title: Mxi1 is a repressor of the c-Myc promoter and reverses activation by USF.
abstract: The basic region/helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper (B-HLH-LZ) oncoprotein c-Myc is abundant in proliferating cells and forms heterodimers with Max protein that bind to E-box sites in DNA and stimulate genes required for proliferation. A second B-HLH-LZ protein, Mxi1, is induced during terminal differentiation, and forms heterodimers with Max that also bind E-boxes but tether the mSin3 transcriptional repressor protein along with histone deacetylase thereby antagonizing Myc-dependent activation. We show that Mxi1 also antagonizes Myc by a second pathway, repression of transcription from the major c-myc promoter, P2. Repression was independent of Mxi1 binding to mSin3 but dependent on the Mxi1 LZ and COOH-terminal sequences, including putative casein kinase II phosphorylation sites. Repression targeted elements of the myc P2 promoter core (-35/+10), where it reversed transactivation by the constitutive transcription factor, USF. We show that Zn2+ induction of a stably transfected, metallothionein promoter-regulated mxi1 gene blocked the ability of serum to induce transcription of the endogenous c-myc gene and cell entry into S phase. Thus, induction of Mxi1 in terminally differentiating cells may block Myc function by repressing the c-myc gene P2 promoter, as well as by antagonizing Myc-dependent transactivation through E-boxes.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Kaplan Cancer Center, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Ziff
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016259:Genes, myc; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D051379:Mice; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors; C079440:MXI1 protein, human; C512788:Mxi1 protein, mouse; C071731:SIN3 protein, S cerevisiae; C497183:Usf1 protein, mouse