title: In vivo analysis of bacterial biofilm formation on facial plastic bioimplants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the formation of biofilm on biomaterials commonly used in facial plastics and reconstruction including titanium, silicone, ion-bombarded silicone (Ultrasil), e-PTFE (Gore-Tex), e-PTFE with silver/chlorhexidine (Gore-Tex Plus), and PHDPE (Medpor).
  
  
  METHODS
  These biomaterials were implanted subcutaneously in the dorsum of 11 guinea pigs after contamination with Staphylococcus aureus and examined with scanning electron microscopy after 7 days. Wounds were also inspected for infection and extrusion rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show biofilm formation on titanium, silicone, ion-bombarded silicone, e-PTFE, and PHDPE associated with high rates of extrusion and infection. Implants of e-PTFE with silver/chlorhexidine, on the other hand, appeared resistant to biofilm formation and demonstrated significantly lower rates of extrusion and infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contamination of bioimplants in vivo leads to formation of bacterial biofilm on the surface of the biomaterial, causing infection, pus formation, and extrusion. The authors hypothesize that the antiseptic agents impregnated in the biomaterial form a protective coat of silver, chlorhexidine, and inflammatory cells that inhibits initial bacterial adhesion to the biomaterial surface.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Malaisrie
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malekzadeh
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Biedlingmaier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000737:chemistry; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000737:chemistry; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011095:Polyethylenes / Q000737:chemistry; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene / Q000737:chemistry; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000209:etiology; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D012828:Silicones / Q000737:chemistry; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000502:physiology*; D013492:Suppuration; D013499:Surface Properties; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; C084562:Medpor; D011095:Polyethylenes; D012828:Silicones; D012834:Silver; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D014025:Titanium; D002710:Chlorhexidine