title: Quantification of extracellular and intracellular adenosine production: understanding the transmembranous concentration gradient.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhibitors of adenosine membrane transport cause vasodilation and enhance the plasma adenosine concentration. However, it is unclear why the plasma adenosine concentration rises rather than falls when membrane transport is inhibited. We tested the hypothesis that the cytosolic adenosine concentration exceeds the interstitial concentration under well-oxygenated conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In isolated, isovolumically working guinea pig hearts (n=50), the release rate of adenosine and accumulation of S-adenosylhomocysteine (after 20 minutes of 200 micromol/L homocysteine), a measure of the free cytosolic adenosine concentration, were determined in the absence and presence of specific and powerful blockers of adenosine membrane transport (nitrobenzylthioinosine 1 micromol/L), adenosine deaminase (erythro-9-hydroxy-nonyl-adenine 5 micromol/L), and adenosine kinase (iodotubericidine 10 micromol/L). Data analysis with a distributed multicompartment model revealed a total cardiac adenosine production rate of 2294 pmol. min-1. g-1, of which 8% was produced in the extracellular region. Because of a high rate of intracellular metabolism, however, 70.3% of extracellularly produced adenosine was taken up into cellular regions, an effect that was effectively eliminated by membrane transport block. The resulting approximately 2.8-fold increase of the interstitial adenosine concentration evoked near-maximal coronary dilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We rejected the hypothesis that the cytosolic adenosine concentration exceeds the interstitial. Rather, there is significant extracellular production, and the parenchymal cell represents a sink, not a source, for adenosine under well-oxygenated conditions.
authors: Institut für Physiologie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Deussen
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Stappert
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Schäfer
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kelm
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000241:Adenosine / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D058892:Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; D000248:Adenosine Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism*; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000494:pharmacology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D008954:Models, Biological; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010100:Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013868:Thioinosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D014372:Tubercidin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C093795:7-iodotubercidin; D058892:Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; C072040:draflazine; C034214:5-iodotubercidin; D013868:Thioinosine; C010192:9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine; D004176:Dipyridamole; D000248:Adenosine Kinase; C001789:4-nitrobenzylthioinosine; D000225:Adenine; D000241:Adenosine; D014372:Tubercidin; D010100:Oxygen; D001920:Bradykinin