title: Determination of erythema-effective solar radiation in Japan and Germany with a spore monolayer film optimized for the detection of UVB and UVA--results of a field campaign.
abstract: The available physical and biological broad-band radiometers designed to determine erythema-effective radiation do not show any response or over/underestimate the biologically effective radiation to a high extent in the ultraviolet (UV)A spectral region. The data presented in this paper demonstrate that the biological system used in this study is the first one to make possible measurements of erythema-effective radiation in the sun in the UVA and UVB spectral region. These measurements were performed with a spore-film filter system as well as with spectroradiometers. It was demonstrated that this biotechnological method could be used to determine exact values expressed as minimal erythemal dose (MED). The spore-film system was tested in various field campaigns performed in Germany and in Japan. The seasonal daily variation of UV radiation in Germany determined in the period November 1995 to December 1996 using the spore-film filter system in sunny conditions tallied well with model calculations. The daily dose in Germany measured with the spore-film system close to the summer solstice, in sunny conditions (20.45 MED), was approximately 20 times higher than the lowest value measured close to the winter solstice (0.82 MED), a result which was in accordance with model calculations. The data determined with the spore-film filter system in Sapporo and Naha, Japan, fitted to the erythema-weighted data calculated from spectroradiometric measurements (Brewer), even at low solar radiation angles in a solar spectrum with less UVB but significant UVA. The spore-film dosimeter values were about 103 +/- 8% of the integrated dose of the Brewer instrument. The standard deviation of the spore-film measurements obtained in Japan was 12.8%. The responsivity of the spore-film system towards longer wavelengths within the UVA spectrum was tested with the Okasaki Large Spectrograph with monochromatic radiation. At a wavelength of 365 nm--in a spectral region which is dominant in many tanning lamps and with minor importance for solar radiation in summer conditions--the tested spore-film system gave results that were close (112% compared to the calibration dose) to the calibration dose which was used for irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Space and Particle Radiation Science Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Furusawa
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Quintern
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holtschmidt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koepke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000528:radiation effects; D004249:DNA Damage; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004890:Erythema / Q000209:etiology*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012621:Seasons; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013472:Sunlight; D013997:Time Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial