title: Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for the treatment of spontaneous adult intraventricular hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) has a poor prognosis with mortality rates of between 80 and 100% when all four ventricles are involved. Fibrinolytic therapy has been reported to improve overall outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with severe primary IVH were treated by direct intraventricular injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) into the lateral ventricles, followed by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage if the intracranial pressure rose above 20 mm Hg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a 15-month period from 1995 through 1996, 10 patients were treated, (4 male and 6 female, mean age 35 years; range, 21-55 years). The mean Glasgow Coma Scale score on admission was 6 (range, 4-8) and the mean Graeb score for severity of IVH on the first CT scan was 10 (range, 8-12). Angiography was negative in five cases but identified arteriovenous malformations in three, a post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm in one, and Moya-moya disease in one. The mean total dose requirement of rt-PA was 8.25 mg (range, 6-12 mg) with a significant reduction in the mean Graeb score after 7 days to 3.9 (range, 2-7, p<0.0001). Outcome at 3 months was death in one case (mortality 10%), severe disability in two (20%), moderate disability in three (30%), and good result in four (40%). Four patients (40%) required subsequent CSF shunting. No complications of rehemorrhage, infection, or catheter obstruction were encountered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraventricular fibrinolysis with rt-PA seems to be safe and effective for the treatment of severe IVH.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT.
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Poon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles; D014695:Cerebral Ventriculography; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator