title: Kurt Semm and the fight against skepticism: endoscopic hemostasis, laparoscopic appendectomy, and Semm's impact on the "laparoscopic revolution".
abstract: In the 1970s, Semm developed thermocoagulation, adapted the Roeder Loop, and further invented extra- and intracoporeal endoscopic knotting to achieve endoscopic hemostasis. His numerous technical inventions, especially the electronic insufflator, allowed more complex operations to be performed laparoscopically. His technique, however, was not quickly adopted by the surgical community. When the first fully laparoscopic appendectomy was carried out by Semm in 1980, a veritable storm broke loose. In the opinion of many prominent surgeons, Semm exaggerated the problem of adhesions, and laparoscopic technique itself was regarded as very dangerous. Misunderstood by medical scientists, Semm displayed an ability to force his ideas through despite skepticism and suspicion. He realized that endoscopic surgery had tremendous potential, and promoted laparoscopic technique not only in his field of gynecology but among general surgeons as well. In 1985, Muhe, of Boblingen, Germany, used Semm's technique to remove the first gallbladder in the world laparoscopically. Three years later when Semm presented a videotape of his laparoscopic appendectomy in Baltimore, he gave impetus to McKernan and Save of Marietta. Georgia, to carry out the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Institute fuer Geschichte der Medizin, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universitat, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. glitynski@aol.com
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Litynski
mesh_terms: D001062:Appendectomy / Q000266:history*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000266:history; D005858:Germany; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000266:history; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000266:history*