title: Shear bond strength of composite, glass ionomer, and acidic primer adhesive systems.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets bonded with one of three methods: (1) a glass ionomer adhesive with a 20% polyacrylic acid enamel conditioner; (2) a composite resin adhesive used with 37% phosphoric acid etchant and a conventional primer; or (3) the same composite resin used with an acidic primer that combines the etchant with the primer in one application. The brackets were bonded to the teeth according to one of three protocols. Group I teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid and bonded with Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) following the manufacturer's instructions. Group I acted as the control group. Group II teeth were etched with an acidic primer (Clearfil Liner Bond 2. J.C. Moritta Kuraway, Japan) that contains both the acid (Phenyl-P) and the primer (HEMA and dimethacrylate) and was placed on the enamel for 30 seconds; the adhesive used to bond the brackets was Transbond XT as in Group I. Group III teeth were etched with 20% polyacrylic acid and the brackets were bonded with Fuji Bond LC (G.C. America, Chicago, Ill). A steel rod with one flattened end was attached to the crosshead of a Zwick test machine (Zwick GmbH & Co, Ulm, Germany). An occlusogingival load was applied to the bracket, producing a shear force at the bracket-tooth interface. The results indicated that the resin/phosphoric acid adhesive system (control group) provided the strongest shear bond strength x = 10.4 +/- 2.8 MPa). The glass ionomer adhesive system provided a significantly lower bond strength (x = 6.5 +/- 1.9 MPa). The least shear bond strength was present when the acidic primer was used with an orthodontic adhesive (x = 2.8 +/- 1.9 MPa). In the present study, the use of either a fluoride-releasing glass ionomer or an acidic primer in combination with an available orthodontic composite adhesive resulted in a significantly reduced shear bond strength when compared with that of the conventional composite resin adhesive system. At the present time, the orthodontist and the patient are better served by using phosphoric acid/composite resin adhesive system or other equivalent systems that provide a clinically reliable bond strength between the bracket, the adhesive, and the enamel surface.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bishara
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Gordan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: VonWald
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000268:Adhesiveness; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D017005:Dental Debonding; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: C112274:Clearfil Liner Bond 2; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008689:Methacrylates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; C074232:Phenyl-P adhesion promoting monomer; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D019279:Resin Cements; C084541:Fuji glass-ionomer lining cement; C065742:Transbond; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; C005044:hydroxyethyl methacrylate; C030242:phosphoric acid