title: Prolonged neoadjuvant treatment in locally advanced tumours: a novel concept based on biological considerations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is increasingly applied in patients with locally advanced cancers of many tumour types. Usually three cycles of chemotherapy are administered to reduce the tumour size prior to local therapy, and another three cycles thereafter. The chemotherapy certainly contributes to the improved outcome of this approach. However, biological factors within the primary tumour have been neglected, while they might also contribute to the eradication of micrometastases. We believe that the neoadjuvant strategy can be improved by optimally exploiting certain biological factors inherent to the primary tumour. In a group of patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) we studied this concept. Recently we described the clinical results of this phase II study in patients with LABC treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). A remarkable good response and survival was seen. In contrast to other studies we applied six cycles of neoadjuvant treatment in stead of a sandwich approach consisting of three cycles before and three cycles after local therapy, leaving the primary tumour and draining lymph nodes in situ for a prolonged period. In addition, GM-CSF was administered as a haematopoietic growth factor in stead of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) as GM-CSF has also immuno-stimulating properties. Our findings definitely warrant further exploration of prolonged neoadjuvant systemic treatment in combination with GM-CSF in other high risk primary tumours.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The promising results of our study may be attributable to two potential biological phenomena. Firstly, the conservation of the tumour and its draining lymph nodes may prove to be an essential part of this approach, with particular emphasis on the activation of tumour specific cytotoxic T cells. Secondly, circulating angiogenesis inhibitors originating from the primary tumour may enhance the effect of chemotherapy on micrometastases.
authors: Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Luykx-de Bakker
authors: H M
authors: HM
authors: Verheul
authors: T D
authors: TD
authors: de Gruijl
authors: H M
authors: HM
authors: Pinedo
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor