title: Mast cells are an important cellular source of tumour necrosis factor alpha in human intestinal tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several inflammatory disorders of the intestine are characterised by enhanced expression of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Monocytes and macrophages have been suggested as a major cellular source of TNF-alpha in human gut, whereas mast cells, although known to be capable of producing TNF-alpha, have been poorly examined in this respect.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether human intestinal mast cells can produce TNF-alpha, and which factors regulate TNF-alpha production in these cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mast cells were isolated from surgery tissue specimens of patients undergoing bowel resection because of cancer. Immunohistochemical studies were performed in biopsy specimens derived from 13 patients (two healthy controls, four with Crohn's disease, four with ulcerative colitis, three others). TNF-alpha mRNA and protein expression were studied in vitro by polymerase chain reaction, RNAse protection assay, western blot, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in isolated purified human intestinal mast cells stimulated by IgE receptor crosslinking, intestinal bacteria, and lipopolysaccharide. Cellular localisation of TNF-alpha was examined by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-alpha mRNA and protein were expressed constitutively in isolated human intestinal mast cells. Expression of TNF-alpha mRNA and release of TNF-alpha protein were substantially enhanced by IgE receptor crosslinking and by coculture of mast cells with intestinal bacteria; lipopolysaccharide had only marginal effects. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that approximately 60% of the lamina propria cells with immunoreactivity for TNF-alpha were mast cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data show that mast cells are an important source of TNF-alpha in the human intestinal mucosa.
authors: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical School of Hannover, D-30623 Hannover, Germany.
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Bischoff
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Lorentz
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Schwengberg
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Weier
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Raab
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Manns
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha