title: Functional impact of nodules: a case-comparison study.
abstract: Patients diagnosed with nodules (NO = 40) in a large university hospital clinic and an age-stratum matched nondiseased group (ND = 200) described adverse outcomes of vocal impairment on work and work-related communications. NOs were significantly more likely than NDs to report symptoms of hoarseness (73% vs. 26%), high-note difficulty (70% vs. 20%), difficulty speaking with a lower voice (53% vs. 13%) and a tired voice (50% vs. 10%), and their greatest source of physical discomfort was associated with scratchiness (61% vs. 3%). The average number of symptoms was four in NOs and less than one in NDs. Nodule patients were most concerned about the effects their voice problem would have on their future career (78% vs. 24%) and 49% of NOS reported their voice problem had an adverse work effect in the past compared with 4% of NDs. Having a voice condition limited current job performance in 39% of the NO group but only in 2% of the ND group. The results suggest that a diagnosis of nodules plays a major role in disrupting careers and work activities and that available educational programs and additional research are needed for improving their functional ability and preventing adverse outcomes in the lives of individuals with voice disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lemke
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*