title: Influence of the optical axis-to-target view angle on endoscopic task performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The location of the optical port and the choice of endoscope determine the angle subtended between the optical axis of the endoscope and the plane of the operation target: the optical axis-to-target view (OATV) angle. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence OATV angle on endoscopic task performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Dundee Endoscopic Psychomotor Tester was used for objective assessment of endoscopic task performance. Ten surgeons carried out a standard task with the optical axis of the endoscope subtending 90 degrees, 75 degrees, 60 degrees and 45 degrees to the target surface. Each subject underwent three test sessions. Each session consisted of one run with each of the OATV angles in a random order. The outcome measures were the errors rate, the execution time, and the force applied on the target.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 90 degrees OATV angle had the best accuracy, the shortest execution time, and the lowest force applied on the back plate. The errors rate increased from 17% with the 90 degrees OATV angle to 79% with the 45 degrees angle. There was a significant increase in execution time and force with the decrease in the OATV angle (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The best task performance is obtained when the optical axis of the endoscope is perpendicular to the target plane.
authors: Department of Surgery and Surgical Skills Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee Tayside DD1 9SY, Scotland.
authors: G B
authors: GB
authors: Hanna
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Cuschieri
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012984:Software; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis