title: Oral ferrous sulfate supplements increase the free radical-generating capacity of feces from healthy volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most dietary iron remains unabsorbed and hence may be available to participate in Fenton-driven free radical generation in conjunction with the colonic microflora, leading to the production of carcinogens or direct damage to colonocytes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aims were to measure the proportion of fecal iron available to participate in free radical generation and to determine the effect of an oral supplement of ferrous sulfate on free radical generation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen healthy volunteers recorded their food intake and collected fecal samples before, during, and after 2 wk of supplementation (19 mg elemental Fe/d). Total, free, and weakly chelated fecal iron were measured and free radical production was determined by using an in vitro assay with dimethyl sulfoxide as a free radical trap.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fecal iron increased significantly during the period of supplementation and returned to baseline within 2 wk. The concentration of weakly bound iron in feces (approximately 1.3% of total fecal iron) increased from 60 micromol/L before to 300 micromol/L during supplementation, and the production of free radicals increased significantly (approximately 40%). Higher-carbohydrate diets were associated with reduced free radical generation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unabsorbed dietary iron may increase free radical production in the colon to a level that could cause mucosal cell damage or increased production of carcinogens.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, United Kingdom. liz.lund@bbsrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wharf
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Fairweather-Tait
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors