title: Beam intensity modulation to reduce the field sizes for conformal irradiation of lung tumors: a dosimetric study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In conformal radiotherapy of lung tumors, penumbra broadening in lung tissue necessitates the use of larger field sizes to achieve the same target coverage as in a homogeneous environment. In an idealized model configuration, some fundamental aspects of field size reduction were investigated, both for the static situation and for a moving tumor, while maintaining the dose homogeneity in the target volume by employing a simple beam-intensity modulation technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  An inhomogeneous phantom, consisting of polystyrene, cork, and polystyrene layers, with a 6 x 6 x 6 cm3 polystyrene cube inside the cork representing the tumor, was used to simulate a lung cancer treatment. Film dosimetry experiments were performed for an AP-PA irradiation technique with 8-MV or 18-MV beams. Dose distributions were compared for large square fields, small square fields, and intensity-modulated fields in which additional segments increase the dose at the edge of the field. The effect of target motion was studied by measuring the dose distribution for the solid cube, displaced with respect to the beams.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the 18-MV beam, the field sizes required to establish a sufficient target coverage are larger than for the 8-MV beam. For each beam energy, the mean dose in cork can significantly be reduced (at least a factor of 1.6) by decreasing the field size with 2 cm, while keeping the mean target dose constant. Target dose inhomogeneity for these smaller fields is limited if the additional edge segments are applied for 8% of the number of monitor units given with the open fields. The target dose distribution averaged over a motion cycle is hardly affected if the target edge does not approach the field edge to within 3 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For lung cancer treatment, a beam energy of 8 MV is more suitable than 18 MV. The mean lung dose can be significantly reduced by decreasing the field sizes of conformal fields. The smaller fields result in the same biological effect to the tumor if the mean target dose is kept constant. Intensity modulation can be employed to maintain the same target dose homogeneity for these smaller fields. As long as the target (with a 3 mm margin) stays within the field portal, application of a margin for target motion is not necessary.
authors: Radiotherapy Department, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Huis, Amsterdam.
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Brugmans
authors: A
authors: A
authors: van der Horst
authors: J V
authors: JV
authors: Lebesque
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Mijnheer
mesh_terms: D005373:Film Dosimetry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009038:Motion; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D015203:Reproducibility of Results