title: [Stability of iodinated contrast media in UV-laser irradiation and toxicity of the photoproducts].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In XeCl-Excimer laser angioplasty, unintended and possibly harmful interaction of the UV-laser light and the contrast media may occur due to the high concentration of contrast medium proximal to the occlusion or subtotal stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One ml of three nonionic monomeric contrast agents (iopromide, iomeprol, iopamidol), one nonionic dimeric (jotrolane), and one ionic monomeric (amidotrizoate) X-ray contrast agent were irradiated with a XeCl excimer laser (lambda = 308 nm, pulse duration 120 ns, 50 Hz) using a 9 French multifiber catheter (12 sectors). Up to 20,000 pulses (106 J) were applied. Using high performance liquid chromatography the amount of liberated iodide as well as the fraction of unchanged contrast media were measured. Cytotoxicity of the photoproducts was tested in a colony formation assay of human skin fibroblasts. The contrast agents were irradiated with 2000 pulses/ml (5.3 mJ/pulse; 10.6 J) and then added to the cell cultures for a period of three hours in a concentration of 10%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excimer laser irradiation induced iodide liberation of up to 3.3 mg iodide/ml. Up to 19% of the contrast agents changed their original molecular structure. Incubation of irradiated contrast agents resulted in a significantly decreased potential for colony formation (p values ranging from 0.0044 to 0.0102) with significantly higher toxicity of amidotrizoate and iomeprol in comparison to iopromide, iotrolan, and iopamidol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the cytotoxic photoproducts and the high level of liberated iodide, it is recommended to flush the artery with physiological saline solution before applying a pulsed excimer laser in human arterial obstructions in order to reduce the contrast agent concentration at the site of irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Radiologische Diagnostik, Radiologische Universitätsklinik Tübingen. eckart.gronewaller@t-online.de
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Grönewäller
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Wahl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kehlbach
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Rodemann
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Claussen
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Duda
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity; D019281:Dimerization; D004355:Drug Stability; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity; D007463:Iodobenzoates; D007472:Iohexol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity; D007479:Iopamidol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity; D007834:Lasers; D010782:Photolysis; D011859:Radiography; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000528:radiation effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007463:Iodobenzoates; C057937:iomeprol; D007472:Iohexol; C038192:iopromide; D007455:Iodine; D007479:Iopamidol
vernacular_title: Stabilität jodhaltiger Röntgenkontrastmittel unter UV-Laser-Bestrahlung und Toxizität der Photoprodukte.