title: Endoscopic variceal ligation in the management of gastroesophageal varices in postoperative biliary atresia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gastroesophageal variceal bleeding is a serious and difficult problem in the long-term management of biliary atresia (BA). Recently, endoscopic approaches have been attempted to manage this problem. The authors have attempted endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL), a less invasive procedure than endoscopic sclerotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the past 5 years, 66 EVL procedures using standard flexible endoscope with a diameter of 9 mm (type p-30, XQ200, or XQ240; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) were performed in 30 separate sessions on 11 postoperative BA patients. The mean age of the children was 7.8 (range, 3 to 15) years. The EVL device was a small elastic O-ring or a loop ligator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EVL was performed for emergency hemostasis in two patients and prophylaxis for impending rupture in nine with large, blue varices, or with red spots on the variceal surface. During the initial procedure, all varices were ligated successfully, and reduction in size was noted. Of eight patients who were examined 7 to 14 days after treatment, seven (87.5%) had improved. Eight of 11 patients (72.7%) were finally cured or at least had improved after one to seven sessions of EVL. However, three patients did not show improvement after four to seven sessions because of the reappearance of the varices, development of distal lesions such as gastric varices, and acute gastric mucosal lesions. A technical complication encountered was a slippage of the O-ring in one patient. A technical difficulty was seen in ligating the giant gastric varix in one patient. There was no deterioration of liver function induced by EVL in this entire series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EVL is an effective and feasible treatment of gastroesophageal varices in postoperative BA patients. However, reappearance or reactivation of the varices or emergence of the more distal lesions is likely to occur even after repeated EVL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Medical School, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wasa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okada
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001656:Biliary Atresia / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005773:Gastroscopy; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008026:Ligation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome