title: Clinical significance of "cannibalism" in urinary cytology of bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the cytologic characteristics and clinical significance of "cannibalism" (cytophagocytosis), a characteristic histologic finding associated with malignancy, found in urinary cytology samples during the diagnosis of bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 252 patients with bladder cancer initially treated from 1981 to 1991. For their pretreatment urine samples, membrane filtration was performed to determine the presence and amount of cannibalism, a tumor cell within a tumor cell. The urinary cytologic findings were then correlated with the histologic findings of primary bladder cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only cells from urinary cytology-positive specimens demonstrated cannibalism. The positive rate of cannibalism was significantly higher in grade 3 (25%) than grade 1 (0%) or 2 (8%) superficial papillary cancer (P < .01) and also higher in muscle-invading bladder cancer (57%) than grade 3 superficial papillary cancer (P < .01). The rate did not differ significantly between muscle-invading cancer and superficial nonpapillary cancer (44%). In 198 patients with superficial bladder cancer, progression was observed in 19 (10%) during a mean follow-up of 72 months. All of them showed positive urinary cytology results in pretreatment samples, and among the patients with positive urinary cytology, the progression rate was significantly higher when cannibalism was present than when it was absent (38% vs. 17%, P < .05). Moreover, in high grade cases, cannibalism had significant predictive value for progression. By multivariate analysis, cannibalism was an independent factor for prediction of progression, as were tumor grade and stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cannibalism in urinary cytology appears to be an indicator of both the anaplastic grade and invasiveness of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Furthermore, cannibalism may provide a reliable predictor of progression of superficial bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Mizonokuchi, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohshima
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000473:pathology; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010587:Phagocytosis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure