title: Morphological and physiological characteristics of discontinuous linear atrial ablations during atrial pacing and atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Linear atrial ablations are thought to be necessary to accomplish successful catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. In order to investigate the conduction characteristics of atrial myocardium in regions of linear lesion discontinuity (gaps), we performed activation sequence mapping in gap regions during atrial pacing and atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In seven dogs, a linear epicardial ablation was created on the right atrial free wall with a discontinuous segment (gap) in the mid-portion of the lesion. A plaque electrode was used to measure conduction across the gap. Conduction was assessed during (1) atrial pacing from the edge of the plaque electrode during sinus rhythm, and (2) during atrial fibrillation. After each series of measurements, the lesion gap was decreased by creating additional radiofrequency ablations and repeat conduction maps were obtained. The process was repeated until conduction block was observed during atrial pacing. Gap lengths ranged from 0 to 25 mm. During atrial pacing, gaps as narrow as 2 mm demonstrated normal conduction and gaps as large as 5 mm demonstrated block during pacing. Although conduction block was never present across gaps greater than 5 mm, the ability to predict conduction block as a function of gap width was difficult for lesions < or = 5 mm due to a significant degree of overlap between normal conduction and conduction block in this gap range. During atrial fibrillation, 1/175 (0.6%) mapped wavelets conducted across gaps that demonstrated block during pacing; whereas, 411/600 (68.5%; P < 0.0001) wavelets conducted across gaps that did not demonstrate block during pacing (P = NS compared to preablation measurements). Histologically normal atrial myocytes were observed within gaps exhibiting conduction block.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visible gaps > 5 mm rarely demonstrate conduction block during atrial pacing and atrial fibrillation; whereas, gaps < or = 5 mm in length may demonstrate block. Lesion gaps that do not demonstrate conduction block during atrial pacing have no higher rate of functional conduction block during atrial fibrillation than fibrillating atria without ablation lesions.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Mitchell
authors: I D
authors: ID
authors: McRury
authors: T H
authors: TH
authors: Everett
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Li
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Mangrum
authors: D E
authors: DE
authors: Haines
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006339:Heart Rate