title: The ecology of urban violence: its relationship to health promotion behaviors in low-income black and Latino communities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to identify and examine relationships between exposure to violence and health promotion behaviors in low-income black and Latino groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on computer surveys of the psychologic, public health, medical, and sociologic literature, approximately 90 previous studies of the impact of exposure to violence on psychologic functioning, perceptions of health and well-being, and health decisions and behavior were identified. This article reviews those studies that examine the relationships between experiences of violence and subsequent feelings of alienation, powerlessness, and hopelessness, and perceptions of health and well-being and studies that examine relationships between alienation, hopelessness, and powerlessness and health promotion behaviors. Studies of health promotion behavior that did not examine or address the impact of exposure to violence are not reviewed in this article.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Violence affects low-income communities directly by contributing to rates of mortality, and indirectly by affecting health promotion behaviors. Exposure to violence can result in feelings of powerlessness, hopelessness, and alienation that significantly limit motivation, the extent of involvement, and persistence in overcoming barriers to health promotion behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future researchers must consider the confounding effects of exposure to violence when investigating differences in health promotion behaviors for low-income black and Latino groups. Community empowerment programs that address the impact of violence and focus on developing control over life and health outcomes may be needed to successfully address the effect of violence on health promotion behavior in low-income, black and Latino communities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sanders-Phillips
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D005006:Ethnicity; D015438:Health Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D006293:Health Promotion; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011203:Poverty; D012918:Social Alienation; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population; D014754:Violence / Q000208:ethnology