title: New real-time interactive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging system complements echocardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We conducted an initial clinical trial of a newly developed cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) system. We evaluated left ventricular (LV) function in 85 patients to compare the clinical utility of the CMRI system with echocardiography, the current noninvasive gold standard.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Conventional CMRI systems require cardiac-gating and respiratory compensation to synthesize a single image from data acquired over multiple cardiac cycles. In contrast, the new CMRI system allows continuous real-time dynamic acquisition and display of any scan plane at 16 images/s without the need for cardiac gating or breath-holding.
  
  
  METHODS
  A conventional 1.5T Signa MRI Scanner (GE, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) was modified by the addition of an interactive workstation and a bus adapter. The new CMRI system underwent clinical trial by testing its ability to evaluate global and regional LV function. The first group (A) consisted of 31 patients with acceptable echocardiography image quality. The second group (B) consisted of 31 patients with suboptimal echocardiography image quality. The third group (C) consisted of 29 patients with severe lung disease or congenital cardiac malformation who frequently have suboptimal echo study. Two independent observers scored wall motion and image quality using the standard 16-segment model and rank-order analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CMRI evaluation was complete in less than 15 min. In group A, no significant difference was found between ECHO and CMRI studies (p = NS). In group B, adequate visualization of wall segments was obtained 38% of the time using ECHO and 97% of the time using CMRI (p < 0.0001). When grouped into coronary segments, adequate visualization of at least one segment occurred in 18 of 30 patients (60%) with ECHO and in all 30 patients (100%) with CMRI (p < 0.0001). In group C, adequate visualization of the wall segments was obtained in 58% (CI 0.53-0.62) of the time using echocardiography and 99.7% (CI 0.99-1.0) of the time using CMRI (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new CMRI system provides clinically reliable evaluation of LV function and complements suboptimal echocardiography. In comparison with the conventional CMRI, the new CMRI system significantly reduces scan time, patient discomfort and associated cost.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California 94305, USA. phillip@leland.stanford.edu
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macovski
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pauly
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003199:Computer Systems; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D014463:Ultrasonography; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left