title: Prediction of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated enzyme induction of drugs and chemicals by mRNA quantification.
abstract: Enzyme-specific testing for drug interactions by in vitro techniques has become a routine practice in drug development. With many drugs, enzyme induction has similar importance for the prediction of drug-drug interactions. We developed a method for recognizing enzyme induction mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. This type of induction may be clinically important since experimental data suggest a higher rate of toxification in induced subjects. Twenty-four drugs and environmental chemicals, selected as prototype inducers or being chemically related to known inducers, including HIV protease inhibitors nelfinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, and indinavir, were tested for their potency to induce cytochrome P450 1A1 mRNA in human Hela cell cultures by a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Known prototype inducers such as beta-naphthoflavone and 3-methylcholanthrene exhibited the highest inducing potency quantified with an Imax value (maximal induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 mRNA synthesis) of 5.48 and 10.7 x 10(6) mRNA molecules per 150 ng of total RNA, respectively. The enzyme-inducing efficacy of some compounds such as resveratrol (2.92 x 10(6)) and the protease inhibitors was not much lower (2.23-3.08 x 10(6)). All compounds that were structurally similar to benzimidazoles exhibited some extent of enzyme induction; e.g., Imax values were 0.86 x 10(6), 0.20 x 10(6), and 0.14 x 10(6) for omeprazole, lansoprazole, and losartan, respectively. To predict the clinical relevance of these inducing effects, the concentration at half-maximal induction IM was estimated; the plasma concentrations of these drug substances were within 1 order of magnitude of the IM values, upon usual dosage. In conclusion, cytochrome P450 1A1 enzyme induction by drugs is a common phenomenon, though there is a great range in the inducing efficacy. In vitro prediction of enzyme induction may be useful for explaining or foreseeing drug interactions, drug side effects, or toxicity by xenobiotics.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Schumannstrasse 20/21, D-10098 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frötschl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chichmanov
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kleeberg
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roots
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brockmöller
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1