title: Detection of intracellular tumor necrosis factor alpha in stimulated fetal cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unknown if immature fetal cells produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha in the same manner that adult cells do. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of early detection of intracellular TNF produced by circulating human monocytes (Mo) and lymphocytes (Ly) using flow cytometry and to compare the stimulation profiles of mature and fetal cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal umbilical cord blood (n = 10) and adult volunteer blood (n = 10) were obtained. In vitro stimulation with endotoxin (LPS) and ionomycin-PMA was performed. Brefeldin A was added to prevent extracellular transport of TNF. Cell type was determined by using CD-14 marker separating monocyte and lymphocyte populations. Anti-human TNF monoclonal antibody was used to detect intracellular TNF by flow cytometry analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty to sixty thousand cells were analyzed per sample. Average TNF expression of stimulated fetal Mo was 28.2%, and that of fetal Ly was only 1.1%. Adult stimulated Ly had an average TNF expression of 31.9%, and adult Mo, 29.6% (P < 0.05 for adult Ly vs fetal Ly).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TNF flow cytometry analysis allows assessment of individual cell types and their ability to produce that cytokine. Fetal cells are able to produce TNF when stimulated, but the stimulation profile of Ly differs from that of adult samples. This observation may be of clinical importance in evaluating the response of immature cells to a septic stimulus. Flow cytometry is reliable, reproducible, quick, and easily obtained from a small sample of peripheral blood. Clinical use will be applicable once appropriate controls are developed, as reported in this study.
authors: Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Hebra
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Kramer
authors: J T
authors: JT
authors: Johnson
authors: C L
authors: CL
authors: Wagner
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Eicher
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Cook
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism*; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015759:Ionomycin; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate