title: Human prostaglandin transporter gene (hPGT) is regulated by fluid mechanical stimuli in cultured endothelial cells and expressed in vascular endothelium in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  biomechanical forces generated by blood flow within the cardiovascular system have been proposed as important modulators of regional endothelial phenotype and function. This process is thought to involve the regulation of vascular gene expression by physiological fluid mechanical stimuli such as fluid shear stresses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate sustained upregulation of a recently identified gene encoding a human prostaglandin transporter (hPGT) in cultured human vascular endothelium exposed to a physiological fluid mechanical stimulus in vitro. This biomechanical induction is selective in that steady laminar shear stress is sufficient to upregulate the hPGT gene at the level of transcriptional activation, whereas a comparable level of turbulent shear stress (a nonphysiological stimulus) is not. Various biochemical stimuli, such as bacterial endotoxin and the inflammatory cytokines recombinant human interleukin 1beta cytokines (rhIL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), did not significantly induce hPGT. Using a specific antiserum to hPGT, we demonstrate endothelial expression within the arterial vasculature and the microcirculation of highly vascularized tissues such as the heart.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results identify hPGT as an inducible gene in vascular endothelium and suggest that biomechanical stimuli generated by blood flow in vivo may be important determinants of hPGT expression. Furthermore, this demonstration of regulated endothelial expression of hPGT implicates this molecule in the regional metabolism of prostanoids within the cardiovascular system.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Research Division, Department of Pathology, and the Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. jtopper@leland.stanford.edu
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Topper
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stavrakis
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Woolf
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Schoen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Falb
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gimbrone
mesh_terms: D017920:Antiporters / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000032:analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015723:Gene Library; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D017920:Antiporters; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D010455:Peptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C503526:SLCO2A1 protein, human