Efficacy of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone in treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis strains highly resistant to aminoglycosides.
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the in vitro possibilities of ampicillin-ceftriaxone combinations for 10 Enterococcus faecalis strains with high-level resistance to aminoglycosides (HLRAg) and to assess the efficacy of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone, both administered with humanlike pharmacokinetics, for the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to HLRAg E. faecalis. A reduction of 1 to 4 dilutions in MICs of ampicillin was obtained when ampicillin was combined with a fixed subinhibitory ceftriaxone concentration of 4 micrograms/ml. This potentiating effect was also observed by the double disk method with all 10 strains. Time-kill studies performed with 1 and 2 micrograms of ampicillin alone per ml or in combination with 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 micrograms of ceftriaxone per ml showed a > or = 2 log10 reduction in CFU per milliliter with respect to ampicillin alone and to the initial inoculum for all 10 E. faecalis strains studied. This effect was obtained for seven strains with the combination of 2 micrograms of ampicillin per ml plus 10 micrograms of ceftriaxone per ml and for six strains with 5 micrograms of ceftriaxone per ml. Animals with catheter-induced endocarditis were infected intravenously with 10(8) CFU of E. faecalis V48 or 10(5) CFU of E. faecalis V45 and were treated for 3 days with humanlike pharmacokinetics of 2 g of ampicillin every 4 h, alone or combined with 2 g of ceftriaxone every 12 h. The levels in serum and the pharmacokinetic parameters of the humanlike pharmacokinetics of ampicillin or ceftriaxone in rabbits were similar to those found in humans treated with 2 g of ampicillin or ceftriaxone intravenously. Results of the therapy for experimental endocarditis caused by E. faecalis V48 or V45 showed that the residual bacterial titers in aortic valve vegetations were significantly lower in the animals treated with the combinations of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone than in those treated with ampicillin alone (P < 0.001). The combination of ampicillin and ceftriaxone showed in vitro and in vivo synergism against HLRAg E. faecalis.
Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Hospital General Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain. gavalda@hg.vhebron.es
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J
Gavaldà
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Torres
C
C
Tenorio
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López
M
M
Zaragoza
J A
JA
Capdevila
B
B
Almirante
F
F
Ruiz
N
N
Borrell
X
X
Gomis
C
C
Pigrau
F
F
Baquero
A
A
Pahissa
D000465:Algorithms; D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000667:Ampicillin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008954:Models, Biological; D010406:Penicillins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011817:Rabbits
D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D010406:Penicillins; D002443:Ceftriaxone; D000667:Ampicillin