title: Infection control of hepatitis C in Dutch dialysis centres.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In dialysis patients, blood transfusions and long-term dialysis are well-known risk factors for transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Transmission of HCV by transfusions has become extremely rare since the introduction of antibody screening. However, nosocomial transmission of HCV within dialysis units still occurs. We performed a survey of current infection control measures against HCV in Dutch dialysis centres that had participated in a national HCV prevalence study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All twenty-seven Dutch dialysis centres where HCV-positive patients had been identified (HCV prevalence 1-8%), participated. With the use of a questionnaire we evaluated screening procedures for resident patients and guest patients, routine hygienic measures in HCV-positive and -negative patients, and cleaning procedures of dialysis equipment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All centres except one screened new patients for HCV antibodies, but the frequency of periodic follow-up screening varied. Most centres requested HCV antibody screening of guest patients in advance, but in daily practice 55% of the centres dialysed guest patients even when HCV antibody status was not available. The majority of centres had not implemented special precautions for patients with unknown HCV antibody status. In most centres the use of protective glasses, masks and aprons depended on the HCV antibody status of the patients. Surprisingly, 85% of the centres allowed their nurses to operate dialysis machines with gloves possibly blood contaminated. All centres sterilized their machines at the end of the day, but only 77% sterilized their machines between all dialysis sessions. Traces of blood were removed with alcohol in 63% of the centres.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dutch dialysis centres have not yet implemented an optimal policy for prevention of HCV. Especially, operating dialysis machines with gloves might be a potential source for nosocomial transmission of HCV, not yet covered by the issued guidelines. Because dialysis patients probably have a prolonged serological window phase after a recent HCV infection, it does not suffice to implement a preventive strategy against nosocomial transmission based on the results of HCV antibody screening. Universal, rigorous implementation of adequate infection control measures irrespective of HCV antibody status should be the cornerstone for prevention of nosocomial transmission of HCV and other blood borne pathogens.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Schneeberger
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Toonen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Keur
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: van Hamersvelt
mesh_terms: D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D001769:Blood; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005932:Gloves, Surgical / Q000382:microbiology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D009426:Netherlands; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D011481:Protective Clothing; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D013242:Sterilization
chemical_list: D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies