title: Distribution and metabolism of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in patients with septic shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pharmacokinetics of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, was investigated in patients with septic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood was sampled at intervals before, during and after 12-h infusion of L-NAME 1 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) in nine septic shock patients for determination of plasma concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In three patients the renal clearance of the drug was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of L-NAME with plasma and blood in vitro revealed hydrolysis to N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG), the active inhibitor of NO synthesis. L-NOARG did not undergo further degradation. Continuous intravenous infusion of 1 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) of L-NAME for 12 h in patients with septic shock increased blood pressure and resulted in increasing plasma concentrations of L-NOARG (Cmax 6.2 microg x ml(-1) at 12 h) whereas L-NAME concentrations reached a plateau within 1.5 h (Cmax 1.0 microg x ml(-1)). After the infusion was stopped L-NAME disappeared from the plasma rapidly (half-life 19.2 min) whereas L-NOARG concentration declined slowly (half-life 22.9 h). The calculated volume of distribution for L-NAME was 0.451 x kg(-1) body weight and 1.961 x kg(-1) for L-NOARG. The renal clearance for L-NOARG was 3.5% of total body clearance for L-NOARG, whereas L-NAME could not be detected in urine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that vasoconstriction with L-NAME in septic patients may result from hydrolysis to L-NOARG, the active inhibitor of NO synthesis. The long plasma half-life and large volume of distribution for L-NOARG suggests extensive distribution to extravascular tissues. Since renal excretion is minimal, elimination of the metabolite L-NOARG follows other pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Intensive Care, University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Avontuur
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Buijk
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bruining
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000378:metabolism*; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019335:Nitroarginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester