title: Clinically significant gastroesophageal reflux in the at-risk premature neonate: relation to cognitive scores, days in the NICU, and total hospital charges.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The principal objective of this retrospective, cohort study was to determine if clinically significant gastroesophageal reflux (GER) would impair the long-term cognitive and motor development of preterm infants. An additional objective was to determine the effects of clinically significant GER on the length of hospital stay and total hospital charges in preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The design was a retrospective, cohort study of 66 preterm infants, followed in the Neonatal Developmental Follow-Up Clinic of The Children's Hospital in Greenville, SC. Thirty-three premature infants with clinically significant GER met the following study criteria: birth dates, 1988 through 1994; lack of gastrointestinal anatomic defects; and lack of acute neurologic injury (defined as no intraventricular hemorrhage greater than Papile's grade I, no periventricular leukomalacia, no seizures, and no history of birth asphyxia). Clinically significant GER was defined as GER associated with moderate to severe apnea (n=29) or GER associated with moderate to severe feeding intolerance (n=4). The study patients were matched as closely as possible with 33 control premature infants for sex (except when twins were used), ethnicity, social risk, gestational age, birth weight, and Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes. Social risk was categorized using Hack's Social Risk Scale. Important covariates included apnea, home monitoring, and nasal continuous positive airway pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurodevelopmental test scores from 7 months of age through 2 years of age did not show any significant differences between premature infants with clinically significant GER and premature infants with no evidence of clinically significant GER. Total hospital charges were statistically different for the clinically significant GER infants and the nonclinically significant GER infants (median $112,916 versus median $63,928, p=0.01). Total neonatal intensive care unit length of stay measures were statistically different between the two groups (median 53 days versus median 40.5 days, p=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though clinically significant GER may pose a substantial medical risk in premature infants, the long-term cognitive consequences appear to be negligible. Nevertheless, those premature infants with clinically significant GER do consume significantly more hospital resources than matched controls. Early diagnosis and intervention may possibly lessen the impact of medical costs and reduce length of hospital stay.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Developmental Follow-Up Clinic, Children's Hospital, Greenville, SC 29605, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ferlauto
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications*; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors