title: Striatal dopaminergic abnormalities in human cocaine users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous human postmortem experiments have shown an abnormally high number of dopamine uptake sites in the striatum of chronic cocaine users, which might contribute to cocaine withdrawal symptoms such as depression and suicidality. Previous inconsistencies in results were perhaps related to selective radioligand affinity changes or a coexisting loss of dopamine neurons.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, binding of the cocaine analog [3H]WIN 35428 to the dopamine transporter was assayed in postmortem striatal samples from 15 cocaine-using subjects and 15 matched comparison subjects to determine whether there were differences in number of binding sites or in affinity. Binding to the vesicular monoamine transporter, a measure of total dopaminergic terminals, was also assessed by using the radioligand (+)-[3H]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Striatal [3H]WIN 35428 binding sites were significantly more numerous in the cocaine users: the mean Bmax value was 9.0 fmol bound/microg protein (SD = 2.8) for the cocaine users but only 6.0 (SD = 1.7) for the comparison subjects. Severity of chronic cocaine use was significantly related to [3H]WIN 35428 binding level. [3H]DTBZ binding was significantly lower in the cocaine users (mean = 330 nCi/mg, SD = 42) than in the comparison subjects (mean = 374, SD = 68).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results confirm that cocaine users have a high number of dopamine transporter binding sites on dopaminergic neurons, despite an apparent low number of total dopamine terminals. These abnormalities may contribute to the abnormalities in subjective experience and behavior characteristic of chronic cocaine abusers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor VA Medical Center 48105, USA. kylittle@umich.edu
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Desmond
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Dalack
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cassin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001345:Autoradiography; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000737:chemistry*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000032:analysis*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000032:analysis*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014316:Tritium