title: Resistance of human nucleotide excision repair synthesis in vitro to p21Cdn1.
abstract: The p21Cdn1 protein (cip1/waf1/sdi1) plays an important role as an inhibitor of mammalian cell proliferation in response to DNA damage. By interacting with and inhibiting the function of cyclin-Cdk complexes, p21 can block entry into S phase. p21 can also directly inhibit replicative DNA synthesis by binding to the DNA polymerase sliding clamp factor PCNA. When cells are damaged and p21 is induced, DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) continues, even though this pathway is PCNA-dependent. We investigated features of p21-resistant NER using human cell extracts. A direct end-labelling approach was used to measure the excision of damaged oligonucleotides by NER and no inhibition by p21 was found. By contrast, filling of the approximately 30 nt gaps created by NER could be inhibited by pre-binding p21 to PCNA, but only when gap filling was uncoupled from incision. Binding p21 to PCNA could also inhibit filling of model 30 nt gaps by both purified DNA polymerases delta and epsilon. When p21 was incubated in a cell extract before addition of PCNA, inhibition of repair synthesis was gradually relieved with time. This incubation gives p21 the opportunity to associate with other targets. As p21 blocks association of DNA polymerases with PCNA but does not prevent loading of PCNA onto DNA, repair gap filling can occur rapidly as soon as p21 dissociates from PCNA. A synthetic PCNA-binding p21 peptide was an efficient inhibitor of NER synthesis in cell extracts.
authors.affiliation: Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts, UK.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Shivji
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hübscher
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D002457:Cell Extracts; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000528:radiation effects; D004260:DNA Repair; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014983:Xeroderma Pigmentosum / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D002457:Cell Extracts; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D004247:DNA; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D002945:Cisplatin