title: Alcoholism and drug abuse in three groups--bipolar I, unipolars and their acquaintances.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous work has shown that manic-depressive illness and alcohol abuse are linked. This study further explores the relationship of alcohol and drug abuse in bipolar I patients and unipolar depressives and a comparison group obtained through the acquaintance method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnosis was accomplished according to Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC): controls = 469; bipolars = 277; unipolar depressives = 678. Systematic data were gathered using the SADS on lifetime and current drug abuse and alcoholism. Both patients and comparison subjects were then followed prospectively for 10 years. First degree family members were interviewed using the RDC family history method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group of bipolar patients and the group of unipolar patients had higher rates of drug and alcohol abuse than the comparison group when primary and secondary affective disorder patients were combined. However, primary unipolar patients did not have higher rates of alcohol or drug abuse than the comparison group. In contrast, primary bipolar patients had higher rates of alcoholism, stimulant abuse, and ever having abused a drug than the primary unipolar group and the control group. In an evaluation of the bipolar patients, drug abusers were significantly younger at intake and had a significantly younger age of onset of bipolar disorder. There was a significant increase in family history of mania or schizoaffective mania in the drug-abusing bipolar patients as compared to the non-abusing bipolar patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As in all adult samples of patients with affective illness, the chronology of alcohol and substance problems vis-à-vis the onset of illness was determined retrospectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Alcoholism and drug abuse are more frequent in bipolar than unipolar patients. (2) The drug abuse of bipolar patients tends toward the abuse of stimulant drugs. (3) In a bipolar patient, familial diathesis for mania is significantly associated with the abuse of alcohol and drugs. (4) More provocatively, these findings suggest the hypothesis of a common familial-genetic diathesis for a subtype of bipolar I, alcohol and stimulant abuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present analyses, coupled with two previous ones from the CDS, suggest that drug abuse may precipitate an earlier onset of bipolar I disorder in those who already have a familial predisposition for mania. Furthermore, in dually diagnosed patients with manic-depressive and alcohol/stimulant abuse history, mood stabilization of the bipolar disorder represents a rational approach to control concurrent alcohol and drug problems, and should be studied in systematic controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: The National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression--Clinical Studies, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Winokur
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Turvey
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Coryell
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Endicott
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants