title: Cancer mortality in Russia and Ukraine: validity, competing risks and cohort effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The dramatic increase in mortality in Russia and Ukraine in the late 1980s and 1990s has been due to increases in certain causes of death, particularly cardiovascular disease and accidents and violence. In contrast, there has been a slight fall in mortality from cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper presents an analysis of trends and patterns in cancer mortality and examines four possible explanations for its recent fall: changes in data collection; cohort effects; competing mortality from other causes of death; and improvements in health care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All contribute to some extent to the observed changes, with each affecting predominantly different age groups. There is evidence of a significant underrecording of cancer deaths among the elderly especially in rural areas and of significant changes in coding practices in the early 1990s. Competing mortality from cardiovascular diseases and accidents can explain some reduction in male deaths from cancer in middle age. Birth cohort effects can explain some reduction among males after early middle age and among females at all ages. The impact of changes in health care are more difficult to identify with certainty but there is evidence of reduced deaths from childhood leukaemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent changes in mortality in Russia are complex and their understanding will require a multidisciplinary approach embracing demography, epidemiology and health services research.
authors: Center of Demography and Human Ecology, Institute for Economic Forecasting, Moscow, Russian Federation.
authors: V M
authors: VM
authors: Shkolnikov
authors: M
authors: M
authors: McKee
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Vallin
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Aksel
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Leon
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Chenet
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Meslé
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014455:Ukraine / Q000453:epidemiology