Personal exposure to dust, endotoxin and crystalline silica in California agriculture.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to measure personal exposure to dust, endotoxin and crystalline silica during various agricultural operations in California over a period of one year.


METHODS
Ten farms were randomly selected in Yolo and Solano counties and workers were invited to wear personal sampling equipment to measure inhalable and respirable dust levels during various operations. The samples were analysed for endotoxin using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay and crystalline silica content using X-ray diffraction. In total 142 inhalable samples and 144 respirable samples were collected.


RESULTS
The measurements showed considerable difference in exposure levels between various operations, in particular for the inhalable fraction of the dust and the endotoxin. Machine harvesting of tree crops (Geometric mean (GM) = 45.1 mg/m3) and vegetables (GM = 7.9 mg/m3), and cleaning of poultry houses (GM = 6.7 mg/m3) showed the highest inhalable dust levels. Cleaning of poultry houses also showed the highest inhalable endotoxin levels (GM = 1861 EU/m3). Respirable dust levels were generally low, except for machine harvesting of tree crops (GM = 2.8 mg/m3) and vegetables (GM = 0.9 mg/m3). Respirable endotoxin levels were also low. For the inhalable dust fraction, levels were reduced considerably when an enclosed cabin was present. The percentage of crystalline silica was overall higher in the respirable dust samples than the inhalable dust samples.


CONCLUSIONS
Considerable differences exist in personal exposure levels to dust, endotoxin and crystalline silica during various agricultural operations in California agriculture with some operations showing very high levels.
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, U.K. m.nieuwenhuijsen@ic.ac.uk
M J
MJ
Nieuwenhuijsen
K S
KS
Noderer
M B
MB
Schenker
V
V
Vallyathan
S
S
Olenchock
D000383:Agriculture; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D002140:California; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016011:Normal Distribution; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*
D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004391:Dust; D004731:Endotoxins; D012822:Silicon Dioxide