title: Prevalence of hypertension in patients with type II diabetes in referral versus primary care clinics.
abstract: We compared the prevalence of hypertension in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in referral and primary care practices using definitions of The Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-V), while controlling for other risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, smoking, and age. Patients (n = 1443) were enrolled consecutively from a large referral practice at the Jackson Diabetes Center and four primary care clinics in the vicinity. Blood pressures were measured at three clinic visits after a 5-min rest in a sitting position using a standard clinical sphygmomanometer. Charts were reviewed to determine diabetes duration, insulin usage, height, weight, smoking history, use of antihypertensive and oral hypoglycemic medications, socioeconomic status, and race. Patients were classified as hypertensive based on JNC-V definitions or if they were on antihypertensive medication. Hypertension was termed uncontrolled if blood pressure was JNC-V Stage 2 or higher while on antihypertensive medication. Seventy-eight percent of referral clinic and 55% of primary care clinic patients had either JNC-V State 1 or higher hypertension or were on antihypertensive medication. Actual blood pressures indicated that more patients had JNC-V Stage 1 (mild) or higher hypertension in referral compared to primary care clinics (62% versus 48% p = 0.01) but fewer had JNC-V Stage 2 or higher (moderate-severe) hypertension (12% versus 19% p = 0.002). Patients seen in the referral clinic were significantly more likely to have greater age, greater duration of diabetes, higher insulin dosage, longer smoking history, antihypertensive medication, and live outside the metropolitan area. By logistic regression, the odds of hypertension were significantly increased with age (OR 1.51/decade), BMI greater than 27 (OR 2.17), diabetes duration (OR 1.04/year), and insulin dosage (OR 1.74/U/kg). Current smoking and attending a referral clinic were not significantly related. The odds of moderate-severe hypertension were significantly increased with age (OR 1.23/ decade), decreased by attending a referral clinic (OR 0.45), and not significantly related to other confounders in the model. The prevalence of hypertension among patients with NIDDM was higher in referral than primary care clinics. The higher prevalence in the referral practice can be accounted for by the greater severity of associated risk factors in the referral practice patients; however, most patients will be diagnosed and treated for hypertension prior to referral. More patients in the referral practice were on hypertensive medication, which lowered the stage or severity of hypertension but still not to the normal range. The results suggest that the primary detection of hypertension in patients with type II diabetes resides with the primary care physician. Management of hypertension will require both a delineation and acceptance of responsibilities between the primary care physician and diabetes specialists.
authors.affiliation: Robert L. Jackson Diabetes Center, Via Christi Medical Center, Wichita, Kansas 67211, USA.
authors.forename: W V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fredrickson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Childs
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tatpati
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guthrie
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D044469:Racial Groups; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology