title: Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees living in a rain forest of Côte d'Ivoire.
abstract: An outbreak of Ebola in nature is described for the first time. During a few weeks in November 1994, approximately 25% of 43 members of a wild chimpanzee community disappeared or were found dead in the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. A retrospective cohort study was done on the chimpanzee community. Laboratory procedures included histology, immunohistochemistry, bacteriology, and serology. Ebola-specific immunohistochemical staining was positive for autopsy tissue sections from 1 chimpanzee. Demographic, epidemiologic, and ecologic investigations were compatible with a point-source epidemic. Contact activities associated with a case (e.g., touching dead bodies or grooming) did not constitute significant risk factors, whereas consumption of meat did. The relative risk of meat consumption was 5.2 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-21.1). A similar outbreak occurred in November 1992 among the same community. A high mortality rate among apes tends to indicate that they are not the reservoir for the disease causing the illness. These points will have to be investigated by additional studies.
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization (WHO) Taï Forest Project, and Centre Suisse de recherches scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. formenty@globeaccess.net
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Formenty
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boesch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wyers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Donati
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dind
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Le Guenno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D018420:Ape Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000635:transmission; D015331:Cohort Studies; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000662:veterinary; D017753:Ecosystem; D015981:Epidemiologic Factors; D005260:Female; D019142:Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013154:Spleen / Q000473:pathology