title: Variation in incidence of indinavir-associated nephrolithiasis among HIV-positive patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nephrolithiasis may be an important consequence of indinavir therapy; however little has been published on the variation in incidence between different populations of patients or the possible mechanisms of calculus formation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine variation in the incidence of indinavir-associated nephrolithiasis (IAN) in HIV-positive patients in relation to hemophilia and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data were abstracted retrospectively from the medical records of all adult patients treated with indinavir from September 1995 to September 1997. Occurrence of first IAN, defined as flank pain and hematuria after initiation of therapy, was analyzed in relation to hemophilia status and HCV infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 17 episodes of IAN (22%) among 79 patients treated with indinavir. Of 10 patients with hemophilia, 50% developed IAN as compared with 17% of patients without hemophilia (P = 0.03). Median days to first IAN was 22 (range 7-110 days) for hemophiliacs and 156 (range 5-611 days) for those without hemophilia. Data for HCV status were available for 74 out of 79 patients: 10 out of 27 (37%) patients with HCV developed IAN compared with six out of 42 (14%) without HCV (P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall incidence of IAN was higher than that previously reported and was significantly greater in hemophiliacs than in non-hemophiliacs. HCV may be a contributing factor.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Brodie
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ewenstein
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Sax
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000150:complications; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D019469:Indinavir / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D019469:Indinavir