title: Peptide from glutamic acid decarboxylase similar to coxsackie B virus stimulates IFN-gamma mRNA expression in Th1-like lymphocytes from children with recent-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
abstract: At the clinical onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1 diabetes), inflammation within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans causes insulitis. CD4+ or Th-lymphocytes will be activated after stimulation resulting in interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by Th1-like lymphocytes and/or interleukin-4 (IL-4) secretion from Th2-like lymphocytes. The antigens responsible for this activation are unknown, but studies have suggested glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) to be a possible candidate. One peptide from this enzyme (amino acid 247-279) with a similar amino acid sequence to coxsackie B virus may cause lymphocyte proliferation in diabetic patients. In this study we have shown that this peptide activates Th1-like lymphocytes which produce increased amounts of IFN-gamma mRNA, but seldom mRNA for IL-4. Lymphocytes from healthy HLA-matched controls (DR3/4) did not respond with an upregulated mRNA expression for these cytokines when stimulated by the GAD-peptide (P<0.05). A low or absent expression of IFN-gamma mRNA was significantly correlated to a high fasting C-peptide at 3 months' duration (P<0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that GAD65 is involved in the development of type 1 diabetes and that the Th1-response may play a role in the destruction of beta cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Environment, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012016:Reference Values; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase