title: Thyroid transcription factor 1 is calcium modulated and coordinately regulates genes involved in calcium homeostasis in C cells.
abstract: Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) was identified for its critical role in thyroid-specific gene expression; its level in the thyroid is regulated by thyrotropin-increased cyclic AMP levels. TTF-1 was subsequently found in lung tissue, where it regulates surfactant expression, and in certain neural tissues, where its function is unknown. Ligands or signals regulating TTF-1 levels in lung or neural tissue are unknown. We recently identified TTF-1 in rat parafollicular C cells and parathyroid cells. In this report, we show that TTF-1 is present in the parafollicular C cells of multiple species and that it interacts with specific elements on the 5'-flanking regions of the extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR), calmodulin, and calcitonin genes in C cells. When intracellular Ca2+ levels are increased or decreased in C cells, by the calcium ionophore A23187, by physiologic concentrations of the P2 purinergic receptor ligand ATP, or by changes in extracellular Ca2+ levels, the promoter activity, RNA levels, and binding of TTF-1 to these genes are, respectively, decreased or increased. The changes in TTF-1 inversely alter CaSR gene and calcitonin gene expression. We show, therefore, that TTF-1 is a Ca2+-modulated transcription factor that coordinately regulates the activity of genes critical for Ca2+ homeostasis by parafollicular C cells. We hypothesize that TTF-1 similarly coordinates Ca2+-dependent gene expression in all cells in which TTF-1 and the CaSR are expressed, i. e., parathyroid cells, neural cells in the anterior pituitary or hippocampus, and keratinocytes.
authors.affiliation: Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lavaroni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Okajima
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katoh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawaoi
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Kohn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000235:genetics*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000502:physiology*; D000074482:Thyroid Nuclear Factor 1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C000614416:Nkx2-1 protein, rat; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D000074482:Thyroid Nuclear Factor 1; D014157:Transcription Factors; C473605:extracellular calcium cation-sensing receptor, rat; D002118:Calcium