title: Target position variability throughout prostate radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the variability in prostate and seminal vesicle position during a course of external beam radiotherapy, and to measure the proportion of target variability due to setup error.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four weekly planning computerized tomography (CT) studies were obtained on six patients undergoing radiotherapy for prostate cancer. All patients were scanned in the radiotherapy treatment position, supine with an empty bladder, with no immobilization device. All organs were outlined on 3-mm-thick axial CT images. Anterior and lateral beam's eye view digitally reconstructed radiographs and multiplanar reformatted images were generated. The position of the prostate and seminal vesicles relative to the isocenter location as set that day was recorded for each CT study. Target position relative to a bony landmark was measured to determine the relative contribution of setup error to the target position variability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The seminal vesicle and prostate position variability was most significant in the anterior-posterior (AP) direction, followed by cranial-caudal (CC) and mediolateral (ML) directions. Setup error contributed significantly to the total target position variability. Rectal filling was associated with a trend to anterior movement of the prostate, whereas bladder filling was not associated with any trends. Although most deviations from the target position determined at the initial planning CT scan were within 10 mm, deviations as large as 15 mm and 19 mm were seen in the prostate and seminal vesicles respectively. Target position variations were evenly distributed around the initial target position for some patient studies, but unpredictable patterns were also seen. From a simulation based on the observed variability in target position, the AP, CC, and ML planning target volume (PTV) borders around the clinical target volume (CTV) required for target coverage with 95% certainty are 12.4 mm, 10.3 mm, and 5.6 mm respectively for the prostate and 13.8 mm, 8.6 mm, and 3.9 mm respectively for the seminal vesicles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Target position variability is significant during prostate radiotherapy, requiring large PTV borders around the CTV. This target position variability may be potentially reduced by improving the setup accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Toronto-Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mah
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Franssen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morton
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016683:Supine Position; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed