title: Does the ambulance environment adversely affect the ability to perform oral endotracheal intubation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral endotracheal intubation (ETI) is the preferred method of controlling the airway in critically ill or injured patients. It was postulated that time could be saved if intubation was performed in the ambulance en route to the hospital. This study was designed to determine whether the ambulance environment adversely affected the ability of emergency medical technicians at the advanced-intermediate level (EMT-AI) to perform oral ETI.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The restrictive environment of a moving ambulance would affect adversely the ability of EMT-AIs to perform ETI compared with a controlled setting. This would result in a significant increase in the time necessary to perform ETI in the ambulance compared with a controlled setting not complicated by restrictive space and motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty on-duty EMT-AIs were recruited to volunteer for this prospective, nonrandomized, nonblinded trial. All participants performed three consecutive oral ETIs on an airway mannequin in two settings: 1) in the back of a moving ambulance; and 2) on a table in the rescue squad station. Of the participants, 10 performed the intubations in the ambulance first; the remainder performed the intubations at the station first. Time for intubation with the mannequin was recorded by stopwatch. The mean times for intubation in both settings were compared by Student's t-test (p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All intubation attempts were successful. The mean time for intubation in the station was 13.0 +/- 3.4 seconds. The mean time in the ambulance setting was 13.2 +/- 5.3 seconds. There was no significant difference between the intubation times in the two settings (p = 0.88).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The environment of a moving ambulance does not appear to hinder the ability of EMT-AIs to perform oral ETI in a laboratory setting with a mannequin model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gough
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Reese
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000552:Ambulances; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians; D006272:Health Facility Environment; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies