title: Inborn errors of metabolism: medical and administrative "orphans".
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inborn errors of metabolism are genetic conditions that affect the normal biochemical functions of the body in any organ and at any age. More than 500 metabolic diseases are known; almost all are classified as orphan diseases under the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines (incidence < 200,000 persons) and each has its own requirements for diagnosis and treatment. Management of these complex, lifelong, multisystem disorders often requires a coordinated, multidisciplinary approach involving several subspecialists and which may include complex laboratory evaluations, genetic counseling, nutritional therapy, and unusual therapeutic approaches that have been used in only a small number of cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Not infrequently, inborn errors of metabolism fall outside current standard diagnostic and treatment guidelines of managed care plans. This results in delays in diagnosis and appropriate management, with increased costs to patients and to society.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with inborn errors of metabolism should not be discriminated against and all health plans should specify that access to specialists and metabolic centers are a covered benefit of the plan. The acceptance of treatment guidelines, the development of international disease classification codes for the disorders, and the performance of cost-benefit analyses would all greatly facilitate this process. However, without recognition that these disorders require such services, and steps to provide them by the insurance industry, the care of children with metabolic disorders and other chronic diseases will continue to be a source of frustration and anger among the caregivers and the families they serve.
authors: Valley Children's Hospital, Fresno, CA 93726, USA.
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Winter
authors: N R
authors: NR
authors: Buist
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004035:Diet Therapy / Q000191:economics; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011287:Prejudice; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration; D019472:Universal Health Insurance