title: The crystal growth technique--a laboratory evaluation of bond strengths.
abstract: An ex vivo study was carried out to determine differences in the bond strengths achieved with brackets placed using a crystal growth technique compared with a conventional acid-etch technique. A solution of 37 per cent phosphoric acid was used for acid-etching and a commercially available polyacrylic acid gel, Crystal-lok for crystal growth. A heavily-filled composite resin was used for all samples to bond brackets to healthy premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic purposes. Polycrystalline ceramic and stainless steel brackets were used and tested to both tensile and shear failure using an Instron Universal Testing machine. The tensile and shear bond strengths were recorded in kgF. In view of difficulties experienced with previous authors using different units to describe their findings, the data were subsequently converted to a range of units in order to facilitate direct comparison. The crystal growth technique produced significantly lower bond strengths than the acid-etch technique for ceramic and stainless steel brackets, both in tensile and shear mode. The tensile bond strength for stainless steel brackets with crystal growth was 2.2 kg compared with 6.01 kg for acid-etch, whilst with ceramic brackets the tensile bond strengths were 3.9 kg for crystal growth and 5.55 kg for acid-etch. The mean shear bond strength for stainless steel brackets with crystal growth was 12.61 kg compared with 21.55 kg for acid-etch, whilst with ceramic brackets the shear bond strengths were 7.93 kg with crystal growth compared with 16.55 kg for acid-tech. These bond strengths were below those previously suggested as clinically acceptable.
authors: Department of Orthodontics, Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK.
authors: S P
authors: SP
authors: Jones
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Gledhill
authors: E H
authors: EH
authors: Davies
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003460:Crystallization; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013431:Sulfates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D003188:Composite Resins; D005609:Free Radicals; D005782:Gels; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D013431:Sulfates; D013193:Stainless Steel; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C041069:carboxyl radical; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; C006903:carbopol 940