title: Effects on rapid cooling of small samples in quenching.
abstract: Rapid cooling of small samples is necessary both to cryofixation for electron microscopy and to vitrification for cryopreservation. Several effects on the cooling rates of small samples quenched into liquid nitrogen were studied, including the diameter of samples, the subcooling of liquid nitrogen, the quenching speed, and the quenching distance. The heat flux is 1.4 x 10(6) W/m2; the cooling rate is also up to 8200 K/s at the CHF point of boiling curves for sphere of diameter 0.287 mm quenching into subcooled liquid nitrogen. It is also found that if the time of sample moving inside the liquid nitrogen is not longer than the time required for forming stable vapor in the liquid, the quenching boiling heat transfer is not influenced by the quenching speed. Several equation for calculating heat flux of samples are also presented.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Refrigeration & Cryogenic Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, China.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hua
mesh_terms: D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013696:Temperature; D013814:Thermal Conductivity