title: Female medical leadership: cross sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relation between male and female medical leadership.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional study on predictive factors for female medical leadership with data on sex, age, specialty, and occupational status of Norwegian physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oslo, Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  13 844 non-retired Norwegian physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical leaders, defined as physicians holding a leading position in hospital medicine, public health, academic medicine, or private health care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  14.6% (95% confidence interval 14.0% to 15.4%) of the men were leaders compared with 5.1% (4.4% to 5.9%) of the women. Adjusted for age men had a higher estimated probability of leadership in all categories of age and job, the highest being in academic medicine with 0.57 (0.42 to 0.72) for men aged over 54 years compared with 0.39 (0.21 to 0.63) for women in the same category. Among female hospital physicians there was a positive relation between the proportion of women in their specialty and the probability of leadership.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women do not reach senior positions as easily as men. Medical specialties with high proportions of women have more female leaders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ullevâl University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kvaerner
authors.forename: O G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Aasland
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Botten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002322:Career Mobility; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011634:Public Health; D017678:Sex Distribution