title: The use of an independent visual background to reduce simulator side-effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Simulator sickness (SS) is a major problem which potentially limits interface applications that feature simulated motion. While display imperfections play a role, a large part of SS is motion sickness (MS). Sensory rearrangement theory holds that MS is related to conflicting motion cues; in the case of simulators, mainly a conflict between inertial cues (usually indicating no self-motion) and visual stimuli from the display (indicating self-motion). It is suggested that MS does not arise from conflicting motion cues per se, but rather from conflicting rest frames selected from those motion cues. There is strong evidence that the visual rest frame is heavily influenced by the visual background. Providing an independent visual background (IVB) consistent with the inertial rest frame may reduce SS, even when the simulator's content-of-interest (CI) is not consistent with the inertial rest frame.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two experiments, a circular vection stimulus was shown for 3-4.5 min in a head-mounted display, comparing see-through (i.e., IVB) to occluded (i.e., no IVB) modes. Measures included a standard SS questionnaire and a pre-exposure ataxia measure. Experiment 2 added a visual task which forced attention into the CI and a post-exposure ataxia measure. In both experiments, subjects rated the CI as significantly more visible than the IVB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A large effect was found for the reduction of SS and ataxia in the first experiment, and for pre-exposure ataxia in the second.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future research will further test the IVB idea and examine applications to high-end simulators.
authors: Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-2142, USA.
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Prothero
authors: M H
authors: MH
authors: Draper
authors: T A
authors: TA
authors: Furness
authors: D E
authors: DE
authors: Parker
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Wells
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001259:Ataxia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D014584:User-Computer Interface