title: A high dose of albuterol does not overcome bronchoprotective subsensitivity in asthmatic subjects receiving regular salmeterol or formoterol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regular treatment with inhaled, long-acting beta2 -agonists is associated with subsensitivity for bronchoprotective effects. It is not known whether a high dose of short-acting beta2 -agonist could overcome this subsensitivity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the acute effects of a high dose of inhaled albuterol on methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in patients receiving regular treatment with salmeterol or formoterol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten stable asthmatic subjects (mean age, 34 years; FEV1, 77% of predicted value), all taking inhaled corticosteroids (methacholine PD20 < 500 microg), were recruited into a randomized, single-blind, crossover study. After an initial 1-week run-in period, subjects underwent 3 separate treatment periods each of 9 days (separated by a washout of at least 5 days) comprising inhaled placebo twice daily, inhaled salmeterol dry powder 50 microg twice daily, or inhaled formoterol dry powder 12 microg twice daily. Methacholine challenge was performed 1 hour after the first dose and after 7 days of treatment. After 9 days of treatment, a third methacholine challenge was performed 1 hour after inhalation of a single 1600 microg dose of albuterol dry powder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant (P <.001) improvement in geometric mean PD20 after the first dose of active treatment as compared with placebo (78 microg) versus salmeterol (266 microg, a 3.4-fold difference [95% CI 1.9 to 6.1]) and versus formoterol (318 microg, a 4.1-fold difference [95% CI 2.3 to 7.3]). This bronchoprotection diminished with regular treatment, although it remained significant (P <.01) compared with placebo (68 microg) versus salmeterol (144 microg, a 2.1-fold difference [95% CI 1.2 to 3.8]) and versus formoterol (230 microg, 3.4-fold difference [95% CI 1.9 to 6.2]). After 9 days, the protection afforded by a single dose of albuterol after placebo pretreatment (889 microg) was significantly (P =.005) higher in comparison with albuterol protection after salmeterol pretreatment (338 microg, a 2.7-fold difference [95% CI 1.1 to 6.8]) and after formoterol pretreatment (247 microg, a 3.6-fold difference [95% 1.4 to 9.1]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus in stable asthmatic subjects receiving regular salmeterol or formoterol, bronchoprotective subsensitivity was not overcome by administering a high dose of albuterol. Further studies are required to evaluate the clinical relevance of this pharmacologic phenomenon when albuterol is used in acute asthma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lipworth
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aziz
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests / Q000379:methods; D016084:Bronchoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016210:Methacholine Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013147:Spirometry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D004983:Ethanolamines; D016210:Methacholine Chloride; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D000420:Albuterol; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate