title: Life-long overexpression of S100beta in Down's syndrome: implications for Alzheimer pathogenesis.
abstract: Chronic overexpression of the neurite growth-promoting factor S100beta has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Such plaques are virtually universal in middle-aged Down's syndrome, making Down's a natural model of Alzheimer's disease. We determined numbers of astrocytes overexpressing S100beta, and of neurons overexpressing beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP), and assayed for neurofibrillary tangles in neocortex of 20 Down's syndrome patients (17 weeks gestation to 68 years). Compared to controls, there were twice as many S100beta-immunoreactive (S100beta+) astrocytes in Down's patients at all ages: fetal, young, and adult (p = 0.01, or better, in each age group). These were activated (i.e., enlarged), and intensely immunoreactive, even in the fetal group. There were no neurofibrillary changes in fetal or young Down's patients. The numbers of S100beta+ astrocytes in young and adult Down's patients correlated with the numbers of neurons overexpressing beta-APP (p < 0.05). Our findings are consistent with the idea that conditions--including Down's syndrome--that promote chronic overexpression of S100beta may confer increased risk for later development of Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center of the Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA. griffinsuet@exchange.uams.edu
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Royston
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gentleman
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brumback
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Cork
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Del Bigio
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Mrak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000032:analysis; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002452:Cell Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005333:Fetus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D009474:Neurons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D009418:S100 Proteins; C110294:S100A1 protein; D016875:tau Proteins