title: Ex vivo assessment of immunosuppression in undiluted whole blood from pigs dosed with tacrolimus (FK506).
abstract: To assess the duration of immunosuppression in FK506-dosed pigs, an undiluted whole blood assay was established to measure reactivities of T cells in their physiological milieu. PMA and ionomycin were shown to induce IL-2 production in swine blood. The IC50 of FK506 in inhibiting IL-2 production in whole blood and isolated PBMC stimulated with PMA and ionomycin measured 1.2 and 0.04 nM, respectively. These data underscore the influence of red blood cells and plasma proteins on drug potency. IL-2 levels were determined in blood drawn immediately before and 1, 24, 48, and 72 h after iv dosing. For pigs dosed with 0.05 mg/kg, 50% recovery of IL-2 production was observed at 16 h and 100% at 35 h after dosing. For pigs dosed with 0.15 mg/kg, 50% recovery was observed at 38 h and 100% at 72 h. Blood concentrations of FK506 at 50 and 100% recovery of IL-2 production measured 10.8 and 2.2 nM for pigs dosed with 0.05 mg/kg and 6.1 and 1.1 nM for pigs dosed with 0.15 mg/kg, respectively. These concentrations are severalfold higher than predicted from the IC50 of FK506 for inhibiting IL-2 production in the whole blood assay. These data suggest that the true potency of FK506 in blood after dosing is influenced by additional factors, which could include plasma protein binding, the presence of active or interfering metabolites, serum interfering factors, and sequestration of drug in blood cells. Our results demonstrate the utility of an undiluted whole blood assay for assessing the duration of immunosuppression in drug-dosed animals and emphasize the importance of assessing drug potency in the whole blood environment ex vivo.
authors.affiliation: Immunological Disease Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, 60064-3500, USA.
authors.forename: Y W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sheets
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ballaron
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Trevillyan
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Fey
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gauvin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kolano
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pong
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bauch
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luly
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Djuric
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Mollison
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015759:Ionomycin; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D016559:Tacrolimus