title: Heterogeneous expression of Gal alpha1-3Gal xenoantigen in pig kidney: a lectin and immunogold electron microscopic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Gal alpha1-3Gal antigen (Gal alpha) is the primary target for human natural anti-pig xenoantibodies. The presence of Gal alpha has been shown in porcine endothelial cells (ECs) using light microscopy, whereas the expression of Gal alpha in other cell structures in the porcine kidney is only partially characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunogold electron microscopy of pig kidney cryosections was performed using Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 and affinity isolated human anti-Gal alpha1-3Gal antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most intense expression of Gal alpha was found on the apical and basolateral portions of the plasma membrane of the proximal convoluted tubule segments 1 and 2 cells, whereas segment 3 and 4 cells were negative. A strong staining was found in peritubular capillary ECs and in the inner medullary and papillary collecting duct cells. Moderate labeling of ECs and subendothelium was observed in large blood vessels, whereas glomerular ECs reacted weakly. Additionally, glomerular parietal epithelial cells, connecting tubule cells, and some cortical collecting duct cells were labeled. Among interstitial cells, a part of type-1 cells and all type-2 cells were labeled, whereas others were negative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By immune electron microscopy, a detailed information of the Gal alpha antigen distribution in porcine nephrons and blood vessels has been revealed, which clarifies conflicting data obtained by light microscopy. In addition, expression of the Gal alpha antigen in the renal interstitial cells was documented for the first time. These data are of importance for the understanding of xenoantibody-mediated hyperacute rejection, for interpretation of pig kidney xenograft biopsies, and for generating transgenic pigs lacking the Gal alpha epitope.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden. valeri.strokan@ss.gu.se
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Strokan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mölne
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Svalander
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Breimer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015478:Antigens, Heterophile; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000276:immunology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D000939:Epitopes / Q000032:analysis; D005690:Galactose / Q000276:immunology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply; D037102:Lectins; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009399:Nephrons / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000276:immunology; D013552:Swine; D016707:Tissue Fixation
chemical_list: D015478:Antigens, Heterophile; D000939:Epitopes; D037102:Lectins; D005690:Galactose