title: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) is selectively elevated in CSF during relapses and stable phases of multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of endopeptidases capable of enzymatic digestion of subendothelial basement membrane and other components of the extracellular matrix. Expression of MMP-2, -3, -7 and -9 is increased around multiple sclerosis plaques and in brain tissue in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. To measure quantitatively the expression of these MMPs and their endogenous inhibitors (TIMP-1 and -2), we analysed samples from 52 patients with relapsing-remitting and primary progressive multiple sclerosis by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and substrate-gel electrophoresis (zymography). MMP-9 was increased over controls in 100% of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis cases, with similar levels detected in relapses and clinically stable phases of disease. In primary progressive multiple sclerosis, MMP-9 was increased in 57% of CSF samples, but concentrations were below those encountered in the relapsing-remitting form. The selective upregulation of MMP-9 suggests that T-cells and macrophages invading the brain parenchyma and the CSF space are the predominant source of MMP-9 in multiple sclerosis. TIMPs and other MMPs (MMP-2 and -3) were not upregulated or not detectable (MMP-7) in CSF of patients with relapsing-remitting and primary progressive multiple sclerosis. The sustained increase of MMP-9 in clinically stable multiple sclerosis supports the concept that multiple sclerosis is associated with ongoing proteolysis that may result in progressive tissue damage. The selective inhibition of MMP-9 could be a useful approach for the prevention of disease progression in multiple sclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, University Hospitals, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leppert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stabler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grygar
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lienert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kappos
mesh_terms: D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D017364:Collagenases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D018450:Disease Progression; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012008:Recurrence; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D017364:Collagenases; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9