title: Recovery characteristics of sevoflurane and halothane in preschool-aged children undergoing bilateral myringotomy and pressure equalization tube insertion.
abstract: This double-blinded study was undertaken to prospectively evaluate the role of halothane and sevoflurane and the use of IV ketorolac on the anesthetic emergence in a group of children undergoing bilateral myringotomy with pressure equalization tube procedures. Two-hundred ASA physical status I and II patients were premedicated with nasal midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and randomized to one of four groups (Group 1 - halothane and ketorolac; Group 2 - halothane and placebo; Group 3 - sevoflurane and ketorolac; Group 4 - sevoflurane and placebo). A blinded nurse observer characterized the quality of the anesthetic emergence and recorded the incidence of emesis and the use of pain medications in the recovery room. There were no differences in age, weight, previous anesthetic experience, or duration of anesthesia among the four groups. There was no difference in the incidence of emergence agitation for patients anesthetized with sevoflurane compared with halothane, regardless of whether they received ketorolac or placebo. Regardless of the anesthetic, the incidence of emergence agitation was significantly less in patients who received ketorolac compared with patients who received placebo. The incidence of emesis in the recovery room, the total 24-h incidence of emesis, and the use of at-home pain medications were similar in all four groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the incidence of emergence agitation in children undergoing ultrashort anesthetic procedures is similar for sevoflurane and halothane and that ketorolac markedly diminishes emergence agitation and/or pain behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2583, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gendelman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fertal
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006221:Halothane; D006801:Humans; D020910:Ketorolac; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D008875:Middle Aged; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation; D010919:Placebos; D012307:Risk Factors; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D010919:Placebos; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014046:Tolmetin; D006221:Halothane; D020910:Ketorolac