title: Prevalence of sudden cardiac death during competitive sports activities in Minnesota high school athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reliable prevalence data would be useful in assessing the impact of sudden cardiac death in young competitive athletes on the community and designing effective preparticipation screening strategies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The frequency with which these catastrophes occur is largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized a circumstance unique to Minnesota in which the precise number of participants and deaths due to cardiovascular disease could be ascertained over a substantial period of time based on a long-standing insurance program for catastrophic injury or death, mandatory for all student athletes engaged in interscholastic sports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 12-year period, 1985/1986 to 1996/1997, inclusive, three sudden deaths due to cardiovascular disease occurred in competitive high school athletes (grades 10-12) during competition or practice. At autopsy, 1 each proved to be due to anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva, congenital aortic valve stenosis (with bicuspid valve) and myocarditis. All three athletes were white and male, 16 or 17 years of age; two competed in cross-country/track and one in basketball. During the study period there were 1,453,280 overall sports participations and 651,695 student athlete participants among the 27 high school sports. The calculated risk for sudden death was 1:500,000 participations and 1:217,400 participants per academic year (or 0.46/100,000, annually). Over a 3-year high school career for a student athlete the estimated risk was 1:72,500.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of sudden cardiac death in a population of high school student athletes was small, in the range of one in 200,000 per year, and was higher in male athletes. The rare occurrence of sudden cardiac death in competitive sports underlines the limitations implicit in structuring productive and cost-effective broad-based preparticipation screening strategies for high school athletes.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Division, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minnesota 55407, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Maron
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Gohman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aeppli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013177:Sports