title: Chronic recurrent stress due to panic disorder does not precipitate Graves' disease.
abstract: A role of psychic stress in precipitating hyperthyroid Graves' disease has been suggested, but the evidence in support of this pathogenetic mechanism is conflicting. In this study we investigated the possible occurrence of Graves' disease in patients with panic disorder, a psychiatric condition characterized by recurrent endogenous stress. The study group included 87 consecutive patients suffering from panic disorder since 1 to 30 years: 17 males (mean age 31.3, range 26-43 years) and 70 females (mean age 37.6, range 15-73 years). Two hundred and sixty-two normal subjects with no present or past history of psychiatric disorder served as controls. Patients were submitted to a full evaluation of the thyroid that included physical examination, assays for free thyroid hormones, TSH, thyroglobulin (TgAb), thyroperoxidase (TPOAb) and TSH receptor (TRAb) antibodies, and thyroid echography. The prevalence of circulating TgAb and/or TPOAb in patients with panic disorder did not differ from that in the control group. Twelve patients with panic disorder (13.7%) had circulating TgAb and/or TPOAb, but none had TRAb. Three out of 12 patients with thyroid antibodies, indicating a genetic susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease, had a family history of clinical thyroid autoimmunity, and 4 of them had a hypoechogenic pattern of the thyroid at ultrasound suggesting autoimmune thyroiditis. None of the patients with panic disorder had a previous history of hyperthyroidism. On examination, clinical hyperthyroidism or endocrine ophthalmopathy were not found in any of them. A small goiter was appreciated by palpation in 16 patients (18.3%). Free thyroid hormones and TSH were within the normal range in all patients but one: a 55-year old lady with normal serum free thyroid hormones and undetectable TSH. During an 18-month follow-up she did not develop hyperthyroidism and her TSH spontaneously returned in the normal range. Considering the individual duration of panic disorder, evidence for previous or present Graves' hyperthyroidism was not found for a total of 478 patient-years of exposure to recurrent endogenous stress in the whole study group, and for a total of 39 patient-years in patients with a genetic susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease. In conclusion, we found that recurrent endogenous stress did not precipitate Graves' hyperthyroidism in a series of 87 patients with panic disorder, encompassing a total of 478 patient-years of exposure to stress. Failure to activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by endogenous stress due to panic disorder as opposed to exogenous stress due to life-events might explain why panic disorder does not precipitate Graves' hyperthyroidism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chiovato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marinò
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perugi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Montanelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lapi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cavaliere
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciampi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patronelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Placidi
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Placidi
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Cassano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pinchera
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006042:Goiter / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin / Q000276:immunology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D013954:Thyroglobulin / Q000276:immunology; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood