title: Digoxin toxicity: an evaluation in current clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serum digoxin concentrations (SDCs) are frequently sampled before completion of drug distribution. If elevated, these concentrations may be misinterpreted, potentially leading to a misdiagnosis of digoxin toxicity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of elevated SDCs (>2.6 nmol/L [>2.0 ng/mL]) obtained at appropriate postdosing intervals and to evaluate the frequency of clinically defined digoxin toxicity in patients with elevated SDCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of adult patients with SDCs assayed at 5 general hospitals in North Carolina during a 3-month period (May 1 through July 31, 1996) were prospectively evaluated. Data on SDC, inpatient or outpatient status, and medical or surgical service were collected for all patients. Data on patient demographics, serum chemistry values, indication for digoxin treatment, clinical evidence of digoxin toxicity, and timing of the blood sample relative to administration of the last dose of digoxin were collected for patients with SDCs higher than 2.6 nmol/L (>2.0 ng/mL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 3434 SDCs assayed in 2009 patients, 320 (9.3%) were higher than 2.6 nmol/L (>2.0 ng/mL). Fifty-one (15.9%) of the 320 SDCs were drawn at 6 hours or less following a digoxin dose. Sampling time relative to the digoxin dose could not be determined in 70 (21.9%) of the 320 elevated SDCs, leaving 199 (62.2%) of 320 SDCs in 138 patients evaluable for digoxin toxicity. Eighty-three of the 138 patients had clinical evidence of digoxin toxicity for an overall incidence of 4.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Digoxin toxicity occurs less frequently than historically reported. Continued emphasis needs to be placed on obtaining appropriately timed SDCs.
authors.affiliation: Quintiles Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Quintiles Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Thrasher
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Fulton
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: LaPointe
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Dunham
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Patterson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004077:Digoxin / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina; D011041:Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004077:Digoxin