title: Codiffusion of propylene glycol and dimethyl isosorbide in hairless mouse skin.
abstract: The in vitro percutaneous fluxes of propylene glycol (PG), cis-oleic acid (OA) and dimethyl isosorbide (DI) were determined and their effect on nifedipine (N) flux and lag time evaluated. PG, OA and DI flux through hairless mouse (HM) skin was measured in vitro by beta-scintigraphy and N permeation was measured by HPLC under finite and infinite dose conditions. Evaluation of each of the solvents separately showed that pure DI possessed the inherent ability to traverse the skin (12% in 24 h). For the tested formulation after 24 h, 57% of the PG and 40% of the DI had permeated across the skin with nearly linear permeation between 4 and 18 h and the relative order of permeation was PG > DI > N. DI permeation was further aided in the presence of PG and OA. N flux was dependent on concomitant solvent permeation. Over a 24-h test period a dose dependent response was observed for N, with 4.9-15.6 mg of N delivered from the lowest and highest doses, respectively, and the highest dose yielding zero-order flux of 146 (g/h per cm2).
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Pharmaceutics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA. aii101@uriacc.uri.edu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Squillante
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Needham
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maniar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kislalioglu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004058:Diffusion; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007547:Isosorbide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019946:Propylene Glycol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D019301:Oleic Acid; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D009543:Nifedipine; C040079:2,5-dimethylisosorbide; D007547:Isosorbide