title: Genetic changes in the spectrum of neuroendocrine lung tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent classifications identify four categories of neuroendocrine (NE) tumors of the lung: low grade typical carcinoid (TC), intermediate grade atypical carcinoid (AC), and high grade large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LC-NEC) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied the molecular changes present in 59 archival NE tumors (10TCs, 11 ACs, 18 LNECs, and 20 SCLCs). Utilizing microdissection and polymerase chain reaction-based assays, the authors examined loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at ten chromosomal regions frequently deleted in lung tumors (3p, 5q, 11q, 13q, and 17p) and for mutations at the p53 and ras genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the exception of ras gene mutations, the majority of these changes frequently were present in carcinomas and were present at lower frequencies in carcinoids. LOH at one or more 3p regions was the most frequent change found in the carcinoids. A relatively high incidence of LOH at the MEN1 gene was common in all NE lung tumors. The incidence of LOH and p53 gene abnormalities progressively increased with increasing severity of tumor type. The patterns of p53 gene mutations were different between AC and high grade NE tumors. LOH at 5q21 was correlated with poor survival in the carcinoid group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although NE lung tumors have varied etiologies, the results of the current study support the clinicopathologic concept that they represent a spectrum ranging from low grade TC to the highly malignant NE carcinomas.
authors: Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-8593, USA.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Onuki
authors: I I
authors: II
authors: Wistuba
authors: W D
authors: WD
authors: Travis
authors: A K
authors: AK
authors: Virmani
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Yashima
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Brambilla
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Hasleton
authors: A F
authors: AF
authors: Gazdar
mesh_terms: D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000235:genetics*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / Q000235:genetics; D002893:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3 / Q000235:genetics; D002895:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 / Q000235:genetics; D002899:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 / Q000235:genetics; D016158:Genes, p53 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D016019:Survival Analysis