title: The influence of oral contraceptives on the risk of multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the risk of multiple sclerosis in users of combined oral contraceptives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study conducted between 1968 and 1996 using diagnostic data supplied by general practitioners
  
  
  METHODS
  General practices throughout the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study cohort of initially 46,000 women recruited during the late 1960s.
  
  
  METHODS
  Directly standardised incidence rates of multiple sclerosis were calculated for current, former and never-users of oral contraceptives using first ever cases of multiple sclerosis reported by the general practitioners. The standardisation variables were age, parity, social class and smoking history. Five-year survival rates in the different contraceptive groups were calculated using standard life table techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and fourteen first ever cases of multiple sclerosis had been reported by November 1996 during 564,000 woman-years of observation. The incidence rate in both current and former users was not materially different to that in never-users. Although based on limited evidence there was no suggestion that the five-year survival was affected by a woman's use of combined oral contraceptives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings do not suggest a greatly elevated risk of multiple sclerosis during, or after, use of combined oral contraceptives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thorogood
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hannaford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined