title: The development and validation of an occlusal site-specific plaque index to evaluate the effects of cleaning by tooth brushes and chewing gum.
abstract: These studies sought to develop and validate an occlusal site-specific plaque index to be used to measure plaque removal by brushing or chewing gum. The index divides the occlusal surfaces into imaginary zones from which scores are apportioned on a 0-4 basis dependent on the perceived % plaque coverage of each zone. Examiner calibration was conducted over 2 studies assessing inter-examiner reproducibility and intra-examiner repeatibility, respectively. Study 1 involved 2 examiners who recorded scores from the same 3 groups of subjects who had suspended tooth cleaning for 4 days. Analyses for inter-examiner reproducibility showed no significant mean differences between examiners or no significant differences between variances of the 2 examiners scores. Study 2 involved the same 2 examiners individually scoring 3 groups of subjects 2 x (approximately 60 min apart) for occlusal plaque. Analysis for intra-examiner repeatability showed no significant mean differences between the 2 scorings of each examiner. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the variances of each examiner's scores except for 1 examiner in the repeatability exercise for the 1st group of subjects. Study 3 involved groups of subjects at 2 separate clinical sites (Bristol, England and Berne, Switzerland) being scored for occlusal plaque before and after toothbrushing with water or after no toothbrushing. Data from individual examiners and examiners combined revealed a significant reduction in occlusal plaque with brushing compared to no brushing. Study 4 was the same as study 3 but occlusal plaque was scored before and after chewing gum or not chewing gum. The Bristol examiner recorded a significant reduction in plaque by chewing gum compared to not chewing gum but the Berne examiner did not. The latter may have resulted from a considerable disparity in the number of evaluable occlusal surfaces between the two study sites. The index could be employed as part of the overall assessment or oral hygiene or used in clinical trials to study mechanical and chemical plaque control agents.
authors: Division of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Bristol, England.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Levinkind
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Owens
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Morea
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Addy
authors: N P
authors: NP
authors: Lang
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Adair
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Barton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000473:pathology; D002638:Chewing Gum; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D015588:Observer Variation; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000473:pathology*; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D002638:Chewing Gum