title: Enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by the CC-chemokine RANTES is independent of the mechanism of virus-cell fusion.
abstract: We have studied the effects of CC-chemokines on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, focusing on the infectivity enhancement caused by RANTES. High RANTES concentrations increase the infectivity of HIV-1 isolates that use CXC-chemokine receptor 4 for entry. However, RANTES can have a similar enhancing effect on macrophagetropic viruses that enter via CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), despite binding to the same receptor as the virus. Furthermore, RANTES enhances the infectivity of HIV-1 pseudotyped with the envelope glycoprotein of murine leukemia virus or vesicular stomatitis virus, showing that the mechanism of enhancement is independent of the route of virus-cell fusion. The enhancing effects of RANTES are not mediated via CCR5 or other known chemokine receptors and are not mimicked by MIP-1alpha or MIP-1beta. The N-terminally modified derivative aminooxypentane RANTES (AOP-RANTES) efficiently inhibits HIV-1 infection via CCR5 but otherwise mimics RANTES by enhancing viral infectivity. There are two mechanisms of enhancement: one apparent when target cells are pretreated with RANTES (or AOP-RANTES) for several hours, and the other apparent when RANTES (or AOP-RANTES) is added during virus-cell absorption. We believe that the first mechanism is related to cellular activation by RANTES, whereas the second is an increase in virion attachment to target cells.
authors.affiliation: The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Muesing
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Proudfoot
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Power
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trkola
mesh_terms: D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000502:physiology; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D002459:Cell Fusion; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D019713:Receptors, CCR5