UVA1 radiation triggers two different final apoptotic pathways.
Because ultraviolet-A1 (UVA1; 340-400 nm) radiation is used therapeutically, this in vitro study addressed the question "how does it work?" To begin addressing this question, UVA1 radiation was first established to reduce the survival of transformed T and B lymphocytes in a linear dose-dependent manner using clonogenic reproductive assays, and that cell death occurs by apoptosis using transmission electron microscopy, Annexin V, and flow cytometry. The primary mechanism was determined to be immediate pre-programmed cell death, an apoptotic mechanism that does not require protein synthesis post-insult, by quantifying the apoptotic cells over time in the absence or presence of a translation inhibitor. To explore how UVA1 radiation induces immediate pre-programmed cell death apoptosis, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial activity were altered during exposure using a variety of agents, while a specific fluorescent probe, 5,5',6,6'tetrachloro- 1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide, was used to examine mitochondrial transmembrane depolarization. To show that UVA1 mediates singlet-oxygen damage to the mitochondrial membranes, X-rays, UVB (290-320 nm), 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA, vitamin K3, anti-Fas antibody, and blocking antibody were the negative controls, while rose bengal or protoporphyrin IX with visible light were the positive controls. Cyclosporine A, which inhibits the mitochondrial megapore from opening, was used with singlet-oxygen and superoxide-anion generators to distinguish between the two final apoptotic pathways. The collective results show that UVA1 radiation primarily mediates singlet-oxygen damage triggering immediate pre-programmed cell death apoptosis (T < 20 min) by immediately opening the cyclosporine A-sensitive ("S" site) mitochondrial megapore, while superoxide anions initiate another cyclosporine A-insensitive ("P" site) final apoptotic pathway.
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Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20857, USA.
D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004249:DNA Damage; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000528:radiation effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
D017304:Annexin A5; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016572:Cyclosporine; D003513:Cycloheximide