title: Dietary antioxidants and age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess associations between the stages of age-related maculopathy (ARM) and dietary intake of carotene, vitamin C, retinol, and zinc.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3654 subjects 49 years of age and older from a defined area, west of Sydney, Australia, participated. A total of 2900 participants (79.4%) completed accurate food records.
  
  
  METHODS
  Masked grading of stereoscopic macular photographs, detailed interviewer-administered questionnaire, and 145-item self-administered food frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Late ARM and early ARM were diagnosed from photographic grading.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors found no statistically significant associations between ARM and dietary intake of either carotene, zinc, or vitamins A or C, either from diet or supplements or from the combined intake from diet and supplements. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) were calculated comparing highest to lowest dietary intake quintiles. For late ARM, the odds ratios were carotene, 0.7 (range, 0.3-2.0); vitamin A, 1.2 (range, 0.5-3.3); vitamin C, 1.3 (range, 0.5-3.4); and zinc, 1.0 (range, 0.4-2.8). For early ARM, the odds ratios were carotene, 0.7 (range, 0.4-1.1); vitamin A, 1.2 (range, 0.7-2.0); vitamin C, 0.9 (range, 0.5-1.4); and zinc, 0.8 (range, 0.5-1.3). No significant trends were apparent. Adjustment for energy intake also showed no associations between these antioxidants and ARM. Further, no associations were found between increasing intake of foods high in antioxidant vitamins and decreasing prevalence of either late or early ARM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors found no associations between ARM and dietary antioxidants, either from diet alone or including supplements, or from selected foods, in the Blue Mountains Eye Study population.
authors: National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra.
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Smith
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Mitchell
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Webb
authors: S R
authors: SR
authors: Leeder
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014801:Vitamin A; D002338:Carotenoids; D015032:Zinc; D001205:Ascorbic Acid