title: Intraoperative monitoring of regional wall motion abnormalities for detecting myocardial ischemia by transesophageal echocardiography.
abstract: Transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography has been used for intraoperative monitoring of regional wall motion of the left ventricle.  Regional wall motion abnormality is a sensitive indicator of myocardial ischemia and the use of two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography may have a substantial advantage for early detection of myocardial infarction and thus for initiating timely and appropriate therapy in preventing postoperative myocardial ischemia.  With an expected increase in the use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography for monitoring regional wall motion, we described the practical aspects of transesophageal echocardiography: (1) insertion technique of transesophageal echocardiographic probe; (2) the technique for obtaining an optimal short-axis view of the left ventricle; and (3) the method for evaluating regional wall-motion abnormality and myocardial ischemia.  Regional wall motion abnormality is best monitored at the mid-papillary muscle level where all three coronary arteries meet.  In obtaining this view, the transesophageal echocardiographic probe was found to be predominantly located in the stomach.  Failure in obtaining short-axis view of the left ventricle at this level occurred in patients with left ventricular dilatation or obesity.  Because of the anatomical reason, the echocardiographic transducer cannot reach a proper plane.  In anesthetized patients, air can be pushed into the stomach during induction and may disturb the visualization.  The pitfalls in examining regional wall motion abnormalities include: (1) shifting of the center of left ventricular contraction; (2) inadequate direction of the scanning plane; and (3) paradoxical septal movement.  Three cases are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in managing coronary artery surgical patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Orihashi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left