title: Postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia with opioid bupivacaine mixtures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy and safety of patient-controlled epidural analgesia of morphine or fentanyl in combination with bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty ASA I-II patients scheduled for major abdominal surgery were studied. After insertion of a lumbar epidural catheter, patients were given a non-opioid general anaesthetic. After surgery patients complaining of pain, received a loading dose of 2 mg morphine (Group I) or 50 micrograms fentanyl (Group II). For continuing pain, 1 mg morphine in 4 ml bupivacaine 0.125% (0.25 mg.ml-1 morphine and 1 mg.ml-1 bupivacaine, Group I) or 20 micrograms fentanyl in 4 ml bupivacaine 0.125% (5 micrograms.ml-1 fentanyl and 1 mg.ml-1 bupivacaine Group II) were administered. Blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and SpO2 were monitored. Assessments of pain (VAS), nausea-vomiting, motor block, pruritus and sedation were recorded for 24 hr.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No difference in pain or sedation was observed between groups. The 24 hr postoperative opioid consumption was 15.50 +/- 7.53 mg morphine and 555.10 +/- 183.85 micrograms fentanyl. Total bupivacaine 0.125% consumption was 58.00 +/- 30.14 ml in Group I and 101.05 +/- 36.77 ml in Group II. One patient in Group II complained of motor weakness in one leg. The incidence of nausea (Group I 45%, Group II 10% P < 0.05) and pruritus (Group I 30%, Group II 5% P < 0.05) was less in patients receiving fentanyl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both methods were effective in the prevention of pain but, because of fewer side effects, fentanyl may be preferable to morphine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Ankara Oncology Hospital, Turkey. gozalp@neuron.ato.tr
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ozalp
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Güner
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuru
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kadiogullari
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000139:chemically induced; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011537:Pruritus / Q000139:chemically induced; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012449:Safety
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009020:Morphine; D010100:Oxygen; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine