title: Analyzing outcome-based staging for clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A clinical staging system based on the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and the calculated prostate carcinoma volume (cVCa) construct previously has been proposed. This study was performed to assess whether this proposed clinical staging system was valid in an independent surgical and radiation data set in patients with clinically localized disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cox regression multivariable analyses were used to assess the significance of staging systems (1992 American Joint Commission on Cancer Staging [AJCC] clinical and pathologic stage, versus cVCa-PSA clinical stage) to predict time to posttherapy PSA failure in 441 and 465 patients managed by surgery and radiation, respectively. Significant staging systems identified using Cox regression were tested further using established comparative measures to define the most clinically useful system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the 1992 AJCC pathologic stage and the cVCa-PSA clinical stage were significant predictors of time to postoperative PSA failure (P = 0.0001), whereas only the cVCa-PSA clinical stage was a significant predictor of time to postradiation PSA failure (P = 0.0001) using a Cox regression multivariable analysis. Further analyses using a pairwise comparison of the 1992 AJCC pathologic stage and cVCa-PSA clinical stage found the cVCa-PSA staging system provided a more clinically useful prediction of time to postoperative PSA failure. Specifically, the cVCa-PSA staging system was able to identify surgically managed patients with pathologic AJCC T2 disease who did poorly (3-year bNED = 22%) while also selecting patients with clinical AJCC T2b,c disease that was managed by radiation who did well (3-year bNED = 100%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clinical staging system based on parameters obtained during the routine evaluation for AJCC clinical T1,2 prostate carcinoma provided a clinically useful stratification of both postoperative and postradiation PSA failure free survival.
authors.affiliation: Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desjardin
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Renshaw
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Loughlin
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Richie
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen