title: Patterns of failure following high-dose 3-D conformal radiotherapy for high-grade astrocytomas: a quantitative dosimetric study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the failure patterns for patients with high-grade astrocytomas treated with high-dose conformal radiotherapy (CRT) using a quantitative technique to calculate the dose received by the CT- or MR-defined recurrence volume and to assess whether the final target volume margin used in the present dose escalation study requires redefinition before further escalation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 4/89 and 10/95, 71 patients with high-grade supratentorial astrocytomas were entered in a phase I/II dose escalation study using 3-D treatment planning and conformal radiotherapy. All patients were treated to either 70 or 80 Gy in conventional daily fractions of 1.8-2.0 Gy. The clinical and planning target volumes (CTV, PTV) consisted of successively smaller volumes with the final PTV defined as the enhancing lesion plus 0.5 cm margin. As of 10/95, 47 patients have CT or MR evidence of disease recurrence/progression. Of the 47 patients, 36 scans obtained at the time of recurrence were entered into the 3-D radiation therapy treatment planning system. After definition of the recurrent tumor volumes, the recurrence scan dataset was registered with the pretreatment CT dataset so that the actual dose received by the recurrent tumor volumes during treatment could be accurately calculated and then analyzed dosimetrically using dose-volume histograms. Recurrences were divided into several categories: 1) "central," in which 95% or more of the recurrent tumor volume (Vrecur) was within D95, the region treated to high dose (95% of the prescription dose); 2) "in-field," in which 80% or more of Vrecur was within the D95 isodose surface; 3) "marginal," when between 20 and 80% of Vrecur was inside the D95 surface; 4) "outside," in which less than 20% of Vrecur was inside the D95 surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 29 of 36 patients, a solitary lesion was seen on recurrence scans. Of the 29 solitary recurrences, 26 were central, 3 were marginal, and none were outside. Multiple recurrent lesions were seen in seven patients: three patients had multiple central and/or in-field lesions only, three patients had central and/or in-field lesions with additional small marginal or outside lesions, and one patent had 6 outside and one central lesion. Since total recurrence volume was used in the final analysis, 6 of the 7 patients with multiple recurrent lesions were classified into centra/in-field category.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of the 36 evaluable patients has shown that 32 of 36 patients (89%) failed with central or in-field recurrences, 3/36 (8%) had a significant marginal component to the recurrence, whereas only 1/36 (3%) could be clearly labeled as failing mainly outside the high-dose region. Seven patients had multiple recurrences, but only 1 of 7 had large-volume recurrences outside the high-dose region. This study shows that the great majority of patient recurrences that occur after high-dose (70 or 80 Gy) conformal irradiation are centrally located: only 1/36 patients (with 7 recurrent lesions) had more than 50% of the recurrence volume outside the region previously treated to high dose. Further dose escalation to 90 Gy (and beyond) thus seems reasonable, based on the same target volume definition criteria
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0010, USA.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fraass
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Herbort
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gebarski
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Martel
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Radany
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lichter
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Sandler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D015173:Supratentorial Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017211:Treatment Failure