title: All currently used measurements of recirculation in blood access by chemical methods are flawed due to intradialytic disequilibrium or recirculation at low flow.
abstract: Blood flows and recirculations with standard and reversed direction of lines were measured by chemical (urea and creatinine) and ultrasound dilution (saline) methods in 47 chronic hemodialysis patients. Thirty-seven patients had 47 dual-lumen, central vein (CV) catheters: 32 were PermCath (Quinton Instruments Company, Seattle, WA), 6 were Access Cath (MEDCOMP, Harleysville, PA), 3 were Soft Cell PC (Vas Cath, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) and 6 were SNIJ (experimental catheters). Three of these last catheters had the tip staggered 7 mm, and three had flush tips; PermCath, Access Cath, and Soft Cell PC catheters have the tips staggered 23 to 25 mm. Forty-six catheters were implanted into the superior vena cava/right atrium, and one catheter was implanted through the left saphenous vein into the left iliac vein. The catheters were studied 1 to 31 months after implantation (median, 3.0 months). Ten patients with arteriovenous (AV) graft access were also studied. The stop-flow method was used in catheter dialysis, and the slow-flow method was used to calculate recirculations in AV access dialysis with samples for systemic blood concentrations taken from arterial line both before and after samples from the arterial and venous lines. At 500 mL/min pump speed, actual blood flow was 436+/-18 mL/min (mean+/-SD; range, 407 to 464 mL/min) with standard direction of catheter lines. At 500 mL/min pump speed, the arterial chamber pressure was -330+/-48 mm Hg (mean+/-SD; range, -380 to -225 mm Hg, and the venous chamber pressure was 259+/-48 mm Hg (mean+/-SD; range, 140 to 310 mm Hg). Arterial chamber pressure was less negative, and venous chamber pressure was less positive with SNIJ catheters, which had larger internal diameter (2.1 mm) compared with the other catheters (2.0 mm). Recirculation varied with the catheter design and the location of the catheter tip. In the catheters with tip staggered more than 20 mm and with standard line connection at pump speeds of 50 mL/min and 500 mL/min, recirculations were approximately 1 % and 5%, respectively, when measured by the chemical method. In the same catheters with reversed lines, the recirculations were approximately 5% and 27%, respectively. Inflow failure catheters with reversed lines had similar recirculation values to those of well-functioning catheters with reversed lines. In catheters with tips staggered 7 mm, and with standard connection of lines, recirculations were approximately 3% and 8%, respectively, at pump speeds of 50 and 500 mL/min. With reversed lines, at the same pump speeds, the values were 7% and 12%, respectively. In flush-tip catheters, the recirculation was higher at a 50 mL/min pump speed (approximately 17%) than at a pump speed of 500 mL/min (approximately 13%). The ultrasound dilution method usually gave lower values than the chemical methods, most likely because of overestimation of recirculation by chemical methods. At least triplicate measurements are needed because single measurements by the ultrasound dilution method are associated with substantial variation. We conclude that both currently used methods (stop flow and slow flow) of taking systemic samples for measurements of recirculation by chemical methods are flawed because of disequilibrium and recirculation at low flow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Harry S. Truman Veterans Administration Hospital, Columbia, MO 65212, USA. zbylut_twardowski@muccmail.missouri.edu
authors.forename: Z J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Twardowski
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Van Stone
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Haynie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine