title: The effects of an angiotensin-converting inhibitor (enalapril) on patients with mild cardiac failure--evaluating cardiac function based on the relationship between daily walking pace and heart rate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure has been evaluated by several methods, the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification of heart failure based on symptoms being used most frequently. However, the degree of heart failure assessed by these criteria does not always correlate with cardiac function in daily life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to evaluate cardiac function based on the walking pace/heart rate (HR) relationship to assess the effects of enalapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, in patients with mild to moderate cardiac function.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate cardiac function objectively, we developed a method using a pedometer to count the steps walked while simultaneously recording HR using a Holter electrocardiograph (ECG). Step-count walk rate (WR) was recorded on the magnetic tape of the Holter apparatus, and both HR and walking pace were calculated automatically by the Holter ECG analysis system. Data were determined every hour, and mean pace and HR were plotted along the x and y axes, respectively. The slope of HR x WR was calculated using the least squares method. The slope and the total number of steps were regarded as indicators of cardiac function and quality of life, respectively. We analyzed 36 subjects, consisting of 8 normal volunteers, 8 patients in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I. 11 in class II, and 9 in class III chronic mild heart failure, during maximal exercise work load by bicycle ergometer; furthermore, fractional shortening of the left ventricle on echocardiogram was determined in 14 patients with chronic mild heart failure and was compared with the slope of HR x WR. Enalapril was administered at a daily dose of 2.5-10 mg for 1-24 months (mean 6 months) in 60 patients to evaluate the effects of this drug on these parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant inverse relationship between maximal work load and the HR x WR slope, and also between the fractional shortening and the slope, suggesting that the slope may reflect the severity of cardiac dysfunction. Furthermore, the slope decreased significantly from 1.8 +/- 1.26 before enalapril to 1.0 +/- 0.94 (mean +/- standard deviation) after drug administration, while the total number of steps increased significantly from 4842 +/- 3581 to 7804 +/- 4793.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The slope of the graph relating step count and HR proved to be a good, objective indicator of cardiac function, and enalapril therapy improved this parameter.
authors.affiliation: Ohizumi Memorial Hospital, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Inooka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Umeda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kutsuwa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sagawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inooka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D004656:Enalapril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004656:Enalapril; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor