title: High- versus low-dose ACE inhibition in chronic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of imidapril.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine dose-related clinical and neurohumoral effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), we conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of three doses (2.5 mg, 5 mg and 10 mg) of the long-acting ACE inhibitor imidapril.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The ACE inhibitors have become a cornerstone in the treatment of CHF, but whether high doses are more effective than low doses has not been fully elucidated, nor have the mechanisms involved in such a dose-related effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a parallel group comparison, the effects of three doses of imidapril were examined. We studied 244 patients with mild to moderate CHF (New York Heart Association class II-III: +/-80%/20%), who were stable on digoxin and diuretics. Patients were treated for 12 weeks, and the main end points were exercise capacity and plasma neurohormones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, the four treatment groups were well-matched for demographic variables. Of the 244 patients, 25 dropped out: 3 patients died, and 9 developed progressive CHF (3/182 patients on imidapril vs. 6/62 patients on placebo, p < 0.05). Exercise time increased 45 s in the 10-mg group (p = 0.02 vs. placebo), but it did not significantly change in the 5-mg (+16 s), and 2.5-mg (+11 s) imidapril group, compared to placebo (+3 s). Physical working capacity also increased in a dose-related manner. Plasma brain and atrial natriuretic peptide decreased (p < 0.05 for linear trend), while (nor)epinephrine, aldosterone and endothelin were not significantly affected. Renin increased in a dose-related manner, but plasma ACE activity was suppressed similarly (+/-60%) on all three doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Already within 3 months after treatment initiation, high-dose ACE inhibition (with imidapril) is superior to low-dose. This is reflected by a more pronounced effect on exercise capacity and some of the neurohormones, but it does not appear to be related to the extent of suppression of plasma ACE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology/Thoraxcenter, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands. d.j.van.veldhuisen@thorax.azg.nl
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: van Veldhuisen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Genth-Zotz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boomsma
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Netzer
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Man In 'T Veld
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Lie
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Crijns
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D048289:Imidazolidines; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D048289:Imidazolidines; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; C065166:imidapril