title: Computer support for determining drug dose: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the effectiveness of computer support for determining optimum drug dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of comparative studies where computers gave advice to clinicians on the most appropriate drug dose. Search methods used were standard for the Cochrane Collaboration on Effective Professional Practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative studies conducted worldwide and published between 1966 and 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  For qualitative review, relative percentage differences were calculated to compare effects of computer support in different settings. For quantitative data, effect sizes were calculated and combined in meta-analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The drugs studied were theophylline, warfarin, heparin, aminoglycosides, nitroprusside, lignocaine, oxytocin, fentanyl, and midazolam. The computer programs used individualised pharmacokinetic models to calculate the most appropriate dose. Meta-analysis of data from 671 patients showed higher blood concentrations of drug with computer support (effect size 0.69, 95% confidence interval 0.36 to 1.02) and reduced time to achieve therapeutic control (0.44, 0.17 to 0.71). The total dose of drug used was unchanged, and there were fewer unwanted effects of treatment. Five of six studies measuring outcomes of care showed benefit from computer assistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review suggests that using computers to determine the correct dose of certain drugs in acute hospital settings is beneficial. Computers may give doctors the confidence to use higher doses when necessary, adjusting the drug dose more accurately to individual patients. Further research is necessary to evaluate the benefits in general use.
authors: ICRF General Practice Research Group, University of Oxford, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Health Sciences, Oxford OX3 7LF. robert.walton@public-health.oxford.ac.uk
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Walton
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Dovey
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Harvey
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Freemantle
mesh_terms: D003658:Decision Making, Computer-Assisted; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004360:Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic