title: Carotid plaque characterization by duplex scanning: observer error may undermine current clinical trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical studies currently in progress are using subjective methods to characterize plaque morphology from ultrasound images. However, there are few studies on the intraobserver and interobserver variability of these classifications. This study was designed to assess these variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Grading of plaque morphology from ultrasound images, stored both digitally and to hard copy, was performed by 2 classification schemes. Interobserver agreement was determined by 4 observers. Within-observer agreement was performed at intervals for up to 6 months. Accuracy of the 2 methods was determined by comparison with histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within- and between-observer agreement was moderate to good for full-color digital image analyses, with pooled kappa values of kappap=0.49+/-0.10 and kappap=0.62+/-0.07 for the 2-category method and kappap=0.53+/-0.06 and kappap=0.52+/-0.05 for the 4-category method, respectively. Hard copy data analyses gave lower kappa values. The more experienced observers produced higher within-observer agreements and higher correlation with histology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reproducible grading of ultrasound images is not consistently achievable among experienced observers, and within-observer agreement may vary with time. The current subjective ultrasound characterization of carotid plaque morphology used in clinical trials may be associated with unacceptable levels of reproducibility in some centers. Variability between observers may be reduced by using the simpler 2-category grading of plaque morphology to interrogate full-color digitally stored images. Observer agreement should be audited regularly.
authors.affiliation: Ultrasonic Angiology Laboratory, Department of Radiological Sciences, Guy's Campus, King's College, London, UK.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Modaresi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Padayachee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*