title: The mouse formin (Fmn) gene: abundant circular RNA transcripts and gene-targeted deletion analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mutations in the mouse formin (Fmn) gene result in limb deformities and incompletely penetrant renal aplasia. A molecular genetic approach was taken to characterize novel circular RNAs from the Fmn gene and to understand the developmental effects of gene-targeted mutations.
  
  
  METHODS
  RT-PCR and ribonuclease protection analyses were done to characterize the circular RNA transcripts arising from the Fmn gene. Two lines of mice with gene-targeted deletions of specific Fmn exons, namely exon 4 or exon 5, were generated and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our analysis of formin cDNAs, we discovered a class of transcripts in which the exon order is reversed such that downstream exons are joined to the acceptor end of a specific exon that lies 5' to them in the genome. RT-PCR and ribonuclease protection analyses indicate that these transcripts are circular and are the major transcripts arising from this locus in adult brain and kidney. To gain insight into the biological function of these transcripts, we have systematically deleted the relevant exons using gene-targeted homologous recombination. The resulting mice fail to produce circular transcripts, but appear to produce normal amounts of the linear RNA isoforms from this locus. While these deficient mice have normal limbs, they display variably penetrant renal aplasia characteristic of other mutant formin alleles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate novel circular transcripts arising from the Fmn gene. Moreover, their high levels of expression suggest that they are not products of aberrant splicing events, but instead, may play important biological roles. Mice with gene-targeted deletions of Fmn exons 4 or 5 lack these circular transcripts and have an incompletely penetrant renal agenesis phenotype. While the biologic function of circular Fmn RNA transcripts is not entirely known, our work suggests their possible involvement in kidney development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002678:Chimera; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D005326:Fetal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D000080865:Formins; D005838:Genotype; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice / Q000235:genetics*; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008818:Mice, Neurologic Mutants; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics*; D000079962:RNA, Circular; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013234:Stem Cells; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005326:Fetal Proteins; D000080865:Formins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000079962:RNA, Circular; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D012313:RNA