title: Recognizing, scoring, and predicting blast injuries.
abstract: The aim of this study was to find relevant signs and readily available parameters for the recognition of blast injuries and estimation of their severity. The injury severity, estimated by the Injury Severity Score (ISS), Red Cross Wound Classification (RCWC), and experimentally defined Pathology Scoring System for Blast Injuries (PSS/IS) according to Yelverton and modified for use in humans, was compared with a great number of subjective sensations, clinical signs, parameters of hemodynamic, metabolic, neuroendocrine and immune conditions. On the basis of these data, the confidence of the above-mentioned methods was analyzed in the evaluation of blast injuries. This study included 1303 casualties, wounded by explosive devices and with suspected blast injuries, treated at the Military Medical Academy in Belgrade (MMA) from 1991 to 1994. The patients were examined on admission at the MMA (<18 hours) and during hospitalization (1, 2, 5, and 7 days after wounding). The casualties with confirmed blast injury (n = 665, 51%) had an ISS ranging from 0 to 34 (mean 13) had wounds ranging from G1ST (soft tissue wounds caused by low energy transfer) to G3VF (massive wounds with fractures and injury of vital structures) according to the RCWC, with PSS/IS scores from 2 to 105 (mean 60). Statistically significant correlation was found between ISS and PSS/IS as well as RCWC and PSS/IS. Cytokines (IL-1, TNF|ga) and amino acids responded to a blast injury in similar manner as to gunshot wounds with a greater ISS or more severe RCWC injury type. The subjective sensations in blasted patients (deafness, thoracic pain, vertigo) and mediators, confirmed in previous experimental investigations as important factors in the pathogenesis of blast injuries (TxA2, sulfidopeptide leukotrienes) were relationed only to the PSS/IS.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cernak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Savic
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zunic
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pejnovic
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jovanikic
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stepic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000601:Amino Acids, Essential / Q000097:blood; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014857:Warfare; D015022:Yugoslavia
chemical_list: D000601:Amino Acids, Essential; D015777:Eicosanoids; D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha