title: A phase II evaluation of all-trans-retinoic acid plus interferon alfa-2a in stage IV melanoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interferon alfa has modest but definite activity in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and is the only agent currently available for adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected disease. A variety of retinoic acid derivatives have been shown to be synergistic with interferon alfa in vitro and in vivo, with nonoverlapping toxicities. If promising combinations of interferon alfa and retinoids could be developed for melanoma patients, they would have clinical relevance for the treatment of advanced as well as localized disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy and toxicity of a combination of interferon alfa-2a and all-trans-retinoic acid in patients with measurable metastatic melanoma, the South-west Oncology Group conducted a phase II clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven patients with measurable metastatic melanoma (American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IV) were entered; five patients were unevaluable. Treatment consisted of oral all-trans-retinoic acid (37.5 to 75 mg/m2 orally twice daily for 21 days followed by 7 days' rest) plus subcutaneously administered interferon alfa-2a (6 MU/m2 three times a week).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two complete and three partial responses were observed among 52 evaluable patients, for an objective response rate of 10% (95% confidence interval 3% to 21%). Responses were seen only in patients with pulmonary, nodal, or subcutaneous metastases, and lasted from 4 to 23+ months. Median survival for the 52 patients was 8 months. Side effects were tolerable but significant, with one case of grade IV anemia and 92% of patients experiencing at least grade II toxicity. Flu-like symptoms were the most commonly reported side effects. There was one case of grade III hyperlipidemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of recombinant human interferon alfa-2a with all-trans-retinoic acid did not result in a greater percentage of objective responses or a longer overall survival than that associated with interferon alfa alone. This combination cannot be recommended for further evaluation in melanoma in either the advanced disease or the adjuvant settings.
authors: University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors: V K
authors: VK
authors: Sondak
authors: P Y
authors: PY
authors: Liu
authors: L E
authors: LE
authors: Flaherty
authors: W S
authors: WS
authors: Fletcher
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Periman
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Gandara
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Taylor
authors: S P
authors: SP
authors: Balcerzak
authors: F L
authors: FL
authors: Meyskens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014212:Tretinoin