title: Acquisition of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients receiving tube feeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clostridium difficile is the most common infectious cause of nosocomial diarrhea, but its role in diarrhea associated with tube feeding has not been rigorously investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of C. difficile acquisition and C. difficile-associated diarrhea in tube-fed and non-tube-fed patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university-affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  76 consecutive hospitalized, tube-fed patients and 76 hospitalized, non-tube-fed patients. The two cohorts were matched for age, unit location, duration of hospitalization before surveillance, and severity of illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of C. difficile acquisition, incidence of C. difficile-associated diarrhea, and C. difficile restriction endonuclease analysis typing results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More tube-fed patients than non-tube-fed patients acquired C. difficile (15 of 76 patients [20%] compared with 6 of 76 patients [8%]; P=0.03) and developed C. difficile-associated diarrhea (7 of 76 patients [9%] compared with 1 of 76 patients [1%]; P=0.03). The mean proportion (+/-SD) of surveillance days with diarrhea was greater for tube-fed patients after the development of C. difficile-associated diarrhea than for tube-fed patients without this diarrhea (0.68+/-0.4 compared with 0.22+/-0.2 [95% CI for the mean difference, 0.08 to 0.84]). Postpyloric tube feeding (odds ratio, 3.14 [CI, 1.008 to 9.77]) and duration of surveillance (odds ratio, 1.08 [CI, 1.0009 to 1.16]) were risk factors for the acquisition of C. difficile. Nineteen restriction endonuclease analysis types of C. difficile were identified from 20 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hospitalized, tube-fed patients, especially those receiving postpyloric tube feeding, are at greater risk for the acquisition of C. difficile and the development of C. difficile-associated diarrhea than are hospitalized, non-tube-fed patients. Clinicians should test for C. difficile in tube-fed patients with diarrhea.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota School of Nursing and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis 55455-0324, USA. bliss@tc.umn.edu
authors.forename: D Z
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Bliss
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Savik
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Clabots
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Willard
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Gerding
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000635:transmission; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology*; D004262:DNA Restriction Enzymes; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000382:microbiology*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D017757:Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004262:DNA Restriction Enzymes