title: District sputum smear microscopy services in Malawi.
abstract: METHODS
  Government hospitals and health centres in 23 districts in Malawi.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine 1) the number and smear-positivity rate of sputum samples submitted at health centres and hospitals, and 2) the time for sputum samples to get from health centres to smear examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective data collection on sputum specimens coming from health centres to hospital laboratories, and over the equivalent time period, retrospective data collection from laboratory sputum registers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Information was collected over a period of 5.6 months during 1997. Of 21 527 patients submitting sputum samples, 16995 (79%) were from within the hospital and 4532 (21%) were from health centres. Of 15 833 new TB suspects, 12 804 (81%) submitted sputum within the hospital and 3029 (19%) were from health centres. The overall smear-positivity rate was 11.9%: the proportion of new suspects who were smear-positive was significantly higher in health centres (14.1%) compared with hospital-based patients (11.4%, P < 0.05); 27% of all sputum specimens from health centres took 8 days or longer to get to smear examination. Sputum smears were positive from 1-30 days between submission and laboratory examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fewer sputum samples are submitted at health centres compared with hospitals, and there may be long delays between sputum submission and smear examination. The precise reasons are unclear, but health centre staff need training about the importance of timely case finding procedures.
authors.affiliation: National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Community Health Science Unit, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Harries
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Nyirenda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mundy
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Salaniponi
mesh_terms: D003151:Community Health Centers / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007755:Laboratories, Hospital / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008295:Malawi; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000382:microbiology*