title: Utility of three-dimensional planning for axillary node coverage with breast-conserving radiation therapy: early experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the dosimetric axillary nodal coverage with standard tangential breast radiation fields and determine the utility of three-dimensional treatment planning for such coverage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six consecutive patients who were to undergo whole-breast irradiation underwent computed tomographic scanning with 5-mm sections at the time of treatment simulation. Contours were made with a commercial workstation for the lower axillary tissues, lungs, and heart. Axillary coverage was examined with three-dimensional isodose visualization and dose-volume histograms for four plans for each patient: (a) standard tangential radiation fields designed to cover only the breast, with clinical setup; (b) standard tangential fields with beam's-eye-view optimization of collimator angles for axillary and breast coverage; (c) standard tangential fields with adjustment of field width and collimator angles; and (d) customized fields, by adjusting width, collimator angle, and gantry angle and by using customized blocks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With plan a, only one patient had a simulated mean axillary dose greater than 90% of that prescribed. Underdosing occurred primarily in the posterior-superior axillary nodal region. Plan b improved axillary coverage; five patients had a simulated mean axillary dose of 89% or more of the prescribed dose, with adequate whole-breast coverage and no increased pulmonary or cardiac doses. Adjusting the field width and gantry angle further improved simulated mean axillary doses; however, customized blocking was then required to avoid increased mean pulmonary and cardiac doses and unacceptable contralateral breast doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When coverage of lower axillary nodal tissue is desired at breast irradiation, three-dimensional planning with beam's-eye-view adjustment of tangential fields should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Hospital, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Smitt
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Goffinet
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008168:Lung / Q000528:radiation effects; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011859:Radiography; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted