title: Implantation and follow-up of a third-generation cardioverter defibrillator: comparison of epicardial and nonthoracotomy defibrillation lead system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The intraoperative and follow-up results were compared in 67 patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias who underwent implantation of the Ventritex Cadence defibrillator with either epicardial patch (EPI, 25 patients) or nonthoracotomy CPI Endotak (ENDO, 42 patients) defibrillation lead systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference between groups in age, sex, structural heart disease, ejection fraction, arrhythmia history, or drug therapy. Successful implantation was accomplished in all patients using either lead system. In the ENDO group, 35 patients (83%) had a defibrillation threshold < or = 550 V and did not require a subcutaneous patch. Intraoperatively, the defibrillation threshold was 453 +/- 139 V (13 +/- 9 J) for EPI and 490 +/- 113 V (15 +/- 8 J) for ENDO (P = NS). There were no perioperative deaths in either group. At predischarge testing, the defibrillation threshold was 445 +/- 183 V (14 +/- 12 J) for EPI and 439 +/- 133 V (13 +/- 7 J) for ENDO (P = NS). During a mean follow-up of 16 +/- 8 months, there were no sudden deaths, and four patients died from congestive heart failure (3 EPI, 1 ENDO). During follow-up, 916 spontaneous arrhythmia episodes occurred in 16 of 25 EPI patients (64%) and 967 episodes occurred in 31 of 42 ENDO patients (74%) (P = NS). The number of episodes detected as ventricular fibrillation were 192 for EPI (21%) and 232 for ENDO (24%), with first shock success in 76% and 75%, respectively; all episodes were successfully terminated by the device. In the remaining episodes detected as ventricular tachycardia, antitachycardia pacing was attempted and was successful in 672 of 724 episodes (93%) with EPI and 666 of 735 episodes (91%) with ENDO lead systems (P = NS). Acceleration of ventricular tachycardia with antitachycardia pacing occurred in 21 episodes (3%) with EPI and in 37 episodes (5%) with ENDO leads (P = NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A nonthoracotomy approach using the third generation cardioverter defibrillator Cadence V-100 is safe and effective and has clinical results that are not significantly different from epicardial defibrillation lead systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Trappe
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Fieguth
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pfitzner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heintze
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wenzlaff
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kielblock
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Lichtlen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010496:Pericardium; D013908:Thoracotomy