title: Atrial electrical remodeling by rapid pacing in the isolated rabbit heart: effects of Ca++ and K+ channel blockade.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electrical remodeling describes atrial electrophysiologic changes that occur following atrial fibrillation. The mechanism(s) responsible for this phenomenon is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of rapid atrial pacing on atrial action potential duration, conduction time and refractoriness in the isolated rabbit heart. The effects of Ca++ and K+ blockade in this model were also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monophasic action potential recordings were made from 12 epicardial atrial sites in 50 isolated perfused rabbit heart preparations. These recordings were analyzed for activation time (AT), 90% action potential duration (APD) and conduction times (CT) measured at a 250 msec cycle length. Atrial effective refractory periods (ERP) were determined at a 200 msec cycle length. All measurements were made at baseline and repeated after 2 hours of biatrial pacing at 250 msec (control group, n = 10) or 2 hours of rapid biatrial pacing (approximately 80 msec) in 4 groups: rapid pacing alone (rapid pacing group); rapid pacing in the presence of 0.1 mM verapamil (verapamil group) for L-type Ca++ channel blockade; rapid pacing with 1 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP group) for K+ channel blockade; and rapid pacing with 50 microM nickel chloride (Ni++ group) for T-type Ca++ channel blockade (n = 10 each group). All baseline and post pacing measurements were taken in the presence of Ca++ or K+ blockers for the respective groups. After rapid atrial pacing alone the average APD shortened by 8.2 +/- 10.4 msec compared to 3.6 +/- 12.5 msec shortening for control group (p = 0.002). The shortening of APD was uniform at all recording sites. For the rapid pacing group, CT was unchanged for right to left atrial conduction but shortened significantly for left to right atrial conduction (26.8 +/- 1.9 msec at baseline to 22.3 +/- 4.1 msec post pacing, p = 0.005). Conduction times were unchanged in the control group. The dispersion of repolarization was unchanged by rapid pacing alone. The decrease in APD from baseline to post rapid pacing was similar to the control group for those hearts treated with verapamil and 4-AP (1.5 +/- 12.3 and 4.7 +/- 10.4 msec, respectively, both p > or = 0.18 vs control group). The decrease in APD was significantly greater for the Ni++ group (11.8 +/- 14.3 msec) than for either the control group or rapid pacing group (both p < or = 0.023). The dispersion of repolarization was increased only in the 4-AP group post rapid pacing (41.7 +/- 6.2 msec at baseline to 53.5 +/- 9.6 msec post pacing, p = 0.01). ERPs were unchanged in any of the 5 groups except for a decrease in left atrial ERP in the Ni++ group after rapid pacing (98 +/- 14 msec at baseline to 88 +/- 8 msec post rapid pacing, p = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the isolated rabbit heart model: 1) atrial APD is shortened after rapid pacing; 2) the shortening of APD is attenuated by verapamil and 4-AP but exaggerated by Ni++; 3) atrial conduction times are shortened in a direction specific manner after rapid pacing; and 4) shortening of ERP in this model is measured only in the presence of Ni++. These findings suggest that both L-type Ca++ and 4-AP sensitive channels may participate in atrial electrical remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298-0053, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caponi
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sykes
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wenger
mesh_terms: D015761:4-Aminopyridine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016275:Atrial Function / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016279:Atrial Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016280:Atrial Function, Right / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009532:Nickel / Q000494:pharmacology; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D011817:Rabbits; D012032:Refractory Period, Electrophysiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; C022838:nickel chloride; D009532:Nickel; D015761:4-Aminopyridine; D014700:Verapamil