title: Wound-healing risk factors after open reduction and internal fixation of calcaneal fractures.
abstract: This retrospective study investigated outcomes of wound healing in a series of 63 consecutive patients with 64 fractures of the calcaneus who underwent open reduction and internal fixation done by two surgeons experienced in this fracture during a 3-year period. Thirty-nine patients were managed preoperatively as outpatient referrals before surgery. Twenty-four patients were admitted directly to the trauma service and were managed as inpatients preoperatively. Minimum patient follow-up was 6 months, with an average follow-up of 18 months. A trend correlating the time between injury and operative intervention with the incidence of complications in wounds was noted; the incidence rose in patients who underwent surgery >5 days after their injury. Two-layered closures had a lower incidence of dehiscence compared to single-layered tension-relieving sutures. Patients with a higher body-mass index (BMI) (kg/ m2) took longer to heal their wounds. Strong trends were noted to link BMI and severity of fractures. In the outpatient group, a history of active smoking preoperatively correlated with increased time to wound healing. In 43 patients, there were no wound-healing complications. In 21 feet, there were varying degrees of wound dehiscence. Average wound healing took 47 days. Risk factors for complications in the wound after calcaneal open reduction and internal fixation include single layered closure, high BMI, extended time between injury and surgery, and smoking. Age, type of immobilization, medical illness (including diabetes), type of bone graft, or use of a Hemovac did not influence wound healing.
authors.affiliation: The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Abidi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhawan
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gruen
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Conti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005596:Fractures, Closed / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013529:Surgical Wound Dehiscence / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology