title: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in childhood and adolescence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study reviews the authors' experience from 1979 through 1996 in the management and outcome of 56 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who were under 20 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 33 males and 23 females, their ages ranging from 7 to 19 years (median: 16 years). Forty patients had World Health Organization type III carcinomas, 16 had T4 tumors, 41 had metastatic cervical lymph nodes, and 50 were at stage III or stage IV. Thirty-two patients were treated with radiation therapy alone and 24 with the addition of chemotherapy. Cumulative radiation dose to the primary tumor ranged from 18 to 70 Gy (median: 66 Gy) and radiation dose to metastatic cervical lymph nodes ranged from 18 to 70 Gy (median: 66 Gy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up ranged from 0.1 to 16.8 years (mean: 9 years). Locoregional tumoral complete response was achieved in 49 patients. Locoregional tumoral failure was observed in 12 patients and systemic failure in 11. Overall, locoregional failure-free, metastases-free, and disease-free survival rates at 5 years were 49%, 62%, 79%, and 47%, respectively, for the entire group of patients, 42%, 61%, 72%, and 42%, respectively, for patients treated with radiation therapy alone, and 58%, 63%, 87%, and 54%, respectively, for patients treated with the addition of chemotherapy. Advanced T-stage and lower radiation doses worsened locoregional failure-free survival, whereas advanced N-stage and exclusion of chemotherapy worsened metastases-free survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children and adolescents with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, radiation therapy alone results in an improved locoregional tumoral response rate and a reduced locoregional tumoral failure rate at higher radiation doses, while the addition of chemotherapy results in a reduced systemic failure rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serin
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Erkal
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Elhan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cakmak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome