title: Clinical use of low output settings in 1.2-mm2 steroid eluting electrodes: three years of experience.
abstract: A new generation of tined steroid-eluting leads featuring 1.2-mm2 distal electrodes (CapSure Z, Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis MN, USA) has the potential to reduce battery current drain and enhance pulse generator longevity by means of high pacing impedance and low pacing threshold. Forty patients aged 50-87 years (mean 72.4 years) were implanted with 33 ventricular (models 4033 and 5034) and 30 atrial-J (models 4533 and 5534) leads with 1.2-mm2 electrodes. Low pacing outputs, mainly in the range from 1 V/0.20 ms to 1.6 V/0.36 ms with > or = 3:1 pulse width safety margins (PWSM) applied, were instituted at 3-6 months of implantation and adjusted at subsequent follow-up controls according to changes in thresholds. Cumulative follow-up period of low outputs was 1,512 months (24 months per lead, range 9-36 months), which involved 3.43 follow-up controls per lead (range 2-5). During follow-up, pulse width thresholds (PWTs) at the used amplitudes did not change in 55.5% of the leads; PWTs increased by < or = 100% in 36.5%, by 101%-200% in 1.6%, and by > 200% in 6.3% of the leads. Changes in PWT that would apparently exceed 3:1 PWSM over a 1-year period occurred in one atrial lead where even the nominal 3.5 V/0.4-ms output would not be effective and in one ventricular lead in the aftermath of an acute myocardial infarction (300% PWT rise at 1.6 V). Based on the present observations, pacemaker dependent patients require > or = 4:1 PWSM and other patients > or = 3:1 PWSM with output pulse widths < or = 0.60 ms and annual pacemaker clinic visits. Calculated battery current drain and anticipated longevity associated with a variety of pacing outputs and impedances are provided, compared, and discussed. Correlation between acute and chronic pacing impedances and pacing thresholds was weak, implying that a systematic intraoperative pacing site optimization cannot contribute significantly to the extension of average battery longevity.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department A, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Danilovic
authors.forename: O J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Ohm
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Breivik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D017097:Electric Impedance; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D013256:Steroids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013995:Time; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids