title: In vivo rat closed spinal window for spinal microcirculation: observation of pial vessels, leukocyte adhesion, and red blood cell velocity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An in vivo closed spinal window technique in rats was designed for observing the spinal microcirculation, such as the change of vessel diameter, leukocyte adhesion, and red blood cell (RBC) velocity, which has been very rarely examined in vivo in the spinal cord.
  
  
  METHODS
  We made a very precise closed spinal window with a laminectomy at the C5 level using a dental acrylic resin and a cover glass (7 mm in diameter). Through this closed window, the dorsal surface of the rat cervical cord was observed with a video microscope, and the fluorescent images of rhodamine 6G-labeled leukocytes and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled RBCs were recorded and analyzed with a silicon-intensified target tube camera (30 frames/s) and an image-intensified high-speed video camera system (1000 frames/s).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During CO2 inhalation, the pial arterioles responded with vasodilation of 12.4+/-10.4% (P<0.01) in 11 arterioles of seven rats. The adhering leukocytes significantly increased in 41 venular segments of seven rats after superfusion of the neutrophil chemoattractant, N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine solution for 15 minutes (P<0.001) but not after superfusion of only artificial cerebrospinal fluid for 15 minutes. During these experiments, no adhering leukocyte was seen in the pial arterioles. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled RBCs look like shooting stars in arterioles with silicon-intensified target tube camera processing at 30 frames per second, but individual fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled RBCs could be recognized frame by frame with the image-intensified high-speed video camera system. In 13 arterioles of four rats, the RBC velocity was 5.3+/-2.0 mm per second.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This closed spinal window technique in rats is available and applicable for the study of the spinal microcirculation, such as the pathophysiology of a secondary injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama National Hospital, Wako-city, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sekizuka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bertalanffy
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawase
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology*; D004912:Erythrocytes; D007796:Laminectomy; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology; D010841:Pia Mater / Q000098:blood supply*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply*; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology