title: Cardiorespiratory responses to negative pressure ventilation after tetralogy of fallot repair: a hemodynamic tool for patients with a low-output state.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that a period of cuirass negative pressure ventilation (NPV) would augment the cardiac output of patients in the early postoperative period after complete correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Diastolic right ventricular dysfunction can lead to a low-output state in an important minority of patients after TOF repair. In these patients, the diastolic pulmonary arterial flow, which characterizes restrictive right ventricular physiology, and on which the cardiac output is so dependent, is highly sensitive to changes in intrathoracic pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of NPV on pulmonary blood flow were investigated in 23 intubated children who were initially ventilated using intermittent positive pressure ventilation after TOF repair. Eight patients had restrictive right ventricular physiology. All children received a 15-min period of NPV, and eight received a prolonged period (45 min) of NPV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A brief period of NPV increased pulmonary blood flow by 39%, and the improvement further continued if the study period was extended, with a total increase of 67% after 45 min. Patients with restrictive physiology had a somewhat delayed response to NPV, but the ultimate increase during an extended period of NPV was greater in restrictive patients (84%) than nonrestrictive patients (50%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By manipulating important cardiopulmonary interactions, NPV improves the cardiac output of patients after TOF repair, and has a role as a hemodynamic tool in the management of the low-output state in selected cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, England, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Shekerdemian
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Shore
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lincoln
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Redington
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D011669:Pulmonary Wedge Pressure; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015919:Ventilators, Negative-Pressure; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy