title: Levels of dichloro-dyphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) metabolites in maternal milk and their determinant factors.
abstract: To document the levels and the determinants of dichloro-dyphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) metabolites in maternal milk, we conducted a cohort study of 50 adult females who lived in Mexico City. We measured social and dietary characteristics via interview. Levels of DDT metabolites were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The mean values (lipid milk basis) were 0.162 ppm p,p'-DDT; 0.138 ppm o,p'-DDT; and 0.594 ppm 2,2(bis)p-chlorophyenyl-1-1-dichloroethylene (DDE). The main determinants of DDT metabolites were maternal age, lifetime lactation, history of living in an agricultural area, and consumption of salted meat and fish. We estimated that 6.0% of the breast-fed babies had daily intakes of DDT above the level of 0.005 mg/kg d recommended by the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (WHO/FAO). Health-outcomes research among children is needed, and investigators should design or adjust current surveillance programs.
authors: Center for Research on Health Services, National Institute of Public Health, Secretary of Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Torres-Arreola
authors: L
authors: L
authors: López-Carrillo
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Torres-Sánchez
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Cebrián
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Rueda
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Reyes
authors: M
authors: M
authors: López-Cervantes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001942:Breast Feeding; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008800:Mexico; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*; D010298:Parity; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D003634:DDT