title: Advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) on IgG, a target for circulating antibodies in North American Indians with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
abstract: Several tribes of North American Indians are known to have poor glucose control and are at a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Similarly some tribes also exhibit RA at a high frequency. We have recently determined that a subset of Caucasian patients with RA mount an immune response to IgG modified with advanced glycation endproducts (AGE). The AGE modifications on IgG in vivo include N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl) lysine, imidazolone and pentosidine. The presence of IgG-AGE and the antibody response to the IgG-AGE in the Ojibwe tribe of First Nations native Indians where both NIDDM and RA are prevalent was investigated. AGE modified IgG and albumin were determined using a modified nitroblue tetrazolium assay. Rheumatoid factors (RFs) and IgM and IgA anti-IgG-AGE were detected by ELISA. Of the 108 individuals tested, 21 had RA only, 3 had both RA and type 2 diabetes, 30 had type 2 diabetes only and 51 had no diagnosed disease. AGE modified IgG was significantly elevated in the RA group compared to the diabetic group. IgM and IgA RFs were detected in 83% and 50% of the RA patients, compared to 31-37% and 7-10% of the diabetics or normal individuals. IgM anti-IgG-AGE was detected in 54% of the RA patients, in contrast to 7-14% in the diabetics or normal individuals. IgA anti-IgG-AGE was detected in 42% of the RA patients and only 7 to 8% of the NIDDM or normal individuals. The IgM or IgA anti-IgG-AGE antibodies likely contribute to the accumulation of IgG-AGE, possibly through blocked clearance through AGE receptors. A trend towards more severe disease was seen in those Ojibwe RA patients with circulating anti-AGE antibodies. Non-enzymatic glycation may be an important pathogenic link in the RA seen in North American Indians.
authors.affiliation: The Division of Rheumatology, The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Newkirk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: LePage
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niwa
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000936:Antigen-Antibody Complex / Q000276:immunology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000208:ethnology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000737:chemistry; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007198:Indians, North American; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium; D009864:Ontario; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000936:Antigen-Antibody Complex; D001323:Autoantibodies; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D007093:Imidazoles; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor; D008239:Lysine