title: Physiology of perception: cortical stimulation and recording in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  1) To determine the effect of stimulus train duration (TD) on sensory perception using direct stimulation of somatosensory and visual cortices. 2) To investigate the occurrence of evoked potentials in response to stimulation that is subthreshold for perception.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Studies of the mechanisms of conscious perception using direct cortical stimulation and recording techniques are rare. The clinical necessity to implant subdural electrode grids in epilepsy patients undergoing evaluation for surgery offers an opportunity to examine the role of stimulus parameters and evoked potentials in conscious perception.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included epilepsy patients with grids over somatosensory or occipital cortex. Single pulses (100 microseconds) and stimulus trains were applied to electrodes, and thresholds for perception were found. Evoked potentials were recorded in response to peripheral stimulation at intensities at, above, and below sensory threshold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During cortical stimulation, sensory threshold changed little for stimulus trains of 250 milliseconds and longer, but increased sharply as TD decreased below this level. Primary evoked activity was recorded in response to peripheral stimulations that were subthreshold for conscious perception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm a previous report of the effects of stimulus TD on sensory threshold. However, no motor responses occurred following somatosensory stimulation with short trains, as previously reported. The TD threshold pattern was similar in visual cortex. In agreement with the previous report, early components of the primary evoked response were not correlated with conscious sensory awareness.
authors: Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912, USA.
authors: P G
authors: PG
authors: Ray
authors: K J
authors: KJ
authors: Meador
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Smith
authors: J W
authors: JW
authors: Wheless
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Sittenfeld
authors: G L
authors: GL
authors: Clifton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology