title: The care of HIV-infected adults in the United States. HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study Consortium.
abstract: METHODS
  In order to elucidate the medical care of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States, we randomly sampled HIV-infected adults receiving medical care in the contiguous United States at a facility other than military, prison, or emergency department facility during the first two months of 1996. We interviewed 76 percent of 4042 patients selected from among the patients receiving care from 145 providers in 28 metropolitan areas and 51 providers in 25 rural areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first two months of 1996, an estimated 231,400 HIV-infected adults (95 percent confidence interval, 162,800 to 300,000) received care. Fifty-nine percent had the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome according to the case definition of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and 91 percent had CD4+ cell counts of less than 500 per cubic millimeter. Eleven percent were 50 years of age or older, 23 percent were women, 33 percent were black, and 49 percent were men who had had sex with men. Forty-six percent had incomes of less than $10,000 per year, 68 percent had public health insurance or no insurance, and 30 percent received care at teaching institutions. The estimated annual direct expenditures for the care of the patients seen during the first two months of 1996 were $5.1 billion; the expenditures for the estimated 335,000 HIV-infected adults seen at least as often as every six months were $6.7 billion, which is about $20,000 per patient per year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this national survey we found that most HIV-infected adults who were receiving medical care had advanced disease. The patient population was disproportionately male, black, and poor. Many Americans with diagnosed or undiagnosed HIV infection are not receiving medical care at least as often as every six months. The total cost of medical care for HIV-infected Americans accounts for less than 1 percent of all direct personal health expenditures in the United States.
authors.affiliation: RAND Health, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bozzette
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Leibowitz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lefkowitz
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Emmons
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Senterfitt
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology