title: Molecular regulation of interleukin-2 expression by CD28 co-stimulation and anergy.
abstract: The consequences of T-cell receptor engagement (signal 1) are profoundly affected by the presence or absence of co-stimulation (signal 2). T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation in the absence of CD28-mediated co-stimulation not only results in little interleukin (IL)-2 production, but induces a long lasting hyporesponsive state known as T-cell clonal anergy. The addition of CD28 ligation to signal 1, on the other hand, results in the production of copious amounts of IL-2. Our laboratory has utilized CD4+ Th 1 clones in an effort to understand the molecular events resulting in enhanced IL-2 production by co-stimulation and the inhibition of IL-2 production in anergy. Our current studies have focused on defining the post-transcriptional effects of CD28-enhanced IL-2 production. The data suggest that a major component of CD28's ability to regulate IL-2 production occurs at the level of message stability and involves the 3'-untranslated region of the message. In terms of anergy, our recent studies support the notion that it is not the result of TCR engagement in the absence of co-stimulation, but rather signal 1 in the absence of IL-2 receptor signaling and proliferation. Furthermore, T-cell anergy appears to be an active negative state in which IL-2 production is inhibited both at the level of signal transduction and by cis-dominant repression at the level of the IL-2 promoter.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ragheb
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitagawa-Sakakida
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D000818:Animals; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D017635:Clonal Anergy / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008024:Ligands; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D007376:Interleukin-2; D008024:Ligands; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell