title: A study of the changes during heating of paracetamol.
abstract: The orthorhombic form of paracetamol has been shown to exhibit greater compressibility and faster dissolution than the monoclinic form. The orthorhombic form is produced by melting of monoclinic crystals of paracetamol followed by cooling at specific rates. Cooling rate, although a very important factor, is not the only factor influencing the formation of either of the two morphs. To study the cooling rate required for production of form II, paracetamol samples were melted in a differential scanning calorimeter, cooled at three specific rates, and melted again. In all of the samples, cooling resulted in the glassy form followed by recrystallization and the melting of form II. On the hot-stage microscope both forms were produced in one sample. Standardizing conditions for prediction of the resulting form remains a problem. There seems to be a great deal of overlap of the two forms' transition phases, which would make it difficult to force the crystallization of one form by keeping the solution or melt at a specific temperature. The thermal behavior of paracetamol during the heating and cooling phases must be understood in order to manipulate the process. A video camera mounted on a hot-stage microscope was used to follow the changes during heating and cooling of both forms. Nucleation, crystal growth, habit transformation, sublimation, and the final melt are shown on snap shots taken from the video.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Industrial Pharmacy, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, South Africa.
authors.forename: F N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: de Wet
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Lötter
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: van der Watt
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Dekker
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003460:Crystallization; D004339:Drug Compounding; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions; D000082:Acetaminophen