title: Design and delivery of non-parenteral vaccines.
abstract: Non-parenteral delivery of vaccines is reviewed focusing on the delivery systems that have been used for various mucosal routes of administration. Systems considered include biodegradable micro- and nanoparticles, liposomes, live bacterial and viral vectors and mucosal adjuvants. New approaches to mucosal vaccine formulation using: (i) gene fusion technology to create non-toxic derivatives of mucosal adjuvants, (ii) genetically inactivated antigens with a deletion in an essential gene, (iii) coexpression of an antigen and a specific cytokine that is important in the modulation and control of a mucosal immune response, and (iv) genetic material itself that would allow DNA or RNA uptake and its endogenous expression in the host cell are described.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Po
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000502:physiology; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D016207:Cytokines; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D014612:Vaccines