title: Outcome in an urban pediatric trauma system with unified prehospital emergency medical services care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pediatric mortality is predicted by age, presence of head trauma, head trauma with a low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, a low Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS), and transport directly to a pediatric trauma center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studied were 1,429 patients younger than 16 years old admitted to or declared dead on arrival (DOA) in a pediatric trauma center from January through October, 1988. The trauma system, which served 3-million persons, included six pediatric trauma centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained by a retrospective review of summary statistics provided to the Chicago Department of Health by the pediatric trauma centers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall mortality was 4.8% (68 of 1429); 32 of the patients who died (47.1%) were DOA. The in-hospital mortality rate was 2.6%. Head injury was the principal diagnosis in 46.2% of admissions and was a factor in 72.2% of hospital deaths. The mortality rate was 20.3% in children with a GCS < or = 10 and 0.4% when the GCS was > 10 (odds ratio [OR] = 67.0, 95% CI = 15.0-417.4). When the PTS was < or = 5, mortality was 25.6%; with a PTS > 5, the mortality was 0.2% (OR = 420.7, 95% CI = 99.3-2,520). Although transfers to a pediatric trauma center accounted for 73.6% of admissions, direct field triage to a pediatric trauma center was associated with a 3.2 times greater mortality risk (95% CI = 1.58-6.59). Mortality rates were equal for all age groups. Pediatric trauma center volume did not influence mortality rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Head injury and death occur in all age groups, suggesting the need for broad prevention strategies. Specific GCS and PTS values that predict mortality can be used in emergency medical services (EMS) triage protocols. Although the high proportion of transfers mandates systemwide transfer protocols, the lower mortality in these patients suggests appropriate EMS field triage. These factors should be considered as states develop pediatric trauma systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago 60612, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: VanRooyen
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Reyes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards*; D006302:Health Services Research; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000592:standards*; D014218:Triage; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000592:standards*