title: Determining cephalometric norms for Caucasians and African Americans in Birmingham.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to establish age- and sex-specific normative data for Caucasians and African Americans in Birmingham, Ala. Subjects (136) between 6 and 18 years old were included in the study. Chang's method (AF-BF) and 12 other measurements were used as determinates of the skeletal sagittal jaw relationship. All subjects had acceptable facial profiles and Class I occlusion. Subjects were divided into eight subgroups based on race, gender, and age. Differences of mean cephalometric values were tested using parametric and nonparametric statistical tests. Compared with Caucasians, African Americans had greater mean values for all measurements except AFB and AF-BF. More negative values were found for the African Americans in the Wits appraisal. Most measurements were found to decrease with age. These findings support our hypothesis that cephalometric norms should be based on racial, sex, and age differences.
authors.affiliation: Dental Clinic, Lin General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Dasanayake
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000407:Alabama; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044383:Black People; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007574:Jaw Relation Record; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American