title: Identification of 1,6- and 1,8-dinitropyrene isomers as major mutagens in organic extracts of soil from Osaka, Japan.
abstract: The organic extracts of soil collected at parks in residential areas in Osaka and neighboring cities in the Kansai area, Japan, showed mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 in the presence or absence of a mammalian metabolic activation system (S9 mix). The soil extracts from Ibaraki and two different sites in Osaka, i.e., Sumiyoshi-ku and Minato-ku, were mutagenic in strain TA100 as well as in strain TA98. Direct-acting mutagenicity of soil extracts from Sumiyoshi-ku and Minato-ku toward strain TA98 were 66 or more times higher than that of the other cities. Both extracts exerted stronger mutagenicity in strains YG1021 and YG1024 than TA98 and TA100, and the potency was especially high in strain YG1024: Sumiyoshi-ku, 153 000 revertants/g of soil; and Minato-ku, 246 000 revertants/g of soil. Two mutagenic compounds (I and II) were isolated from the Soxhlet extract of soil from the park in Sumiyoshi-ku by repetitive separation using normal-phase and reversed-phase column chromatography. By comparing the mass and UV spectra and retention times for HPLC on two individual ODS columns of compounds I and II with those of authentic chemicals, we identified these two compounds as 1,6- and 1,8-dinitropyrene (DNPy) isomers. Amounts of DNPy isomers in soil from Sumiyoshi-ku and Minato-ku were 1.7-2.2 ng/g. Forty-three percent and 40% of the mutagenicity of soil from Sumiyoshi-ku and Minato-ku could be attributed to these DNPy isomers, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5, Nakauchicho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, 104-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirayama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007536:Isomerism; D007564:Japan; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D011721:Pyrenes; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C033310:1,8-dinitropyrene; C033309:1,6-dinitropyrene