title: The role of CTLA-4 in the regulation of T cell immune responses.
abstract: Over the past few years a great deal of research has examined how T cell-dependent immune responses are initiated and subsequently regulated. Ligation of the TCR with an antigenic peptide bound to an MHC protein on a professional APC provides the crucial antigen-specific stimulus required for T cell activation. Interaction of CD28 with CD80 or CD86 molecules on APC initiates a costimulatory or second signal within the T cell which augments and sustains T cell activation initiated through the TCR. However, recently it has become clear that T cell immune responses are a result of a balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signals. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4) is a cell surface molecule that is expressed nearly exclusively on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Investigation into the role of CTLA-4 in the regulation of T cell immune responses has revealed that CTLA-4 is a very important molecule involved in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis. In the present review, evidence for the proposed inhibitory role of CTLA-4 is examined and a model suggesting a role for CTLA-4 in both early and late stages of T cell activation is presented.
authors: Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington School of Medicine, New Zealand. McCoyK@pathol.unizh.ch
authors: K D
authors: KD
authors: McCoy
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Le Gros
mesh_terms: D000069594:Abatacept; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008024:Ligands; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008954:Models, Biological; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; C556707:Ctla4 protein, mouse; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D008024:Ligands; D000069594:Abatacept