title: The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale in older community samples in Indonesia, North Korea, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
abstract: Cultural differences in the reporting of depressive symptoms among older people were examined using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale in five Southeast Asian countries: Indonesia, Korea, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Previous work in Asian samples--principally North American immigrants--suggested differential functioning of the CES-D. The four-factor solution established in the original studies of the CES-D was replicated for all countries using a confirmatory factor analytic approach. It was, however, demonstrated that little information was lost in considering full-scale scores rather than the four subscales separately. The behavior of the CES-D in older Asian populations was found to be comparable to results obtained in North American and European cultures. Significant somatization of depression in these Asian samples was not found. There appears to be a general factor measuring depressed mood across older populations. The results support the validity of comparing responses on the CES-D across cultures.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. ajm@cortex.mhri.edu.au
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mackinnon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCallum
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003142:Communication; D003469:Culture; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007723:Korea; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D002052:Myanmar; D009656:North America; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012423:Rural Health; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D013188:Sri Lanka; D013785:Thailand; D014504:Urban Health