title: Procoagulant and proinflammatory activity in acute coronary syndromes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both the hemostatic and inflammatory system are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes. However, their respective contribution and interrelationship remain unclear, therefore, we studied the relationship between activation of the coagulation system and proinflammatory activity in ischemic coronary syndromes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT), prothrombin fragments F1 + 2, fibrinopeptide A (FPA), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured in 50 patients with unstable angina (UA), 60 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and in 50 patients with stable angina (SA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  FPA levels were significantly higher in patients with UA and AMI than in patients with SA (p = 0.0015 and p < 0.0001), and were higher in patients with AMI than UA (p = 0.0013). Plasma IL-6 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with UA and AMI than in patients with SA (p = 0.0020 and p < 0.001), and again were higher in AMI than UA (p = 0.001). Interestingly, FPA or IL-6 elevations on admission were found in different patients. In contrast, TAT, F1 + 2 and IL-8 levels were not different between the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-6 and FPA were shown to be independent predictive markers with equal discriminative power to distinguish stable (SA) from unstable (UA + AMI) patients. Moreover, hemostatic and inflammatory markers can be elevated independently in the acute phase of ischemic coronary syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, Atherosclerosis, and Inflammation Research, Academic Medical Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manten
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: de Winter
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Minnema
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: ten Cate
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lijmer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: van Deventer
mesh_terms: D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000032:analysis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005344:Fibrinopeptide A / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000032:analysis; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000032:analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013917:Thrombin / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D007378:Interleukins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C045879:prothrombin fragment 1.2; D005344:Fibrinopeptide A; D000990:Antithrombin III; D011516:Prothrombin; D013917:Thrombin