title: Mechanisms offsetting the beneficial effects of antihypertensive drugs: a problem increasingly considered but incompletely understood.
abstract: In clinical practice it is far from uncommon that antihypertensive drugs fail to meet their expectations. This is mainly due to mechanisms counteracting their antihypertensive effects. These mechanisms include stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), as well as endothelium-dependent mechanisms. To review whether the activation of such mechanisms follows differential patterns depending on the type of antihypertensive therapy being used. The antihypertensive effects of diuretics and calcium channel blockers are largely offset by all of the mechanisms enumerated. The antihypertensive effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors/angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonists and beta-blockers are counteracted by all of the mechanisms enumerated except for the effects of a stimulated RAAS and SNS, respectively. ACE inhibitors/AII receptor antagonists and beta-blockers display a better profile of mechanisms counteracting their antihypertensive effects than other categories of drugs currently available. However, because this is not routinely confirmed by random trial evidence, additional determinants of drug performance must be considered including between-subject disparities in drug response, metabolic effects, and proliferative effects.
authors: Department of Medicine, Merwede Hospital, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
authors: T J
authors: TJ
authors: Cleophas
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics; D009569:Nitric Oxide