title: A comparison of EMS continuing education for paramedics in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine characteristics of continuing education programs for paramedics in large metropolitan areas, and to make recommendations for changes in the Chicago Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of 95 metropolitan areas from each state in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  EMS medical directors, coordinators, and administrators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey population included 56 respondents. Within this group, 23% were from areas of 1 million people or more, 61% in areas with populations of 100,000 to 1 million and 16% from areas populated by < 100,000 people. Several system types were represented in the survey. In the systems surveyed, 98% mandate didactic continuing education requirements. Clinical continuing education was required by 34% of the systems. Ten systems (18%) awarded continuing education hours for documented in-field experience. This method did not have a specific structure by the majority of users. Both written and skills testing were used by most EMS systems to evaluate paramedic competency. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) could be found among population subgroups or EMS system types when evaluating the use of these various methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMS systems primarily use didactic sessions to meet their continuing education requirements. Nearly half of the systems requiring clinical continuing education use in-field credit to fulfill these requirements. In-field credit systems are poorly developed to date. This mechanism may be an effective alternative to usual clinical experiences for paramedics and deserves further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Willoughby
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Koenigsberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D004496:Education, Continuing / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States