Massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage after transoesophageal echocardiography probe insertion.
OBJECTIVE
To describe a case of a massive gastric bleeding following emergency coronary artery bypass surgery associated with transoesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) examination.


METHODS
A 50-yr-old man was referred for an acute myocardial infarction and pulmonary edema (Killip class 3). Twelve hours after his myocardial infarction, he was still having chest pain despite an i.v. heparin infusion. Coronary angiography revealed severe three-vessel disease with multifocal stenosis of the left anterior descending, circumflex and total occlusion of the right coronary artery. The patient was transferred to the operating room for emergency coronary artery bypass graft surgery. After total systemic heparinization (3 mg.kg-1) was obtained for cardiopulmonary bypass, a multiplane TEE probe was inserted without difficulty to monitor myocardial contractility during weaning from CPB. During sternal closure, the TEE probe was removed and an orogastric tube was inserted with immediate drainage of 1,200 ml red blood. Endoscopic examination demonstrated a mucosal tear near the gastro-oesophageal junction and multiple erosions were seen in the oesophagus. These lesions were successfully treated with submucosal epinephrine injections and the patient was discharged from the hospital eight days after surgery.


CONCLUSIONS
This is a report of severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage following TEE examination in a fully heparinized patient. This incident suggest that, if the use of TEE is expected, the probe should preferably be inserted before the administration of heparin and the beginning of CPB.
Department of Anaesthesia and Cardiac Surgery, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada.
J
J
St-Pierre
L P
LP
Fortier
P
P
Couture
Y
Y
Hébert
D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000293:injuries; D004947:Esophagus / Q000293:injuries; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation
D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin