title: Detection of intracellular antigen-specific cytokines in human T cell populations.
abstract: Determination of antigen-specific cytokine responses of T lymphocytes after vaccination is made difficult by the low frequency of responder cells. In order to detect these responses, the profile of intracellular cytokines was analyzed using flow cytometry after antigenic expansion. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with antigens for 5 days, further expanded with interleukin (IL)-2, and then restimulated on day 10. Cytokine production was detected by intracellular staining with monoclonal antibodies after saponin-based permeabilization. Influenza expansion resulted in specific interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production of 6%-20%, with less IL-4 production (0%-2%). Tetanus toxoid resulted in even greater production. IL-4 and IFN-gamma were produced mainly by memory cells of the CD45RO+ phenotype. IFN-gamma production was contributed by both CD4 and CD8 populations. These methods were then applied to a clinical trial of a candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine. Antigen-specific increases in IFN-gamma were measured, which corresponded to antibody production, lymphoproliferation, and skin testing.
authors: Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors: E G
authors: EG
authors: Kallas
authors: D C
authors: DC
authors: Gibbons
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Soucier
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Fitzgerald
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Treanor
authors: T G
authors: TG
authors: Evans
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008934:Mitogens / Q000276:immunology; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D016207:Cytokines; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D008934:Mitogens; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D007371:Interferon-gamma