title: Effects of ammonium dinitramide on preimplantation embryos in Sprague-Dawley rats.
abstract: Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is a class 1.1 oxidizer that may be used in rocket propellants and explosives. Previous studies have shown that ADN is a female reproductive toxicant, causing implantation failure in Sprague-Dawley rats when it is administered during the preimplantation period of gestation. The purpose of this follow-up study was to identify the mechanism(s) associated with implantation failure following exposure to ADN. Mated female rats were treated with 2.0 grams per liter (g l-1) ADN in their drinking water for 24, 48, 72, or 96 h before preimplantation embryos were harvested from the oviducts or uterine horns. On gestation day 1 (GD-1), comparable numbers of morphologically normal two-cell embryos were harvested from the oviducts of the treatment and control groups. On GD-2, the development of the embryos harvested from the treated animals was either slowed or halted when compared to the control embryos. By GD-4, 98% of the embryos harvested from the control group had developed to the morula or blastocyst stage; these were collected from the uterine horns. On GD-4 in the treated group, 41% of the harvested embryos remained at the two- to six-cell stage and 59% were degenerate; 82% of these embryos were collected from the oviducts. These data suggest that the implantation failure seen in animals treated with ADN is due to embryolethality.
authors.affiliation: ManTech Environmental Technology, Armstrong Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA. graetel@email.uc.edu
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Graeter
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Kinkead
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Flemming
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D009573:Nitrites / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D009573:Nitrites; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; C098609:ammonium dinitramide