title: Human allogeneic vascular rejection after arterial transplantation and peripheral lymphoid reconstitution in severe combined immunodeficient mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interspecies differences create important shortcomings in existing animal models used to describe in vivo events responsible for allograft rejection. Alloimmune destruction of human dermal microvessels, histologically consistent with rejection, has been demonstrated in human skin-grafted severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice receiving allogeneic human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We have now documented human alloimmune injury in a vascularized, SCID-human arterial transplantation model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh human artery was used to replace the CB.17 SCID/beige mouse infrarenal aorta. Seven days later, 3x10(8) human PBMC were administered intraperitoneally, and lymphocyte engraftment was considered successful when circulating human CD3+ cells were later identified in peripheral blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six of 49 (94%) mice undergoing transplantation survived, including 14 controls with arterial grafts receiving no PBMC. Twenty-eight of 32 mice demonstrated circulating human CD3+ cells, 14 days after PBMC administration. Animals were killed at 14, 21, or 28 days after receiving allogeneic PBMC, and arteries were recovered for histology and immunohistology. All 14 control mice had patent transplanted grafts with normal vascular histology and no lymphoid infiltration. Damage to transplanted arteries among lymphocyte-engrafted mice was apparent by 14 and 21 days in some animals, whereas 16 of 22 exhibited moderate to severe intimal, medial, and/or adventitial lymphocytic infiltration with intimal expansion by day 28. The infiltrate consisted of HLA-A, -B, -C+, and -DR+, human CD3+ cells, approximately equally distributed as CD4+ and CD8+ subsets. Some infiltrating lymphocytes were cytolytic cells as demonstrated by perforin staining. The endothelium of transplanted human arteries exhibited endothelialitis, and the endothelial cells stained intensely with anti-HLA-A, -B, -C and anti-HLA-DR antibodies. The expanded intima was predominantly smooth muscle cells, staining positively for smooth muscle alpha-actin, HLA-A, -B, -C and HLA-DR. Medial necrosis was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide evidence of alloimmune-mediated vascular rejection in this human arterial transplantation model.
authors: Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8062, USA.
authors: M I
authors: MI
authors: Lorber
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Wilson
authors: M E
authors: ME
authors: Robert
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Schechner
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Kirkiles
authors: H Y
authors: HY
authors: Qian
authors: P W
authors: PW
authors: Askenase
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Tellides
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Pober
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000637:transplantation*; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens