title: Health outcomes and managed care: discussing the hidden issues.
abstract: Too often the debate over health outcomes and managed care has glossed over a series of complex social, political, and ethical issues. Exciting advances in outcomes research have raised hopes for logical medical reform. However, science alone will not optimize our patients' health, since value judgements are necessary and integral parts of attempts to improve health outcomes within managed care organizations. Therefore, to form healthcare policy that is both fair and efficient, we must examine the fundamental values and ethical concerns that are imbedded in our efforts to shape care. We must openly discuss the hidden issues including: (1) trade-offs between standardization of care and provider-patient autonomy; (2) effects of financial incentives on physicians' professionalism; (3) opportunity costs inherent in the design of insurance plans; (4) responsibilities of managed care plans for the health of the public; (5) judicious and valid uses of data systems; and (6) the politics of uncertainty.
authors.affiliation: University of Chicago Medical Center, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chin
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D004465:Economic Competition; D004991:Ethics, Institutional; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D016134:Organizational Policy; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010344:Patient Advocacy; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D009272:Persons; D011057:Politics; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D040841:Resource Allocation; D012941:Social Responsibility; D012945:Social Values; D035501:Uncertainty; D014481:United States; D035862:Vulnerable Populations; D028761:Withholding Treatment