title: Analysis of tear proteins by one- and two-dimensional thin-layer iosoelectric focusing, sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis and lectin blotting. Detection of a new component: cystatin C.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Isoelectric focusing (IEF) of tear proteins has not yet been carried out in a satisfactory way. Two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis, especially in the combination of IEF with SDS, is able to differentiate between proteins in detail. The purpose of this study was therefore to analyze tear proteins by 1D IEF alone and in combination with a 2D pattern, and by IEF followed by lectin staining.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ampholines, covering a broad range from pH 3 to pH 10, were applied. After IEF, semi-dry blotting and incubation with a group II lectin and two group V lectins was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tear proteins could be separated into 31 single bands. Tear-specific pre-albumin (TSPA), lactoferrin, sIgA, IgG and lysozyme were found to be main components. Isoelectric points (IEPs, pls) of all proteins separated were determined by comparison with IEF standards. 2D patterns of IEF and SDS electrophoresis were obtained for the main subunit components of lactoferrin, sIgA, TSPA, and lysozyme. An additional new component of considerable concentration was focused at pI 8.6 with a subunit MW of 14 kDa. With s-WGA a component at an IEP of 5.2 was visualized, representing transferrin. With SNA, lactoferrin stained as a sharp main band at pI 5.1 with three additional weaker bands at IEPs from 4.8 to 4.9. At IEPs between 4.4 and 6.1, multiple components of sIgA were stained with MAA. The sugar specificity of transferrin at pI 5.2 was beta-GlcNAc. Lactoferrin showed glycation with NANA-alpha-2-6-Gal or NANA-alpha-2-6-GalNAc, whereas the sugar specificity of sIgA was NANA-alpha-2-3-Gal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The investigative strategy applied here, including IEF alone, in combination with SDS-electrophoresis, and SDS-electrophoresis followed by lectin staining proved to be a reproducible method for tear protein analysis of hitherto unexperienced capacity. Lectin-stained bands of native tear proteins are not uniformly glycated by one sugar residue, but show various sugar specificities. IgA as a whole molecule is specifically glycated with NANA-alpha-2-3-Gal.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reitz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Breipohl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Augustin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bours
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002556:Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D055316:Cystatin C; D015891:Cystatins / Q000032:analysis*; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000032:analysis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D007525:Isoelectric Focusing; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000032:analysis; D037102:Lectins; D009113:Muramidase / Q000032:analysis; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry*; D014168:Transferrin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C525030:CST3 protein, human; D002556:Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins; D055316:Cystatin C; D015891:Cystatins; D005136:Eye Proteins; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D037102:Lectins; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014168:Transferrin; C042434:tear proteins; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D009113:Muramidase; D007781:Lactoferrin