title: Evaluation of head injury in a pediatric emergency department: pretrauma and posttrauma system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if trauma center protocols affect the number of tests and consultations performed and the length of time spent in the emergency department or hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review and comparison of treatment for children with isolated head injury admitted to the emergency department before trauma center designation (group 1, 1985), and 5 years after implementation of trauma center protocols (group 2, 1991).
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban children's hospital, level I trauma center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred sixty-five children met the enrollment criteria in 1985 and 162 met the criteria in 1991. Falls were the predominant mechanism of injury (55%) for both years. For patients with moderate injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score, 9-12) or severe injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score, <9), there was no difference in radiographic or laboratory evaluation. For patients with minimal head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score, 15, no loss of consciousness, amnesia, seizure, focal neurologic findings, or persistent symptoms) and minor head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score, >12, and loss of consciousness or amnesia), more radiologic and laboratory studies were done in 1991 that showed no clinically significant abnormalities. Patients with minimal head injury in group 2 were 14 times more likely to have cranial computed tomographic scans performed (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4-67); 11 times more likely to have cervical spine radiographs (95% CI, 2.2-76.6); and 23 times more likely to have hepatic enzymes obtained (95% CI, 3-491). These differences persisted when analyzed by both the age of the patient and mechanism of injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of trauma system protocols to isolated head injury patient evaluation results in increased use of laboratory and radiologic services. These practices have the potential to increase the cost of medical care without significantly improving outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lavelle
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008499:Medical Records; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015143:Philadelphia; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014504:Urban Health