title: The fate of retained gallstones following laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a prairie dog model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reported complications of retained gallstones following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) are increasing. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of retained gallstones following LC in a prairie dog model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven prairie dogs with diet-induced gallstones were divided into three groups of nine. Group I (control) had LC with removal of stones. Group II had LC followed by return of native stones intra-abdominally. Group III had LC followed by return of infected stones (stones dipped in Escherichia coli) intra-abdominally. Animals were euthanized at two months and the character and extent of intra-abdominal adhesions were scored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adhesions were present in 56% of animals in Group I, 89% in Group II, and 100% in Group III. The character and extent of adhesions in groups II & III were significantly greater than the control group (p < 0.03). Group III exhibited the highest degree of adhesions when compared to control (p < 0.007). Histopathology revealed evidence of micro-abscess formation, foreign body giant cell reaction, and fat necrosis adjacent to retained stones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retained intra-abdominal gallstones, especially if infected, are associated with increased adhesions and inflammatory response in this LC model. Further investigation into the long-term consequences of this entity is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base, California, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bonar
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Bowyer
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Welling
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirsch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012589:Sciuridae; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology