title: Increased prevalence of malaria in HIV-infected pregnant women and its implications for malaria control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine in pregnant women the relationship between HIV infection and malaria prevalence and to determine, in relation to HIV infection, the effectiveness of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in clearing P. falciparum infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive cross-sectional analysis of P. falciparum prevalence in pregnant women at first antenatal visit and of women at delivery who had received two sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine treatments for malaria. HIV status was assessed in 621 women who attended for antenatal care and for delivery at two rural hospitals in southern Malawi in 1993-94. Information was collected on maternal age, parity and gestational age. Prevalence of P. falciparum was measured at first antenatal visit and delivery. Women were given two routine treatment doses of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), at first antenatal visit and between 28 and 34 weeks gestation, conforming to Malawi government policy on antimalarial control during pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of HIV infection was 25.6% and all infections were HIV type-1. In primigravidae malaria prevalence at recruitment was 56.3% in HIV-infected and 36.5% in HIV-uninfected women (P=0.04). The corresponding figures for multigravidae were 23.8% and 11.0%, respectively (P<0.01). HIV-infected primigravidae had increased malaria prevalence at all gestational ages. Peak parasite prevalence occurred earlier in gestation in HIV-infected primigravidae (16-19 weeks if HIV-infected; 20-23 weeks if HIV-uninfected). The relative risk for parasitaemia in HIV-infected compared to HIV-uninfected women was significantly increased in three of five parity groups, including the two highest ones (parity>3), indicating parity-specific immunity to malaria was impaired. Malaria prevalence at delivery remained high in HIV-infected women despite prior routine treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in pregnancy There was no significant difference in parasite prevalence at delivery between women who did or did not use sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV infection is associated with a significant increase in malaria prevalence in pregnant women of all parities with the effect apparent from early in gestation. Two treatment doses of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine were inadequate to clear parasitaemia in many women by the time of delivery and this occurred independently of HIV status and despite high sensitivity to SP in this area. There is a need to undertake longitudinal studies to determine the incidence of P. falciparum infection in HIV-infected and uninfected pregnant women and to reassess the frequency and timing of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment doses in these women. Late pregnancy re-infections with P. falciparum probably explain the high parasite prevalence at delivery following sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment at 28-34 weeks gestation.
authors: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK.
authors: F H
authors: FH
authors: Verhoeff
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Brabin
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Hart
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Chimsuku
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Kazembe
authors: R L
authors: RL
authors: Broadhead
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D000328:Adult; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D008295:Malawi; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D015995:Prevalence; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004338:Drug Combinations; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D011739:Pyrimethamine