title: Laparoscopy during pregnancy: a literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature regarding the role of laparoscopy during pregnancy, particularly adnexal mass and non-obstetric surgery, incorporating the results of a series of 9 cases of laparoscopy during pregnancy at our centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline search was performed to review the literature, and the reference lists provided by those articles were further explored for citations regarding laparoscopic adnexal surgery, appendectomy, and cholecystectomy. Our series of 9 patients consisted of pregnant patients with adnexal mass or acute abdomen who would otherwise have undergone exploratory laparotomy. Follow-up data for these 9 cases were collected by office visits, inquiry to the primary referring physicians, and telephone calls to the patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature search yielded 42 additional cases of operative pelvic laparoscopy and 51 cases of abdominal operative laparoscopy (cholecystectomy and appendectomy). The publications, particularly regarding cholecystectomy, were supportive of the laparoscopic approach during pregnancy. All of the patients in our series had favorable outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advanced operative laparoscopy has been successfully performed for certain indications during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA.
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Nezhat
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tazuke
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Nezhat
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Nezhat
mesh_terms: D000291:Adnexal Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D001064:Appendicitis / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011379:Prognosis