title: Use of restraints in air medical transport: a survey.
abstract: Although the practice of restraining combative patients is commonplace, restraint has been neither uniform nor scrutinized in the air medical transport environment. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize the use of physical and chemical restraining methods in air medical and critical care transport settings. A retrospective study was performed through faxed questionnaires to 92 medical directors who were members of the Air Medical Physician Association (AMFA). Neither program size nor program type correlated with the use of a particular restraint method. Cloth, including gauze, was the most common physical restraint (73%); both benzodiazepines and paralytics were the most common chemical restraints (53%). Injury to crew members was not widespread. This study of air transport services reported a lower incidence of injury to personnel (17%) than is reported in studies from emergency departments (EDs) (60%). This study also indicated that air transport services possess protocols governing actions toward violent patients (65%) more often than has been reported in studies on EDs (50%). Protocols varied in nature and extent. Consensus protocols should be established and implemented with the aid of detailed data acquisition to standardize personnel education in managing violent patients.
authors.affiliation: Golden Hour Data Systems, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Brauer
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Hutton
mesh_terms: D017732:Air Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014149:Tranquilizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014187:Transportation of Patients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data