title: An anatomical approach to glabellar rhytids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify surface landmarks that can serve as reference points to the underlying musculature in the treatment of glabellar rhytids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty cadaver hemibrows were dissected to assess the location, disposition, and relationships of the brow muscles, along with their variations at each of several consistent locations. Particular attention was paid to the corrugator supercilii, frontal belly of the frontalis, and procerus muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The information gained here may be applied to the pharmacological or surgical treatment of glabellar rhytids. Knowledge of the frequent location of the muscles involved, relative to easily identifiable surface landmarks, allows a more precise approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Alameda County Medical Center, Oakland, Calif 94602, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Spiegel
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Raven
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kabaker
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Maas
mesh_terms: D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods