Hospital pharmacists' participation in audit in the United Kingdom.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate systematically participation in audit of NHS hospital pharmacists in the United Kingdom.


METHODS
Questionnaire census survey.


METHODS
All NHS hospital pharmacies in the UK providing clinical pharmacy services.


METHODS
462 hospital pharmacies.


METHODS
Extent and nature of participation in medical, clinical, and pharmacy audits according to hospital management and teaching status, educational level and specialisation of pharmacists, and perceived availability of resources.


RESULTS
416 questionnaires were returned (response rate 90%). Pharmacists contributed to medical audit in 50% (204/410) of hospitals, pharmacy audit in 27% (108/404), and clinical audit in only 7% (29/404). Many pharmacies (59% (235/399)) were involved in one or more types of audit but few (4%, (15/399)) in all three. Participation increased in medical and pharmacy audits with trust status (medical audit: 57% (65/115) trust hospital v 47% (132/281) non-trust hospital; pharmacy audit: 34% (39/114) v 24% (65/276)) and teaching status (medical audit: 58% (60/104) teaching hospital v 47% (130/279) non-teaching hospital; pharmacy audit 30% (31/104) v 25% (68/273)) and similarly for highly qualified pharmacists (MPhil or PhD, MSc, diplomas) (medical audit: 54% (163/302) with these qualifications v 38% (39/103) without; pharmacy audit: 32% (95/298) v 13% (13/102)) and specialists pharmacists (medical audit: 61% (112/184) specialist v 41% (90/221) non-specialist; pharmacy audit: 37% (67/182) v 19% (41/218)). Pharmacies contributing to medical audit commonly provided financial information on drug use (86% 169/197). Pharmacy audits often concentrated on audit of clinical pharmacy services.


CONCLUSIONS
Pharmacists are beginning to participate in the critical evaluation of health care, mainly in medical audit.
Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
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Cotter
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McKee
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Barber
D004522:Educational Status; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008485:Medical Audit / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012380:Role; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom