title: FAST-2 is a mammalian winged-helix protein which mediates transforming growth factor beta signals.
abstract: The mechanisms by which transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and related ligands regulate transcription remain poorly understood. The winged-helix (WH) transcription factor fork head activin signal transducer 1 (FAST-1) was identified as a mediator of activin signaling in Xenopus embryos (X. Chen, M. J. Rubock, and M. Whitman, Nature 383:691-696, 1996). We have cloned a novel WH gene from the mouse which shares many properties with FAST-1. We find that this gene, which we call FAST-2, is able to mediate transcriptional activation by TGF-beta. FAST-2 also interacts directly with Smad2, a cytoplasmic protein which is translocated to the nucleus in response to TGF-beta, and forms a multimeric complex with Smad2 and Smad4 on the activin response element, a high-affinity binding site for FAST-1. Analysis of the sequences of FAST-1 and FAST-2 reveals substantial protein sequence divergence compared to known vertebrate orthologs in the WH family. This suggests that FAST-2 represents a new WH gene related to FAST-1, which functions to mediate TGF-beta signals in mammals. We have also examined the structure of the FAST-2 gene and find that it overlaps with a kinesin motor protein gene. The genes are transcribed in opposite orientations, and their transcripts overlap in the 3' untranslated region.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dou
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D028341:Activins; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D019556:COS Cells; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D015870:Gene Expression; D005807:Genes, Overlapping; D007265:Inhibins / Q000378:metabolism; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D008322:Mammals; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C491117:Foxh1 protein, mouse; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497783:Smad2 protein, mouse; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497791:Smad3 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D028341:Activins; D007265:Inhibins; D008156:Luciferases