Escape-related behaviours in an unstable, elevated and exposed environment. II. Long-term sensitization after repetitive electrical stimulation of the rodent midbrain defence system.
The behavioural indices of anxiety/fear/panic range from freezing/inhibition of ongoing behaviour to active defence strategies i.e. fight/flight, depending on the proximity or intensity of the aversive stimulus. However, evidence suggests that when the initial stressor is sufficiently intense, the neural defence circuitry may undergo a long-term increase in sensitivity. Such sensitization has been evoked to explain the chronically hyper-aroused fight/flight state of patients suffering from extreme anxiety states. The purpose of this study was to establish whether direct activation of the rodent midbrain defence system could result in a similar long-term alteration of the animal's responses to subsequent stressful events. This was achieved by studying the behaviour of animals in a threatening environment after repetitive electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus. Animals were then placed on an unstable, elevated and exposed plus maze and their behaviour recorded. Testing was carried out regularly over 3 months. Stimulated animals reliably exhibited significantly increased levels of behaviours designed to escape the aversive conditions of the unstable plus maze. These included visual scanning, end-reaching, preparing to jump, and jumping off the apparatus. Unstimulated control animals, on the other hand, exhibited decreased levels of these behaviours post-stimulation. In contrast, the experimental animals' performance on standard anxiety tests did not differ from controls. These results demonstrate that repetitive tactile stimulation can produce a long-term change in reactions to threat, and is proposed as a functional model of extreme anxiety.
King
S M
SM
University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, UK. s.king@ucl.ac.uk
D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004924:Escape Reaction / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000502:physiology; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000502:physiology*; D010200:Panic / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D012931:Social Environment