title: Moral development and psychopathological interference in conscience functioning among adolescents after trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare moral development and psychopathological interference with conscience functioning (PI) among adolescents exposed to different degrees of earthquake-related trauma and to investigate the relationship of moral development and PI to exposure to trauma, severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, postearthquake adversities, and extent of loss of nuclear family members.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents (N = 193) from 2 cities at different distances from the epicenter were evaluated. The Stilwell Structured Conscience Interview was used to assess moral development and PI. Structured self-report instruments were used to obtain ratings of severity of earthquake-related trauma, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and postearthquake adversities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents in the city near the epicenter manifested advanced moral development as compared with their counterparts in the less affected city. Concomitantly, they endorsed responses indicating PI. Levels of PI were significantly correlated with severity of PTSD symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the aftermath of a catastrophic natural disaster, children assume greater responsibilities and confront a multitude of morally challenging interpersonal situations which may result in an advancement of their moral development. Yet, at the same time, PTSD symptoms and negative schematizations of self and others may give rise to disturbances in conscience functioning. The findings suggest that therapeutic consideration should be given to assisting children in integrating the horror of their traumatic experiences and the harshness of posttrauma adversities into an adaptive schema of good and evil in themselves and the world.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, USA.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Goenjian
authors: B M
authors: BM
authors: Stilwell
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Steinberg
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: Fairbanks
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Galvin
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Karayan
authors: R S
authors: RS
authors: Pynoos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001136:Armenia; D002648:Child; D003242:Conscience; D004190:Disasters; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*