title: Evaluation of the results of delayed rhinoplasty in cleft lip and palate patients. Functional and aesthetic implications and factors that affect successful nasal repair.
abstract: Patients born with cleft lip and palate (CLP) present with a variety of nasal deformities. These are either congenital or iatrogenic. Our aim was to establish a correlation between aesthetic and functional nasal impairments in patients with CLP whose nasal reconstruction had been delayed. Fifty-four randomly selected patients with CLP deformities, all of whom had delayed nasal repairs were evaluated objectively, aesthetically in three planes, and functionally for symptoms of nasal obstruction, chronic maxillary sinusitis, and olfactory disturbances. Aesthetically the patients were analysed from 1:1 life-size full face, profile, and submental-vertex photographs, and full skull cephalograms. Nasal patency was assessed by rhinomanometry. The presence of chronic maxillary sinusitis and olfactory disturbances were deduced from the history. The degree of nasal dismorphism correlated with the severity of nasal functional impairments. Delayed nasal repairs in patients with CLP did not produce satisfactory aesthetic or functional results, probably because growth was retarded and midfacial development was disturbed at the time of delayed rhinoplasty and resulted in asymmetry. In CLP the nose should be repaired during the early primary cheilorhinoplasty, as this is essential for the restoration of a normally functioning and aesthetically pleasing nose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Anastassov
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Joos
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zöllner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery*; D004954:Esthetics; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000209:etiology; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000254:growth & development; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D015523:Maxillary Sinusitis / Q000209:etiology; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000209:etiology; D009666:Nose / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D009667:Nose Deformities, Acquired / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D010781:Photography; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D012225:Rhinoplasty; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome