title: Diagnostic value of disease history, clinical presentation, and inflammatory parameters of appendicitis.
abstract: The clinical diagnosis of appendicitis needs to be improved, as up to 40% of explorations for suspected appendicitis are unnecessary. The use of body temperature and laboratory examinations as diagnostic aids in the management of these patients is controversial. The diagnostic power of these variables compared to that of the disease history and clinical findings is not well studied. In this study we prospectively assessed and compared the diagnostic value of 21 elements of the history, clinical findings, body temperature, and laboratory examinations in 496 patients with suspected appendicitis. The diagnostic value of each variable was compared from the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the likelihood ratios (LR). Logistic regression was used to analyze the diagnostic value of a combination of variables and to analyze independent relations. No single variable had sufficiently high discriminating or predicting power to be used as a true diagnostic test. The inflammatory variables (temperature, leukocyte and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts, C-reactive protein) had discriminating and predicting powers similar to those of the clinical findings (direct and rebound abdominal tenderness and guarding). Anorexia, nausea, and right-sided rectal tenderness had no diagnostic value. The leukocyte and differential WBC counts, C-reactive protein, rebound tenderness, guarding, and gender were independent predictors of appendicitis with a combined ROC area of 0. 93 for appendicitis. This showed that inflammatory variables contain important diagnostic information, especially with advanced appendicitis. They should therefore always be included in the diagnostic workup in patients with suspected appendicitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Ryhov Hospital, S-551 85 Jönköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Hugander
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ghazi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ravn
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Offenbartl
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Nyström
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Olaison
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000855:Anorexia / Q000503:physiopathology; D001064:Appendicitis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000503:physiopathology; D010808:Physical Examination; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D012737:Sex Factors; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein