title: Surgical experience and complications during endonasal sinus surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The introduction of optical aids for endonasal sinus surgery has not produced the expected drop in the rate of serious intraoperative complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  1. Retrospectively, consecutive procedures of different surgeons were analyzed in regard to major complications (periorbital injury, orbital lesion, dural injury, endocranial lesion, damage to the internal carotid artery). The chronological distribution was transformed into a personal learning curve. 2. From our own experience and as surveyors, we analyzed the experiences of surgeons having encountered severe complications and compared them with the above-mentioned learning curve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 1,500 operations carried out by five surgeons with 16 serious complications were assessed. For the learning curve, the following stages were defined. stage I: greatest risk of complication, with dural injury (1st to 30th operation); stage II, slighter risk of complication, with frequent periorbital injuries (31st to 180th operation); and stage III, least risk, corresponding to an experienced surgeon. Serious complications occur most frequently among experienced surgeons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The beginner enjoys the most effective type of assistance, in the form of personal guidance of an experienced surgeon who is constantly present during the first 30 operations, and who should then be readily available during the next 70 operative procedures. The use of multimedia software appears to be helpful, though its actual value still remains to be determined. The experienced surgeon in particular must be willing to exercise repeated self-criticism to keep his or her rate of complications to a minimum.
authors: Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases, Head, Neck and Facial Plastic Surgery, Communication Disorders, Hospital Fulda, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University Marburg, Germany.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Keerl
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Stankiewicz
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Weber
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Hosemann
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Draf
mesh_terms: D004388:Dura Mater / Q000293:injuries; D005005:Ethmoid Sinus / Q000601:surgery*; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009915:Orbit / Q000293:injuries; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000193:education; D011361:Professional Competence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis