title: Controlled release of insect sex pheromones from paraffin wax and emulsions.
abstract: Paraffin wax and aqueous paraffin emulsions can be used as controlled release carriers for insect sex pheromones for mating disruption of orchard pests. Paraffin can be applied at ambient temperature as an aqueous emulsion, adheres to tree bark or foliage, releases pheromone for an extended period of time, and will slowly erode from bark and biodegrade in soil. Pheromone emulsions can be applied with simple spray equipment. Pheromone release-rates from paraffin were measured in laboratory flow-cell experiments. Pheromone was trapped from an air stream with an adsorbent, eluted periodically, and quantified by gas chromatography. Pheromone release from paraffin was partition-controlled, providing a constant (zero-order) release rate. A typical paraffin emulsion consisted of 30% paraffin, 4% pheromone, 4% soy oil, 1% vitamin E, 2% emulsifier, and the balance water. Soy oil and vitamin E acted as volatility suppressants. A constant release of oriental fruit moth pheromone from paraffin emulsions was observed in the laboratory for more than 100 days at 27 degreesC, with release-rates ranging from 0.4 to 2 mg/day, depending on the concentration and surface area of the dried emulsion. The use of paraffin emulsions is a viable method for direct application of insect pheromones for mating disruption. Sprayable formulations can be designed to release insect pheromones to the environment at a rate necessary for insect control by mating disruption. At temperatures below 38 degreesC, zero-order release was observed. At 38 degreesC and higher, pheromone oxidation occurred. A partition-controlled release mechanism was supported by a zero-order pheromone release-rate, low air/wax partition coefficients, and pheromone solubility in paraffin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. catterho@wpoff.wcu.edu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Atterholt
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Delwiche
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Krochta
mesh_terms: D000388:Air / Q000032:analysis; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004655:Emulsions; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007300:Insect Control; D009036:Moths / Q000502:physiology*; D010232:Paraffin / Q000737:chemistry*; D012724:Sex Attractants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D012724:Sex Attractants; D010232:Paraffin