title: Physical and genetic interactions between Alx4 and Cart1.
abstract: Alx4 and Cart1 are closely related members of the family of transcription factors that contain the paired-type homeodomain. In contrast to other types of homeodomains, the paired-type homeodomain has been shown to mediate high-affinity sequence-specific DNA binding to palindromic elements as either homodimers or as heterodimers with other family members. Alx4 and Cart1 are co-expressed at several sites during development, including the craniofacial mesenchyme, the mesenchymal derivatives of neural crest cells in the first branchial arch and the limb bud mesenchyme. Because of the molecular similarity and overlapping expression pattern, we have analyzed the functional and genetic relationships between Alx4 and Cart1. The two proteins have similar DNA-binding activity in vitro and can form DNA-binding heterodimers; furthermore, they activate transcription of reporter genes that contain high-affinity DNA-binding sites in cell culture in a similar manner. Therefore, at least by these criteria, the two proteins are functionally redundant. Analysis of double mutant animals reveals several genetic interactions. First, mutation of Cart1 exacerbates Alx4-dependent polydactyly in a manner that is dependent on gene dosage. Second, there are complex genetic interactions in the craniofacial region that reveal a role for both genes in the fusion of the nasal cartilages and proper patterning of the mandible, as well as other craniofacial structures. Third, double mutant mice show a split sternum that is not detected in mice with any other genotype. Interpreted in the context of the biochemical characterization, the genetic analysis suggests that Alx4 and Cart1 are indeed functionally redundant, and reveal both unique and redundant functions for these genes in development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: deCrombrugghe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wisdom
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage / Q000473:pathology; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019281:Dimerization; D018628:Gene Dosage; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics; D018390:Gene Targeting; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D017689:Polydactyly / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D013249:Sternum / Q000473:pathology; D053449:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 4; D015534:Trans-Activators; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000235:genetics; D047988:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins
chemical_list: C109218:Alx4 protein, mouse; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D053449:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 4; C506368:Traf4 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D047988:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins