title: Mississippi mud in the 1990s: risks and outcomes of vancomycin-associated toxicity in general oncology practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Discrepancies between the severity of toxicities reported in early clinical trials and recent clinical experience with vancomycin have led to confusion regarding the need for routine serum vancomycin level monitoring and discontinuation of vancomycin when toxicities occur. Therefore, the authors examined the incidence, outcomes, and predictive factors of vancomycin-associated toxicities in general oncology practice with the goal of developing clinically relevant prediction rules and guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 742 consecutive cancer patients who received vancomycin at a comprehensive cancer center during a 3-month period were followed prospectively for the development and outcome of phlebitis, rash, ototoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. Logistic regression was used to derive a multiple variable model of the risk of nephrotoxicity. A clinical prediction rule, the Nephrotoxicity Risk Score, was developed from the risk model and validated prospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phlebitis occurred in 3% of patients (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2-4%), predominantly those with recently inserted central venous catheters. Rashes occurred in 11% of patients (95% CI, 9-13%); however, all but 4 patients also were receiving beta-lactam antibiotics. Clinical evidence of ototoxicity developed in 6% of patients (95% CI, 4-9%) who were receiving vancomycin plus other ototoxic agents and only 3% of patients (95% CI, 2-5%) not receiving other ototoxic agents (P = 0.08). Nephrotoxicity occurred in 17% of patients (95% CI, 15-20%). Logistic regression revealed that factors associated with an increased risk of nephrotoxicity included administration of other mild to moderate (P = 0.01) or severely nephrotoxic agents (P < 0.001) or an acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) score > 40 (P = 0.002). Elevated serum vancomycin peak levels did not reliably predict subsequent nephrotoxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vancomycin-associated toxicities usually are mild and self-limiting. Some patients are at a significantly higher risk of nephrotoxicity but the authors believe these individuals can be identified reliably with the Nephrotoxicity Risk Index using information available at vancomycin initiation. Further testing of the Nephrotoxicity Risk Index is ongoing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Elting
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kurtin
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Rolston
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fangtang
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: I I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Raad
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Whimbey
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manzullo
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Bodey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D010689:Phlebitis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin