title: Effects of intraoperative irradiation (IORT) and intraoperative hyperthermia (IOHT) on canine sciatic nerve: histopathological and morphometric studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peripheral neuropathies have emerged as the major dose-limiting complication reported after intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT). The combination of IORT with hyperthermia may further increase the risk of peripheral nerve injury. The objective of this study was to evaluate histopathological and histomorphometric changes in the sciatic nerve of dogs, after IORT with or without hyperthermia treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young adult beagle dogs were randomized into five groups of 3-5 dogs each to receive IORT doses of 16, 20, 24, 28, or 32 Gy. Six groups of 4-5 dogs each received IORT doses of 12, 16, 20, 24, or 28 Gy simultaneously with 44 degrees C of intraoperative hyperthermia (IOHT) for 60 min. One group of dogs acted as hyperthermia-alone controls. Two years after the treatment, dogs were euthanized, and histopathological and morphometric analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Qualitative histological analysis showed prominent changes such as focal necrosis, mineralization, fibrosis, and severe fiber loss in dogs which received combined treatment. Histomorphometric results showed a significantly higher decrease in axon and myelin and small blood vessels, with a corresponding increase in connective tissue in dogs receiving IORT plus hyperthermia treatment. The effective dose for 50% of nerve fiber loss (ED50) in dogs exposed to IORT only was 25.3 Gy. The ED50 for nerve fiber loss in dogs exposed to IORT combined with IOHT was 14.8 Gy. The thermal enhancement ratio (TER) was 1.7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The probability of developing peripheral neuropathies in a large animal model is higher when IORT is combined with IOHT, when compared to IORT application alone. To minimize the risk of peripheral neuropathy, clinical treatment protocols for the combination of IORT and hyperthermia should not assume a thermal enhancement ratio (TER) to be lower than 1.5.
authors: Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands. Z.Vujaskovic@med.rug.nl
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Vujaskovic
authors: B E
authors: BE
authors: Powers
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Paardekoper
authors: S M
authors: SM
authors: Gillette
authors: E L
authors: EL
authors: Gillette
authors: T A
authors: TA
authors: Colacchio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011853:Radiobiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000528:radiation effects