title: Parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis of bacterial infections does not improve cost-efficacy of oral norfloxacin in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Selective intestinal decontamination with norfloxacin is useful in the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. However, bleeding cirrhotic patients with ascites, encephalopathy, or shock are at high risk to develop bacterial infections in spite of prophylactic norfloxacin. The aim of this study was to assess whether the addition of intravenous ceftriaxone could improve the efficacy of prophylaxis with norfloxacin in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage and ascites, encephalopathy, or shock were randomized into two groups: Group 1 (n = 28) received oral norfloxacin 400 mg/12 h for 7 days, and group 2 (n = 28) received norfloxacin plus intravenous ceftriaxone 2 g daily during the first 3 days of admission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients were excluded because of community-acquired infection, surgery, or death within the first 24 h. The incidence of bacterial infections during hospitalization was 18.1% in group 1 and 12.5% in group 2 (p = NS). The incidence of severe infections (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, bacteremia, or pneumonia) was also similar in both groups: 9% in group 1 versus 8.3% in group 2 (p = NS). There were no statistical differences between the two groups with respect to duration of hospitalization or mortality. The cost of antibiotic therapy (including prophylaxis and treatment of infections) was significantly higher in group 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the addition of intravenous ceftriaxone during the first 3 days of hospitalization does not improve the cost-efficacy of oral norfloxacin in the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding and high risk of infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sàbat
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kolle
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soriano
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pamplona
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Novella
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sainz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Torras
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Balanzó
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guarner
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009643:Norfloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D002443:Ceftriaxone; D009643:Norfloxacin