title: Brain-wave recognition of sentences.
abstract: Electrical and magnetic brain waves of two subjects were recorded for the purpose of recognizing which one of 12 sentences or seven words auditorily presented was processed. The analysis consisted of averaging over trials to create prototypes and test samples, to each of which a Fourier transform was applied, followed by filtering and an inverse transformation to the time domain. The filters used were optimal predictive filters, selected for each subject. A still further improvement was obtained by taking differences between recordings of two electrodes to obtain bipolar pairs that then were used for the same analysis. Recognition rates, based on a least-squares criterion, varied, but the best were above 90%. The first words of prototypes of sentences also were cut and pasted to test, at least partially, the invariance of a word's brain wave in different sentence contexts. The best result was above 80% correct recognition. Test samples made up only of individual trials also were analyzed. The best result was 134 correct of 288 (47%), which is promising, given that the expected recognition number by chance is just 24 (or 8.3%). The work reported in this paper extends our earlier work on brain-wave recognition of words only. The recognition rates reported here further strengthen the case that recordings of electric brain waves of words or sentences, together with extensive mathematical and statistical analysis, can be the basis of new developments in our understanding of brain processing of language.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4115, USA. suppes@ockham.stanford.edu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suppes
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Z L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013067:Speech Perception