Nurses' participation in audit: a regional study.
OBJECTIVE
To find out to what extent nurses were perceived to be participating in audit, to identify factors thought to impede their involvement, and to assess progress towards multidisciplinary audit.


METHODS
Qualitative.


METHODS
Focus groups and interviews.


METHODS
Chairs of audit groups and audit support staff in hospital, community and primary health care and audit leads in health authorities in the North West Region.


RESULTS
In total 99 audit leads/support staff in the region participated representing 89% of the primary health care audit groups, 80% of acute hospitals, 73% of community health services, and 59% of purchasers. Many audit groups remain medically dominated despite recent changes to their structure and organisation. The quality of interprofessional relations, the leadership style of the audit chair, and nurses' level of seniority, audit knowledge, and experience influenced whether groups reflected a multidisciplinary, rather than a doctor centred approach. Nurses were perceived to be enthusiastic supporters of audit, although their active participation in the process was considered substantially less than for doctors in acute and community health services. Practice nurses were increasingly being seen as the local audit enthusiasts in primary health care. Reported obstacles to nurses' participation in audit included hierarchical nurse and doctor relationships, lack of commitment from senior doctors and managers, poor organisational links between departments of quality and audit, work load pressures and lack of protected time, availability of practical support, and lack of knowledge and skills. Progress towards multidisciplinary audit was highly variable. The undisciplinary approach to audit was still common, particularly in acute services. Multidisciplinary audit was more successfully established in areas already predisposed towards teamworking or where nurses had high involvement in decision making. Audit support staff were viewed as having a key role in helping teams to adopt a collaborative approach to audit.


CONCLUSIONS
Although nurses were undertaking audit, and some were leading developments in their settings, a range of structural and organisational, interprofessional and intraprofessional factors was still impeding progress. If the ultimate goal of audit is to improve patient care, the obstacles that make it difficult for nurses to contribute actively to the process must be acknowledged and considered.
Cheater
F M
FM
Eli Lilly National Clinical Audit Centre, University of Leicester, UK. fc8@le.ac..uk
Keane
M
M
D002983:Clinical Competence; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000592:standards; D017144:Focus Groups; D006126:Group Processes; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008485:Medical Audit / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009740:Nursing Staff; D019555:Physician-Nurse Relations; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D013222:State Medicine / Q000592:standards; D006113:United Kingdom