title: Carbohydrate supplementation and the lymphocyte proliferative response to long endurance running.
abstract: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the influence of 6% carbohydrate ingestion on hormonal and lymphocyte proliferative responses (5 total samples over 9 hours) to 2.5 h of high-intensity running by 30 experienced marathon runners. The T-cell response differed between groups, with the placebo group exhibiting a greater increase immediately post-run and greater decrease at 3 h of recovery. No group differences were observed for Con A-, PHA-, or PWM-induced lymphocyte proliferation. However, when PHA was adjusted per T-cell, group differences were observed, highlighted by a decrease in the placebo group immediately post-run. Glucose and cortisol responses differed between groups, with glucose lower and cortisol higher in the placebo group immediately post-run. Post-run glucose correlated negatively with postrun cortisol (r=-0.670, P< 0.001) and epinephrine (r=-0.540, P=0.002). Post-run cortisol also correlated negatively with total lymphocytes and T-cells at 1.5 hours (r=-0.429, P=0.018 and r=-0.424, P=0.019, respectively) and 3 hours (r=-0.566, P=0.001 and r=-0.523, P=0.003, respectively) of recovery. The pre- to post-run change in glucose correlated to the same changes in PHA/T-cell (r=0.456, P=0.011). The data support an interactive effect of carbohydrate ingestion on plasma glucose and cortisol. The data support an interactive effect of carbohydrate ingestion on plasma glucose and cortisol, T-cell trafficking, and cell-adjusted PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation following long endurance running.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608, USA. hensonda@appstate.edu
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Henson
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Nieman
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Rainwater
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Butterworth
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Utter
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Fagoaga
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Nehlsen-Cannarella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D010953:Plasma Volume; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine