title: A 6-basepair insert in the reverse transcriptase gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 confers resistance to multiple nucleoside inhibitors.
abstract: While many point mutations in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) confer resistance to antiretroviral drugs, inserts or deletions in this gene have not been previously characterized. In this report, 14 RT inhibitor-treated patients were found to have HIV-1 strains possessing a 6-basepair insert between codons 69 and 70 of the RT gene. Known drug resistance mutations were also observed in these strains, with T215Y appearing in all strains. Genotypic analysis indicated that the inserts had substantial nucleotide variability that resulted in relatively restricted sets of amino acid sequences. Linkage of patients' treatment histories with longitudinal sequencing data showed that insert strains appeared during drug regimens containing ddI or ddC, with prior or concurrent AZT treatment. Drug susceptibility tests of recombinant patient isolates showed reduced susceptibility to nearly all nucleoside RT inhibitors. Site- directed mutagenesis studies confirmed the role of the inserts alone in conferring reduced susceptibility to most RT inhibitors. The addition of AZT-associated drug resistance mutations further increased the range and magnitude of resistance. These results establish that inserts, like point mutations, are selected in vivo during antiretroviral therapy and provide resistance to multiple nucleoside analogs.
authors.affiliation: Center for AIDS Research at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5107, USA. winters@stanford.edu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Winters
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Coolley
authors.forename: Y A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Levee
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamdan
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Shafer
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Katzenstein
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Merigan
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001483:Base Sequence; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016049:Didanosine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009154:Mutation; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016047:Zalcitabine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D009705:Nucleosides; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D015215:Zidovudine; D016047:Zalcitabine; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016049:Didanosine