title: Catheter-induced thrombus in the superior vena cava diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To present the role of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the diagnosis and management of catheter-related superior vena cava thrombosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 42-year-old woman with severe Crohn's disease presented with septic shock and pulmonary embolism three weeks after emergency laparotomy and ileocolic resection for small-bowel perforation with peritonitis. Cardiopulmonary evaluation with ECG, pulmonary artery catheter and TEE demonstrated no evidence of acute myocardial ischemia or ventricular dysfunction; hemodynamic indices were consistent with severe sepsis. TEE revealed a large sheathing thrombus surrounding a central venous catheter used for parenteral nutrition. A spiral CT scan of the chest confirmed multiple peripheral pulmonary emboli. Treatment consisted of systemic anticoagulation and antibiotics. To avoid further pulmonary embolism, the central venous catheter was not removed until six days later under TEE monitoring, which revealed that the thrombus was firmly adherent to the superior vena cava. The patient made an uneventful recovery and was discharged from hospital on long-term anticoagulant therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a case of catheter-induced superior vena cava thrombosis with septicemia and pulmonary embolism, bedside TEE was very helpful to make the correct diagnosis early, assess thrombus size during anticoagulation, and monitor cardiac performance and thrombus disposition during central venous catheter removal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and General Intensive Care, Vienna General Hospital, Austria.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huemer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tschernich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kranz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imhof
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Sladen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000601:surgery; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007077:Ileal Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D007416:Intestinal Perforation / Q000601:surgery; D007813:Laparotomy; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000925:Anticoagulants