title: Activation of the proteasomes of sand dollar eggs at fertilization depends on the intracellular pH rise.
abstract: The mechanism of the activation of intracellular proteasomes at fertilization was measured in living sand dollar eggs using the membrane-impermeant fluorogenic substrate, succinyl-Phe-Leu-Arg-coumarylamido-4-methanesulfonic acid. When the substrate was microinjected into unfertilized eggs, the initial velocity of hydrolysis of the substrate (V0) was low. V0 measured 5 to 10 min after fertilization was five to nine times the prefertilization level and remained high throughout the first cell cycle. Hydrolysis of the substrate was inhibited by clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone, a specific inhibitor of the proteasome. There has been in vitro evidence that calcium may be involved in regulation of proteasome activity to either inhibit the increase in peptidase activity associated with PA 28 binding to the 20S proteasome or stimulate activity of the PA 700-proteasome complex. Since both intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and intracellular pH (pHi) increase after fertilization, hydrolysis of the proteasome substrate was measured under conditions in which [Ca2+]i and pHi were varied independently during activation. When the pHi of unfertilized eggs was elevated by exposure to 15 mM ammonium chloride in pH 9 seawater, V0 increased to a level comparable to that measured after fertilization. In contrast, [Ca2+]i elevation without pHi change, induced by calcium ionophore in sodium-free seawater, had no effect on V0 in the unfertilized egg. Moreover, when unfertilized eggs were microinjected with buffers modulating pHi, V0 increased in a pH-dependent manner. These results indicate that the pHi rise at fertilization is the necessary prerequisite for activation of the proteasome, an essential component in the regulation of the cell cycle.
authors: Department of Biology, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Chiba
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Alderton
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Hoshi
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Steinhardt
mesh_terms: D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003374:Coumarins / Q000494:pharmacology; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D007783:Lactones / Q000378:metabolism; D007930:Leucine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008698:Mesylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000196:embryology*; D012623:Seawater; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D015053:Zygote / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003374:Coumarins; D007783:Lactones; D008698:Mesylates; D000643:Ammonium Chloride; C059117:7-aminocoumarin-4-methanesulfonic acid; C098869:clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone; D015759:Ionomycin; D012964:Sodium; D007930:Leucine; C012211:ubenimex; D002118:Calcium