title: International models of managed care.
abstract: Outside North America health care resources are raised in two main ways: (1) taxation (the Beveridge model) and (2) compulsory social insurance (the Bismarck model). In practice, most European countries rely on a mixture of the two. The author examines the degree to which recent reforms have promoted divergence or convergence of the North American and European systems.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, England.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ham
mesh_terms: D003284:Contract Services; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; D019049:Developed Countries; D005060:Europe; D005382:Financing, Personal; D018166:Health Care Reform; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006291:Health Policy; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics; D006302:Health Services Research; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017146:Models, Organizational; D009313:National Health Programs; D018855:Single-Payer System; D013660:Taxes