title: Serum carotenoids and tocopherols and incidence of age-related nuclear cataract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not known whether the protective effects of antioxidants on cataract observed in experimental animals are relevant to age-related opacities in humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The relations of serum carotenoids and tocopherols to the incidence of age-related nuclear cataract were investigated in a random sample of 400 adults, 50-86 y of age, in the Beaver Dam Eye Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nuclear opacity was assessed by using lens photographs taken at baseline (in 1988-1990) and follow-up (in 1993-1995). Nonfasting concentrations of individual carotenoids and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, were determined from serum obtained at baseline. A total of 252 persons were eligible for incident cataract, of whom 57 developed nuclear cataract in at least one eye. Results were adjusted for age, smoking, serum cholesterol, heavy drinking, adiposity, and, in the tocopherol models, dietary linoleic acid intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only serum tocopherol (the sum of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, in micromol/mmol cholesterol) was associated with cataract. For total serum tocopherol, persons in tertile 3 had a lower risk of cataract than persons in tertile 1 [odds ratio (OR): 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2, 0.9; P = 0.03 for linear trend]. Although serum carotenoids were not significantly associated with nuclear cataract, marginal inverse associations with lutein (OR: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1, 1.2; P = 0.13 for linear trend) and cryptoxanthin (OR: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1, 1.3; P = 0.11 for linear trend) were suggested in people < or = 65 y of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings were compatible with the possibility that nuclear cataract may be linked inversely to vitamin E status, but neither strongly supported nor negated the hypothesized inverse association of nuclear cataract with serum carotenoids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53705-2397, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lyle
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mares-Perlman
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palta
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Greger
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood*; D002386:Cataract / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D014975:Lutein / Q000097:blood; D000077276:Lycopene; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood*; D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood