title: The adoption of provider-based rural health clinics by rural hospitals: a study of market and institutional forces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the response of rural hospitals to various market and organizational signals by determining the factors that influence whether or not they establish a provider-based rural health clinic (RHC) (a joint Medicare/Medicaid program).
  
  
  METHODS
  Several secondary sources for 1989-1995: the AHA Annual Survey, the PPS Minimum Data Set and a list of RHCs from HCFA, the Area Resource File, and professional associations. The analysis includes all general medical/surgical rural hospitals operating in the United States during the study period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal design and pooled cross-sectional data were used, with the rural hospital as the unit of analysis. Key variables were examined as sets and include measures of competitive pressures (e.g., hospital market share), physician resources, nurse practitioner/physician assistant (NP/PA) practice regulation, hospital performance pressures (e.g., operating margin), innovativeness, and institutional pressure (i.e., the cumulative force of adoption).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adoption of provider-based RHCs by rural hospitals appears to be motivated less as an adaptive response to observable economic or internal organizational signals than as a reaction to bandwagon pressures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rural hospitals with limited resources may resort to imitating others because of uncertainty or a limited ability to fully evaluate strategic activities. This can result in actions or behaviors that are not consistent with policy objectives and the perceived need for policy changes. Such activity in turn could have a negative effect on some providers and some rural residents.
authors: Department of Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor HSR&D Center of Excellence, MI 48113, USA.
authors: S L
authors: SL
authors: Krein
mesh_terms: D003151:Community Health Centers / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D004465:Economic Competition; D019981:Health Care Sector; D006302:Health Services Research; D006780:Hospitals, Rural / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008389:Marketing of Health Services; D008484:Medicaid / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006278:Medicare / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020400:Provider-Sponsored Organizations / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States