title: Overexpression of VEGF in testis and epididymis causes infertility in transgenic mice: evidence for nonendothelial targets for VEGF.
abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of endothelial growth and permeability. However, VEGF may also target nonendothelial cells, as VEGF receptors and responsiveness have been detected for example in monocytes, and high concentrations of VEGF have been reported in human semen. In this work we present evidence that overexpression of VEGF in the testis and epididymis of transgenic mice under the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) LTR promoter causes infertility. The testes of the transgenic mice exhibited spermatogenic arrest and increased capillary density. The ductus epididymidis was dilated, containing areas of epithelial hyperplasia. The number of subepithelial capillaries in the epididymis was also increased and these vessels were highly permeable as judged by the detection of extravasated fibrinogen products. Intriguingly, the expression of VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) was detected in certain spermatogenic cells in addition to vascular endothelium, and both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 were also found in the Leydig cells of the testis. The infertility of the MMTV-VEGF male mice could thus result from VEGF acting on both endothelial and nonendothelial cells of the male genital tract. Taken together, these findings suggest that the VEGF transgene has nonendothelial target cells in the testis and that VEGF may regulate male fertility.
authors.affiliation: Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Haartman Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Korpelainen
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Karkkainen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tenhunen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lakso
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rauvala
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vierula
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parvinen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alitalo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004822:Epididymis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008324:Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics; D011975:Receptors, Mitogen / Q000235:genetics; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D012671:Seminiferous Tubules / Q000473:pathology; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D020079:Terminal Repeat Sequences; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D011975:Receptors, Mitogen; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1