title: The effect of alpha2-adrenergic drugs on the activity of neurons in the rat nucleus raphe magnus in vitro.
abstract: The nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) is an important descending inhibitory system for pain transmission. We tested whether clonidine, an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, and yohimbine, an alpha2-adrenergic antagonist, modulate the activity of NRM neurons using extracellular recording in a rat brainstem slice preparation. Clonidine 1-20 microM increased firing frequencies (FF) in 22 (37%) and decreased FF in 6 (10%) spontaneously active neurons. Correlation between the concentrations of clonidine and FF changes was unremarkable. Eight spontaneously active neurons (13%) showed increases followed by decreases in FF with increasing doses of clonidine. The remaining 24 neurons (40%) showed no change in FF. Yohimbine 1 microM decreased FF in 38 spontaneously active neurons (58%), whereas the remaining 27 neurons (42%) showed no change in FF. In some neurons, yohimbine antagonized the increase or decrease in FF by application of clonidine. In three silent neurons (25%), clonidine (5 or 10 microM) induced firing activity, which stopped or decreased with the increasing doses of clonidine. In the remaining nine neurons (75%), clonidine did not induce firing activity. We conclude that activation and inhibition of alpha2-adrenergic receptors of NRM neurons augments and suppresses output of the descending inhibitory pain pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nucleus raphe magnus is implicated in descending control of the nociceptive processes. We found that clonidine and yohimbine increased and decreased, respectively, the firing activity of a substantial number of nucleus raphe magnus neurons. Clonidine and may facilitate and yohimbine may reduce the outflow of the descending inhibitory pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. kantomo@med.hokudai.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kemmotsu
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D011903:Raphe Nuclei / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*