title: Back pain and agricultural work among farmers: an analysis of the Colorado Farm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Back pain is the most prevalent occupational health problem experienced by much of the world's workforce. However, agricultural work-related back pain occurring among US farmers working on small operations or family farms is usually not included in surveillance. With data collected by Colorado Farm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance Survey, this study reports characteristics of and risk factors for back pain among adult farmers living in eight Colorado counties.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stratified probability sample of 500 farms was selected in proportion to the number of farms in study areas. During the 4-year period from 1993 through 1996, 458 farms were enrolled in the study and 759 farmers were interviewed using a questionnaire. Information on self-reported back pain and potential risk factors among 742 white farmers was evaluated and reported here.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 194 farmers (26.2%) reported to have had at least one episode of back pain lasting for 1 week or more. Males had a slightly higher prevalence of back pain than females (28.6% vs. 22.5%) and the lower back was the predominantly affected part of body among both males and females. In 45.4% of males and 43.9% of females back pain was brought on by repeated activities. Males' activities at work were more likely to cause back pain while females' activities at home were more likely to cause back pain. Three factors were found to be significantly associated with back pain: being depressed (odds ratio (OR) = 3.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.23-6.09), farming/ranching as main activities (OR = 1.66, CI = 1.17-2.36), and worked in agriculture for 10 to 29 years (OR = 1.62, CI = 1.14-2.30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analyses indicate that back pain is an occupational health problem among farmers on small operations or family farms and that back pain affected males and females differently. The finding of significant positive associations between depression, farming activities, and back pain warrants further attention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1676, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stallones
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Keefe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001416:Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors