title: Factors associated with domestic violence in low-income Lebanese families.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the cultural context of domestic violence in low-income Moslem and Christian-Armenian families living in Lebanon. Analysis also included an identification of family stressors, conflict management strategies, and Moslem and Christian-Armenian cultural differences. The study was part of a larger project designed to identify patterns of wife and child abuse in low-income Middle Eastern families living in Lebanon and Egypt.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative content analysis of descriptive narratives by 60 low-income women who self-reported spouse abuse in two urban Lebanese clinics during a 2-month period in 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  Narratives describing exemplary incidents were obtained during a semi-structured interview and recorded in the participant's native language then translated to English for coding and content analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contextual factors for violence included unmet gender role expectations, conflict with husband's relatives, and alcohol abuse. Family stressors were: emotional, financial, and work. Women used three types of conflict management: negotiation, taking initiative, and passive resignation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From a cultural perspective, the analysis revealed both strengths and vulnerabilities of Lebanese women who experienced domestic violence. The study raised several questions, including whether it is appropriate to apply Western-generated domestic violence theories to a Middle Eastern population. Culturally-specific nursing interventions should be directed toward bolstering strong family and social resources to cope with family stressors and to modify patterns of maladaptive communication.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-6919, USA. ckeenan@sonnet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: el-Hadad
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Balian
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000208:ethnology; D003142:Communication; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D005190:Family / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon; D008297:Male; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D011203:Poverty / Q000208:ethnology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*