title: The effects of a monetary alternative on marijuana self-administration.
abstract: The availability of alternative reinforcers can reduce drug self-administration. This 21-day residential study investigated the effect of monetary alternatives on marijuana self-administration. Three female and four male participants performed computer tasks (baseline) in the morning before smoking a sample marijuana cigarette (0.0, 1.8, or 3.9% delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and receiving the sample alternative ($5.00 voucher). In the afternoon, participants had five opportunities to choose either the marijuana cigarette sampled earlier or a voucher for $5.00. Participants were required to meet a criterion level of task performance to obtain each choice. The monetary performance criterion varied from day to day (80, 100, or 120% of baseline); the marijuana performance criterion remained constant at 100% of baseline. Choices were delivered in the evening, after task completion. Marijuana choice varied as a function of THC concentration and criterion to earn money. Active marijuana was always chosen more often than placebo, and active and placebo marijuana were chosen over money when the criterion to earn money was high. Task performance improved when criteria were imposed, even after participants had smoked the sample marijuana cigarette. Subjective ratings of drug effects increased with increasing THC concentration, but did not predict choice. The availability of a monetary alternative was effective in shifting choice to self-administer marijuana, and marijuana choice was sensitive to contingency manipulations. The results further indicate that contingency manipulations may override the performance-impairing effects of marijuana observed in other studies.
authors.affiliation: Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Comer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haney
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Foltin
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Fischman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking; D009042:Motivation; D012201:Reward; D012646:Self Administration; D013997:Time Factors; D014838:Volunteers