title: Staging of breast cancer: what standards should be used in research and clinical practice?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone scan (BS), chest X-rays (CXR), liver ultrasonography (LUS) and laboratory parameters (LP) are frequently used as routine staging procedures for breast cancer patients. These procedures are not always appropriate in either clinical or research settings, regardless of the stage. The aim of this study was to identify groups of patients with differing risks for metastases in order to select more precise standard staging procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The staging data relating to 406 breast cancer patients consecutively referred to our institution between November 1989 and October 1996 were analysed including pathological TNN grading and biological parameters. All of the cases with a positive or suspicious pre-operatory staging and who proved to have metastatic disease before surgery or during the first six months of follow-up were considered true-positive; all of the other cases with a positive or suspicious initial staging but with no evidence of distant metastasis before surgery and with a disease-free survival longer then six months were considered false-positive. In the same way all cases with negative initial staging who relapsed during the first six months of follow-up were considered false-negative and those with negative initial staging and with a disease-free survival longer then six months were considered true-negative. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BS, CXR and LUS, 388, 399 and 398 examinations respectively, were considered available, and 17 (4.38%), six (1.5%) and four (1%), respectively, proved to be true-positive. A statistically significant difference was observed when our cases were grouped according to T status (T4 vs. T1-T2-T3, P < 0.01) and nodal status (N0-N1 cases with less than three involved nodes and N1 with more than three positive lymph nodes N2 patients, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that breast cancer patients can be divided into three subgroups with different detection rates for distant metastases at staging (0.59%, 2.94% and 15.53%), and that the standard practice should be changed. In the first (T1N0 and T1N1 patients with < or = 3 positive lymph nodes--41.13% of the patients) and the second group (T2N0, T2N1 with < or = 3 positive lymph nodes, T3N0 and T3N1 patients with < or = 3 positive lymph nodes--33.49% of the patients) there is no need for a complete set of staging procedures, whereas full procedural staging is needed in the third group of patients (T4, N1 with > 3 lymph nodes and N2, 25.37% of the patients).
authors.affiliation: oncologia@rimini.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ravaioli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tassinari
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pasini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polselli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papi
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Fattori
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pasquini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alessandrini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Canuti
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Panzini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Drudi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D015510:Clinical Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D011859:Radiography; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012106:Research; D014463:Ultrasonography