title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for nonneonatal pulmonary and multiple-organ failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an accepted therapy for neonatal pulmonary failure, but its use in older children has been controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 13 years, 55 children (ages, 3 months to 16 years) were treated with venoarterial or venovenous ECMO. The diagnoses were viral, bacterial, or fungal pneumonia (24 patients); hydrocarbon or gastric aspiration (n = 10); adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, near drowning (n = 15); pulmonary contusion (n = 2); airway obstruction (n = 3); pulmonary artery foreign body (n = 1). Pre-ECMO blood gas ranges (and means) were PO2, 21 to 100 (n = 44); PCO2, 23 to 125 (n = 72); pH, 6.81 to 7.55 (n = 7.11).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients received inotropes, and 38 required dialysis or hemofiltration. ECMO was used for 20 to 613 hours (mean, 196 hours). Patient complications included cannulation site hemorrhage (n = 40), renal failure (n = 10), seizures (n = 8), stroke (n = 3), and cerebral hemorrhage (n = 2). Twenty-five patients (45%) survived ECMO, with 21 long-term survivors (10 pneumonia, five aspiration, five ARDS, one pulmonary contusion), five of whom have mild to moderate neurological deficit. Patients with combinations of pulmonary, cardiac, and renal failure, or sepsis did not survive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECMO is an invasive technique that can be life saving in the child with isolated respiratory failure, but its usefulness in children with multiorgan failure is less certain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, St Louis University Health Sciences Center, Missouri 63104, USA.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kountzman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome