title: Increased interleukin-10 in the the endocervical secretions of women with non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases: a mechanism for enhanced HIV-1 transmission?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and bacterial vaginosis are implicated as cofactors in heterosexual HIV-1 transmission, the mechanisms have not been defined. Recent in vitro data suggest that interleukin (IL)-10 may increase susceptibility of macrophages to HIV-1 infection. Therefore, we performed this study to assess whether non-ulcerative STD are associated with detection of IL-10 in the female genital tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with clinical pelvic inflammatory disease with or without cervicovaginal discharge were recruited from an STD clinic in Nairobi, Kenya. Endocervical and endometrial specimens were obtained for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis DNA detection, Trichonomas vaginalis culture, and CD4 and CD8 T-cell enumeration. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed by Gram stain. IL-10 was detected in endocervical specimens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood was obtained for HIV-1 serology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and seventy-two women were studied. N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, bacterial vaginosis, and T. vaginalis were detected in 38 (21%), 17 (9%), 71 (43%), and 22 (12%) women, respectively. Cervical IL-10 was detected more often in women with N. gonorrhoeae [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 3.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4-8.4], C. trachomatis (AOR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.2-15.6), and bacterial vaginosis (AOR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.4-6.9) than in women without these infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of non-ulcerative STD and bacterial vaginosis with increased frequency of IL-10 detection in endocervical secretions suggests a potential mechanism through which these infections may alter susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in women.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-6460, USA. crcohen@u.washington.edu
authors: C R
authors: CR
authors: Cohen
authors: F A
authors: FA
authors: Plummer
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Mugo
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Maclean
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Shen
authors: E A
authors: EA
authors: Bukusi
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Irungu
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Sinei
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Bwayo
authors: R C
authors: RC
authors: Brunham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D014247:Trichomonas Vaginitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D016753:Interleukin-10