title: The advanced glycation endproduct, pentosidine, in the carpal ligament in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome undergoing hemodialysis: comparison with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a major complication that occurs in the musculoskeletal system in patients on long-term hemodialysis (HD). Pentosidine is an advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) and there is evidence that shows AGEs contribute to the pathogenesis of the complications in patients undergoing HD. The aim of this study is to investigate whether pentosidine accumulates in the carpal ligament in patients undergoing HD with CTS in comparison with idiopathic CTS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Carpal ligaments and skin were obtained during surgery from 28 patients with CTS undergoing HD and 13 patients with idiopathic CTS (ID CTS). Pentosidine was measured by HPLC after hydrolysis of the samples, and amyloid deposits in the samples of HD CTS were examined histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pentosidine levels in ligament and skin were significantly higher in HD CTS than ID CTS. On the other hand, there was no difference in pyridinoline which is a physical cross-link between HD and ID CTS. Amyloid deposits were observed in 14 ligament samples, whereas there was none in 14 other samples. There was no significant difference in pentosidine and pyridinoline in ligament, pentosidine in skin, duration of HD and serum beta2-microglobulin between the amyloid+ group and the amyloid- group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A greater concentration of pentosidine in the carpal ligament in HD patients compared with idiopathic patients suggests that an accumulation of AGEs contributes to one of the pathologies of occurrence of CTS in patients undergoing HD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan. taka1m@akiha.hama-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoshino
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kushida
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000682:Amyloid / Q000378:metabolism; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002845:Chromatography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000378:metabolism*; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000682:Amyloid; C015484:pyridinoline; D001120:Arginine; C062187:pentosidine; D008239:Lysine