title: Sphingosine blocks human polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis through inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation.
abstract: In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which sphingosine and its analogues, dihydrosphingosine and phytosphingosine, inhibit polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized erythrocytes (EIgG) and inhibit ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation. We used antibodies that recognized the phosphorylated forms of ERK1 (p44) and ERK2 (p42) (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2). Sphingoid bases inhibited ERK1 and ERK2 activation and phagocytosis of EIgG in a concentration-dependent manner. Incubation with glycine, N,N'-[1, 2-ethanediylbis(oxy-2, 1-phenylene)]bis[N-[2-[(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2-oxoethyl]]-bis[ (acetylox y)methyl]ester (BAPTA,AM), an intracellular chelator of calcium, failed to block either phagocytosis or ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation, consistent with the absence of a role for a calcium-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) in ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylations. Western blotting demonstrated that sphingosine inhibited the translocation of Raf-1 and PKCdelta from PMN cytosol to the plasma membrane during phagocytosis. These data are consistent with the interpretation that sphingosine regulates ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation through inhibition of PKCdelta, and this in turn leads to inhibition of Raf-1 translocation to the plasma membrane. Consistent with this interpretation, the sphingosine-mediated inhibition of phagocytosis, ERK2 activation, and PKCdelta translocation to the plasma membrane could be abrogated with a cell-permeable diacylglycerol analog. The increase in the diacylglycerol mass correlated with the translocation of PKCdelta and Raf-1 to the plasma membrane by 3 minutes after the initiation of phagocytosis. Additionally, the diacylglycerol analog enhanced phagocytosis by initiating activation of PKCdelta and its translocation to the plasma membrane. Because PMN generate sufficient levels of sphingosine by 30 minutes during phagocytosis of EIgG to inhibit phagocytosis, it appears that sphingosine can serve as an endogenous regulator of EIgG-mediated phagocytosis by downregulating ERK activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Raeder
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hinkovska-Galcheva
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kjeldsen
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shayman
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Boxer
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004912:Erythrocytes; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology*; D009895:Opsonin Proteins; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000378:metabolism; D011961:Receptors, Fc / Q000502:physiology; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004075:Diglycerides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D009895:Opsonin Proteins; D011961:Receptors, Fc; C044297:1,2-didecanoylglycerol; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D013110:Sphingosine