title: Identifying the patient with sleep apnea: upper airway assessment and physical examination.
abstract: Since the final common pathway for obstructive sleep apnea is obstruction of the upper airway during nocturnal respiration, examination and assessment of the anatomy of the upper airway plays a central role in patient evaluation. Since the upper airway begins at the nose and lips and ends at the larynx, a complete assessment of the upper airway evaluates this entire length of this anatomic region including the bony framework and soft tissue. Though office assessment of these structures does not necessarily mimic the appearance of behavior of these structures during physiologic sleep, the office examination can give important information as to the site of obstruction during sleep that can help direct therapy.
authors.affiliation: Penn Center for Sleep Disorders, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4283, USA.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schwab
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004724:Endoscopy; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000473:pathology; D008046:Lip / Q000473:pathology; D009055:Mouth / Q000473:pathology; D009333:Neck / Q000473:pathology; D009666:Nose / Q000473:pathology; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000473:pathology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000473:pathology; D010808:Physical Examination; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology