title: The safety and effectiveness of remifentanil as an adjunct sedative for regional anesthesia.
abstract: We assessed the sedative potential of continuous infusions of remifentanil with a validated composite alertness scale in 160 patients (ASA physical status I or II) undergoing hip replacement surgery with spinal block (n = 61) or hand surgery using brachial plexus block (n = 93). They were randomized to receive one of the following initial dose regimens in double-blinded fashion: placebo or 0.04, 0.07, or 0.1 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) remifentanil subsequently titrated to effect. Additional midazolam IV was allowed for adequate sedation as required. The combined analysis of both surgery groups revealed a dose-related increase in achievement of sedation level > or =2 within 15 min of the start of the study drug infusion; all remifentanil dose comparisons with placebo reached significance (P < 0.001). The remifentanil 50% effective dose for a composite sedation level > or =2 within 15 min of the start of drug infusion was estimated as 0.043 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) (95% confidence interval 0.01, 0.059). The requirement for midazolam decreased with increasing remifentanil dose compared with placebo (P < 0.001). The median time to return to alertness after the end of infusion was 10-12 min in the remifentanil groups and 5 min in the placebo group. Significant incidences of nausea, pruritus, sweating, and respiratory depression were reported during remifentanil infusions compared with placebo. The data suggest that remifentanil may be useful for supplementation of regional anesthesia, provided that ventilation is carefully monitored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this dose-finding, placebo-controlled study, remifentanil infusions were used to provide sedation during spinal and brachial plexus regional anesthesia. The 50% effective dose for achievement of sedation was 0.043 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1). Return to alertness occurred after 10-12 min (median time). Remifentanil infusions can be used to supplement regional anesthesia, but this requires careful monitoring of ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Flemish Free University of Brussels Medical Center, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lauwers
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Camu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Breivik
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hagelberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sneyd
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Noronha
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shaikh
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000379:methods*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D001917:Brachial Plexus; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D010880:Piperidines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010919:Placebos; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010880:Piperidines; D010919:Placebos; D000077208:Remifentanil; D008874:Midazolam