title: The use of transesophageal echocardiography to evaluate the effectiveness of patent ductus arteriosus ligation.
abstract: The ligation of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a comparatively easy operation, but some complications are possible.  The most common complication is incomplete ligation of the PDA; others include inadvertent ligation of the descending aorta or left pulmonary artery, transient rise in systemic blood pressure and increased left ventricular afterload, and acute right heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension. The completeness of the PDA ligation is usually determined only by the operating physician's experience, including the use of an esophageal stethoscope or a finger on the lesion to feel for vibration. These methods sometimes fail to detect an incomplete ligation.  With transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), we have monitored the entire course of the PDA ligation directly without interrupting the surgical procedure, and precisely determined the completeness of the ligation. We also expect that TEE will enable us to avoid other complications as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans General Hospital-Kaohsiung, National Yang Ming Medical College, Republic of China.
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004947:Esophagus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods