title: Provocative appeals in anti-smoking mass media campaigns targeting adolescents--the accumulated effect of multiple exposures.
abstract: This paper reports findings from a longitudinal study that evaluated the accumulated effect of three consecutive mass media campaigns using provocative and dissonance arousing appeals to prevent cigarette smoking by adolescents. In the spring of 1992, all eligible adolescents aged 14 and 15 in one intervention county (N = 4898) and one control county (N = 5439) in Norway were included in the study, and were followed until they were 17 and 18 years of age in 1995. Only students who completed questionnaires both in 1992 and 1995 were included in the analyses. Among the non-smokers at baseline, a significantly lower proportion of adolescents of both genders had started to smoke in the intervention county compared to the proportion in the control county. Among those who were smokers at baseline, significantly more girls in the intervention county had stopped smoking than in the control county, while no significant difference between the counties was detected among boys. Our findings suggest that provocative and dissonance arousing appeals that create affective reactions and lead to interpersonal communication should be given more attention in campaigns designed to influence adolescent smoking. However, such appeals may easily produce negative reactions and the normative context should be thoroughly considered when using such appeals in future interventions.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Epidemiological Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hafstad
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Aarø
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Engeland
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Langmark
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stray-Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008402:Mass Media; D009664:Norway; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires