title: Infection and atherosclerosis--focus on cytomegalovirus and Chlamydia pneumoniae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Numerous studies have reported an association of coronary atherosclerosis and restenosis with certain bacterial and viral infections. This article reviews the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, the role of infectious agents (i.e, cytomegalovirus and Chlamydia pneumoniae) in atherogenesis, and studies supporting the potential beneficial effects of antibiotics or antiviral agents in the management of atherosclerotic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language clinical studies, abstracts, and review articles pertaining to infectious agents and coronary atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant seroepidemiologic and pathologic studies and animal models evaluating the role of cytomegalovirus or C. pneumoniae in coronary atherosclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies evaluating the possible role of cytomegalovirus and C. pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, as well as studies examining the use of antimicrobial and antiviral agents for reduction of cardiovascular events, are reviewed and critiqued.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current data do not allow us to determine whether infection is a cause or a cofactor of atherosclerosis. These uncertainties can be resolved by larger scale seroepidemiologic, pathologic, and interventional studies. Such efforts will contribute to identifying populations that are appropriate for particular surveillance or specific interventions, such as antibiotics or antiviral therapy.
authors.affiliation: Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA. JCheng@liu.edu
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Rivera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications*; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents