Early introduction of solid foods among urban African-American participants in WIC.
OBJECTIVE
To compare infant feeding practices among low-income, urban, African-American women enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) with current recommendations for infant feeding.


METHODS
Longitudinal follow-up of women and their infants who participated in a WIC-based breast-feeding promotion project. Women enrolled prenatally at or before 24 weeks of gestation were followed up until 16 weeks postpartum.


METHODS
Two hundred seventeen African-American WIC participants in an urban area.


METHODS
Data related to infant feeding practices were collected by interviewers who used a structured questionnaire to determine when nonmilk liquids or solids were introduced to the infant. Reported practices were compared with current recommendations.


METHODS
Contingency table analysis, including chi 2 tests, and multivariate analysis using logistic regression.


RESULTS
By 7 to 10 days postpartum, approximately a third of infants were receiving some nonmilk liquids or solids; this escalated to 77% by 8 weeks and 93% by 16 weeks postpartum. Women breast-feeding exclusively (i.e., not adding nonmilk liquids or solids) were least likely, and women providing mixed feeding (breast milk and formula) were more likely, than women feeding formula exclusively to introduce nonmilk liquids and solids at each data collection time period.


CONCLUSIONS
WIC participants who receive instruction about infant feeding nutrition are no more likely than mothers who do not participate in WIC to follow infant feeding guidelines recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics in regard to the time when solids should be introduced to infants' diet. Our findings suggest the need for WIC to implement more powerful and innovative educational and motivational strategies to help mothers delay the introduction of nonmilk liquids and solid foods until their infants are 4 to 6 months old, as recommended.
Bronner
Y L
YL
Department of Population and Family Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Md., USA.
Gross
S M
SM
Caulfield
L
L
Bentley
M E
ME
Kessler
L
L
Jensen
J
J
Weathers
B
B
Paige
D M
DM
D001741:Black or African American; D000385:Aid to Families with Dependent Children; D015142:Baltimore; D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005522:Food Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D052756:Nutritional Sciences / Q000193:education; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D014505:Urban Population