title: MR-guided percutaneous angioplasty: assessment of tracking safety, catheter handling and functionality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Magnetic resonance (MR)-guided percutaneous vascular interventions have evolved to a practical possibility with the advent of open-configuration MR systems and real-time tracking techniques. The purpose of this study was to assess an MR-tracking percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) catheter with regard to its safety profile and functionality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time, biplanar tracking of the PTA catheter was made possible by incorporating a small radiofrequency (RF) coil in the catheter tip and connecting it to a coaxial cable embedded in the catheter wall. To evaluate potentially hazardous thermal effects due to the incorporation of the coil, temperature measurements were performed within and around the coil under various scanning and tracking conditions at 1.5 Tesla (T). Catheter force transmission and balloon-burst pressure of the MR-tracking PTA catheter were compared with those of a standard PTA catheter. The dilatative capability of the angioplasty balloon was assessed in vitro as well as in vivo, in an isolated femoral artery segment in a swine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The degree of heating at the RF coil was directly proportional to the power of the RF pulses. Heating was negligible with MR tracking, conventional spin-echo and low-flip gradient-echo sequences. Sequences with higher duty cycles, such as fast spin echo, produced harmful heating effects. Force transmission of the MR-tracking PTA catheter was slightly inferior to that of the standard PTA catheter, while balloon-burst pressures were similar to those of conventional catheters. The MR-tracking PTA catheter functioned well both in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in vivo use of an MR-tracking PTA catheter is safe under most scanning conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wildermuth
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dumoulin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pfammatter
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Debatin
mesh_terms: D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity