title: Plasma homocysteine concentration related to diet, endothelial function and mononuclear cell gene expression among male hyperlipidaemic smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated plasma concentration of homocysteine is an independent risk factor for development of cardiovascular diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated potential links between homocysteine and atherothrombogenesis by relating the plasma concentration of homocysteine to (i) dietary antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids (and determined influence of intervention with antioxidants or omega-3 fatty acids); (ii) markers of endothelial cell function; and (iii) peripheral blood mononuclear cell mRNA levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed an inverse relationship between the plasma homocysteine concentration and dietary intake of vegetables, vitamin C and beta-carotene and between homocysteine and the serum concentration of folate, vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids. Intervention with antioxidants or omega-3 fatty acids did not affect plasma homocysteine concentration. The plasma levels of cysteinylglycine and vitamin B12 correlated positively with circulating E-selectin and VCAM-1, respectively, whereas folate in serum and blood correlated negatively with P-selectin. A negative correlation was found between the concentrations of homocysteine and von Willebrand factor. Negative and positive correlations were found between plasma homocysteine and the mononuclear cell mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta (PPAR delta) and c-myc respectively. A negative correlation was also found between plasma homocysteine and mononuclear cell mRNA levels of the proteoglycan serglycin. Homocysteine was not correlated with serum activity of glutathione peroxidase or with the mRNA level of glutathione peroxidase in mononuclear cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The plasma homocysteine level was negatively correlated with dietary intake of vegetables, including vitamins C and E, and serum omega-3 fatty acids, whereas supplementation with antioxidants or omega-3 fatty acids did not affect plasma homocysteine concentration. Homocysteine was not associated with circulating adhesion molecules or increased procoagulant activity, but homocysteine may alter mononuclear cell gene expression. Cysteine showed no significant correlation with these parameters.
authors: University of Oslo, Norway.
authors: I R
authors: IR
authors: Brude
authors: H S
authors: HS
authors: Finstad
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Seljeflot
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Drevon
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Solvoll
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Sandstad
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Hjermann
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Arnesen
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Nenseter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D004032:Diet; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000097:blood; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014815:Vitamins; D006710:Homocysteine; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase