title: Electrical stimulation of nucleus paragigantocellularis induces opioid withdrawal-like behaviors in the rat.
abstract: To examine a role for the medullary nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) in mediation of the symptomatology of opioid withdrawal, bilateral electrical stimulation of the PGi was performed in conscious, unrestrained, opioid naive (nondependent) rats. A characteristic series of behaviors was elicited during each 30-min session of PGi stimulation. The profile of these behaviors resembled qualitatively, but was not quantitatively identical with those seen during precipitated withdrawal from opioid dependence. This behavioral syndrome has been termed, opioid withdrawal-like behavior. The opioid withdrawal-like behaviors were voltage-, but not frequency-, dependent. Tolerance to repeated stimulation of the PGi did not develop following a series of 30-min runs of stimulation over 3.5 h. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of the nonselective opioid antagonist, naloxone, significantly decreased (by 40-50%) the intensity of stimulation-induced behavioral responses, as did injections of either the mu-selective (beta-funaltrexamine, beta-FNA) or the delta-selective (naltrindole, NTI) opioid antagonists. In contrast, similar i.c.v. injections of the kappa-selective antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), did not block behavioral responses to PGi stimulation. The results indicate that activation of the PGi by electrical stimulation can elicit behaviors similar to those observed during opioid withdrawal. Endogenous opioids, acting through mu- and delta-, but not kappa-opioid receptors, participate in mediating opioid withdrawal-like behaviors induced by PGi stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216-4505, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Rockhold
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000819:agonists; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*