title: Micro-level analysis of distributional changes in health care financing in Finland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the early 1990s the Finnish economy suffered a severe recession at the same time as health care reforms were taking place. This study examines the effects of these changes on the distribution of contributions to health care financing in relation to household income. Explanations for changes in various indicators of health care expenditure and use during that time are offered.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis is based partly on actual income data and partly on simulated data from the base year (1990). It employs methods that allow the estimation of confidence intervals for inequality indices (the Gini coefficient and Kakwani's progressivity index).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In spite of the substantial decrease in real incomes during the recession, the distribution of income remained almost unaltered. The share of total health care funding derived from poorer households increased somewhat, due purely to structural changes. The financial plight of the public sector led to the share of total funding from progressive income taxes to decrease, while regressive indirect taxes and direct payments by households contributed more.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems that, aside from an increased financing burden on poorer households, Finland's health care system has withstood the tremendous changes of the early 1990s fairly well. This is largely attributable to the features of the tax-financed health care system, which apportions the effects of financial and functional disturbances equitably.
authors.affiliation: National R&D Centre for Welfare & Health, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klavus
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Häkkinen
mesh_terms: D017047:Cost Sharing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D005380:Financing, Government / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D005387:Finland; D018166:Health Care Reform; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D007183:Income Tax; D007250:Inflation, Economic; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017150:Public Sector