title: Growth hormone and prolactin responses to corticotrophin-releasing-hormone in patients with Cushing's disease: a paracrine action of the adenomatous corticotrophic cells?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In patients with Cushing's disease multihormonal responses to ovine corticotrophin releasing hormone (oCRH) have been detected in blood from inferior petrosal sinuses. This finding has been explained by co-secretion of other hormones, in addition to ACTH, by the pituitary adenoma itself or by paracrine effects exerted by the adenoma on normal periadenomatous pituitary cells. To assess these hypotheses we compared the presence of a CRH induced GH and/or PRL response during inferior petrosal sinus sampling to the immunohistochemical detection of PRL and GH in adenomatous tissue removed from patients with Cushing's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two patients with Cushing's disease and two patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome due to a bronchial carcinoid were studied; each patient had undergone preoperative inferior petrosal sinus sampling for diagnostic purposes with determination of GH and PRL in addition to ACTH, before and after administration of oCRH. Immunohistochemical studies for ACTH, GH and PRL detection were carried out on adenomatous tissue removed at surgery in the patients with pituitary dependent Cushing's disease and on the carcinoid tumours from the two patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All pituitary adenomas immunostained for ACTH, and four adenomas immunostained for GH or PRL in addition to ACTH. A PRL increase in the inferior petrosal sinus after oCRH administration was found in 11 of 22 patients, but none of their tumours immunostained for PRL. Immunostaining for PRL was found in the pituitary tumours from two patients but in neither patient was there a PRL response after oCRH. A GH response was found in 13 of 20 patients in whom it was sought; no patient showed immunostaining in their tumour. GH immunostaining was found in two tumours but in neither patient was there a GH response after oCRH. The oCRH-induced increase of GH and PRL was always recorded in the dominant inferior petrosal sinus. The ACTH response to oCRH was significantly higher in patients who showed oCRH induced increases in GH and/or PRL than in patients who did not, both in terms of area under the response-curve (22,032 +/- 9876 vs. 4371 +/- 2870 ng/l/10 min; P < 0.05) or mean percentage increase above baseline (754 +/- 229% vs. 147.2 +/- 67%, P < 0.02). A significant correlation was observed between ACTH and GH responses to oCRH. The two patients with ectopic Cushing's syndrome did not show ACTH, GH or PRL increases after oCRH administration and did not show immunostaining for GH or PRL in their tumours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data do not support the hypothesis of co-secretion of hormones by the pituitary adenoma as the cause of the GH and PRL responses to ovine corticotrophin releasing hormone observed in patients with Cushing's disease; it is suggested that a different mechanism, possibly involving an interaction between the ACTH secreting adenoma and the normal periadenomatous GH and PRL secreting cells, may be responsible.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Ospedale Niguarda, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boccardi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Branca
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bramerio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barberis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Losa
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Terreni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lodrini
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pollo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vignati
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019899:Paracrine Communication; D017591:Petrosal Sinus Sampling; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D011388:Prolactin / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D011388:Prolactin; D013006:Growth Hormone; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone