title: A prospective study of HIV disease progression in female and male drug users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare HIV disease progression and mortality in a cohort of female and male drug users.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study of 222 HIV-seropositive women and 302 HIV-seropositive men who attended a hospital-affiliated methadone maintenance program with on-site primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regression slopes of CD4+ cell decline were compared using the two sample t-test, and the distribution of AIDS-defining illnesses evaluated by Mantel-Haenszel chi2 test. Time to AIDS-defining clinical conditions and death were compared using the Kaplan-Meier log-rank test. Multivariate estimates of progression to clinical AIDS or death, for all participants, stratified by sex, were derived from Cox proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-five persons (43 women and 52 men) developed AIDS-defining conditions. Analyses of the rates of CD4+ cell decline, the distribution of first AIDS-defining illnesses, and the time to clinical AIDS did not differ by sex. In the multivariate model, sex was not associated with an AIDS outcome, whereas crack-cocaine use [hazards ratio (HR), 1.815; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.151-2.863], CD4+ cell count (100 x 10(6)/l; HR, 0.589; 95% CI, 0.511-0.679), and two or more HIV-related symptoms (HR, 1.702; 95% CI, 1.125-2.576) were associated. Mortality rates (8.71 per 100 person-years in women and 9.85 per 100 person-years in men) were similar, using univariate or multivariate methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was little difference in clinical outcomes or mortality between HIV-seropositive female and male drug users with access to primary care. However, crack-cocaine use was independently associated with progression to clinical AIDS.
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA.
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Webber
authors: E E
authors: EE
authors: Schoenbaum
authors: M N
authors: MN
authors: Gourevitch
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Buono
authors: R S
authors: RS
authors: Klein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders