title: A scanning electron microscopic study of the effect of Gluma CPS bonding system on dentinal smear layers produced by different bur types and rotational speeds and on the resin-dentin interface.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of conditioners on smear layers produced by different bur types and rotational speeds and to study the interaction of subsequently applied primer and sealer with these conditioned surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smear layers were produced on human teeth immediately after extraction by burs rotating at approximately 6,000 rpm without water spray and 400,000 rpm with water spray. Gluma CPS etchant was applied for 15, 30, and 60 seconds, and a 20% phosphoric acid liquid (control) was applied for 30 seconds to smear layers. The specimens were prepared by critical point drying for scanning electron microscopic imaging within 24 hours. Additional specimens were prepared and treated with Gluma CPS primer and sealer, according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were only small variations in the smear layer thicknesses with different bur types or speeds of rotation. Gluma CPS conditioner, applied for the recommended times, did not completely remove the smear layer. An altered smear layer, composed of a reaction product, remained on the dentinal surface. A zone of demineralization did occur, however, beneath the partially removed smear layer in both the 15- and 30-second specimens but was only partly filled by primer and sealer. Smear layers were completely removed by the 20% phosphoric acid liquid to expose a delicate collagen network.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An understanding of the appropriate treatment for smear layers is crucial to the development of improved dentin bonding systems.
authors: University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Santini
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003755:Dental High-Speed Technique; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005976:Glutaral / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation; D016369:Smear Layer
chemical_list: D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C044372:Gluma; C030242:phosphoric acid; D005976:Glutaral