title: In-field extremity amputation: prevalence and protocols in emergency medical services.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine current experience, attitudes, and training concerning the performance of in-field extremity amputations in North America.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, epidemiological survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emergency medical services (EMS) directors from the 200 largest metropolitan areas in North America and attendees at the 1992 Mid-Year National Association of EMS Physicians Meeting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The survey consisted of five questions focusing on demographic and operational data, the frequency of occurrence of the performance of in-field amputations, personnel responsible for performing the procedure, existing written protocols for the procedure, and the scope of training provided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 143 surveys was completed. Eighteen respondents (13%) reported a total of 26 in-field extremity amputations in the past five years. The most common cause for the injuries requiring amputations was motor-vehicle accidents. In the majority of cases (53.2%), trauma surgeons were responsible for performing the amputation, followed by emergency physicians (36.4%). Of respondents, 96% stated that there was no training available through their EMS agencies related to the performance of in-field extremity amputations. Only two EMS systems had an existing protocol regarding in-field amputations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest a need for established protocols to make the procedure easily accessible when needed, especially in large metropolitan EMS systems. This information should be emphasized during EMS training and reinforced through continuing education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Hackley Hospital, Muskegon, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kampen
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Krohmer
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Bonness
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004630:Emergencies; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000078329:Workforce