Models of hospital drug policy in the UK.
OBJECTIVE
Pharmacists in UK National Health Service (NHS) hospitals have a long tradition of involvement in the development of drug policy. This paper describes various approaches that have been employed in the development and implementation of drug policy in hospitals and examines the evidence for their effectiveness and acceptability in the context of a changing health service.


METHODS
A series of focused interviews was conducted with a range of staff, including doctors, nurses, pharmacists and managers at eight hospitals. Interview sites were selected on the basis of a national survey of clinical pharmacy roles and were broadly representative of UK NHS hospitals. Interview data were analysed using constant comparison and analytic induction.


RESULTS
Three models used in the development of drug policy were identified: a 'traditional' model, in which a drug and therapeutics committee establishes a hospital-wide formulary which is implemented by pharmacists; a 'combined' model, in which there is much more emphasis on tailoring policies and feedback to specialties or clinical directorates; and a 'medical control' model, in which prescribing decisions are made by individual doctors without reference to explicit policies and with little active pharmacy involvement. Pharmacy involvement was seen as vital to the development of effective policies but hospital-specific factors influenced the choice of model at particular sites.


CONCLUSIONS
Hospitals may be moving towards the 'combined' model which could have advantages in the current internal market within the NHS. However, evaluations of the various approaches to drug policy should help inform this decision.
Cotter
S M
SM
Health Services Research Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK.
McKee
M
M
D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000592:standards; D004465:Economic Competition; D005572:Formularies, Hospital as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D017146:Models, Organizational; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010606:Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee; D013222:State Medicine; D017749:Total Quality Management; D006113:United Kingdom