title: Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the long term effects of the use of oral contraceptives on mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study with 25 year follow up. Details of oral contraceptive use and of morbidity and mortality were reported six monthly by general practitioners. 75% of the original cohort was "flagged" on the NHS central registers.
  
  
  METHODS
  1400 general practices throughout Britain.
  
  
  METHODS
  46 000 women, half of whom were using oral contraceptives at recruitment in 1968-9. Median age at end of follow up was 49 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relative risks of death adjusted for age, parity, social class, and smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 25 year follow up 1599 deaths were reported. Over the entire period of follow up the risk of death from all causes was similar in ever users and never users of oral contraceptives (relative risk=1.0, 95% confidence interval 0.9 to 1.1; P=0.7) and the risk of death for most specific causes did not differ significantly in the two groups. However, among current and recent (within 10 years) users the relative risk of death from ovarian cancer was 0.2 (0.1 to 0.8; P=0.01), from cervical cancer 2.5 (1.1 to 6.1; P=0.04), and from cerebrovascular disease 1.9 (1.2 to 3.1, P=0.009). By contrast, for women who had stopped use >/= 10 years previously there were no significant excesses or deficits either overall or for any specific cause of death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral contraceptives seem to have their main effect on mortality while they are being used and in the 10 years after use ceases. Ten or more years after use ceases mortality in past users is similar to that in never users.
authors.affiliation: Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE. beral@icrf.icnet.uk
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Beral
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hermon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hannaford
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darby
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reeves
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D010298:Parity; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral