title: Comparison of high-dose epinephrine versus standard-dose epinephrine in adult cardiac arrest in the prehospital setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy of high-dose epinephrine (HDE) with standard-dose epinephrine (SDE) in the management of cardiac arrest in adults in the prehospital setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The use of HDE will improve the outcome of adult patients in cardiac arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a general population of 700,000 persons, in a mixed geographical area of 2,200 square miles, a 12-month retrospective study of SDE and a 12-month prospective trial of HDE were conducted involving adult patients in cardiac arrest in the prehospital setting. Treatment was provided by paramedic-level clinicians. In the control group, patients were treated according to existing American Heart Association cardiac resuscitation guidelines using SDE (defined as 1.0 mg boluses to a maximum dose of 4 mg). In the test group, the same guidelines were revised to use HDE (defined as a rapid sequence of 5, 10, and 15 mg boluses to a total dose of 30 mg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The control group included 594 patients; the test group consisted of 580 patients. The overall survival rate to hospital admission in the control group was 14.5% (84 patients) and in the test group 15.3% (89 patients). The survival rate to hospital discharge in the control group was 4.9% (29 patients) versus 4.8% (28 patients) in the test group. For patients whose initial rhythms were ventricular fibrillation, survival to admission in the control group was 20.4% (39 patients) versus 24.4% (43 patients) in the test group. Survival to discharge for patients with ventricular fibrillation in the control group was 8.9% (17 patients) versus 10.8% (19 patients) in the test group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no statistically significant difference in overall rate of survival to hospital admission or discharge between patients treated with SDE and those treated with HDE, regardless of the initial rhythm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Services, Emergency Medical Services Office, County of Marin, San Rafael, California, USA.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Carvolth
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*