title: Limb mammary syndrome: a new genetic disorder with mammary hypoplasia, ectrodactyly, and other Hand/Foot anomalies maps to human chromosome 3q27.
abstract: We report on a large Dutch family with a syndrome characterized by severe hand and/or foot anomalies, and hypoplasia/aplasia of the mammary gland and nipple. Less frequent findings include lacrimal-duct atresia, nail dysplasia, hypohydrosis, hypodontia, and cleft palate with or without bifid uvula. This combination of symptoms has not been reported previously, although there is overlap with the ulnar mammary syndrome (UMS) and with ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and clefting syndrome. Allelism with UMS and other related syndromes was excluded by linkage studies with markers from the relevant chromosomal regions. A genomewide screening with polymorphic markers allowed the localization of the genetic defect to the subtelomeric region of chromosome 3q. Haplotype analysis reduced the critical region to a 3-cM interval of chromosome 3q27. This chromosomal segment has not been implicated previously in disorders with defective development of limbs and/or mammary tissue. Therefore, we propose to call this apparently new disorder "limb mammary syndrome" (LMS). The SOX2 gene at 3q27 might be considered an excellent candidate gene for LMS because the corresponding protein stimulates expression of FGF4, an important signaling molecule during limb outgrowth and development. However, no mutations were found in the SOX2 open reading frame, thus excluding its involvement in LMS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics 417, University Hospital Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Bokhoven
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Beersum
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rüschendorf
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Steensel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Veenstra
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tuerlings
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Mariman
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Wienker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ropers
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Hamel
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002893:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005532:Foot Deformities, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D024002:HMGB Proteins; D006228:Hand Deformities, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010375:Pedigree; D011859:Radiography; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors; D013577:Syndrome; D014157:Transcription Factors