title: Identification of a high-risk clinically localized prostate cancer subgroup receiving maximum benefit from whole-pelvic irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We recently identified a progression-free survival advantage for clinically localized high-risk prostate cancer patients receiving whole-pelvic irradiation. We now seek to identify a subgroup most likely to benefit from whole-pelvic irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between October 1987 and December 1995, 506 clinically localized prostate cancer patients were treated with definitive radiotherapy consisting of whole-pelvic irradiation followed by a prostate-only boost, or prostate-only treatment (median follow-up, 35 months vs 30 months). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure was defined as (1) a PSA value > or = 1 ng/mL or (2) a PSA value that rose > or = 0.5 ng/mL in < or = 1 year posttreatment on two consecutive measurements, with the first rise defined as the time of failure. The calculated risk of lymph node positivity (%rLN+) was defined as 2/3 (initial PSA) + 10(Gleason score - 6), with intermediate risk defined as 15% < or = %rLN+ < 35% and highest risk defined as %rLN+ > or = 35%. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intermediate-risk patients receiving whole-pelvic irradiation had significantly improved freedom from PSA failure compared with those receiving prostatic irradiation only (median progression-free survival 39.5 months vs 22.5 months; P < 0.0001); highest-risk patients did not (median progression-free survival 27.2 months vs 20.8 months, P = NS). Multivariate analysis revealed type of radiation treatment to be the most significant independent predictor of outcome (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole-pelvic radiotherapy most significantly improves the PSA failure-free survival in patients with an intermediate calculated risk of lymph node positivity, suggesting that highest-risk patients may present with distant micrometastases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center 94143, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Seaward
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leigh
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roach
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen