title: Latency analysis in epidemiologic studies of occupational exposures: application to the Colorado Plateau uranium miners cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Latency effects are an important factor in assessing the public health implications of an occupational or environmental exposure. Usually, however, latency results as described in the literature are insufficient to answer public health related questions. Alternative approaches to the analysis of latency effects are warranted.
  
  
  METHODS
  A general statistical framework for modeling latency effects is described. We then propose bilinear and exponential decay latency models for analyzing latency effects as they have parameters that address questions of public health interest. Methods are described for fitting these models to cohort or case-control data; statistical inference is based on standard likelihood methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A latency analysis of radon exposure and lung cancer in the Colorado Plateau uranium miners cohort was performed. We first analyzed the entire cohort and found that the relative risk associated with exposure increases for about 8.5 years and thereafter decreases until it reaches background levels after about 34 years. The hypothesis that the relative risk remains at its peak level is strongly rejected (P < 0.001). Next, we investigated the variation in the latency effects over subsets of the cohort based on attained age, level and rate of exposure, and smoking. Age was the only factor for which effect modification was demonstrated (P = 0.014). We found that the decline in effect is much steeper at older ages (60+ years) than younger.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed methods can provide much more information about the exposure-disease latency effects than those generally used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Langholz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stram
mesh_terms: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000009:adverse effects; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015984:Causality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D008906:Mining / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008954:Models, Biological; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011634:Public Health / Q000379:methods*; D011886:Radon / Q000009:adverse effects; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014501:Uranium