title: Effect of sympathetic activity on capsaicin-evoked pain, hyperalgesia, and vasodilatation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Painful nerve and tissue injuries can be exacerbated by activity in sympathetic neurons. The mechanisms of sympathetically maintained pain (SMP) are unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of cutaneous sympathetic activity on pain induced by primary afferent C-nociceptor sensitization with capsaicin in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  In healthy volunteers capsaicin was applied topically (n = 12) or injected into the forearm skin (n = 10) to induce spontaneous pain, dynamic and punctate mechanical hyperalgesia, and antidromic (axon reflex) vasodilatation (flare). Intensity of pain and hyperalgesia, axon reflex vasodilatation (laser Doppler), and flare size and area of hyperalgesia (planimetry) were assessed. The local skin temperature at the application and measurement sites was kept constant at 35 degrees C. In each individual the analyses were performed during the presence of high and low sympathetic skin activity induced by whole-body cooling and warming with a thermal suit. By this method sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity is modulated in the widest range that can be achieved physiologically. The degree of vasoconstrictor discharge was monitored by measuring skin blood flow (laser Doppler) and temperature (infrared thermometry) at the index finger.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intensity and spatial distribution of capsaicin-evoked spontaneous pain and dynamic and punctate mechanical hyperalgesia were identical during the presence of high and low sympathetic discharge. Antidromic vasodilatation and flare size were significantly diminished when sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurons were excited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cutaneous sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity does not influence spontaneous pain and mechanical hyperalgesia after capsaicin-induced C-nociceptor sensitization. When using physiologic stimulation of sympathetic activity, the capsaicin model is not useful for elucidating mechanisms of SMP. In neuropathic pain states with SMP, different mechanisms may be present.
authors: Klinik für Neurologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Germany.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Baron
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Wasner
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Borgstedt
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Hastedt
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Schulte
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Binder
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Kopper
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Rowbotham
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Levine
authors: H L
authors: HL
authors: Fields
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002211:Capsaicin