title: Immunohistochemical distribution and subcellular localization of three distinct specific molecular structures of advanced glycation end products in human tissues.
abstract: Using three mouse anti-human monoclonal antibodies for advanced glycation end products (AGEs), 6D12, 1F6, and 2A2, we examined the immunohistochemical distribution and localization of AGEs in various organs and tissues obtained from nondiabetic autopsy or biopsy cases (men and women, 41 to 86 years of age). 6D12 recognizes Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), a nonfluorescent and non-cross-linked AGE structure, and 1F6 recognizes fluorolink, a fluorescent and cross-linked AGE structure. The epitope of 2A2 is unknown but is different from that of CML and fluorolink or other known AGE structures such as pyrraline, pentosidine, and crosslines. Immunohistochemistry with these monoclonal antibodies revealed the intra- and extracellular accumulation of AGEs in these organs and tissues. By double immunohistochemical staining with two of the three monoclonal antibodies in different combinations, positive reaction products for all three monoclonal antibodies were demonstrated in macrophages widely distributed in various organs and tissues; endothelial cells of endocardium, arteries, veins, and blood capillaries; mesenchymal cells; epithelial or parenchymal cells; blood cells; and extracellular matrix. This result indicates that these three different AGE-specific molecules are formed intracellularly and extracellularly. In some cell types, however, one or two of these specific molecules were not always found together, suggesting that the molecular structures of AGEs and their formation are heterogeneous. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated the localization of AGE-labeled immunogold particles in the nuclei, nuclear envelope, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula, Golgi complexes, endocytic vesicles, lysosomal vacuoles or granules, secretory granules, cytosol, and cell membranes, as well as in the extracellular matrix. In addition, the double histochemical staining method for ceroid/lipofuscin and immunohistochemistry for AGEs demonstrated intralysosomal formation and accumulation of AGEs in ceroid/lipofuscin pigments. These results suggest that the extracellularly produced AGEs are taken up by receptors into the cells and accumulate in secondary lysosomes and that AGEs are formed intranuclearly and/or intracellularly, probably via different metabolic pathways.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Pathology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakashita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeya
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horiuchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001344:Autopsy; D001706:Biopsy; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D008875:Middle Aged; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009928:Organ Specificity; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced