title: Signs and symptoms of mania in pure and mixed episodes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Debate continues about the diagnosis of mixed mania and the restrictiveness of the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV criteria for Bipolar Disorder, mixed. Although awareness of dysphoric features during mania continues to grow, standard mania rating instruments do not adequately assess mixed states and there is a striking disparity between the dysphoric signs and symptoms emphasized in research studies and the commonly employed DSM criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred sixteen inpatients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for Bipolar Disorder, manic or mixed, were evaluated by rating 20 signs and symptoms. The frequencies of these signs and symptoms were computed for both diagnostic subtypes and compared using chi2 statistics and conditional probability parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequently noted signs and symptoms in mania are motor activation, accelerated thought process, pressured speech and decreased sleep. Although euphoric mood was present in a large portion of the cohort, irritability, dysphoric mood and mood lability were also prominent in the entire cohort. Dysphoric mood, mood lability, anxiety, guilt, suicidality, and irritability were the only symptoms significantly more common in the mixed group. In contrast, grandiosity, euphoric mood, and pressured speech were significantly more often observed in the pure manic group. Contrary to popular belief, paranoia did not differ significantly between the two groups. Suicidality was present in a non-trivial 7% of the entire cohort, including some subjects who did not meet the criteria for mixed mania.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The comparison of mixed and manic episodes requires the appropriate definition of mixed states. In the current report we use the DSM-III-R definition of Bipolar Disorder, mixed, which may be too rigid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data underscore that mania is not a purely euphoric state. Substantial rates of dysphoria, lability, anxiety and irritability were noted in the "pure" manic patients, as well as in those who meet the full DSM criteria for Bipolar Disorder, mixed, suggesting, that perhaps a less restrictive definition of mixed states would be more appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Murry
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Forest
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005059:Euphoria; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index