title: Randomized study of two different target levels of glycemic control within the acceptable range in type 2 diabetes. Effects on well-being at 1 year.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A randomized trial with 1-year follow-up was conducted in 23 general practices to study the relationship between target values for glycemic control and well-being in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 176 patients with type 2 diabetes, aged 40-75 years, were included. General practitioners were encouraged to make decisions according to a standardized step-up regimen until the target level of glycemic control was reached. The random allocation to a strict or a less strict target level of glycemic control (fasting capillary glucose < 6.5 or < 8.5 mmol/l), change in HbA1c and fasting glucose, and initiating insulin or treatment with oral hypoglycemic agents were studied as putative determinants of scores on a type 2 diabetes symptom checklist, a profile of mood states, an affect balance scale, and general well-being. Adjustments were made for baseline scores on the outcome at issue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive affect (an odds ratio [OR] [95% CI] of 0.39 [0.19-0.83]) and perceived treatment burden (OR 0.48 [0.23-0.98]) were unfavorably altered in the group randomly allocated to stricter target levels (fasting capillary glucose < 6.5 mmol/l). Patients who had a decrease in HbA1c of 1% or more tended to have comparatively favorable mood (OR displeasure score 0.35 [0.13-0.94]) and general well-being scores at 1 year (ORs of having unfavorable scores ranged from 0.4 to 0.5, NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perceived treatment burden and positive effect are unfavorably affected by random allocation to a strict target level for glycemic control. Improved glycemic control is associated with favorable mood and possibly general well-being in type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: van der Does
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: de Neeling
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Snoek
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Grootenhuis
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kostense
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bouter
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012647:Self-Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin