title: Hormonal changes during parturition in heifers and goats are related to the phases and severity of labour.
abstract: Parturition is a natural event that involves stress and pain for the mother. We thus hypothesized that levels of stress hormones measured during parturition could reflect levels reached in response to severe discomfort and pain of other kinds as well. The aim of this study was therefore to determine whether plasma concentrations of cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin, vasopressin and oxytocin vary depending on the phase and severity of labour in dairy heifers (ten) and dairy goats (six), and how these hormones interact with each other. Blood samples were taken once a day for 3 days before labour and for 3 days afterwards and at predetermined phases during labour. All heifers delivered one calf and five of them needed obstetrical assistance. Two of the goats delivered one kid, and four had twins; all kidded without help. The cortisol concentration peaked when the calf and the first kid were born. In the heifers, plasma adrenaline increased after delivery, while the noradrenaline concentration did not change significantly in heifers that needed assistance, but increased during expulsion in heifers calving without help. In the goats, adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations increased in association with expulsion of the first kid. The beta-endorphin concentration increased during labour in goats. In heifers that needed assistance, beta-endorphin concentration increased 1 h after labour but there was no change in heifers that did not need assistance. The met-enkephalin concentration was elevated during expulsion in heifers and fluctuated in the goats. Both oxytocin and vasopressin increased during expulsion in both groups of heifers, but vasopressin increased four times more in heifers needing assistance. In the goats, oxytocin reached its highest levels just as the feet of the first kid became visible, and vasopressin peaked as the head emerged. Parturition took longer in heifers that needed assistance than in those that did not. It is concluded that, even though the pattern of change differed between hormones during labour, the changes were related to the phases of labour. A longer labour therefore meant that the hormone concentrations stayed elevated for longer. Vasopressin reached high levels in goats and was the only hormone for which plasma concentrations were higher in heifers that needed assistance than in those that did not, indicating that this hormone is released in order to deal with the pain-related stress associated with labour.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hydbring
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madej
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Drugge-Boholm
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Olsson
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats / Q000378:metabolism*; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D016014:Linear Models; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D014667:Vasopressins; D010121:Oxytocin; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine; D001615:beta-Endorphin; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine