title: Exercise training induced alterations in prepubertal children's lipid-lipoprotein profile.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the effect of exercise training on prepubertal children's (ET, N = 28) lipid-lipoprotein profile, relative to a maturity matched control group (CON, N = 20).
  
  
  METHODS
  Training for ET involved stationary cycling for 30 min, 3 times.wk-1 for 12 wk, at 79.3 +/- 1.2% (mean +/- SD) peak heart rate (HR). Controls maintained their usual lifestyle pattern. Plasma concentrations of total triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined pre- and postintervention. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- cholesterol (LDL-C) was subsequently estimated from these concentrations, and the ratios TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C were also calculated. There were no pretest differences (P > 0.05) for any of these blood analytes between groups. The following, potentially, confounding variables were also measured: peak VO2, percent body fat (%BF), dietary composition, and habitual physical activity. These variables, with pretest HDL-C, were included as covariates in two-way split plot ANCOVA analyses. Dietary variables were not included as covariates as they were not related to any of the blood analytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences over time or between groups for TG and TC (P > 0.05). LDL-C decreased in ET (-10.2%) but remained unchanged in CON (0.3%) over the intervention period (P < 0.05). HDL-C increased in ET (9.3%) but decreased in CON (-8.9%) (P < 0.01). A similar, but inverted, pattern of change (P < 0.01) was revealed for both ratios, TC/HDL-C (-11.6% vs 6.3%, ET and CON, respectively), and LDL-C/HDL-C (-17.2% vs 8.0%, ET and CON, respectively). The favorable alterations in the lipid-lipoprotein profile for ET were independent of alterations in peak VO2 (group x time interaction, P < 0.05), %BF (main effect time, P < 0.01), and habitual physical activity (group x time interaction, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the favorable alterations in the lipoprotein profile seen in this study would suggest that it is possible to influence the prepubertal lipoprotein profile independent of alterations in confounding variables such as body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and habitual physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe + Alsager Faculty, England. k.tolfrey@mmu.ac.uk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tolfrey
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Batterham
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology; D001823:Body Composition; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004032:Diet; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D011627:Puberty; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol