title: Stress levels in EMS personnel: a national survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate stress levels in emergency medical services personnel across the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confidential, 20-question survey tool, Medical Personnel Stress Survey--Abbreviated (MPSS-R). A total score of 50 indicates average stress levels. A score of 12.5 on the subset measurements of somatic distress, job dissatisfaction, organizational stress, and negative attitudes towards patients indicates average levels of stress. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and t-test.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 658 of 3,000 emergency medical technicians (EMTs) (22%) completed the survey. The mean value of 69.3 +/- 6.3 for the total stress scores was very high. Mean values for the subset scores were: somatic distress = 19.6 +/- 3.3; organizational stress = 17.3 +/- 2.4; job dissatisfaction = 17.0 +/- 2.6; negative attitudes towards patients = 15.5 +/- 2.3. Characteristics predicting higher stress were EMT-basic (A) licensure, basic life support (BLS) only service provider, volunteer status, new employee working in a small EMS organization, and providing service to a small town.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stress levels in EMS personnel were very high, were manifested primarily as somatic distress, secondarily as organizational stress and job dissatisfaction, and lastly as negative patient attitudes. Stress levels and subset manifestations of occupational stress among EMS personnel varied depending on gender, marital status, age, level of training and function, on salaried or volunteer status, length of time as an EMT, and size of the organization, city, and population served. Care should be taken to address stresses peculiar to individual EMS system needs.
authors: Department of Emergency Medicine, Metro Health Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44109-1998, USA.
authors: R K
authors: RK
authors: Cydulka
authors: C L
authors: CL
authors: Emerman
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Shade
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Kubincanek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology