title: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor rescues human polymorphonuclear leukocytes from ultraviolet irradiation-accelerated apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) delay PMN apoptosis during in vitro culture. The present study was undertaken to determine if LPS and GM-CSF can rescue UV-irradiated PMN from undergoing apoptosis and to determine the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  PMN were preincubated with LPS (20 ng/ml) and GM-CSF (100 units/ml) for 60 min before being UV-irradiated for 15 min. Additional PMN were UV-irradiated for 15 min and then treated with LPS and GM-CSF. To determine the role of ERK in protection or rescue of PMN from apoptosis, PMN were preincubated with PD098059 for 30 min. Morphologic features of apoptosis were determined 4 h after UV irradiation. DNA laddering was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS and GM-CSF pretreatment significantly protected PMN from UV-accelerated apoptosis, although GM-CSF was more effective than LPS. Only GM-CSF rescued PMN that had already been exposed to UV irradiation from undergoing apoptosis. Time response experiments demonstrated that GM-CSF rescued a significant percentage of PMN when added up to 90 min after UV irradiation. Inhibition of ERK with PD098059 abrogated the protective effect of LPS and GM-CSF and blocked rescue of PMN from apoptosis by GM-CSF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LPS and GM-CSF protect PMN, whereas only GM-CSF can rescue PMN from UV-accelerated apoptosis. The ERK-signaling pathway plays an important role in the protection and/or rescue of PMN from UV-accelerated apoptosis, but appears to be a proximal event in this process. This study provides further insight into factors that regulate PMN apoptosis and provides a novel approach for investigating signal transduction pathways involved in PMN apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan and Surgical Service, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105, USA.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Omann
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hinshaw
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases