title: Development of the tubotympanum in the rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between the anatomical maturation of the middle ear and that of the eustachian tube and paratubal muscles in the rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats ranging from gestational day 12 to postnatal day 40 were used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue specimens were examined with routine light microscopy and electron microscopy. Epithelial differentiation was studied immunohistochemically with antibodies to different cytokeratins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The epithelial lining of the tubotympanum showed differentiation-related cytokeratin expression throughout the whole developmental period. The mucociliary epithelium reached mature features around birth. A dorsal extension and its framing cartilage started forming around 5 days after birth. This extension became lined by stratified nonciliated epithelium and attained maturity around 10 days after birth concurrently with the attachment of the dilatory muscles. This process was immediately followed by aeration of the middle ear cavity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The continuous expression of cytokeratins demonstrates that the epithelial lining of the tubotympanum is only derived from the embryonal endoderm. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the eustachian tube shows a two-stage postnatal development. First, the mucociliary system matures, providing protection/clearance when the animal starts respiration and swallowing. Subsequently, the dorsal part attains maturity. The features of the epithelial lining of the dorsal part of the eustachian tube and the coincidence of the maturation of this part with the attachment of the dilating muscle fibers and the aeration of the middle ear indicates that this part provides ventilation. These findings support the authors' hypothesis that different parts of the eustachian tube serve different purposes: clearance, protection and ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kuijpers
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Tonnaer
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Ramaekers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004848:Epithelium; D005064:Eustachian Tube / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005865:Gestational Age; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D007633:Keratins