title: Testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a chance of fertility in nonobstructive azoospermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluate the efficacy of testicular sperm extraction and results of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in cases of nonobstructive azoospermia. In addition, we define predictive parameters for successful testicular sperm extraction in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 154 patients with nonobstructive azoospermia underwent multiple testicular biopsies to obtain testicular spermatozoa and for histopathological diagnosis. Results of testicular sperm extraction were related to suspected etiology of azoospermia, patient age, maximal testicular volume, serum follicle-stimulating hormone and histopathology. When testicular sperm extraction was successful, intracytoplasmic sperm injection was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spermatozoa were obtained from 63 patients (41%). No potential predictive parameters precluded successful testicular sperm retrieval. Fertilization was achieved in 74 of 76 intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. Normal 2 pronuclear fertilization was observed in 55% of the intact oocytes after microinjection. Clinical pregnancies were achieved in 21 cases for a pregnancy rate of 28% per started cycle. There were 4 miscarriages and 11 live births from 9 deliveries. In addition, a set of twins died after birth because of prematurity. Seven pregnancies were ongoing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men with nonobstructive azoospermia may have areas of preserved spermatogenesis in the testicles, and these spermatozoa can be retrieved for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Although some clinical and histopathological parameters are associated with significantly different sperm recovery rates, it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of testicular sperm extraction in an individual patient. If testicular sperm extraction is successful, intracytoplasmic sperm injection offers the chance of pregnancy to these otherwise intractably infertile couples.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia Medical School, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gil-Salom
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mínguez
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Molero
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Remohí
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pellicer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003593:Cytoplasm; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D009845:Oligospermia; D010063:Ovum; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013094:Spermatozoa; D013396:Suction; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology*