title: Quadriceps load aggravates and roofplasty mitigates active impingement of anterior cruciate ligament grafts against the intercondylar roof.
abstract: Because of the complications of impingement of anterior cruciate ligament grafts on the intercondylar roof and because current surgical procedures locate the tibial tunnel such that impingement is avoided during passive but not active extension, the objectives of this study were to determine if (a) active extension precipitates and aggravates roof impingement, and (b) a roofplasty mitigates the effects of impingement. The tibial translation, flexion angle defining the onset of roof impingement, graft-roof contact pressure, and graft tension were measured for six cadaveric specimens. In each specimen, two tibial tunnel positions were studied: one customized for the slope of the intercondylar roof, and the other translated 6 mm anteriorly from the customized position. For a quadriceps load of 1,500 N, the flexion angle defining the onset of impingement, the peak contact pressure, and the graft tension increased significantly for both tunnel positions. The increases occurred because of the anterior tibial translation caused by the active load. Although a roofplasty decreased the onset of the angle of impingement, the graft tension remained unaffected. Thus, to mitigate the effect of impingement during active rehabilitative knee extension exercises, the position of the tibial tunnel must be customized to the angle of the intercondylar roof and a roofplasty must be performed. The extent of bone removed must be customized as well and can be determined by removing bone from the intercondylar roof in excess of that required to freely pass a rod, the same diameter of the graft, through the tibial tunnel into the intercondylar notch with the knee in full passive extension.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Program, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Goss
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hull
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*