[Specific COX-2 inhibitors: prospects of therapy with new analgesic and anti-inflammatory substances].
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, thereby suppressing the synthesis of proinflammatory prostaglandins. The identification and molecular-biological characterization of an inducible COX isoform (COX-2) in inflammatory cells led to the hypothesis that a selective inhibition of COX-2 would result in relief of inflammation and pain without causing the COX-1-dependent side effects (gastrointestinal ulceration, platelet dysfunction, kidney damage) of conventional NSAIDs. On the basis of data obtained in several laboratories by means of the "human whole blood assay" there is now convincing evidence that none of the currently available NSAIDs is a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Meanwhile, the specific COX-2 inhibitors celecoxib and rofecoxib are being tested worldwide in phase III clinical trials on patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. However, the simple concept of COX-2 being an exclusively proinflammatory inducible enzyme cannot be upheld any longer. In addition, COX-2 is expressed constitutively in brain, spinal cord and kidney, as well as in numerous other organs. In the present review the perspectives and possible risks of specific COX-2 inhibitors are discussed, as well as additional indications for their implementation (e.g. colon cancer).
Hinz
B
B
Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. hinz@macpost.pharmakologie.uni-erlangen.de
Brune
K
K
D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000502:physiology*; D007783:Lactones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000502:physiology*; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013450:Sulfones; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007783:Lactones; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D000068579:Celecoxib