title: Migraine and stroke in young women: case-control study. The World Health Organisation Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between migraine and ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke in young women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital based case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five European centres participating in the World Health Organisation Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception.
  
  
  METHODS
  291 women aged 20-44 years with ischaemic, haemorrhagic, or unclassified arterial stroke compared with 736 age and hospital matched controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self reported history of headaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted odds ratios associated with a personal history of migraine were 1.78 (95% confidence intervals, 1.14 to 2.77), 3.54 (1.30 to 9.61), and 1.10 (0.63 to 1.94) for all stroke, ischaemic stroke, and haemorrhagic stroke respectively. Odds ratios for ischaemic stroke were similar for classical migraine (with aura) (3.81, 1.26 to 11.5) and simple migraine (without aura) (2.97, 0.66 to 13.5). A family history of migraine, irrespective of personal history, was also associated with increased odds ratios, not only for ischaemic stroke but also haemorrhagic stroke. In migrainous women, coexistent use of oral contraceptives or a history of high blood pressure or smoking had greater than multiplicative effects on the odds ratios for ischaemic stroke associated with migraine alone. Change in the frequency or type of migraine on using oral contraceptives did not predict subsequent stroke. Between 20% and 40% of strokes in women with migraine seemed to develop directly from a migraine attack.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Migraine in women of childbearing age significantly increases the risk of ischaemic but not haemorrhagic stroke. The coexistence of oral contraceptive use, high blood pressure, or smoking seems to exert a greater than multiplicative effect on the risk of ischaemic stroke associated with migraine.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Studies Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London W2 1PG.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donaghy
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Poulter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000209:etiology; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral