title: A safety assessment of fixed combinations of acetaminophen and acetylsalicylic acid, coformulated with caffeine.
abstract: Overuse and abuse of phenacetin-containing mixed analgesics has contributed to end-stage renal disease. Combination analgesics, especially those coformulated with caffeine, have been implicated as imparting a greater risk of analgesic-associated nephropathy (AAN) than single or coformulated analgesics without caffeine. This has led to a recommendation that the sale of "two plus caffeine" analgesic mixtures be reclassified from over-the-counter to prescription only availability. There is a rational basis for coformulating acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and acetaminophen (paracetamol) as this reduces the dose of each, without altering efficacy. The coformulation of caffeine with these analgesics has a significant adjuvant effect and increases analgesic efficacy 1.4-1.6-fold. Currently available animal and human data do not support the notion that the nephrotoxic risk from coformulated ASA and acetaminophen is higher than the risk from either ASA or acetaminophen alone, in equivalent analgesic doses. There are no epidemiological data that implicate caffeine in AAN, and only limited evidence that links excessive acetaminophen usage to renal disease. There is no evidence that caffeine increases analgesics papillotoxicity directly. The presence of caffeine in mixtures of analgesics are no more addictive than other sources of caffeine. There is no evidence to suggest that adding caffeine to analgesic mixtures enhances the potential for promoting analgesic misuse in the general population. Thus distinct therapeutic benefits of ASA, acetaminophen and caffeine appear to outweigh any known risk. It is doubtful if preventing the availability of these products will significantly affect the role of analgesic abuse/overuse in end-stage renal disease. Better risk management would come from a focused educational program, developed in a close collaboration between industry, healthcare professionals and consumer organizations, such a program must warn against the potential dangers of analgesic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug misuse.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Omaha, NE, USA. peterhbach@compuserve.com
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.forename: W O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Berndt
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delzell
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dubach
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Michielsen
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Trump
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D004338:Drug Combinations; D000082:Acetaminophen; D002110:Caffeine; D001241:Aspirin