title: Fathering pregnancies: marking health-risk behaviors in urban adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish self-reported rates and associated correlates of fathering pregnancies in urban teen males, and to explore the possibility of using their pregnancy history as a marker for other health-risk behaviors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A blinded, self-administered questionnaire was given to the predominantly African-American patients of an inner-city adolescent outpatient clinic. Urine was also collected in a blinded, anonymous fashion, matched to the questionnaires, and tested for five drugs of abuse. Males were classified as having or not having a pregnancy history (PH) according to a questionnaire response item. PH and non-PH participants were compared for eight risk factors using univariate and multivariate methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 24.2% reported a PH. These males were about 14 times more likely to report three or more sex partners in the last year, more than five times as likely to report a sexually transmitted disease history, more than three times as likely to test positive for drugs, and more than 2.5 times as likely to be inconsistent or nonusers of condoms as compared to males without a pregnancy history. An association between violent behavior and PH is unsupported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnancy history can be a valuable marker for other risk factors among inner-city African-American males. With some patients, it may be easier for clinicians to discuss pregnancy history or fatherhood as opposed to drug abuse and other more sensitive risk factors. The topic can then be used as a gateway for discussion of other risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Adolescent Research Program, Center for Health Services and Clinical Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Guagliardo
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005220:Fathers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000208:ethnology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000652:urine; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data