title: Epidemiological analysis defining concurrent outbreaks of Serratia marcescens and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive-care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the epidemiology, interventions, and molecular typing methods used during the investigation and control of concurrent outbreaks of Serratia marcescens and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in a neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 206-bed women's and infants' hospital with a 48-bed NICU.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 22-week, prospective, descriptive study of all NICU infants with S marcescens or MRSA infection or colonization. Repetitive polymerase chain reaction (rep PCR) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), respectively, were applied to the typing of S marcescens and MRSA isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants with S marcescens or MRSA infection or colonization were placed in isolation; all other infants were cohorted. A multidisciplinary task force implemented education for all hospital and medical staff regarding policies essential for outbreak control. Changes in physical setting and patient contact procedure were required to promote adherence to existing policies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two premature infants had S marcescens infection, and five were colonized; rep PCR verified that both invasive and three of five colonizing isolates were related genotypically. Five bacteremic and 10 MRSA-colonized infants were identified; PFGE confirmed that 12 of the isolates had similar electrophoretic patterns. S marcescens infection was eliminated from the NICU 3 weeks after interventions were initiated. MRSA infections also were eliminated, and MRSA colonization fell to below pre-outbreak rates within 8 weeks. Despite a 100% increase in NICU patient days per month during the subsequent 2 years, no further clusters of S marcescens or MRSA infection have occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concurrent outbreaks of S marcescens and MRSA in an NICU were confirmed by genotyping of strains. Control was achieved by isolation and cohorting of patients and strict adherence to NICU policies and procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zaccaria
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases; D017053:Infection Control / Q000592:standards; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016868:Serratia Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D012706:Serratia marcescens; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology