title: Glass-ionomer cement: evaluation as an orbital implant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To assess the potential of a porous glass-ionomer cement (GIC) as an alternative material for spherical orbital implants, the handling, side effects and rates of fibrovascular ingrowth of this material were compared with those of a synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) implant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one GIC and 8 HA uncovered 14-mm spheres were implanted into the orbits of New Zealand albino rabbits. Postoperative reactions, animal's behaviour, weight increase and socket conditions were monitored. Light and electron microscopy of the exenterated orbits were performed 2, 3 and 6 months after primary insertion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Implanting of GIC was easier than HA. Postoperatively all animals did well. Three HA and 1 GIC implant caused conjunctival dehiscences, but no implant extrusion was observed. Histologically, both materials caused mild inflammation in the surrounding connective tissue capsule, decreasing with time. GIC implants proved to be not truly porous, with only peripheral pores partly occupied by relatively acellular collagenous connective tissue. Free glass particles were observed in both the connective tissue and giant cells, occupying the partly filled pore spaces. HA implants showed extensive ingrowth of vital host tissue from the beginning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the clinical findings and the mild inflammation in the connective tissue capsule surrounding both materials, they would appear to be equally well tolerated at the implant site. The significantly different microstructure and the histological results make GIC, despite better handling, less suitable as an orbital implant.
authors.affiliation: University Eye Hospital Munich, Germany. christoph.hintschich@ak-i.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hintschich
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Raithel
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bernatzky
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alzner
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Collin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017886:Durapatite; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D009915:Orbit / Q000601:surgery*; D020273:Orbital Implants; D016348:Osseointegration; D016062:Porosity; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation