title: State abortion policy, geographic access to abortion providers and changing family formation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the goals in cutting welfare payments and setting time limits on welfare receipt is the reduction of out-of-wedlock childbearing among poor women. Yet such changes may increase the demand for abortion at the same time that access to abortion has decreased, throwing into doubt the potential effect of these changes on the proportion of women who are heading families.
  
  
  METHODS
  State and county fixed-effects models were used to estimate the effects of factors influencing abortion availability--geographic access, parental notification requirements and Medicaid funding restrictions--on the county-level proportion of women heading households.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The decline in geographic access to abortion providers during the 1980s accounted for a small but significant portion of the rise in the percentage of women heading families (about 2%). Restrictions on Medicaid funding for abortion accounted for about half of the increase in female headship among blacks, while new state parental notification requirements contributed modestly to the rise in the proportion of white women heading single-parent families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Welfare reform legislation and attempts to reduce the availability of abortion services in the United States appear to be working at cross-purposes. Cutbacks in access to abortion may have contributed modestly to the increase in the proportion of women heading households.
authors.affiliation: Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Lichter
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ribar
mesh_terms: D000029:Abortion, Legal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011640:Public Policy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012946:Social Welfare / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D014481:United States