title: Salvage brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer after radiotherapy failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness and morbidity of salvage brachytherapy for locally recurrent or persistent prostate cancer after radiotherapy failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective study, 49 patients of median age 73.3 years (range 52.9 to 86.9) with biopsy-proven localized prostate cancer underwent interactive transperineal fluoroscopic-guided and biplane ultrasound-guided brachytherapy with either iodine 125 or palladium 103 after prior radiotherapy failure. Post-treatment follow-up was conducted for a median of 64.1 months (range 26.6 to 96.8) and included clinical assessment of disease status, assays of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, and documentation of treatment-related symptoms and complications. Determination of biochemical treatment failure was based on two successive rising PSA values above the post-treatment PSA nadir value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The actuarial rate of local prostate cancer control was 98% (95% confidence interval [CI] 94% to 99%). Actuarial disease-specific survival at 3 and 5 years was 89% (95% CI 73% to 96%) and 79% (95% CI 58% to 91%), respectively. At 3 and 5 years, actuarial biochemical disease-free survival was 48% (95% CI 32% to 63%) and 34% (95% CI 17% to 51%), respectively. Post-treatment PSA nadir was found to be a significant predictor of biochemical disease-free survival. Actuarial biochemical disease-free survival of patients who achieved a PSA nadir less than 0.5 ng/mL was 77% (95% CI 53% to 90%) and 56% (95% CI 25% to 78%) at 3 and 5 years, respectively. Of 49 patients, 23 (47%) achieved a post-treatment PSA nadir less than 0.5 ng/mL. The incidence of serious complications after salvage brachytherapy, such as incontinence and rectal complications, was lower than that reported after other types of salvage procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interactive transperineal fluoroscopic-guided and biplane ultrasound-guided brachytherapy is a novel, potentially curative salvage modality for patients in whom prior radiotherapy failed. In a population of patients with poor prognosis, this modality was associated with a high rate of local prostate cancer control and a 34% actuarial rate of biochemical disease-free survival at 5 years. The incidence of major complications after salvage brachytherapy appears to be lower than that after other potentially curative salvage procedures, such as radical prostatectomy and cryoablation. Salvage brachytherapy warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Grado
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kriegshauser
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Balch
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Grado
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wilkes
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Navickis
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D015996:Survival Rate; D017211:Treatment Failure