title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for nonneonatal acute respiratory failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is effective in nonneonatal acute respiratory failure under certain circumstances.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective medical record review.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four nonneonatal patients (mean age, 22 years; range, 8 days to 56 years), with ratios of the PaO2 to the fraction of inspired oxygen persistently below 70, who were treated with ECMO after maximal ventilator therapy had failed (mean time of ventilator therapy, 6.9 days; range, 1-41 days). The mean ECMO duration was 304 hours (range, 56-934 hours). Patients were grouped into 7 categories based on their diagnosis: sepsis or sepsis syndrome (n = 3), bacterial or fungal pneumonia (n = 10), viral pneumonia (n = 5), trauma or burn (n = 2), inhalation injury without burn (n = 1), immunocompromised state (due to transplantation or chemotherapy) (n = 8), and acute respiratory failure of unknown origin (n = 5).
  
  
  METHODS
  Survival to hospital discharge following ECMO therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall survival was 53% (18 patients). All 6 patients (100%) with viral pneumonias or isolated inhalation injuries survived. Of 13 patients with bacterial pneumonia, sepsis, or sepsis syndrome not complicated by multiorgan failure, 10 (77%) survived. In contrast, all but 1 of the immunocompromised patients died. Survival in patients who were intubated for less than 9 days before ECMO was 64%, whereas survival fell precipitously to 22% for patients who experienced mechanical ventilation for 9 or more days before the implementation of ECMO. Finally, the proportion of patients who died while receiving ECMO therapy was greater when the ECMO duration exceeded 300 hours (62% vs. 38%; P<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonneonatal survival with ECMO therapy is strongly dependent on the diagnosis. Pre-ECMO intubation for less than 9 days had little effect on survival. Survival rates decreased when the length of time of receiving ECMO exceeded 300 hours.
authors: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
authors: P T
authors: PT
authors: Masiakos
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Islam
authors: D P
authors: DP
authors: Doody
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Schnitzer
authors: D P
authors: DP
authors: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate