title: Mucosal exposure to light during routine endoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The spectral irradiance delivered by a variety of gastrointestinal endoscopes was measured as a function of wavelength and used to estimate the amount of light delivered to the mucosal surface during routine endoscopic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spectral irradiances from seven different endoscopes were measured using a commercial spectroradiometer calibrated against a National Institute of Standards and Technology traceable source.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The largest maximum irradiance was 8.0 W/cm2 obtained from an endoscope used in transillumination mode. In the typical viewing mode, the largest maximum irradiance measured was 1.6 W/cm2. The majority of the light energy delivered by these gastrointestinal endoscopes was in the visible wavelength region (400 to 700 nm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measurements revealed surprisingly high light exposures in the visible wavelength range. In fact, the estimated tissue exposures can exceed by 40-fold the standards established for skin exposure to light set forth by the American National Standards Institute. Because gastrointestinal endoscopy is widely viewed to be safe, it is probable that the gastrointestinal tract has significant tolerance to light exposure.
authors: Medical Services, Gastrointestinal Unit, and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.
authors: N S
authors: NS
authors: Nishioka
authors: K T
authors: KT
authors: Schomacker
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D019723:Endoscopes / Q000592:standards; D020776:Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008027:Light