title: The relationship of gender and in-hospital death: increased risk of death in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prognostic importance of gender in hospitalized patients has been poorly studied. The current study compared in-hospital death rates between men and women after adjusting for severity of illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  89,793 eligible patients with 6 common nonsurgical diagnoses who were discharged from 30 hospitals in Northeast Ohio in 1991 to 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  Admission severity of illness (ie, predicted risk of death) was calculated using multivariable models that were based on data abstracted from patients' clinical records (ROC curve areas, 0.83-0.90). In hospital death rates were then adjusted for predicted risks of death and other covariates using logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted odds of death were higher (P < 0.05) in men, compared with women, for 4 diagnoses (stroke [OR, 1.60]; obstructive airway disease [OR, 1.38]; gastrointestinal hemorrhage [OR 1.32]; pneumonia [OR, 1.18]) and similar for two diagnoses (congestive heart failure [OR, 1.12]; and acute myocardial infarction [OR, 0.97]). These differences were somewhat attenuated by excluding patients discharged to skilled nursing facilities or other hospitals from analysis; nonetheless, the odds of death in men remained higher for 3 diagnoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that inhospital death rates are generally higher in men than in women, after adjusting for severity of illness. In addition, the risk of in-hospital death in men and women was influenced by diagnosis. These differences may reflect gender-related variation in the utilization of hospital services, the effectiveness of care, over- or underestimation of severity of illness, or biological differences in men and women.
authors: Houston Center for Quality of Care and Utilization Studies, Houston Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, TX 77030, USA. hgordon@bcm.tmc.edu
authors: H S
authors: HS
authors: Gordon
authors: G E
authors: GE
authors: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007350:Insurance, Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution