title: Renal ischemia/reperfusion remotely improves myocardial energy metabolism during myocardial ischemia via adenosine receptors in rabbits: effects of "remote preconditioning".
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the changes in myocardial energy metabolism during myocardial ischemia after "remote preconditioning" and investigated the involvement of adenosine receptors in the mechanisms of this effect.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have indicated that a brief period of ischemia and reperfusion (ischemic preconditioning, PC) in a remote organ reduces myocardial infarct size (IS) protecting against subsequent sustained myocardial ischemia. However, the mechanisms of "remote PC" remain unclear. We assessed myocardial energy metabolism during sustained myocardial ischemia and reperfusion after renal PC (RPC), in comparison with that after myocardial PC (MPC) in open-chest rabbits. It has been established that adenosine receptors are involved in the mechanisms of MPC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbits that had been anesthetized with halothane were divided into six groups. The control (CNT) group underwent 40-min coronary occlusion followed by 120 min reperfusion. Before the procedure, the MPC group underwent an additional protocol of 5 min coronary artery occlusion and 20 min reperfusion, and the RPC group received a 10 min episode of renal artery occlusion and 20 min reperfusion. In additional experimental groups, 8 sulfophenyl-theophylline (SPT, 10 mg/kg), an adenosine receptor inhibitor, was intravenously injected before the 40 min myocardial ischemia (SPT, MPC + SPT and RPC + SPT groups, respectively). Myocardial levels of phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP and intracellular pH (pHi) were measured by 31P-NMR spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RPC and MPC delayed the decreases in ATP levels, preserved pHi during 40-min myocardial ischemia and resulted in better recovery of ATP and PCr during 120 min reperfusion compared with the controls. SPT abolished the improvement in myocardial energy metabolism and the reduction in myocardial IS caused by MPC or RPC. Myocardial IS in the CNT (n = 8), MPC (n = 9), RPC (n = 9), SPT (n = 6), MPC + SPT (n = 8) and RPC + SPT (n = 8) groups averaged 42.8+/-3.5%, 18.2+/-1.8%*, 19.6+/-1.3%*, 44.9+/-5.0%, 35.6+/-2.7% and 34.8+/-3.6% of the area at risk (*p < 0.05 vs. CNT), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PC in a remote organ, similar to MPC, improved myocardial energy metabolism during ischemia and reperfusion and reduced IS in vivo by an adenosine-dependent mechanism in rabbits.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Japan. taka5836@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takaoka
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nakae
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mitsunami
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yabe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inubushi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D007511:Ischemia; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D010865:Pilot Projects; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D011817:Rabbits; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D013806:Theophylline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology