title: The lymphatic vessels and the so-called "lymphatic stomata" of the diaphragm: a morphologic ultrastructural and three-dimensional study.
abstract: We studied the absorbing peripheral lymphatic vessel with the light microscope, the transmission electron microscope, the scanning electron microscope, and three-dimensional models of the diaphragm of several rodents and insectivores under normal and experimental conditions (lymphatic stasis and dehydration). To clarify the delicate and complex mechanism that permits drainage of the abdominal cavity contents into the lymphatic circulatory system, we introduced Polystyrene latex spherules, China ink, and Trypan blue into the abdominal cavities. After anatomical comparisons of the superficial and deep networks of absorbing peripheral lymphatic vessels at the tendinous and muscular portions of the diaphragm and after classification of lymphatic vessels into absorbing and conducting functions, we examined the stomata, which, owing to morphologic and topographic findings, we defined as stable structures. Furthermore, we observed that the stomata and submesothelial connective channel are fundamental elements that facilitate the flow of the corpuscular and liquid contents of the peritoneal cavity to the submesothelial absorbing lymphatic vessel wall. Also, we underlined that the genesis of the connective channel depends on the secondary cytoplasm extensions of two distinct adjacent endothelial cells, which, to facilitate the flow of the absorbed abdominal contents, completely coat this channel. Additionally, our observations illustrate that the secondary cytoplasm extensions do not engage in continuous relationships with the basal lamina of the mesothelium and with the margins of the stoma, and, hence, the hypothesis of "lymphatic stomata" as an expression of the anchoring of the borders of the open interendothelial junctions to the orifice margins of the stoma cannot be confirmed. Moreover, we describe the presence and formation of intraendothelial channels in the lymphatic endothelial wall. We affirm that this morphological entity is a dynamic unit, because its numerical density varies according to different physiological and experimental conditions to degrees of hydrostatic and colloidal osmotic pressure and, perhaps, also to the particular characteristics of the substances that the connective channel liberates into the endothelial wall of the lymphatic vessel. In conclusion, we affirm that the absorbing peripheral lymphatic vessels of the diaphragm, by way of intraendothelial channel formations, membrane diffusion, and the vesicular path of the endothelial cells, constitute the fundamental draining elements for the corpuscular and liquid contents of the abdominal cavity.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Parma University, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, I-43100, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Azzali
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004058:Diffusion; D005849:Gerbillinae / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006364:Hedgehogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008954:Models, Biological; D051381:Rats; D013045:Species Specificity