A model for a statewide critical incident stress (CIS) debriefing program for emergency services personnel.
OBJECTIVE
Emergency services personnel are highly vulnerable to acute and cumulative critical incident stress (CIS) that can manifest as anger, guilt, depression, and impaired decision-making, and, in certain instances, job loss. Interventions designed to identify such distress and restore psychological functioning becomes imperative.


METHODS
A statewide debriefing team was formed in 1988 through a collaborative effort between an academic department of emergency medicine and a social work department of a teaching hospital, and a metropolitan area fire department and ambulance service. Using an existing CIS debriefing model, 84 prescreened, mental health professionals and emergency services personnel were provided with 16 hours of training and were grouped into regional teams. Debriefing requests are received through a central number answered by a communicator in a 24-hour communications center located within the emergency department. Debriefings are conducted 48-72 hours after the event for specific types of incidents. Follow-up telephone calls are made by the debriefing team leader two to three weeks following a debriefing. The teams rely on donations to pay for travel and meals.


RESULTS
One hundred sixty-eight debriefings were conducted during the first four years. Rural agencies accounted for 116 (69%) requests. During this period, 1,514 individuals were debriefed: 744 (49%) firefighters, 460 (30%) EMTs, and 310 (21%) police officers, dispatchers, and other responders. Deaths of children, extraordinary events, and incidents involving victims known to the responders (35%, 14%, and 14% respectively) were the most common reasons for requesting debriefings. Feedback was received from 48 (28%) of the agencies that requested the debriefing. All of those who responded felt that the debriefing had a beneficial effect on its personnel. Specific individuals identified by agency representatives as having the greatest difficulty were observed to be returned to their pre-incident state.


CONCLUSIONS
CIS debriefings are judged as beneficial. A statewide response team is an effective way to provide these services at no cost to agencies.
Neely
K W
KW
Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201-3098, USA.
Spitzer
W J
WJ
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D003419:Crisis Intervention / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016272:Occupational Health; D009922:Oregon; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D014481:United States