title: Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in llamas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane (ISO) in llamas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight adult neutered male llamas (9 +/- 1 years [x +/- SD], 177 +/- 29 kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthesia was induced and maintained in otherwise unmedicated llamas with a mixture of ISO in oxygen administered through a standard small-animal, semi-closed circle system using an out-of-circle, agent-specific vaporizer. The time from mask placement to intubation was recorded. Inspired and end-tidal (ET) ISO was sampled continuously. At each anesthetic concentration, a constant ET ISO was maintained for at least 20 minutes before application of a noxious electrical stimulus (50 volts, 5 Hz, 10 ms for up to 1 minute). A positive or negative response to the stimulus was recorded, and ET ISO then increased (if positive response) or decreased (if negative response) by 10% to 20%. Individual MAC was the average of multiple determinations. Body temperature was maintained at 37 +/- 1 degrees C. Selected cardiopulmonary variables (heart rate [HR], respiratory rate [RR], arterial blood pressure [ABP]) and ET ISO were recorded at hourly intervals from first ISO. Arterial blood was collected for pH, PCO2, PO2 analysis and measurement of packed cell volume (PCV) and total protein (TP) at 2 hour intervals. Following MAC determination, the anesthetic was discontinued and llamas were allowed to recover. Duration and quality of recovery were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The time from start of induction by mask to completion of intubation took 19.1 +/- 4.8 minutes. The MAC of ISO corrected to one atmosphere at sea level (barometric pressure 760 mm Hg) in these llamas was 1.05 +/- 0.17%. Mean ABP increased from 70 +/- 26 mm Hg at the end of the first hour of anesthesia to 102 +/- 7 mm Hg measured at the end of the sixth hour of anesthesia. ET ISO decreased from 2.06 +/- 0.10% to 1.27 +/- 0.07% over the same time period, but MAC did not change with time. The duration from first ISO to discontinuation of ISO averaged 6.19 +/- 0.9 hours. Animals were able to support their heads in a sternal posture at 23 +/- 10 minutes, and stood 62 +/- 26 minutes following discontinuation of the anesthetic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MAC for ISO is similar to, but slightly lower than, values reported for other species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of MAC may facilitate appropriate clinical use and provide the basis for future investigation of ISO in llamas.
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA.
authors: K R
authors: KR
authors: Mama
authors: A E
authors: AE
authors: Wagner
authors: D A
authors: DA
authors: Parker
authors: P W
authors: PW
authors: Hellyer
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Gaynor
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000378:metabolism*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane