title: Excessive synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases in exocrine tissues of NOD mouse models for Sjögren's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and their substrates, components of the extracellular matrix, regulate environmental signals for cellular differentiation and tissue function. Changes in the levels of these enzymes may influence cell survival as well as pathology involving ectopic apoptosis. Using the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model for Sjögren's syndrome, we evaluated the synthesis and expression of MMP in the exocrine target tissues of autoimmunity.
  
  
  METHODS
  NOD, immunodeficient NOD-scid, and nondiabetic NOD.B10.H2b mice were evaluated for MMP activity in their saliva and exocrine gland lysates by gelatin zymography and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, changes in protein content of saliva and gland lysates were determined by specific Western blot and by enzymatic activity of amylase and cysteine proteases. Mice continuously treated with the MMP inhibitor GM6001 were evaluated from 7 to 20 weeks of age for the contribution of MMP activity to development of these hallmark biochemical markers of Sjogren's syndrome-like disease of NOD mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gelatin zymography of whole saliva and gland lysates indicated the presence of increased proteolytic activity, corresponding to proteins with a molecular mass ranging from 50 to 95 kDa, in the saliva of older (> 20 weeks of age) NOD mice as well as NOD.B10.H2b and NOD-scid mice compared to BALB/c controls. Elevated steady state levels of mRNA transcripts for the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 were detected in total RNA extracted from parotid and submandibular glands by RT-PCR. Despite prophylactic injection of the broad spectrum MMP inhibitor GM6001 into mice beginning at 7 weeks of age and continuing to 20 weeks, development of the autoimmune exocrinopathy was neither stopped nor retarded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that excessive MMP activity is associated with autoimmune Sjögren's syndrome-like disease in NOD mice. However, a possible contribution by increased MMP activity in initiation and progression of this autoimmune disease is yet to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamachika
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nanni
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garces
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lowry
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brayer
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Oxford
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: da Silveira
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Humphreys-Beher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002474:Cell-Free System / Q000201:enzymology; D017364:Collagenases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005088:Exocrine Glands / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D018093:Gelatinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D020297:Mice, Congenic; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012463:Saliva / Q000201:enzymology; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; C078131:N-(2(R)-2-(hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl)-L-tryptophan methylamide; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017364:Collagenases; D018093:Gelatinases; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9