title: Evaluation of diagnostic tests without gold standards.
abstract: This paper reviews statistical methods developed to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of screening or diagnostic tests when the fallible tests are not evaluated against a gold standard. It gives a brief summary of the earlier historical developments and focuses on the more recent methods. It covers Bayesian approaches and longitudinal studies with repeated testing. In particular, it reviews the procedures that do not require the assumption of independence between tests conditional on the true disease status.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: X H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures / Q000592:standards*; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence