title: Trigeminal disynaptic circuit mediating corneal afferent input to M. depressor palpebrae inferioris motoneurons in the pigeon (Columba livia).
abstract: Corneal afferent projections to the trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex (TBNC) and associated structures, as determined by transganglionic transport of various tracers, were found to be predominantly concentrated in two distinct patches in the dorsolateral medulla at periobex levels. One was in the external cuneate nucleus, and the other was in the ventralmost part of the ophthalmic division of the TBNC. The projections of putative second-order neurons in these regions, as determined by injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into the dorsolateral medulla, were found to include the dorsal trigeminal motor nucleus (Vd), which innervates the M. depressor palpebrae inferioris. Electrical stimulation of Vd, which elicited lower eyelid movements, was then used to guide injections of tracer into Vd, which retrogradely labeled clusters of neurons in the corneal afferent recipient regions of the dorsolateral medulla. The lower eyelid of pigeons, unlike the nictitating membrane and upper lid, does not appear to be appreciably involved in either reflex blinking in response to relatively mild stimulation of the cornea (e.g., air puff), or in eye closure during the saccade-like head movements associated with walking, or in eye closure during pecking; but in response to a stimulus that makes corneal contact, an upward movement of the lower lid follows descent of the nictitating membrane and upper lid as part of a defensive eye-closing mechanism. The anatomical results thus appear to define a dedicated disynaptic trigeminal sensorimotor circuit for the control of lower eyelid motility in response to mechanical or noxious stimuli of the cornea. Injections of tracers into the lower and upper eyelids labeled palpebral sensory afferents that terminated predominantly in maxillary and ophthalmic portions, respectively, of the dorsal horn of upper cervical spinal segments. These terminal fields were therefore largely separate from those of corneal afferents. There were no specific corneal afferent projections upon accessory abducens motoneurons that innervate the two muscles controlling the nictitating membrane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand. jm.wild@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wild
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001767:Blinking; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D010856:Columbidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D003315:Cornea / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005143:Eyelids / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D014278:Trigeminal Nuclei / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology