title: Prevalence and incidence of gynecologic disorders among women infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to ascertain the prevalence, incidence, and predictors of gynecologic disorders among women infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
  
  
  METHODS
  We serially assessed 292 women infected with human immunodeficiency virus and 681 uninfected women. Outcomes were incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases, viral shedding, findings of Papanicolaou smears, fungal infections, and menstrual disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women infected with the virus were more likely to have prevalent vulvovaginal candidiasis (odds ratio 1.80, 95% confidence interval 1. 0-3.25, P =.05), oncogenic human papillomavirus (odds ratio 3.79, 95% confidence interval 2.43-5.91, P =.001), abnormal Papanicolaou smears (odds ratio 5.40, 95% confidence interval 3.35-8.78, P =.001), amenorrhea (4.8% vs 0%, P =.05), positive results on Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (odds ratio 1.83, 95% confidence interval 1.16-2.88, P =.01), infection with cytomegalovirus (odds ratio 4.2, 95% confidence interval 1.82-10.62, P =.001), and genital warts (odds ratio 6.93, 95% confidence interval 3.16-16.30, P =.001) but were less likely to have Chlamydia trachomatis infection (odds ratio 0.28, 95% confidence interval 0.10-0.66, P =.01). Annual incidence rates among women infected with human immunodeficiency virus were 4.0% for candidiasis, 22.0% for oncogenic human papillomavirus, 11.4% for genital warts, 1.7% for infection with C trachomatis, 1.7% for infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 10.3% for Trichomonas vaginalis, 1.1% for positive results on T pallidum hemagglutination assay, 7.4% for an abnormal Papanicolaou smear, and 10.9% for infection with herpes simplex virus. Overall, 46.9% had at least 1 incident condition. Women infected with human immunodeficiency virus were more likely to have incident oncogenic human papillomavirus infection (odds ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.01-3.8), abnormal Papanicolaou smears (odds ratio 7.76, 95% confidence interval 2.08-42.8), and genital warts (odds ratio 9. 32, 95% confidence interval 3.04-38.0). Incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and oncogenic human papillomavirus infection increased with increased CD4(+) cell counts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus are significantly more likely to have prevalent and incident gynecologic disorders but not disorders related to risk taking (eg, incident sexually transmitted diseases). The latter disorders increased in women with CD4(+) cell counts >500 cells/mm3. Clinicians should be aware of these patterns so that they can provide appropriate evaluation and treatment of gynecologic disorders.
authors: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Preventive Medicine, and Pathology, State University Health Science Center at Brooklyn, New York, USA.
authors: H L
authors: HL
authors: Minkoff
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Eisenberger-Matityahu
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Feldman
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Burk
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology