title: Proteasome inhibitors induce mitochondria-independent apoptosis in human glioma cells.
abstract: The proteasome inhibitors lactacystin and AcLLNal induced p53-independent apoptosis in two human glioma cell lines, and the apoptosis was accompanied by up-regulation of immunoreactive wild-type p53, p21Waf1, Mdm2, and p27Kip1. Pretreatment with cycloheximide decreased the induction of cell death independently of p53 protein status, suggesting that the up-regulation of short-lived proteins is associated with proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Caspase-3-like proteases were activated in the proteasome inhibitor-mediated apoptosis, and the induction of cell death was inhibited more effectively in the presence of z-VAD.fmk than in the presence of Ac-DEVD.fmk, suggesting that caspases other than caspase-3 are involved. Nonetheless, there were no significant alterations in levels of immunoreactive Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), Bax, Bad, and Bak, nor any evidence of cytochrome c release into cytosol and dissipation of delta(psi)m. Thus, the proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis is mediated by a mitochondria-independent mechanism, and the once activated caspase-3 does not cause the cytochrome c release and the delta(psi)m disruption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitagawa
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tani
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikemoto
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Omura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000187:drug effects*; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects*; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000187:drug effects*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins