title: Evidence that macrophages are required for T-cell infiltration and rejection of fetal pig pancreas xenografts in nonobese diabetic mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Host macrophages are abundant within fetal pig pancreas xenografts undergoing rejection, but their role is unknown. Therefore, we examined the effect of host macrophage depletion on xenograft rejection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice were given clodronate-loaded liposomes intravenously to deplete macrophages. Controls received phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or PBS-liposomes. General immune status was assessed after 2, 3, and 7 days by (1) fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of peripheral blood, spleen, and lymph node cells, (2) immunohistochemistry on spleens, and (3) mixed lymphocyte reaction. Organ-cultured fetal pig pancreas was transplanted under the kidney capsule of NOD mice 3 days after clodronate or PBS injection. Grafts were assessed histologically at 4, 5, 6, and 8 days after transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Splenic macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes were depleted 2 days after clodronate treatment but had recovered within 11 days. T cell, B cell, and dendritic cell numbers were normal in spleen, peripheral blood, and lymph nodes of clodronate-treated mice, and T cells and antigen-presenting cells from these mice functioned normally in mixed lymphocyte reaction. Clodronate treatment markedly reduced graft infiltration by macrophages, T cells, and eosinophils at 4, 5, and 6 days after transplantation, and was associated with maintenance of endocrine cell viability and insulin expression. However, all grafts were rejected 8 days after transplantation, concordant with reappearance of splenic macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term, specific depletion of macrophages markedly delayed cellular infiltration and rejection of xenografts. The results provide the first evidence that macrophages promote T-cell infiltration and rejection of fetal pig pancreas xenografts in NOD mice.
authors.affiliation: Autoimmunity and Transplantation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koulmanda
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Rooijen
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000502:physiology; D004002:Clodronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D016332:Fetal Tissue Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D008081:Liposomes; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D013552:Swine / Q000196:embryology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D004002:Clodronic Acid