title: Characterization of rofecoxib as a cyclooxygenase-2 isoform inhibitor and demonstration of analgesia in the dental pain model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and indomethacin (INN, indometacin) inhibit both the constitutive (COX-1) and inducible (COX-2) isoforms of cyclooxygenase. The induction of COX-2 after inflammatory stimuli has led to the hypothesis that COX-2 inhibition primarily accounts for the therapeutic properties of NSAIDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines that express each COX isoform were used to characterize the in vitro selectivity of rofecoxib. Single oral doses of rofecoxib and indomethacin were then assessed in subjects with use of ex vivo COX-isoform specific assays (serum thromboxane B2 [TXB2] and lipopolysaccharide [LPS]-stimulated whole blood prostaglandin E2 and assays of COX-1 and COX-2 activity, respectively). A double-blind, parallel-group study compared the analgesic efficacy of rofecoxib to placebo and ibuprofen in 102 patients with dental pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rofecoxib showed a >800-fold COX-2 selectivity with use of CHO cells that express human COX-1 and COX-2. In subjects, dose- and concentration-dependent inhibition of LPS-stimulated prostaglandin E2 was observed with both rofecoxib (IC50 [the concentration estimated to produce 50% inhibition], 0.77 micromol/L) and indomethacin (IC50, 0.33 micromol/L). Whereas indomethacin inhibited TXB2, (IC50, 0.14 micromol/L), no inhibition was observed with rofecoxib even at doses of up to 1000 mg. In the dental pain study, total pain relief (TOTPAR) over the 6 hours after dosing was similar between 50 mg and 500 mg rofecoxib and 400 mg ibuprofen (P > .20). All active treatments showed greater improvement than placebo (P < .001)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rofecoxib inhibited COX-2 without evidence of COX-1 inhibition, even at oral doses of up to 1000 mg. Nonetheless, rofecoxib showed analgesic activity indistinguishable from that observed with ibuprofen, a nonisoform-selective COX inhibitor. These results support the hypothesis that the analgesic effects of NSAIDs primarily derive from inhibition of COX-2.
authors: Department of Clinical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, USA. elliot_ehrich@merck.com
authors: E W
authors: EW
authors: Ehrich
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Dallob
authors: I
authors: I
authors: De Lepeleire
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Van Hecken
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Riendeau
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Yuan
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Porras
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Wittreich
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Seibold
authors: P
authors: P
authors: De Schepper
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Mehlisch
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Gertz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000494:pharmacology; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007783:Lactones / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D013450:Sulfones; D014070:Tooth
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007783:Lactones; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone; D007052:Ibuprofen; D007213:Indomethacin