title: Organization of the sympathetic innervation of the forelimb resistance vessels in the cat.
abstract: Detailed information on the outflow pathway of sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers to the upper extremity is lacking. We studied the organization of the sympathetic innervation of the forelimb resistance vessels and of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the decerebrated, artificially respirated cat. The distal portion of sectioned individual rami T1-8 and the sympathetic chain immediately caudal to T8 on the right side were electrically stimulated while the right forelimb perfusion pressure (forelimb perfused at constant flow) and heart rate were recorded. Increases in perfusion pressure were evoked by stimulation of T2-8 (maximal response T7: 55 +/- 2.3 mm Hg). Responses were still evoked by stimulation of the sympathetic chain immediately caudal to T8 (44 +/- 15 mm Hg). Increases in heart rate were evoked by the stimulation of more rostral rami (T1-5; maximal response T3: 55.2 +/- 8 bpm). These vasoconstrictor and cardioacceleratory responses were blocked by the cholinergic antagonists hexamethonium and scopolamine. Sectioning of the vertebral nerve and the T1 ramus abolished the vasoconstrictor response. Stimulation of the vertebral nerve and of the proximal portion of the sectioned T1 ramus increased perfusion pressure (69 +/- 9 and 34 +/- 14 mm Hg, respectively), which was unaffected by ganglionic cholinergic block. These data suggest that forelimb resistance vessel control is subserved by sympathetic preganglionic neurons located mainly in the middle to caudal thoracic spinal segments. Some of the postganglionic axons subserving vasomotor function course through the T1 ramus, in addition to the vertebral nerve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Forelimb vasculature is controlled by sympathetic preganglionic neurons located in middle to caudal thoracic spinal segments and by postganglionic axons carried in the T1 ramus and vertebral nerve. This helps to provide the anatomical substrate of interruption of sympathetic outflow to the upper extremity produced by major conduction anesthesia of the stellate ganglion or spinal cord.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. mdba@musica.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Backman
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Polosa
mesh_terms: D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000818:Animals; D001366:Axillary Artery / Q000294:innervation*; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002415:Cats; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D003655:Decerebrate State; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005552:Forelimb / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation*; D005728:Ganglia, Sympathetic / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005730:Ganglionic Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018738:Hexamethonium / Q000494:pharmacology; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000294:innervation; D013233:Stellate Ganglion / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*