title: Midplane dose determination during total body irradiation using in vivo dosimetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During TBI techniques an accurate determination of the dose distribution is very difficult when using commercial treatment planning systems. In order to determine the midplane dose, an algorithm was developed based on the use of in vivo dosimetry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scanditronix EDP-30 diodes were placed at the entrance and the exit surface for in vivo dosimetry. The proposed algorithm was validated firstly in a regular and homogeneous phantom of different thickness with an ionization chamber and TL dosimeters and secondly in an Alderson anthropomorphic phantom with TL dosimeters. In this study, in vivo measurements were evaluated in 60 patients and furthermore, in 20 of them, the midplane dose calculated with this algorithm was compared with the method described by Rizzotti A, Compri C, Garusi GF. Dose evaluation to patients irradiated by 60Co beams, by means of direct measurement on the incident and on the exit surfaces. Radiother. Oncol. 1985;3:279-283.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences were found between the two methods. The differences between dose values calculated with both methods and dose values measured with the ionization chamber and TL dosimeters were within +/-22% and +/-4%, respectively, in the regular and homogeneous phantom and within +/-2% in the Alderson phantom. The algorithm was useful in calculating the midplane dose when heterogeneities as lungs were present. Even when partial transmission blocks were used to reduce the dose to the lungs, the algorithm with modified correction factors gave a midplane lung dose in the Alderson phantom within 1.3% of the measurements with TL dosimeters. For 360 patients' measurements in each A-P and P-A field, the relative deviations were analyzed between the measured and calculated entrance, exit dose and midplane dose and the prescribed dose, always applying the temperature correction factor. These deviations at the entrance dose were within +/-4%. Greater deviations were found for the exit dose measurements. Deviations larger than +/-10% corresponded in general to obese patients, with a thickness over 25 cm. The relative deviations between the total received and prescribed midplane doses in 60 patients were within +/-3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate excellent correspondence between the total prescribed and calculated midplane doses using this algorithm while also no significant differences were found when the Rizzotti method was used. Comparison between doses measured with TL dosimeters in the core of Alderson phantom lungs and doses calculated from in vivo measurements showed that the proposed algorithm could be used in the presence of heterogeneities even when partial transmission blocks were used. The temperature correction factor must be applied in order to avoid a 2-3% dose overestimation.
authors.affiliation: Servei de Radiofísica i Radioprotecció, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni M Claret, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ribas
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jornet
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eudaldo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carabante
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Duch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ginjaume
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gómez de Segura
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Doblado
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008961:Models, Structural; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation