Clinical and economic considerations in the treatment of prostate cancer.
Prostate cancer is a growing health problem with considerable economic consequences.  Despite progress in the management of this disease, few areas in medicine generate greater disagreement.  The larger part of healthcare resources are allocated to 'halfway technologies' aimed at palliative intervention to prolong life, while a relatively small part goes to measures aimed at preventing or curing the disease.  The aetiology of this cancer is multifactorial and no practical measures for primary prevention are known.  The number of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer is increasing steadily.  The age-adjusted mortality, however, has increased only slightly.  In its early stages, prostate cancer is often asymptomatic and is usually not diagnosed until it has advanced. Programmes for the early detection of prostate cancer (screening) claimed to reduce morbidity and mortality are a matter of controversy. Furthermore, there has been much debate regarding optimal treatment in the early stages of the disease.  Economic considerations have not as yet been integrated into studies concerning localised prostate cancer. The routine first-line treatment of advanced prostate cancer usually involves some type of endocrine treatment.  The most straightforward technique is surgical castration.  Oral estrogens are as effective as castration, but have significant cardiovascular adverse effects.  These may possibly be prevented if estrogens are given parenterally.  A third principal endocrine treatment is the administration of antiandrogens. Medical castration can be attained by the administration of recently developed synthetic peptides, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone {luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)} (GnRH) analogue agonists which are given parenterally.  The advantage of this type of medical castration is that the trauma of surgical castration and the adverse effects of oral estrogens are avoided.  In an attempt to improve the results obtained with endocrine treatment, the concept of combining surgical or medical castration with antiandrogens was introduced.  This combination could offer improved response rates and survival in a significant number of patients.  However, this advantage must be weighed against the tolerability profiles and the high costs of antiandrogens and GnRH analogues.  When using expensive drugs, the duration of treatment is a crucial factor in the total cost.  As the length of treatment varies greatly between patients it is difficult to decide the most cost-effective alternative for a single individual.  The patient's preference is an important factor when selecting treatment.  When there is little or no difference in the effect of different regimens the total lifetime cost is important.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Varenhorst
E
E
Departments of Surgery and Urology, Norrköping County Hospital, Sweden.
Carlsson
P
P
Pedersen
K
K
D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome