title: Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on memory and behavior in Alzheimer's disease may be stage-dependent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In previous studies, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) was shown to result in improvements in nonverbal short-term and long-term memory, verbal long-term memory, and verbal fluency in patients in an early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, the patients' physical, social, and affective functioning improved. As AD is a progressive disease, it was examined in the present study whether TENS would still be effective in the midstage of AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen subjects (70-91 years old) met the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for probable AD, as well as the criteria for stage 6 of the Global Deterioration Scale (midstage AD). To evaluate treatment effects, the subjects underwent a number of neuropsychological tests and two observation scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to TENS in an early stage, TENS in the midstage of AD appears to yield less beneficial effects, i.e., as for cognition only nonverbal short-term memory improved. No treatment effects were observed for the patients' physical, social, and affective functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In view of the small number of patients, the clinical relevance of TENS in patients in a midstage of AD remains to be confirmed in a larger group, after which more definite conclusions about the stage-dependency of TENS in AD can be drawn.
authors: Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: Scherder
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Bouma
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*