title: Comparative incidence of de novo nonlymphoid malignancies after liver transplantation under tacrolimus using surveillance epidemiologic end result data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increased incidence of de novo nonlymphoid malignancies has been shown in immunocompromised patients. However, the true risk over time compared to the general population has not been determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand consecutive patients were carefully followed for an average of 77.8+/-11.1 (range, 56.3-96.3) months after primary liver transplantation at a single center. All de novo nonlymphoid malignancies were recorded. Each malignancy was compared with a standard Occupational Cohort Mortality Analysis Program population matched for age, sex, and length of follow-up using modified life table technique and surveillance epidemiology end result (SEER) data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven patients accounted for de novo malignancies and contributed 4795.3 total person years, a mean+/-SD of 36+/-21 (median, 36; range, 6-74) months after liver transplantation. Twenty-two of these malignancies were skin malignancies including two melanomas. Oropharyngeal cancers (n=7) were found to be 7.6 times higher (P<0.05) and respiratory malignancies (n=8) were 1.7 times higher (P>0.05) compared to the SEER incidence rate. Female reproductive system malignancies including breast cancer (n=3) were 1.9 times lower (P>0.05) and genitourinary malignancies were (n=5) 1.5 times lower (P>0.05) than their matched cohorts. No differences was observed in gastrointestinal malignancies (n=5). There was a significant difference in survival of the patients after diagnosis of malignancy depending on the type of cancer. There were two Kaposi's sarcomas, two metastatic unknown primaries, one thyroid, one brain, and one ophthalmic malignancies in the series. Mortality for Kaposi's and metastatic disease of unknown primary was 100% within 5 months, while the 1-year mortality for oropharyngeal cancer was 57.1% and that for lung cancers was 62.5%. Long-term survival for skin cancer was highest: 86.4% at 3 years (P=0.015 by log-rank test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increased incidence of de novo cancers in the chronically immunocompromised patient demands careful long-term screening protocols which will help to facilitate the diagnosis at an early stage of the disease. This is particularly true for oropharyngeal cancers where the risk is more than 7 times higher compared to SEER incidence data matched for age, sex, and length of follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Division of Transplantation Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nalesnik
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Youk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rakela
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Irish
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015994:Incidence; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D012142:Respiratory Tract Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014565:Urogenital Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016559:Tacrolimus