title: Survival of very young children with medulloblastoma (primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the posterior fossa) treated with craniospinal irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Very young children with medulloblastoma are considered to have a worse prognosis than older children. As radiotherapy remains an important part of the treatment, the adverse prognosis could be due to inadequate radiation treatment rather than biological factors. We analyzed the published literature to examine the impact of radiotherapy on survival in this group.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline search was performed and we reviewed studies of treatment of medulloblastoma where radiotherapy was delivered using megavoltage equipment and the minimum follow-up allowed the calculation of 5-year survival rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine studies were published between 1979 and 1996 with a treatment including craniospinal irradiation and boost to the posterior fossa. Eleven studies comprising 1366 patients analyzed survival by age at diagnosis. Eight of 11 studies showed a worse 5-year survival for the younger patient group which reached statistical significance in two. There is also a suggestion of a higher proportion of children with metastatic disease at presentation in the very young age group. The usual policy in younger children was to give a lower dose of radiotherapy to the craniospinal axis (CSA) and posterior fossa (PF) with reduction of dose in the range of 15 to 25% compared to standard treatment. As dose reduction to the posterior fossa is associated with worse survival and local recurrence is the predominant site of failure, the major determinant of worse survival in very young children with medulloblastoma may be suboptimal radiotherapy. Protocols including postoperative chemotherapy with delayed, omitted, or only local tumor irradiation do not reach survival rates of protocols with standard radiotherapy, also suggesting a continued importance for irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Very young children with medulloblastoma have a worse prognosis than older children. Inadequate radiation dose and technique to the primary tumor region may be a major contributing factor. Current chemotherapeutic regimes alone are not sufficient to compensate for reduced radiation doses and volumes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Saran
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Driever
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thilmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mose
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Adamietz
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Böttcher
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003388:Cranial Fossa, Posterior; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018242:Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis