title: Anti-inflammatory activity of myricetin-3-O-beta-D-glucuronide and related compounds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The anti-inflammatory effect of myricetinglucuronide (MGL) was investigated and structurally-related compounds were compared to examine the structure/activity-relationship in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro studies were performed using rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells, human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), COX-1 from ram seminal vesicle, COX-2 from sheep placenta and human venous blood. For the in vivo tests male Wistar rats were used, for the ex vivo test perfused rabbit ears.
  
  
  METHODS
  1-300 microg/kg MGL or myricetinmethylglucuronate and 0.1-5 mg/kg other related compounds administered p.o. (carrageenan edema). 5, 50 and 150 microg/kg MGL p.o. for 14 days (Freund's adjuvant arthritis), 5 and 50 microg/kg p.o. for 6 days (ulceration).
  
  
  METHODS
  Anti-inflammatory effects were measured in carrageenan edema and in adjuvant arthritis. Incidence of gastric lesions was tested in an ulcerogenicity model in vivo. Influence on COX was determined in the perfused rabbit ear, in PMNL and in a test assay using COX-1 and COX-2. 5-LOX activity was studied using PMNL and RBL-1. The influence on platelet aggregation was evaluated measuring light transmission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MGL exerted a marked and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect in acute (carrageenan edema, ED50 15 microg/kg, indomethacin ED50 10 mg/kg) and chronic (adjuvant arthritis, inhibition at 150 microg/kg 18.1 % left paw, 20.6% right paw, indomethacin 3 mg/kg 18.0% and 19.4%)) models of inflammation. In the perfused rabbit ear 1 microg MGL inhibited the release of PGI2, PGD2 and PGE2 to the same extent as 1 microg indomethacin. The inhibition of COX-1 in the intact cell system was IC50 = 0.5 microM, that of indomethacin 0.0038 microM. In the isolated enzyme preparations of COX-1 and COX-2 the IC50 was 10 microM and 8 microM, that of indomethacin 9.2 mM and 2.4 microM. In the RBL-1 and PMNL test assay the inhibition of 5-LOX was 0.1 microM and 2.2 microM. An orally administered dose of 50 microg/kg/day induced no gastric ulcers in rats treated for 6 days. The investigations on carrageenan edema showed a close relationship between the structure of MGL and the anti-inflammatory effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MGL is a COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitor. In view of the moderate in vitro activity and the very potent in vivo activity an additive mechanism must be involved. Small changes in the molecular structure lead to the loss or reduction of the anti-inflammatory activity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Austria. alois.hiermann@kfunigraz.ac.at
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hiermann
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laufer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy; D002351:Carrageenan; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C072578:myricetin 3-O-glucuronide; D002351:Carrageenan; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496513:Ptgs1 protein, rat