title: Direct orbital manometry in healthy patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine orbital tissue tension and orbital compartment compliance in normal patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  An orbital manometer was designed to directly measure orbital tissue tension before, during, and after a 5-ml retrobulbar injection of anesthetic in patients undergoing ocular surgery. Tissue tension was recorded for 5 minutes after the injection. Orbital compliance was calculated as change in volume divided by change in pressure. Data were collected from 18 normal orbits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resting orbital tissue tension was 4.0 +/- 1.5 mmHg (mean +/- standard deviation). After retrobulbar injection, orbital tissue tension rose to 11.6 +/- 2.6 mmHg (p = 0.00000000009 compared with baseline). After 5 minutes, tissue tension declined to 6.6 +/- 1.9 mmHg (p = 0.00000001 compared with preinjection and p = 0.00002 compared with postinjection). Orbital compartment compliance was 0.74 +/- 0.31 ml/mmHg. No adverse events occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors' orbital manometer safely determined orbital tissue tension and orbital compartment compliance in normal orbits. Retrobulbar injection causes consistent measurable changes in orbital tissue tension. Directly assessing orbital dynamics in vivo may prove useful both as an adjunct in the clinical evaluation of patients with disorders resulting in an orbital compartment syndrome as well as in assessing the risk of retrobulbar injection in orbits at greater risk for complications from this procedure.
authors: Division of Ophthalmology, Clevelend Clinic Foundation, Ohio, USA.
authors: C D
authors: CD
authors: Riemann
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Foster
authors: G S
authors: GS
authors: Kosmorsky
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003187:Compliance; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008365:Manometry / Q000379:methods*; D009915:Orbit / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011312:Pressure
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local