title: Opportunities and challenges for the clinical utilization of functional electrical stimulation.
abstract: Clinical applications of electrical stimulation for effecting change in the damaged or disabled nervous system are in their infancy.  This technique is extremely powerful, because any neural structure that is electrically excitable can potentially be affected.  Although early attempts to apply electrical stimulation were limited by insufficient physiological knowledge and undeveloped technology, developments over the past two decades now provide a strong base for clinical applications.  Clinical systems for bladder control and respiration have been in use for many years.  Some applications of FES to restore hand function and walking are in multicenter testing, whereas many others are being studied for clinical feasibility at single sites.  Applications are focusing on safety and efficacy, as well as on clinical outcome measures to address the issues posed by the regulatory and reimbursement processes.  As clinical systems become more routine, issues of multiple system applications will need to be addressed.  Present and future applications of functional electrical stimulation may be expected to significantly enhance independence and improve the quality of life for individuals with central nervous system dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hunter Peckham
mesh_terms: D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000639:trends*; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D019736:Prostheses and Implants