title: A virtual reality module for intravenous catheter placement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Virtual reality (VR) is a potential tool for technical skills training. We tested the validity and instructional effectiveness of a prototype VR module for learning intravenous (i.v.) catheter placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  First-year medical students (n = 37), third-year medical students (n = 14), and surgical residents (n = 9) attempted two pretest i.v.s into each other, used the VR module for 12 minutes, and subsequently attempted two posttest i.v.s. Success or failure were recorded for each attempt. For each successful attempt, time and global rating of i.v. insertion were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pretest success rate was significantly different between groups (chi square = 28.71, P <0.01). VR success rate was not significantly different between groups (F(2,57) = 1.47, ns). Although there was improvement in all groups during VR training (F(2,114) = 44.16, P <0.01), this did not result in improvement in posttest performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences between groups were observed in performance of i.v. insertion in physical reality. However, no significant difference was observed in performance in VR. Thus, performance in VR demonstrated neither construct nor concurrent validity. While performance improved in VR, transfer of skill from VR to physical reality was not observed. Additional development and testing of VR as a training tool is warranted before its widespread use can be recommended.
authors: Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors: J B
authors: JB
authors: Prystowsky
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Regehr
authors: D A
authors: DA
authors: Rogers
authors: J P
authors: JP
authors: Loan
authors: L L
authors: LL
authors: Hiemenz
authors: K M
authors: KM
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014680:Veins