title: Rapid growth of microscopic rectal cancer as a determinant of response to preoperative radiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the dose-time fractionation factors in preoperative radiation therapy for microscopic pelvic deposits of rectal cancer. This provides a biologic basis for understanding and improving the results of adjuvant therapies for this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The reduction in incidence of pelvic relapses as a function of radiation dose and overall treatment time was determined from the literature. The displacement of dose-response curves to higher doses reflects the growth during radiation treatment of subclinical pelvic deposits which are beyond the future surgical margins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dose-response curves are steep if the effect of overall duration of radiation therapy is accounted for. The time-related displacement of these steep dose-response curves is consistent with a median doubling time for malignant clonogenic cells of about 4 or 5 days, much faster than the growth rate of the average primary tumor at diagnosis. This rapid growth is evident within the first few days of irradiation, implying that the natural growth rate of these microscopic deposits if fast, and/or that an acceleration of growth follows initiation of radiation injury with a very short lag time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subclinical pelvic deposits of rectal cancer grow rapidly during preoperative radiation therapy with an adverse influence on the rate of pelvic tumor control from protracting the duration of adjuvant treatment. Low doses only offer clinically relevant reduction in risk of pelvic relapses if the overall radiation treatment time is short. For a given overall treatment duration there is a relatively steep dose-response curve, predicting that significant improvements in tumor control are possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA. rafi@ucla.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suwinski
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Withers
mesh_terms: D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D010386:Pelvic Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary*; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*