title: Isolation and characterization of a mutant protoporphyrinogen oxidase gene from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii conferring resistance to porphyric herbicides.
abstract: In plant and algal cells, inhibition of the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) by the N-phenyl heterocyclic herbicide S-23142 causes massive protoporphyrin IX accumulation, resulting in membrane deterioration and cell lethality in the light. We have identified a 40.4 kb genomic fragment encoding S-23142 resistance by using transformation to screen an indexed cosmid library made from nuclear DNA of the dominant rs-3 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A 10.0 kb HindIII subclone (Hind10) of this insert yields a high frequency of herbicide-resistant transformants, consistent with frequent non-homologous integration of the complete RS-3 gene. A 3.4 kb XhoI subfragment (Xho3.4) yields rare herbicide-resistant transformants, suggestive of homologous integration of a portion of the coding sequence containing the mutation. Molecular and genetic analysis of the transformants localized the rs-3 mutation conferring S-23142 resistance to the Xho3.4 fragment, which was found to contain five putative exons encoding a protein with identity to the C-terminus of the A rabidopsis Protox enzyme. A cDNA clone containing a 1698 bp ORF that encodes a 563 amino acid peptide with 51% and 53% identity to Arabidopsis and tobacco Protox I, respectively, was isolated from a wild-type C. reinhardtii library. Comparison of the wild-type cDNA sequence with the putative exon sequences present in the mutant Xho3.4 fragment revealed a G-->A change at 291 in the first putative exon, resulting in a Val-->Met substitution at a conserved position equivalent to Val-389 of the wild-type C. reinhardtii cDNA. A sequence comparison of genomic Hind10 fragments from C. reinhardtii rs-3 and its wild-type progenitor CC-407 showed this G-->A change at the equivalent position (5751) within exon 10.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-1000, USA.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Randolph-Anderson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oeda
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ishige
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Gillham
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Boynton
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D016825:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D002999:Clone Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003360:Cosmids; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005091:Exons; D005796:Genes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D015698:Genomic Library; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics*; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; D050768:Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014170:Transformation, Genetic
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D006540:Herbicides; D012313:RNA; D004247:DNA; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; D050768:Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase