title: Electromyographic analysis of grand-plié in ballet and modern dancers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this report is to describe lower extremity muscle activity in grand-plié, as determined by EMG analysis; to compare and contrast muscle function in grand-plié and demi-plié to support the hypothesis that grand-plié is not simply a deeper demi-plié, but rather a fundamentally different movement in terms of muscle use; and to present further evidence in support of the hypothesis that ballet dancers use muscles differently than modern dancers in dance movement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surface electromyography was used to analyze lower extremity muscle activity during grand-plié in first position with lower extremities turned out in five ballet and seven modern female professional dancers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electromyographic (EMG) activity of tibialis anterior included continuous activity from heel-off during the lowering phase, through midcycle, and ending at heel-on during the rising phase in all grand-pliés; the majority of tibialis anterior EMG tracings in ballet dancers had additional activity at the end of the rising phase. All EMG tracings for vastus lateralis and medialis included a peak of activity during the lowering phase, a decrease (valley) at midcycle, followed by another peak during the rising phase; increased activity at the end of the rising phase was observed in most grand-plié in ballet, and not modern, dancers. Adductor EMG activity was also observed in all tracings with a peak during the lowering phase from heel-off to midcycle, a valley at midcycle, followed by a peak of activity in early rising phase; the midcycle valley was of lower, and the rising phase peak of higher, activity in ballet compared with modern dancers. Variation of EMG patterns was observed for lateral and medial gastrocnemius, gluteus maximus, and hamstrings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data support the concept that lower extremity muscle activity in dance movement is comprised of three major types: (a) unique, characteristic activity required for the execution of the movement; (b) varied activity which is characteristic of dancers of different dance idioms; and (c) varied activity which may depend on factors such as balance, personal habit, and individual training background. Furthermore, EMG activity of vastus lateralis and medialis at the midcycle valley in grand-plié was significantly less in ballet dancers than in modern dancers despite similar degree of knee flexion, suggesting that ballet dancers may have lower patellofemoral joint reaction force at midcycle than modern dancers.
authors.affiliation: NeuroMuscular Research Center, Boston University, MA, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trepman
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gellman
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Micheli
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: De Luca
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology; D003615:Dancing / Q000145:classification / Q000193:education / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology; D005545:Forefoot, Human / Q000502:physiology; D006365:Heel / Q000502:physiology; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008682:Metatarsal Bones / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014034:Toes / Q000502:physiology