title: Telemedicine in support of peacekeeping operations overseas: an audit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since 1993, the Department of Defense has augmented the medical support for Army units on peacekeeping operations in Macedonia through the medium of telemedicine. This project, known as Operation Primetime 1, was the first satellite-based telemedicine system deployed in support of remote primary-care physician in the U.S. military. Its declared aims are: (1) to improve the standard of care; (2) to reduce evacuations; (3) to support junior physicians in the field; and (4) to improve the military effectiveness of the deployed units. This paper audits the success in attaining those goals for the period January 1994 to April 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  A log was collated from the referring units and questionnaires completed by both referring and consulting physicians. The referring physicians were interviewed on their return from Macedonia, and a more detailed study was undertaken of cases in which a change in outcome was noted. Follow-up interview of consultants was not possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 53 consults were undertaken on 47 patients. The use of telemedicine affected the decision to evacuate 13 times (13/47), with a net reduction of 9 evacuations. Management of individual cases was changed in 30 of the 47 cases in which telemedicine was used. Physician confidence and military effectiveness were also improved. The level of utilization of the system was largely dependent on a training and sustainment program. Units and General Medical Officers who were trained in the clinical use of telemedicine and the technical sustainment of the equipment used the system; those who were not, did not. Most patients (45/47) were treated satisfactorily with a single consult. Telemedicine under these circumstances seems to be cost effective. The deployed sites chose the referral centers that provided the best service.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Telemedicine is a valuable tool capable of augmenting medical support to deployed military units. A successful deployed telemedicine project requires an integrated support package that includes adequate provision for training and equipment sustainment at both ends of the link. Experience with telemedicine in Operation Primetime indicates the potential for substantial cost savings as well as cost-effective medical care. Further application of telemedicine should be encouraged. Successful deployment of telemedicine projects may hinge on an integrated support package.
authors.affiliation: Department of Defense Telemedicine Testbed, Casualty Care Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Navein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hagmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ellis
mesh_terms: D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D008485:Medical Audit; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D008889:Military Personnel; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States