title: Measurement of pS2 protein in pancreatic cyst fluids. Evidence for a potential role of pS2 protein in the pathogenesis of mucinous cystic tumors.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated levels of the growth factor pS2 protein in the cyst fluids of mucinous cystic tumors correlate with earlier observations using immunohistochemical techniques showing that pS2 protein is expressed by these tumors. The markedly elevated levels of pS2 protein compared to normal plasma values suggest that this growth factor may be important in the pathogenesis of pancreatic mucinous cystic tumors.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cystic lesions of the pancreas include inflammatory pseudocysts, serous cystadenomas, and mucinous cystic tumors, some of which are malignant. Previous studies using immunohistochemical techniques have shown that virtually all pancreatic mucinous tumors express pS2 protein. pS2 protein is a growth factor that is believed to be important in the normal process of inflammation and repair. We measured pS2 protein and other growth factors in pancreatic cyst fluids to assess their potential pathophysiologic and diagnostic significance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of pS2 protein were measured in 54 pancreatic cyst fluids by radioimmunoassay. The growth factors, epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), and insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I, IGF-II) were measured in 22 cyst fluids using commercial immunoassays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mucinous cysts exhibited significantly higher levels of cyst fluid pS2 protein than nonmucinous lesions, including pseudocysts and serous cystadenomas (median: 78,303 pg/mL; range: 218-361,176 pg/mL vs median: 886 pg/mL; range: 0-14,206 pg/mL; p = 0.0001). The level of pS2 in mucinous tumors was markedly higher than plasma values (median: 392 pg/mL). Levels of pS2 protein in malignant mucinous lesions tended to be higher than those in benign mucinous cysts, but this difference was not statistically significant (median: 88,817 vs 64,350 pg/mL; p = 0.159). Levels of other growth factors, including EGF, TGF-alpha, IGF-I, and IGF-II, did not discriminate among the different cyst types, and the values were within normal plasma ranges.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Southern
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Warshaw
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dhanak
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Lewandrowski
mesh_terms: D020420:Cyst Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D018282:Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous / Q000378:metabolism; D018291:Cystadenoma, Mucinous / Q000378:metabolism; D018293:Cystadenoma, Serous / Q000378:metabolism; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000378:metabolism; D010181:Pancreatic Cyst / Q000378:metabolism*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D010192:Pancreatic Pseudocyst / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; C051838:TFF1 protein, human; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II