title: Clinical practice guidelines for heart failure.
abstract: Development of guidelines can be a difficult process; each organization or institution must establish the rules and criteria for including specific therapies and the level of complexity needed. Specific outcomes must be incorporated, including maintenance of comfort and functionality, freedom from hospitalization, and survival. In existing guidelines for the management of heart failure, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy is clearly the gold standard. However, there is still a high mortality with ACE inhibitor therapy; the key may be choosing the right patients. Current guidelines reflect the uncertainty regarding digoxin before the Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) trial; obviously, these guidelines should be revisited. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of heart failure need to be revised to include a better consensus on beta-blockade, the new data on digoxin, emerging data on angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and current thinking on anticoagulant therapy.
authors: K F
authors: KF
authors: Adams
mesh_terms: D000572:American Heart Association; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004077:Digoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010919:Placebos; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014481:United States; D016270:United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D010919:Placebos; D004077:Digoxin