title: Optimized conditions for chelation of yttrium-90-DOTA immunoconjugates.
abstract: Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with 90Y-labeled immunoconjugates has shown promise in clinical trials. The macrocyclic chelating agent 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N",N"'-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) binds 90Y with extraordinary stability, minimizing the toxicity of 90Y-DOTA immunoconjugates arising from loss of 90Y to bone. However, reported 90Y-DOTA immunoconjugate product yields have been typically only < or =50%. Improved yields are needed for RIT with 90Y-DOTA immunoconjugates to be practical.
  
  
  METHODS
  (S) 2-[p-(bromoacetamido)benzyl]-DOTA (BAD) was conjugated to the monoclonal antibody Lym-1 via 2-iminothiolane (2IT). The immunoconjugate product, 2IT-BAD-Lym-1, was labeled in excess yttrium in various buffers over a range of concentrations and pH. Kinetic studies were performed in selected buffers to estimate radiolabeling reaction times under prospective radiopharmacy labeling conditions. The effect of temperature on reaction kinetics was examined. Optimal radiolabeling conditions were identified and used in eight radiolabeling experiments with 2IT-BAD-Lym-1 and a second immunoconjugate, DOTA-peptide-chimeric L6, with 248-492 MBq (6.7-13.3 mCi) of 90Y.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ammonium acetate buffer (0.5 M) was associated with the highest uptake of yttrium. On the basis of kinetic data, the time required to chelate 94% of 90Y (four half-times) under prospective radiopharmacy labeling conditions in 0.5 M ammonium acetate was 17-148 min at pH 6.5, but it was only 1-10 min at pH 7.5. Raising the reaction temperature from 25 degrees C to 37 degrees C markedly increased the chelation rate. Optimal radiolabeling conditions were identified as: 30-min reaction time, 0.5 M ammonium acetate buffer, pH 7-7.5 and 37 degrees C. In eight labeling experiments under optimal conditions, a mean product yield (+/- s.d.) of 91%+/-8% was achieved, comparable to iodination yields. The specific activity of final products was 74-130 MBq (2.0-3.5 mCi) of 90Y per mg of monoclonal antibody. The immunoreactivity of 90Y-labeled immunoconjugates was 100%+/-11%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimization of 90Y-DOTA chelation conditions represents an important advance in 90Y RIT because it facilitates the dependable and cost-effective preparation of 90Y-DOTA pharmaceuticals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kukis
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: DeNardo
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: DeNardo
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Meares
mesh_terms: D002021:Buffers; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007700:Kinetics; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D016499:Radioimmunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000737:chemistry*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D013816:Thermodynamics; D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes; C071349:1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid