title: Extracellular calcium regulates HeLa cell morphology during adhesion to gelatin: role of translocation and phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A2.
abstract: Attachment of HeLa cells to gelatin induces the release of arachidonic acid (AA), which is essential for cell spreading. HeLa cells spreading in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ released more AA and formed more distinctive lamellipodia and filopodia than cells spreading in the absence of Ca2+. Addition of exogenous AA to cells spreading in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ restored the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia. To investigate the role of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in regulating the differential release of AA and subsequent formation of lamellipodia and filopodia during HeLa cell adhesion, cPLA2 phosphorylation and translocation from the cytosol to the membrane were evaluated. During HeLa cell attachment and spreading in the presence of Ca2+, all cPLA2 became phosphorylated within 2 min, which is the earliest time cell attachment could be measured. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, the time for complete cPLA2 phosphorylation was lengthened to <4 min. Maximal translocation of cPLA2 from cytosol to membrane during adhesion of cells to gelatin was similar in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca2+ and remained membrane associated throughout the duration of cell spreading. The amount of total cellular cPLA2 translocated to the membrane in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ went from <20% for unspread cells to >95% for spread cells. In the absence of Ca2+ only 55-65% of the total cPLA2 was translocated to the membrane during cell spreading. The decrease in the amount translocated could account for the comparable decrease in the amount of AA released by cells during spreading without extracellular Ca2+. Although translocation of cPLA2 from cytosol to membrane was Ca2+ dependent, phosphorylation of cPLA2 was attachment dependent and could occur both on the membrane and in the cytosol. To elucidate potential activators of cPLA2, the extracellular signal-related protein kinase 2 (ERK2) and protein kinase C (PKC) were investigated. ERK2 underwent a rapid phosphorylation upon early attachment followed by a dephosphorylation. Both rates were enhanced during cell spreading in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Treatment of cells with the ERK kinase inhibitor PD98059 completely inhibited the attachment-dependent ERK2 phosphorylation but did not inhibit cell spreading, cPLA2 phosphorylation, translocation, or AA release. Activation of PKC by phorbol ester (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) induced and attachment-dependent phosphorylation of both cPLA2 and ERK2 in suspension cells. However, in cells treated with the PKC inhibitor Calphostin C before attachment, ERK2 phosphorylation was inhibited, whereas cPLA2 translocation and phosphorylation remained unaffected. In conclusion, although cPLA2-mediated release of AA during HeLa cell attachment to a gelatin substrate was essential for cell spreading, neither ERK2 nor PKC appeared to be responsible for the attachment-induced cPLA2 phosphorylation and the release of AA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005780:Gelatin; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000378:metabolism*; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D005780:Gelatin; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D010741:Phospholipases A; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D002118:Calcium