title: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe and review internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A population of 268 SLE patients was retrospectively studied. INO was clinically defined as palsy of the ipsilateral rectus muscle and failure in contralateral eye adduction with dissociated nystagmus. A systematic review of the literature was made using MEDLINE (Silver-Platter) between 1966 and 1997, and for completeness, earlier references cited in identified articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four women with INO were identified. Their mean age at INO diagnosis was 38 years, and mean delay from diagnosis of SLE to INO was 6 years. INO was unilateral in all and coincided with disease activity in three. Cardiovascular risk factors were present in three. Magnetic brain resonance showed multiple and hyperintense (T2) lesions in white matter without correlation with clinical features. Other ancillary tests were not helpful for diagnosis. Corticosteroid therapy resulted in full resolution of INO in three cases. Review of 14 additional cases from the literature showed a similar experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  INO is uncommon in SLE, but it should be suspected in young patients with active disease and impairment of ocular movements. Diagnosis relies largely on clinical grounds. Neuroimaging is of little help. Steroid therapy seems effective in improving eye movements.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galindo
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pablos
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gómez-Reino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications; D004172:Diplopia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D009886:Ophthalmoplegia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed