Immune modulation by the cholera-like enterotoxins: from adjuvant to therapeutic.
Cholera toxin and its close relative, Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, are potent immunogens and mucosal adjuvants. The recent findings that their B subunits can promote tolerance highlights the complexity of their interactions with the immune system. Here, Neil Williams and colleagues review the mechanisms by which these molecules modulate leukocyte populations and seek to explain the paradox.
Williams
N A
NA
University of Bristol, Dept of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, UK. neil.a.williams@bris.ac.uk
Hirst
T R
TR
Nashar
T O
TO
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D001168:Arthritis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003094:Collagen / Q000276:immunology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005677:G(M1) Ganglioside / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D051381:Rats; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001324:Autoantigens; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005677:G(M1) Ganglioside; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D003094:Collagen; D002772:Cholera Toxin; C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli