title: Conventional and hypobaric activation of an ultrasound contrast agent.
abstract: Hypobaric activation is a new injection technique for use with the contrast agent EchoGen and, in this study, the agent's ability to produce parenchymal enhancement in vivo, with and without prior hypobaric activation, was investigated. Injections, ranging in dose from 0.05 to 0.5 mL/kg, were administrated through a peripheral vein to eight woodchucks with multiple hepatomas. At the 0.10 mL/kg dose level, seven of eight injections following hypobaric activation (88%) resulted in definite parenchymal enhancement. Conversely, dosages of 0.10 mL/kg without prior hypobaric activation produced no grey-scale changes. Only at the 0.4 and 0.5 mL/kg dosage level did the conventional administration technique obtain similar results (4 of 5 injections increased the echogenicity for a 0.4 mL/kg dose). These differences were statistically significant (p = 0.031). In vitro experiments were conducted to establish the physical mechanisms behind hypobaric activation. Relative measurements of contrast microbubble sizes were performed with a phase Doppler particle analyzer after hypobaric and after conventional (bolus) activation. Hypobaric activation produced approximately 20 times more microbubbles per unit volume than the conventional method. In conclusion, this investigation has demonstrated the benefits of prior hypobaric activation when performing in vivo contrast studies with EchoGen and determined the physical mechanisms behind this new injection technique. Hypobaric activation of EchoGen increases contrast enhancement and reduces dose size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. forsberg@sther.rad.tju.edu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Merton
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Rawool
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000662:veterinary; D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000662:veterinary; D008392:Marmota; D011897:Random Allocation; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D010420:Pentanes
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C008806:perfluoropentane; D010420:Pentanes