title: The effect of consumption of milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on the intestinal microflora and immune parameters in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of consumption of milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (L. casei Shirota) on the composition and metabolic activities of the intestinal microflora, and immune parameters in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy male subjects aged 40-65 years were selected.
  
  
  METHODS
  A placebo-controlled trial was performed in which 10 subjects were randomly assigned to a control and 10 to a treatment group. During the first and last two weeks of the 8-week study the subjects received a strictly controlled diet without fermented products. The same controlled diet was given during the intermediate 4-week test period but then the treatment group received three times daily 100 ml of fermented milk containing 10(9) CFU L. casei Shirota/ml, whereas the same amount of unfermented milk was given to the subjects in the control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison to the control group, the consumption of L. casei Shirota-fermented milk resulted in an increase of the Lactobacillus count in the faeces in which the administered L. casei Shirota was predominant at the level of 10(7) CFU/g wet faeces. This was associated with a significant increase in Bifidobacterium counts (P < 0.05). Some shifts in the other bacterial species were found, such as a decreased number of Clostridium; however the differences were not statistically different between the treatment and the control groups. The beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase activities per 10(10) bacteria decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the second week of the 4-week test period with the consumption of L. casei Shirota-fermented milk. Furthermore, the consumption of the fermented milk product resulted in a slight but significant increase in the moisture content of the faecal samples (P < 0.05). No treatment effects were observed for any of the immune parameters measured (including natural killer (NK) cell activity, phagocytosis and cytokine production).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that consumption of L. casei Shirota-fermented milk is able to modulate the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal flora and indicate that L. casei Shirota-fermented milk does not influence the immune system of healthy immunocompetent males.
authors.affiliation: TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spanhaak
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Havenaar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schaafsma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004032:Diet; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005285:Fermentation; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D007780:Lacticaseibacillus casei / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D010919:Placebos; D019936:Probiotics; D014556:Urine
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos