title: Surgical management of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage: impact of coexisting cardiac anomalies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent reports have cited improving results for surgical management of isolated total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Complex cases (with other cardiac anomalies) are less frequently reported and are associated with higher mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review identified 170 consecutive patients treated for total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage from 1982 to 1996: 44 cases were "complex" (with significant associated cardiac lesions) and 126 cases were "simple."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Operative mortality for simple cases decreased from 26% to 8%, and mortality for complex cases remained constant at 52%. Age, size, and the presence of atrial isomerism were univariate predictors of mortality. Multivariable analysis identified only univentricular hearts and associated cardiac lesions as predictors of operative mortality. Pulmonary artery (n = 16) and arteriopulmonary (n = 7) shunting strategies for complex cases resulted in less than 30% long-term survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite improvement in survival for simple cases, management of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage with single-ventricle hearts or other associated cardiac lesions remains problematic.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto and University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Ontario, Canada. Chris-Caldarone@UIowa.edu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Caldarone
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Najm
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kadletz
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Smallhorn
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Freedom
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Coles
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000002:abnormalities*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate