title: Alcohol and retrograde memory effects: role of individual differences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  When alcohol is consumed following learning, the effect on delayed, sober memory can vary from person to person. We examined a range of individual differences to look for predictors of this variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male social drinkers (N = 65; average age 23.3 years) were exposed to emotionally charged verbal stimulus materials while sober. Participants consumed 1.0 ml/kg alcohol immediately afterward and remained in an environment designed to minimize retrograde interference. Stimulus recall and recognition were tested 24 hours later, when participants had breath-alcohol concentrations of zero. Relationship between memory scores and individual differences (in age, education, alcohol consumption, vocabulary, verbal learning, emotionality, mood state 24 hours after learning, response to alcohol, personality and alcohol expectancies) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only age and vocabulary were significantly associated with memory score following drinking, probably because they constrained initial understanding of the statements and mediated the effects of alcohol on memory consolidation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of a given dose of alcohol on emotionally charged verbal memory are similar for men of equal age and verbal skill, but independent of other individual differences. It is most likely that alcohol affects incidental memory by nonspecific enhancement or interference processes.
authors: Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors: K R
authors: KR
authors: Bruce
authors: R O
authors: RO
authors: Pihl
authors: J I
authors: JI
authors: Mayerovitch
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Shestowsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008128:Logic; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology