title: Improving dose homogeneity in routine head and neck radiotherapy with custom 3-D compensation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anatomic contour irregularity and tissue inhomogeneity can lead to significant radiation dose variation across the complex treatment volumes found in the head and neck (H&N) region. This dose inhomogeneity can routinely create focal hot or cold spots of 10-20% despite beam shaping with blocks or beam modification with wedges. Since 1992, we have implemented the routine use of 3-D custom tissue compensators fabricated directly from CT scan contour data obtained in the treatment position in order to improve dose uniformity in patients with tumors of the H&N.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 1992 and January 1997, 160 patients receiving comprehensive H&N radiotherapy had 3-D custom compensators fabricated for their treatment course. Detailed dosimetric records have been analyzed for 30 cases. Dose uniformity across the treatment volume and clinically relevant maximum doses to selected anatomic sub-sites were examined with custom-compensated, uncompensated and optimally-wedged plans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of 3-D custom compensators resulted in an average reduction of dose variance across the treatment volume from 19+/-4% for the uncompensated plans to 5+/-2% with the use of 3-D compensators. Optimally-wedged plans were variable, but on average a 10+/-3% dose variance was noted. For comprehensive H&N treatment which encompassed the larynx within the primary field design, the peak doses delivered were reduced by 5-15% with 3-D custom compensation as compared to optimal wedging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of 3-D custom tissue compensation can improve dose homogeneity within the treatment volume for H&N cancer patients. Maximum doses to clinically important structures which often receive greater than 105-110% of the prescribed dose are routinely reduced with the use of 3-D custom compensators. Improved dose uniformity across the treatment volume can reduce normal tissue complication profiles and potentially allow for delivery of higher total doses in an attempt to enhance locoregional tumor control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, USA.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Harari
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Sharda
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Paliwal
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D006801:Humans; D010039:Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed