title: Influence of angulation on the resistance to sliding in fixed appliances.
abstract: The resistances to sliding were studied as a function of five angulations (0 degrees, 3 degrees, 7 degrees, 11 degrees, and 13 degrees) using nine different couples made of stainless steel, single crystal sapphire, or polycrystalline alumina brackets against stainless steel, nickel titanium, or beta-titanium arch wires. After 22 mil brackets were mounted to fixtures and 21 x 25 mil arch wires were ligated with 10 mil stainless steel ligatures, the arch wires were slid through the brackets at 1 cm/minute in the dry state at 34 degrees C. The resistance to sliding was measured by one computer while five normal forces (nominally 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 kg) were serially maintained by another computer. A second couple was prepared for each material combination with five normal forces that were each 0.1 kg less. Statistical fits of linear regressions were such that p <.001 for most tests. When couples were in the passive configuration at low angulations, all stainless steel wire-bracket couples once again had the least resistance to sliding. When the angulation exceeded about 3 degrees, however, the active configuration emerged and binding quickly dominated as the resistance to sliding increased over 100-fold. Under these conditions, the relative rankings among the materials transposed; couples of stainless steel had the most resistance to sliding, whereas, couples of the more compliant alloys, such as nickel titanium wire, had the least. Results suggested that the active configuration and subsequent binding emerged when no bracket clearance remained. This binding component increased in importance with angulation and was additive to the frictional component, that is, they followed the principle of superposition.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, Dental Research Center, Chapel Hill 27599, USA.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Articolo
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kusy
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004548:Elasticity; D017276:Friction; D006244:Hardness; D016014:Linear Models; D008422:Materials Testing; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009532:Nickel; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide