title: Radiation therapy in the management of symptomatic bone metastases: the effect of total dose and histology on pain relief and response duration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to better define variables and factors that may influence the pain response to radiation, and to look for a radiation regimen that can assure the highest percentage and the longest duration of pain relief, we performed a prospective, although not randomized, study on patients with bone metastases from various primary sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  From December 1988 to March 1994, 205 patients with a total of 255 solitary or multiple bone metastases from several primary tumors were treated in our radiotherapy center with palliative intent. Irradiation fields were treated with three main fractionation schedules: (1) Conventional fractionation: 40-46 Gy/20-23 fractions in 5-5.5 weeks; (2) Short course: 30-36 Gy/10-12 fractions in 2-2.3 weeks; (3) Fast course: 8-28 Gy/1-4 consecutive fractions. Pain intensity was self-assessed by patients using a visual analogic scale graduated from 0 (no pain) to 10 (the strongest pain one can experience). Analgesic requirement was assessed by using a five-point scale, scoring both analgesic strength and frequency (0 = no drug or occasional nonopioids; 1 = Nonopioids once daily; 2 = Nonopioids more than once daily; 3 = Mild opioids (oral codeine, pentazocine, etc.), once daily; 4 = Mild opioids more than once daily; 5 = Strong opioids (morphine, meperidine, etc.). Complete pain relief meant the achievement of a score < or = 2 in the pain scale or 0 in the analgesic requirement scale. Partial pain relief indicated a score of 3 to 4 or of 1 to 2 on the former and latter scale, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total pain relief (complete + partial) was observed in 195 (76%) sites, in 158 of which (62%) a complete response was obtained. Metastases from NSC lung tumors appeared to be the least responsive among all primary tumors, with 46% complete pain relief in comparison to 65% and 83% complete relief in breast (p = 0.04) and in prostate metastases (p = 0.002), respectively. A significant difference in pain relief was detected among the several ranges of total dose delivered to the painful metastases, with 81%, 65%, and 46% complete relief rates in the 40-46 Gy, 30-36 Gy (p = 0.03), and 8-28 Gy (p = 0.0001) dose ranges respectively. A straight correlation between total dose and complete pain relief was confirmed by the curve calculated by the logistic model which shows that doses of 30 Gy or more are necessary to achieve complete pain relief in 70% or more of bone metastases. This correlation holds also for the duration of pain control, as shown by the actuarial analysis of time to pain progression. Multivariate analyses, with complete pain relief and time to pain progression as endpoints show a highly significant effect of radiation dose (p = 0.0007) and performance status (p = 0.003), with lower rates of complete pain relief and shorter time to pain progression observed after smaller radiation total doses or higher Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although single-dose or short course irradiation is an attractive treatment in reducing the number of multiple visits to radiotherapy departments for patients with painful bone metastases, it is nevertheless clear that aggressive protracted treatments seem to offer significant advantages especially for patients in whom the expected life span is not short.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Therapy Center, S. Maria Goretti Hospital, Latina, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arcangeli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giovinazzo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saracino
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giannarelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arcangeli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Micheli
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000532:radiotherapy; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010166:Palliative Care; D018579:Patient Selection; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics