title: Medical control of mass gatherings: can paramedics perform without physicians on-site?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the experience of paramedic personnel at mass gatherings in the absence of on-site physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of patients evaluated by paramedics with emergency medical services (EMS) medical control.
  
  
  METHODS
  First-aid facility operated by paramedics at an outdoor amphitheater involving 32 (predominantly rock music) concerts in accordance with the Chicago EMS System, June through September 1990.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 438 patients (< or = 0.1% on-site population) were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presentations to the first-aid facility were viewed as if the patient was presenting to an ambulance. Transportation to an emergency department was strongly recommended for all encounters. Time from presentation to the first-aid facility until disposition was limited to 30 minutes in the absence of on-line [direct] medical control. Refusal of care was accepted. On-line [direct] medical control with the EMS resource hospital was initiated as needed. Off-line [indirect] medical control consisted of weekly reviews of all patients records and periodic site visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 438 patients, 366 (84%) refused further care, including 31 patients (7%) who refused advanced life support (ALS) level care. Seventy-two patients (16%) were transported; 37 by ALS and 35 by basic life support (BLS) units. On-line [direct] medical control was initiated in all ALS patients that were transported as well as for those who refused care. No known deaths or adverse outcomes occurred, based on lack of inquiries or complaints from the local EMS system, emergency departments receiving transported patients, law enforcement agencies, 9-1-1 emergency response providers, venue management, or security. No request for medical records from law firms have occurred. Problems noted initially were poor documentation and a tendency not to document all encounters (e.g., dispensing band-aids, tampons, earplugs, etc.). Concerns noted included: initial and subsequent vital signs, times of arrival, interventions, dispositions, and patient conditions of refusal. Specific problems with documentation of refusals at disposition included: appropriate mental status, speech, and gait; release with an accompanying family member or friend; and parental notification and approval of care for minors. There also was an initial tendency not to establish on-line [direct] medical control for ALS refusal or BLS medicolegal issues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The medical system configuration modeled after practices of prehospital care, demonstrates physicians did not need to be on-site when adequate EMS medical control existed with less than 30 minutes on-scene time.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois College of Medicine, Emergency Services, University of Illinois Hospital, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Koenigsberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D002641:Chicago; D004282:Documentation; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005392:First Aid; D006801:Humans; D010819:Physician's Role; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies