title: Pre-anesthetic oral clonidine is effective to prevent post-spinal shivering.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shivering is a common event during spinal anesthesia. Customarily we just treat it rather than prevent it. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of oral clonidine as a premedication to prevent post-spinal shivering.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred males of ASA physical status I-III, aged above 40, scheduled for elective urological surgery under spinal anesthesia, were included in this study. All participants were randomly divided into the clonidine and control groups. They received either oral clonidine 150 micrograms (n = 48) or placebo (n = 52) 90 min before spinal anesthesia in a double-blind fashion. Spinal blockade was induced with heavy bupivacaine to a dermatomal level near T10. The shivering was graded as: none, no perceptible tension of muscles observed; mild, slight muscle tonus (masseter muscle); moderate, real shivering (proximal muscles); and severe, generalized shivering (whole body). The tympanic membrane temperature was recorded 30 min after spinal anesthesia. Data were expressed as mean +/- standard deviation. Chi-square and Student's t-test were used. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of post-spinal shivering, which was graded as none, mild, moderate, and severe, showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between clonidine 150 micrograms and placebo (83% vs. 42%, 10% vs. 6%, 10% vs. 19%, 0% vs. 33%, respectively) during the 30 min immediately after spinal anesthesia. The respective mean tympanic temperature in oral clonidine and placebo groups showed no difference (clonidine vs. control = 35.9 +/- 0.8 degrees C vs. 35.9 +/- 0.7 degrees C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-anesthetic medication with oral clonidine 150 micrograms is effective to prevent post-spinal shivering in patients undergoing elective urological surgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anesthesia, Yuen-San Veterans Hospital, Taipei, R.O.C.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Tsou
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D012768:Shivering / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003000:Clonidine