title: Economic impact of digoxin toxicity.
abstract: The costs of digoxin toxicity to the US healthcare system have not been previously reported. Therefore, the 1994 database of US University Health-System Consortium (UHC) was searched for cases of digoxin toxicity using the International Classification of Diseases (9th edition) [ICD-9] codes. In addition, the medical records of 17 patients admitted to the University of Illinois Hospital from September 1994 to July 1995 with a diagnosis of digoxin toxicity were also reviewed. Of the 17 patients, 14 were admitted with a primary diagnosis of digoxin toxicity. Causes of digoxin toxicity were worsening renal function (6 patients), excessive dosage prescribed (4 patients), excessive dosage self-administered (2 patients), multiple prescriptions (2 patients), accidental ingestion (1 patient), drug-drug interaction (1 patient) and unknown (1 patient). Digoxin toxicity could have been prevented in 9 (53%) of the 17 patients. The mean length of stay in the hospital as a result of digoxin toxicity was 3.3 +/- 1.2 days. The mean laboratory cost associated with digoxin toxicity was $US275.54 +/- $US106.57 and the mean hospital bed cost was $US3781.92 +/- $US2572.22. The mean overall cost associated with digoxin toxicity was $US4087.05 +/- $US2659.76. There was a significant correlation between the total cost associated with digoxin toxicity and the serum digoxin concentration on admission (r = 0.73, p < 0.01). From the UHC database, a total of 836 cases of digoxin toxicity in 56 hospitals were identified. This represented the occurrence of digoxin toxicity in 0.07% of all patients admitted to these US academic hospitals. Digoxin toxicity results in considerable costs to the healthcare system. Most cases can be considered readily preventable with proper patient counselling and education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago Colleges of Pharmacy and Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Vlasses
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bauman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004077:Digoxin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States