title: Inhibition of nitric oxide production and the effects of arginine and Lactobacillus administration in an acute liver injury model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of inhibiting nitric oxide production and the effects of arginine and lactobacilli administration in an acute liver injury (LI) model.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Infectious complications caused by enteric bacteria are common in patients with liver diseases and those who have undergone liver surgery. Increased bacterial translocation has been proposed as one underlying mechanism. Lactobacilli constitute an integral part of the normal gastrointestinal microecology; they are involved in host metabolism and have many beneficial properties. Arginine has numerous roles in cellular metabolism and may be metabolized by lactobacilli in some cases. We have previously shown that rectal administration of Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 9843 (strain 299v), with and without arginine, in an acute LI model significantly reduces the extent of the LI and reduces bacterial translocation. To clarify the pathogenetic mechanisms, we studied the role of nitric oxide in the effects of L. plantarum and arginine in acute LI, as determined by bacterial translocation, ileal, cecal, and colonic nucleotides, RNA, and DNA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. L. plantarum, 2% arginine, and/or N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), as appropriate, were administered rectally once daily for 8 days. Acute LI was induced on the eighth day by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (1.1 g/kg body weight), and samples were collected after 24 hours. Bacterial translocation was evaluated by culture of portal and arterial blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, and liver tissue. Liver enzymes and bilirubin were assayed in the serum. The bacterial load in the cecum and colon was determined. Ileal, cecal, and colonic mucosal nucleotides, RNA, and DNA were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of liver enzymes and bilirubin were lower in liver-injured rats supplemented with arginine and Lactobacillus, and this effect was abolished by the addition of L-NAME. Inhibition of nitric oxide production (by L-NAME) increased bacterial translocation in many groups. L-NAME administration increased the cecal and colonic bacterial count and decreased the levels of mucosal nucleotides, RNA, and DNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of nitric oxide production modulated the effects of arginine and L. plantarum in this acute LI model. L-NAME potentiated the LI, as indicated by elevation of liver enzymes and bilirubin, and it also increased bacterial translocation and the cecal and colonic bacterial count. Increased bacterial translocation could be one of the mechanisms by which LI is potentiated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adawi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Molin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jeppsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D002432:Cecum / Q000382:microbiology; D003106:Colon / Q000382:microbiology; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000032:analysis; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D009711:Nucleotides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012313:RNA; D004247:DNA; D001120:Arginine