title: Retinal TUNEL-positive cells and high glutamate levels in vitreous humor of mutant quail with a glaucoma-like disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether retinal cell death observed in an avian glaucoma-like disorder occurs by apoptosis and whether an increase in excitotoxic amino acid concentration in the vitreous humor is associated temporally with cell death in the retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presumptive retinal apoptotic nuclei were identified by histochemical detection of DNA fragmentation (by TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labeling [TUNEL]), and vitreal concentrations of glutamate and several other amino acids were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection in the al mutant quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in which a glaucoma-like disorder develops spontaneously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TUNEL-labeled nuclei were located mostly in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) in the retina of mutant quails 3 months after hatching. However, labeled nuclei were also observed in the inner and outer nuclear layers. At 7 months, most TUNEL-positive nuclei were detected in the inner nuclear layer, whereas labeled cells in the GCL were reduced in number. No TUNEL-labeled nuclei were detected in the retina of control quails at any age. Vitreal concentrations of glutamate and aspartate were significantly increased in 1-month-old mutant quails compared with control animals. Concentrations decreased at 3 months, and no significant differences were observed between strains at 7 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presumptive apoptotic cell death is detected from 3 months after hatching in mutant quails and is not restricted to retinal ganglion cells. Cell death appears just after a significant increase in excitotoxic amino acid concentrations in the vitreous humor, suggesting a correlation between both events.
authors: Laboratoire de NeuroCytologie Oculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Dkhissi
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Chanut
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Wasowicz
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Savoldelli
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Nguyen-Legros
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Minvielle
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Versaux-Botteri
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000662:veterinary; D003370:Coturnix / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D015812:Glaucoma, Angle-Closure / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling / Q000662:veterinary; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D004247:DNA