title: Nocturnal elevation of intraocular pressure in young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To distinguish 24-hour (circadian) and postural effects on intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three volunteers were housed in a sleep laboratory for 1 day under a strictly controlled 16-hour light and 8-hour dark environment. Sleep was encouraged in the dark period. Intraocular pressure was measured in each eye every 2 hours using a pneumatonometer. Researchers used night-vision goggles to perform IOP measurements in the dark, while the subject's light exposure was minimized. In the first group of 12 subjects, measurements were taken with subjects in the sitting position during the light-wake period and supine during the dark period. In the second group of 21 subjects, all IOP measurements were taken with the subjects supine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average IOP was significantly higher in the dark period than in the light-wake period in both groups. The lowest IOP occurred in the last light-wake measurement, and the peak IOP occurred in the last dark measurement. The trough-peak difference in IOP was 8.2+/-1.4 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM) in the first group. Intraocular pressure changed sharply at the transitions between light and dark. In the second group, the trough-peak IOP difference was 3.8+/-0.9 mm Hg. Intraocular pressure changed gradually throughout the 24-hour period. In comparison with the sitting IOP in the first group, the supine IOP in the second group was significantly higher during the light-wake period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circadian rhythms of IOP were shown in young adults, with the peaks occurring in the late dark period. A nocturnal IOP elevation can appear independent of body position change, but change of posture from upright to recumbent may contribute to the relative nocturnal IOP elevation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0946, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kripke
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Twa
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Loving
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rex
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Weinreb
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular