title: Childhood Lead Poisoning in Russia: A Site-specific Pediatric Blood Lead Evaluation.
abstract: Lead poisoning in children is an international concern. Health effects vary according to a child's blood lead level. Historically, the problem of lead poisoning in Russia had been defined by analysis of hair samples. In Saratov, Russia, during the spring of 1996, the authors conducted the first evaluation of blood lead levels among Russian children. The mean blood lead level of 579 samples analyzed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was 7.7 µg/dL (range 3.0 to 35.7 µg/dL). The sensitivity of hair analysis in identifying blood lead levels above 10 µg/dL was 50%. Most of the environmental samples evaluated (including water, dust, paint, and soil) were within acceptable U.S. remediation standards. Almost one-fourth of the Russian children evaluated during this site-specific investigation had blood lead levels capable of causing adverse health effects in children. Hair analysis is not an adequate method for identifying these children. Additional investigations in other Russian cities are necessary in order to determine the extent of lead poisoning in Russia's children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Esteban
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Noonan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gurvich
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Utz
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Spirin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Revich
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Kruchkov
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jackson