title: Effects of linker chemistry on the pharmacokinetics of radioimmunoconjugates.
abstract: Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies reactive with tumor-associated antigens can selectively deliver cytotoxic or diagnostic isotopes to malignant cells in vivo. To achieve maximum retention of radiolabel in tumor and a more rapid clearance of radioisotope from normal tissues, six linker immunoconjugates were evaluated in studies using nude mice and beagle dogs. All radioimmunoconjugates contained a mouse monoclonal IgG (QCI) reactive with human ferritin. Different chemical linkages were inserted between immunoglobulins and the radiolabeled chelate (DTPA). Three linkers (ITCB, DSS and BSOCOES) were stable in in vitro and in vivo studies. Three linkers (EGS, DST and DSP) were labile in in vitro and in vivo studies. Indium-111 labeled antiferritin-containing ITCB or DSS linker showed high uptake in human hepatoma xenografts in nude mice. In addition, long blood half-lives and higher normal liver uptakes were noted. Studies of whole body retention of radioimmunoconjugates showed approximately three-fold faster elimination of radioimmunoconjugates containing a labile linker (EGS). EGS linker is the labile linker with the highest therapeutic ratio: higher tumor uptake, but low normal liver uptake and a shortened blood half-life of the radioimmunoconjugate. The differences in normal tissue uptake (liver) between EGS and ITCB were confirmed in beagle dogs. Urine elimination studies and incubation or radioimmunoconjugates in serum or tissue homogenates of tumor, liver or muscle, showed that enzymes in serum and liver homogenates were able to cleave the labile linkers, which led to a more rapid elimination of low molecular weight radioactive metabolites in urine. The metabolism of linker radioimmunoconjugates in tumor was less effective. The labile linker DSP appears less useful because sulphydryl groups that are generated by cleavage of cause higher uptake radioactivity in normal kidney. Biodistribution studies in nude mice were confirmed by serial immunoscintigraphy studies on individual mice. The immunoscintigraphy studies are semi-quantitative only, but enable the use of lower numbers of experimental animals. This is of particular significance in large experimental animals such as beagle dogs. The labile linker approach can reduce normal tissue radiation exposure. The study also provides an example of preclinical optimization of radioimmunoconjugates. Continued use of the appropriate preclinical animal models will accelerate more successful applications of radioimmunoconjugates in cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Center for Scientific Review, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7804, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Quadri
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Vriesendorp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004285:Dogs; D005293:Ferritins / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018796:Immunoconjugates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016499:Radioimmunotherapy; D013388:Succinimides / Q000737:chemistry