title: Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa with pentoxifylline improves the post-thaw agonist-induced acrosome reaction rate.
abstract: Cryopreservation causes extensive damage to spermatozoa, thereby impairing their fertilizing ability. The purpose of this study was to determine if the direct addition of pentoxifylline to the seminal plasma before cryopreservation improved sperm motility and acrosome reaction. Semen specimens from 15 healthy volunteers were divided into two aliquots. One aliquot was treated by adding 5 mM pentoxifylline directly to the seminal plasma (treatment group) and the other aliquot received no treatment (control group). Both aliquots were then cryopreserved by using the liquid nitrogen freezing method. The percentage of motile spermatozoa and various motion characteristics were then evaluated by performing computer-assisted semen analysis. The sperm viability was determined with a supra-vital dye, Hoechst-33258, and the acrosome reaction (spontaneous and calcium ionophore-induced) was monitored using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated peanut lectin (FITC-PNA) binding assays. Pentoxifylline treatment significantly increased the sperm motility, the amplitude of lateral head displacement, the hyperactivation status, and the frequency of spontaneous acrosome reactions before freezing (P < 0.05). After post-thaw, no difference in motion characteristics (except percentage motility) between treated and control groups were observed. Acrosome loss due to the freeze-thaw process was less in the pentoxifylline-treated group (P = 0.0003). In addition, the percentage of cryopreserved acrosome-intact spermatozoa that underwent further acrosome reactions in response to calcium-ionophore challenge was significantly higher in the treated group (P = 0.03). Pentoxifylline treatment before freezing improved the acrosome reaction to ionophore challenge in cryopreserved spermatozoa. Treatment with pentoxifylline appears to minimize sperm damage during the freeze-thaw process and may improve fertilization rates with assisted reproductive procedures such as intrauterine insemination or in-vitro fertilization.
authors.affiliation: Andrology Research and Clinical Laboratories, Department of Urology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Esteves
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D020101:Acrosome Reaction / Q000187:drug effects; D000373:Agglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006690:Bisbenzimidazole; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D010431:Pentoxifylline; D012662:Semen Preservation
chemical_list: D000373:Agglutinins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007476:Ionophores; D006690:Bisbenzimidazole; D010431:Pentoxifylline