title: Endoscopic retrograde stenting for allograft hydronephrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ureteral obstruction occurs in 2% to 10% of all renal transplant recipients. Antegrade endourologic intervention has been the gold standard of therapy but carries significant morbidity. This study was designed to investigate the feasibility of retrograde stenting of these difficult ureters and to determine whether it can be performed with minimal morbidity without general or regional anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-seven consecutive patients were found to have renal allograft hydronephrosis by ultrasonography, between August 1993 and March 1997. Of these, 61 (63%) had confirmation of obstruction by MAG-3 imaging, with equivocal results in 25 (26%). The remaining 11 patients had a rising creatinine concentration despite Foley catheter drainage. All patients had retrograde stenting attempted under local anesthesia followed by intravenous sedation if necessary. If stent placement was unsuccessful, the procedure was repeated under regional or general anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 85 patients (88%) were managed successfully with retrograde stenting. Of these procedures, 24 (28%) were performed under local anesthesia alone, while 57 (67%) required both local anesthesia and intravenous sedation. Only 4 patients (5%) required general anesthesia. No patient suffered any morbidity associated with retrograde stenting. Of the 12 patients in whom retrograde stenting failed, 2 had renal allograft rupture and 10 had ureteral necrosis at surgical exploration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrograde stenting of the hydronephrotic renal allograft can be achieved with a high success rate and minimal morbidity, usually without general or regional anesthesia. If the ureter cannot be managed in a retrograde fashion, a high index of suspicion for a serious allograft complication should exist.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors: D B
authors: DB
authors: Sigman
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Del Pizzo
authors: G N
authors: GN
authors: Sklar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004724:Endoscopy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*