Posteroseptal accessory pathways: an overview of anatomical characteristics, electrocardiographic patterns, electrophysiological features, and ablative therapy.
First, the posteroseptal region of the heart is probably the most complex area among those that harbor AV accessory fibers and a firm grasp of the anatomical characteristics of this region may facilitate achieving a successful AP ablation. Second, there is no sharp demarcation between the posteroseptal area and its surrounding regions including mid-septal, left posterior paraseptal, and right posterior paraseptal locations. Therefore, there are some inevitable overlaps between the electrocardiographic and electrophysiological features of APs located in the posteroseptal region and those areas immediately adjacent to it. Third, in the vast majority of cases, successful ablation can be achieved using a right atrial approach. Therefore, dividing posteroseptal APs into right- or left-sided pathways may only be useful for describing their ECG or electrophysiological characteristics with little or no value in predicting the site of successful ablation. Fourth, it seems advisable to attempt efforts to induce functional bundle branch block during orthodromic tachycardia and assess its effect on the VA interval. Ventriculoatrial interval prolongation due to right bundle branch block strongly favors a right free-wall or anteroseptal AP location. Prolongation of the VA interval by 30 msec or less in response to left bundle branch block is compatible with a posteroseptal location. In this situation, the mapping and ablative efforts should primarily be focused on the right atrial approach, including the terminal coronary sinus. If left bundle branch block causes VA interval lengthening of 30 msec or greater, the AP is most likely in the left free-wall region, including the posterior paraseptal area. Finally, the presence of APs having an intimate relationship with the middle cardiac (posterior interventricular) vein or the coronary sinus pouch, although exceedingly uncommon, should be considered in difficult cases in which radiofrequency applications to the conventional posteroseptal locations are unsuccessful. Such cases may require coronary sinus venography for better visualization and precise mapping of the terminal sinus complex.
Jazayeri
M R
MR
Wisconsin Electrophysiology Group, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Heart Institute of Sinai Samaritan Medical Center, Milwaukee 53233, USA.
Dhala
A
A
Deshpande
S
S
Blanck
Z
Z
Sra
J
J
Akhtar
M
M
D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans