title: Association of methylphenidate-induced craving with changes in right striato-orbitofrontal metabolism in cocaine abusers: implications in addiction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors have shown that decreases in dopamine D2 receptors in cocaine abusers were associated with decreased metabolism in the cingulate and prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices. To assess whether increasing dopamine would reverse these metabolic decrements, they measured the effects of methylphenidate, a drug that increases dopamine, on brain glucose metabolism in 20 cocaine abusers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects underwent two [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans, one after two sequential placebo injections and one after two intravenous doses of methylphenidate. D2 receptors were measured with [11C]raclopride to evaluate their relation to methylphenidate-induced metabolic changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methylphenidate induced variable changes in brain metabolism: subjects with the higher D2 measures tended to increase metabolism, whereas those with the lower D2 measures tended to decrease metabolism. Methylphenidate's effects were significant for increases in metabolism in the superior cingulate, right thalamus, and cerebellum. Methylphenidate-induced changes in the right orbitofrontal cortex and right striatum were associated with craving, and those in the prefrontal cortex were associated with mood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although methylphenidate increased metabolism in the superior cingulate, it only increased metabolism in orbitofrontal or prefrontal cortices in the subjects in whom it enhanced craving and mood, respectively. This indicates that dopamine enhancement is not sufficient per se to increase metabolism in these frontal regions. Activation of the right orbitofrontal cortex and right striatum (brain regions found to be abnormal in compulsive disorders) in the subjects reporting craving may be one of the mechanisms underlying compulsive drug administration in addicted persons. The predominant correlation of craving with right but not left brain regions suggests laterality of reinforcing and/or conditioned responses.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA. volkow@bnl.gov
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Volkow
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hitzemann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Angrist
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gatley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pappas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020891:Raclopride; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012457:Salicylamides; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D012457:Salicylamides; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D008774:Methylphenidate; D020891:Raclopride; D005947:Glucose; D004298:Dopamine