Male fetuses are particularly affected by maternal alloimmunization to D antigen.
BACKGROUND
It is hypothesized that male fetuses are more severely affected by fetomaternal alloimmunization to D antigen than female fetuses.


METHODS
One hundred four consecutive pregnancies with single D+ fetuses (51 males, 53 females) and maternal anti-D titers >16 were analyzed retrospectively.


RESULTS
Sixty fetuses (58%) received intrauterine transfusions. Male fetuses required more transfusions than females (5.0 vs. 2.0, p = 0.0001). At the initial transfusion, male fetuses had a lower gestational age (24.5 vs. 31.0 weeks, p = 0.0007), cord blood hemoglobin content (6.45 vs. 8.75 g/dL, p = 0.01), and hematocrit (19.8 vs. 26.8%, p = 0.004) than female fetuses. After adjustment for maternal gravidity, parity, and history of affected offspring, the odds ratio for development of hydrops by male fetuses was 13.1 (95% CI 2.69-63.6, p = 0.001). Perinatal mortality was higher in male (18%) fetuses than in female (6%) (adjusted odds ratio for males 3.38; 95% CI 0.59-19.46, p = 0.17).


CONCLUSIONS
Male fetuses are particularly affected by maternal alloimmunization to D and require more intense antepartum surveillance than female fetuses.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Vienna, Austria.
B
B
Ulm
G
G
Svolba
M R
MR
Ulm
G
G
Bernaschek
S
S
Panzer
D000328:Adult; D000751:Anemia, Neonatal / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death; D006801:Humans; D015160:Hydrops Fetalis / Q000276:immunology; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000276:immunology*; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012203:Rh Isoimmunization; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System / Q000097:blood*; D012727:Sex Characteristics
D010455:Peptides; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; C026410:Rho(D) antigen