title: Ambroxol inhibits the release of histamine, leukotrienes and cytokines from human leukocytes and mast cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of the mucolytic agents ambroxol and N-acetylcystein (NAC) were studied on the release of histamine, leukotrienes, cytokines and superoxide anions from a variety of cells involved in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mast cells were isolated from human adenoids and skin (n = 5-6). Basophils, monocytes and granulocytes were obtained from Buffy-coat blood obtained from healthy blood donors (n = 4-7) and enriched by density centrifugation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ambroxol or NAC were added to the cells for different periods before stimulation with various immunological and non-immunological secretagogues. Histamine release from mast cells, basophils and monocytes was assayed either by radioimmunoassay or spectrofluorometrically. LTC4 (basophils), LTB4 (neutrophil/eosinophil granulocytes or monocytes), IL-4 and IL-13 (basophils) were measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ambroxol inhibited histamine release by more than 50% from human adenoidal mast cells (1000 microM ambroxol) and skin mast cells (100 microM ambroxol) stimulated by Con A and compound 48/80, respectively. Ambroxol (100 microM) strikingly inhibited anti-IgE induced release of both histamine, LTC4, IL-4 and IL-13 from basophils and reduced both histamine and LTB4 release induced by C5a or Zymosan in monocytes. The drug also reduced LTB4 and superoxide anion production in granulocytes stimulated by zymosan or fMLP. In all cell types studied, ambroxol was more efficacious following a short preincubation (5-15 min) of the drug with the cells before stimulation. In contrast, NAC produced no clear effects on any of the different cell types studied, regardless of the preincubation period, the concentration or the stimulus employed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike NAC, ambroxol is able to not only inhibit acute mediator release from mast cells and leukocytes but also reduce immunomodulatory cytokine generation from basophils and may have beneficial effects in the treatment of allergic respiratory diseases.
authors: Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany.
authors: B F
authors: BF
authors: Gibbs
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Schmutzler
authors: I B
authors: IB
authors: Vollrath
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Brosthardt
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Braam
authors: H H
authors: HH
authors: Wolff
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Zwadlo-Klarwasser
mesh_terms: D000551:Ambroxol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D006636:Histamine Release / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015289:Leukotrienes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D015289:Leukotrienes; D000551:Ambroxol