title: Ketoconazole attenuates the cortisol response but not the subjective effects of smoked cocaine in humans.
abstract: Attenuation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function in laboratory rodents has been found to reduce the reinforcing effects of cocaine. To examine whether attenuation of HPA function reduces the effects of cocaine in humans, one female and seven male 'crack' cocaine abusers were pretreated with three doses of ketoconazole (0, 600, 1200 mg), an inhibitor of adrenocorticoid biosynthesis, 1 h before receiving cocaine. Three doses of smoked cocaine (0, 12, 50 mg) were administered in counterbalanced order under each ketoconazole condition. Ketoconazole dose-dependently reduced cocaine-induced cortisol, but not adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) release, and attenuated the cocaine-induced increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Plasma ACTH levels were more predictive of blood pressure changes than either cocaine or cortisol levels. Suppression of cortisol secretion was not associated with a reduction in ratings of the subjective effects of cocaine. These results support a role for the HPA axis in the cardiovascular effects of cocaine, but do not support a role for the HPA axis in the subjective effects of cocaine. To the extent that self-administration can be predicted by subjective effects, these results further argue that the HPA axis does not play a critical role in cocaine self-administration by humans.
authors.affiliation: Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032, USA. asw26@columbia.edu
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haney
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Foltin
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Fischman
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003042:Cocaine; D007654:Ketoconazole; D006854:Hydrocortisone