title: Redefining peripheral tolerance in the BALB/c to CBA mouse cardiac allograft model: vascular and cytokine analysis after transient CD4 T cell depletion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate cardiac allografts from recipients that had achieved peripheral tolerance after transient CD4+ T cell depletion, we analyzed cellular infiltrate, cytokine expression, and vascular thickening. Long-surviving cardiac allografts from tolerant recipients were compared with acutely rejecting allografts and isografts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In CBA mice treated with anti-CD4 (GK1.5, 0.5 mg intraperitoneally on days 1-28), BALB/c cardiac allografts survived >100 days. These recipients were tested for tolerance at >70 days, by challenge with donor and third-party (C57BL/6) skin grafts. BALB/c skin grafts survived >30 days, although C57BL/6 skin was rejected in <12 days, reflecting alloantigen-specific peripheral tolerance. When vascular thickening in graft arteries was assessed and computerized measurements performed, heart allografts from tolerant recipients showed significantly increased percentage of luminal occlusion compared with isografts (47% compared with 1.2%). Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to assess normalized intragraft mRNA transcripts for cytokines and T cell markers, with immunoperoxidase staining of frozen sections to confirmed the presence of protein. Compared with rejecting grafts, well-preserved hearts from tolerant mice had lower levels of macrophage and T cell infiltration and decreased transcription of interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. IL-4 expression was similar in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degree of tolerance achieved allowed specific acceptance of donor skin grafts, preserved primary graft function, and reduced inflammatory activation. Tolerance did not, however, completely prevent macrophage and T cell infiltration of the graft or the development of vascular lesions typical of chronic rejection.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. p.mottram@medicine.unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Mottram
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raisanen-Sokolowski
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Glysing-Jensen
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Stein-Oakley
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D008212:Lymphocyte Depletion; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000473:pathology; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014185:Transplantation, Isogeneic