Interpersonal ambivalence, perceived relationship adjustment, and conjugal loss.
Ambivalence is widely assumed to prolong grief. To examine this hypothesis, the authors developed a measure of ambivalence based on an algorithmic combination of separate positive and negative evaluations of one's spouse. Preliminary construct validity was evidenced in relation to emotional difficulties and to facial expressions of emotion. Bereaved participants, relative to a nonbereaved comparison sample, recollected their relationships as better adjusted but were more ambivalent. Ambivalence about spouses was generally associated with increased distress and poorer perceived health but did not predict long-term grief outcome once initial outcome was controlled. In contrast, initial grief and distress predicted increased ambivalence and decreased Dyadic Adjustment Scale scores at 14 months postloss, regardless of initial scores on these measures. Limitations and implications of the findings are discussed.
Bonanno
G A
GA
Department of Psychology, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA. bonanno@cua.edu
Notarius
C I
CI
Gunzerath
L
L
Keltner
D
D
Horowitz
M J
MJ
D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001293:Attitude to Death; D001601:Bereavement; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D012649:Self Concept; D012917:Social Adjustment; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors