title: Liability immunity as a legal defense for recent emergency medical services system litigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although many emergency medical services (EMS) providers are concerned about liability litigation, no comprehensive, national studies of EMS appelate cases have been published. Information about these cases and the use of liability immunity (sovereign immunity, emergency medical care immunity, or Good Samaritan immunity) as a defense could be used for EMS risk management and better patient care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review recent EMS system civil litigation cases to determine their common characteristics and the number that used liability immunity as a legal defense.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study of the WESTLAW computerized database of legal cases from all state and federal appellate courts. All legal cases that named a member of the EMS system as a defendant, involved either a patient-care incident or ambulance collision, and received an appellate court opinion from 1987 through 1992, were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-six cases were identified and analyzed. Most cases (85%) were related to a patient-care incident, and 71% of the cases involved a death or significant physical injury. More than 49% of the patient cases alleged inadequate assessment or treatment, and 27% alleged delay in ambulance arrival or no ambulance arrival. There were 11 cases (15%) that alleged no transport of the patient to the hospital. Liability immunity was used as a defense in 53% of the cases. The appellate courts ruled in favor of 68% of the defendants that did not use an immunity defense and in favor of 72% of those that did use liability immunity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There have been a large number of recent appellate cases involving EMS systems. The common characteristics of many of these cases demonstrate the need for providing rapid ambulance arrival, proper assessment and treatment, and rapid patient transportation to a hospital. Although liability immunity was used as a legal defense by most EMS system defendants, the appellate court outcome was similar regardless of its use.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235-8579, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Trail
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Trompler
mesh_terms: D003675:Defensive Medicine; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D016365:Liability, Legal; D008318:Malpractice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010819:Physician's Role; D012308:Risk Management; D014481:United States