title: Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon in the horse with use of a tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath for desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surgical procedure was developed with use of normal forelimbs from equine cadavers and experimental horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve equine cadaveric forelimbs, 4 forelimbs from 2 horses anesthetized for terminal surgical laboratories, and 10 forelimbs from five experimental horses were used.
  
  
  METHODS
  The limbs were positioned lateral side up with the carpus slightly flexed. After distention of the carpal sheath, a portal was made approximately 2 cm proximal to the distal radial physis for arthroscope insertion. An instrument portal was made approximately 0.2 cm proximal to the distal radial physis. After flexion of the limb to 90 degrees, the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon was palpated and desmotomy was performed. Cadaveric limbs were dissected to confirm complete desmotomy. Experimental horses were monitored for short- (perioperative) and long- (4 weeks) term postoperative complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath provided adequate surgical access to the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon for desmotomy. Most of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon could be easily seen within the sheath, except for the proximal 2 cm that could be readily palpated and subsequently transected. Important technical considerations were location of the arthroscope portal, adequate sheath distention, limb flexion to 90 degrees, and desmotomy location. It was beneficial, but apparently not essential, to avoid the proximal perforating vessel. Postoperatively, some horses had swelling but were not lame and had normal range of motion of the carpus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon could be performed by using a lateral tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon by using a tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath is an alternative technique to the medial incisional approach.
authors: Department of Clinical and Radiological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
authors: L L
authors: LL
authors: Southwood
authors: T S
authors: TS
authors: Stashak
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Kainer
authors: R H
authors: RH
authors: Wrigley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002102:Cadaver; D002348:Carpal Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000601:surgery; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006736:Horses / Q000601:surgery*; D008022:Ligaments / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D013710:Tendons / Q000601:surgery*; D013717:Tenosynovitis / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*