title: Spinal cord protection by papaverine and intrathecal cooling during aortic crossclamping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To extend the safe period of aortic crossclamping in the porcine model by intrathecally dilating the spinal arteries, with cooling of the spinal cord, or using selfoteL METHODS: Experimental design and setting: prospective domestic laboratory pig study.
  
  
  METHODS
  fifteen animals were assigned to a control group (C, N=5), intrathecal papaverine plus spinal cord cooling group (IP+C, N=5), or selfotel group (S, N=5). In the IP+C group, a lumbar laminectomy was performed and an intrathecal catheter placed for intrathecal injection of papaverine and perfusion with cold Ringer's solution (4 degrees C) prior to aortic crossclamping. In the selfotel group, 20 mg/kg of selfotel was administered 30 minutes before aortic crossclamping. In all 15 animals, the aorta was crossclamped for 60 minutes at normothermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  immediately after the operation and 24 hours later, lower limb function was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All five control animals were paralyzed; all 5 IP+C animals could stand or walk (p=0.004 versus control); and in the selfotel group, one had paraparesis, three had paraplegia and one died before evaluation (p=n.s.)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of intrathecal papaverine to dilate spinal arteries and prevent spasm from the cold solution plus intrathecally cooling the spinal cord appears to extend the period of safe aortic crossclamping. Selfotel, in this model of extended, severe, spinal cord ischemia, was ineffective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center for Aortic Surgery, Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA 01805, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Svensson
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D010208:Papaverine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077331:Ringer's Solution; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology