title: Longitudinal changes in fatigue and energy during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe perceived levels of fatigue and energy before, during, and after pregnancy in a group of healthy women experiencing uncomplicated pregnancies; and to examine relationships between their perception of fatigue and energy, parity, and physiologic indicators of sleep disturbances, thyroid function, and iron deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, longitudinal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants' homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convenience sample of 24 primiparous and 1 8 multiparous women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Change in fatigue and energy over time. Measures were obtained at follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle before pregnancy, at each trimester, and at 1 and 3 months after delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Younger age and lower prepregnancy levels of iron, ferritin, and hemoglobin explained 1st trimester fatigue. Less total sleep was related to fatigue in the 3rd trimester. Postpartum fatigue was related to reduced amounts of sleep and low levels of ferritin and hemoglobin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the exception of premenstrual (luteal) fatigue, progesterone levels were unrelated to fatigue. Neither paid employment nor family variables influenced perception of fatigue. Nurses working with childbearing populations should counsel women about significant 1st trimester fatigue so they can prepare their work and home environments in an attempt to achieve adequate rest.
authors: School of Nursing at the University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0606, USA.
authors: K A
authors: KA
authors: Lee
authors: M E
authors: ME
authors: Zaffke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009773:Obstetric Nursing; D010298:Parity; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D005293:Ferritins