title: Angiotensin II stimulates cardiac myocyte hypertrophy via paracrine release of TGF-beta 1 and endothelin-1 from fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine whether angiotensin II (Ang II) promotes hypertrophy of cardiac directly or via paracrine mechanisms mediated by cardiac fibroblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied neonatal rat cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts in culture as a model system. Paracrine effects of Ang II were identified using conditioned medium and co-culture experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptors responsible for myocyte growth localized to fibroblasts in radioligand binding, emulsion autoradiography, Western analysis, and immunofluorescence staining experiments. The bulk of AT1 receptor binding in myocyte cultures (1343 +/- 472 sites/cell) was to Ang II receptors on contaminating fibroblasts (9747 +/- 2126 sites/cell). Ang II induced significant paracrine trophic effects on myocytes in conditioned medium (40% increase in protein synthesis over control) and co-culture (4-fold increase over control) experiments. TGF-beta 1 and endothelin-1 were paracrine mediators of hypertrophy in neutralization experiments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ang II stimulates cardiac myocyte hypertrophy via paracrine release of TGF-beta 1 and endothelin-1 from cardiac fibroblasts in a neonatal rat cell culture model.
authors.affiliation: San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94121, USA.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kalinyak
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Karliner
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D019899:Paracrine Communication; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D019332:Endothelin-1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D000804:Angiotensin II