title: Seasonal variations in home and ambulatory blood pressure in the PAMELA population. Pressione Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinic blood pressure values are known to change according to seasonal influences. We therefore examined home and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure values to determine whether these measurements are also affected by the seasons.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2051 subjects of the Pressione Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study, we measured clinic (sphygmomanometric measurements), home (semi-automatic device) and ambulatory (Spacelabs 90207) systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. Because the overall sample was evenly distributed over each month (except August), we were able to make a cross-sectional determination of whether the values differed between seasons. The corresponding heart rates were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, summer was associated with the lowest clinic blood pressure and winter with the highest, and this was the case also for home and 24 h average blood pressure, although seasonal differences in the latter were less pronounced. Seasonal clinic, home and ambulatory blood pressure patterns were similar for normotensive subjects (n = 1152), untreated hypertensives (n = 540) and treated hypertensives (n = 359). Heart rate values did not differ by season.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seasonal influences on blood pressure are not limited to conventional measurements but characterize daily values as well. These effects are visible in both normal and elevated blood pressure values, regardless of the effect of antihypertensive drugs. This has implications both for the clinician and for studies aimed at evaluating the effects of antihypertensive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Cattedra di Medicina Interna I, Centro Studi di Patologia Cronico-Degenerativa, Università di Milano, Ospedale S. Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza (MI), Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sega
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cesana
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bombelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stella
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanchetti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mancia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011897:Random Allocation; D012621:Seasons; D013599:Systole