title: Restoration of E2F expression rescues vascular endothelial cells from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Normally, quiescent endothelial cells (EC) line the inner surface of arteries and protect against thrombosis and neointimal growth. A variety of noxious stimuli, including balloon angioplasty, may compromise EC integrity, thereby initiating proliferation and triggering the local release of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo blockade of TNF-alpha using a soluble receptor molecule results in accelerated reendothelialization at sites of balloon angioplasty, suggesting an important physiological role of TNF-alpha in attenuating regrowth of endothelium after balloon angioplasty. Our studies reveal that TNF-alpha, an apoptosis-inducing cytokine, induces G1 cell-cycle arrest in proliferating EC. Quiescent EC are relatively immune to TNF-induced apoptosis versus proliferating EC, which display repression of the E2F transcription factor coincident with TNF-induced apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. We also show that in this setting, E2F overexpression exerts a survival effect in proliferating EC and restores cell-cycle progression, in direct contrast to results of prior reports, which revealed that deregulated expression of E2F in normally cycling cells induces apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that TNF-induced apoptosis is highly dependent on cell-cycle activity and that E2F can function as survival factor under certain conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Research, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, Mass 02135, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Spyridopoulos
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Principe
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Krasinski
authors.forename: Sh
authors.initials: Sh
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Magner
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Isner
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Losordo
mesh_terms: D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D056465:Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D056465:Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha