title: Influence of the metabolic sequelae of liver cirrhosis on nutritional intake.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The liver plays a central role in ingestive behavior; alterations in metabolic signaling to the brain stem as a result of chronic liver disease could influence intake.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the influence of metabolic sequelae of liver disease on nutrient intake and nutritional status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nutritional status and spontaneous dietary intake were examined in 65 cirrhotic patients and 14 control subjects. The response to feeding was investigated in 14 control subjects and a subgroup of 31 cirrhotic patients. Comparisons were made between patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and hepatocellular cirrhosis (HC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were nutritionally depleted. The fasting rate of lipid oxidation in the HC group was greater than in the control group (P < 0.01). In the fasting state, only HC patients were hyperinsulinemic [121.2+/-78.5 compared with 41.3+/-18.6 pmol/L in control subjects (P < 0.001) and 64.7+/-15.8 pmol/L in PBC patients (P < 0.05)] and this persisted during the response to feeding. In the fed state, the magnitude of change in carbohydrate oxidation was greatest in the HC group (HC: 34.6%; control: 23.1%; PBC: 25.2%). Carbohydrate and energy intakes of the HC group were lower than in control subjects (carbohydrate: 193+/-38.3 compared with 262+/-48.1 g/d, P < 0.05; energy: 6.29+/-1.40 compared with 9.0+/-2.12 MJ/d, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reductions in carbohydrate intake could be mediated by hyperinsulinemia and compounded by preferential uptake of carbohydrate. This may enhance gastrointestinal satiety signaling and contribute to hypophagia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Queen Margaret College, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. s.keggie@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hinds
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rae
authors.forename: O J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Garden
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000097:blood; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D008105:Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction