title: The epidural "top-up" in combined spinal-epidural anesthesia: the effect of volume versus dose.
abstract: The reinforcement of anesthesia by an epidural "top-up" in combined spinal-epidural anesthesia may be explained by a dual mechanism: a volume effect compressing the dural sac and a local anesthetic effect. The purpose of our study was to investigate the relative importance of each of these factors. Fifty patients scheduled for lower limb orthopedic surgery under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia were randomly allocated to one of five groups comprising 10 patients each. Using a needle-through-needle technique, all patients received a subarachnoid injection of 10 mg of plain bupivacaine and an epidural catheter. After the maximal level of sensory blockade as a result of the subarachnoid injection had been established, an epidural top-up was given according to the randomization code. Patients in Group 1 received 10 mL of bupivacaine 0.25%; patients in Group 2 received 10 mL of saline; patients in Group 3 received 5 mL of bupivacaine 0.5%; patients in Group 4 received 5 mL of saline; and patients in Group 5 received no epidural top-up. The maximal level of sensory blockade was then assessed for an additional 30 min. In Groups 1-4, the maximal level of sensory blockade increased significantly, whereas there was no significant increase in Group 5. There was no significant difference in the increase in the maximal level of sensory blockade among Groups 1-4. We conclude that, under the conditions of our study, there is no difference between 5 and 10 mL with regard to the volume effect of an epidural top-up in combined spinal-epidural anesthesia and that to produce an additional local anesthetic effect with bupivacaine, the dose must be larger than 25 mg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In combined spinal-epidural anesthesia, an epidural "top-up" may increase the maximal level of sensory blockade by means of a volume effect and a local anesthetic effect. In this study, volumes of 5 and 10 mL produced a similar increase, and 25 mg of bupivacaine was insufficient to produce an additional local anesthetic effect.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. rstienst@anst.azl.nl
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Stienstra
authors: B Z
authors: BZ
authors: Dilrosun-Alhadi
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Dahan
authors: J W
authors: JW
authors: van Kleef
authors: B T
authors: BT
authors: Veering
authors: A G
authors: AG
authors: Burm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine