title: Excessive dietary intake of vitamin A is associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased risk for hip fracture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The highest incidence of osteoporotic fractures is found in northern Europe, where dietary intake of vitamin A (retinol) is unusually high. In animals, the most common adverse effect of toxic doses of retinol is spontaneous fracture.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether excessive dietary intake of vitamin A is associated with decreased bone mineral density and increased risk for hip fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study and a nested case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two counties in central Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the cross-sectional study, 175 women 28 to 74 years of age were randomly selected. For the nested case-control study, 247 women who had a first hip fracture within 2 to 64 months after enrollment and 873 age-matched controls were selected from a mammography study cohort of 66,651 women 40 to 76 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retinol intake was estimated from dietary records and a food-frequency questionnaire. Bone mineral density was measured with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Hip fracture was identified by using hospital discharge records and was confirmed by record review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate analysis, retinol intake was negatively associated with bone mineral density. For every 1-mg increase in daily intake of retinol, risk for hip fracture increased by 68% (95% CI, 18% to 140%; P for trend, 0.006). For intake greater than 1.5 mg/d compared with intake less than 0.5 mg/d, bone mineral density was reduced by 10% at the femoral neck (P = 0.05), 14% at the lumbar spine (P = 0.001), and 6% for the total body (P = 0.009) and risk for hip fracture was doubled (odds ratio, 2.1 [CI, 1.1 to 4.0]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High dietary intake of retinol seems to be associated with osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Hakan.Melhus@medicin.uu.se
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Melhus
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michaëlsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kindmark
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergström
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mallmin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ljunghall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A