title: Oxygen free radical generation during in-utero hypoxia in the fetal guinea pig brain: the effects of maturity and of magnesium sulfate administration.
abstract: Previous studies have shown, employing direct measurements with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, that hypoxia induces an increased production of oxygen free radicals (OFR) in the brain of the guinea pig fetus. The present study using the same approach, investigated the effects of maturity and Mg2+-pretreatment on hypoxia-induced OFR formation in the guinea pig fetal brain. The normoxic and the hypoxic groups were exposed for 60 min to 21% or 7% oxygen, respectively. The control group consisted of term fetuses exposed to normoxia (n=7) and hypoxia (n=7). The experimental groups consisted of the following: (a) for the investigation on maturity effect, preterm fetuses (40 days) exposed to normoxia (n=6) or hypoxia (n=6); and (b) for the Mg2+-pretreatment investigation, term fetuses (60 days) exposed to normoxia (n=6) or hypoxia (n=6) following maternal pretreatment with Mg2+ which consisted of an initial bolus of MgSO4 (600 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 h prior to hypoxia followed by a second dose (300 mg/kg, i.p.). Oxygen free radicals were measured by ESR spectroscopy in the fetal cerebral cortical tissue utilizing phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) spin trapping. Fetal brain tissue hypoxia was documented biochemically by decreased tissue levels of ATP and phosphocreatine. In the control group of term fetuses, the cortical tissue from hypoxic fetuses showed a significant increase in spin adducts (71% increase, p<0.01). In the preterm group, the cortical tissue from hypoxic fetuses showed a 33% increase in spin adducts (p<0.001). The baseline free radical generation during normoxia was 22.5% higher at preterm than at term (41.4+/-3.5 units/g issue vs. 33.8+/-9.3 units/g tissue, p<0.05). In Mg2+-treated groups, spin adduct levels in cortical tissue from hypoxic fetuses did not significantly differ from those of the normoxic group (30.2+/-9.9 units/g tissue, normoxic-Mg2+ vs. 30. 6+/-8.1 units/g tissue, hypoxic-Mg2+). The results indicate that the fetal brain at term may be more susceptible to hypoxia-induced free radical damage than at preterm and that Mg2+ administration significantly decreased the hypoxia-induced increase in oxygen free radical generation in the term fetal guinea pig brain in comparison with non-treated hypoxic group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop-University Hospital, 259 First Street, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maulik
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zanelli
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Numagami
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delivoria-Papadopoulos
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate