title: Energy intake and appetite are suppressed by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in obese men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peripheral administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) for four hours, to normal weight and obese humans, decreases food intake and suppresses appetite.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an eight hour infusion of GLP-1 on appetite and energy intake at lunch and dinner in obese subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised, blinded cross-over design with intravenous infusion of GLP-1 (0.75 pmol x kg(-1) min(-1)) or saline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight obese (body mass index, BMI, 45.5 +/- 2.3 kg/m2) male subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ad libitum energy intake at lunch (12.00 h) and dinner (16.00 h) after an energy fixed breakfast (2.4 MJ) at 08.00 h. Appetite sensations using visual analogue scales, (VAS) immediately before and after meals and hourly in-between. Blood samples for the analysis of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1 and peptide YY. Gastric emptying after breakfast and lunch using a paracetamol absorption technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hunger ratings were significantly lower with GLP-1 infusion. The summed ad libitum energy intake at lunch and dinner was reduced by 1.7 +/- 0.5 MJ (21 +/- 6%) by GLP-1 infusion (P = 0.01). Gastric emptying was delayed by GLP-1 infusion, and plasma glucose concentrations decreased (baseline: 6.6 +/- 0.35 mmol/L; nadir: 5.3 +/- 0.15 mmol/L). No nausea was recorded during GLP-1 infusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that GLP-1 decreases feelings of hunger and reduces energy intake in obese humans. One possible mechanism for this finding might be an increased satiety primarily mediated by gastric vagal afferent signals.
authors: Division of Surgery, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Näslund
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Barkeling
authors: N
authors: N
authors: King
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Gutniak
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Blundell
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Holst
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Rössner
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Hellström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D002149:Energy Intake; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D005934:Glucagon / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D007328:Insulin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011498:Protein Precursors; D019894:Peptide YY; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon