title: Transient outward current, Ito1, is altered in cardiac memory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac memory refers to an altered T-wave morphology induced by ventricular pacing or arrhythmias that persist for variable intervals after resumption of sinus rhythm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We induced long-term cardiac memory (LTM) in conscious dogs by pacing the ventricles at 120 bpm for 3 weeks. ECGs were recorded daily for 1 hour, during which time pacing was discontinued. At terminal study, the heart was removed and the electrophysiology of left ventricular epicardial myocytes was investigated. Control (C) and LTM ECG did not differ, except for T-wave amplitude, which decreased from 0.12+/-0.18 to -0.34+/-0.21 mV (+/-SEM, P<0.05), and T-wave vector, which shifted from -37+/-12 degrees to -143+/-4 degrees (P<0.05). Epicardial action potentials revealed loss of the notch and lengthening of duration at 20 days (both P<0.05). Calcium-insensitive transient outward current (Ito) was investigated by whole-cell patch clamp. No difference in capacitance was seen in C and LTM myocytes. Ito activated on membrane depolarization to -25+/-1 mV in C and -7+/-1 mV (P<0.05) in LTM myocytes, indicating a positive voltage shift of activation. Ito density was reduced in LTM myocytes, and a decreased mRNA level for Kv4.3 was observed. Recovery of Ito from inactivation was significantly prolonged: it was 531+/-80 ms (n=10) in LTM and 27+/-6 ms (n=9) in C (P<0.05) at -65 mV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ito changes are associated with and can provide at least a partial explanation for action-potential and T-wave changes occurring with LTM.
authors: Departments of Physiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Yu
authors: D
authors: D
authors: McKinnon
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Dixon
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Gao
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Wymore
authors: I S
authors: IS
authors: Cohen
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Danilo
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Shvilkin
authors: E P
authors: EP
authors: Anyukhovsky
authors: E A
authors: EA
authors: Sosunov
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Hara
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Rosen
mesh_terms: D015761:4-Aminopyridine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004285:Dogs; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology; D010496:Pericardium / Q000502:physiology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000235:genetics; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051672:Shal Potassium Channels; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015221:Potassium Channels; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051672:Shal Potassium Channels; D015761:4-Aminopyridine