Measurement of thermal effects on the optical properties of prostate tissue at wavelengths of 1,064 and 633 nm.
OBJECTIVE
The extent of thermal injury during laser prostatectomy is dependent on the light distribution in laser-irradiated tissue. As tissue is irradiated, the optical properties change as a function of temperature due to an alteration of molecular and cellular structure. The purpose of the present study was to determine how the exposure of both fresh and previously frozen canine prostate tissue to elevated temperatures affects the optical properties.


METHODS
Optical properties were measured by using a double integrating sphere spectrophotometer with an inverse adding-doubling algorithm. Measurements were made at two wavelengths (1,064 nm and 633 nm) on samples heated in a waterbath in 5 degree-10 degree increments for 10 min through a 50 degrees C temperature range.


RESULTS
Upon coagulation, the absorption coefficient of fresh tissue decreased from the baseline measurement for both wavelengths (0.027 +/- 0.003 to 0.019 +/- 0.002 for lambda = 1,064 nm; 0.073 +/- 0.007 to 0.061 +/- 0.006 for lambda = 633 nm). However, the scattering coefficient increased sharply from the baseline measurement following coagulation (3.06 +/- 0.26 to 6.05 +/- 0.29 for lambda = 1,064 nm; 4.89 +/- 0.23 to 7.22 +/- 0.30 for lambda = 633 nm). Thermal coagulation occurred during exposure to temperatures between 60 degrees C and 70 degrees C.


CONCLUSIONS
Data obtained in this study indicate that thermal coagulation of tissue alters the optical properties. The extent to which these changes occur was found to be dependent on wavelength and freshness of tissue. These results are significant because they suggest how thermally induced changes in the optical properties may limit the depth of light penetration in tissue thus compromising treatment.
Nau
W H
WH
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA. nau@itsa.ucsf.edu
Roselli
R J
RJ
Milam
D F
DF
D000465:Algorithms; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D015925:Cryopreservation; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D011467:Prostate / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013045:Species Specificity; D013053:Spectrophotometry