title: Ceramide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) induce cAMP response element binding protein phosphorylation via distinct signaling pathways while having opposite effects on myeloid cell survival.
abstract: The role of ceramide as a second messenger is a subject of great interest, particularly since it is implicated in signaling in response to inflammatory cytokines. Ceramide induces apoptosis in both cytokine-dependent MC/9 cells and factor-independent U937 cells. Elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels inhibits apoptosis induced by ceramide and several other treatments. One target of cAMP-mediated signaling is the transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element binding protein), and recently CREB phosphorylation at an activating site has been shown to also be mediated by a cascade involving p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), one of the stress-activated MAP kinases. Because no role for p38 MAPK in apoptosis has been firmly established, we examined the relationship between p38 MAPK and CREB phosphorylation under various conditions. Ceramide, or sphingomyelinase, like tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) or the hematopoietic growth factor, interleukin-3 (IL-3), was shown to activate p38 MAPK, which in turn activated MAPKAP kinase-2. Each of these treatments led to phosphorylation of CREB (and the related factor ATF-1). A selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, blocked TNF-- or ceramide-induced CREB phosphorylation, but had no effect on the induction of apoptosis mediated by these agents. The protective agents cAMP and IL-3 also led to CREB phosphorylation, but this effect was independent of p38 MAPK, even though IL-3 was shown to activate both p38 MAPK and MAPKAP kinase-2. Therefore, the opposing effects on apoptosis observed with cAMP and IL-3, compared with ceramide and TNF-, could not be explained on the basis of phosphorylation of CREB. In addition, because SB203580 had no effect of TNF- or ceramide-induced apoptosis, our results strongly argue against a role for p38 MAPK in the induction of TNF-- or ceramide-induced apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia and Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Scheid
authors.forename: I N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Foltz
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Schrader
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duronio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002518:Ceramides / Q000502:physiology*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology*; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007377:Interleukin-3 / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D020298:U937 Cells; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D007093:Imidazoles; D007377:Interleukin-3; C064769:N-acetylsphingosine; D011725:Pyridines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D013110:Sphingosine; C093642:SB 203580