title: [Radiation protection in the use of tracers in radioguided breast surgery].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent techniques in nuclear medicine have permitted to implement new procedures useful in surgery. Among these, the procedures for locating sentinel lymph nodes and nonpalpable breast lesions are of great interest. The protocols for the location of the sentinel lymph node and for the radioguided location of occult lesions developed at the European Institute of Oncology (IEO, Milan) are based on the administration of radiopharmaceuticals labelled with Technetium-99m (99mTc). We evaluated the dosimetric data relative to patients and hospital personnel to assess whether specific radiation protection procedures are needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients with nonpalpable breast lesions and 50 patients with suspected lymph node involvement were enrolled in this study. All the patients underwent surgery the day after in-loco administration of the radiopharmaceutical (11 MBq of 99mTc). The absorbed dose to the hospital personnel was estimated from the air kerma rate measured by ionization chamber at different distances from the patients at 0 and 16 hours after the radiopharmaceutical administration. In order to evaluate radiation protection for patients, absorbed doses were measured positioning thermoluminescent dosimeters on the patient's skin for about 16 hours. In the operating room, activity was measured on some excised tissues (lymph nodes and tumors) and on surgical instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Absorbed doses were very low for the clinical staff also in case of prolonged patient assistance. After 100 cases, the surgeon mean absorbed dose to the hands and mean effective dose were .45 mGy and .09 mGy, respectively. These values correspond to 1% of the annual dose limit to the hands and to 10% of the annual equivalent effective dose recommended for the population (ICRP 60 and law by decree 230/95). The absorbed dose to healthy tissues of the patients were lower than 1 mGy (mean values: contralateral breast: .9 mGy; abdomen .45 mGy). The mean activity detected in the excised tissues was 9 kBq and 900 kBq in the sentinel lymph nodes and in the tumor lesions (injection site), respectively. The activity detected on the surgical instruments, higher on gauzes (< 100 kBq), was negligible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the radiation protection point of view, the data support the validity of our protocols. Absorbed doses to the hospital personnel are low and require neither a radiation protection control nor a classification of exposed workers as classes A or B. Special containers for radioactive wastes are necessary in the administration room but not in the operating room, where the levels of possible contamination are negligible.
authors: Servizio di Fisica Sanitaria, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milano.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Ferrari
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Cremonesi
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Sacco
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Rossi
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Leonardi
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Luini
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Paganelli
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Tosi
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging