title: Smoking as a predictor of long-term work disability in physically active and inactive people.
abstract: Data from a Norwegian 4-year prospective questionnaire study were used to test our hypothesis that smoking is a weaker predictor of long-term work disability in physically active than inactive persons. Of 1,788 respondents who were working and not older than 62 years in 1990, 1,426 (80%) also returned a questionnaire in 1994. For respondents who were taking physical exercise less than once a week, smoking predicted long-term work disability four years later [odds ratio (OR) = 2.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30-3.87; p < 0.01], when adjusting for age, sex, work-hours per week, heavy lifting at work, emotional symptoms and musculoskeletal pain at time 0. In respondents who were exercising at least once a week, there was no association between smoking and long-term work disability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine and General Practice, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Eriksen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Natvig
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rutle
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruusgaard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018582:Sick Leave; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors