title: Prehospital treatment of patients with i.v. heroin overdose: what are we treating?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure blood levels of morphine and additional drugs in patients suspected of intravenous (i.v.) heroin abuse and to evaluate the effects of antidote treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prehospital blood sampling in 52 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five patients were blood-positive for heroin, eight of whom were hospitalized. Forty-one patients also had abused additional drugs: minor tranquilizers, ethanol, amphetamine, cocaine, and/or carbamazepine. Seven patients had taken either only methadone or ketobemidione: one was admitted. Treatment with increasing doses of naloxone indicated a necessity for hospitalization. Six of 14 patients treated with naloxone (1.8 mg were hospitalized. Seven patients had an extremely high blood level of morphine (0.2 mg/kg), that could be reverted with naloxone in moderate doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that under prehospital conditions, it is difficult to identify a patient intoxicated only with intravenous heroin. Nearly all patients treated were cases of multiple drug/alcohol overdoses. Even the symptoms associated with extremely high blood levels of morphine could be reversed with naloxone in moderate doses.
authors: Mobile Intensive Care Unit of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: C B
authors: CB
authors: Pedersen
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Steentoft
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Worm
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Sprehn
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Mogensen
authors: M B
authors: MB
authors: Sørensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003718:Denmark; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D003932:Heroin / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D003932:Heroin