title: The ethics of managed care. An initial look at physicians' perspectives.
abstract: The need for medical care in the United States had exceeded the financial resources required to pay for that care. To address this problem, managed care health insurance programs have become commonplace. With managed care programs, however, physicians are facing increasing ethical pressures. This article reviews the ethical dilemmas physicians face under a managed care system and conducts a national random sample of general practitioners and surgeons regarding four major ethical dilemmas: under treatment of patients due to overt pressures or financial incentives, breaches of patient confidentiality by the physician that are required by the managed care plan, lack of disclosure to the patient of the financial incentives or overt pressures under which the physician functions, and overuse of practice guidelines. The results of this survey suggest that physicians are more likely to compromise patients' confidentiality and not discuss financial arrangements with patients than they are to compromise actual patient care. Those physicians with more than 30 percent of their patient load coming from managed care are more likely to have faced the scenarios presented by the survey. There is, however, no statistically significant difference in the physicians' responses to these scenarios based on the percentage of the physicians' patient load coming from managed care.
authors.affiliation: Valdosta State University, GA, USA.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Eastman
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Eastman
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tolson
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003219:Confidentiality; D003363:Cost Control; D003625:Data Collection; D004991:Ethics, Institutional; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D014481:United States