title: Patients who refuse transportation by ambulance: a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients refusing hospital transportation occurs in 5% to 25% of out-of-hospital calls. Little is known about these calls. This study was needed to determine the demographics, inherent risks, and timing of refused calls.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective review of all run sheets of patients who refused transportation were collected for a two month period. Demographic data and medical information was collected. Each run was placed into one of three categories of need for transport and further evaluation: 1) minimal; 2) moderate; and 3) definite. The Greater Elgin Area Mobile Intensive Care Program (GEA-MICP) based at Sherman Hospital in Elgin, Illinois, was the setting. The GEA-MICP is an Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system comprised of 17 advanced life support (ALS) ambulance agencies servicing northeastern Illinois. Study subjects were all patients who refused transportation to a hospital by ALS ambulance during July 1993 and February 1994. Paramedics were required to complete a run sheet for all calls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 30% (683 of 2,270) of all runs resulted in refusal of transportation. Patients who most commonly refused transportation were asymptomatic, 11-40 years old and involved in a motor vehicle crash. They usually had no past medical history, normal vital signs, and a normal mental status. Patients generally signed for their own release after evaluation. The average time to arrival was 4.2 minutes and average time spent on scene by paramedics was 18.4 minutes. Of the patients, 72% were judged to have minimal need, 25% were felt to have a moderate need, and 3% were felt to definitely need transport to a hospital for further evaluation and/or treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are many cases when EMS are activated, but transportation is refused. Most refusals occur after paramedic evaluation. Providing paramedics with primary care training and protocols would standardize care given to patients and provide a mechanism for discharge instructions and follow-up for those who chose not to be transported to a hospital. Patients judged to require further treatment had unique characteristics. These data may be useful in identifying potentially sicker patients allowing a concentrated effort to transport this subset of patients to a hospital.
authors.affiliation: Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Johnfran@theworks.com
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hipskind
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gren
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000552:Ambulances; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014187:Transportation of Patients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016312:Treatment Refusal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*