Comparison of methods used for estimating pharmacist counseling behaviors.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the rates reported for provision of types of information conveyed by pharmacists among studies for which different methods of estimation were used and different dispensing situations were studied.


METHODS
Empiric studies conducted in the US, reported from 1982 through 1992, were selected from International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, MEDLINE, and noncomputerized sources.


METHODS
Empiric studies were selected for review if they reported the provision of at least three types of counseling information.


METHODS
Four components of methods used for estimating pharmacist counseling behaviors were extracted and summarized in a table: (1) sample type and area, (2) sampling unit, (3) sample size, and (4) data collection method. In addition, situations that were investigated in each study were compiled.


RESULTS
Twelve studies met our inclusion criteria. Patients were interviewed via telephone in four studies and were surveyed via mail in two studies. Pharmacists were interviewed via telephone in one study and surveyed via mail in two studies. For three studies, researchers visited pharmacy sites for data collection using the shopper method or observation method. Studies with similar methods and situations provided similar results.


CONCLUSIONS
Data collected by using patient surveys, pharmacist surveys, and observation methods can provide useful estimations of pharmacist counseling behaviors if researchers measure counseling for specific, well-defined dispensing situations.
Schommer
J C
JC
College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
Sullivan
D L
DL
Wiederholt
J B
JB
D001519:Behavior; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D004346:Drug Information Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D012107:Research Design; D014481:United States