title: Early out-of-hospital experience with an impedance-compensating low-energy biphasic waveform automatic external defibrillator.
abstract: Impedance-compensating low-energy biphasic truncated exponential (BTE) waveforms are effective in transthoracic defibrillation of short-duration ventricular fibrillation (VF). However, the BTE waveform has not been examined in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) with patients in prolonged VF often associated with myocardial ischemia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the BTE waveform automatic external defibrillator (AED) in the out-of-hospital setting with long-duration VF. AEDs incorporating a 150-J BTE waveform were placed in 12 police squad cars and 4 paramedic-staffed advanced life support ambulances. AEDs were applied to arrested patients by first-arriving personnel, whether police or paramedics. Data were obtained from PC Data Cards within the AED. Defibrillation was defined as at least transient termination of VF. Ten patients, 64 +/- 14 years, were treated for VF with BTE shocks. Another 8 patients were in nonshockable rhythms and the AEDs, appropriately, did not advise a shock. Five of the 10 VF arrests were witnessed with a 911 call-to-shock time of 6.6 +/- 1.7 minutes. VF detection and defibrillation occurred in all 10 patients. Spontaneous circulation was restored in 3 of 5 witnessed arrest patients and 1 survived to discharge home. Fifty-one VF episodes were converted with 62 shocks. Presenting VF amplitude and rate were 0.43 +/- 0.22 (0.13-0.86) mV and 232 +/- 62 (122-353) beats/min, respectively, and defibrillation was achieved with the first shock in 7 of 10 patients. Including transient conversions, defibrillation occurred in 42 of 51 VF episodes (82%) with one BTE shock. Shock impedance was 85 +/- 10 (39-138) ohms. Delivered energy and peak voltage were 152 +/- 2 J and 1754 +/- 4 V, respectively. The average number of shocks per VF episode was 1.2 +/- 0.5 (1-3). More than one shock was needed in only 9 episodes; none required > 3 shocks to defibrillate. Impedance-compensating low-energy BTE waveforms terminated VF in OHCA patients with a conversion rate exceeding that of higher energy monophasic waveforms. VF was terminated in all patients, including those with high impedance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000488:Allied Health Personnel; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016495:Police; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*