title: Evaluation of cardiac structures and function in small experimental animals: transthoracic, transesophageal, and intraventricular echocardiography to assess contractile function in rat heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The efficacy of three different echocardiographic techniques to assess cardiac structures and function in the rat heart was studied.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  With increasing costs for large animal studies there is need for improved assessment of ventricular function in small animal models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transthoracic, transesophageal, or intracavitary echocardiography was performed in 138 rats using either a pediatric or an intravascular ultrasound transducer in control, infarcted, and obese rats. Left ventricular dimensions and wall thickness were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transthoracic echocardiography allows qualitative and quantitative estimation of cardiac dimensions and ventricular function. End-diastolic and end-systolic diameters were 0.53 +/- 0.08 and 0.26 +/- 0.05 cm in controls, 0.63 +/- 0.08 and 0.41 +/- 0.07 cm in infarcted (p < 0.001 vs controls), and 0.66 +/- 0.1 and 0.21 +/- 0.07 cm in obese rats (p < 0.01 vs controls). Fractional shortening was 52 +/- 6% in controls, 36 +/- 5% in infarcted (p < 0.001), and 68 +/- 9% in obese rats (p < 0.001). Wall thickness was increased in obese rats. Transesophageal echocardiography allows a qualitative rather than quantitative assessment. Intracavitary ultrasound enabled visualization of the endocardium. Following coronary occlusion, fractional shortening and ejection fraction were decreased (30.8 +/- 4.5 vs 44.4 +/- 4.7%, p < 0.005, and 46.7 +/- 8.5 vs 63.4 +/- 5.4%, p < 0.005, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transthoracic echocardiography is a non-invasive technique to sufficiently provide information about cardiac structures and function, while transesophageal echocardiography allows rather a qualitative estimation of the rat heart. Intracavitary ultrasound can be used to assess the endocardium, ventricular function, and dimensions in open-chest studies in rats.
authors.affiliation: Heart Institute, Hospital of the Good Samaritan, Los Angeles, California 90017-2395, USA.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pollick
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Meehan
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kloner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004452:Echocardiography; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000503:physiopathology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016276:Ventricular Function