title: Barriers to evidence-based practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reports the findings of a study which aimed to identify the barriers to evidence-based practice in an acute National Health Service (NHS) trust. The study was carried out as part of an action research project designed to promote evidence-based practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rapid organizational appraisal design was used. This involved formal and informal interviews, focus groups, and observation of staff interactions at meetings and in clinical practice in an acute hospital NHS trust. Interviews were undertaken with key stakeholders within the organization and focus groups held with nurse managers, audit staff, staff nurses, and junior medical staff. Observation took place in meetings and in clinical areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At an organizational level, the main issues identified were: (1) evidence-based practice was a low management priority, (2) problems with dissemination, (3) inadequate systems for personal and professional development, (4) difficulties in the management of innovations, (5) accessing evidence and resource constraints. At the individual practice level, the main issues were motivation, a lack of clarity about roles and practice, and a culture of practice which emphasizes 'routine' patient care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate that structures and cultures within organizations can be important barriers to evidence-based practice. Factors which are external to individual trusts are also important. Existing hierarchical structures both in the NHS and within and between the different professional groups, are manifest in the existence of a largely deferential culture which emphasizes the routine in practice decision making. Given this reality, organizations will have to adopt multiple strategies to facilitate and promote the use of evidence in practice decision making.
authors.affiliation: Chase Farm Hospital NHS Trust & School of Health, Middlesex University, London, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sigsworth
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003422:Critical Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D017144:Focus Groups; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education* / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology*; D015279:Organizational Culture; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires