title: Functional brain electrical activity mapping in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been associated with frontal lobe deficits. We used a novel brain electrical imaging method to investigate rapid and continuous changes in brain activity during the continuous performance task (CPT) in normal boys and in boys with ADHD. The amplitude and latency topography of the steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP) were examined while subjects performed the "X" version of the CPT (CPT-X; the reference task) and the "A-X" version of the CPT (CPT-AX).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen boys meeting DSM-III-R criteria for ADHD and 17 age-matched controls participated in the study. Brain electrical activity was recorded from 64 scalp sites. During the reference task, subjects pressed a microswitch on the unpredictable appearance of the letter X. During the CPT-AX, subjects were required to press the microswitch on the appearance of the letter X only if an A had preceded it.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the interval between the appearances of the A and the X of the correct trials of the CPT-AX, control boys showed transient reductions in SSVEP latency at right prefrontal sites. By contrast, boys with ADHD showed no change or an increase in prefrontal SSVEP latency at right prefrontal sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest increased speed of prefrontal neural processing in children without ADHD following a priming stimulus, and a deficit in such processes in children with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia. rbs@mind.scan.swin.edu.au
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Silberstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farrow
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pipingas
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Jarman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D005556:Form Perception; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D011336:Probability; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time; D012737:Sex Factors