title: Creating an integrated health care system: the health and human risk management model.
abstract: This article critiques the current health care system and presents a new conceptual model that offers the potential for an integrated health care system in the future. Health care currently consists of parallel care systems based on the competing conceptual frameworks of the medical model and the psychosocial model. It is argued that psychosocial factors must be included in an integrated system. Research literature is reviewed that documents the need for, the therapeutic effectiveness of, and the medical cost-offset benefits of mental and behavioral health interventions. The Health and Human Risk Management Model is described and illustrated with a case example as well as research outcomes from its implementation at United HealthCare Corporation.
authors.affiliation: United HealthCare Corporation, Minnetonka, MN, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Bergmark
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Attridge
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D017146:Models, Organizational; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011584:Psychology; D012308:Risk Management; D012944:Social Support; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology