title: Recurrent spinal epidural metastases: a prospective study with a complete follow up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prospective studies with a complete follow up in patients with spinal epidural metastases (SEM) are rare, so little is known of the incidence and relevance of recurrent spinal epidural metastases (RSEM). This prospective study was undertaken as a part of a previously started and extended prospective study to determine the occurrence and details of RSEM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with SEM of various primary malignancies were followed up until death. The diagnosis was confirmed after neurological examination by imaging studies visualising not only the clinically suspected level, but also as much of the spinal canal as possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recurrent spinal epidural metastases (RSEM) occurred in 21 of the 103 patients (20%) after a median interval of 7 months and, after treatment, a second recurrence occurred in 11 patients (11%), a third recurrence in two patients (2%), and a sixth recurrence in one patient (1%). RSEM developed about as often at the initial level (55%) as at a different level (45%), did not occur more often in patients with initially multiple SEM, but, not surprisingly, occurred much more often in patients with longer survival. About one half of the patients surviving 2 years, and nearly all patients surviving 3 years or longer developed RSEM. Ambulatory state could be preserved in most patients, even after their second recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RSEM are common and even several episodes of RSEM in the same patient are not rare. Patients with SEM who survive long enough have a high risk of RSEM and prompt treatment of RSEM to maintain the ambulatory state of the patient is valuable.
authors: Neurological Division, Antoni van Leeuwenhoekziekenhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: van der Sande
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Boogerd
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Kröger
authors: A C
authors: AC
authors: Kappelle
mesh_terms: D004824:Epidural Space; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D013120:Spinal Cord Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors