title: Interactions between essential and toxic elements in lead exposed children in Katowice, Poland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of the essential element status on blood concentrations of lead and other toxic metals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 157 children from Katowice, an industrial area in Poland, was investigated for concentrations of lead and cadmium in whole blood, and mercury, selenium, zinc, copper, and magnesium in whole blood and serum. Relations between these elements, serum ferritin, hematological parameters, as well as serum selenoprotein P and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were examined. Conversion factors for element concentrations (mumol to microgram): lead 207.19, cadmium 112.41, mercury 200.59, selenium 78.96, magnesium 24.31, copper 63.55, and zinc 65.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood lead was negatively associated with concentrations of selenium in whole blood and serum as well as selenoprotein P and glutathione peroxidase in serum. The association was mainly apparent at low blood lead concentrations, which may indicate an influence of selenium on the kinetics of lead, rather than an effect of lead on the selenium status. Children with low serum ferritin levels had statistically higher blood cadmium levels and a tendency for higher blood lead levels, indicating increased gastrointestinal absorption of these metals at reduced iron stores. Blood lead was negatively correlated with mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, which may reflect the effect of lead on hemoglobin synthesis. There was an association between blood mercury and selenium, indicating a common source of intake through fish consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that selenium and iron status may influence the kinetics of lead.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. katarina.osman@imm.ki.se
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schütz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akesson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maciag
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vahter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D008628:Mercury / Q000097:blood; D011044:Poland; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012643:Selenium / Q000097:blood; D051149:Selenoprotein P; D051140:Selenoproteins; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D051149:Selenoprotein P; D051140:Selenoproteins; D002104:Cadmium; D003300:Copper; D005293:Ferritins; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D008628:Mercury; D012643:Selenium; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc