title: Effect of duration of treatment on treatment outcome and cost of treatment for Wilms' tumor: a report from the National Wilms' Tumor Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  National Wilms' Tumor Study (NWTS)-4 was designed to evaluate the efficacy, toxicity, and cost of the administration of different regimens for the treatment of Wilms' tumor (WT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between August 6, 1986 and September 1, 1994, 905 previously untreated children aged younger than 16 years with stage II favorable histology (FH) WT (low-risk [LR]), stages III to IV FH WT, or stages I to IV clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney (high-risk[HR]) were randomized after the completion of 6 months of chemotherapy to discontinue (short) or continue for 9 additional months (long) treatment with chemotherapy regimens that included vincristine and either divided-dose (standard [STD]) courses (5 days) or single-dose (pulse-intensive [PI]) treatment with dactinomycin. HR patients also received either divided-dose (STD) courses (3 days) or single-dose (PI) treatment with doxorubicin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 4-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rates after the second randomization for LR patients were 83.7% for the 190 patients treated with short and 88.2% for the 187 patients treated with long chemotherapy (P = .11). The 4-year RFS rates after the second randomization for HR FH patients were 89.7% for the 256 patients treated with short and 88.8% for the 246 patients treated with long chemotherapy (P = .87). The charge for treatment with the short PI treatment regimens for all children with stages I through IV FH WT was approximately one half of that with the long STD treatment regimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short administration schedule for the treatment of children with WT is no less effective than the long administration schedule and can be administered at a substantially lower total treatment cost.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. green@sc3101.med.buffalo.edu
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Breslow
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Beckwith
authors.forename: J Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Finklestein
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grundy
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shochat
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ritchey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kelalis
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: D'Angio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D017050:Episode of Care; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000556:secondary; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009396:Wilms Tumor / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D003609:Dactinomycin; D014750:Vincristine; D004317:Doxorubicin