title: A blue encrustation found on skeletal remains of Americans missing in action in Vietnam.
abstract: A blue encrustation was found on the repatriated remains of three U.S. Servicemen listed as missing in action (MIA) from Vietnam after 28 years. The identification and origin of the blue material was determined. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis and powder X-ray diffraction identified the material as the mineral vivianite, Fe3 (PO4)2.8H2O. Vivianite has been found often associated with fossilized bone and teeth, but this example is unusual in that it is only the second published forensic example of vivianite growing from human bone after such a short period of time. The presence of vivianite provides information leading to a more complete and accurate understanding of the taphonomic process associated with American MIA remains.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530, USA.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Feather
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Tumosa
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003460:Crystallization; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D005580:Fossils; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008889:Military Personnel; D014481:United States; D014744:Vietnam; D014857:Warfare; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds