title: A comparison of pediatric and adult trauma patients transported by helicopter and ground EMS: managed-care considerations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a paucity of data comparing injured pediatric patients transported by helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) with patients transported by ground ambulance. The purpose of this study was to compare HEMS pediatric trauma patients to: 1) pediatric patients transported by ground to an urban level-1 trauma center (TC), and; 2) a similar cohort of adult patients. The managed-care consequences of these comparisons are highlighted.
  
  
  METHODS
  All trauma patients flown directly from the scene by HEMS from January 1, 1990, to April 30, 1993, were compared to a cohort of trauma patients arriving by ground advanced life support (ALS). All patients were transported to the same level-1 TC. The data collected included the mechanism of injury and the prehospital procedures performed, the injury severity score (ISS), and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in the ISS between the HEMS (n = 216) and ground ALS (n = 355) pediatric patients (16.8 vs 17.1; p = 0.55). Adult HEMS patients (n = 202) had significantly higher ISS than did injured adults (n = 1652) transported by ground (18.0 vs 13.6; p < 0.0001). Overall, trauma patients transported by air directly from the scene have a higher ISS than patients transported by ground (17.5 vs 13.6; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric patients transported by HEMS were as severely injured as those transported by ground, in contrast to adult patients. We conjecture that since trauma triage schemes classically focus on adults, ground personnel are more selective about which patients are flown to a TC, and less selective for pediatric patients. Trauma centers and HEMS programs should develop pediatric trauma triage protocols that do not overemphasize physiologic parameters.
authors.affiliation: New Jersey Trauma Center, University Hospital, Newark, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Tortella
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sambol
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Lavery
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cudihy
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nadzam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017732:Air Ambulances / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000552:Ambulances / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D015276:Health Care Rationing / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D009515:New Jersey / Q000453:epidemiology; D018579:Patient Selection; D014187:Transportation of Patients / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D014218:Triage / Q000592:standards; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*