title: Spinal cord segments controlling the canine vas deferens and differentiation of the primate sympathetic pathways to the vas deferens.
abstract: This study was undertaken to explore the spinal cord segments controlling the canine and human vas deferens and differentiation of the mammalian sympathetic pathways to the vas deferens. Thoracolumbar white communicating rami (WCR) were electrically stimulated in the dogs. Stimulation of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th lumbar WCR elicited an elevation of intraluminal pressure of the vas deferens in 2, 10, 16, and 14 of 20 dogs examined, respectively, whereas stimulation of sympathetic chain (between the 13th thoracic and 1st lumbar ganglia), 13th thoracic WCR, intermesenteric plexus, and 5th lumbar WCR showed no response in any of the 10, 2, 12, and 5 dogs examined, respectively. Anatomical study of the 118 human lumbar splanchnic nerves of 55 cadavers showed that almost all lumbar splanchnic nerves (96%) originated from L2 and/or L3 sympathetic chain ganglia (L1-2 spinal cord levels). Comparative anatomical study of the mammalian sympathetic pathways to the vas deferens showed that the caudal mesenteric plexus is not divided in rats, rabbits, cats, and dogs and is partially divided into two plexuses in monkeys and completely in humans and that separation of the sympathetic component in the pelvic nerve (isolation of the sacral splanchnic nerve) is in progress in the primate. These results indicate that spinal cord segments controlling the vas deferens are L1-4 in the dog and probably L1-2 in humans and that differentiation of the sympathetic nerve pathways is proceeding at both main and compensatory pathways to the vas deferens in the primate.
authors.affiliation: Allied Health Sciences and Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kihara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000294:innervation; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D013045:Species Specificity; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D013153:Splanchnic Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology