title: Universal calibration of surgical instruments for spinal stereotaxy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe new software applications and interchangeable instrumentation enabling the use of standard surgical instruments with image-guided systems for stereotactic spinal procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ability to adapt essentially any surgical instrument for stereotactic procedures will improve the safety and accuracy of image-guided spinal surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Using universal dynamic registration hardware and software, standard surgical instruments are adapted for real-time image-guided surgery. The Radionics Optical Tracking System (Radionics, Inc., Burlington, MA) has custom software applications and universal hardware adaptation devices for spinal stereotaxy that allows the use of standard instruments for intraoperative guidance. An array of light-emitting diodes can be attached to essentially any rigid instrument with a definable tip and can then be calibrated to the system for intraoperative use. Stereotactic guidance of a drill, tap, and screwdriver may improve screw placement accuracy in spinal surgery because every step of the procedure can be monitored in real time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most stereotactic systems have only a standard probe or limited instruments for localization, targeting, and tracking a procedure. The surgeon then resumes the operation using standard surgical instruments without the benefit of image guidance for the key steps of the procedure. Because each surgical step for screw placement in the spine has a potential for error, use of multiple instruments that can be interchanged for real-time image-guided spinal surgery may increase the accuracy and safety of spinal instrumentation procedures. These techniques can also be applied to intracranial image-guided surgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Masciopinto
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Saracen
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Villablanca
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D002138:Calibration; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013525:Surgical Instruments