title: Powerlessness regarding health-service barriers: construction of an instrument.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to develop a scale to calculate college students' powerlessness regarding health service barriers (PHSB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Scale items were generated to represent two domains of interest: powerlessness and college students' powerlessness regarding health service barriers. The final 20-item instrument was subjected to multiple measures of validity with college students and panels of nurse experts in the area of nursing diagnosis. Reliability was assessed by two samples (n = 92 and n = 33) of college-age students. A final administration was conducted with 197 college students.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PHSB scale was determined to be an accurate and consistent measure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This instrument will provide a reliable and valid measure to conduct research.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Niagara University, NY, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Dunn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009733:Nursing Diagnosis / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D011209:Power, Psychological; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D014495:Universities