title: Functional responses of neonatal chicken and turkey heterophils following stimulation by inflammatory agonists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine functional responses of neonatal chicken and turkey heterophils to various inflammatory agonists.
  
  
  METHODS
  100 one-day-old chickens and turkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood heterophils were isolated and stimulated for 30 minutes at 39 C with ionomycin, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), opsonized zymosan (OZ), or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). Functional responses (shape change, adherence, phagocytosis, influx of intracellular calcium, and oxidative burst) of stimulated heterophils were measured and compared with responses of unstimulated (control) heterophils.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Turkey and chicken heterophils did not respond to FMLP stimulation. Stimulation of chicken and turkey heterophils with ionomycin resulted in significant increases in adherence, percentage of cells with a shape change, phagocytosis, intracellular calcium concentration, and oxidative burst. Turkey heterophils did not respond to PMA stimulation, whereas stimulation of chicken heterophils with PMA resulted in significant increases in adherence, percentage of cells with a shape change, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst but not intracellular calcium concentration. Stimulation of chicken and turkey heterophils with OZ resulted in significant increases in oxidative burst.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mechanisms regulating initiation of heterophil activation in neonatal chicken and turkey heterophils are consistent with those described for heterophils isolated from mature birds. The biochemical and cytoskeletal systems of neonatal avian heterophils undergo functional alterations following stimulation with inflammatory agonists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding heterophil activation and regulation should eventually lead to methods for controlling bacterial diseases in poultry.
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kogut
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holtzapple
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Lowry
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Stanker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002645:Chickens / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014422:Turkeys / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015759:Ionomycin; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D002118:Calcium