title: Transcriptional activity of quinone methides derived from the tumor promoter butylated hydroxytoluene in HepG2 cells.
abstract: Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a pulmonary toxin and tumor promoter in mice presumably due to the formation of two quinone methides (QMs) that alkylate cellular nucleophiles. The activation of stress genes by these electrophilic metabolites was investigated with an assay system consisting of 14 recombinant cell lines derived from the human hepatoma line HepG2, each carrying a unique promoter or response element construct fused to the reporter gene for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). The largest responses to QMs occurred in cells containing either the metallothionein IIA, glutathione S-transferase Ya, or 70 kDa heat shock protein promoter, or the xenobiotic response element. The other cell lines exhibited only small or no effects. These results are consistent with transcriptional activities reported for several other electrophiles known to undergo covalent interactions with proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Desjardins
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mapoles
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D045563:Indolequinones; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D011809:Quinones / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D045563:Indolequinones; D007211:Indoles; D011809:Quinones; C068040:quinone methide; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene