title: The performance of levonorgestrel rod and Norplant contraceptive implants: a 5 year randomized study.
abstract: A new contraceptive (LNG rod implants, Jadelle, Leiras Oy's registered trademark for rod implants) was prospectively evaluated in randomized 5 year comparison with Norplant (Population Council's registered trademark for contraceptive implants releasing levonorgestrel) capsule implants. The study involved 1198 women at seven centres. No pregnancies occurred in the first 4 years. At 5 years, the cumulative pregnancy rate was 1 per 100 users or less for each regimen. Annual discontinuation rates averaged 11-12 per 100 users (P > 0.05), corresponding to 5 year continuation rates of 55.1 for rods and 53.0 per 100 for capsules. Mean annual discontinuation rates for menstrual disturbances were 3.5 and 4.2 per 100 for rod and capsule implants respectively (P > 0.05), and mean annual removal rates for medical problems were 3.5 and 3.0 per 100 (P > 0.05) respectively. Apart from menstrual problems, headache, weight gain and acne were the principal medical reasons for removal. In proportional hazard analyses, family formation variables, age, parity and desire/non desire for another child, recorded at admission, significantly affected discontinuation rates for major decrement categories and for all reasons combined. Mean rod removal time was half that of Norplant (P < 0.01); complications of rod removal were at a lower rate. With these contraceptives indistinguishable in performance except for ease and speed of removal, LNG rod implants appear to be preferable to Norplant for use through 5 years by virtue of relative ease of removal.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Research, The Population Council, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sivin
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Campodonico
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kiriwat
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holma
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Viegas
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: el din Abdalla
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Anant
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004343:Drug Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; D004343:Drug Implants; D016912:Levonorgestrel