title: Political repression and its psychological effects on Honduran children.
abstract: This paper, based on an exploratory study in Honduras, examines the psychological effects of political disappearance and assassination on surviving child family members. There are few, if any, comparative field studies of non-immigrant, non-refugee or non-clinical populations of children with forcibly disappeared and assassinated parents. In Latin America, violent state power has been exercised in a number of ways, including physical intimidation, jailing, murder and "disappearance". This research compares 16 Honduran children who have experienced the loss of a parent through forced disappearance with 11 Honduran children who suffered a similar loss from a political assassination. Surviving parents or caretakers of these children were also interviewed. Differences between children of the disappeared and assassinated were analyzed using a Rorschach object relations scale, post-traumatic stress and symptom and behavior scales and interviews with the children and the surviving parents. Both groups of children have symptoms of traumatic stress, depression, anxiety and aggressive feelings. Children of both groups remain symptomatic for many years after their loss and children with disappeared parents present more unconscious emotional disturbance in the Rorschach object relations scale than children with assassinated parents. The lack of physical, emotional and legal resolution in forced disappearance appears to impede mourning and a return to age-appropriate concerns.
authors.affiliation: Adult Psychiatry Clinic, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, NYC, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Munczek
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tuber
mesh_terms: D001601:Bereavement; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006721:Honduras; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011057:Politics; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D014857:Warfare