title: Comparison of interventions in prehospital care by standing orders versus interventions ordered by direct [on-line] medical command.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the patient care measures provided by paramedics according to standing orders versus measures ordered by direct [on-line] medical command in order to determine the types and frequency of medical command orders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective identification of patient care measures done as part of a prehospital quality assurance program.
  
  
  METHODS
  An urban paramedic service in the northeast United States with direct medical command from three local hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand eight paramedic reports from October 1992 through March 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patient care interventions recorded as done by standing orders or by direct medical command orders. Errors in patient care were determined by the same criteria as in the prior two studies of the same system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Direct medical command gave orders in 143/1,008 (14.2%) cases. Paramedics performed 2,453/2,624 (93.5%) of the total patient care interventions using standing orders. In 61 cases (6.1%), medical command ordered a potentially beneficial intervention not specified by standing orders or not done by the paramedic. 21/171 (12.3%) command orders were for additional doses of epinephrine or atropine in cardiac arrest cases (where the initial doses had been given under standing orders), and 59/171 (34.5%) were for interventions already mandated or permitted by standing orders. The paramedic error rate was 0.6%, and the medical command error rate was 1.8% (unchanged form the prior study of the same standing-orders system).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct medical command gave orders in 14% of cases in this standing-orders system, but 35% of command orders only reiterated the standing orders. More selective and reduced uses of on-line command could be done in this system with no change in the types or numbers of patient care interventions performed.
authors.affiliation: Center for Emergency Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey 17033, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Holliman
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wuerz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vazquez-de Miguel
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Meador
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004631:Emergency Medical Service Communication Systems; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008508:Medication Errors; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011787:Quality of Health Care