title: Plasma membrane integrity of cryopreserved human sperm: an investigation of the results of the hypoosmotic swelling test, the water test, and eosin-Y staining.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  [1] To examine the relationship between sperm membrane integrity and motion parameters before and after cryopreservation; [2] to determine the capacity of the membrane integrity tests to predict the outcome of cryopreservation in fertile and infertile men; and [3] to examine the degree of agreement between tail and head membrane integrity of testicular and ejaculated immotile sperm cryopreserved for intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic tertiary care institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fertile donors and normozoospermic oligozoospermic, and asthenozoospermic subfertile men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semen samples were cryopreserved and thawed for analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sperm membrane integrity and computer-assisted motion parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hypoosmotic swelling test and water test had a significant and positive correlation in the fresh and cryopreserved ejaculates of all groups. The results of the hypoosmotic swelling test correlated positively with the percent motility in the fresh ejaculates of fertile and subfertile men. None of the membrane integrity tests correlated with the cryosurvival rate in any group. In the ejaculated and testicular samples with no postcryopreservation motility, the simultaneous assessment of hypoosmotic swelling test and eosin showed that of 33% sperm exhibiting coiling with the hypoosmotic swelling test, only 9% were eosin negative, whereas 24% were eosin positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  [1] The water test may be a simpler replacement for the hypoosmotic swelling test; [2] none of the membrane integrity tests predicted sperm motility after cryopreservation; and [3] there was a high degree of disagreement between the hypoosmotic swelling test and eosin in the samples with no postcryopreservation motility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jones Insitute for Reproductive Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk 23507, USA.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morshedi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Srisombut
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nassar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oehninger
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D015925:Cryopreservation; D003593:Cytoplasm; D004801:Eosine Yellowish-(YS); D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000473:pathology*; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012099:Reproductive Techniques; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000502:physiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D014867:Water; D004801:Eosine Yellowish-(YS)