title: The natural history of epiphora in childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence and aetiology of epiphora in a population of 7-year-old children and determine whether a conservative management policy for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) results in excess lacrimal dysfunction in later childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A postal questionnaire was sent to the parents of a large cohort of 7-year-old children previously investigated to determine the incidence and natural progression of CNLDO. They were asked about the presence of epiphora, and its relationship to atopic disease and the presence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). Information on epiphora had also been gathered from the same cohort at age 3 1/2 years at a routine examination. Data were compared with those for epiphora in infancy in the same cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of epiphora at 3 1/2 years was 5.5%, and 7 years 7.7%. At age 7 years 70% of cases were related to atopic disease or URTI. CNLDO was not significantly related to epiphora in later childhood (p = 0.000032).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A policy of delaying nasolacrimal probing in CNLDO until after the age of 1 year does not result in a detectable excess of lacrimal dysfunction in later childhood, when epiphora is more likely to be related to atopic disease or upper respiratory tract infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maini
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: MacEwen
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000150:complications; D015994:Incidence; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000150:complications; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires