Forgoing life-sustaining treatment: limits to the consensus. Part 2.
While substantial progress has been made in reaching a moral and policy consensus regarding forgoing life-sustaining treatment, several holes exist in that consensus where more public discussion and moral analysis is needed. First, among patients who have not been found to be legally incompetent there is controversy over whether certain treatments can be refused. Controversies also remain over damages for treatment without consent, limits based on third-party interests and the ethical integrity of the medical profession, and cases where it cannot be agreed whether the patient is competent. Even greater dispute exists over care of incompetent patients. Perhaps the greatest gap in the consensus arises over limits to the use of the best interests standard. This article proposes replacing it with a "reasonableness standard" that takes into account disputes about what is literally the best for the patient and conflicts of interest between the patient and others.
Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University.
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D032921:Consensus; D003657:Decision Making; D028663:Ethical Theory; D028741:Ethics Committees, Clinical; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D006801:Humans; D033222:Judicial Role; D007872:Legal Guardians; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards; D016743:Mental Competency / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D033242:Minors; D033282:Parental Consent; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D040841:Resource Allocation; D012297:Right to Die / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012945:Social Values; D016312:Treatment Refusal; D014481:United States; D028761:Withholding Treatment