title: Automated peritoneal dialysis with 'on-line'-prepared bicarbonate-buffered dialysate: technique and first clinical experiences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) has the possibility of increasing the dialysis efficacy by using higher fill volumes, frequent dialysate exchanges, and tidal techniques. It is then possible to treat patients adequately without residual renal function. The drawbacks of the required high amounts of dialysis solution of up to 30 litres per session are the high costs of lactate-based dialysate bags and difficulties for the patients in handling these bags. So far, bicarbonate-based peritoneal dialysate, which may be more biocompatible, is only available for CAPD in double-chamber bags. In APD this could be overcome by 'on-line' preparation of bicarbonate-buffered dialysate using advanced technologies originally designed for on-line preparation of substitution fluid for haemofiltration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients without residual renal function were treated with APD five times weekly in a crossover study design. Patients received standard lactate-based (35 mmol/l) treatment (25 litres per session each) in weeks 1 and 3. In week 2 on-line-produced bicarbonate-buffered (37 mmol/l) dialysate was used. This dialysate was prepared by an AK 100 Ultra haemodialysis machine. The machine was modified for adding glucose from a 50% concentrate to the desired concentration of 1.7%. Electrolytes, pH, pCO2, and dialysis efficacy parameters were measured. Microbiological testing was carefully performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Creatinine clearances, Kt/V, and pCO2 did not vary between the different treatment phases, whereas the pH showed a distinct increase during the bicarbonate phase. Repeated determinations of endotoxins and culturing showed no contamination of the dialysate. The composition of the produced dialysate was reproducible with respect to pH, pCO2, sodium, calcium and bicarbonate, whereas the glucose concentration varied by +/- 20%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On-line preparation of PD fluid with the AK 100 Ultra is easy and safe to handle. APD with dialysate containing 37 mmol/l bicarbonate provides improved acid base balance and possibly improved biocompatibility, and may lead to a significant cost reduction. Further development in order to provide smaller machines and more precise ways of achieving a desired dialysate glucose concentration is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brunkhorst
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fromm
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wrenger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berke
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riede
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westphale
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zamore
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ledebo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002021:Buffers; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002021:Buffers; D015314:Dialysis Solutions