title: A multicenter trial of 6-aminocaproic acid (Amicar) in the prevention of bleeding in infants on ECMO.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), is a major source of morbidity and the leading cause of death in neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Anecdotal reports have suggested that epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) can decrease the risk of ICH. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in a multiinstitutional, prospective, randomized, blinded fashion, the effect of EACA on the incidence of hemorrhagic complications in neonates receiving ECMO.
  
  
  METHODS
  All neonates (except congenital diaphragmatic hernia) who met criteria for ECMO at three institutions were eligible for enrollment. EACA (100 mg/kg) or placebo was given at the time of cannulation followed by 25 mg/kg/h for 72 hours. Bleeding complications, transfusion requirements, and thrombotic complications were recorded. Post-ECMO imaging included head ultrasound scan computed tomography (CT) scan, and duplex ultrasound scan of the inferior vena cava and renal vessels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine neonates were enrolled (EACA, 13 and placebo, 16). Five (17.2%) patients had a significant (grade 3 or larger) ICH. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of significant ICH in patients who received EACA (23%) versus placebo (12.5%). Septic patients accounted for all of the ICH in the EACA group. Thrombotic complications (aortic thrombus and SVC syndrome) developed in two patients from the placebo group. There was no difference in thrombotic circuit complications between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the use of EACA in neonates receiving ECMO is safe but may not decrease the overall incidence of hemorrhagic complications.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas-Houston Medical School and Hermann Children's Hospital, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Cofer
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Cheu
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Lally
mesh_terms: D015119:Aminocaproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000628:therapy; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D015119:Aminocaproic Acid