title: A review and assessment of non-governmental organization-based STD/AIDS education and prevention projects for marginalized groups.
abstract: A review of projects run by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in primarily developing countries, which have aimed to provide STD/AIDS education and prevention skills to various marginalized groups, reveals that past quantitative and formative research has failed to identify key programmatic factors which lead to more successful project implementation and sustainability.  In observations, interviews with field staff, visits to program sites and information drawn from the literature, a variety of methods to reach a wide range of groups such as men who have sex with men, prostitutes, clients of prostitutes, prisoners, street children, migrant workers and refugees are explored. Factors found to facilitate project success include the following: at least one full-time committed staff member; respectful treatment and appropriate motivation of the target group; suitable and sufficient equipment and supplies (particularly condoms); planning ahead for the participation of HIV-positive individuals and ways to meet their needs; focusing on qualitative rather than quantitative evaluation; planning in advance beyond a 9 or 12 month 'model'.  Despite some evidence that marginalized groups can be successfully motivated to practise safer sex through prevention education, long-term behaviour change still presents major challenges--even when specific conditions are met.
authors.affiliation: International Family Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Carswell
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009938:Organizations; D011287:Prejudice; D011329:Prisoners; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012036:Refugees; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012923:Social Class; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014171:Transients and Migrants