title: Physician in-field observation of prehospital advanced life support personnel: a statewide evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Direct physician observation of advanced life support (ALS) personnel is rare in a demographically diverse state.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty ALS agencies from throughout Arizona.
  
  
  METHODS
  A board-certified emergency physician performed on-site interviews with the emergency medical services (EMS) supervisor of each agency to approximate the number of days per year that physicians observe ALS personnel in the field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 11 agencies (55%) reported that physicians ever observed ALS personnel. Among all agencies, an estimated total of 84 observer-days occurred per year. The agencies staffed a total of 86 ALS units, resulting in an estimated 0.98 observer-days/unit/year (84/86). On the average, it took 3.4 ALS personnel to staff a given unit over time and the probability that an ALS provider would be on a unit on any given day was 0.29 (1/3.4). The probability of a given provider being observed during one year was approximately 0.29 (0.98 x 0.29). Thus, on the average, an ALS provider would be observed by a physician approximately once every 3.5 years (1/0.29). Among urban agencies, the "average" ALS provider would be observed once every 2.9 years. This compared to a likelihood of in-field observation of only once every 6.7 years for non-urban providers (p = .036).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The skills of ALS providers in Arizona are observed by a physician in the field very infrequently. Although an uncommon occurrence in urban agencies, observation of non-urban ALS personnel occurs even less frequently. In addition, nearly one-half of the agencies surveyed never had a physician-observer. Although a variety of skills evaluation methods exist, it remains unclear whether any method is as useful as direct observation. Future investigations are needed to evaluate whether in-field physician observation impacts skills, patient care, or outcome in EMS systems.
authors.affiliation: Arizona Emergency Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Spaite
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Valenzuela
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Meislin
mesh_terms: D001130:Arizona; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D010819:Physician's Role; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards