Double blind, cluster randomised trial of low dose supplementation with vitamin A or beta carotene on mortality related to pregnancy in Nepal. The NNIPS-2 Study Group.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the impact on mortality related to pregnancy of supplementing women of reproductive age each week with a recommended dietary allowance of vitamin A, either preformed or as beta carotene.


METHODS
Double blind, cluster randomised, placebo controlled field trial.


METHODS
Rural southeast central plains of Nepal (Sarlahi district).


METHODS
44 646 married women, of whom 20 119 became pregnant 22 189 times.


METHODS
270 wards randomised to 3 groups of 90 each for women to receive weekly a single oral supplement of placebo, vitamin A (7000 micrograms retinol equivalents) or beta carotene (42 mg, or 7000 micrograms retinol equivalents) for over 31/2 years.


METHODS
All cause mortality in women during pregnancy up to 12 weeks post partum (pregnancy related mortality) and mortality during pregnancy to 6 weeks postpartum, excluding deaths apparently related to injury (maternal mortality).


RESULTS
Mortality related to pregnancy in the placebo, vitamin A, and beta carotene groups was 704, 426, and 361 deaths per 100 000 pregnancies, yielding relative risks (95% confidence intervals) of 0. 60 (0.37 to 0.97) and 0.51 (0.30 to 0.86). This represented reductions of 40% (P<0.04) and 49% (P<0.01) among those who received vitamin A and beta carotene. Combined, vitamin A or beta carotene lowered mortality by 44% (0.56 (0.37 to 0.84), P<0.005) and reduced the maternal mortality ratio from 645 to 385 deaths per 100 000 live births, or by 40% (P<0.02). Differences in cause of death could not be reliably distinguished between supplemented and placebo groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Supplementation of women with either vitamin A or beta carotene at recommended dietary amounts during childbearing years can lower mortality related to pregnancy in rural, undernourished populations of south Asia.
Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Division of Human Nutrition, Room 2041, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. kwest@jhsph.edu
K P
KP
West
J
J
Katz
S K
SK
Khatry
S C
SC
LeClerq
E K
EK
Pradhan
S R
SR
Shrestha
P B
PB
Connor
S M
SM
Dali
P
P
Christian
R P
RP
Pokhrel
A
A
Sommer
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A