title: Neonatal piglet model of intraaortic balloon pumping: improved efficacy using echocardiographic timing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pediatric intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP) has met with little success because of technical difficulty in tracking rapid heart rates. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of M-mode echocardiography for IABP timing in a neonatal piglet model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of piglets underwent mitral valve avulsion to create a model of shock. Group 1 (n = 8; mean weight, 7.7+/-1.8 kg) underwent IABP timed with both the ascending aortic pressure and M-mode echocardiogram. Group 2 (n = 6; mean weight, 7.5+/-1.4 kg) underwent two separate periods of IABP: one with echocardiographic timing and the second using standard timing points from the femoral arterial pressure tracing and electrocardiogram. Measurements included ascending aortic flow, left anterior descending arterial flow, ascending aortic pressure, left atrial pressure, and heart rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mitral valve avulsion produced a shock model with a significant decrease in mean aortic pressure and aortic flow and a significant increase in left atrial pressure and heart rate. Compared with the shock state, IABP in group 1 animals resulted in a significant increase in aortic flow (353+/-152 versus 454+/-109 mL/min; p < 0.05) and a significant decrease in left atrial pressure (23+/-6 versus 17+/-7 mm Hg; p < 0.05). Group 2 animals with echocardiogram-timed IABP had significantly increased aortic flow (365+/-106 versus 458+/-107 mL/min; p < 0.05) and mean aortic pressure (43+/-11 versus 52+/-8 mm Hg; p < 0.05). However, standard-timed IABP failed to show any improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In piglets with rapid heart rates, echocardiogram-timed IABP results in increased aortic flow and pressure and decreased left atrial pressure compared with standard-timed IABP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Minich
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Tani
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Pantalos
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Bolland
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Knorr
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate; D007423:Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping / Q000379:methods*; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000628:therapy; D013552:Swine