title: Surveillance study for clinical stage I testicular seminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimal therapy for stage I testicular tumors is still controversial. This study evaluated the efficacy of a surveillance policy for patients with testicular stage I seminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1984 to 1996, 24 patients with stage I seminoma and 20 with stage INSGCT were followed after radical orchiectomy with tumor markers and imaging studies. All patients were followed for at least 2 years except for those who recurred within 2 years. Recurrent patients were treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up periods for seminoma and NSGCT patients were 41 and 54 months, respectively. Recurrences were detected in 2 seminoma (8.3%) and 10 NSGCT (50%) patients. Eleven of the 12 recurrent patients (92%) were detected within 2 years after orchiectomy. The seminoma patients both recurred in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes, while 70% of the NSGCT patients recurred in the lung and/or retroperitoneal lymph nodes. The recurrent seminoma patients were treated with chemotherapy and are alive without disease for 1 7 and 24 months afterorchiectomy. One NSGCT patient died of cancer, but the other 9 recurrent NSGCT patients are alive without disease at 25 to 113 months after orchiectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surveillance alone is reliable for monitoring patients with stage I testicular seminoma and NSGCT. The majority of recurrences occurred within 2 years, necessitating intensive follow-up for 3 years. As the lung metastatic rates in NSGCT patients were high, a more accurate assessment for lung metastasis is desirable in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Orikasa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoshi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aizawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohnuma
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogata
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018237:Germinoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D018239:Seminoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery