title: The heart is not necessarily empty at syncope.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although extensively investigated, the mechanism(s) of post-spaceflight orthostatic intolerance has not been elucidated. Several researchers have proposed that the "trigger" for syncope is an empty ventricle, initiated when a hypercontractile state, possibly due to a sudden surge in epinephrine, causes the walls of the left ventricle to touch leading to a profound sympatho-inhibition and intense vagal stimulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A markedly reduced left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV) achieved during progressive, presyncopal-limited lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is the trigger for syncope.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight healthy men, age 25.1+/-1.3 yr, volunteered for the study. Changes in left ventricular end-diastolic volume and LVESV were measured, using two-dimensional echocardiography, at each stage of LBNP from rest up to presyncope (PS). Plasma venous catecholamine concentrations were measured at the end of each stage by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects reached PS. Three men became bradycardic at presyncope while five remained tachycardic. LVESV decreased by 28% at PS with no evidence of ventricular cavity obliteration. Norepinephrine increased by 44% from rest to PS, but no epinephrine surge was detected (35% increase from rest to PS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that it is possible to initiate syncope with only a 28% decrease in LVESV, and that sympatho-inhibition and bradycardia are not required elements for syncope to occur.
authors: Colorado State University, Department of Physiology, Fort Collins 80523, USA.
authors: L R
authors: LR
authors: Davrath
authors: R W
authors: RW
authors: Gotshall
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Tucker
authors: W Z
authors: WZ
authors: Sadeh
authors: G J
authors: GJ
authors: Luckasen
authors: T R
authors: TR
authors: Downes
authors: C C
authors: CC
authors: Coonts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002306:Cardiac Volume; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D004452:Echocardiography; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008150:Lower Body Negative Pressure; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture; D013026:Space Flight; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013575:Syncope / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines