title: Relationship of blood pressure, heart rate and behavioral mood state to norepinephrine kinetics in younger and older men following caffeine ingestion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine age-related differences in blood pressure, heart rate, behavioral mood state and norepinephrine kinetics after caffeine ingestion in younger and older men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Placebo-controlled, double-blind study.
  
  
  METHODS
  General Clinical Research Center, University of Vermont.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 older (O) (65-80 y) and 10 younger (Y) (19-26 y) healthy men who were moderate consumers of caffeine (Y= 126+/-30 mg/d; O = 160 44 mg/d:NS; mean +/- s.e.m.).
  
  
  METHODS
  All volunteers were characterized for fasting plasma glucose, insulin and caffeine levels, body composition, anthropometry, physical activity, and energy intake. Before and after placebo and caffeine ingestion (5 mg/kg fat-free mass) test days, the following variables were measured in all subjects: heart rate, blood pressure, mood state, and norepinephrine concentrations (NEconc), appearance (NEapp) and clearance (NEcl).
  
  
  METHODS
  Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, mood state, and norepinephrine kinetic responses to placebo and caffeine ingestion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following caffeine ingestion, plasma caffeine levels were similar in Y and O men. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure increased significantly (P < 0.01) from baseline by 9% (130+/-6 vs 142+/-6 mmHg) and 3% (75+/-3 vs 77+/-3 mmHg), respectively, in O men following caffeine ingestion, but remained unchanged in Y men. Self-reported feelings of tension (P < 0.05) and anger (P = 0.06) decreased in O men, while anger tended to increase in Y men (P < 0.06) following caffeine ingestion. Heart rates in both groups were unaltered following caffeine ingestion. No differences were noted at baseline between O and Y men for NEconc, NEapp and NEcl. After caffeine ingestion, NEconc were significantly greater in O than Y men, whereas NEapp and NEcl rates did not differ from baseline in either group. Blood pressure and subjective mood state effects of caffeine were not related to changes in norepinephrine kinetics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age may play a role in augmenting blood pressure response and reducing subjective feelings of anger and tension following caffeine ingestion, suggesting that the elderly are more reactive to the pressor and less sensitive to the subjective effects of the drug. These effects do not appear to be mediated by changes in sympathetic nervous system activity.
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866-1632, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Arciero
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Benowitz
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Poehlman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D001823:Body Composition; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D010919:Placebos; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D002110:Caffeine; D009638:Norepinephrine