Role of hypoxia-induced Bax translocation and cytochrome c release in reoxygenation injury.
We investigated mechanisms of cell death during hypoxia/reoxygenation of cultured kidney cells. During glucose-free hypoxia, cell ATP levels declined steeply resulting in the translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria. Concurrently, there was cytochrome c release and caspase activation. Cells that leaked cytochrome c underwent apoptosis after reoxygenation. ATP depletion induced by a mitochondrial uncoupler resulted in similar alterations even in the presence of oxygen. Moreover, inclusion of glucose during hypoxia prevented protein translocations and reoxygenation injury by maintaining intracellular ATP. Thus, ATP depletion, rather than hypoxia per se, was the cause of protein translocations. Overexpression of Bcl-2 prevented cytochrome c release and reoxygenation injury without ameliorating ATP depletion or Bax translocation. On the other hand, caspase inhibitors did not prevent protein translocations, but inhibited apoptosis during reoxygenation. Nevertheless, they could not confer long-term viability, since mitochondria had been damaged. Omission of glucose during reoxygenation resulted in continued failure of ATP production, and cell death with necrotic morphology. In contrast, cells expressing Bcl-2 had functional mitochondria and remained viable during reoxygenation even without glucose. Therefore, Bax translocation during hypoxia is a molecular trigger for cell death during reoxygenation. If ATP is available during reoxygenation, apoptosis develops; otherwise, death occurs by necrosis. By preserving mitochondrial integrity, BCL-2 prevents both forms of cell death and ensures cell viability.
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, 78284-7750, USA.
P
P
Saikumar
Z
Z
Dong
Y
Y
Patel
K
K
Hall
U
U
Hopfer
J M
JM
Weinberg
M A
MA
Venkatachalam
D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D001692:Biological Transport; D053148:Caspase 3; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology*; D019069:Cell Respiration / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D019281:Dimerization; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; C494828:Bax protein, rat; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D005947:Glucose