title: VEGF-induced permeability increase is mediated by caveolae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the cellular route by which vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) increases the permeability of cultured retinal endothelial cells and to test whether nitric oxide (NO) production by NO synthase (NOS) is involved in signaling VEGF's permeability enhancing effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured bovine retinal microvascular endothelial (BRE) cells were used for bioassay of permeability function and its ultrastructural correlates. The role of NOS activity in VEGF's permeability enhancing effects was tested with the use of an NOS inhibitor. Because activity of endothelial NOS (eNOS) is thought to be regulated by its interaction with the caveolar protein caveolin-1, structural relationships between eNOS, caveolin-1, and the VEGF receptor FIk-1/KDR were analyzed with double-label immunofluorescence and cell fractionation procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bioassays of permeability function and structure demonstrated that VEGF increases permeability of cultured BRE cells by an NOS-dependent process of transcytotic transport in caveolae. Double-label analysis showed that Flk-1/KDR and eNOS colocalize with caveolin-1 in plasma membrane caveolae. Cell fractionation and immunoblot analysis confirmed this effect. Densitometry showed that Flk-1/KDR, eNOS, and caveolin-1 levels were highest in caveolar fractions. Similar results were obtained in studies with bovine aortic endothelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that VEGF increases endothelial cell permeability by an eNOS-dependent mechanism of transcytosis in caveolae. Localization of Flk-1/KDR and eNOS with caveolin-1 suggests that VEGF signaling occurs within the caveolar compartment.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Biology Center, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Venema
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Venema
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Behzadian
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Caldwell
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects*; D002417:Cattle; D051242:Caveolin 1; D022461:Caveolins; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D007365:Intercellular Junctions; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D012171:Retinal Vessels; D015398:Signal Transduction; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D051242:Caveolin 1; D022461:Caveolins; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester