The context of depression in clinic-referred youth: neglected areas in treatment.
OBJECTIVE
To review the empirical, methodological, and conceptual limitations of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for childhood and adolescent depression and to present descriptive data on key characteristics of a depressed sample to illustrate gaps in treatment.


METHODS
Interview-based assessment of psychiatric features and psychosocial functioning, family psychopathology and marital adjustment, and child and parent stressful life events was performed in a sample of 43 depressed youngsters seeking outpatient treatment.


RESULTS
The empirical and conceptual review indicated that treatments based on downward extensions of adult procedures are limited in number and success. Also, the treatments generally neglect the following characteristics revealed in the descriptive data: depressed youngsters have high rates of recurrent depression and comorbid conditions, impaired academic and social functioning, exposure to high rates of parental psychopathology, parental assortative mating, severe marital dysfunction, and high rates of severe stressors.


CONCLUSIONS
Treatments need to be informed by and address the actual characteristics of depressed youngsters and their environments, which are highly dysfunctional.
Hammen
C
C
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA. hammen@psych.ucla.edu
Rudolph
K
K
Weisz
J
J
Rao
U
U
Burge
D
D
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000928:Antidepressive Agents