title: The buffering ability of commonly employed cardiopulmonary bypass solutions and alkalizing agents.
abstract: This experiment evaluated the hydrogen ion (H+) buffering capacity (BC) of solutions and alkalizing agents employed during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). A solution's BC can be determined when a known quantity of H+ is titrated into the solution and the change () in pH (-log of the hydrogen ion activity ([H+]a)) is measured ([H+]a/mmole H+). Eleven solutions were studied:Lactated Ringers (LR), 0.9% NaCl (NS), Plasma-Lyte A, Hespan (6% hetastarch), banked donor blood with citrate phosphate dextrose adenine (CPDA-1), fresh donor blood, THAM, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3; 1 mEq/ml), high potassium crystalloid cardioplegic solution (HKCCPS), oxygenated crystalloid cardioplegic solution (OCCPS), and adult crystalloid priming solution (AP) per institutional protocol. The solutions were studied at three temperatures: 37 degrees C, 28 degrees C, and 18 degrees C. The null hypothesis stated there was no difference in the BC of the solutions studied. The solutions were first titrated to the same starting pH of 8.0. The solutions were then titrated with a predetermined concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to a pH of 7.0. A higher quantity of H+ added to a solution indicated a greater ability of that solution to buffer H+ within pH limits of 8.0 to 7.0. The data was analyzed with a two way ANOVA and Bonferonni method. A p value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The significant results of our study indicated that THAM demonstrated the best BC, followed in decreasing order by NaHCO3, banked blood, fresh blood, HKCCPS, AP, OCCPS, Plasmalyte, LR, Hespan, and NS.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Services Department, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bliss
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Gilmore
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Westendorff
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Mashburn
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Galloway
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002021:Buffers; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000737:chemistry*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013696:Temperature