title: Hypophysectomy, high tumor necrosis factor levels, and hemoglobinemia in lethal endotoxemic shock.
abstract: Experimental models of lethal endotoxemia in rodents are widely used to delineate pathogenic mechanisms of inflammation, sepsis, and septic shock. One long-standing but poorly understood observation is that removal of the pituitary gland (hypophysectomy) renders experimental animals 1,000-fold more sensitive to the lethal sequelae of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Previous explanations for this phenomenon focused on hypophysectomy-induced deficiencies of corticosteroids, because glucocorticoids effectively suppress the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which is a primary mediator of LPS lethality. We measured LPS-stimulated macrophage TNF release in the presence of serum from hypophysectomized rats to detect the appearance of an inducible 65 kDa protein that enhances TNF release. Surprisingly, the N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the isolated, purified protein revealed its identity as hemoglobin. Hypophysectomy significantly increases serum hemoglobin levels (control hemoglobin = 103+/-18 microg/mL versus hypophysectomized serum hemoglobin = 279+/-13 microg/mL; p < .05). Purified hemoglobin enhances TNF synthesis in LPS-stimulated macrophages by at least 1,000-fold, which is specifically inhibited by antihemoglobin antibodies. Thus, hemoglobin mediates increased TNF synthesis in endotoxemic, hypophysectomized rats. This mechanism of increased TNF release has potential implications for patients with hemoglobinemia following blood transfusion, surgery, injury, infection, or other conditions that can be associated with endotoxemia and sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ivanova
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vishnubhakat
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ombrellino
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Tracey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007016:Hypophysectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D051381:Rats; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha