title: Reduction of radioactive seed embolization to the lung following prostate brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ultrasound-guided interstitial implantation of radioactive seeds is a common treatment for early stage prostate cancer. One of the risks associated with this therapy is seed embolization to the lung. This paper reports on the incidence and possible adverse effects of seed migration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred ninety consecutive patients were treated with permanent radioactive seed brachytherapy for prostate cancer between January 1 and December 31, 1995. One hundred fifty-four patients were treated with iodine-125 (I-125), and 136 patients were treated with palladium-103 (Pd-103). All but one patient had a routine post implant chest radiograph (CXR), leaving 289 evaluable patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty radioactive seed pulmonary emboli were identified in 17 patients; 3 patients had two emboli each. The radioactive seed pulmonary embolism rate for the entire group of patients was 5.9%. Acute pulmonary symptoms were not reported by any patient in this series. One hundred forty-six study patients were implanted with free seeds alone (136 Pd-103 and 11 I-125), and 143 were implanted with linked seed embedded in a vicryl suture for the peripheral portions of their implants. The radioactive seed embolization rate by patient was 11% (16/146) versus 0.7% (1/143) for free seed implants and implants utilizing linked seeds, respectively. The difference was statistically significant, p = 0.0002. No patient had detectable morbidity as a consequence of seed emboli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of linked seeds embedded in vicryl sutures for the peripheral portion of permanent radioactive seed prostate implants significantly reduced the incidence of pulmonary seed embolization in patients treated with the Seattle technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Alta Bates Hospital, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Tapen
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Blasko
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ragde
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luse
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sylvester
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Griffin
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D010165:Palladium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000209:etiology*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D011868:Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D010165:Palladium