title: Bipolar I affective disorder: predictors of outcome after 15 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Robust predictors of long-term outcome in bipolar affective disorder would have substantial importance to both clinicians and researchers. Such predictors are not available, however, perhaps because of the limitations of previous efforts to find them.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 113 patients with bipolar affective disorder were followed semiannually for 5 years and annually for a subsequent 15 years. Of these, 23 (20.4%) had a poor long-term outcome indicated by the presence of mania or major depressive disorder throughout the 15th year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the baseline demographic and clinical variables tested, only active alcoholism and low levels of optimum functioning in the preceding 5 years characterized poor outcome patients. The persistence of depressive symptoms in the first 2 years of follow-up predicted depressive symptoms 15 years later but the early persistence of manic symptoms seemed to have no predictive value. A regression analysis eliminated alcoholism as an independent predictor. Thus, only poor optimal functioning in the 5 years before baseline assessment, and the persistence of depressive symptoms in the two subsequent years, were independently associated with poor, long-term prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients were recruited at tertiary care centers and sampling was therefore biased toward greater severity and chronicity. As is true of all naturalistic studies of course, treatment was not controlled.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest the existence of a poor outcome, depression-prone subtype of bipolar affective disorder.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa College of Medicine, Psychiatry Research-MEB, Iowa City 52242-1000, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Coryell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Turvey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Endicott
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index