title: Isoflurane and sevoflurane augment norepinephrine responses to surgical noxious stimulation in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suppression of hypertensive response to noxious stimulation by volatile anesthetics may be a result of suppression of the stimulation-induced norepinephrine response or that of the cardiovascular response to catecholamines, or both. The suppression of the cardiovascular response is established, but that of norepinephrine response has not been confirmed. The authors hypothesized that the suppression of cardiovascular response but not that of norepinephrine response plays a major role in suppressing the noxious stimulation-induced hypertensive response by volatile anesthetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty healthy donors for living-related liver transplantation were allocated to four groups: receiving 1.2% (end-tidal) isoflurane in oxygen and nitrogen, 2.0% isoflurane, 1.7% sevoflurane, or 2.8% sevoflurane. The intraoperative plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations, arterial blood pressure and pulse rate were measured for the first 15 min of surgery and were compared with the preoperative values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations both increased intraoperatively in all four groups. The values of maximum increase and area under the concentration-versus-time curve of norepinephrine were greater in the high dose groups of both anesthetics. The intraoperative blood pressure did not differ by different doses of anesthetics, and the degree of increase of blood pressure was not proportional to the plasma catecholamine concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane on the surgical noxious stimulation-induced norepinephrine response were inversely proportional to the dose. The suppression of noxious stimulation-induced blood pressure response by anesthetics that were studied may be the result of suppression of the responses of vascular smooth muscle and myocardium to catecholamines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Segawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murakawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shirakami
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine