All Wales surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): the first year's results.
Over the last five years, hospitals in Wales have experienced difficulties with increasing numbers of isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Continuous total population surveillance of MRSA was introduced with the objectives of gaining an understanding of the extent and variation in time and place of its occurrence, the burden of disease and possible risk factors associated with its isolation and resistance to other antibiotics. All first isolates of MRSA from both hospital and community settings and all isolates of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) associated with bacteraemia and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) isolates detected in medical microbiology laboratories in Wales were collected via CoSurv, a set of interconnected data-base modules for communicable disease control. A data set was collected on each isolate and the patient associated with that isolate and compiled centrally at CDSC (Wales) for all-Wales analysis of the MRSA situation. Surveillance started in January 1996 and at the end of the first year, 2700 new isolates of MRSA had been reported from hospital and community settings, giving a rate of 92.43/100,000 population. The incidence of MRSA from bacteraemias and CSF was 5.20/100,000 compared with 12.70/100,000 for MSSA. MRSA from bacteraemia and CSF was significantly more commonly associated with male patients than MSSA. MRSA patients were significantly older. For all MRSA isolates, the highest reporting rate was in men aged 75+ (647.21/100,000). The highest incidence of invasive disease was also in men aged 75+ (45.69/100,000). Isolates from post-surgical patients were more likely to be involved in invasive disease (OR = 2.59), P < 0.001) than strains from other sources. The majority of isolates were resistant to at least two antibiotics in addition to methicillin, most frequently erythromycin and the fluoroquinolones. Very little resistance to fusidic acid, mupirocin or rifampicin was reported. Continuous total population surveillance has provided a minimum incidence of MRSA in Wales and has allowed a simple and intelligible picture of the problem to be determined, which has been fed back to hospitals to assist decisions on control.
Morgan
M
M
Public Health Laboratory Service, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff.
Salmon
R
R
Keppie
N
N
Evans-Williams
D
D
Hosein
I
I
Looker
D N
DN
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D017053:Infection Control; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology