title: The neurotoxicity of drugs given intrathecally (spinal)
abstract: Overall, most spinal drugs in clinical use have been poorly studied for spinal cord and nerve root toxicity. Laboratory studies indicate that all local anesthetics are neurotoxic in high concentrations and that lidocaine and tetracaine have neurotoxic potential in clinically used concentrations. However, spinal anesthesia (including lidocaine and tetracaine) has a long and enviable history of safety. Spinal analgesics such as morphine, fentanyl, sufentanil, clonidine, and neostigmine seem to have a low potential for neurotoxicity based on laboratory and extensive clinical use. Most antioxidants, preservatives, and excipients used in commercial formulations seem to have a low potential for neurotoxicity. In addition to summarizing current information, we hope that this review stimulates future research on spinal drugs to follow a systematic approach to determining potential neurotoxicity. Such an approach would examine histologic, physiologic, and behavioral testing in several species, followed by cautious histologic, physiologic, and clinical testing in human volunteers and patients with terminal cancer refractory to conventional therapy.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98111, USA.
authors: P S
authors: PS
authors: Hodgson
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Neal
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Pollock
authors: S S
authors: SS
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local