title: Diisopropylglutathione ester protects A549 cells from the cytotoxic effects of sulphur mustard.
abstract: The A549 cell line was used to assess the ability of diisopropylglutathione (DIPE) to protect against a 100 microM challenge dose of sulphur mustard (HD) using gentian violet (GV), thiazolyl blue (MTT) and neutral red (NR) assays as indicators of cell culture viability. As part of a continuing study of the efficacy of protective nucleophiles as candidate treatments for HD poisoning, several different combinations of protectant and HD were used to determine the optimal means of protecting A549 cells from the effects of HD. It was found that DIPE (4 mM) could protect cells against the effects of HD though for optimal effect, DIPE had to be present at the time of HD challenge. Cultures protected with DIPE were up to 2.9-fold more viable than HD exposed cells 48 h after HD challenge when using the GV, MTT and NR assays to assess viability. Observations by phase contrast microscopy of GV stained cultures confirmed these findings. Pretreating A549 cultures with DIPE for 1 h followed by its removal prior to HD challenge did maintain cell viability, though at a relatively low level (only up to 1.4-fold more viable than HD only exposed cells). DIPE was also able to protect HD exposed A549 cultures when added to cell cultures at intervals of up to 12 to 15 min after the initial HD exposure, though viability tended to decrease over this period, so that at 1 h, addition of DIPE did not maintain the viability of the cultures. This is the first such report of the anti-HD protectant properties of DIPE in A549 cells. It is concluded that the protection observed against HD is probably largely due to extracellular inactivation of HD by DIPE.
authors.affiliation: DERA, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hambrook
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005840:Gentian Violet / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008858:Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000633:toxicity*; D009499:Neutral Red / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D009842:Oligopeptides; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C118177:diisopropylglutathione ester; D009499:Neutral Red; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D005978:Glutathione; D005840:Gentian Violet; D009151:Mustard Gas