title: Activation of the locus coeruleus after amygdaloid kindling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Substantia nigra (SN) and locus coeruleus (LC) neurons are implicated in the propagation and suppression of amygdaloid seizures. Both structures are activated concomitant with amygdaloid seizure discharges. Their mechanisms of activation, however, remain to be elucidated. SN firing is not associated with the induction of Fos immunoreactivity (ir), a marker of excitatory neuronal activation. LC has not been studied. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if amygdala-kindled generalized seizures could induce Fos-ir in the LC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Sprague-Dawley rats were killed after generalized seizures induced by amygdala electrical stimulation and stained by using Fos immunocytochemistry. The number of Fos-ir neurons was compared between 15 animals with generalized seizures and four implanted, unstimulated controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LC-ir neurons were significantly (p < 0.05) more prevalent after seizures than in control animals. Their numbers correlated very highly with Fos-ir in the central nucleus of the amygdala (p < 0.0001). No Fos induction was observed in LC in controls or in the SN in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amygdala-induced generalized seizures result in Fos-ir in the LC but not in the SN. This is consistent with different mechanisms of activation possibly involving disinhibition in the SN and direct excitation in the LC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de LaCalle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Herzog
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D005260:Female; D016762:Genes, fos / Q000276:immunology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007696:Kindling, Neurologic / Q000502:physiology*; D008125:Locus Coeruleus / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers