Anti-bipolar therapy: mechanism of action of lithium.
This review introduces the concepts that multiple actions of lithium are critical for its therapeutic effect, and that these complex effects stabilize neuronal activities, support neural plasticity, and provide neuroprotection. Three interacting systems appear most critical. (i) Modulation of neurotransmitters by lithium likely readjusts balances between excitatory and inhibitory activities, and decreased glutamatergic activity may contribute to neuroprotection. (ii) Lithium modulates signals impacting on the cytoskeleton, a dynamic system contributing to neural plasticity, at multiple levels, including glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, cyclic AMP-dependent kinase, and protein kinase C, which may be critical for the neural plasticity involved in mood recovery and stabilization. (iii) Lithium adjusts signaling activities regulating second messengers, transcription factors, and gene expression. The outcome of these effects appears likely to result in limiting the magnitudes of fluctuations in activities, contributing to a stabilizing influence induced by lithium, and neuroprotective effects may be derived from its modulation of gene expression.
Jope
R S
RS
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0017, USA. jope@uab.edu
D000818:Animals; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D008094:Lithium; D011494:Protein Kinases