title: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and expression in intestinal epithelial cells: role of protein kinase A and C pathways in HIV-1 transcription.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can infect human colon epithelial cell lines by both CD4-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The present studies assessed cellular factors that are important for HIV-1 transcription in human colon epithelial cells. The HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) was shown to contain functional DNA cis-regulatory elements downstream of the viral transactivator-responsive element in the transcribed noncoding 5' leader sequence. These downstream regulatory elements, termed DSE, can bind c-Fos and JunD and transmit protein kinase C activation signals to the HIV LTR. Moreover, specific Jun and Fos transcription factors can transactivate HIV-1 provirus in human colon epithelial cells. The DSE also bind related proteins of the CREB/ATF family. In this regard, the DSE behave as 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate responder element-like cAMP-responsive elements because they bind both AP-1 and CREB/ATF transcription factors, thereby permitting induction of the HIV-1 LTR by both protein kinase C and A activation signals.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0623, USA. mkagnoff@ucsd.edu
authors: M F
authors: MF
authors: Kagnoff
authors: K A
authors: KA
authors: Roebuck
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000821:virology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000821:virology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate