title: Autonomic and hormonal ictal changes in gelastic seizures from hypothalamic hamartomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe two patients with hypothalamic hamartoma and gelastic seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed ictal neurophysiological studies with polygraphic recordings of autonomic parameters and hormonal ictal plasma concentration measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ictal recordings showed a stereotyped modification of autonomic parameters: increase in blood pressure and heart rate, peripheral vasoconstriction and modification of respiratory activity. At seizure onset, the norepinephrine plasma level was high and epinephrine unchanged, whereas prolactin and adrenocorticotropic hormone were increased in both cases. Growth hormone and cortisol plasma concentrations in each patient showed a different response to seizures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide evidence that gelastic seizures are accompanied by an abrupt sympathetic system activation, probably due to the direct paroxysmal activation of limbic and paralimbic structures or other autonomic centres of the hypothalamus and medulla.
authors.affiliation: Neurological Institute, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cerullo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tinuper
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Provini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Contin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosati
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cortelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006222:Hamartoma / Q000150:complications*; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007029:Hypothalamic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D007845:Laughter / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones