title: The marginalization of hormesis.
abstract: Despite the substantial development and publication of highly reproducible toxicological data, the concept of hormetic dose-response relationships was never integrated into the mainstream of toxicological thought. Review of the historical foundations of the interpretation of the bioassay and assessment of competitive theories of dose-response relationships lead to the conclusion that multiple factors contributed to the marginalization of hormesis during the middle and subsequent decades of the 20th Century. These factors include the following: (a) the close association of hormesis with homeopathy, which led to the hostility of modern medicine toward homeopathy, thereby creating a guilt-by-association framework, and the carryover influence of that hostility toward hormesis in the judgements of medically based pharmacologists/toxicologists; (b) the emphasis of high-dose effects linked with a lack of appreciation of the significance of the implications of low-dose stimulatory effects; (c) the lack of an evolution-based mechanism(s) to account for hormetic effects; and (d) lack of appropriate scientific advocates to counter aggressive and intellectually powerful critics of the hormetic perspective.
authors: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA.
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: Calabrese
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: Baldwin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances