title: Efficacy of oral immunotherapy on respiratory infections in hemodialysis patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemodialysis (HD) patients suffer from several immune defects that make them prone to develop bacterial infections, in particular respiratory tract infections (RTIs).
  
  
  METHODS
  As previous studies have shown that oral immunotherapy with an immunomodulating bacterial extract (IBE) is effective against RTIs, we decided to test its efficacy and safety in HD patients during a double-blind placebo-controlled prospective study. 40 HD patients with a documented history of RTIs in the previous year were treated for 24 weeks of the endemic season with one capsule daily of IBE (n = 21) or placebo (PL, n = 19). Clinical examinations, measurements of Mac-1 and gp150.95 on circulating phagocytes and routine laboratory evaluations were performed at week 0, 4, 12 and 24. Patients were also examined at each dialysis session allowing an accurate recording of any infectious episode, its treatment and of any untoward effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the last period of the study (weeks 13-24), IBE significantly reduced the number of patients with RTIs and consequently of antibiotic treatment courses as compared to PL (p = 0.018), whereas no difference was detected between IBE and PL during periods I (weeks 0-4) and II (weeks 5-12). There was no difference between IBE and PL for other, non respiratory infections. IBE was associated at several time points with an increased expression on phagocytes of adhesion molecules involved in phagocytosis (Mac-1 and gp150.95). However, the expression of these molecules was not predictive for the occurrence of RTI. IBE was on the whole as well tolerated as PL, 7 patients presented side effects (5 IBE, 2 PL, NS) which led to drop-out in 4 cases (3 IBE, 1 PL). No serious side effect was recorded, gastrointestinal upset being the most prevalent type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that immunomodulation with selected bacterial extracts constitutes a promising approach for the prevention of bacterial airway infections in groups at risk, such as HD patients.
authors: Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Tielemans
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Gastaldello
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Husson
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Marchant
authors: J P
authors: JP
authors: Delville
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Vanherweghem
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001419:Bacteria; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000032:analysis; D002457:Cell Extracts; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010587:Phagocytosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000095983:Bacterial Lysates
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D002457:Cell Extracts; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen; C030259:Broncho-Vaxom; D000095983:Bacterial Lysates