title: Blood grouping of mixed bloodstains using immunocytochemical methods.
abstract: Immunocytochemical methods to determine the ABO blood group of each blood of mixed bloodstains have been developed. Mixed bloodstains were made on surgical blades and a cedar board. The blades were dipped into blood and then dipped into blood of a different group at intervals of 30, 20, 15, 10 and 5 s. Two drops of blood were dropped on a cedar board and then two drops of blood of a different group were dropped there at the same intervals. The bloodstains were dried for a week. The blood samples were removed from the blades or the cedar board and processed according with a routine histological method. Three serial thin sections were obtained. After deparaffinization, the sections were treated in papain solution for 2 h at 36 degrees C, to unmask antigenic sites on red cell membranes. The labeled streptavidin-biotin (LSAB) and peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) methods were used to detect A and B antigens, and an indirect immunocytochemical method for H antigen. These immunocytochemical methods showed specific immunologic reactions and allowed determination of the blood group of each blood of mixed bloodstains. Further, these methods indicated a possibility to determine who was stabbed first, in cases where two or more victims were stabbed with a single knife.
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bunai
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ohya
mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System / Q000737:chemistry*; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching / Q000379:methods*; D001801:Blood Stains; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011934:Reagent Strips