title: Macrophage and myofibroblast involvement in ischemic acute renal failure is attenuated by endothelin receptor antagonists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endothelin (ET) may be a mediator of injury following ischemia-induced acute renal failure (ARF). ET receptor (ETR) antagonists have been reported to increase survival rates and lower serum creatinines when administered postrenal ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat. Renal cellular and extracellular matrix responses to this therapy have not been addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the use of ETR antagonists, PD 156707 (ETA) and SB 209670 (ETA and ETB) in the treatment of sublethal postischemic ARF. The right kidney of female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 200 g was removed. After five days, the left renal pedicle was occluded for 45 minutes. Twenty-four hours after renal ischemia, one of two ETR antagonists, PD 156707 (N = 7) or SB 209670 (N = 8), was administered. Experimental animals were compared with an ischemic group receiving only saline (N = 9). Three nephrectomized groups that did not undergo ischemia but that received infusions of saline (N = 6), PD 156707 (N = 6), and SB 209670 (N = 6), respectively, were also studied. Animals were sacrificed one week postischemia. Quantitation of monocytes and macrophages (Mo/Mphi), alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts, and collagens type III and IV was performed by immunohistochemical staining. Cell kinetics were examined by staining for apoptosis with terminal deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling and for proliferation with proliferating cell nuclear antigen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All ischemic groups of rats initially developed raised serum creatinine levels; however, no significant difference was observed between the groups (Kruskal-Wallis). Creatinines returned to preischemic values in all groups by the time of sacrifice. No significant difference in kidney weights or body weights was found between groups. Histologically, infiltration of Mo/Mphi was significantly reduced in groups treated with ETR antagonists (P < 0.001). The presence of myofibroblasts was also significantly reduced in the antagonist-treated groups (P < 0. 001). This was also paralleled by reduced quantities of collagen IV in the treated rat groups (P < 0.001). The interstitial area was also significantly greater in the saline group (P < 0.001). The amount of collagen III did not significantly differ between rat groups. Apoptosis was reduced (P < 0.001) by treatment with ETR antagonists, whereas proliferation was enhanced (P < 0.005). All non-ischemic groups showed no variation in any parameter studied at this time point.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of ischemic ARF in the rat with ETR antagonists PD 156707 and SB 209670 attenuated cellular infiltration and matrix accumulation. An advantage of one antagonist over the other could not be determined in this study. The marked discrepancy between function and pathology (former unchanged, latter markedly improved) may be due to the time frame of this experiment, and longer outcome measures need to be assessed.
authors.affiliation: Victorian Paediatric Renal Service, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia; Institute of Nephrology, Middlesex Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leaker
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Hewitson
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division; D051152:Clusterin; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000473:pathology; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007189:Indans / Q000494:pharmacology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014746:Vimentin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D051152:Clusterin; D004149:Dioxoles; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D006023:Glycoproteins; D007189:Indans; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; C093321:PD 156707; D014746:Vimentin; C087551:1H-Indene-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(2- (carboxymethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-propoxy-, (1S,2R,3S)-; D003094:Collagen