title: The role of intra-abdominal pressure on splanchnic and pulmonary hemodynamic and metabolic changes during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum.
abstract: METHODS
  To find an intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) range for laparoscopic procedures that elicits only moderate splanchnic and pulmonary hemodynamic and metabolic changes, including hepatic and intestinal tissue pH and superficial hepatic blood flow, we installed an IAP of 7 and 14 mm Hg each for 30 minutes in 10 healthy pigs (30 +/- 4 kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In parallel with the increase of IAP, the mean transmural pulmonary artery pressure increased (from 25 +/- 3 to 27 +/- 4 at 7 mm Hg IAP and 30 +/- 6 mm Hg at 14 mm Hg IAP, p < 0.05); the pulmonary artery-to-pulmonary capillary wedge pressure gradient also increased (from 17 +/- 2.7 to 21 +/- 3 mm Hg at 7 mm Hg IAP and 24 +/- 4.2 mm Hg at 14 mm Hg IAP, p < 0.01), and the arterial oxygenation decreased (p < 0.005). Relevant changes at an IAP of 14 mm Hg were observed in right atrial pressure during inspiration (from 7 +/- 2 to 12 +/- 3 mm Hg, p < 0. 0001) and in abdominal aortic flow (from 1.43 +/- 0.4 to 1.19 +/- 0. 3 L/min, p < 0.01). However, transmural right atrial pressure and cardiac output remained essentially unchanged. Portal and hepatic venous pressure increased in parallel with the IAP (portal: from 12 +/- 3 to 17 +/- 3 at 7 mm Hg IAP and 22 +/- 3 mm Hg at 14 mm Hg IAP, p < 0.01; hepatic venous: from 8 +/- 3 to 14 +/- 6 at 7 mm Hg IAP and 19 +/- 6 mm Hg at 14 mm Hg IAP, p < 0.005), but the transmural portal and hepatic venous pressures decreased (p < 0.01), indicating decreased venous filling. Portal flow was maintained at 7 mm Hg but decreased at 14 mm Hg from 474 +/- 199 to 395 +/- 175 mL/min (p < 0. 01), whereas hepatic arterial flow remained stable. Hepatic superficial blood flow decreased during insufflation and increased after desufflation. Tissue pH fell together with portal and hepatic venous pH (intestinal: from 7.323 +/- 0.05 to 7.217 +/- 0.04; hepatic: from 7.259 +/- 0.04 to 7.125 +/- 0.06, both p < 0.01) at 14 mm Hg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hemodynamic and metabolic derangement in the pulmonary and splanchnic compartments are dependent on the extent of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. The effect of low IAP (7 mm Hg) on splanchnic perfusion is minimal. However, higher IAPs (14 mm Hg) decrease portal and superficial hepatic blood flow and hepatic and intestinal tissue pH.
authors.affiliation: Institute of General Electrics and Electronics, Vienna University of Technology, Austria.
authors.forename: U B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Windberger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Auer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Keplinger
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Längle
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heinze
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schindl
authors.forename: U M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Losert
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000097:blood; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000097:blood; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D006400:Hematocrit; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply*; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D011312:Pressure; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D013154:Spleen / Q000098:blood supply*; D013552:Swine; D000637:Transaminases / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D002241:Carbohydrates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D012964:Sodium; D000637:Transaminases; D011188:Potassium