title: Prostate seed implant quality assessment using MR and CT image fusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After a seed implant of the prostate, computerized tomography (CT) is ideal for determining seed distribution but soft tissue anatomy is frequently not well visualized. Magnetic resonance (MR) images soft tissue anatomy well but seed visualization is problematic. We describe a method of fusing CT and MR images to exploit the advantages of both of these modalities when assessing the quality of a prostate seed implant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven consecutive prostate seed implant patients were imaged with axial MR and CT scans. MR and CT images were fused in three dimensions using the Pinnacle 3.0 version of the ADAC treatment planning system. The urethra and bladder base were used to "line up" MR and CT image sets during image fusion. Alignment was accomplished using translation and rotation in the three ortho-normal planes. Accuracy of image fusion was evaluated by calculating the maximum deviation in millimeters between the center of the urethra on axial MR versus CT images. Implant quality was determined by comparing dosimetric results to previously set parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Image fusion was performed with a high degree of accuracy. When lining up the urethra and base of bladder, the maximum difference in axial position of the urethra between MR and CT averaged 2.5 mm (range 1.3-4.0 mm, SD 0.9 mm). By projecting CT-derived dose distributions over MR images of soft tissue structures, qualitative and quantitative evaluation of implant quality is straightforward.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The image-fusion process we describe provides a sophisticated way of assessing the quality of a prostate seed implant. Commercial software makes the process time-efficient and available to any clinical practice with a high-quality treatment planning system. While we use MR to image soft tissue structures, the process could be used with any imaging modality that is able to visualize the prostatic urethra (e.g., ultrasound).
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Amdur
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gladstone
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Leopold
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011786:Quality Control; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*