title: Phosphorescent platinum/palladium coproporphyrins for time-resolved luminescence microscopy.
abstract: Streptavidin and antibodies were labeled with phosphorescent platinum and palladium coproporphyrin. The optimal conjugates were selected on the basis of spectroscopic analysis (molar extinction coefficient, quantum yield, lifetime) and using ELISA assays to determine the retention of biological activity and immunospecificity. They were subsequently tested for the detection of prostate-specific antigen, glucagon, human androgen receptor, p53, and glutathione transferase in strongly autofluorescent tissues. Furthermore, platinum and palladium coproporphyrin-labeled dUTPs were synthesized for the enzymatic labeling of DNA probes. Porphyrin-labeled DNA probes and porphyrin-labeled streptavidin conjugates were evaluated for DNA in situ hybridization on metaphase spreads, using direct and indirect methods, respectively. The developed in situ detection technology is shown to be applicable not only in mammals but also in plants. A modular- based time-resolved microscope was constructed and used for the evaluation of porphyrin-stained samples. The time-resolved module was found suitable for detection of antigens and DNA targets in an autofluorescent environment. Higher image contrasts were generally obtained in comparison with conventional detection systems (e.g., fourfold improvement in detection of glutathione transferase).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Cytochemistry and Cytometry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: de Haas
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: van Gijlswijk
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: van der Tol
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Veuskens
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: van Gijssel
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Tijdens
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bonnet
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Verwoerd
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Tanke
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D003306:Coproporphyrins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003856:Deoxyuracil Nucleotides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005934:Glucagon / Q000032:analysis; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D017403:In Situ Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008665:Metalloporphyrins / Q000737:chemistry*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D010179:Pancreas / Q000737:chemistry; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry; D011467:Prostate / Q000737:chemistry; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000032:analysis; D019809:Streptavidin; D013995:Time; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D003306:Coproporphyrins; D003856:Deoxyuracil Nucleotides; D008665:Metalloporphyrins; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C057160:palladium coproporphyrin; C117056:platinum-coproporphyrin-7-dUTP; D005934:Glucagon; D019809:Streptavidin; D000217:Acyltransferases; C020141:flavanone synthetase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen