Functional appliances and functional regulators.
Patients with dental malocclusions and facial-skeletal problems often have unattractive facial and dental features that can create social and emotional problems such as lack of self-confidence and poor self-image. In addition, a number of medical problems are associated with facial-skeletal disharmonies. Here, we review three functional appliances--the Schwarz, Bionator, and Frankel III --that can be used to correct dental and facial-skeletal problems.
Jefferson
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D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000628:therapy*; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; D009972:Orthodontics, Interceptive / Q000295:instrumentation*