title: Methylation of the androgen receptor promoter CpG island is associated with loss of androgen receptor expression in prostate cancer cells.
abstract: Androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer is characterized by a heterogeneous loss of androgen receptor (AR) expression among tumor cells. In this study, we evaluate DNA hypermethylation as a potential transcriptional regulatory mechanism in AR-negative prostate cancer cell lines. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrates an approximately 15-kb CpG island in the AR gene that encompasses the transcription start site and exon 1. Using Southern blotting with methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes and methylation-specific PCR, we find aberrant methylation in the AR expression-negative cell lines Du145, DuPro, TSU-PR1, and PPC1. Incomplete methylation in the AR CpG island is also seen in normal female breast and ovarian tissues consistent with the inactivation of one X chromosome by hypermethylation. In contrast, prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC3 express AR and are unmethylated. Normal prostate epithelial cell strains demonstrate no methylation. Exposure of AR-negative prostate cancer cell lines to 5-aza-2' deoxycytidine, a demethylating agent, induces the reexpression of AR RNA in DuPro and TSU-PR1. This reexpression is associated with a demethylation of this region. Prostate-specific antigen, an androgen-responsive gene, is also specifically induced in these lines after AR reexpression. Therefore, in vitro DNA methylation of the 5' CpG AR island may be associated with the loss of AR expression. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that treatment with demethylating agents may engender the reexpression and function of the androgen receptor in AR-negative cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison 53792, USA. jarrard@surgery.wisc.edu
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Jarrard
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sandefur
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Meisner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Isaacs
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nassif
mesh_terms: D018899:CpG Islands / Q000502:physiology*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen