title: Prolonged elimination half-life of phenol after dermal exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phenol is a general protoplastic poison which has been in use in medicine and industry for decades. It is readily absorbed through the skin causing both local and systemic toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 47-year-old male had 90% phenol spilled over his left foot and shoe (3% of body surface area). After a 4 1/2-hour exposure, manifestations included confusion, vertigo, faintness, hypotension, ventricular premature beats, atrial fibrillation, dark-green urine, and tense swelling, blue-black discoloration, hypalgesia, and hypoesthesia of the affected area. Treatment consisted of irrigation with copious amounts of water, incisions, and supportive measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak serum phenol was 21.6 micrograms/mL, considered in the fatal range. Peak urine phenol plus urine-conjugated phenol was 13,416 mg/g creatinine, indicating a major absorption. Elimination half-life was 13.86 hours, considerably longer than previously reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolonged skin contact with concentrated phenol in an occlusive environment may result in a major absorption and a long elimination half-life even if the area involved is small. Prolonged elimination may be explained by extensive tissue distribution or by "slow-release reservoir" properties of the skin. Such exposure may be associated with severe systemic and local toxicities. Immediate removal from exposure and aggressive decontamination of the skin are essential to reduce these risks.
authors.affiliation: Rambam Medical Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. ipic@rambam.health.gov.il
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bentur
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shoshani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tabak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bin-Nun
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ramon
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ulman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nachlieli
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Peled
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019800:Phenol / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000506:poisoning / Q000652:urine; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D019800:Phenol