title: Maze procedure for atrial fibrillation associated with atrial septal defect.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a relatively common complication in elderly patients with an atrial septal defect (ASD). However, use of the simultaneous maze procedure for AF associated with ASD remains controversial. We examined the efficacy and risk of the use of the maze procedure in these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between March 1992 and April 1997, 26 patients underwent the maze procedure as a concomitant operation with ASD closure (maze group). Kosakai's modified maze procedure was performed in 17 patients, the modified Cox maze II or III procedure was performed in 6, and the restrictive right-sided maze procedure was performed in 3. The mean +/- SD age at surgery was 58.2 +/- 9.1 years. The mean +/- SD duration of AF was 7.8 +/- 8.5 years. The mean +/- SD left atrial dimension was 47 +/- 9 mm, and 24 patients (92%) had a larger-than-normal (> 35 mm) left atrium. The mean +/- SD follow-up period was 2.7 +/- 1.7 years. There were no hospital or late deaths. There was no thromboembolic episode in the late follow-up period. Sinus rhythm was regained in all patients who underwent conventional the right- and left-sided maze procedure except for 1 patient. However, 3 patients who underwent the restrictive right-sided maze procedure showed a return to AF rhythm. The atrial A wave was detected with the use of pulsed Doppler study in all patients who had a restored sinus rhythm. During the same period, 45 patients who were > 40 years old and without AF underwent only ASD closure (control group). The incidence of reopening the chest for bleeding was significantly (P = 0.046) higher in the maze group (12%) than in the control group (0%). Paroxysmal AF more frequently (P = 0.023) occurred in the control group (18%) than in the maze group (0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the standard maze procedure should be considered in patients with AF associated with ASD. The restrictive right-sided maze procedure was not reliable, probably due to preoperative enlargement of the left atrium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan. jkobayas@hsp.ncvc.go.jp
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasako
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kosakai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D004322:Drainage; D018619:Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period