title: Developing a snapshot of the ATP binding domain(s) of aminoglycoside phosphotransferases.
abstract: The aminoglycoside (AG) 3'-phosphotransferases [APH(3')s] are an important class of modifying enzymes which confer high-level resistance to those AGs actively modified by the enzymes. They catalyze the transfer of the terminal phosphate from ATP to the drug, thus preventing the AG s action at the 70S ribosome. These enzymes, which utilize ATP as a co-substrate, appear from amino acid alignments to be part of a much larger superfamily of kinases and ATP-binding proteins. Structure-function analyses have been initiated in our laboratory for APH(3')-II, whose gene was derived from transposon Tn5. Site-directed mutagenesis of the cloned APH(3')-II gene was used to genetically examine the residues in two highly-conserved motifs proposed to participate in ATP binding. Several of these residues, in fact, were shown to affect the enzyme s affinity for ATP. We have also initiated studies using photoaffinity labelling of APH(3')-II with the ATP analogs, 8-azido-ATP and 2-azido-ATP. We have shown that 8-N3ATP and 2-N3ATP can be substituted for ATP in the APH(3')-II catalyzed phosphorylation of kanamycin; such findings indicate that the interaction of these photoaffinity analogs of ATP with APH(3')-II is biologically relevant. One of the best-characterized of the APH(3') enzymes is APH(3')-IIIa, the first of the group whose structure has been analyzed by x- ray crystallography. Several studies have demonstrated that this enzyme functions by a Theorell-Chance mechanism. Moreover, the architecture of the enzyme, crystallized in the presence of ADP has revealed residues in the ATP-binding pocket which are likely to play important roles in catalysis. Once the results from biochemical analyses can be correlated with those from mutagenesis studies and x-ray crystallography, a clearer picture of the active site will be provided for an important class of AG-modifying enzymes and phosphotransferases. This picture will also allow a better understanding of these enzymes within the greater context of kinases and nucleotide-binding proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. mhperl01@athena.louisville.edu
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Perlin
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Dholakia
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D019868:Kanamycin Kinase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D019920:Photoaffinity Labels; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017421:Sequence Analysis
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D019920:Photoaffinity Labels; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D019868:Kanamycin Kinase