title: Participation rates in a case-control study: the impact of age, race, and race of interviewer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite concerns about declining participation rates in epidemiologic studies in recent years, relatively few papers have discussed obstacles to recruiting study participants or strategies for optimizing response rates. This report describes factors associated with nonparticipation in a population-based, case-control study of breast cancer and discusses ways to overcome barriers to participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contact and cooperation rates were calculated for participants in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS), stratified by case status, age, race, and race of interviewer. Demographic and breast cancer risk factor characteristics of partial and full responders also were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contact rates and cooperation rates varied by case/control status and demographic characteristics. Contact rates were lower among controls, younger women, and black women. Cooperation rates were lower among controls, older women, and black cases. Cooperation rates were higher among both black and nonblack women when participants and interviewers were concordant on race.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obstacles to recruitment seem to differ among race and age subgroups, suggesting that recruitment strategies may need to be tailored to potential participants based upon demographic characteristics. Strategies have been implemented to improve response rates in this and other epidemiologic studies; however, additional research and innovation in this area are needed.
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA.
authors: P G
authors: PG
authors: Moorman
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Newman
authors: R C
authors: RC
authors: Millikan
authors: C K
authors: CK
authors: Tse
authors: D P
authors: DP
authors: Sandler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data