title: Modulation of cardiac interstitial noradrenaline levels through K(ATP) channels during ischemic preconditioning in rabbits: comparison of the effect of anesthesia between pentobarbital and ketamine + xylazine.
abstract: In rabbits, both the stimulation of alpha1-adrenoceptors and ischemic preconditioning (PC) reduce infarct size. One candidate for the mechanism of PC is noradrenaline (NA), which stimulates alpha1-adrenoceptors in the myocardium during PC. Opening of the K(ATP) channel is considered to be another candidate for PC, since a K(ATP) channel blocker, glibenclamide, blocks the infarct size-reducing effect of the PC of 5-min ischemia and 5-min reperfusion in rabbits anesthetized with ketamine + xylazine. However, in rabbits anesthetized with pentobarbital, the infarct size-reducing effect of PC was not blocked by glibenclamide. The effect of glibenclamide on the PC effect thus differs depending on the anesthesia used. Therefore, we speculated that the increase in cardiac interstitial NA levels induced by PC may be modified by the anesthesia used, thus regulating the effect of glibenclamide on the PC effect. In open-chest Japanese white male rabbits anesthetized with pentobarbital or ketamine + xylazine, myocardial interstitial NA levels were measured before and during the PC of 5-min ischemia and 5-min reperfusion in the presence or absence of the K(ATP) channel blocker, glibenclamide (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.), using a microdialysis technique. The NA levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection. The PC of 5-min ischemia and 5-min reperfusion significantly elevated the interstitial NA level. This increase in the NA level was not blocked by glibenclamide under anesthesia with pentobarbital. Under anesthesia with ketamine + xylazine, the PC did not cause an increase in the myocardial interstitial NA level in either the absence or the presence of glibenclamide. In conclusion, PC elevates the myocardial interstitial NA level, and this elevation is not mediated through the opening of the K(ATP) channel under anesthesia with pentobarbital. Under anesthesia with ketamine + xylazine, PC does not cause an increase in the myocardial interstitial NA level. This may explain the discrepancy in the blocking effect of glibenclamide on the infarct size-reducing effect of PC between anesthesia with pentobarbital and ketamine + xylazine.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minatoguchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kariya
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018681:Anesthetics, General / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D005905:Glyburide / Q000494:pharmacology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011817:Rabbits; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018681:Anesthetics, General; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C022761:potassium transporting ATPase; D010424:Pentobarbital; D005905:Glyburide; D009638:Norepinephrine