title: Diva, a Bcl-2 homologue that binds directly to Apaf-1 and induces BH3-independent cell death.
abstract: We have identified and characterized Diva, which is a novel regulator of apoptosis. Sequence analysis revealed that Diva is a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins containing Bcl-2 homology domain 1, 2, 3, and 4 (BH1, BH2, BH3, and BH4) regions and a carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic domain. The expression of Diva mRNA was detected in multiple embryonic tissues but was restricted to the ovary and testis in adult mice. The expression of Diva promoted the death of 293T, Ramsey, and T47D cells as well as that of primary sensory neurons, indicating that Diva is a proapoptotic protein. Significantly, Diva lacks critical residues in the conserved BH3 region that mediate the interaction between BH3-containing proapoptotic Bcl-2 homologues and their prosurvival binding partners. Consistent with this, Diva did not bind to cellular Bcl-2 family members including Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bcl-w, Mcl-1, and A1/Bfl-1. Furthermore, mutants of Diva lacking the BH3 region fully retained their proapoptotic activity, confirming that Diva promotes apoptosis in a BH3-independent manner. Significantly, Diva interacted with a viral Bcl-2 homologue (vBcl-2) encoded by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Consistent with these associations, apoptosis induced by Diva was inhibited by vBcl-2 but not by Bcl-XL. Importantly, Diva interacted with Apaf-1, an adapter molecule that activates caspase-9, a central death protease of the apoptotic pathway. The expression of Diva inhibited the binding of Bcl-XL to Apaf-1, as determined by immunoprecipitation assays. Thus, Diva represents a novel type of proapoptotic Bcl-2 homologue that promotes apoptosis independently of the BH3 region through direct binding to Apaf-1, thus preventing Bcl-XL from binding to the caspase-9 regulator Apaf-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inohara
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Gourley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carrio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muñiz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koseki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Núñez
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D053477:Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019281:Dimerization; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010053:Ovary / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C506592:APAF1 protein, human; C506593:Apaf1 protein, mouse; C506594:Apaf1 protein, rat; D053477:Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1; C117144:BCL2-like 10 protein; D011506:Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger