title: Genotypic resistance and the treatment of HIV-1 infection in Espírito Santo, Brazil.
abstract: Before December 1997, in Espírito Santo, Brazil, combination antiretroviral therapy was used without routine virologic or immunologic monitoring. To examine consequences of therapy in this setting, clinical information, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels, CD4 cell counts, and protease and reverse transcriptase sequences were determined for consecutive HIV-1-infected outpatients. Of 48 treatment-naive individuals, 11 were started on therapy for HIV-related symptoms; however, 44 (92%) had an RNA level >20,000 copies/mL, a CD4 cell count <500/mm3, or symptoms. Eighteen (51%) of 35 patients on therapy had an RNA level >20,000 copies/mL. Nucleoside-resistance mutations were observed in 21 (68%) of 31 nucleoside-experienced subjects. Protease mutations necessary for high-level protease inhibitor (PI) resistance were present together with permissive mutations in 3 of 10 PI-experienced patients. Inability to identify high-risk individuals and to detect virologic failure may limit the effectiveness of antiretroviral drug programs and may promote the spread of drug resistance where virologic and immunologic monitoring are not available.
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7030, USA. p208470@med.unc.edu
authors: C D
authors: CD
authors: Pilcher
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Perkins
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Fiscus
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Johnston
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Dietze
authors: U H
authors: UH
authors: Duque
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Zago
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Assad-Antunes
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Eron
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001938:Brazil; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease