title: [Integrated study of fecal incontinence with defecography, anal ultrasonography, perineography, and manometry].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Imaging methods such as defecography, anal US and perineography, combined with manometry, now permit to identify a growing number of causes of anorectal and pelvic floor deficiency. Fecal incontinence patients can thus be approached correctly relative to both diagnosis and treatment. We investigated the role of these techniques in the work-up of fecal incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight subjects suffering from fecal incontinence were examined. Defecography was carried out with a special commode and videorecorded on a VHS cassette. Anal US was performed with a 7-MHz rotating probe (type 1846) with 3-cm focus length. Perineography was carried out in 15 female patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anorectal angle (ARA) at rest was increased (mean: 106 degrees; normal range: 90-100 degrees) in 34 cases; involuntary barium leakage was seen in 8 patients, especially on coughing. On squeezing, ARA was normal in 10 cases (mean: 72 degrees; normal range: 60-90 degrees); in 5 cases of puborectal hypotonia there was no angular excursion between rest and squeezing (mean: 105 degrees). During evacuation, the average ARA value was 166 degrees in 21 cases and ARA stretched to verticalization in 8 cases (mean: 179 degrees). Morphofunctional anorectal changes appeared as rectal mucosal prolapse (12 cases), rectocele (10 cases), perineal descent syndrome (8 cases) and external rectal prolapse (3 cases). Anal US identified 15 interruptions in sphincterial rings: 12 patterns were hypoechoic, 2 mixed and 1 hyperechoic. Atrophic thinning of internal anal sphincter was seen in 5 idiopathic incontinence patients. Perineography demonstrated cystocele in 5 cases and cystourethrocele in 1 case. Manometry showed sphincterial hypotonia at rest in 15 cases, lower values of anorectal pressure on squeezing in 8 and smaller air volumes inhibiting external sphincterial tone in 19 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Defecographic studies with evaluation of ARA and its changes are an important tool with high diagnostic yield. When combined with other techniques, they provide differential criteria for sphincterial and puborectal causes and permits to identify associated pelvic floor dysfunctions. We believe that defecography, anal US (and perineography in complex disorders) are necessary techniques for the correct clinical approach to fecal incontinence patients, whose role and diagnostic yield are a valid support to manometry.
authors: Servizio di Radiologia, Ospedale Loreto Mare, Università degli Studi Federico II, Napoli.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Salzano
authors: A
authors: A
authors: De Rosa
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Amodio
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Vallone
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Pinto
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Carbone
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Gesuè
authors: P
authors: P
authors: De Angelis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019841:Defecography; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D014463:Ultrasonography