title: Effects of etidronate disodium on crystallizations in synthetic urine and calcium oxalate crystal adhesion to Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several reports in the 1970s suggested that etidronate disodium might be clinically useful to prevent calcium stones, but the use of etidronate in the urolithiasis field was discontinued due to adverse effects of this drug on skeletal turnover and mineralization. Because the drug might affect not only crystallization, but also crystal-tubular interactions, we investigated the minimum dose of etidronate necessary to effectively prevent stone recurrence without adverse side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effect of etidronate on the crystallization of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and magnesium ammonium phosphate using synthetic urine and measured by an aggregometer. We also studied its effect on the adhesion of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Etidronate affected the crystallization+ of not only calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate, but also magnesium ammonium phosphate in synthetic urine. The inhibitory activities on these crystallizations were detected at extremely low drug concentrations. Etidronate also had a strong inhibitory activity against the adhesion of calcium oxalate crystals to MDCK cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although further studies are necessary regarding the effects of etidronate on crystallization and crystal adhesion both in vivo and in vitro, and the appropriate schedule of dosing to prevent side effects, it is possible that etidronate may be useful in the treatment of urinary stones.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Minami Wakayama National Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebisuno
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kohjimoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishihata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohkawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000737:chemistry*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D003460:Crystallization; D004285:Dogs; D012968:Etidronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D000069877:Struvite; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; C485828:alpha-tricalcium phosphate; C485830:tetracalcium phosphate; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; C485838:calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous; C020243:calcium phosphate; D000069877:Struvite; C485829:calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous; D012968:Etidronic Acid