title: Minor head injury in children: current management practices of pediatricians, emergency physicians, and family physicians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe variation in the clinical management of minor head trauma in children among primary care and emergency physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of pediatricians, family physicians, and emergency physicians drawn from a random sample of members of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, and the appropriate American Medical Association specialty listings, respectively. Physicians were given clinical vignettes describing children presenting with normal physical examination results after minor head trauma. Different clinical scenarios (brief loss of consciousness or seizures) were also presented. Information was gathered on initial and subsequent management steps most commonly used by the physician.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surveys were returned by 765 (51%) of 1500 physicians. Of these, 303 (40%) were pediatricians, 269 (35%) family practitioners, and 193 (25%) emergency physicians. For minor head trauma without complications, observation at home was the most common initial physician management choice (n = 547, 72%). Observation in office or hospital was chosen by 81 physicians (11%). Head computed tomographic (CT) scan was chosen by 7 physicians (1%) and skull x-ray by 24 physicians (3%) as the first management option. Most physicians (n = 445, 80%) who initially chose observation at home would obtain a CT scan if the patient showed clinical deterioration. In the original scenario, if the patient had also sustained a loss of consciousness, 383 physicians (58%) altered management. Of these, 120 (18%) chose CT, 13 (2%) chose skull x-ray, 1 (1%) chose magnetic resonance imaging, 141 (21%) chose inpatient observation, and 125 (19%) chose a combination of CT scanning and observation. With seizures, 595 (90%) altered management, with 176 physicians (27%) choosing CT scan, 5 (1%) skull x-ray, 60 (9%) inpatient observation, and 299 (45%) a combination of radiological evaluation and observation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most physicians surveyed chose clinic or home observation for initial management of minor pediatric head trauma. Clinical management was more varied when patients had sustained either loss of consciousness or seizures. Further study of the appropriate management of minor head trauma in children is needed to guide physicians in their care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. maitken@care.ach.uams.edu
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Aitken
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Herrerias
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Coombs
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Homer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D004635:Emergency Medicine; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014474:Unconsciousness