title: Crowd physiology: the 'penguin effect'.
abstract: The effects of heat retention on an individual in a crowd situation (the 'penguin effect') is introduced and described, with implications for the emergency services and the potential casualties themselves discussed. Management of anyone who collapses in the core of a crowd should involve much more than first-aid treatment for fainting. Some people may die from the effect.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Biological Sciences, St Bartholomew School of Nursing and Midwifery, City University, London, UK.
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Blows
mesh_terms: D003441:Crowding / Q000503:physiopathology; D016529:Emergency Nursing; D005392:First Aid / Q000379:methods; D018883:Heat Stroke / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors