title: The influence of extravascular lung water on cardiac output measurements using thoracic impedance cardiography.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of pulmonary oedema as measured with the double indicator dilution technique on the accuracy of cardiac output (CO) measurement using thoracic impedance cardiography (TIC) compared with thermodilution in thirteen sepsis patients. Differences in the Kubicek and Sramek-Bernstein equation with respect to pulmonary oedema were explored theoretically and experimentally. From a parallel two cylinder model a hypothesis can be derived that CO determined with the Kubicek equation is oedema independent, whereas CO determined using the Sramek-Bernstein equation is oedema dependent. Experimentally, CO determined using Kubicek's equation correlated better with thermodilution CO (r = 0.75) than CO determined with the Sramek-Bernstein equation (r = 0.25). The effect of oedema on the accuracy of TIC was investigated by comparing the differences in the CO of impedance and thermodilution to the extravascular lung water index. For the Kubicek equation the difference was not influenced by oedema (r = 0.04, p = 0.84), whereas for the Sramek-Bernstein equation the difference was affected by oedema (r = 0.39, p = 0.05). Thus, the effects of pulmonary oedema on the accuracy of TIC measurements can better be understood with the parallel cylinder model. Moreover, the Kubicek equation still holds when pulmonary oedema is present, in contrast to the Sramek-Bernstein equation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Institute of Cardiovascular Research VU, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Raaijmakers
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Faes
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Kunst
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rommes
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Goovaerts
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Heethaar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002307:Cardiography, Impedance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015633:Extravascular Lung Water / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*