title: Symptoms and signs in single and mixed genital infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare symptoms and signs in women with single and mixed genital infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 996 apparently healthy women. Gynecological symptoms and signs were looked for and diagnostics for the most prevalent gynecological infections were made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When co-infections were excluded, chlamydial infections, bacterial vaginosis and cervical human papillomavirus infections were associated with a fishy malodor; for the two former conditions an easily bleeding ectopy was also found. Vaginal candidosis showed characteristic symptoms and signs. Genital warts were associated with dysuria, general and lower abdominal pain. Out of 494 women with a genital infection, 112 (22.7%) had a mixed infection, which in some cases influenced symptoms and signs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many women who consider themselves gynecologically healthy, may nevertheless harbor one or more infectious agents. The need to exclude multiple infections is obvious. Positive predictive values were for specific symptoms and signs were generally low.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Uppsala University, Sweden.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mårdh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tchoudomirova
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elshibly
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hellberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002181:Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal / Q000175:diagnosis; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003218:Condylomata Acuminata / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D010808:Physical Examination; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis