title: Factors influencing successful intubation in the prehospital setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the determinants influencing oral/nasal endotracheal intubation (OETI/NETI) and determine which cognitive, therapeutic, and technical interventions may assist prehospital airway management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective review of run reports and structured interviews of paramedics involved in OETI/NETI attempts were conducted in a high-volume, inner-city, advanced life support (ALS) system during an eight-month period (July 1991 to February 1992). Data were abstracted from run reports, and paramedics were asked in structured interviews to describe difficulties in OETI/NETI attempts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 236 patients studied, 88% (208) were intubated successfully. Success/failure rate was not related statistically to patients' ages (p = 0.78), medical or trauma complaint (89% vs 85%, p = 0.35), oral versus nasal route (88% vs 85%, p = 0.38), care time (scene+transport times: success, 18 minutes; failure, 20 minutes, p = 0.30), paramedic seniority (p = 0.13), or number of attempts per paramedic (p > 0.05). Increased level of consciousness (LOC) was associated with decreased success rate (p = 0.04). Paramedics reported difficulties in endotracheal intubation (ETI) attempts in 110 (46.6%) of patients. Factors reported to increase ETI difficulty were: 1) technical problems (35.6%); 2) mechanical problems (15.6%); and 3) combative patients (12.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral endotracheal intubation and NETI success rates identified in this study are similar to those described in the literature, although innovative strategies could be used to facilitate prehospital airway management. Many of the factors found to increase ETI difficulty could be ameliorated by the administration of paralytic agents, that is, for combative patients. Focused training in cadaver and animal labs coupled with recurrence training in the operating suites should be used on a regular basis to decrease difficulties in visualization. Interventions directed at alleviating mechanical difficulties that should be explored include new-to-the-field techniques, such as retrograde intubation, fiber-optic technology, and surgical tracheal access.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, University Hospital, Newark 07103, USA.
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Doran
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Tortella
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Drivet
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Lavery
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors