title: The Vestigial and Scalloped proteins act together to directly regulate wing-specific gene expression in Drosophila.
abstract: A small number of major regulatory (selector) genes have been identified in animals that control the development of particular organs or complex structures. In Drosophila, the vestigial gene is required for wing formation and is able to induce wing-like outgrowths on other structures. However, the molecular function of the nuclear Vestigial protein, which bears no informative similarities to other proteins, was unknown. Here, we show that Vestigial requires the function of the Scalloped protein, a member of the TEA family of transcriptional regulators, to directly activate the expression of genes involved in wing morphogenesis. Genetic and molecular analyses reveal that Vestigial regulates wing identity by forming a complex with the Scalloped protein that binds sequence specifically to essential sites in wing-specific enhancers. These enhancers also require the direct inputs of signaling pathways, and the response of an enhancer can be switched to another pathway through changes in signal-transducer binding sites. Combinatorial regulation by selector proteins and signal transducers is likely to be a general feature of the tissue-specific control of gene expression during organogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Halder
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Polaczyk
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laughon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D018983:DNA Footprinting; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017344:Genes, Insect; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000091262:TEA Domain Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000091262:TEA Domain Transcription Factors; C057182:TEAD1 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; C087984:sd protein, Drosophila; C095064:vg protein, Drosophila