title: Method to assist in the scheduling of add-on surgical cases--upper prediction bounds for surgical case durations based on the log-normal distribution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A problem that operating room (OR) managers face in running an OR suite on the day of surgery is to identify "holes" in the OR schedule in which to assign "add-on" cases. This process necessitates knowing the typical and maximum amounts of time that the case is likely to require. The OR manager may know previous case durations for the particular surgeon performing a particular scheduled procedure. The "upper prediction bound" specifies with a certain probability that the duration of the surgeon's next case will be less than or equal to the bound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prediction bounds were calculated by using methods that (1) do not assume that case durations follow a specific statistical distribution or (2) assume that case durations follow a log-normal distribution. These bounds were tested using durations of 48,847 cases based on 15,574 combinations of scheduled surgeon and procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite having 3 yr of data, 80 or 90% prediction bounds would not be able to be calculated using the distribution-free method for 35 or 49% of future cases versus 22 or 22% for the log-normal method, respectively. Prediction bounds based on the log-normal distribution overestimated the desired value less often than did the distribution-free method. The chance that the duration of the next case would be less than or equal to its 90% bound based on the log-normal distribution was within 2% of the expected rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prediction bounds classified by scheduled surgeon and procedure can be accurately calculated using a method that assumes that case durations follow a log-normal distribution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dexter
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016208:Databases, Factual; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D016011:Normal Distribution; D009873:Operating Rooms; D010562:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling Information Systems; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative