title: Dependence of the transcranially induced silent period on the 'instruction set' and the individual reaction time.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We looked for influences of the experimental condition on the silent period (SP) from transcranial motor cortex stimulation and analyzed how the instruction given to the subject, as well as the individual reaction time, might affect the duration of the SP in the biceps brachii muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The duration of the SP was found to critically depend on the subject's voluntary reaction of the target muscle immediately after the stimulus. With low stimulus intensity and low background force, the duration of the silent period was significantly longer in 10 of 13 subjects (P = 0.002) when they were instructed to relax quickly after the stimulus rather than to maintain the the force at a constant level. A significant shortening of the SP (P = 0.02) was observed when the subjects were instructed to perform a rapid contraction of the target muscle in reaction to the cortical stimulus. With low stimulus intensity and high background force, the same influence of the instruction set was found in 6 of 13 subjects. When the subjects were left without precise instruction, the SP duration was unpredictable. In 10 subjects, the SP corresponded to that obtained with the instruction to maintain the force at a constant level. However, in 3 subjects it was prolonged to the value observed in the 'relax' instruction. With greater stimulus intensities, the effect of the instruction set on the SP duration was generally smaller. A significant prolongation was nevertheless found at low background forces with rapid relaxation (P < 0.001), and a significant shortening was found at high background forces with rapid contraction (P < 0.001) after the stimulus. The SP duration observed with 20% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) significantly correlated with the individual reaction time. No such correlation was found for the SP obtained with 80% MVC. The SP was slightly longer at 20% MVC, as compared to 80% MVC within each instruction group. This effect was significant (P < 0.05) at low stimulus intensities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, when assessing the SP duration for diagnostic purposes, not only the stimulus intensity but also the background force and the voluntary reaction must be standardized. Furthermore, great stimulus intensities and high background forces should be used to minimise the effects of instruction set and individual reaction time.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Bern, Switzerland. mathis@insel.unibe.ch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mathis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Quervain
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm; D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D004056:Differential Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008280:Magnetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology