Comparison of longevity, pacing, and sensing characteristics of steroid-eluting epicardial versus conventional endocardial pacing leads in children.
OBJECTIVE
Because of either cardiac anatomy or small size, pacing in children often occurs by means of epicardial leads. The disadvantage of epicardial leads is the shorter longevity of these leads compared with endocardial leads. During short-term follow-up, improved stimulation thresholds were found for the newer steroid-eluting epicardial leads. The longevity of these leads may be better than that of conventional epicardial leads. An improved longevity of epicardial leads may influence the choice to either epicardial or endocardial pacing in children.


METHODS
We studied the longevity and the pacing and sensing characteristics of 33 steroid-eluting epicardial pacing leads (group I, 15 atrial, 18 ventricular) implanted between November 1991 and October 1996 in 20 children with a mean age of 7.6 +/- 6.5 years (mean +/- SD), and 29 endocardial pacing leads (group II, 15 atrial, 14 ventricular) implanted during the same period in 21 children with a mean age of 11.7 +/- 4.7 years.


RESULTS
The mean follow-up in group I was 2.9 +/- 1.6 years and in group II 3.1 +/- 1.7 years (P =.61). The 2-year survival of the leads in group I was 91% +/- 5% and in group II 86% +/- 7% (P =.97). Lead failure occurred in both groups in 4 leads (P =.85). Chronic stimulation and sensing thresholds were similar.


CONCLUSIONS
Steroid-eluting epicardial leads have the same longevity as the conventional endocardial leads. Pacing and sensing thresholds were similar and did not change during follow-up. Therefore steroid-eluting epicardial pacing leads are a good alternative for endocardial leads in small children and in children with congenital heart disease.
Beatrix Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, and Thoracic Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
G C
GC
Beaufort-Krol
H
H
Mulder
D
D
Nagelkerke
T W
TW
Waterbolk
M T
MT
Bink-Boelkens
D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial