title: Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-4-hydroxybutyric acid) and poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) without subsequent degradation by Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava.
abstract: A Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava strain was able to synthesize poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-4-hydroxybutyric acid) [P(3HB-co-4HB)] having a high level of 4-hydroxybutyric acid monomer unit (4HB) from gamma-butyrolactone. In a two-step process in which the first step involved production of cells containing a minimum amount of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) [P(3HB)] and the second step involved polyester accumulation from the lactone, approximately 5 to 10 mol% of the 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3HB) derived from the first-step culture was unavoidably reincorporated into the polymer in the second cultivation step. Reincorporation of the 3HB units produced from degradation of the first-step residual P(3HB) was confirmed by high-resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In order to synthesize 3HB-free poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) [P(4HB)] homopolymer, a three-stage cultivation technique was developed by adding a nitrogen addition step, which completely removed the residual P(3HB). The resulting polymer was free of 3HB. However, when the strain was grown on gamma-butyrolactone as the sole carbon source in a synthesis medium, a copolyester of P(3HB-co-4HB) containing 45 mol% 3HB was produced. One-step cultivation on gamma-butyrolactone required a rather long induction time (3 to 4 days). On the basis of the results of an enzymatic study performed with crude extracts, we suggest that the inability of cells to produce 3HB in the multistep culture was due to a low level of 4-hydroxybutyric acid (4HBA) dehydrogenase activity, which resulted in a low level of acetyl coenzyme A. Thus, 3HB formation from gamma-butyrolactone is driven by a high level of 4HBA dehydrogenase activity induced by long exposure to gamma-butyrolactone, as is the case for a one-step culture. In addition, intracellular degradation kinetics studies showed that P(3HB) in cells was completely degraded within 30 h of cultivation after being transferred to a carbon-free mineral medium containing additional ammonium sulfate, while P(3HB-co-4HB) containing 5 mol% 3HB and 95 mol% 4HB was totally inert in interactions with the intracellular depolymerases. Intracellular inertness could be a useful factor for efficient synthesis of the P(4HB) homopolymer and of 4HB-rich P(3HB-co-4HB) by the strain used in this study.
authors: Biomaterials Science Laboratory, Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea.
authors: M H
authors: MH
authors: Choi
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Yoon
authors: R W
authors: RW
authors: Lenz
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000378:metabolism; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media; D006088:Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D011091:Polyesters / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D011091:Polyesters; C107955:poly(4-hydroxybutanoate); D010088:Oxidoreductases; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; D015107:4-Butyrolactone; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid