title: Toxicological deaths of major league baseball players.
abstract: METHODS
  A retrospective review of major league baseball records was conducted for players' cause of death. Any death attributed to a toxic exposure was analyzed for causal agent, reason for exposure, age at time of death, location, time of year, team, and dominant position played while active.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight poisoning deaths were identified between 1889-1995. The most common agent was carbon monoxide (8), followed by methane gas asphyxiation (4), opiate overdose (4), ethanol (3), and phenol (3). Fourteen (50%) were unintentional deaths, 13 (46%) were suicidal in nature, and 1 (4%) homicidal. The majority of deaths (75%) occurred after the players had retired from the game. The leading position was pitcher (13), followed by catcher (5), outfield (4), second base (2), first (1), shortstop (1), third (1), and umpire (1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With society's increased illicit drug use, better drug detection, escalating salaries, and increased public pressures placed on present-day players, more poisonings may likely occur.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago 60612-7354, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boren
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Erickson
mesh_terms: D001484:Baseball / Q000266:history*; D002423:Cause of Death; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006708:Homicide / Q000266:history / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D011041:Poisoning / Q000266:history* / Q000401:mortality; D013405:Suicide / Q000266:history / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology