title: Mapping of atrial activation with a noncontact, multielectrode catheter in dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endocardial mapping of sustained arrhythmias has traditionally been performed with a roving diagnostic catheter. Although this approach is adequate for many tachyarrhythmias, it has limitations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a novel noncontact mapping system for assessing atrial tachyarrhythmias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mapping system consists of a 9F multielectrode-array balloon catheter that has 64 active electrodes and ring electrodes for emitting a locator signal. The locator signal was used to construct a 3-dimensional right atrial map; it was independently validated and was highly accurate. Virtual electrograms were calculated at 3360 endocardial sites in the right atrium. We evaluated right atrial activation by positioning the balloon catheter in the mid right atrium via a femoral venous approach. Experiments were performed on 12 normal mongrel dogs. The mean correlation coefficient between contact and virtual electrograms was 0.80+/-0.12 during sinus rhythm. Fifty episodes of atrial flutter induced in 11 animals were evaluated. In the majority of experiments, complete or almost complete reentrant circuits could be identified within the right atrium. Mean correlation coefficient between virtual and contact electrograms was 0.85+/-0.17 in atrial flutter. One hundred fifty-six episodes of pacing-induced atrial fibrillation were evaluated in 11 animals. Several distinct patterns of right atrial activation were seen, including single-activation wave fronts and multiple simultaneous-activation wave fronts. Mean correlation coefficient between virtual and contact electrograms during atrial fibrillation was 0.81+/-0.18. The accuracy of electrogram reconstruction was lower at sites >4.0 cm from the balloon center and at sites with a high spatial complexity of electrical activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This novel noncontact mapping system can evaluate conduction patterns during sinus rhythm, demonstrate reentry during atrial flutter, and describe right atrial activation during atrial fibrillation. The accuracy of electrogram reconstruction was good at sites <4.0 cm from the balloon center, and thus the system has the ability to perform high-resolution multisite mapping of atrial tachyarrhythmias in vivo.
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA. a-kadish@nwu.edu
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Kadish
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Hauck
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Pederson
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Beatty
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Gornick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000503:physiopathology; D016275:Atrial Function / Q000502:physiology*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004566:Electrodes; D001330:Electronic Data Processing; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted