title: The role of androgen deprivation in the definitive management of clinically localized prostate cancer treated with radiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multiple studies exploring the use of androgen deprivation given in combination with radiotherapy (RT) for localized prostate cancer have reported significant improvements in the rates of local, regional, and biochemical control (BC). The impact of this therapeutic strategy on overall and cancer specific survival (CSS) has not been established, however. We performed a MEDLINE search of all available studies on this topic to determine if any conclusions could be reached on the efficacy of this treatment approach and the patients most suitable for its application.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search was conducted to obtain all articles in the English language on the use of androgen deprivation in combination with RT for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. The medical subject headings (MeSH) used to search the MEDLINE database included: a) prostatic neoplasms; b) prostatic neoplasms/radiotherapy; c) prostatic neoplasms/androgen deprivation; d) hormone therapy; e) English; and f) 1980 to 1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 14 retrospective studies were identified that compared some form of androgen deprivation given in combination with RT. Most studies showed significant improvements in various measures of local/regional control and disease-free survival (DFS). Three of four studies that analyzed BC rates showed significant improvements in this endpoint but conflicting results were obtained for overall survival (OS). No study showed an improvement in CSS. Six prospective randomized trials were identified that directly compared RT with or without androgen deprivation. Again, all six studies showed improvements in some measure of local/regional control or DFS but only two studies showed an improvement in OS. One study reported a statistically significant improvement in CSS and another study showed an improvement in the rate of negative biopsies with combined treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When all available literature on androgen withdrawal given in combination with RT for the definitive treatment of localized prostate cancer was reviewed, no definite conclusions could be reached on the impact of this treatment approach on OS and CSS. However, local/regional control, DFS, and BC were almost uniformly improved with the use of androgen withdrawal suggesting that these impressive early results may translate into improved cure rates. Data from recently initiated and completed randomized trials will be needed, however, to define the impact of this approach on cancer specific mortality and the patients most suitable for it's use.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA. fvicini@beaumont.edu
authors: F A
authors: FA
authors: Vicini
authors: V R
authors: VR
authors: Kini
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Spencer
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Diokno
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists