title: DNase1 footprints suggest the involvement of at least three types of transcription factors in the regulation of alpha-Amy2/A by gibberellin.
abstract: To elucidate the mechanisms by which alpha-amylase genes are expressed in wild oat aleurone, two genes, alpha-Amy2/A and alpha-Amy2/D, were isolated. Both were shown to be positively regulated by gibberellin (GA) during germination and both contain the conserved cis-acting elements Box 2, GA-response element (TAACAGA) and TATCSATSS (where S is C or G). In addition, they possess a conserved initiator element (CATCA) that is present in both alpha-Amy2 and alpha-Amy1 genes, and also in a number of other plant TATA-containing and TATA-less promoters. DNase 1 footprint analysis showed the alpha-Amy2/A promoter to be a complex array of binding sites for a number of different classes of DNA-binding proteins. Our data suggest that the area around the initiator element (Inr) is bound by a large complex of general transcription factors, that the TATA box is bound by the TFIID complex, that Box 2 is bound by one or more WRKY proteins and that the GA-response element is bound by one or more MYBs. Two other elements containing the core sequence CCATGG/C are bound by nuclear protein and this sequence is the core of the Sph element. The regulation of alpha-Amy2 genes by GA therefore involves an interplay of at least three different types of transcription factor.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Willmott
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rushton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hooley
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lazarus
mesh_terms: D018554:Avena / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D018983:DNA Footprinting; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D016385:TATA Box; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005875:Gibberellins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000516:alpha-Amylases