title: Factors affecting pain intensity in a pain model based upon tonic intranasal stimulation in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present publication describes an inflammatory pain model based on an air-stream introduced in the nasal cavity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of flow, humidity and temperature of the air-stream on the intensity of the evoked pain sensations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six healthy volunteers participated in the study. Pain was produced by a stream of air introduced to the nasal cavity at different flow rates (5, 6 and 81/min), humidity (20 and 80% relative humidity) and temperature (16, 24, and 32 degrees C). The evoked pain was quantified by means of visual analogue scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The air-stream induced a dull and burning painful sensation. The intensity of pain was found to be related to the air-stream's humidity and temperature. Specifically, a dry air-stream (20% relative humidity) evoked significantly stronger pain than a humidified air-stream (80% relative humidity). Pain was significantly greater at a temperature of 32 degrees C than at 24 degrees and 16 degrees C, while the temperatures of 16 and 24 degrees C did not differ with respect to pain intensity. In contrast, a tendency towards stronger pain produced by a flow of 81 compared to that with 51 could not be statistically justified within the present study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The non-invasive pain stimulus was found to be easily applicable and the evoked pain sensation could be modified by variation of humidity and temperature of the air-stream.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. jloetsch@leland.stanford.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lötsch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ahne
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kunder
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kobal
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hummel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000388:Air; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009296:Nasal Cavity; D010146:Pain; D013696:Temperature