title: Upper-extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders in Keyboard Operators in Brazil: A Cross-sectional Study.
abstract: This study sought to determine the prevalence of upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders (UEMSDs) among keyboard operators in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and to compare this prevalence with that among other office workers. One hundred and thirty keyboard operators (mean age 33 years, 60 male/70 female) and 138 office workers (mean age 35 years, 82 male/56 female) from two computing centers were interviewed by a research assistant using a standardized questionnaire. Symptomatic subjects, defined as those who reported upper extremity pain or lost work time due to pain in the preceding 12 months, were examined by a rheumatologist. Mean (SD) lengths of employment were 9 (6) years for keyboard operators and 8 (6) years for office workers. Upper-extremity pain during the preceding seven days was reported by 66 keyboard operators (51%) and by 18 office workers (13%) (p < 0.0001); during the preceding 12 months, by 90 keyboard operators (69%) and by 26 office workers (19%) (p < 0.0001). UEMSDs were diagnosed following physical examination in 50 keyboard operators and in 12 office workers (9%) (p < 0.0001). Tenosynovitis was the most common disorder diagnosed among the keyboard operators (n = 23). Among the keyboard operators the prevalence of UEMSDs was significantly lower for males (p = 0.017, OR = 0.38, 95%CI = 0.17-0.86). The presence of a diagnosed UEMSD was significantly associated with duration of employment (p = 0.005) and lack of or insufficient rest breaks (p = 0.012). Keyboard operators had significantly more UEMSDs than did office workers. Strategies aimed at the reduction of repetitive strain injuries among keyboard operators, such as the provision of adequate work breaks, should be evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Disciplina de Reumatologia, Escoal Paulista de Medicina, Rua Botucatu N&supo; 740-CEP 04023-062, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ferraz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frumkin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helfenstein
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gianeschini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Atra
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakatsuka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda