title: A comparison of ketorolac tromethamine/oxycodone versus patient-controlled analgesia with morphine in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients.
abstract: Effective postoperative analgesia with minimal side effects remains an important goal in enabling increasingly complex surgical procedures to be performed on an outpatient basis. In this study, we examined the efficacy of postoperative analgesia in 90 patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a patellar tendon autograft, with a 24-hour hospital stay. Patients were randomized to receive either intramuscular ketorolac supplemented by oral oxycodone, or intravenous morphine via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device, for postoperative analgesia. Patients were monitored for 2 hours in the recovery room, then every 4 hours until discharge, for the presence of complications of nausea, vomiting, urinary retention, pruritus, and dizziness. Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) on the morning of postoperative day one. All patients were discharged by 24 hours after surgery. Ten (20%) of the patients receiving ketorolac/oxycodone versus 31 (79%) of those receiving PCA morphine experienced postoperative complications (P < .05). Postoperative nausea, vomiting, and urinary retention were each significantly more common in the PCA morphine group (P < .05). The incidence of pruritus and dizziness was low overall. There was no significant difference between groups in the severity of postoperative pain as assessed using a VAS. We conclude that ketorolac/oxycodone may provide comparable analgesia with fewer undesirable side effects than PCA morphine in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Patients receiving ketorolac/oxymorphone may have a better quality recovery and more rapid discharge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Popp
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Sanko
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kaeding
mesh_terms: D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012421:Rupture; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014325:Tromethamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014325:Tromethamine; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D009020:Morphine; D010098:Oxycodone; D014046:Tolmetin