title: An in vitro study of the use of chelating agents in cleaning nickel-contaminated human skin: an alternative approach to preventing nickel allergic contact dermatitis.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of organic ligands in cleaning human skin contaminated with nickel. 4 ligands were investigated, 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol (either as HL(1) or NaL(1)), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (either as H4L(2) or Na2H2L(2)), sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaL(3)) and L-histidine (HL(4)). The cytotoxicity of these ligands was assessed using HaCaT cells (a transformed human keratinocyte cell line). The cytotoxicity order of the ligands was NaL(1) >Na2H2L(2)>NaL(3)>HL(4). An in vitro methodology for examining nickel removal from viable human skin was developed. This methodology was then used to compare the efficiency of the ligands in removing nickel from skin, both alone and in combination with soap solutions. HL(1) and NaL(3) were no more effective than control solutions in removing nickel over the pH range 2-11. In contrast, both H4L(2) and HL(4) removed between 74 and 87% (mean=82+/-3%) of nickel from human skin over the same pH range. Nickel removal from skin by sodium lauryl ethoxy sulfate (SLES, the active ingredient in most liquid skin cleansers) was independent of concentration and no more effective than phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The amount of nickel removed by PBS solutions of Na2H2L(2) and HL(4) was significantly greater than the amount removed by SLES and was concentration dependent. An evaluation of nickel removal from skin by commercial solid soap, liquid soap and PBS, both alone and with added Na2H2L(2) or HL(4), was conducted. Commercial liquid soap with added HL(4) was more effective than the untreated soap. PBS with either added Na2H2L(2) or HL(4) was more effective than PBS alone.
authors.affiliation: Health and Safety Laboratory, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Healy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: MacNeil
mesh_terms: D002021:Buffers; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D007464:Clioquinol / Q000494:pharmacology; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004050:Ditiocarb / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006639:Histidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000442:Octanols; D011137:Polystyrenes; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D012915:Soaps / Q000494:pharmacology; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D012995:Solubility; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D000267:Tissue Adhesions; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D002614:Chelating Agents; D000442:Octanols; D011137:Polystyrenes; D011804:Quinolines; D012915:Soaps; D014867:Water; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D006639:Histidine; D007464:Clioquinol; D009532:Nickel; D004050:Ditiocarb; D004492:Edetic Acid