title: An overview of levodopa in the management of restless legs syndrome in a dialysis population: pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, and complications of therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review published literature investigating the efficacy and safety of levodopa in the management of restless legs syndrome (RLS), with emphasis on the hemodialysis population.
  
  
  METHODS
  An English-language literature search using MEDLINE was conducted from 1966 to 1997 (key terms: restless legs syndrome, levodopa, hemodialysis). The bibliographies of all identified published articles were reviewed and cross-referenced to ensure that all possible references were identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  All identified human studies investigating the use of levodopa for the management of RLS in uremic and nonuremic patients were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of RLS is 20-40% in patients with endstage renal disease (ESRD) and approximately 5% in the general population. Although the benefits of levodopa/(carbidopa/benserazide) in reducing the signs and symptoms of RLS are documented in nonuremic patients, evidence in patients with ESRD is less readily available. Three small (< 30 subjects) clinical trials in uremic patients provide preliminary evidence for the usefulness of levodopa/(carbidopa/benserazide) in this population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, the small amount of published literature supports the empirical use of levodopa/carbidopa as a safe and effective therapy to manage the distressing symptoms of RLS in a hemodialysis population. We also report personal observations over a 4-year period in our hemodialysis unit that support levodopa as an effective first-line therapy. We have averted suicidal ideation in two patients and frequently modified symptoms of severe sleep deprivation. The dose of levodopa/carbidopa must be individually titrated to each patient's symptomatology, and morning rebound and afternoon augmentation should be monitored.
authors.affiliation: Section of Nephrology, Health Sciences Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Janzen
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Vercaigne
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D007980:Levodopa / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016239:MEDLINE; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013577:Syndrome