title: Management of hepatic metastases.
abstract: Although the liver is the most common site of metastatic disease from a variety of tumor types, isolated hepatic metastases most commonly occur from colorectal cancer and, less frequently, from neuroendocrine tumors, gastrointestinal sarcoma, ocular melanoma, and others. Complete evaluation of the extent of metastatic disease, both intrahepatically and extrahepatically, is important before considering treatment options. Based on a preponderance of uncontrolled studies for hepatic metastatic colorectal carcinoma, surgical resection offers the only potential for cure of selected patients with completely resected disease, with 5-year survival rates of 25% to 46%. Systemic and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy may be useful treatment options in patients with unresectable disease and possibly as an adjuvant treatment after liver resection. Other techniques of local tumor ablation, including cryotherapy and radiofrequency ablation, although promising, remain unproved. Management of hepatic metastases from neuroendocrine tumors and other noncolorectal primary tumors should be individualized based on the patient's clinical course, extent of disease, and symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Choti
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Bulkley
mesh_terms: D000931:Antidotes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000473:pathology; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil