title: Diastolic dysfunction coincides with early mild transplant rejection: in situ measurements in a heterotopic rat heart transplant model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diastolic dysfunction seen in early clinical transplant rejection has been difficult to demonstrate in experimental rodent models because of the inability to make sensitive in situ measurements of systolic and diastolic functions. We have developed a heterotopic heart transplant model with Fisher 344 and ACI rats (without immunosuppression), where in situ measurements of diastolic and systolic functions were made sequentially (daily) by use of an implanted left ventricular balloon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Syngeneic and allogeneic heterotopic heart transplants were performed. In situ function was determined by varying balloon volume to measure the developed pressure, the rates of pressure rise (+dp/dt) and pressure fall (-dp/dt), diastolic pressure-volume relationship, and the time constant of diastolic relaxation (tau). These results were compared with function measurements in transplanted hearts that were excised and perfused in a Langendorff mode (ex vivo) during the same posttransplantation period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histologic examination revealed that at day 3 after transplantation, allografts showed mild lymphocytic infiltration indicative of mild or early rejection, and by day 5, there was severe rejection with myocyte necrosis. By day 3, the slope of the diastolic pressure-volume relationship (ie, left ventricular stiffness) was significantly higher in allografts as compared with isografts (436 +/- 96 vs 177 +/- 26 mm Hg/mL, p < .05). Similarly, tau was significantly longer in allografts by day 3 after transplantation. Developed pressure and +dp/dt became significantly lower in allografts beginning on day 6. Function measurements made in the isolated perfused ex vivo hearts yielded the same results at day 3 after transplantation as the in situ group of hearts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a chronically implanted left ventricular balloon, we have developed a heterotopic heart transplant model where sensitive measurements of systolic and diastolic functions can be made. With this preparation, the early changes in the diastolic dysfunction seen clinically can be reproducibly detected. Thus this model may be useful to study mechanisms and interventions during early transplant rejection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, PA 15213-2683, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: del Nido
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003971:Diastole; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D011912:Rats, Inbred ACI; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic; D014185:Transplantation, Isogeneic; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D017725:Ventricular Pressure