title: The effects of prescribed versus ad libitum feedings and formula caloric density on premature infant dietary intake and weight gain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although feedings that are organized on an ad lib basis (i.e., in response to infant cues of hunger and of satiation) could enhance an infant's self-regulatory capacities for feeding, ad lib feeding of fully nipple-fed premature infants in a special care nursery has not been examined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study whether the caloric and protein intake and weight change of fully nipple-fed preterm infants differed by the feeding regimen (prescribed or ad lib) and by the caloric density of the formula (20- or 24-kcalories per ounce).
  
  
  METHODS
  The 78 infants who participated in the study were randomized to prescribed or ad lib feeding regimens and, within each regimen, were further randomized to receive either 20-calorie or 24-kcalorie per ounce formula. Dietary intake (volume/kg, caloric intake/kg) and weight change (grams/kg gained or lost) were assessed for each of the 5 study days. Multivariate data analysis was used to examine the effects of feeding regimen and caloric density on dietary intake and weight change, controlling biologic variables (infant gender, race, lung disease diagnosis, treatment with supplemental oxygen, gestational age and weight at birth, and weight on the day prior to full nipple-feeding).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the ad lib feeding regimen had a negative effect on volume intake and caloric intake. Weight gain was influenced by caloric intake, but not by feeding regimen or the caloric density of the diet. With increased full nipple-feeding experience, caloric intake of ad lib feeders approached that of the infants fed on the prescribed regimen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Development of self-regulatory capacities through ad lib feeding experience was indicated by infant regulation of the volume of intake by the caloric density of the formula, an unexpected finding. Furthermore, the approach of the caloric intake of infants on the ad lib regimen to that of infants on the prescribed regimen suggests they had gained skill in regulating intake with experience. Whether or not the trend for similar intakes would continue beyond 5 days is a question for further study.
authors: School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53792, USA.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Pridham
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Kosorok
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Greer
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Carey
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kayata
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Sondel
mesh_terms: D001903:Bottle Feeding; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain