title: Self-immolative nitrogen mustard prodrugs for suicide gene therapy.
abstract: Four new potential self-immolative prodrugs derived from phenol and aniline nitrogen mustards, four model compounds derived from their corresponding fluoroethyl analogues and two new self-immolative linkers were designed and synthesized for use in the suicide gene therapy termed GDEPT (gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy). The self-immolative prodrugs were designed to be activated by the enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) releasing an active drug by a 1, 6-elimination mechanism via an unstable intermediate. Thus, N-[(4-¿[4-(bis¿2-chloroethyl¿amino)phenoxycarbonyloxy]methyl¿pheny l)c arbamoyl]-L-glutamic acid (23), N-[(4-¿[4-(bis¿2-chloroethyl¿amino)phenoxycarbonyloxy]methyl¿pheno xy) carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid (30), N-[(4-¿[N-(4-¿bis[2-chloroethyl]amino¿phenyl)carbamoyloxy]methyl¿+ ++phen oxy)carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid (37), and N-[(4-¿[N-(4-¿bis[2-chloroethyl]amino¿phenyl)carbamoyloxy]methyl¿+ ++phen yl)carbamoyl]-L-glutamic acid (40) were synthesized. They are bifunctional alkylating agents in which the activating effects of the phenolic hydroxyl or amino functions are masked through an oxycarbonyl or a carbamoyl bond to a benzylic spacer which is itself linked to a glutamic acid by an oxycarbonyl or a carbamoyl bond. The corresponding fluoroethyl compounds 25, 32, 42, and 44 were also synthesized. The rationale was to obtain model compounds with greatly reduced alkylating abilities that would be much less reactive with nucleophiles compared to the corresponding chloroethyl derivatives. This enabled studies of these model compounds as substrates for CPG2, without incurring the rapid and complicated decomposition pathways of the chloroethyl derivatives. The prodrugs were designed to be activated to their corresponding phenol and aniline nitrogen mustard drugs by CPG2 for use in GDEPT. The synthesis of the analogous novel parent drugs (21b, 51) is also described. A colorectal cell line was engineered to express CPG2 tethered to the outer cell surface. The phenylenediamine compounds were found to behave as prodrugs, yielding IC50 prodrug/IC50 drug ratios between 20- and 33-fold (for 37 and 40) and differentials of 12-14-fold between CPG2-expressing and control LacZ-expressing clones. The drugs released are up to 70-fold more potent than 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoic acid that results from the prodrug 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl-L-glutamic acid (CMDA) which has been used previously for GDEPT. These data demonstrate the viability of this strategy and indicate that self-immolative prodrugs can be synthesized to release potent mustard drugs selectively by cells expressing CPG2 tethered to the cell surface in GDEPT.
authors.affiliation: CRC Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, U.K.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Niculescu-Duvaz
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Niculescu-Duvaz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Friedlos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spooner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marais
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Springer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008466:Mechlorethamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D011623:gamma-Glutamyl Hydrolase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D011355:Prodrugs; D008466:Mechlorethamine; D011623:gamma-Glutamyl Hydrolase