title: Principal-agent problems in health care systems: an international perspective.
abstract: A central feature of all health care systems is the flow of finances from the population, via a variety of agencies, to the providers of health care. Each transfer of funds within the system involves a principal-agent problem, in the sense that a principal is entrusting funds to an agent with the intention that some desired aspect of health care delivery can be secured. This paper examines within the context of a principal-agent model three key elements of the health care system: the raising of finance, the transfer of funds to hospitals, and spending by hospitals. At each of these stages there is a danger that the objectives of society for the health care system are lost. In order to illustrate the issues involved, five mature systems of health care are examined: Austria, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and the United States of America. The paper concludes that three aspects of the flow of funds are crucial to securing adequate control: the means of controlling patient entry to hospitals; the mechanism for remunerating hospitals for additional patients; and the control of physicians by hospital management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, UK.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stepan
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valdmanis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verheyen
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D005060:Europe; D005381:Financing, Organized; D006076:Government; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006291:Health Policy / Q000191:economics; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000191:economics; D006302:Health Services Research; D018803:Models, Economic; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States