title: Assessing the roles of glutamatergic and cholinergic synaptic drive in the control of fictive swimming frequency in young Xenopus tadpoles.
abstract: This paper investigates the proposal that the frequency of the swimming central pattern generator in young Xenopus tadpoles is partly determined by the population of glutamatergic premotor interneurons active on each cycle. During fictive swimming spinal neurons also receive cholinergic and electrotonic excitation from motoneurons. As frequency changes during swimming we make two predictions: first, since most motoneurons fire very reliably at all frequencies, the electrotonic and nicotinic drive from motoneurons should remain constant, and second, when swimming frequency decreases, the glutamatergic drive should decrease as the number of active premotor excitatory interneurons decreases. We have tested these predictions by measuring the excitatory synaptic drive to motoneurons as frequency changes during fictive swimming. The components of synaptic drive were revealed by the local microperfusion of strychnine together with different excitatory antagonists. After blocking the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, the mainly glutamatergic excitatory synaptic drive still changed with frequency. However, when glutamate receptors or all chemical transmission was blocked, excitation did not change with frequency. Our predictions are confirmed, suggesting that premotor excitatory interneurons are a major factor in frequency control in the tadpole central pattern generator and that motoneurons provide a stable background excitation.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: F Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002799:Cholinergic Fibers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000502:physiology*; D007736:Kynurenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000494:pharmacology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000502:physiology; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D013569:Synapses / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D014981:Xenopus / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D011810:Quinoxalines; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; C062865:2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D007736:Kynurenic Acid