title: Repaglinide and related hypoglycemic benzoic acid derivatives.
abstract: The structure-activity relationships in two series of hypoglycemic benzoic acid derivatives (5, 6) were investigated. Series 5 resulted from meglitinide (3) when the 2-methoxy was replaced by an alkyleneimino residue. Maximum activity was observed with the cis-3, 5-dimethyl-piperidino (5h) and the octamethyleneimino (5l) residues. Series 6 resulted from the meglitinide analogon 4 bearing an inversed amido function when the 2-methoxy, the 5-fluoro, and the alpha-methyl residue were replaced by a 2-piperidino, a 5-hydrogen, and a larger alpha-alkyl residue, respectively. An alkoxy residue ortho to the carboxy group further increased activity and duration of action in the rat. The most active racemic compound, 6al (R4 = isobutyl; R = ethoxy), turned out to be 12 times more active than the sulfonylurea (SU) glibenclamide (1). Activity was found to reside predominantly in the (S)-enantiomers. Compared with the SUs 1 and 2 (glimepiride), the most active enantiomer, (S)-6al (AG-EE 623 ZW; repaglinide; ED50 = 10 micro/kg po), is 25 and 18 times more active. Repaglinide turned out to be a useful therapeutic for type 2 diabetic patients; approval was granted recently by the FDA and the EMEA. From investigations on the pharmacophoric groups in compounds of type 5 and 6, it was concluded that in addition to the two already known-the acidic group (COOH; SO2NH) and the amidic spacer (CONH; NHCO)-the ortho residue R1 (alkyleneimino; alkoxy; oxo) must be regarded as a third one. A general pharmacophore model suitable for hypoglycemic benzoic acid derivatives, SUs, and sulfonamides is proposed (Figure 6). Furthermore, from superpositions of low-energy conformations (LECs) of 1, 2, and (S)-6al, it was concluded that a common binding conformation (LEC II; Figure 10B) may exist and that differences in binding to the SU receptor and in the mechanism of insulin release between repaglinide and the two SUs may be due to specific hydrophobic differences.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Chemical and Biological Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Postfach 1755, D-88397 Biberach, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hurnaus
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Griss
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sauter
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rupprecht
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luger
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wittneben
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001565:Benzoates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002219:Carbamates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D005260:Female; D005905:Glyburide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D010880:Piperidines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000378:metabolism; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D064233:Sulfonylurea Receptors
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D001565:Benzoates; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002219:Carbamates; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D011955:Receptors, Drug; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D064233:Sulfonylurea Receptors; C072379:repaglinide; C057619:glimepiride; D005905:Glyburide