title: A 3-dimensional analysis of modes of cardiovascular adaptation: concepts, methods and preliminary findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present a 3-dimensional approach to displaying and interpreting processes of cardiovascular adaptation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory study of blood pressure changes in response to a protocol set in advance. The authors plotted the coordinates of 3711 cardiovascular change events (CVCEs) in 3-dimensional space defined by changes in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. This was followed by cluster analyses and preliminary estimates of reliability and construct validity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The teaching hospitals of a large southwestern US medical centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Approximately 100 female nursing personnel aged 25 to 50 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical history, self-administered questionnaires, laboratory protocol of pressor challenges, rest periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine distinct clusters ("species of response") were identified and replicated in randomly chosen halves of the sample. Postural, isomorphic and psychologic challenges generated several distinctive profiles of "rising" responses, and were also followed by distinctive "declining" responses. The frequencies of various cardiovascular reactions ("clusters") to the same protocol were correlated with psychosocial characteristics and hypertension risk indicators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3-dimensional approach reveals many features of cardiovascular adaptation not discernible from traditional univariate displays and analyses. This paradigm might prove useful for matching patients with hypertension by their cluster patterns to their most suitable medication, but it requires further validation by direct hemodynamic measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: T Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pool
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors