title: The first clinical and epidemiological programme on renal disease in Bolivia: a model for prevention and early diagnosis of renal diseases in the developing countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence and incidence of renal diseases in developing countries are not known. This lack of knowledge is an obstacle to the adoption of preventive measures which may be of great value in a social and economic environment where treatment options for end-stage renal failure are simply not available to the vast majority of the population. Urinalysis, a simple and inexpensive test, remains a cornerstone in the evaluation of the kidney and may also be easily employed in mass screening for renal abnormalities in a developing country.
  
  
  METHODS
  An educational campaign on renal diseases was conducted in three selected areas of Bolivia. Urine samples were collected and sent to one of 21 participating clinical centers. Fresh urine specimens were screened using a dipstick for chemical analysis and by microscopic urinalysis after centrifugation. In those patients in whom urinary abnormalities were found, further investigations were carried out in order to define the diagnosis; these patients were enrolled in a 3-year follow-up program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apparently healthy subjects (n = 14,082) were referred to the First Clinical and Epidemiological Program of Renal Diseases from rural and metropolitan areas in Bolivia. Urinary abnormalities were detected in 4261 subjects at first screening. The most common form of urinary abnormality was hematuria, which was found in 2010 (47% of positively screened subjects). Other renal abnormalities were leukocyturia (41%) and proteinuria (11%). Confirmatory tests and further clinical studies were then carried out in 1019 people. On a second screening 35% of the subjects had no urinary abnormalities; in the remaining people the following diagnosis were made: asymptomatic urinary-tract infection (48.4%), isolated benign hematuria (43.9%), chronic renal failure (1.6%), renal tuberculosis (1.6%). Other diagnosis were: renal stones 1.3%, diabetic nephropathy 1% and polycystic kidney diseases 1.9%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study helped define for the first time the frequency of asymptomatic renal diseases in Bolivia. It shows that it is possible to screen a large population of patients at relatively low cost, providing the framework for further action that may help in the prevention and timely diagnosis of renal diseases.
authors.affiliation: Mario Negri per L'America Latina, Renal Diseases Project, Department of Nephrology and Diálisis Hospital Juan XXIII, La Paz, Bolivia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Plata
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yahuita
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schieppati
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Remuzzi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001838:Bolivia; D002648:Child; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence