title: Long-term follow-up of the clinical relevance of short outer dynein arms in human nasal cilia.
abstract: Clinical significance of short outer dynein arms was examined in a long-term follow-up study of 76 patients with various respiratory symptoms. Clinical evaluations, nasal mucociliary transport rate (NMTR) measurement and transmission electron microscopy were performed. Follow-up examinations took place 5-11 years later. In the initial examination four patients and on follow-up seven patients were found to have short outer dynein arms in their nasal mucosal biopsies. Short dynein arms were associated with a slow NMTR, poorly coordinated ciliary beat direction, and clinical symptoms of perennial rhinitis and recurrent sinusitis. Short dynein arms were found to be a significant histologic finding and probably represent a variant of primary ciliary dyskinesia. In some cases short outer dynein arms may be a reversible finding with improving clinical symptoms. It is obvious that at least part of dynein defects are acquired.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Torkkeli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rautiainen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nuutinen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002923:Cilia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004398:Dyneins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D004398:Dyneins