title: DNA methylation in transcriptional repression of two differentially expressed X-linked genes, GPC3 and SYBL1.
abstract: Methylation of CpG islands is an established transcriptional repressive mechanism and is a feature of silencing in X chromosome inactivation. Housekeeping genes that are subject to X inactivation exhibit differential methylation of their CpG islands such that the inactive alleles are hypermethylated. In this report, we examine two contrasting X-linked genes with CpG islands for regulation by DNA methylation: SYBL1, a housekeeping gene in the Xq pseudoautosomal region, and GPC3, a tissue-specific gene in Xq26 that is implicated in the etiology of the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel overgrowth syndrome. We observed that in vitro methylation of either the SYBL1 or the GPC3 promoter resulted in repression of reporter constructs. In normal contexts, we found that both the Y and inactive X alleles of SYBL1 are repressed and hypermethylated, whereas the active X allele is expressed and unmethylated. Furthermore, the Y and inactive X alleles of SYBL1 were derepressed by treatment with the demethylating agent azadeoxycytidine. GPC3 is also subject to X inactivation, and the active X allele is unmethylated in nonexpressing leukocytes as well as in an expressing cell line, suggesting that methylation is not involved in the tissue-specific repression of this allele. The inactive X allele, however, is hypermethylated in leukocytes, presumably reflecting early X inactivation events that become important for gene dosage in expressing lineages. These and other data suggest that all CpG islands on Xq, including the pseudoautosomal region, are subject to X inactivation-induced methylation. Additionally, methylation of SYBL1 on Yq may derive from a process related to X inactivation that targets large chromatin domains for transcriptional repression.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. reid.m.huber@dupontpharma.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strazzullo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pengue
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mazzarella
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Urso
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schlessinger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pilia
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gartler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Esposito
mesh_terms: D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D053673:Glypicans; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000235:genetics*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000235:genetics*; D050683:R-SNARE Proteins; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D014162:Transfection / Q000235:genetics; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics*; D014998:Y Chromosome / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001372:Aza Compounds; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D053673:Glypicans; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011509:Proteoglycans; D050683:R-SNARE Proteins; C121241:VAMP7 protein, human