title: A factor produced by Escherichia coli K-12 inhibits the growth of E. coli mutants defective in the cytochrome bd quinol oxidase complex: enterochelin rediscovered.
abstract: Escherichia coli produces an extracellular factor that inhibits the aerobic growth of Cyd- mutants, defective in the synthesis or assembly of the cytochrome bd-type quinol oxidase. This paper shows that such a factor is the iron-chelating siderophore enterochelin. Mutants in entA or aroB, defective in the production of enterochelin, did not produce the factor that inhibits the growth of cydAB and cydDC mutants; purified enterochelin inhibited the growth of Cyd- mutants, but not that of wild-type cells. Other iron-chelating agents, particularly ethylenediamine-di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (EDDHA), whose complex with Fe(III) has a large stability constant (log K = 33.9), also inhibited the growth of Cyd- mutants at micromolar concentrations, but not that of wild-type cells. Supplementation of agar plates with Fe(III) or boiled catalase prevented the inhibition of Cyd- mutants by the extracellular factor. Spontaneous mutants isolated by being able to grow in the presence of the extracellular factor on plates also showed increased resistance to iron chelators. The reducing agent ascorbate, ascorbate plus In(III), ascorbate plus Ga(III), or Ga(III) alone, also alleviated inhibition by the extracellular factor, presumably by reducing iron to Fe(II) and complexing of the siderophore with alternative trivalent metal cations. The preferential inhibition of Cyd- mutants by the extracellular factor and other iron chelators is not due to decrease in expression, activity or assembly of cytochrome bo', the major alternative oxidase mediating quinol oxidation. Cyd- mutants overproduce siderophores, presumably reflecting intracellular iron deprivation.
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loder
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Søballe
authors.forename: Graham P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Membrillo-Hernández
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Poole
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003573:Cytochrome b Group; D003580:Cytochromes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045222:Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins; D004758:Enterobactin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005708:Gallium / Q000494:pharmacology; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007204:Indium / Q000494:pharmacology; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003573:Cytochrome b Group; D003580:Cytochromes; D045222:Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D007204:Indium; D004758:Enterobactin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D005708:Gallium; D007501:Iron; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D002374:Catalase; C040077:cytochrome bd terminal oxidase complex, E coli; D001205:Ascorbic Acid