title: Glucagon-like peptide-1: a potent regulator of food intake in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies in animals suggest a physiological role for glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36)-amide (GLP-1) in regulating satiety. The role of GLP-1 in regulating food intake in man has, however, not been investigated. Subjects-Sixteen healthy male subjects were examined in a double blind placebo controlled fashion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of graded intravenous doses (0, 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 pmol/kg/min) of synthetic human GLP-1 on food intake and feelings of hunger and satiety was tested in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Graded GLP-1 infusions resulted in a dose dependent reduction in food intake (maximal inhibition 35%, p<0.001 v control) and a similar reduction in calorie intake (32%; p<0.001). Fluid ingestion was also reduced by GLP-1 (18% reduction, p<0.01). No overt side effects were produced by GLP-1, but subjects experienced less hunger and early fullness in the period before a meal during GLP-1 infusion at the highest dose (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous infusions of GLP-1 decrease spontaneous food intake even at physiological plasma concentrations, implying an important role for GLP-1 in the regulation of the early satiety response in humans.
authors.affiliation: Kantonsspital Aarau, CH-5000 Aarau, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gutzwiller
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Göke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drewe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ketterer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Handschin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Winterhalder
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Conen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beglinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000187:drug effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin; D008297:Male; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011498:Protein Precursors; D011506:Proteins; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon; D002766:Cholecystokinin