Three-dimensional and four-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic imaging of the heart and aorta in humans using a computed tomographic imaging probe.
We evaluated the clinical applicability of a prototype tomographic transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) system, which not only provides conventional TEE images but also three-dimensional tissue reconstruction and four-dimensional display capabilities.  The probe was used in 16 patients in the echocardiographic laboratory, intensive care unit, and the operating room.  The instrument is a 5-MHz, 64-element, phased array unit mounted on a sliding carriage within a casing.  After appropriate probe placement within the esophagus, the probe is straightened, a balloon surrounding the probe is inflated, and data acquisition begun with ECG and respiration gating. With computer controlled transducer movement at 1-mm increments, a complete cardiac cycle is recorded at each tomographic level. These are processed using a dedicated four-dimensional software, and displayed as a dynamic three-dimensional tissue image of the heart. We were able to see the dynamic motion of the ventricles and all the valves in the four-dimensional format.  In addition to four-dimensional display, we were able to cut and visualize the heart in dynamic mode in any desired plane and also in multiple planes. Patients tolerated the procedure well.  We conclude that this tomographic four-dimensional approach, which does not require tedious off-line processing, can easily be performed in patients and has a strong clinical potential.
Pandian
N G
NG
Cardiovascular Imaging and Hemodynamic Laboratory, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111.
Nanda
N C
NC
Schwartz
S L
SL
Fan
P
P
Cao
Q L
QL
Sanyal
R
R
Hsu
T L
TL
Mumm
B
B
Wollschläger
H
H
Weintraub
A
A
D001011:Aorta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D004947:Esophagus; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed