title: Cardiovascular disease risk factors in 2 distinct ethnic groups: Indian and Pakistani compared with American premenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although people from the Indian subcontinent have high rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD), studies of such in Indian and Pakistani women living in the United States are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study accounted for variability in serum lipid (total cholesterol and triacylglycerol) and lipoprotein [LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), and HDL cholesterol] concentrations in Indian and Pakistani compared with American premenopausal women in the United States. Body composition, regional fat distribution, dietary intake, and energy expenditure were compared between groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2 groups were 47 Indian and Pakistani and 47 American women. Health was assessed via medical history, physical activity, body composition (via anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), dietary intake (via 7-d food records), and serum lipids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol, and the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol were greater (P <0.03), whereas HDL-cholesterol values were lower (P = 0.011) in Indians and Pakistanis than in Americans. Multiple regression analysis indicated that approximately 18% of the variance in total cholesterol (P = 0.0010) and LDL cholesterol (P = 0.0009) was accounted for by ethnicity, energy expenditure, and the ratio of the sum of central to the sum of peripheral skinfold thicknesses. Ethnicity, sum of central skinfold thicknesses, ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat, and monounsaturated fat intake accounted for approximately 43% of the variance in triacylglycerol concentration (P < 0.0001). Monounsaturated fat, percentage body fat, and alcohol intake accounted for approximately 26% of variance in HDL cholesterol. Ethnicity contributed approximately 22% of the 25% overall variance in lipoprotein(a).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that these Indian and Pakistani women are at higher CVD risk than their American counterparts, but that increasing their physical activity is likely to decrease overall and regional adiposity, thereby improving their serum lipid profiles.
authors: College of Health and Human Development Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA. savitri.kamath@uic.edu
authors: S K
authors: SK
authors: Kamath
authors: E A
authors: EA
authors: Hussain
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Amin
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Mortillaro
authors: B
authors: B
authors: West
authors: C T
authors: CT
authors: Peterson
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Aryee
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Murillo
authors: D L
authors: DL
authors: Alekel
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D010154:Pakistan / Q000208:ethnology; D017697:Premenopause / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL