title: [The clinical use of S-(+)-ketamine--a determination of its place].
abstract: The intravenous anaesthetic ketamine is a racemic mixture of two equimolar doses of enantiomers. After stereoselective separation, the right-handed S(+)-isomer is now clinically available. Since anaesthetic and analgesic pharmacological studies have shown that S(+)-ketamine is approximately two times as potent as racemic ketamine, the clinical effects of S(+)-ketamine were evaluated in comparison to ketamine-racemate at dose relation of 1:2 in several therapeutic investigations. The studies disclosed that both drugs caused a similar activation of the endocrine stress response and a comparable stimulation of the sympathoadrenergic system. However, application of S(+)-ketamine was associated with a remarkably smoother emergence period, a profound postoperative analgesia, a more rapid recovery of cerebral functions, and a greater preference by the study persons. The incidence of psychotomimetic phenomena appeared to be negligibly less after S(+)-ketamine in comparison to racemic ketamine, but their quality was described as far less unpleasant. Clinical use of S(+)-ketamine administered at one-half of the usual dose is thus not only associated with a reduction of undesirable adverse effects without altering ketamine's anaesthetic and analgesic potency, but also offers distinctive improvements due to the reduced drug load. Moreover, increasing experimental evidence supports a remarkable neuroprotective effect of S(+)-ketamine, which may become a promising drug for new therapeutic approaches to neuroprotection.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Anästhesiologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Himmelseher
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pfenninger
mesh_terms: D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007649:Ketamine