title: Coordinate regulation of IkappaB kinases by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 and NF-kappaB-inducing kinase.
abstract: IkappaB kinases (IKKalpha and IKKbeta) are key components of the IKK complex that mediates activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in response to extracellular stimuli such as inflammatory cytokines, viral and bacterial infection, and UV irradiation. Although NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) interacts with and activates the IKKs, the upstream kinases for the IKKs still remain obscure. We identified mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1) as an immediate upstream kinase of the IKK complex. MEKK1 is activated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 and can potentiate the stimulatory effect of TNF-alpha on IKK and NF-kappaB activation. The dominant negative mutant of MEKK1, on the other hand, partially blocks activation of IKK by TNF-alpha. MEKK1 interacts with and stimulates the activities of both IKKalpha and IKKbeta in transfected HeLa and COS-1 cells and directly phosphorylates the IKKs in vitro. Furthermore, MEKK1 appears to act in parallel to NIK, leading to synergistic activation of the IKK complex. The formation of the MEKK1-IKK complex versus the NIK-IKK complex may provide a molecular basis for regulation of the IKK complex by various extracellular signals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nemoto
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: DiDonato
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D048728:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D000097782:NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase
chemical_list: D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D007375:Interleukin-1; D048728:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000097782:NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase; C496559:CHUK protein, human; C496560:IKBKB protein, human; C496565:IKBKE protein, human; C482576:MAP3K1 protein, human