title: Psychological and behavioral predictors of body fat distribution: age and gender effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abdominal fat has been shown to be associated with several adverse outcomes including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. Risk factors for abdominal fatness include genetic effects, age, and gender. Most recently, it has been hypothesized that psychological factors, as well as behavioral factors, may play a part in where fat is distributed. The purpose of this study was to assess the longitudinal predictive power of psychological variables (cynicism, anger, anxiety, and depression) measured in 1987 on waist-hip ratio (WHR) measured from 1992 to 1994 among different age and gender groups, as well as to test if alcohol consumption or smoking (measured in 1990) would mediate any of the relationships found.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (n = 1392; average age: 58 years for middle-aged group and 74 years for older group; 58% female) were analyzed using a maximum-likelihood regression model where age, gender, and age by gender effects were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cynicism and anxiety predicted WHR in middle-aged subjects regardless of gender. Cynicism explained 2.5% of the variance in WHR and anxiety explained 1.7% of the variance in WHR. Anger predicted WHR in males regardless of age, explaining 4.0% of the variance; depression predicted WHR only in middle-aged females, explaining 2.0% of the variance. All analyses adjusted for body mass index, and neither alcohol consumption or smoking status mediated the relationships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are suggestive with regard to the hypotheses that certain psychological states and behaviors may be associated with increased abdominal fatness.
authors: Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA. tnelson@sph.unc.edu
authors: T L
authors: TL
authors: Nelson
authors: R F
authors: RF
authors: Palmer
authors: N L
authors: NL
authors: Pedersen
authors: T P
authors: TP
authors: Miles
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000786:Anger; D001007:Anxiety; D001519:Behavior; D001824:Body Constitution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003863:Depression; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012907:Smoking