title: Safety and utility of atropine addition during dobutamine stress echocardiography for the assessment of viable myocardium in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility safety and side effects of the addition of atropine to dobutamine stress echocardiography for the detection of viable myocardium in patients with left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction < or = 35%) prior to coronary revascularization.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The assessment of viable and/or ischaemic myocardium has high prognostic value as regards improvement of function and survival after coronary revascularization. The addition of atropine to dobutamine during echocardiographic testing for the presence of viable myocardium is not common practice. Consequently, no data exist on the safety and additional diagnostic value of this practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred patients with left ventricular ejection fraction < or = 35% were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Test end-points were: target heart rate in 164 (82%) of the patients, severe angina in 18 (9%), maximum dobutamine-atropine dose in six (3%), severe ST segment changes in five (2%), cardiac arrhythmias in four (2%), and hypotension in three (1%). Viability could be assessed echocardiogaphically in 105/200 (53%) from a biphasic response (improvement of wall motion with low dose dobutamine and worsening with high dose), in 93 from ischaemia and in 12 from sustained or late improvements. In 36/105 (34%) patients, ischaemic myocardium could only be assessed after the addition of atropine. Cardiac arrhythmias occurred in 11/200 (6%) and hypotension (decrease of systolic blood pressure >30 mmHg) in 21/200 (11%). Neither the use of atropine nor the induction of ischaemia were associated with an increased incidence of cardiac arrhythmias or hypotension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a large group of patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction, dobutamine stress echocardiography is feasible and safe in 186/200 (93%); the addition of atropine was necessary in 34% to assess myocardial viability. Hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias were the most frequent side effects, but were not related to the induction of ischaemia or addition of atropine.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poldermans
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rambaldi
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bax
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cornel
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valkema
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boersma
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Fioretti
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Breburda
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Roelandt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001285:Atropine; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004280:Dobutamine; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D004280:Dobutamine; D001285:Atropine