title: CD28 induces cell cycle progression by IL-2-independent down-regulation of p27kip1 expression in human peripheral T lymphocytes.
abstract: CD28 is the primary T cell costimulatory receptor, and upon ligation with its ligands, it enhances T cell proliferation and IL-2 synthesis. In this study we examined the role of CD28 in the initial proliferative response and cell cycle entry of T lymphocytes. Stimulation through CD3 alone resulted in a poor proliferative response, while in the presence of CD28 costimulation a strong increase in the number of cells in S-phase could be detected after 48 h of stimulation. CD28 costimulation enhanced expression of cyclin D3 and induced down-regulation of p27kip1 expression. Cross-linking CD28 was much more effective in inducing cyclin D3 expression and in down-regulating p27kip1 expression than addition of IL-2. Blocking experiments, using antibodies that neutralize IL-2 or the IL-2 receptor, showed that the effects induced by CD28 are independent of endogenous IL-2. Moreover, using a variety of immunosuppressants that interfere with IL-2 signaling pathways, we were able to show that IL-2 is not required for cell cycle entry induced by CD28 costimulation. From these experiments it can be concluded that CD28 and IL-2 use different signaling pathways for down-regulation of p27kip1 expression. We hypothesize that costimulation through CD28 is responsible for initial cell cycle entry of T lymphocytes, while IL-2, which is produced after costimulation, might be involved in sustaining proliferation.
authors: Department of Haematology, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: G J
authors: GJ
authors: Boonen
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: van Dijk
authors: L F
authors: LF
authors: Verdonck
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: van Lier
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Rijksen
authors: R H
authors: RH
authors: Medema
mesh_terms: D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D002453:Cell Cycle; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D056743:Cyclin D3; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015536:Down-Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: C534696:CCND3 protein, human; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D056743:Cyclin D3; D016213:Cyclins; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007376:Interleukin-2; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases