Speed performance and long-term functional and vocational outcome in a group of young patients with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury.
We studied specific aspects of speed performance in neuropsychological tests and functional and vocational long-term outcome among moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients admitted to a rehabilitation programme. A group of 140 patients with mild, moderate or severe TBI was followed up for a minimum of 5 years in a rehabilitation programme. Severity of TBI was estimated using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores on emergency hospital admission. The patients, grouped by age at injury into the categories: 7 or younger, 8-16 and 17 years of age or older, were tested five or more years post-injury with comprehensive neuropsychological tests, including a speed performance test with the Stroop material, the Purdue Pegboard (PB) test and simple visual and auditive reaction times. The outcome variables were functional outcome, as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score, and capacity for employment at the end of follow-up, i.e. on average 12 years post-injury. The patients with mild TBI were excluded from further analysis of outcome. The study was carried out at the Kauniala outpatient neurological clinic. In the Stroop test, patients with a GOS score of 3 and patients who were incapable of employment were slower (P = 0.0046 and P = 0.0015, respectively) than those with a GOS score of 1 or 2 and those capable of independent or subsidized employment, respectively. The PB test also differentiated significantly between the patients with a GOS score of 3 and those with a GOS score of 1 or 2 at the end of follow-up (P = 0.0413), and predicted incapacity for employment (P = 0.032), those with worse outcome being slower. Simple reaction times did not differ significantly between the GOS scores at the end of follow-up, and neither did they predict capacity or incapacity for employment. Our data suggest that the Stroop and PB tests can help estimate functional outcome, as measured by the GOS, among patients with initially moderate or severe TBI and who were referred to a rehabilitation programme. The same tests could also be useful in predicting long-term vocational outcome.
Department of Neurology, Kauniala Hospital, Kauniainen, Finland.
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I
Asikainen
T
T
Nybo
K
K
Muller
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S
Sarna
M
M
Kaste
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012050:Rehabilitation, Vocational; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome