title: Diagnosis and treatment of common metabolic spinal disorders in the geriatric population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone is constantly resorbed and remodeled throughout life. After approximately age 30, there is a net loss of bone mass. This places the geriatric population at an increased risk of pathologic bone disorders that can lead to fractures and deformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper, we review bone metabolism and remodeling and introduce the proper diagnostic techniques. The most common pathologic spinal disorders are introduced, with emphasis on presentation and treatment options.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To prevent excessive bone loss, patients should be educated on proper nutrition (calcium and vitamin D requirements) and lifestyle (avoiding alcohol and cigarette smoking). Sex hormone and drug therapies are available to reduce bone loss. New bisphosphonates such as alendronate sodium (Fosamax) have been effective in increasing bone mass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early diagnosis and proper treatment of pathologic bone disorders can reduce the incidence of fracture and allow the patient a more productive and comfortable life.
authors.affiliation: Chattanooga Orthopaedic Group Foundation for Research, Tenn 37404, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Eck
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Humphreys
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000503:physiopathology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018890:Chemoprevention; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052756:Nutritional Sciences / Q000193:education; D012307:Risk Factors; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D014807:Vitamin D