title: Neurotransmitters in the human urethral sphincter in the absence of voiding dysfunction.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the neuroregulation of sphincteric relaxation by investigating the density of nerves containing acetylcholine, noradrenaline, neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the urethral sphincter in patients without a voiding disorder. The complete urethral sphincter (from the bladder neck to beyond the striated external sphincter) was excised from four male and four female adult cadavers and one male and one female fetus. In transverse paraffin or cryostat sections, the above transmitters were identified by histochemical methods. The striated sphincter was densely innervated by cholinergic nerves. Adrenergic nerves next to striated fibers were rare, but were present in all patients. NPY was seen rarely along striated fibers. In the smooth sphincteric component, noradrenaline-, acetylcholine-, NPY- and galanin-reactive nerves were observed frequently. Only functional studies can clarify the clinical implications of these results. Judging from NPY's scarcity in the striated sphincter no efferent function is anticipated. In the smooth component the frequent appearance of NPY, galanin and noradrenaline suggests a regulatory role for these transmitters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: von Heyden
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hertle
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000032:analysis; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D002102:Cadaver; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000737:chemistry; D019004:Galanin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000294:innervation; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000737:chemistry / Q000294:innervation; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000032:analysis; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000032:analysis; D014521:Urethra / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*; D014555:Urination Disorders; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D019004:Galanin; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D000109:Acetylcholine; D009638:Norepinephrine