title: Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and natural history of vertically transmitted human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to the Ministry of Health and Welfare AIDS Surveillance Committee's report on vertically transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, there have been eight children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 18 children with HIV infection in Japan, totalling 26 in all as of February 1997. A search of the literature fails to reveal any report that deals with many cases of vertically transmitted HIV infection in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A primary questionnaire survey was taken of the main medical institutions across the country, followed by a secondary questionnaire survey of physicians and pediatricians who treated the disease. A clinical review was made of 19 children with vertically transmitted HIV infection (including eight AIDS children) according to the 1994 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection in Children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at diagnosis was 14.5 months and the diagnosis was made at less than 18 months of life in approximately 70% of infected children. In the mean observation period of 16 months, six of eight AIDS children (75%), and one child of group B died. The mean period of observation for the seven dead children was 7 months, and six of seven children died by 36 months of life. The survival period after the diagnosis of AIDS was 15 months. The diagnosis of HIV infection was made based on the clinical symptoms of all children with AIDS. Of 11 children, six (45%) presented with symptoms of HIV infection by 6 months of life, and 10 of 11 children (91%) presented with symptoms by 26 months of life. The noteworthy clinical findings included hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, recurrent respiratory tract infection, lymph node swelling, oral candidiasis, hepatitis, wasting syndrome, HIV encephalopathy and severe pneumonia. The favored age for the start of complications and the magnitude of decrease in the HIV helper cell count varied with each case of complications of HIV infection (wasting syndrome, HIV encephalopathy) or opportunistic infections (cytomegalovirus infection, Mycobacterium avium complex infection). Anti-HIV drugs (mainly zidovudine) had been used in five of eight children with AIDS and were effective in two long survivors alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children who are diagnosed with HIV infection, based on their clinical symptoms, carry a poor prognosis. In this respect, early diagnosis and progress in anti-HIV therapy are necessary.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infection, Immunology and Rheumatology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akagi
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male