title: Complications of anterior craniofacial resection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The complications associated with anterior craniofacial resections for benign and malignant tumors were reviewed in 104 patients treated between January 1981 and June 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information regarding patient characteristics, histologic type, history of prior therapy, extent of the disease, extent of surgical procedure, and type of reconstruction were entered in a microcomputer database. To better understand and stage postoperative complications, we divided them into early (<14 days) and late (>14 days) according to the time of presentation, into major and minor depending on the morbidity potential of complication, and into local and systemic ones. Comparison between risk factors associated with complications was made using chi-square analysis with Yates' correction for continuity. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier product limit method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 8 (7.6%) postoperative deaths, with only 1 occurring from systemic complications. Complications occurred in 53 (48.6%) patients. Local major complications occurred in 49 (45%) patients, local minor in 29 (26.6%), and systemic in 11 (10%). Early complications occurred in 40 (38.5%) patients and late complications in 13 (12.5%) patients. These complications developed during a period ranging from 1 day to 5 months. More than one complication occurred in a number of patients. Bacterial contamination leading to local septic complications was the principal cause of morbidity, accounting for 54.7% (29/53) of complications. Major complications included meningitis in 8 patients associated with cerebrospinal fluid leak in 7, cerebral abscess in 2, sepsis in 1, and subdural hemorrhage in 1, all of which resulted in death except for one case. The extent of the craniofacial resection (p = .011) was the most important factor associated with major complications. Invasion of the dura and the type of reconstruction of the anterior skull base were the most important factors related to cerebrospinal fluid leakage (p = .048 and p = .032) and meningitis (p = .011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contemporary surgical approaches and methods of reconstruction have enabled skull base surgeons to extend their cranial base resections and increase the 5-year survival rates of patients. Nevertheless, significant complications persist. Knowledge and high index of suspicion together with early recognition of these complications are essential for effective management of patients undergoing craniofacial resection. The factors related to major complications found in this study stressed the need to develop more effective methods to prevent contamination of intracranial structures.
authors.affiliation: Head and Neck Surgery Service, Hospital do Cancer/INCa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Sá
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kligerman
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wance
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benévolo
authors.forename: E Q
authors.initials: EQ
authors.lastname: Freitas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012888:Skull Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016019:Survival Analysis