title: Transrectal ultrasound applicator for prostate heating monitored using MRI thermometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For potential localized hyperthermia treatment of tumors within the prostate, an ultrasound applicator consisting entirely of nonmagnetic materials for use with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been developed and tested on muscle tissue ex vivo and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  A partial-cylindrical intracavitary transducer consisting of 16 elements in a 4 x 4 pattern was constructed. It produced a radially propagating acoustic pressure field. Each element of this array (1.5 x 0.75 cm), operating at 1.5 MHz, could be separately powered to produce a desired energy deposition pattern within a target volume. Spatial and temporal temperature elevations were determined using the temperature-dependent proton resonant frequency (PRF) shift and phase subtraction of MR images acquired during ultrasonic heating. Four rabbits were exposed to the ultrasound to raise the local tissue temperature to 45 degrees C for 25 minutes. Six experiments compared thermocouple temperature results to PRF shift temperature results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tests showed that the multi-element ultrasound applicator was MRI-compatible and allowed imaging during sonication. The induced temperature distribution could be controlled by monitoring the RF power to each transducer element. Therapeutic temperature elevations were easily achieved in vivo at power levels that were about 16% of the maximum system power. From the six thermocouple experiments, comparison between the thermocouple temperature and the PRF temperature yielded an average error of 0.34+/-0.36 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MRI-compatible intracavitary applicator and driving system was able to control the ultrasound field and temperature pattern in vivo. MRI thermometry using the PRF shift can provide adequate temperature accuracy and stability for controlling the temperature distribution.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hynynen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles; D011467:Prostate; D011817:Rabbits; D014159:Transducers; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods