title: Transcatheter closure of muscular ventricular septal defects with the amplatzer ventricular septal defect occluder: initial clinical applications in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to close muscular ventricular septal defects (MVSDs) in children, with a new device, the Amplatzer ventricular septal defect occluder (AVSDO).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The design of previously used devices for transcatheter closure of MVSDs is not ideal for this purpose and their use has been limited by several drawbacks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients, aged 3 to 10 years, with MVSDs underwent transcatheter closure using the AVSDO. The device is a modified self-centering and repositionable Amplatzer device that consists of two low profile disks made of Nitinol wire mesh with a 7-mm connecting waist. The prosthesis size (connecting waist diameter) was chosen according to the measured balloon stretched VSD diameters. A 6-F or 7-F sheath was used for the delivery of the AVSDO. Fluoroscopy and transesophageal echocardiography were utilized for optimal guidance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The location of the defect was midmuscular in five patients and beneath the pulmonary valve in one. The balloon stretched MVSD diameter ranged from 6 to 11 mm. Device placement was successful in all patients, and complete occlusion occurred in all six patients (95% confidence interval 54.06% to 100%). Two patients developed transient complete left bundle branch block. No other complications were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This encouraging initial clinical success indicates that the AVSDO is a promising device for transcatheter closure of MVSDs in children. Further clinical trials and longer follow-up are needed before the widespread use of this technique can be recommended.
authors: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors: B D
authors: BD
authors: Thanopoulos
authors: G S
authors: GS
authors: Tsaousis
authors: G N
authors: GN
authors: Konstadopoulou
authors: A G
authors: AG
authors: Zarayelyan
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome