title: Ingested foreign bodies within the appendix: A 100-year review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Appendicitis and its complications remain a common problem affecting patients of all age groups. Foreign bodies are a rare cause of appendicitis. We tried to define potentially dangerous foreign bodies that may cause appendicitis and summarize general guidelines for their clinical management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 100-year literature review including 256 cases of ingested foreign bodies within the appendix with emphasis on: (1) objects that are more prone to cause appendicitis or appendiceal perforation; (2) foreign bodies that are radiopaque and may be detected during follow-up with plain abdominal films, and (3) guidelines for clinical management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complications usually occur with sharp, thin, stiff, pointed and long objects. The majority of these objects are radiopaque. An immediate attempt should be made to remove a risky object by gastroscopy. If this fails, clinical follow-up with serial abdominal radiographs should be obtained. If the anatomical position of the object appears not to change and, most commonly, remains in the right lower abdominal quadrant, an attempt at colonoscopic removal is indicated. If this is unsuccessful, laparoscopic exploration with fluoroscopic guidance should be carried out to localize and remove the objects either by ileotomy, colotomy, or by appendectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Foreign bodies causing appendicitis are rare. However, if stiff or pointed objects get into the appendiceal lumen they have a high risk for appendicitis or perforation. These foreign bodies are almost always radiopaque.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Fla., USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Klingler
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Seelig
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: DeVault
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wetscher
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Floch
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Branton
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hinder
mesh_terms: D001064:Appendicitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D001065:Appendix; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans