title: S values are not a signature for a significant contribution of neutrons to the radiation dose received by atomic-bomb survivors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been proposed previously that the ratio of complete to incomplete translocations as seen by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the S value, can be a cytogenetic fingerprint of exposure to radiation of different qualities. Results from a previous study suggested that the S value is approximately 10 for sparsely ionizing radiations such as X- and gamma-rays, and 2 for densely ionizing radiations. Based on FISH data of atomic-bomb (A-bomb) survivors, which showed an S value of 3.25, a significant neutron component to A-bomb radiation was suggested. To examine the possibility, the present in vitro study was conducted using X-rays.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human blood lymphocytes were exposed to X-rays and first metaphases were examined with FISH using DNA probes for chromosomes 1, 2 and 4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The S value was 3.16 for X-rays, which differs from approximately 10 as reported previously, and not larger than the 3.25 obtained from the blood lymphocytes of A-bomb survivors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S values seem to vary among laboratories even after exposure of cells to sparsely ionizing radiations. Data from this study show that S values are not a signature for a significant contribution of neutrons to the radiation dose received by A-bomb survivors in Hiroshima.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan. nakano@rerf.or.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohtaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D019457:Chromosome Breakage; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007564:Japan; D009502:Neutrons; D009689:Nuclear Warfare; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017741:Survivors