title: Jugular venous and arterial concentrations of serum S-100B protein in patients with severe head injury: a pilot study.
abstract: The objective of this study was to analyse the temporal course of the jugular venous-arterial gradient of S-100B protein after severe head injury and the correlation between the absolute concentrations of serum S-100B protein and outcome, CT findings, and clinical variables. Fifteen patients were included in this pilot study. All patients were treated according to a standard therapy protocol targeted to maintain cerebral perfusion pressure. The serum concentration of S-100 protein was measured daily for five consecutive days after injury by a monoclonal two site immunoluminometric assay. Nine patients showed favourable and six unfavourable outcome after 6 months with a mortality rate of 33% (five patients). The mean gradient between jugular venous and arterial blood was 8.2% (p<0.05). Patients showing an unfavourable outcome had significantly higher jugular venous or arterial S-100 values compared with those with a favourable outcome (jugular venous S-100B 2.78 microg/l v 1.22 microg/l, p<0.05; arterial S-100B 2.48 microg/l v 1.19 microg/l, p<0.05). All patients with an initial or secondary increase in S-100B value of >2 microg/l were found to have an unfavourable outcome. S-100B was found to be an independent predictor of outcome after severe head injury. The persisting increase of S-100B for three to five days even in patients with favourable outcome and no signs of secondary insults might reflect continuing damage to the blood-brain barrier or ongoing glial cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, England. araa@server3.medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raabe
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czosnyka
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pickard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D016923:Cell Death; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017293:Protein S / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D017293:Protein S