title: Portable, but suitable: devices in prehospital care might be hazardous to patient or to aviation safety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Devices used for support of patients requiring air rescue or conveyance are subjected to severe environments that may affect their ability to function when needed or may affect other systems within the transporting vehicle.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ability of four portable ventilators, a suction device, and plastic and rubber tracheal tubes to withstand changes in temperature, vibration, sudden deceleration, and electromagnetic fields was studied in the laboratory setting. In addition, the effects of the operation of these devices on the flight instrumentation was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the ventilators tested delivered stable minute volumes at temperatures above zero, but in sub-zero temperatures problems were encountered with the driving gas. Vibrations produced alterations in the performance of two of the ventilators, and resonant frequencies were detected that are identical to those produced by the rotors of the helicopter used. Suctioning became difficult at temperatures below -5 degrees C as the mucus froze in the collecting tubing. The motor produced electromagnetic fields that interfered with the aircraft instrumentation, and resonant frequencies had a deleterious effect on the circuit boards. Plastic tubes were adversely affected by cold, and these chilled tubes were excessively sensitive to vibration and shocks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The devices used in various aircraft influence certain vital maneuver systems of the craft. Studies on portable ventilators, a suction device, and tracheal tubes showed that, under specific conditions, the equipment was safe to patients and was not hazardous to the aviation safety. However, under certain conditions commonly encountered during air rescue operations, the equipment became dysfunctional or presented safety hazards to the aircraft, and, hence, the crew. The Swedish Air Force has adopted three different criteria constellations: 1) operative; 2) storing; and 3) transport environment.
authors.affiliation: National Defense Research Establishment, Division of Aviation Medicine, Linkoping, Sweden.
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Dahlgren
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hogberg
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Nilsson
mesh_terms: D017732:Air Ambulances; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D013396:Suction / Q000295:instrumentation; D013696:Temperature; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical; D014732:Vibration