title: Glutamic acid decarboxylase T lymphocyte responses associated with susceptibility or resistance to type I diabetes: analysis in disease discordant human twins, non-obese diabetic mice and HLA-DQ transgenic mice.
abstract: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) has been implicated as a targeted self antigen in the immune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. T cell responses to GAD65 peptides have been detected in both patients with type I diabetes and in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. To establish which GAD65 epitopes are important in the immunopathogenesis of disease we initially compared T cell responses to GAD65 epitopes in conditions of disease susceptibility and protection. T cell responses to GAD65 peptides were measured in monozygotic twin pairs selected on the basis of disease discordance and T cell recognition of immunogenic regions of GAD65. Peptides of interest were then used to immunize susceptible NOD mice and H2-E transgenic NOD mice which are protected from diabetes. A differential response to the epitope GAD65 521-535 discriminated diabetic from non-diabetic human twins as well as susceptible from protected mice. This epitope as well as GAD 505-519 induces T cell responses despite binding the type I diabetes associated HLA-DQA1*0301/DQB1*0302 product with low affinity. Since DQ-restricted T cell responses are difficult to study in humans, HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice were then used: GAD epitopes 521-535 and 505-519 induced responses in DQ8 transgenic mice and T cell lines were established. Long-term T cell lines against GAD 505-519 were HLA-DQ restricted, and responded to peptide with a strong IFN-gamma and IL-10 response. The findings implicate GAD 521-535 as a possible target peptide in pathogenesis and are compatible with a model whereby self-reactive T cells specific for low-affinity peptide-MHC complexes may escape thymic negative selection.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Biology Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Boyton
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lohmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Londei
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kalbacher
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Halder
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Frater
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Douek
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Flavell
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Altmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D004200:Diseases in Twins; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D016056:Immunodominant Epitopes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; C109756:HLA-DQ8 antigen; D016056:Immunodominant Epitopes; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase