title: Using a colorimeter to develop an intrinsic silicone shade guide for facial prostheses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if using CIE L*a*b* color measurements of white facial skin could be correlated to those of silicone shade samples that visually matched the skin. Secondly, to see if a correlation in color measurements could be achieved between the silicone shade samples and duplicated silicone samples made using a shade-guide color formula.
  
  
  METHODS
  A color booth was designed according to ASTM specifications, and painted using a Munsell Value 8 gray. A Minolta colorimeter was used to make facial skin measurements on 15 white adults. The skin color was duplicated using custom-shaded silicone samples. A 7-step wedge silicone shade guide was then fabricated, representing the commonly encountered thicknesses when fabricating facial prostheses. The silicone samples were then measured with the Minolta colorimeter. The readings were compared with the previous L*a*b* readings from the corresponding patient's skin measurements, and the relative color difference was then calculated. Silicone samples were fabricated and analyzed for three of the patients to determine if duplication of the visually matched silicone specimen was possible using the silicone color formula, and if the duplicates were visually and colorimetrically equivalent to each other. The color difference Delta E and chromaticity was calculated, and the data were analyzed using a coefficient-of-variation formula expressed by percent. A Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was performed to determine if a correlation existed between the skin and the silicone samples at the p < or = .05 level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest correlation was found in the b* dimension for silicone thicknesses of 1 to 4 mm. For silicone thicknesses of 6 to 10 mm, the highest correlation was found in the L* dimension. All three dimensions had positive correlations (R2 > 0), but only the 1-mm and 4-mm b* readings were very strong. Patient and silicone L*a*b* measurement results showed very little change in the a* axis, while the L* and b* measurements showed more change in their numbers, with changes in depth for all patient silicone samples. Delta E numbers indicated the lowest Delta E at the 1-mm depth and the highest Delta E at the 10-mm depth. All duplicated samples matched their original silicone samples to a degree that visual evaluation could not distinguish any color differences. Using volumetric measurements, a shade guide was developed for all 15 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was good correlation between the patient's colorimeter measurements and the silicone samples, with the b* color dimension the most reproducible, followed by the L* and the a*. Silicone samples at 6, 8, and 10 mm matched the patient the best, and this study showed that silicone samples can be duplicated successfully if a good patient-silicone match is obtained. Rayon flocking fibers and liquid makeup are effective at matching facial prostheses and can be used to develop a simple shade guide for patient application.
authors: Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, USA.
authors: L M
authors: LM
authors: Over
authors: C J
authors: CJ
authors: Andres
authors: B K
authors: BK
authors: Moore
authors: C J
authors: CJ
authors: Goodacre
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Muñoz
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008447:Maxillofacial Prosthesis; D017797:Prosthesis Coloring / Q000592:standards*; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012828:Silicones / Q000737:chemistry*; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D012828:Silicones