title: Empowerment: the emperor's new clothes.
abstract: Everyone talks about empowerment, but it's not working. CEOs subtly undermine empowerment. Employees are often unprepared or unwilling to assume the new responsibilities it entails. Even change professionals stifle it. When empowerment is used as the ultimate criteria of success in organizations, it covers up many of the deeper problems that they must overcome. To understand this apparent contradiction, the author explores two kinds of commitment: external and internal. External commitment--or contractual compliance--is what employees display when they have little control over their destinies and are accustomed to working under the command-and-control model. Internal commitment occurs when employees are committed to a particular project, person, or program for their own individual reasons or motivations. Internal commitment is very closely allied with empowerment. The problem with change programs designed to encourage empowerment is that they actually end up creating more external than internal commitment. One reason is that these programs are rife with inner contradictions and send out mixed messages like "do your own thing--the way we tell you." The result is that employees feel little responsibility for the change program, and people throughout the organization feel less empowered. What can be done? Companies would do well to recognize potential inconsistencies in their change programs; to understand that empowerment has its limits; to establish working conditions that encourage employees' internal commitment; and to realize that morale and even empowerment are penultimate criteria in organizations. The ultimate goal is performance.
authors.affiliation: Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Argyris
mesh_terms: D000288:Administrative Personnel; D003132:Commerce / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D010559:Personnel Management / Q000379:methods*; D011209:Power, Psychological; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D011590:Psychology, Industrial