title: Factors affecting home delivery in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.
abstract: This nested case-control study compares the characteristics of mothers having home or institutional deliveries in Kathmandu, Nepal, and explores the reasons given by mothers for a home delivery. The delivery patterns of mothers were identified in a cross-sectional survey of two communities: an urban area of central Kathmandu (Kalimati) and a peri-urban area (Kirtipur and Panga) five kilometres from the city centre. 357 pregnant women were identified from a survey of 6130 households: 183 from 3663 households in Kirtipur and Panga, 174 from 2467 households in Kalimati. Methods involved a structured baseline household questionnaire and detailed follow-up of identified pregnant women with structured and semi-structured interviews in hospital and the community. The main outcome measures were social and economic household details of pregnant women; pregnancy and obstetric details; place of delivery; delivery attendant; and reasons given for home delivery. The delivery place of 334/357 (94%) of the pregnant women identified at the survey was determined. 272 (81%) had an institutional delivery and 62 (19%) delivered at home. In univariate analysis comparing home and institutional deliverers, maternal education, parity, and poverty indicators (income, size of house, ownership of house) were associated with place of delivery. After multivariate analysis, low maternal educational level (no education, OR 5.04 [95% CI 1.61-15.8], class 1-10, OR 3.36 [1.04-10.8] compared to those with higher education) and multiparity (OR 3.1 [1.63-5.74] compared to primiparity) were significant risk factors for a home delivery. Of home deliverers, only 24% used a traditional birth attendant, and over half were unplanned due to precipitate labour or lack of transport. We conclude that poor education and multiparity rather than poverty per se increase the risk of a home delivery in Kathmandu. Training TBAs in this setting would probably not be cost-effective. Community-based midwife-run delivery units could reduce the incidence of unplanned home deliveries.
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Child Health, Institute of Child Health, London.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bolam
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Manandhar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Malla
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Costello
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003696:Delivery Rooms / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003710:Demography; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006700:Home Childbirth / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D008880:Midwifery; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors