title: Constitutive activation of the 41-/43-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in human tumors.
abstract: The 41-kDa and 43-kDa mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases play a pivotal role in the mitogenic signal transduction pathway and are essential components of the MAP kinase cascade, which includes MAP kinase kinase (MEK) and Raf-1. As aberrant activation of signal transducing molecules such as Ras and Raf-1 has been linked with cancer, we examined whether constitutive activation of the 41-/43-kDa MAP kinases is associated with the neoplastic phenotype of 138 tumor cell lines and 102 primary tumors derived from various human organs. Constitutive activation of the MAP kinases was observed in 50 tumor cell lines (36.2%) in a rather tissue-specific manner: cell lines derived from pancreas, colon, lung, ovary and kidney showed especially high frequencies with a high degree of MAP kinase activation, while those derived from brain, esophagus, stomach, liver and of hematopoietic origin showed low frequencies with a limited degree of MAP kinase activation. We also detected constitutive activation of the 41-/43-kDa MAP kinases in a relatively large number of primary human tumors derived from kidney, colon and lung tissues but not from liver tissue. Many tumor cells, in which point mutations of ras genes were detected, showed constitutive activation of MAP kinases, however, there were also many exceptions to this observation. In contrast, the activation of the 41-/43-kDa MAP kinases was accompanied by the activation of Raf-1 in the majority of tumor cells and was completely associated with the activation of MEK and p90rsk in all the tumor cells examined. These results suggest that the constitutive activation of 41-/43-kDa MAP kinases in tumor cells is not due to the disorder of MAP kinases themselves, but is due to the disorder of Raf-1, Ras, or some other signaling molecules upstream of Ras.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Regulation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoshino
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chatani
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamori
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuruo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ari-i
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohno
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured