increases in p21Waf1 levels by a p53-independent pathway. These findings indicate that the down-regulation of these cell cycle regulated genes in irradiated cells is p53-dependent and involves its effector p21Waf1. Although no down-regulation in the expression of genes involved in G2-M was observed in p53 or in p21Waf1-null MEFs, these cells showed a G2-M delay after irradiation, indicating that the expression levels of these genes does not regulate the G2-M delay.
de Toledo
S M
SM
Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
Azzam
E I
EI
Keng
P
P
Laffrenier
S
S
Little
J B
JB
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000235:genetics*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000235:genetics*; D019926:Cyclin B / Q000235:genetics*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004171:Diploidy; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics*; D051135:Rad51 Recombinase; D013937:Thymidine Kinase / Q000235:genetics*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D019925:Cyclin A; D019926:Cyclin B; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D013937:Thymidine Kinase; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; C495153:RAD51 protein, human; D051135:Rad51 Recombinase; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II