Evaluation of absorbable poly(ortho esters) for use in surgical implants.
Recent reports describe an unfavorable noninfective inflammatory response to acidic degradation products in clinical applications of bone fixation devices fabricated from bulk hydrolyzing polyglycolides and polylactides (PGA and PLA).  The work described here suggests that poly(ortho esters) (POEs) offer an alternative.  By comparison, hydrophobic POEs degrade predominately via surface hydrolysis, yielding first a combination of nonacidic degradation products, followed by alcoholic and acidic products gradually over time.  POE specimens proved acutely nontoxic in United States Pharmacopeia tests of cellular, intracutaneous, systemic, and intramuscular implant toxicity. Hot-molded specimens degraded slowly in saline, retaining 92% initial stiffness (1.6 GPa flexion) and retaining 80% initial strength (66 MPa flexion) in 12 weeks.  Degradation was almost unaffected by decreasing saline pH from 7.4 to 5.0.  This demonstrated the relative hydrophobicity of POEs, since incorporation of small amounts of acid within the polymer markedly increases the degradation rate.  Degradation rates were increased substantially by dynamic mechanical loading in saline.  This may be true for other degradable polymers also, but no data could be found in the literature.  Presumably, tensile loading opens microcracks, allowing water to enter.  Solvent cast POE films were strong in tension (30 + MPa tensile yield) and reasonably tough (12-15% elongation to yield).  Higher molecular weight films (41-67 kDa) showed no degradation in mechanical properties after 31 days in physiological buffer at body temperature.  A 27-kDa film offered similar initial strength and stiffness but began showing mechanical degradation at 31 days.  The films showed a decrease in weight with exposure time but no change in either molecular weight or water absorption at 31 days, further supporting the observation that POE degrades by surface hydrolysis rather than by bulk hydrolysis.
Daniels
A U
AU
Orthopedic Bioengineering Laboratory, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City.
Andriano
K P
KP
Smutz
W P
WP
Chang
M K
MK
Heller
J
J
D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004548:Elasticity; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D008954:Models, Biological; D015394:Molecular Structure; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011108:Polymers / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D011817:Rabbits; D013242:Sterilization; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength