title: Pain in childhood rheumatic arthritis.
abstract: Pain is a major symptom in chronic inflammatory arthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis and affects the health status of arthritis patients negatively. There has been much debate about the role of pain in juvenile chronic arthritis and this review deals with the controversies about this subject. Pain in children is best understood as a multifactorial concept in which pain is the result of somatosensory, behavioural and environmental factors. The role of the different factors contributing to pain will be assessed with special reference to mechanisms relevant to children with chronic pain, the various instruments to measure pain, such as visual analogue scales and algometry, and the treatment of chronic pain in juvenile chronic arthritis. For a true understanding of chronic pain in children, these multidimensional assessments should be integrated into a biobehavioral model, by means of which a better understanding should lead to new therapeutic interventions for one of the most common symptoms of rheumatic diseases in childhood: pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Het Wilhelmina Kinderziekenhuis, Nieuwegracht, LK Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kuis
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Heijnen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sinnema
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kavelaars
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Net
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Helders
mesh_terms: D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology