title: Development of the cardiac conduction tissue in human embryos using HNK-1 antigen expression: possible relevance for understanding of abnormal atrial automaticity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormal atrial automaticity in young patients with structurally normal hearts is often located around the pulmonary veins and in sinus venosus-related parts of the right atrium. We hypothesize that these ectopic pacemaker sites correspond to areas of embryonic myocardium with an early phenotypic differentiation, as indicated by differences in antigen expression during normal cardiac development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In human embryos ranging in age from 42 to 54 days of gestation, the development of the cardiac conduction system was studied with the use of HNK-1 immunohistochemistry. HNK-1 stains the developing atrioventricular conduction system, ie, the bundle branches, His bundle, right atrioventricular ring, and retroaortic ring. In addition, the myocardium around the common pulmonary vein showed transient HNK-1 antigen expression. In the right atrium, 3 HNK-1-positive connections were demonstrated between the sinoatrial node and the right atrioventricular ring. An anterior tract through the septum spurium connects the sinoatrial node with the anterior right atrioventricular ring, and 2 posterior tracts connect the sinoatrial node with the posterior right atrioventricular ring through the right venous valve (future crista terminalis) and sinus septum, encircling the coronary sinus. The medioposterior part of the right atrioventricular ring connected to the His bundle and the medioanterior part form 2 node-like structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with abnormal atrial automaticity, the distribution of left and right atrial pacemaker foci correspond to areas of the embryonic myocardium that temporarily express the HNK-1 antigen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Blom
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gittenberger-de Groot
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: DeRuiter
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Poelmann
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mentink
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ottenkamp
mesh_terms: D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000196:embryology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers; D018959:CD57 Antigens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005333:Fetus / Q000737:chemistry; D005865:Gestational Age; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000503:physiopathology*