title: Two- to six-year controlled-trial stuttering outcomes for children and adolescents.
abstract: This research is a long-term follow-up of a previously published, controlled trial on the effectiveness of 3 stuttering treatments (intensive smooth speech, parent-home smooth speech, and intensive electromyography feedback) for children and adolescents, aged 11 to 18 years, who stutter. The previous controlled trial showed all 3 treatments to be effective compared to nontreatment after 12 months. This paper reports on the treatment effectiveness after an average of 4 years post-treatment. Results demonstrate that treatment gains were maintained in the long term, with rates of stuttering similar to the 1-year postoutcomes. There were no significant differences among the 3 treatments in long-term effectiveness. This controlled study substantiates the claim that the treatments investigated will more than likely have substantial long-term benefits for the fluency and personality of children and adolescents who stutter.
authors.affiliation: University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McCready
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McCaul
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gilmore
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013342:Stuttering / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors