title: Hypoxic regions exist in human prostate carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to characterize, by use of the Eppendorf microelectrode, the extent of hypoxia (range/heterogeneity) in human prostate carcinomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Custom-made Eppendorf pO2 microelectrodes were used to obtain PO2 measurements from the pathologically involved side of the prostate, as well as from a region of normal muscle for comparison. Each set of measurements comprised approximately 100 separate readings of pO2, for a total of 2145 individual measurements. Twelve patients were studied, 7 of whom underwent brachytherapy, 3 a radical prostatectomy, and 2 a cystoprostatectomy. The pO2 measurements were obtained in the operating room, using sterile technique, under spinal anesthesia for the brachytherapy group patients and under general anesthesia for the surgery group patients. The Eppendorf histograms were recorded and described by the median pO2, mean pO2, and percentage of measurements less than 5 mm Hg and less than 10 mm Hg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because of differences in patient characteristics and the anesthesia employed, control measurements were obtained from nearby normal muscle as an internal control in all but 2 patients. This internal comparison showed that the oxygen measurements from the pathologically involved portion of the prostate were significantly lower than those from normal muscle. Similarly, higher pO2 readings were obtained from the pathologically normal prostates (in the patients with bladder cancer) than from the prostates of patients with prostate carcinoma. Increasing levels of hypoxia were observed with increasing clinical stage. Significant predictors of oxygenation include the type of tissue (pathologically involved prostate versus normal muscle or normal prostate), clinical stage, and type of anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report, to our knowledge, represents the first study to obtain in vivo electrode measurements of oxygen levels in patients with prostate cancer and suggests that hypoxic regions exist in human prostate carcinoma. More patients will be accrued to this prospective study to correlate the oxygenation status of prostate carcinoma with known prognostic factors and treatment outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Movsas
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Pinover
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Hanks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen