title: Identification and characterization of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone response elements in the mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene.
abstract: The response of the pituitary gonadotrope to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) correlates directly with the concentration of GnRH receptors (GnRHR) on the cell surface, which is mediated in part at the level of GnRHR gene expression. Several hormones have been implicated in this regulation, most notably GnRH itself. Despite these observations and the central role that GnRH is known to play in reproductive development and function, the molecular mechanism(s) by which GnRH regulates transcription of the GnRHR gene has not been well elucidated. Previous studies in this laboratory have identified and partially characterized the promoter region of the mouse GnRHR gene and demonstrated that the regulatory elements for tissue-specific expression as well as for GnRH regulation are present within the 1.2-kilobase 5'-flanking sequence. By using deletion and mutational analysis as well as functional transfection studies in the murine gonadotrope-derived alphaT3-1 cell line, we have localized GnRH responsiveness of the mouse GnRHR gene to two DNA sequences at -276/-269 (designated Sequence Underlying Responsiveness to GnRH-2 (SURG-2), which contains the consensus sequence for the activating protein-1-binding site) and -292/-285 (a novel element designated SURG-1), and demonstrated that this response is mediated via protein kinase C. By using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we further demonstrate that a member(s) of the Fos/Jun heterodimer superfamily is responsible in part for the DNA-protein complexes formed on SURG-2, using alphaT3-1 nuclear extracts. These data define a bipartite GnRH response element in the mouse GnRHR 5'-flanking sequence and suggest that the activating protein-1 complex plays a central role in conferring GnRH responsiveness to the murine GnRHR gene.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ernorwitz@bics.bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Norwitz
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cardona
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Chin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002460:Cell Line; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004247:DNA; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000379:methods; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D011966:Receptors, LHRH / Q000235:genetics*; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D011966:Receptors, LHRH; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D004247:DNA; D011493:Protein Kinase C