title: Cardiovascular risk factors for early carotid atherosclerosis in the general population: the Edinburgh Artery Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent attempts to identify cardiovascular risk factors affecting early-stage carotid atherosclerosis, measured by ultrasonographically assessed intima-media thickness, have been inconclusive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the relationship between traditional cardiovascular risk factors and intima-media thickness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasonic evaluation of the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery was included in the 5-year follow-up examination of participants of the Edinburgh Artery Study. We had valid readings of intima-media thickness for 1106 men and women aged 60-80 years. Information on a range of cardiovascular risk factors had been collected during the baseline examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For men, in addition to age, lifetime smoking (measured in terms of pack years) was the only cardiovascular risk factor associated with increased intima-media thickness (P< or = 0.01) in the univariate analysis. Both systolic blood pressure (P < or = 0.001) and the high-density lipoprotein (HDL: total cholesterol ratio (P < or = 0.01) were correlated with intima-media thickness for women. When all the variables had been included in a multivariate analysis, pack years of smoking and the HDL:total cholesterol ratio were associated with early atherosclerotic development in men. In an equivalent analysis for women, alcohol consumption, systolic blood pressure and the HDL:total cholesterol ratio were associated with intima-media thickness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that risk factors affecting intima-media thickness differ for men and women. Further sex-specific analyses of prospective population studies are required in order to clarify the role of 'traditional' cardiovascular risk factors in the early stages of carotid atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical School, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: P I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Mowbray
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Fowkes
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Allan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014504:Urban Health