title: Relentless pulmonary vein stenosis after repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progressive stenosis of the pulmonary veins after repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage is frequently refractory to surgical therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of 170 consecutive patients treated for total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage identified 13 patients with postrepair pulmonary vein stenosis. Preoperative and operative data were analyzed to define the patterns of progression and efficacy of surgical techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen reoperations were performed in 13 patients. Postrepair pulmonary vein stenosis was most common in the infracardiac and mixed subtypes (p < 0.02). All 4 patients with unilateral stenosis, 2 of whom had progression of stenosis resulting in nearly complete unilateral pulmonary vein occlusion, survived. Six of 9 patients with bilateral disease died (p < 0.05 versus unilateral); 2 of the 3 survivors were repaired with a novel technique creating a sutureless neoatrium without evidence of restenosis at 1.8 years' follow-up. Stenting was uniformly unsuccessful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In unilateral stenosis, progression of disease may be survivable with loss of single-lung perfusion. Although bilateral disease is lethal in most cases, creation of a sutureless neoatrium has demonstrated short-term freedom from disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto and University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Canada. Chris-Caldarone@UIowa.edu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Caldarone
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Najm
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kadletz
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Smallhorn
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Freedom
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Coles
mesh_terms: D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents