title: Low rate of Clostridium difficile colonization in ambulatory and hospitalized HIV-infected patients in a hospital unit: a prospective survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of Clostridium difficile carriage in HIV-infected in- and out-patients, and to assess the role of this carriage in nosocomial transmission of C. difficile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study in a university hospital. Forty-five consecutive HIV-infected out-patients and 120 hospitalized patients (52 HIV and 68 non HIV-infected-patients) were studied. During the period of hospitalization, 44 patients (24 HIV and 20 non-HIV-infected patients) with a negative culture within 48 h of admission were followed weekly for fecal carriage. Clostridium difficile culture and latex agglutination were performed on the fecal samples of each patient. In the case of positive culture and/or latex agglutination, C. difficile toxin assays were performed by microtitre cytotoxicity method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out-patients: one patient was a carrier and one patient with diarrhoea was infected with a toxigenic strain (2/45, 4.5%, 95% CI = 1-17). Eighty percent of the HIV-infected out-patients had received antimicrobial agents previously. In-patients: in the first 48 h, five asymptomatic patients were carriers (three non-HIV and two HIV-infected patients). Among 20 patients who complained of diarrhoea, one HIV-infected patient had only a positive latex agglutination and one HIV-infected patient was infected with a toxigenic strain. Overall, 7/120 (5.8%, 95% CI = 2-10) patients were infected or colonized with C. difficile. During the hospitalization (743 patient-days), none of the 44 patients acquired C. difficile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that in this given unit, C. difficile carriage is low, at least with single room accommodation, and in the absence of clusters of cases. This carriage is not different in HIV and non-HIV infected patients despite treatment with multiple antibiotics, and is not different in patients managed in different care environments. The systematic identification of C. difficile carriers for isolation and prophylactic treatment is not useful under these circumstances.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Microbiologie Clinique, Fondation Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Paris, France.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mainardi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lacassin
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guilloy
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leport
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Acar
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vildé
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies