title: Evaluation of the clearance characteristics of bioadhesive systems in humans.
abstract: This paper describes the characterisation, radiolabelling and clearance characteristics of three bioadhesive nasal delivery systems; starch microspheres, chitosan microspheres and chitosan solution. The time taken for 50% of these bioadhesive materials and a control to be cleared from the nasal cavity, after nasal administration to human volunteers, was evaluated using gamma scintigraphy. The data show that the control was cleared rapidly, with a half life of 21 min, whereas the bioadhesive delivery systems had much longer half lives. The clearance of the chitosan solution almost doubled to 41 min, whilst the half life of clearance for the starch microspheres more than tripled to 68 min and for the chitosan microspheres the half life of clearance quadrupled to 84 min. From the results reported in this study it is possible to determine that both chitosan systems and the starch microspheres have good bioadhesive characteristics. The results have supported the hypothesis that chitosan delivery systems can reduce the rate of clearance from the nasal cavity, thereby increasing the contact time of the delivery system with the nasal mucosa, providing the potential for increasing the bioavailability of drugs incorporated into these systems.
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK.
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: Soane
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Frier
authors: A C
authors: AC
authors: Perkins
authors: N S
authors: NS
authors: Jones
authors: S S
authors: SS
authors: Davis
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Illum
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002686:Chitin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D048271:Chitosan; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000502:physiology*; D010316:Particle Size; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013213:Starch / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D002686:Chitin; D013213:Starch; D048271:Chitosan