title: Circulatory support with pneumatic paracorporeal ventricular assist device in infants and children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanical circulatory support in intractable heart failure in children has been limited to centrifugal pumps and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Since 1990 small adult-size pulsatile air-driven ventricular assist devices "Berlin Heart" (VAD) and, since 1992 miniaturized pediatric VAD (12, 15, 25, 30 mL pumps), have been used in our institution. Since 1994 the blood-contacting surfaces of the device system have been heparin-coated. In this report the experiences with VAD support in 28 children are presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 28 children-ages between 6 days and 16 years-the Berlin Heart VAD has been applied for periods of between 12 hours and 98 days (mean, 16.9 days) aiming at keeping the patient alive and allowing for recovery from shock sequelae until later transplantation or myocardial recovery. There were three groups. Group I: with primary intention of "bridge-to-transplantation" in various forms of cardiomyopathy (n = 13) or chronic stages of congenital heart disease (n = 5). Group II: "Rescue" in intractable heart failure early after corrective surgery for congenital heart disease (n = 4) or in early graft failure after a heart transplantation (n = 1). Group III: "Acute myocarditis" (n = 5) aiming at either myocardial recovery or transplantation. Twelve were brought to the operating room under cardiac massage and 25 had been on the respirator for more than 24 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients died on the system from sequelae of profound shock-multiorgan failure, sepsis, loss of peripheral circulatory resistance-or from hemorrhagic complications (n = 4) or brain death (n = 1). Thirteen patients (groups I and III) were transplanted after support periods of between 3 and 98 days with 7 long-term survivors living now up to 7.5 years (mean, 4.4 years). Three patients (groups II and III) were weaned from the system with two long-term survivors (both in group III). There were no patients in group II who survived and the "rescue" indication has been discarded for VAD since 1992. Such patients are since treated by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in our institution. Out of the 8 patients placed on VAD during 1996 and 1997, 7 were successfully supported until transplantation or weaning. Thirteen patients were extubated and mobilized on the system. Whereas with the earlier systems thrombi in the blood pumps were seen in 15 instances and 2 patients suffered from thromboembolic complications, no thrombotic events occurred with the heparin-coated systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After accumulating clinical experience and several technical improvements since 1990 the use of the pediatric Berlin Heart VAD has matured into a reliable and safe system to keep patients with otherwise intractable heart failure alive until complete myocardial recovery is reached or transplantation becomes feasible. Whereas heart failure early after cardiac operation is now primarily treated by ECMO, acute myocarditis appears to be a promising precondition for complete cardiac recovery during VAD support.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany. hetzer@dhzb.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hetzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loebe
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Potapov
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stiller
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hennig
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Alexi-Meskishvili
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000628:therapy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy; D006336:Heart Massage; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome