title: Breaking the glass ceiling.
abstract: The glass ceiling is a form of organizational bias and discrimination that prevents qualified professionals from achieving positions of top governance and leadership. This article examines glass ceiling barriers that keep physicians from the upper reaches of management. While these factors apply mainly to women and minority physicians in academia, and are attributable to sexual harassment and discrimination, physicians as a class are frequently denied executive management positions. Such denial results from inadequate preparation for a career in health care administration. Important issues in the professional development of physician executives include mentoring, training and education, administrative experience, and cultural and personality factors. All of those must be considered when making the transition from medicine to management.
authors.affiliation: Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lazarus
mesh_terms: D002322:Career Mobility; D004496:Education, Continuing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D007857:Leadership; D008611:Mentors; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology; D010551:Personality; D008486:Physician Executives / Q000523:psychology; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000523:psychology; D011287:Prejudice; D013192:Staff Development / Q000458:organization & administration; D014481:United States