title: Gender, temperament, and the clinical picture in dysphoric mixed mania: findings from a French national study (EPIMAN).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This research derives from the French national multisite collaborative study on the clinical epidemiology of mania (EPIMAN). Our aim is to establish the validity of dysphoric mania along a "spectrum of mixity" extending into mixed mania with subthreshold depressive manifestations; to demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining clinically meaningful data on this entity on a national level; and to characterize the contribution of temperamental attributes and gender in its origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  EPIMAN involves training 23 French psychiatrists in four different sites, representing four regions of France; to rigorously apply a common protocol deriving from the criteria of DSM-IV and McElroy et al.; the use of such instruments as the Beigel-Murphy, Ahearn-Carroll, modified HAM-D; and measures of affective temperaments based on the Akiskal-Mallya criteria; obtaining data on comorbidity, and family history (according to Winokur's approach as incorporated into the FH-RDC); and prospective follow-up for at least 12 months. The present report concerns the clinical and temperamental features of 104 manic patients during the acute hospital phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dysphoric mania (DM defined conservatively with fullblown depressive admixtures of five or more symptoms) occurred in 6.7%; the rate of dysphoric mania defined broadly (DM, presence of > or = 2 depressive symptoms) was 37%. Depressed mood and suicidal thoughts had the best positive predictive values for mixed mania. In comparison to pure mania (0-1 depressive symptoms), DM was characterized by female over-representation; lower frequency of such typical manic symptomatology as elation, grandiosity, and excessive involvement; higher prevalence of associated psychotic features; higher rate of mixed states in first episodes; and complex temperamental dysregulation along primarily depressive, but also cyclothymic, and irritable dimensions; such irritability was particularly apparent in mixed mania at the lowest threshold of depressive admixtures of two symptoms only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a study involving hospitalized affectively unstable psychotic patients, it was difficult to assure that psychiatrists making the clinical diagnoses would be blind to the temperamental measures. However, bias was minimized by the systematic and/or semi-structured nature of all evaluations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mixed mania, defined cross-sectionally by the simultaneous presence of at least two depressive symptoms, represents a prevalent and clinically distinct form of mania. Subthreshold depressive admixtures with mania actually appear to represent the more common expression of dysphoric mania. Moreover, an irritable dimension appears to be relevant to the definition of the expression of mixed mania with the lowest threshold of depressive symptoms. Neither an extreme, nor an endstage of mania, "mixity" is best conceptualized as intrusion of mania into its "opposite" temperament - especially that defined by lifelong depressive traits - and favored by female gender. These data suggest that reversal from a temperament to an episode of "opposite" polarity represents a fundamental aspect of the dysregulation that characterizes bipolar disorder. In both men and women with hyperthymic temperament, there appears "protection" against depressive symptom formation during a manic episode which, accordingly, remains relatively "pure". Because men have higher rates of this temperament, pure mania is overrepresented in men; on the other hand, the depressive temperament in manic women seems to be a clinical marker for the well-known female tendency for depression, hence the higher prevalence of mixed mania in women.
authors.affiliation: International Mood Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92161, USA. hakiskal@popmail.ucsd.edu
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Hantouche
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bourgeois
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Azorin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sechter
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Allilaire
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lancrenon
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fraud
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Châtenet-Duchêne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010551:Personality; D015995:Prevalence; D012016:Reference Values; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors