title: Narrowing social inequalities in health? Analysis of trends in mortality among babies of lone mothers (abridged version 1).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine trends in mortality among babies registered solely by their mother (lone mothers) and to compare these with trends in infant mortality for couple registrations overall and couple registrations subdivided by social class of father.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of trends in infant death rates from 1975 to 1996 for the three groups. The data source was the national linked infant mortality file, containing all records of infant death in England and Wales linked to the respective birth records.
  
  
  METHODS
  England and Wales.
  
  
  METHODS
  All live births (n=14.3 million) from 1975 to 1996; all deaths of infants from birth to 12 months of age over the same period (n=135 800).
  
  
  METHODS
  Death rates in the perinatal, neonatal, and postneonatal periods and for infancy overall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the babies of lone mothers infant mortality has fallen to less than a third of the 1975 level, with a clear reduction in the gap between the mortality in these babies compared with all couple registrations: the excess mortality in solely registered births was 79% in 1975 reducing to 33% in 1996. Most of the narrowing of the sole-couple differential was associated with the neonatal period, for which there is now no appreciable gap. For couple registrations analysed by social class of father, infant death rates have more than halved in each social class from 1975 to 1996. The reductions in mortality were greater in the late 1970s and early 1990s. Infant death rates in classes IV-V remained between 50% and 65% higher than in classes I-II. Differentials between social classes were largest in the postneonatal period and smallest in the perinatal and neonatal periods. The gap in perinatal and neonatal mortality between the babies of lone mothers and couple parents in social classes IV-V has disappeared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differential in infant mortality between social classes still exists, whereas the differential between sole and couple registrations has decreased, showing positive progress in the reduction of inequalities. As the reduction in the differential was confined to the neonatal period these improvements may be more a reflection of healthcare factors than of factors associated with lone mothers' social and economic circumstances.
authors: Policy and Development Division, King's Fund, London W1M 0AN. margaret@ashmagna.demon.co.uk
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Whitehead
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Drever
mesh_terms: D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000639:trends; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012042:Registries; D015406:Single Parent / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012923:Social Class; D012935:Social Justice; D015996:Survival Rate; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology