title: MSX-1 gene expression and regulation in embryonic palatal tissue.
abstract: The palatal cleft seen in Msx-1 knock-out mice suggests a role for this gene in normal palate development. The cleft is presumed secondary to tooth and jaw malformations, since in situ hybridization suggests that Msx-1 mRNA is not highly expressed in developing palatal tissue. In this study we demonstrate, by Northern blot analysis, the expression of Msx-1, but not Msx-2, in the developing palate and in primary cultures of murine embryonic palate mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, we propose a role for Msx-1 in retinoic acid-induced cleft palate, since retinoic acid inhibits Msx-1 mRNA expression in palate mesenchymal cells. We also demonstrate that transforming growth factor beta inhibits Msx-1 mRNA expression in palate mesenchymal cells, with retinoic acid and transforming growth factor beta acting synergistically when added simultaneously to these cells. These data suggest a mechanistic interaction between retinoic acid, transforming growth factor beta, and Msx-1 in the etiology of retinoic acid-induced cleft palate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Biophysical Sciences, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Kentucky 40292, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Greene
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000235:genetics; D003720:Densitometry; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000494:pharmacology; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051957:MSX1 Transcription Factor; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D010159:Palate / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D051957:MSX1 Transcription Factor; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014212:Tretinoin; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases