title: Glucose stimulates translocation of the homeodomain transcription factor PDX1 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in pancreatic beta-cells.
abstract: One of the mechanisms whereby glucose stimulates insulin gene transcription in pancreatic beta-cells involves activation of the homeodomain transcription factor PDX1 (pancreatic/duodenal homeobox-1) via a stress-activated pathway involving stress-activated protein kinase 2 (SAPK2, also termed RK/p38, CSBP, and Mxi2). In the present study we show, by Western blotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, that in human islets of Langerhans incubated in low glucose (3 mM) PDX1 exists as an inactive 31-kDa protein localized exclusively in the cytoplasm. Transfer of the islets to high (16 mM) glucose results in rapid (within 10 min) conversion of PDX1 to an active 46-kDa form that was present predominantly in the nucleus. Activation of PDX1 appears to involve phosphorylation, as shown by incorporation of 32Pi into the 46-kDa form of the protein. These effects of glucose could be mimicked by chemical stress (sodium arsenite), or by overexpression of SAPK2 in the beta-cell line MIN6. Overexpression of SAPK2 also stimulated PDX1-dependent transcription of a -50 to -250 region of the human insulin gene promoter linked to a firefly luciferase reporter gene. The effects of glucose were inhibited by the SAPK2 inhibitor SB 203580, and by wortmannin and LY 294002, which inhibit phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, although the effects of stress (arsenite) were inhibited only by SB 203580. These results demonstrate that glucose regulates the insulin gene promoter through activation and nuclear translocation of PDX1 via the SAPK2 pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McKinnon
authors.forename: Z A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Felton-Edkins
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cragg
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Docherty
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001692:Biological Transport; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; C084010:pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 protein; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose