title: Long-term methylphenidate therapy in children with comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and chronic multiple tic disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined changes in attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) behaviors and motor and vocal tics during long-term treatment with methylphenidate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four prepubertal children with ADHD and chronic multiple tic disorder (who had participated in an 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled methylphenidate evaluation) were evaluated at 6-month intervals for 2 years as part of a prospective, nonblind, follow-up study. Treatment effects were assessed using direct observations of child behavior in a simulated (clinic-based) classroom and behavior rating scales completed by parents and physician. Videotapes of the simulated classroom were scored by coders who were blind to treatment status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no evidence (group data) that motor tics or vocal tics changed in frequency or severity during maintenance therapy compared with diagnostic or initial double-blind placebo evaluations. Behavioral improvements demonstrated during the acute drug trial were maintained during follow-up. There was no evidence (group data) of clinically significant adverse drug effects on cardiovascular function or growth at the end of 2 years of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term treatment with methylphenidate seems to be safe and effective for the management of ADHD behaviors in many (but not necessarily all) children with mild to moderate tic disorder. Nevertheless, careful clinical monitoring is mandatory to rule out the possibility of drug-induced tic exacerbation in individual patients.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 11794-8790, USA.
authors: K D
authors: KD
authors: Gadow
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Sverd
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Sprafkin
authors: E E
authors: EE
authors: Nolan
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Grossman
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate