title: Parent coping and child distress behaviors during invasive procedures for childhood cancer.
abstract: This study examines what parents identified as their primary stressor before their child's invasive procedure, what coping strategies were used to manage the stress, what level of distress their children experienced during each phase of the procedure, and whether parents' coping modes were associated with their children's distress. Twenty children with cancer from 3 to 11 years of age and the parent present during the procedure participated in the study. Parents' primary stressors were identified as uncertainty about parent role and anticipating the child's distress during the procedure. Although parents used both emotion-focused and problem-focused strategies for coping with their primary stressors, they primarily relied on emotion-focused strategies. Children experienced the most behavioral distress during the procedural phase, and girls exhibited more distress than boys. The parents' coping modes were not associated with their children's distress, but children of parents whose primary stressor was uncertainty about parent role had higher distress than children of parents whose primary stressor was anticipating the child's distress. The findings related to parents' stressors, their coping strategies, and their children's distress were consistent with previous research. Directions for future research and suggestions for dealing with invasive procedures for childhood cancer are described.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240-0008, USA.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: LaMontagne
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hepworth
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manes
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001856:Bone Marrow Examination / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D013129:Spinal Puncture / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires