title: Mechanisms underlying spontaneous and induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To define the electrophysiological mechanism(s) of inducible and spontaneously occurring ventricular arrhythmias associated with nonischemic cardiomyopathy, 3-dimensional intraoperative mapping from 156 intramural sites was performed in 6 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy undergoing cardiac transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrode density was sufficient to determine the mechanism for 52 of 74 beats of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) induced by programmed stimulation and 9 of 11 beats of spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias. The first, second, and third extrastimuli (S2 through S4) conducted with progressively greater degrees of conduction delay (total activation times [TAs] of 144+/-5, 166+/-5, and 194+/-5 ms, respectively) owing to slow conduction and on occasion intramural block. The first beats of induced VT arose from subendocardial or subepicardial sites distant from areas of marked conduction delay by a focal mechanism on the basis of the absence of intervening electrical activity between the termination of the last extrastimulus and the initiation of VT (123+/-31 ms). Subsequent beats arose by a focal mechanism and conducted with a TA of 127+/-6 ms (P=NS versus initiating beats of VT [118+/-9 ms]). Spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias initiated in the subendocardium by a focal mechanism and conducted with a TA of 138+/-5 ms. Tissue analysis demonstrated a variable degree of interstitial fibrosis at sites of focal activation. Sites of conduction delay or block typically exhibited marked interstitial and/or replacement fibrosis but were spatially distant from sites initiating VT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spontaneous and induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with end-stage idiopathic cardiomyopathy can arise in the subendocardium or subepicardium by a focal mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pogwizd
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology*; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000209:etiology