title: Rural and urban differences in mortality among Americans 55 years and older: analysis of the National Longitudinal Mortality Study.
abstract: Previous research on rural and urban differences in risk of mortality has been inconclusive. This article used data from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study to establish whether all-cause mortality risk among persons 55 years and older varies by degree of urbanization, controlling for the potential sociodemographic confounders of age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, income, and marital status. Using the Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Procedure, the authors found that persons living in the most rural locales and those living in rural communities in standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSAs) have the lowest risk of mortality, while those living in SMSA central cities had the highest risk of dying during the study period. The protective effect of rural residence declines in older age cohorts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bradham
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Longino
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D044469:Racial Groups; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*