title: Formation of phalanges and small joints by tissue-engineering.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This report describes the formation of small phalanges and whole joints from three types of bovine-cell sources transplanted onto biodegradable polymer matrices. The resulting structures had the shape and composition of human phalanges with joints.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh bovine periosteum was wrapped around a copolymer of polyglycolic and poly-L-lactic acid. Separate sheets of polyglycolic acid polymer were then seeded with chondrocytes and tenocytes isolated from the shoulders of freshly killed calves. The gross form of a composite tissue structure was constituted in vitro by assembling the parts and suturing them to create models of a distal phalanx, a middle phalanx, and a distal interphalangeal joint.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subcutaneous implantation of the sutured composite tissues into athymic mice resulted in the formation, after twenty weeks, of new tissue with the shape and dimensions of human phalanges with joints. Histological examination revealed mature articular cartilage and subchondral bone with a tenocapsule that had a structure similar to that of human phalanges and joints. There was continuous cell differentiation at the ectopic site even after extended periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the formation of phalanges and small joints is possible with the selective placement of periosteum, chondrocytes, and tenocytes into a biodegradable synthetic polymer scaffold.
authors: Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Isogai
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Landis
authors: T H
authors: TH
authors: Kim
authors: L C
authors: LC
authors: Gerstenfeld
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Upton
authors: J P
authors: JP
authors: Vacanti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D002417:Cattle; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D005384:Finger Joint; D005385:Fingers; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010521:Periosteum / Q000166:cytology; D011108:Polymers; D013710:Tendons / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011108:Polymers