title: A multicenter study of the efficacy of the ketogenic diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of the ketogenic diet in multiple centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of the change in frequency of seizures in 51 children with intractable seizures who were treated with the ketogenic diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were enrolled from the clinical practices of 7 sites. The diet was initiated in-hospital and the patients were followed up for at least 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one children, aged 1 to 8 years, with more than 10 seizures per week, whose electroencephalogram showed generalized epileptiform abnormalities or multifocal spikes, and who had failed results when taking at least 2 appropriate anti-epileptic drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The children were hospitalized, fasted, and a 4:1 ketogenic diet was initiated and maintained.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequency of seizures was documented from parental calendars and efficacy was compared with prediet baseline after 3, 6, and 12 months. The children were categorized as free of seizures, greater than 90% reduction, 50% to 90% reduction, or lower than 50% reduction in frequency of seizures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-eight percent of all children initiating the diet remained on it at 3 months, 69% remained on it at 6 months, and 47% remained on it at 1 year. Three months after initiating the diet, frequency of seizures was decreased to greater than 50% in 54%. At 6 months, 28 (55%) of the 51 initiating the diet had at least a 50% decrease from baseline, and at 1 year, 40% of those starting the diet had a greater than 50% decrease in seizures. Five patients (10%) were free of seizures at 1 year. Age, sex, principal seizure type, and electroencephalogram were not statistically related to outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ketogenic diet is effective in substantially decreasing difficult-to-control seizures and can successfully be administered in a wide variety of settings.
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287-7247, USA.
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Vining
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ballaban-Gil
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Camfield
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Camfield
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shinnar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shuman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trevathan
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wheless
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005526:Food, Formulated; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007659:Ketones / Q000097:blood; D007662:Ketosis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000178:diet therapy*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D007659:Ketones