title: Three-dimensional ultrasound examination of the fetal hands: normal and abnormal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess particular features of fetal hand evaluation using three-dimensional ultrasound, and to determine whether any advantage is offered by three-dimensional over two-dimensional ultrasound in fetal hand evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional fetal data were collected prospectively from 44 hands in 40 fetuses from a predominantly high-risk patient population. All had a concurrent two-dimensional ultrasound examination of the hands. Diagnoses from two- and three-dimensional ultrasound examinations were compared and additional information from the three-dimensional volume assessment was noted. Three-dimensional assessment of distal forearm bones, wrist position, finger configuration and number of metacarpals and digits was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hands were appropriately identified as normal (32/32) or abnormal (12/12) by both two- and three-dimensional ultrasound. Three-dimensional ultrasound provided additional information when compared to two-dimensional ultrasound in both normal and abnormal hands, including the provision of three orthogonal planes with one volume acquisition, allowing rotation of the volume so that hands could be evaluated in planes not possible during two-dimensional imaging, assessment of a hand with loosely curled fingers as normal, the ability to evaluate thumb and fingers simultaneously, and improved assessment of abnormal hands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional ultrasound offers the potential to provide greater information in fetal hand evaluation for both normal and abnormal hands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, USA.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Budorick
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Tartar
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000196:embryology; D006225:Hand / Q000196:embryology*; D006228:Hand Deformities, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*; D014953:Wrist / Q000196:embryology