title: Transmural atrial pacing in patients with postoperative congenital heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some patients with postoperative congenital heart disease require permanent cardiac pacing, but the use of transvenous or epicardial pacing leads may be limited by type of cardiac malformation, venous connections, body size, or fibrosis. Transmural atrial pacing may provide an alternative in difficult patients, but to date has been described in only a few articles with small patient numbers, and data from lead performance are lacking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Records were reviewed in 18 consecutive patients (4 months to 21 years old) with postoperative congenital heart disease receiving transmural atrial pacing leads from July 1994 to December 1996. Implantation materials and techniques were described. Lead sensing and capture thresholds obtained acutely and during short-term follow-up (mean: 11.0 months) were evaluated, and comparisons were made between patients with postoperative Fontan anatomy and non-Fontan patients, and between patients receiving steroid-eluting and nonsteroid leads. Overall, the median acute sensing and capture thresholds of transmural leads were 4.1 m V and 0.7 V at 0.5 msec, respectively. Median follow-up thresholds were 2.8 m V and 0.8 V, respectively. Performance of leads in Fontan patients was similar to those in non-Fontan patients. Steroid-eluting leads had a chronic capture threshold of 0.6 V versus 0.9 V for nonsteroid leads (P = 0.038).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transmural atrial pacing leads were successfully implanted in patients with diverse ages and types of postoperative congenital heart disease. Lead performance was acceptable both acutely and during the first year of follow-up.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Medical School, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA.
authors: C L
authors: CL
authors: Johnsrude
authors: C L
authors: CL
authors: Backer
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Deal
authors: J F
authors: JF
authors: Strasburger
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Mavroudis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D005938:Glucocorticoids