title: Clinical electroencephalographic study of nine pediatric patients with convulsion induced by the TV animation, Pocket Monster.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the usefulness of a few types of photic stimulation in patients with photo-convulsive response.
  
  
  METHODS
  A clinical electroencephalographic study was conducted in nine children who developed convulsions and other symptoms while they watched the TV animation and were subsequently treated at the hospital. Photic stimulation was applied with their eyes open or closed. Another photic stimulation was applied with the video tape of the animation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A photoparoxysmal response (PPR) was never seen in the electroencephalographs (EEG) in any of these patients when photic stimulation was applied with their eyes closed, while PPR was seen in three of seven patients when photic stimulation was applied with their eyes open. Two patients (siblings) showed no specific abnormality when photic stimulation was applied with their eyes either open or closed. However, myoclonus and PPR appeared when the EEG was conducted while they watched the video tape of the animation under supervised conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a society where people are exposed to abundant TV games, TV animation or videos, self-restraint or regulations of frequent use of flickering scenes is thought to be necessary. However, it is also thought to be necessary to conduct EEG by applying photic stimulation, not only with the eyes closed, but also with the eyes opened or by applying flickering red light stimulation, which is emitted from a strong light source, or a combination of two colors, such as red and blue or red and green, in patients with suspected photosensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. sniijima@med.juntendo.ac.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niijima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onishi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arii
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuremoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamashiro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002359:Cartoons as Topic; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D013690:Television