title: The effects of needle bevel orientation during epidural catheter insertion in laboring parturients.
abstract: Lateral needle bevel orientation during identification of the epidural space has been recommended to reduce the risk of postdural puncture headache (PDPH). Rotation to cephalad or caudad orientation before catheter insertion is assumed necessary for analgesic success. We prospectively compared the effects of catheter insertion through lateral- and cephalad-oriented Tuohy needle bevels in laboring parturients. Anesthesiology residents were randomized to identify the epidural space with bevels oriented cephalad or lateral. Catheters were inserted without needle rotation. Outcomes compared included ease of insertion, analgesic effectiveness, and complications. We evaluated 534 catheter insertions in 500 parturients. Initial catheter insertion produced satisfactory analgesia in 80.2% of the lateral group versus 91.1% of the cephalad group (P < 0.001). Resistance preventing catheter insertion accounted for the difference. There were no differences in i.v. cannulation (5.8% vs 5.1%), dural puncture (3.8% vs 2.0%), PDPH (0.4% vs 0.7%), or asymmetric block (31% vs 27%). There was a slightly higher rate of paresthesias in the lateral group (31% vs 23%; P = 0.048). In 78% of parturients experiencing both paresthesias and asymmetric block, the side of the paresthesia and greater extent of block were the same. Analgesic effectiveness, as measured by using a visual analog scale, was not different between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two methods of epidural catheter insertion were compared in laboring parturients. Catheter insertion with the needle orifice oriented cephalad was associated with the greatest initial success and the fewest complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Strong Memorial Hospital, New York 14642, USA. MRichardson@Anes.Rochester.edu
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Wissler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000193:education; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D009339:Needles / Q000009:adverse effects; D009407:Nerve Block; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010292:Paresthesia / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012399:Rotation; D013129:Spinal Puncture / Q000009:adverse effects