title: Measuring the effects of reminders for outpatient influenza immunizations at the point of clinical opportunity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of computer-based reminders about influenza vaccination on the behavior of individual clinicians at each clinical opportunity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a prospective study of clinicians' influenza vaccination behavior over four years. Approximately one half of the clinicians in an internal medicine clinic used a computer-based patient record system (CPR users) that generated computer-based reminders. The other clinicians used traditional paper records (PR users).
  
  
  METHODS
  Each nonacute visit by a patient eligible for an influenza vaccination was considered an opportunity for intervention. Patients who had contraindications for vaccination were excluded. Compliance with the guideline was defined as documentation that a clinician ordered the vaccine, counseled the patient about the vaccine, offered the vaccine to a patient who declined it, or verified that the patient had received the vaccine elsewhere. The authors calculated the proportion of opportunities on which each clinician documented action in the CPR and PR user groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CPR and PR user groups had different baseline compliance rates (40.1 and 27.9 per cent, respectively; P<0.05). Both rates remained stable during a two-year baseline period (P = 0.34 and P = 0.47, respectively). The compliance rates in the CPR user group increased 78 per cent from baseline (P<0.001), whereas the rates for the PR user group did not change significantly (P = 0.18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians who used a CPR with reminders had higher rates of documentation of compliance with influenza-vaccination guidelines than did those who used a paper record. Measurements of individual clinician behavior at the point of each clinical opportunity can provide precise evaluation of interventions that are designed to improve compliance with guidelines.
authors: Northwestern University, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA. tang@smi.stanford.edu
authors: P C
authors: PC
authors: Tang
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: LaRosa
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Newcomb
authors: S M
authors: SM
authors: Gorden
mesh_terms: D003626:Data Display; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008499:Medical Records; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017010:Reminder Systems
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines