Environmental contamination and human exposure to manganese--contribution of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in unleaded gasoline.
The organomanganese compound MMT (methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl), an antiknock additive in unleaded gasoline, has been used in Canada since 1976. Indeed, Canada is the only country where MMT is almost exclusively used. In October 1995, by court decision the Environmental protection Agency (EPA) granted Ethyl's waiver for the use of MMT in the United States. Paradoxically, in 1997 the federal government of Canada adopted a law (C-29) that banned both the interprovincial trade and the importation for commercial purposes of manganese-based substances, including MMT. However, MMT is currently widely used in Canada because of substantial stockpiling, and six Canadian provinces are challenging the law in the courts. Moreover, MMT has been approved for use in Argentina, Australia, Bulgaria, Russia, and conditionally, in New Zealand. It has been suggested by some scientists that combustion of MMT may be a significant source of exposure to inorganic Mn in urban areas. The crucial question is whether Mn contamination from industrial sources combined with the additional contamination that would result from the widespread use of MMT would lead to toxic effects. Our research efforts have attempted to assess the environmental/ecosystem Mn contamination arising from the combustion of MMT in abiotic and biotic systems as well as human exposure. The experimental evidence acquired so far provides useful information on certain environmental consequences of the use of MMT as well as raising a number of questions. Our results gave evidence indicating that roadside air, soils, plants, and animals may be contaminated by Mn. As well, some specific groups of the population could have a higher level of exposure to Mn. Nevertheless, the levels of exposure remain below international guide values. Further studies and further characterization of dose-response relationships are thus needed to provide successful implementation of evidence-based risk-assessment approaches.
Zayed
J
J
Département de médecine du travail et d'hygiène du milieu, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada. zayedj@ere.umontreal.ca
Vyskocil
A
A
Kennedy
G
G
D002170:Canada; D006801:Humans; D008345:Manganese / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D018570:Risk Assessment; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*
D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; C009907:2-methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl; D008345:Manganese