title: Novel, ultraslow inactivating sodium current in human ventricular cardiomyocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alterations in K+ channel expression and gating are thought to be the major cause of action potential remodeling in heart failure (HF). We previously reported the existence of a late Na+ current (INaL) in cardiomyocytes of dogs with chronic HF, which suggested the importance of the Na+ channel in this remodeling process. The present study examined whether this INaL exists in cardiomyocytes isolated from normal and failing human hearts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to measure ion currents in cardiomyocytes isolated from the left ventricle of explanted hearts from 10 patients with end-stage HF and from 3 normal hearts. We found INaL was activated at a membrane potential of -60 mV with maximum density (0.34+/-0.05 pA/pF) at -30 mV in cardiomyocytes of both normal and failing hearts. The steady-state availability was sigmoidal, with an averaged midpoint potential of -94+/-2 mV and a slope factor of 6.9+/-0.1 mV. The current was reversibly blocked by the Na+ channel blockers tetrodotoxin (IC50=1.5 micromol/L) and saxitoxin (IC50=98 nmol/L) in a dose-dependent manner. Both inactivation and reactivation of INaL had an ultraslow time course (tau approximately 0.6 seconds) and were independent of voltage. The amplitude of INaL was independent of the peak transient Na+ current.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiomyocytes isolated from normal and explanted failing human hearts express INaL characterized by an ultraslow voltage-independent inactivation and reactivation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Heart and Vascular Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Maltsev
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Sabbah
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lesch
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Undrovinas
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004285:Dogs; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D017136:Ion Transport; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015222:Sodium Channels; D012964:Sodium