title: Atypical antipsychotics. Part I: Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of the newer atypical antipsychotics with those of conventional agents and existing atypical agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was retrieved from a MEDLINE English-literature search from July 1986 to June 1998 and by review of references. Indexing terms included neuroleptics, atypical antipsychotics, clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, sertindole, quetiapine, and ziprasidone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative studies were selected when possible; placebo-controlled studies were included when data were limited on newer atypical antipsychotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emphasis was placed on properly designed clinical trials that assessed dosage, expanded efficacy, enhanced adverse effect profile, and cost.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Like other atypical antipsychotics, the newer agents have an enhanced 5-hydroxytryptophan/dopaminergic receptors (5-HT2/D2) affinity ratio and undergo extensive biotransformation. Risperidone and olanzapine demonstrate more favorable efficacy/adverse effect ratios than clozapine, sertindole, and conventional antipsychotics in nonrefractory and refractory schizophrenics. Future studies will more clearly define the role of quetiapine and ziprasidone in antipsychotic therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from controlled trials on efficacy and extrapyramidal side effects support risperidone or olanzapine as first-line agents for the treatment of schizophrenia. Pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic factors do not distinguish between agents sufficiently for drug selection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*