title: Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression after combined anti-HIV-1 interleukin-2 therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate changes in serum levels of chemokines, chemokine production, and chemokine receptor expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), after treatment of HIV-1-infected individuals with interleukin (IL)-2.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined CC-chemokine levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and chemokine receptor expression using FACS analysis or reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in samples from patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) supplemented with low doses of recombinant IL-2. Results were compared with a control group of patients receiving HAART.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum levels of RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta, and the production of these chemokines by unstimulated and stimulated PBMC, were not modified by IL-2 administration. In contrast, the IL-2-treated group showed increased expression of CXC-chemokine receptor (CXCR)-4 in the CD4 T-cell subset after 24 weeks of treatment, which was associated with increased mRNA levels. A lower increase was observed in CC-chemokine receptor (CCR)-5 expression by CD4 T cells. No modifications in the expression of these receptors were observed in monocytes and no general increases were observed in mRNA levels of chemokine receptors CCR-1, CCR-2b and CCR-3 in IL-2-treated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-2 at doses that significantly increase CD4 cell counts does not induce dramatic modifications in the chemokine/chemokine receptor system. Only expression of CXCR-4 appears to increase, due in part to lymphocyte activation. Therefore, the efficacy of IL-2 treatment in HIV-1 infection has to be evaluated by its ability to activate and induce faster regeneration of the immune system.
authors: Institut de Recerca de la SIDA-Caixa, Laboratori de Retrovirologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Blanco
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Cabrera
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Jou
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Ruiz
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Clotet
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Esté
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015870:Gene Expression; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000235:genetics*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D007376:Interleukin-2; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors