title: Tumor necrosis factor alpha and human immunodeficiency virus-specific functional immune responses after immunization with Gp120-depleted, inactivated HIV-1 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (REMUNE) in HIV-1-seropositive subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the relation between tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific functional immune responses, as measured by HIV-1 antigen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and beta-chemokine production after immunization with gp120-depleted, inactivated HIV-1 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (i.e., HIV-1 Immunogen; REMUNE, The Immune Response Corporation, Carlsbad, CA, U.S.A.).
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-1-seropositive subjects who enrolled in an open-label study were immunized with REMUNE every 12 weeks and monitored for 60 weeks. HIV-1 antigen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and RANTES production were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). TNF-alpha levels were measured in serum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-alpha (P = 0.0003) significantly decreased and HIV-1 antigen-stimulated RANTES production (P = 0.002) and lymphocyte proliferation (P = 0.07) increased after immunization with REMUNE. TNF-alpha levels negatively correlated with HIV-1 antigen-stimulated RANTES production (r = -0.71; P = 0.0002) and lymphocyte proliferation (r = -0.37; P = 0.09).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated decreased TNF-alpha levels with a concomitant augmentation of HIV-specific functional immunity in subjects immunized with REMUNE. Because TNF-alpha has been implicated in the induction of anergy in HIV-1 infection, the ability to decrease TNF-alpha may allow the immune system to respond to HIV and non-HIV antigens. Larger studies are being conducted to confirm the clinical utility of REMUNE in combination with potent antiviral drugs.
authors: Immune Response Corporation, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA.
authors: R B
authors: RB
authors: Moss
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Li
authors: W K
authors: WK
authors: Giermakowska
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Lanza
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Turner
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Wallace
authors: F C
authors: FC
authors: Jensen
authors: S P
authors: SP
authors: Richieri
authors: A E
authors: AE
authors: Daigle
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Theofan
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Carlo
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C105086:remune