title: Racial differences in renal kallikrein excretion: effect of the ovulatory cycle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal kallikrein excretion is diminished in essential hypertension, especially in African-Americans, and evidence exists for a major gene effect on the kallikrein phenotype. In addition, urinary kallikrein excretion differs by gender, with ovulating females having greater kallikrein excretion than males or postmenopausal females. Recent studies have shown that renal kallikrein excretion varies in females during the ovulatory cycle, with levels rising during the luteal phase and returning during the follicular phase to levels that are similar to those of males. In family studies, gender differences in urinary kallikrein excretion were present in white subjects, but not black subjects. We therefore hypothesized dysregulation of kallikrein biosynthetic responses in African-Americans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined urinary kallikrein activity [chromogenic substrate S2266 (D-val-leu-arg-paranitroanilide) assay; in microU/mg creatinine] in white (N = 15) and black (N = 11) ovulating females during the ovulatory cycle. Serum progesterone, estrogen, plasma renin activity as well as urinary aldosterone, and urinary electrolytes were determined to investigate changes between mid-follicular and mid-luteal phases in the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  White and black groups were matched for age, body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate and renal function. Ovulatory cycle phases were confirmed by serum progesterone determinations, which increased significantly in whites and blacks to a comparable degree [0.84 +/- 0.14 nmol/liter (mid-follicular) to 29.77 +/- 4.70 nmol/liter (mid-luteal) in whites, 0.67 +/- 0.08 nmol/liter (mid-follicular) to 28.62 +/- 5.83 nmol/liter (mid-luteal) in blacks; P < 0.001 for cycle effect, P = NS for race effect and race X cycle interaction]. Urinary kallikrein activity increased from 623 +/- 86 microU/mg creatinine (mid-follicular) to 948 +/- 142 microU/mg creatinine (mid-luteal) in whites, but did not change in blacks during the ovulatory cycle [239 +/- 73 microU/mg creatinine (mid-follicular] to 244 +/- 41 microU/mg creatinine (mid-luteal)]. Two-way ANOVA revealed significant effects on urinary kallikrein for race (P < 0.001), cycle (P < 0.05), and race X cycle interaction (P < 0.05). Thus, white females had higher urinary kallikrein than black females, and demonstrated a significant increase in urinary kallikrein excretion during the ovulatory cycle, whereas no significant change in urinary kallikrein activity was seen in the black group. Enzyme kinetic studies and mixing studies demonstrated that these racial differences in renal kallikrein excretion were quantitative, rather than due to qualitative differences in the renal kallikrein enzyme or due to the presence of a kallikrein inhibitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest pronounced blunting of menstrual cycle changes in urinary kallikrein excretion in black females. Blunted urinary kallikrein responses during the ovulatory cycle are consistent with dysregulation of renal kallikrein biosynthetic responses in African-Americans, a group at increased risk for hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Reproductive Medicine and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kailasam
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cervenka
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: O'connor
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Parmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000652:urine*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D008875:Middle Aged; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011374:Progesterone; D007610:Kallikreins