title: Proteasome inhibitors induce apoptosis in glucocorticoid-resistant chronic lymphocytic leukemic lymphocytes.
abstract: Our previous work showed that the nuclear scaffold (NS) protease is required for apoptosis of both thymocytes and chronic lymphocytic leukemic (CLL) lymphocytes. Because partial sequencing of one of the subunits of the NS protease revealed homology to the proteasome, we tested the effects of classical proteasome inhibitors on apoptosis in CLL cells. Here we report that proteasome inhibition caused high levels of DNA fragmentation in all patients analyzed, including those resistant to glucocorticoids or nucleoside analogs, in vitro. Proteasome inhibitor-induced DNA fragmentation was associated with activation of caspase/ICE family cysteine protease(s) and was blocked by the caspase antagonist, zVADfmk. Analysis of the biochemical mechanisms involved showed that proteasome inhibition resulted in mitochondrial dysregulation leading to the release of cytochrome c and a drop in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (triangle upPsi). These changes were associated with inhibition of NFkappaB, a proteasome-regulated transcription factor that has been implicated in the suppression of apoptosis in other systems. Together, our results suggest that drugs that target the proteasome might be capable of bypassing resistance to conventional chemotherapy in CLL.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cell Biology and Hematology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Niemer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gilbreath
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Kliche
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andreeff
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Freireich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McConkey
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000187:drug effects*; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000187:drug effects; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000187:drug effects*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
chemical_list: D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex