title: A prospective randomized trial of tacrolimus and prednisone versus tacrolimus, prednisone, and mycophenolate mofetil in primary adult liver transplant recipients: an interim report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tacrolimus (Tac) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) are newly approved immunosuppressive agents. However, the safety and efficacy of the combination of MMF and Tac in primary liver transplantation has not been determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  An Institutional Review Board-approved, open-label prospective randomized protocol was initiated to study the efficacy and toxicity of Tac and steroids (double-drug therapy) versus Tac, steroids, and MMF (triple-drug therapy) in primary adult liver transplant recipients. Both groups of patients began on the same doses of Tac and steroids. Patients randomized to triple-drug therapy also received 1 g of MMF twice a day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between August 1995 and January 1997, 200 patients were enrolled, 99 in double-drug therapy and 101 in triple-drug therapy. All patients were followed until May 1997, with a mean follow-up of 12.7 months. During the study period, 28 of 99 patients in double-drug therapy received MMF to control ongoing acute rejection, nephrotoxicity, and/or neurotoxicity. On the other hand, 61 patients in triple-drug therapy discontinued MMF for infection, myelosuppression, and/or gastrointestinal disturbances. By an "intention-to-treat analysis," the actuarial 1-year patient survival rate was 85.1% in double-drug therapy and 83.1% in triple-drug therapy (P=0.77). The actuarial 1-year graft survival rate was 80.2% for double-drug therapy and 79.2% for triple-drug therapy (P=0.77). Forty-one patients (41.4%) in double-drug therapy and 32 (31.7%) in triple-drug therapy had at least one episode of rejection, but this was not statistically significant (P=0.15). The mean maintenance dose of corticosteroids was slightly lower in triple-drug compared with double-drug therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient and graft survival rates were similar in both groups. There was a trend to a lower incidence of rejection, reduced nephrotoxicity, and a lesser amount of maintenance corticosteroids in triple-drug therapy compared with double-drug therapy.
authors.affiliation: The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hamad
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rakela
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dodson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Demetris
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McMichael
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Starzl
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D016559:Tacrolimus