title: Incomplete ossification of the tarsal bones in foals: 22 cases (1988-1996).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine outcome for foals with incomplete ossification of the tarsal bones and to determine whether clinical and radiographic abnormalities at the time of initial examination were associated with outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  22 foals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on signalment, history, owner's initial complaint, clinical findings, whether tarsus valgus was evident, and radiographic abnormalities was obtained from medical records. Radiographic lesions were classified as type I (i.e., incomplete ossification with < 30% collapse of the affected bones) or type II (incomplete ossification with > 30% collapse and pinching or fragmentation of the affected bones). Follow-up information was obtained via telephone conversations with owners.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Foals were between 1 day and 10 months old when first examined. Eleven were premature (i.e., < 320 days of gestation) or were twins. Sixteen had tarsus valgus. Severity of radiographic lesions was associated with outcome; 4 of 6 foals with type-I incomplete ossification of the tarsal bones performed as intended, but only 3 of 16 foals with type-II incomplete ossification of the tarsal bones performed as intended.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For foals with incomplete ossification of the tarsal bones, severity of the radiographic lesions was associated with outcome. Foals with type-II incomplete ossification of the tarsal bones have a guarded prognosis for athletic soundness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dutton
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Honnas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006736:Horses / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008297:Male; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013639:Tarsal Bones / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013643:Tarsus, Animal / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging