title: Association of hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign with clinical outcome in patients treated with tissue plasminogen activator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (HMCAS) is a marker of thrombus in the middle cerebral artery. The aim of our study was to find out the frequency of the HMCAS, its association with initial neurological severity and early parenchymal ischemic changes on CT, its relevance to clinical outcome, and the efficacy of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) in patients with the HMCAS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of the data from 620 patients who received either rtPA or placebo in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study I (ECASS I), a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial. The baseline CT scans were obtained within 6 hours from the onset of symptoms. Functional and neurological outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale and the Scandinavian Stroke Scale at day 90.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found an HMCAS in 107 patients(17.7%). The initial neurological deficit was more severe in patients with the HMCAS than in those lacking this sign (P<0.0001). Early cerebral edema and mass effect were also more common in patients with the HMCAS (P<0.0001). The HMCAS was related to the risk of poor functional outcome (grade of 3 to 6 on the modified Rankin Scale) on univariate analysis: 90 patients (84%) with the HMCAS and 310 patients (62%) lacking this sign were dependent or dead at day 90 (P<0.0001). However, this association was no longer significant in a logistic model accounting for the effect of age, sex, treatment with rtPA, initial severity of neurological deficit and early parenchymal ischemic changes on CT. Patients with the HMCAS who were given rtPA had better neurological recovery than those who received placebo (P=0.0297).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HMCAS is associated with severe brain ischemia and poor functional outcome. However, it has no significant independent prognostic value when accounting for the effect of initial severity of neurological deficit and of early parenchymal ischemic changes on CT. Patients with the HMCAS may benefit from intravenous rtPA.
authors: Department of Neuroradiology, University of Toulouse, France.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Manelfe
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Larrue
authors: R
authors: R
authors: von Kummer
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Bozzao
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Ringleb
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Bastianello
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Iweins
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Lesaffre
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D002542:Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010960:Plasminogen Activators