Myocardial injury and left ventricular performance after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
OBJECTIVE
Electrocardiographic abnormalities and elevations of the creatine kinase myocardial isoenzyme (CK-MB) occur frequently after subarachnoid hemorrhage. In some patients, a reversible and presumably neurogenic form of left ventricular dysfunction is demonstrated by echocardiography. It is not known whether cardiac injury of this type adversely affects cardiovascular hemodynamic performance.


METHODS
We retrospectively studied 72 patients admitted to our neuro-ICU for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage over a 2.5-year period. We selected patients who met the following criteria: (1) CK-MB levels measured within 3 days of onset, (2) pulmonary artery catheter placed, (3) echocardiogram performed, and (4) no history of preexisting cardiac disease. Hemodynamic profiles were recorded on the day after surgery (n=67) or on the day of echocardiography (n=5) if surgery was not performed (mean, 3. 3+/-1.7 days after onset). The severity of cardiac injury was classified as none (peak CK-MB <1%, n=36), mild (peak CK-MB 1% to 2%, n=21), moderate (peak CK-MB >2%, n=6), or severe (abnormal left ventricular wall motion, n=9).


RESULTS
Abnormal left ventricular wall motion occurred exclusively in patients with peak CK-MB levels >2% (P<0.0001), poor neurological grade (P=0.002), and female sex (P=0.02). Left ventricular stroke volume index and stroke work index were elevated above the normal range in patients with peak CK-MB levels <1% and fell progressively as the severity of cardiac injury increased, with mean values for patients with abnormal wall motion below normal (both P<0.0001 by ANOVA). Cardiac index followed a similar trend, but the effect was less pronounced (P<0.0001). Using forward stepwise multiple logistic regression, we found that thick subarachnoid clot on the admission CT scan (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.0 to 3.4; P=0.04) and depressed cardiac index (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.0 to 4.1; P=0.04) were independent predictors of symptomatic vasospasm.


CONCLUSIONS
Myocardial enzyme release and echocardiographic wall motion abnormalities are associated with impaired left ventricular performance after subarachnoid hemorrhage. In severely affected patients, reduction of cardiac output from normally elevated levels may increase the risk of cerebral ischemia related to vasospasm.
Mayer
S A
SA
Department of Neurology, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. sam14@columbia.edu
Lin
J
J
Homma
S
S
Solomon
R A
RA
Lennihan
L
L
Sherman
D
D
Fink
M E
ME
Beckford
A
A
Klebanoff
L M
LM
D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002302:Cardiac Output; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014661:Vasoconstriction; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
D007527:Isoenzymes; D003402:Creatine Kinase