title: Expression of soluble human signaling lymphocytic activation molecule in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) is a novel glycoprotein expressed on activated T and B cells. Ligation of cell surface SLAM, either by anti-SLAM mAbs or the recombinant soluble form of SLAM (sSLAM), enhanced the proliferation of T and B cells in vitro. In addition, the engagement of SLAM on T cells preferentially induced IFN-gamma production even by allergen-specific TH2 clones.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study we investigated the expression of sSLAM in vivo in healthy individuals and in disease conditions that are associated with increased TH1 - or TH2 -cell responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of mRNA encoding sSLAM in peripheral blood and synovial fluid (SF) lymphocytes was studied by using reverse transcriptase-PCR, and the presence of sSLAM protein in serum and SF samples was investigated by using a specific ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and healthy individuals consistently expressed mRNA encoding sSLAM. In addition, sSLAM protein was present in 38% of serum and 54% of SF samples from patients with RA and in 47% of serum samples from healthy individuals. The levels of sSLAM in positive serum and SF samples from patients with RA and in positive serum samples from healthy individuals were not significantly different. In contrast, the levels of sSLAM were significantly lower in patients with reactive arthritis or in patients with elevated IgE levels than in patients with RA. Similarly, the frequency of positive SF samples was significantly lower in reactive arthritis (28%) than in RA (54%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that sSLAM is present in serum and SF, further suggesting that sSLAM regulates T- and B-cell function in vivo. Moreover, these data suggest an association between low sSLAM production and the occurrence of TH2 responses in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Turku Immunology Centre/Department of Medical Microbiology, Turku University, Finland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Isomäki
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aversa
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luukkainen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nikkari
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Toivanen
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Punnonen
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD; D016918:Arthritis, Reactive / Q000097:blood; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015870:Gene Expression; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000097:blood; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000235:genetics*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000097:blood; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D000071177:Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1; D012995:Solubility; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D006023:Glycoproteins; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D000071177:Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1