title: Effect of clamp versus anastomotic-induced ischemia on critical ischemic time and survival of rat epigastric fasciocutaneous flap.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are many models used to explore ischemic-related phenomena. The rat epigastric fasciocutaneous flap model is the one most commonly used. Critical ischemic time is the maximum ischemic insult that tissue can undergo and still remain viable. Experimentally, ischemia is induced either by clamping the vascular pedicle or by dividing the pedicle then performing microvascular arterial and venous anastomosis. We sought to determine what effect the different methods of inducing ischemia have on the critical primary ischemic time and, thus, flap survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  A right 3 cm x 6 cm groin flap based on the inferior epigastric vessels was raised in each rat. Ischemic times of 4, 6, 8, or 10 hours were induced either by placing temporary occlusion clamps on each vessel of the vascular pedicle (island pedicle group) or by ligation and division of the pedicle with subsequent microvascular anastomosis (free flap group). Survival was assessed at 7 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary ischemic time at which one half of free flaps are predicted to die was calculated to be 7.60 hours, compared with 6.09 hours for the island pedicle flaps (p<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fasciocutaneous flaps undergoing ligation and anastomosis are more resistant to ischemia than are those undergoing clamping of the pedicle. Possible etiologic factors responsible for this experimental finding are discussed.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University Health Science Center, Morgantown, USA.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Chafin
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Belmont
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Quraishi
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Clovis
authors: M K
authors: MK
authors: Wax
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D000818:Animals; D003250:Constriction; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007511:Ischemia; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013997:Time Factors