title: The protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on ischemic stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moderate alcohol consumption has been shown to be protective for coronary heart disease, but the relationship between moderate alcohol consumption and ischemic stroke is more controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between alcohol consumption and risk of ischemic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based case-control study conducted between July 1993 and June 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiethnic population in northern Manhattan, New York, NY, aged 40 years or older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases (n = 677) had first ischemic stroke and were matched to community controls (n = 1139) derived through random digit dialing by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Mean +/- SD age of cases was 70.0+/-12.7 years; 55.8% were women; 19.5% were white, 28.4% black, and 50.7% Hispanic.
  
  
  METHODS
  First ischemic stroke (fatal or nonfatal).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate alcohol consumption, up to 2 drinks per day, was significantly protective for ischemic stroke after adjustment for cardiac disease, hypertension, diabetes, current smoking, body mass index, and education (odds ratio [OR], 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.67). This protective effect of alcohol consumption was detected in both younger and older groups, in men and women, and in whites, blacks, and Hispanics. In a quadratic model of stroke risk, increased risk of ischemic stroke was statistically significant among those consuming 7 or more drinks per day (OR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.05-8.29).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate alcohol consumption was independently associated with a decreased risk of ischemic stroke in our elderly, multiethnic, urban subjects, while heavy alcohol consumption had deleterious effects. Our data support the National Stroke Association Stroke Prevention Guidelines regarding the beneficial effects of moderate alcohol consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Sergievsky Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. rls1@columbia.edu
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elkind
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boden-Albala
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kargman
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Paik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012306:Risk; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data