Changing self-esteem in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review.
Conducted a meta-analytic review of 116 studies, which indicated significant improvement in children's and adolescents' self-esteem and self-concept, and significant concomitant changes in behavioral, personality, and academic functioning. Interventions specifically focused on changing self-esteem and self-concept were significantly more effective (mean effect size = 0.57) than programs focused on another target, such as behavior or social skills (0.10). Treatment programs were also more effective (0.47) than primary prevention programs (0.09) in changing self-esteem. Four variables emerged as significant predictors of self-esteem outcomes: 2 methodological features (type of design and control group), the use of a theoretical or empirical rationale, and the type of program (treatment or prevention). Future research needs to examine the causal connection between changes occurring in self-esteem and other areas of adjustment, assess intervention success for different ethnic groups and for children of different ages and sex, and determine the long-term impact of interventions.
Haney
P
P
Department of Psychology, Loyola University, Chicago, IL 60626, USA.
Durlak
J A
JA
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003479:Curriculum; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012649:Self Concept; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012944:Social Support