title: Anatomical correction of the exstrophy-epispadias complex: analysis of 34 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the surgical procedures required for anatomical reconstruction of the bladder and penis in the exstrophy-epispadias complex.
  
  
  METHODS
  All primary exstrophy-epispadias repairs carried out by one surgeon between 1987 and 1997 were reviewed. Bladder closure consisted of full extraperitoneal mobilization, transpositional omphaloplasty, drainage with ureteric and urethral catheters and immobilization with a 'frog-leg' plaster-cast or 'mermaid' dressings. Osteotomies were always performed when bladder closure was attempted after 37 h of age. Before 1990 the osteotomies were posterior vertical iliac (one patient) and subsequently anterior oblique iliac (10 patients). Pre-peritoneal herniotomies, in the absence of a clinical hernia, were included in the primary procedure after 1992. A modified Cantwell technique was used for epispadias repair and this was undertaken at a median of 16 months after bladder closure (range 6-30).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four patients (27 male) were reviewed; one patient had a chromosomal abnormality, a deletion in the short arm of chromosome 4. The male infants required a median of four procedures (range 2-5) for bladder closure, epispadias reconstruction and herniotomies, while the females needed a median of two (range 2-5). Complete bladder dehiscence, requiring re-closure with osteotomies, occurred in three cases (9%, two male). There were no dehiscences in the primary osteotomy group. Fistulae after epispadias repair occurred in four patients (17%). The bladder capacity increased to > 60 mL in 10 of 15 males by 36 months after epispadias repair. Only two of seven female infants attained a capacity of > 60 mL. Of the 15 infants who did not undergo herniotomy at primary closure, 13 subsequently developed inguinal hernias (one uni- and 11 bilateral) with incarceration occurring in two. Twelve infants underwent herniotomy at primary closure and six developed subsequent hernias (two uni- and four bilateral; P = 0.05) with documented incarceration in two.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anatomical correction of the exstrophy-epispadias complex remains challenging, but can be achieved with complication rates of < 20% for each stage. Bladder volumes large enough to permit adequate bladder neck reconstruction can be anticipated after epispadias repair in a large proportion of male infants, but remains small in female infants with low outlet resistance. Inguinal herniotomy at the time of bladder closure significantly reduces the incidence of subsequent herniation, which nevertheless remains high.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Duffy
mesh_terms: D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004842:Epispadias / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013529:Surgical Wound Dehiscence / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome