title: Thoracoscopic sympathectomy for vasospastic diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vasospastic disorders (acrocyanosis, Raynaud's syndrome, causalgia) can arise from different etiologic factors, but the pathogenesis is always represented by an altered mechanism of vasal motility. Upper dorsal sympathectomy has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for these disorders by decreasing peripheral resistances. Surgical technique has shown long-lasting results, and it can now be performed by endoscopic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our experience with six cases of sympathectomy is illustrated. The indications, thoracoscopic technique, complications and long-term results are evaluated. Four women with Raynaud's syndrome and two men with causalgia were treated in this series. After an accurate preoperative evaluation, the second, third, fourth and fifth thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic chain were identified and excised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients experienced relief of symptoms with very limited pain and discomfort. They did not require further medical therapy and are relapse-free at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that thoracoscopic sympathectomy can be considered an effective, safe and simple treatment for selected cases of vasospastic phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Cattedra di Chirurgia Generale, Università di Roma, Tor Vergata, Italy. n.dilorenzo@wxt.com
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sica
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sileri
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gaspari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002422:Causalgia / Q000601:surgery; D003490:Cyanosis / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000601:surgery; D013562:Sympathectomy / Q000379:methods*; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D014661:Vasoconstriction