title: Visual evoked potentials during posteroventral pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the efficacy of intracerebral recording of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) during posteroventral pallidotomy comparing macro- and microelectrode stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The optic tract was identified by intracerebral recording of VEPs in 16 patients. Electrical stimulation through a lesioning electrode (macroelectrode stimulation: biphasic wave, 50 Hz, 0.2 ms, 0-6 V) and a microelectrode (microelectrode stimulation: impedance of 1 M(omega) at 300 Hz, biphasic pulse, 300 Hz, 0.2 ms, 10-50 microA) was delivered to assess visual responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEPs were recorded in every patient from 18.0+/-3.3 mm (n = 14) to 22.8+/-3.4 mm (n = 14) in the mediolateral direction. The mean amplitude at this midpoint (57.7+/-15.4 microV, n = 35) was significantly higher than other amplitudes (t test, P < 0.05). Significant increment of amplitudes appeared at 4 mm (64.3+/-18.5 microV, n = 16) below the initial target along trajectories that pass close to the midpoint of the optic tract. The distance from the initial target to the dorsal surface of the optic tract along these trajectories ranged from 3 to 6 mm, with a mean of 5.0+/-0.7 mm (n = 16), whereas adjusted distances perpendicular to the intercommissural plane ranged from 1.3 to 4.1 mm, with a mean of 3.0+/-0.7 mm (n = 16) below, and the distance from the optic tract to the intercommissural plane ranged from 6.3 to 8.7 mm, with a mean of 7.5+/-0.7 mm (n = 16). Macroelectrode stimulation evoked visual responses at various sites in the pallidal region, totaling 27 sites in 11 of 16 patients (68.7%). Microelectrode stimulation evoked responses at only five sites in 3 of 13 patients (23.1 %), within a very limited area 4 to 7 mm below the target where the electrode was very close to the optic tract. Physiological targeting of VEPs necessitated change of the initial target in 13 of 16 patients (81.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VEPs of prominent oscillatory potentials with high amplitudes indicate the location of the optic tract, which allows easy identification of the optic tract and facilitates neurophysiological targeting of the globus pallidus internus in conjunction with microelectrode recording.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Yokoyama
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Sugiyama
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Nishizawa
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Yokota
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Ohta
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Uemura
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000502:physiology