title: Efficacy and safety of an over-the-counter transdermal nicotine patch as an aid for smoking cessation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a transdermal nicotine patch as an aid for smoking cessation in an over-the-counter setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 6-week duration with 18 weeks of follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four shopping mall precincts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The randomized sample consisted of 802 adults (mean age, 39 years) and was 89% white and 54% female. A smoking history of at least 20 cigarettes per day for 1 year and a score of 5 (on a 10-point scale) on a motivational assessment questionnaire were required for enrollment. Poststudy follow-up was limited to those who had quit smoking at the end of 6 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nicotine patches were provided at the shopping mall. Guidance consisted only of package instructions and a smoking cessation self-help booklet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quit rates were defined as total abstinence from smoking for 4 consecutive weeks (treatment weeks 3-6), point prevalence smoking status at week 6, or nonsmoker at week 6 and week 24 (6-month postquit date). Smoking status was assessed by diaries, and verification for the first 2 quit rates was obtained by confirmation of carbon monoxide of 8 ppm or less in expired breath. Safety was evaluated by self-reported adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quit rate was 12% for the active treatment group and 5.5% for the placebo group, based on total abstinence for 4 consecutive weeks (P = .001) compared with quit rates of 19.5% and 7.5% for active treatment and placebo groups, respectively, based on point prevalence data at week 6. At 24 weeks, 8.2% of nonsmokers in the active treatment group and 4.0% in the placebo group remained nonsmokers. At least 1 adverse event was reported by 57% receiving the nicotine patch and 39% receiving placebo (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the nicotine patch was used in an over-the-counter setting, quit rates were comparable to those reported for medical settings. A 2:1 quit rate advantage was achieved at week 6 and was maintained at 24 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Chicago Center for Clinical Research, Ill 60610-4324, USA. mdavidson@protocare.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Whitworth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D009538:Nicotine