Heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass equipment. I. Biocompatibility markers and development of complications in a high-risk population.
OBJECTIVE
1. To study possible clinical benefits of heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with a broad range of preoperative risk factors. 2. To evaluate the correlation between the terminal complement complex and clinical outcome. 3. To identify clinical predictors of complement activation and correlates of granulocyte activation during cardiac surgery.


METHODS
Blood samples from adults undergoing elective cardiac surgery with Duraflo II heparin-coated (n = 81) or uncoated (n = 75) cardiopulmonary bypass sets (Duraflo coating surface; Baxter International, Inc, Deerfield, Ill) were analyzed for activation of complement (C3 activation products, terminal complement complex), granulocytes (myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin), and platelets (beta-thromboglobulin) by enzyme immunoassays. Preoperative risk was assessed by means of the "Higgins' score." Complications (cardiac, renal, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and central nervous system dysfunction, infections, death) were registered prospectively. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, logistic regression, and linear regression.


CONCLUSIONS
Sixty-seven percent of the patients had predefined risk factors. Complications developed in 53 patients (34%), equivalently with and without heparin-coated bypass sets (P =. 44-.82), despite a significant reduction in complement and granulocyte activation by heparin coating. No clear-cut relationship between the terminal complement complex and outcome was found, even if it was significant in the models for renal and central nervous system dysfunction and infections (P =.006). The Higgins' score was significantly related to complement activation (P <.05). Approximately 50% of the variation in granulocyte activation was explained by complement (P </=.01) and platelet activation (P <.05), heparin/protamine dose ratio (P =.02), duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (P <.01), and gender (P <.05). Therefore measures reducing complement activation alone will not necessarily reduce granulocyte activation sufficiently for clinical significance.
Videm
V
V
Department of Surgery A, Institute of Surgical Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, and Clinical Chemistry, The National Hospital, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway.
Mollnes
T E
TE
Fosse
E
E
Mohr
B
B
Bergh
K
K
Hagve
T A
TA
Aasen
A O
AO
Svennevig
J L
JL
D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003167:Complement Activation; D005260:Female; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000276:immunology; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015539:Platelet Activation; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors
D000925:Anticoagulants; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006493:Heparin