title: In vitro effects of therapeutic ultrasound on cell proliferation, protein synthesis, and cytokine production by human fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and monocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate several in vitro effects of ultrasound that could revert or prevent the hypoxia, hypovascularity, and hypocellularity observed in osteoradionecrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two different ultrasound machines were evaluated, a "traditional" (1 MHz, pulsed 1:4) and a "long wave" (45 kHz, continuous) machine, tested at various intensities. Ultrasound was applied to human gingival fibroblasts, mandibular osteoblasts, and monocytes. The assays performed were cell proliferation (DNA synthesis), collagen and noncollagenous protein (NCP) synthesis, and cytokine production (ELISA) involving interleukin (IL) 1 beta, IL-6, and IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both ultrasound machines induced increased cell proliferation in fibroblasts and osteoblasts, between 35% and 52%. The collagen and NCP synthesis were also significantly enhanced to levels up to 112%, the best results being with the 45-kHz machine. The ELISA results showed a slight stimulation of IL-1 beta by all cell types; there was no difference in IL-6 and TNF alpha levels. The angiogenesis-related cytokines evaluated were significantly stimulated: IL-8 and bFGF production was enhanced in osteoblasts, and VEGF production was stimulated in all three cell types. Both ultrasound machines produced the same results, with the recommended intensities being 15 and 30 mW/cm2(SA) for the 45-kHz ultrasound, and 0.1 and 0.4 W/cm2(SAPA) for the 1 MHz ultrasound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic ultrasound induces in vitro cell proliferation, collagen/NCP production, bone formation, and angiogenesis. These findings support its use in prospective clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of osteoradionecrosis.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Eastman Dental Institute/UCL, London, UK.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Doan
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Reher
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Meghji
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Harris
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009000:Monocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010025:Osteoradionecrosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011506:Proteins; D003094:Collagen; D004247:DNA