Effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on night sleep in humans.
Numerous animal studies suggest that cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mediate increased sleep amount and intensity observed during infection and are, moreover, involved in physiological sleep regulation. In humans the role of cytokines in sleep-wake regulation is largely unknown. In a single-blind, placebo-controlled study, we investigated the effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, 300 microgram sc) on the plasma levels of cytokines, soluble cytokine receptors, and hormones as well as on night sleep. G-CSF did not affect rectal temperature or the plasma levels of cortisol and growth hormone but did induce increases in the plasma levels of IL-1 receptor antagonist and both soluble TNF receptors within 2 h after injection. In parallel, the amount of slow-wave sleep and electroencephalographic delta power were reduced, indicating a lowered sleep intensity. We conclude that G-CSF suppresses sleep intensity via increased circulating amounts of endogenous antagonists of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha activity, suggesting that these cytokines are involved in human sleep regulation.
Schuld
A
A
Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany.
Mullington
J
J
Hermann
D
D
Hinze-Selch
D
D
Fenzel
T
T
Holsboer
F
F
Pollmächer
T
T
D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000097:blood; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
D016207:Cytokines; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D006854:Hydrocortisone