title: Percutaneous ethanol injection under general anesthesia for hepatocellular carcinoma: 3 year survival in 112 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) under general anesthesia (One Shot PEI) is a new therapy for large and multiple hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by the injection of large amount of ethanol in the tumor. We report our results with 3 years survival rates in patients with HCC on cirrhosis treated with One Shot PEI.
  
  
  METHODS
  between October 1992 and July 1996, 112 cirrhotic patients (79 males; age: 45-80; mean: 64 years) with 215 HCC nodules (diameter 0.6-14 cm; mean 4.1 cm) underwent One Shot PEI. Fifty-three patients had a single nodule (diameter=3-14 cm; mean=4. 5 cm), 59 had two or more (two to five) nodules (diameter=0.6-13 cm; mean=4.9). Ethanol injected ranged between 16 and 120 ml per session. Survival rates were calculated according to Kaplan-Meier method and Wilcoxon test was used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  five patients died within 7 h-10 days after the treatment for rupture of esophageal varices in three cases, rupture of subcapsular HCC in one case and liver failure in one case. In the remaining 107 patients, dynamic CT or spiral CT, performed 72 h-1 month after the treatment, showed complete necrosis in 76 cases (71%) and incomplete necrosis (although always ?50%) in 31. Survival rates at 1, 2, 3 years in all 107 patients were 88, 76, and 76% respectively. Survival rates in Child A Class patients were 100, 92, 92% and in Class B patients were 84, 72, and 72% at 1, 2, 3 years respectively; in Class C were 70 and 40% at 1 and 2 years respectively (P=0.01). Survival rates in patients with single nodule were 95, 82 and 82% at 1, 2 and 3 years, while in patients with multiple nodules were 80, 68 and 58% at 1, 2 and 3 years respectively (P=n.s.). During the follow-up (6-46 months) 48 patients showed intrahepatic recurrences; 41 out of them were retreated with new sessions of One Shot PEI or traditional PEI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PEI One Shot is more aggressive than traditional PEI. Survival rates of PEI One Shot seems similar to those obtainable by conventional PEI and even better than surgery.
authors.affiliation: Interventional US Service, D. Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy. assanui@tin.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giorgio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tarantino
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mariniello
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Stefano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perrotta
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aloisio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voza
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Finizia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alaia
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Del Viscovo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015996:Survival Rate; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional