title: The problem of broken bones during the handling of laying hens--a review.
abstract: The major welfare concern during the handling of laying hens is that of broken bones. With particular reference to the United Kingdom, this paper reviews the work that has been done to quantify the problem, to examine the causes, and to investigate factors that affect it. The number of freshly broken bones found in live birds prior to slaughter and the number of old healed breaks found at slaughter are unacceptably high. End-of-lay hens from battery cages have especially fragile bones and these are easily broken during the rough handling that is received during depopulation. Birds from more extensive laying systems have stronger bones and suffer fewer breaks during depopulation but have a greater prevalence of old healed breaks. The old breaks occur as a result of collisions due to poor design within these housing systems. The number of fresh breaks can be reduced by increasing bone strength and handling birds with more care. The numbers of old breaks can be reduced by better design of housing systems and the physical environment within them.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom. toby.knowles@bris.ac.uk
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wilkins
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D002645:Chickens; D005260:Female; D010018:Osteomalacia / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary; D010058:Oviposition; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D013045:Species Specificity