title: Study population and treatment titration in the International Nifedipine GITS Study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain the baseline characteristics of the high-risk hypertensive patients entering the International Nifedipine GITS Study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). To determine the success of single and combination therapy in achieving target blood pressures in such a population.
  
  
  METHODS
  INSIGHT is a double-blind, prospective outcome trial comparing the efficacy of the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine GITS, and the thiazide, co-amilozide, in preventing myocardial infarction and stroke. We recruited 2996 men and 3454 women, aged 55-80 years, with blood pressure during placebo run-in >150/95 mmHg or isolated systolic blood pressure >160 mmHg from nine countries. Treatment allocation to nifedipine GITS 30 mg daily or co-amilozide (hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg/amiloride 5 mg) once daily was performed by minimization rather than randomization to balance additional risk factors. This was followed by four optional increases in treatment: dose-doubling of the primary drug, addition of atenolol 25/50 mg or enalapril 5/10 mg, and then any other hypotensive drug excluding calcium blockers or diuretics. Target blood pressure was 140/90 mmHg or a fall > or = 20/10 mmHg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood pressure at randomization was 172+/-15 / 99+/-9 mmHg. Thirteen per cent of the patients were previously untreated. The proportions of each additional risk factors were: smoking > 10/day, 29%; cholesterol > 6.43 mmol/l, 52%; family history of premature myocardial infarction or stroke, 21%; diabetes mellitus 20%; left ventricular hypertrophy, 10%; previous myocardial infarction, other presentations of coronary heart disease, and peripheral vascular disease, each 6%; proteinuria, 3%. Fifty-five per cent of patients had one additional risk factor, whereas 33%, 9% and 3% had two, three or more additional risk factors, respectively. The blood pressure (and falls in blood pressure) at the end of titration and at 1 year after minimization was 139+/-12 / 82+/-7 mmHg (33+/-15 / 17+/-9) in the 5226 patients still on randomized treatment The numbers requiring the four treatment increments were, respectively, 1591, 780, 597 and 294, meaning that almost 70% of patients on randomized treatment in INSIGHT are receiving only the primary drug. At one year, 69% of patients had a blood pressure < or = 140/90 mmHg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  INSIGHT is one of the first double-blind comparisons of active antihypertensive treatments, requiring high-risk patients to achieve sufficient power. Despite this requirement, it is possible to achieve good blood pressure control in most patients without the addition of multiple additional treatments that may dilute any differences between the primary agents.
authors.affiliation: Universities of Cambridge, UK. mjb14@medschl.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castaigne
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: de Leeuw
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mancia
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ruilope
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D009543:Nifedipine