In vitro evaluation of acyloxyalkyl esters as dermal prodrugs of ketoprofen and naproxen.
A series of acyloxyalkyl esters of ketoprofen and naproxen were synthesized and investigated as topical prodrugs with the aim of improving the dermal delivery of the drugs. In addition, some hydroxyalkyl esters of ketoprofen and naproxen were synthesized as possible intermediates of acyloxyalkyl prodrugs. All of the prodrugs were more lipophilic than their parent molecules, as evaluated by drug partitioning between 1-octanol and phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 (log Papp). However, their solubilities in aqueous solutions decreased markedly compared with the parent molecules. The prodrugs were stable toward chemical hydrolysis in aqueous solutions (pH 7.4), but were hydrolyzed to the parent drug both in 80% human serum and in human skin homogenate, with half-lives ranging from 4 to 137 min and from 13 to 403 min, respectively. The abilities of the selected naproxen acyloxyalkyl prodrugs to deliver naproxen through excised human skin were evaluated. Generally, the prodrugs showed similar dermal delivery as the parent drug through cadaver skin. In the present series of lipophilic prodrugs of naproxen, the prodrug with the highest aqueous solubility was the most effective prodrug to deliver naproxen through the skin.
Rautio
J
J
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, Finland. Jarkko.Rautio@uku.fi
Taipale
H
H
Gynther
J
J
Vepsalainen
J
J
Nevalainen
T
T
Jarvinen
T
T
D000215:Acylation; D000478:Alkylation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004952:Esters / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009288:Naproxen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011355:Prodrugs; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D012995:Solubility; D018629:Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion; D013997:Time Factors
D004952:Esters; D011355:Prodrugs; D009288:Naproxen; D007660:Ketoprofen