title: Restored humoral immune response to influenza vaccination in HIV-infected adults treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) effectively suppresses replication of HIV and is accompanied by an increase in CD4+ T lymphocytes. Whether the increase in CD4+ T lymphocytes in the blood is a reflection of a reconstitution of the immune functions is unknown. We investigated the recovery of the humoral immune response during HAART after immunization with T-cell-dependent influenza vaccine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one men and three women infected with HIV and treated with HAART, and 15 healthy hospital staff members were immunized with trivalent influenza subunit vaccine. Antibody titres were determined by haemagglutination inhibiting assay in sera obtained before and 30 days after immunization. Lymphocyte subsets were determined in blood samples taken at the time of vaccination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all HIV-infected individuals, treatment with HAART caused a median reduction of 2.3 log10 in HIV-1 load. The median increase of CD4+ T lymphocytes after initiation of HAART was 170 x 10(6)/l. The antibody response to influenza antigens was proportional to the number of memory CD4+ T lymphocytes in the blood at the time of vaccination. When a group of patients and healthy controls with approximately similar CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts were considered, the antibody titres after vaccination for influenza strain H1N1 and influenza B did not differ between patients and controls (P=0.12). Vaccination of patients with a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of < 200 x 10(6)/l (mean 85 x 10(6)/l) before the start of HAART and with a mean of 282 x 10(6)/l CD4+ T lymphocytes at the time of vaccination as a result of HAART, demonstrated a substantial antibody response whereas patients with a CD4+ T lymphocyte count of < 200 x 10(6)/l (mean 56 x 10(6)/l) not treated with HAART (historical controls), and vaccinated with a similar influenza vaccine, failed to induce an antibody response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings demonstrate a recovery of the humoral immune response to influenza antigens in HIV-infected individuals treated with HAART. This indicates that functional improvement of antigen specific CD4+ T helper cell reponses occurs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Kroon
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Rimmelzwaan
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Osterhaus
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Miedema
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: van Dissel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D000917:Antibody Formation; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines