title: Genetics, age, and infertility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the genetics of aging specifically as it pertains to human fertility, as well as the recent advancements in the diagnosis of genetic diseases prior to embryo implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of our own experience as well as the scientific literature with regards to the decline in female fertility with age, the success of IVF in women of older reproductive age, and the role of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in the evaluation of the patient at risk for fetal genetic anomalies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The decline in female fertility occurs primarily as a result of a decline in oocyte quality as well as quantity. The frequency of chromosomal anomalies in recognized abortuses increases in parallel with the age-specific rise in the incidence of spontaneous abortions. PGD is an accurate diagnostic tool for exclusion of genetically deficient embryos prior to initiation of pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reproductive failure in women of older age appears to be directly related to ovarian age. Recent techniques such as cytoplasmic or germinal vesicle transfer are designed to replace the senescent cellular machinery believed to be responsible for genetic errors that occur during early cell division. PGD can accurately identify embryos with genetic deficiencies prior to implantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ob/Gyn, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Manhatten, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nasseri
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Grifo
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000235:genetics*; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis