title: Histogenesis of the chequered pattern of ivory of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana).
abstract: This study aimed to propose a hypothesis on the events which lead to the development of the characteristic chequered pattern of elephant ivory. Twenty fragments of ivory and six elephant tusks were obtained through the National Parks Board of South Africa. Polished surfaces were prepared in sagittal and longitudinal planes and the characteristics of the distinctive chequered pattern described. Light- and electron-microscopical techniques and image analyses were employed to determine the morphological basis of the pattern and to describe the spatial distribution, density and morphology of the dentinal tubules. These investigations showed that the distinctive pattern was the result of the sinusoidal, centripetal course followed by dentinal tubules. The apical, slanted part of the sinusoidal curve is the result of the centripetally moving odontoblast, which, during formation of ivory, progresses towards the centre of the tusk on a decreasing circumference. It is suggested that this leads to cell crowding, increased pressure between odontoblasts and subsequent apical movement of their cell bodies, cell degeneration and fusion. Odontoblastic degeneration and fusion probably relieve the pressure between the crowded odontoblasts by reducing their numbers and the remaining odontoblasts now orientate their centripetal course towards the tip of the tusk, thereby forming the anterior-directed part of the sinusoidal path of the tubule. As odontoblasts progress centripetally the diameter of the pulpal cavity decreases further and the processes of apical movement, fusion and degeneration of odontoblasts are repeated. This occurs until the pulpal cavity is obliterated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Medical University of Southern Africa, Republic of South Africa. ejraub@med4330.medunsa.ac.za
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Raubenheimer
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bosman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vorster
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Noffke
mesh_terms: D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D016923:Cell Death; D002459:Cell Fusion; D002465:Cell Movement; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003804:Dentin / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003810:Dentinogenesis; D004606:Elephants / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009804:Odontoblasts / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013019:South Africa