title: Patient discomfort following pectoral defibrillator implantation using conscious sedation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The miniaturization of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) has made pectoral implantation possible. However, postoperative pain following the procedure has not been systematically studied. The aim of the current study was to prospectively assess patient discomfort and identify factors influencing pain perception during follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain related to device implantation was quantified in 21 consecutive patients (age, 61 +/- 11 years; 17 men and 21 women; 16 of 21 had coronary artery disease; left ventricular ejection fraction, 32% +/- 15%) undergoing pectoral ICD implantation with conscious sedation (fentanyl 118 +/- 72 micrograms midazolam 14 +/- 9 mg). Patients completed the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS, 0-100) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire 24 hours and 1 month postoperatively. Regression analysis was used to define clinical and procedure related variables affecting patient discomfort and frequency of postoperative analgesic use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean VAS score was 34 +/- 20 24 hours postoperatively. A single (4.8%) patient described postoperative pain as severe. Pain was reported to be moderate by 10 (47.6%) patients and mild by 10 (47.6%) patients. Intraoperative fentanyl requirement was a predictor of postoperative pain (R = 0.51, P = 0.036), and procedural duration was a strong predictor of postoperative analgesic use (R = 0.75, P < 0.001). Pain at 1 month decreased to a VAS score of 19 +/- 18 (P = 0.002 vs 24 hours) and was rated to be severe, moderate, and mild by 1, 3, and 17 patients, respectively. Late pain was related to a VAS score at 24 hours (R = 0.67, P = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Pectoral ICD implantation using conscious sedation is well tolerated. (2) Postoperative discomfort correlates with longer procedural times and larger intraoperative narcotic requirements.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiology Division, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. andreas.bollmann@medizin.uni-magdeburg.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bollmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sathavorn
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mera
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: DeLurgio
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Langberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000628:therapy; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome