title: Validation of cardiac echocardiography for measuring cardiac output to be applied for the multiple inert gas elimination technique.
abstract: The multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET) is being increasingly used in respiratory physiology and pathophysiology. Six inert gases are given as an intravenous infusion then measured in samples of expired air and mixed arterial and venous blood. This requires right-sided catheterization, a procedure that is sometimes ethically inappropriate. The present article reports a method in which inert gas levels in mixed venous blood were calculated, rather than measured, using Fick's law. Echocardiography was used to measure arterial inert gas levels and cardiac output. The method was validated in 11 men scheduled to undergo coronary bypass surgery. Cardiac output was either calculated based on biometrical (C) data or measured using four different methods in random order, namely Fick's law with oxygen (FiO2) or the inert gases (FiIG) as the tracers, thermodilution (TH), and echocardiography (E). Cardiac output values in L.min-1 (mean +/- SD) were as follows: C, 4.99 +/- 0.39; FiO2, 5.44 +/- 0.86; FiIG, 5.55 +/- 0.92; TH, 5.77 +/- 0.88; and E, 5.53 +/- 0.64. No significant differences were found among the four measured cardiac output values, of which the mean was 5.57 +/- 0.70 L/min, a value that was significantly higher than the calculated value. This difference is probably ascribable to the use of dopamine, dobutamine, or epinephrine in six of the 11 patients. A 1 L/min-1 cardiac output error, in either direction, was found to have a marked influence on the distribution of alveolar perfusion at various VA/Q ratios. Conversely, as expected, ventilation distribution was not influenced by cardiac output. In conclusion, echocardiography provides satisfactory cardiac output estimations using the MIGET except in patients with septal hypertrophy, subaortic membranes, a mitral valve prosthesis, or a mitral valve ring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rennotte
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vanoverschelde
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dion
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Clerbaux
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Veriter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002302:Cardiac Output; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004298:Dopamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004452:Echocardiography; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005741:Noble Gases / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D005741:Noble Gases; D004280:Dobutamine; D010100:Oxygen; D004298:Dopamine; D004837:Epinephrine