title: 6',7'-Dihydroxybergamottin in grapefruit juice and Seville orange juice: effects on cyclosporine disposition, enterocyte CYP3A4, and P-glycoprotein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  6',7'-Dihydroxybergamottin is a furanocoumarin that inhibits CYP3A4 and is found in grapefruit juice and Seville orange juice. Grapefruit juice increases the oral bioavailability of many CYP3A4 substrates, including cyclosporine (INN, ciclosporin), but intestinal P-glycoprotein may be a more important determinant of cyclosporine availability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the contribution of 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin to the effects of grapefruit juice on cyclosporine disposition and to assess the role of CYP3A4 versus P-glycoprotein in this interaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The disposition of oral cyclosporine was compared in healthy subjects after ingestion of water, grapefruit juice, and Seville orange juice. Enterocyte concentrations of CYP3A4 were measured in 2 individuals before and after treatment with Seville orange juice. The effect of 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin on P-glycoprotein was assessed in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Area under the whole blood concentration-time curve and peak concentration of cyclosporine were increased by 55% and 35%, respectively, with grapefruit juice (P < .05). Seville orange juice had no influence on cyclosporine disposition but reduced enterocyte concentrations of CYP3A4 by an average of 40%. 6',7'-Dihydroxybergamottin did not inhibit P-glycoprotein at concentrations up to 50 micromol/L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  6',7'-Dihydroxybergamottin is not responsible for the effects of grapefruit juice on cyclosporine. Because the interaction did not occur with Seville orange juice despite reduced enterocyte concentrations of CYP3A4, inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity by other compounds in grapefruit juice may be responsible. Reduced enterocyte CYP3A4 by 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin could be important for other drugs whose bioavailability is less dependent on P-glycoprotein.
authors: College of Pharmacy and School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich, USA.
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Edwards
authors: M E
authors: ME
authors: Fitzsimmons
authors: E G
authors: EG
authors: Schuetz
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Yasuda
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Ducharme
authors: L H
authors: LH
authors: Warbasse
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Woster
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Schuetz
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Watkins
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages; D002957:Citrus; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions; D011564:Furocoumarins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011564:Furocoumarins; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C104464:CYP3A protein, human; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human; C104774:6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin