title: Emergency room visits of asthmatic children, relation to air pollution, weather, and airborne allergens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The worldwide increase in the incidence, prevalence, and severity of asthma may suggest that environmental factors play a role in these epidemiologic changes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the correlations between air pollutants, weather conditions, airborne allergens, and the incidence of emergency room (ER) visits of children with acute asthma attacks.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-year prospective study. Data of daily concentration of air pollutants, weather conditions, and selective airborne allergens were collected and compared with the number of ER visits of asthmatic children.
  
  
  METHODS
  1076 asthmatic children (aged 1 to 18 years) who presented at the Pediatric ER between January 1 and December 31, 1993.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlations between fluctuations in ER visits of asthmatic children and various environmental parameters were more relevant for weekly than for daily values. Emergency room visits correlated positively with concentrations of NOx, SO2 and with high barometric pressure; and negatively with O3 concentration and minimal and maximal temperature. There were no significant correlations with concentrations of particulates, humidity, or airborne pollen and spores. An exceptionally high incidence of ER visits of asthmatic children was observed during September. This peak coincided with the beginning of the school year and the Jewish holidays. The correlations between ER visits and the environmental factors increased significantly when the September peak was excluded, revealing that 61% of the variance in ER visits was explained by NOx, SO2, and 03 concentrations, 46% by weather parameters, 66% by NOx, SO2 and barometric pressure, and 69% by the combination of air pollutants and weather parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major factors found to be associated with ER visits of asthmatic children were high NOx, high SO2, and high barometric pressure. Negative correlation was found between ER visits of asthmatic children and ozone concentrations. The particularly high number of ER visits at the beginning of the school year and the Jewish holidays was probably associated with an increase in the number of viral infections and/or emotional stress.
authors.affiliation: Kipper Institute of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tiqva.
authors.forename: B Z
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Garty
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kosman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ganor
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garty
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wietzen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Waisman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mimouni
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Waisel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000399:Air Pressure; D000485:Allergens / Q000032:analysis; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D010126:Ozone / Q000032:analysis; D011058:Pollen; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012621:Seasons; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000485:Allergens; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D010126:Ozone