title: Economic burden of drug dependency. Social costs incurred by drug users at intake to the National Treatment Outcome Research Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of illegal drugs is seen as a major social problem. The social costs can be high.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-report data from interviews at intake to the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS) for 1075 drug users and cost data from various sources were used to estimate criminal behaviour and health and addiction service costs for a 12-month period. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to analyse cost variations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total costs for one year for the drug users amounted to over 12 million Pounds, the majority attributable to self-reported criminal behaviour. Social costs were positively related to a variety of factors including instability in living circumstances, amount of heroin used and whether or not drugs were taken intravenously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study clearly demonstrates the economic and social burden associated with heavy drug users and highlights the need for further investigations into the costs and benefits of policies that can reduce these social costs.
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Economics of Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, London.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Healey
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Astin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gossop
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marsden
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Godfrey
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003415:Crime; D006801:Humans; D008131:London; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy