title: Antipneumococcal activities of levofloxacin and clarithromycin as determined by agar dilution, microdilution, E-test, and disk diffusion methodologies.
abstract: The activities of levofloxacin and clarithromycin against 199 penicillin- and macrolide-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci were tested by agar and microdilution methods in air and by disk diffusion and E-test methods in air and CO2. For levofloxacin, >/=99. 0% of strains were susceptible at </=2.0 microgram/ml with zone diameters of >/=17 mm, regardless of incubation in air or CO2. Although zone sizes were smaller and E-test MICs were higher for clarithromycin in CO2 than those in air, category differences were minor, and susceptibility rates for clarithromycin were similar to those obtained by agar and microdilution in air (range, 76.9 to 80.9% by all methods). For clarithromycin, adjustment of breakpoints based upon distribution of results resulted in susceptibility rates which were similar by all methods (75.8 to 76.9% susceptible, 0 to 1.5% intermediate, 22.6 to 23.1% resistant). Minor discrepancies were obtained with levofloxacin for one strain (0.5%) by microdilution and two strains (1.0%) by disk diffusion in CO2. For clarithromycin, minor discrepancies were found in three strains (1.5%) by microdilution, seven strains (3.5%) by agar dilution, four strains (2.0%) by E-test in air, six strains (3.0%) by disk diffusion in air, and five strains (2.5%) by disk diffusion in CO2. Major discrepancies occurred with levofloxacin in one strain (0.5%) by microdilution but were not found with clarithromycin. Very major discrepancies were not seen with levofloxacin, but occurred with clarithromycin in five strains (2.5%) by microdilution, three strains (1.5%) by agar dilution, two strains (1.0%) by E-test in air, eight strains (4.0%) by disk diffusion in air, and one strain (0.5%) by disk diffusion in CO2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Appelbaum
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D064704:Levofloxacin; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D064704:Levofloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin; D017291:Clarithromycin