title: [Experimental MRI-controlled cryotherapy of the brain with almost real-time imaging by radial k-space scanning].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test radial k-space scanning by MR fluoroscopy to guide and control MR-guided interstitial cryotherapy of the healthy pig brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  After MR tomographic planning of the approach, an MR-compatible experimental cryotherapy probe of 2.7 mm diameter was introduced through a 5 mm burr hole into the right frontal brain of five healthy pigs. The freeze-thaw cycles were imaged using a T1-weighted gradient echo sequence with radial k-Space scanning in coronal, sagittal, and axial directions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The high temporal resolution of the chosen sequence permits a continuous representation of the freezing process with good image quality and high contrast between ice and unfrozen brain parenchyma. Because of the interactive conception of the sequence the layer plane could be chosen as desired during the measurement. Ice formation was sharply demarcated, spherically configurated, and was free of signals. Its maximum diameter was 13 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With use of the novel, interactively controllable gradient echo sequence with radial k-space scanning, guidance of the intervention under fluoroscopic conditions with the advantages of MRT is possible. MR-guided cryotherapy allows a minimally-invasive, precisely dosable focal tissue ablation.
authors: Klinik für Radiologische Diagnostik, Medizinische Einrichtungen der RWTH Aachen. tacke@rad.rwth-aachen.de
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Tacke
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Speetzen
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Schorn
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Glowinski
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Grosskortenhaus
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Adam
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Rasche
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Rau
authors: R W
authors: RW
authors: Günther
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013552:Swine; D014207:Trephining / Q000295:instrumentation