title: Impact of clozapine on negative symptoms and on the deficit syndrome in refractory schizophrenia. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Clozapine in Refractory Schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the effect of clozapine and haloperidol on positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and in patients with high levels of negative symptoms or the deficit syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were participants in a 15-site double-blind, random-assignment Veterans Administration trial comparing clozapine (N=205) and haloperidol (N=217) in hospitalized patients with refractory schizophrenia. Analysis of covariance examining change at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 1 year evaluated 1) clozapine's effect on positive and negative syndromes; 2) clozapine's effect on each syndrome, statistically controlling for the other; and 3) the interaction of clozapine treatment and the presence or absence of high levels of negative symptoms at baseline and the deficit syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients treated with clozapine showed significantly greater improvement than control subjects on positive symptoms at all time points and on negative symptoms at 3 months. Clozapine had no independent effect on negative symptoms at any time after control for positive symptoms, but its effects on positive symptoms persisted after control for negative symptoms at 6 weeks only. There were no significant differences in response to clozapine between patients with high and low levels of negative symptoms at baseline or between patients with and without the deficit syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The greater effectiveness of clozapine as compared to conventional medications in refractory schizophrenia is not specific to either negative clinical symptoms or clinical subtypes defined by prominent negative symptoms or evidence of the deficit syndrome.
authors.affiliation: VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven 06516-2770, USA. Robert.Rosenheck@Yale.EDU
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosenheck
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peszke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Charney
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003024:Clozapine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol