title: Use of benchmarking techniques to justify the evolution of antibiotic management programs in healthcare systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To apply basic benchmarking techniques to hospital antibiotic expenditures and clinical pharmacy personnel and their duties, to identify cost savings strategies for clinical pharmacy services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective survey of 18 hospitals ranging in size from 201 to 942 beds. Each was asked to provide antibiotic expenditures, an overview of their clinical pharmacy services, and to describe the duties of clinical pharmacists involved in antibiotic management activities. Specific information was sought on the use of pharmacokinetic dosing services, antibiotic streamlining, and oral switch in each of the hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most smaller hospitals (< 300 beds) did not employ clinical pharmacists with the specific duties of antibiotic management or streamlining. At these institutions, antibiotic management services consisted of formulary enforcement and aminoglycoside and/or vancomycin dosing services. The larger hospitals we surveyed employed clinical pharmacists designated as antibiotic management specialists, but their usual activities were aminoglycoside and/or vancomycin dosing services and formulary enforcement. In virtually all hospitals, the yearly expenses for antibiotics exceeded those of Millard Fillmore Hospitals by $2,000-3,000 per occupied bed. In a 500-bed hospital, this difference in expenditures would exceed $1.5 million yearly. Millard Fillmore Health System has similar types of patients, but employs clinical pharmacists to perform streamlining and/or switch functions at days 2-4, when cultures come back from the laboratory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antibiotic streamlining and oral switch duties of clinical pharmacy specialists are associated with the majority of cost savings in hospital antibiotic management programs. The savings are considerable to the extent that most hospitals with 200-300 beds could readily cost-justify a full-time clinical pharmacist to perform these activities on a daily basis. Expenses of the program would be offset entirely by the reduction in the actual pharmacy expenditures on antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Millard Fillmore Health System, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Schentag
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Paladino
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Birmingham
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hanson
mesh_terms: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017046:Cost Savings / Q000592:standards; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D005572:Formularies, Hospital as Topic; D006742:Hospital Bed Capacity; D006801:Humans; D009518:New York; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000592:standards; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017749:Total Quality Management; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use