title: Subjective assessment of adnexal masses with the use of ultrasonography: an analysis of interobserver variability and experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to evaluate the subjective assessment of ultrasonographic images for discriminating between malignant and benign adnexal masses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was prospective. Initially, one ultrasonographer preoperatively assessed 300 consecutive patients with adnexal masses. Subsequently, the recorded transparent photographic prints were independently assessed by five investigators, with different qualifications and level of experience, who were also given a brief clinical history of the patients (i.e. the age, menstrual status, family history of ovarian cancer, previous pelvic surgery and the presenting symptoms). The diagnostic performance of the observers was compared with the histopathology classification of malignant or benign tumors. The end-points were accuracy, interobserver agreement and the possible effect of experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first ultrasonographer and the most experienced investigator both obtained an accuracy of 92%. There was very good agreement between these two investigators in the classification of the adnexal masses (Cohen's kappa 0.85). The less experienced observers obtained a significantly lower accuracy, which varied between 82% and 87%. Their interobserver agreement was moderate to good (Cohen's kappa 0.52 to 0.76).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experienced ultrasonographers using some clinical information and their subjective assessment of ultrasonographic images can differentiate malignant from benign masses in most cases. The accuracy and the level of interobserver agreement are both correlated with experience. About 10% of masses were extremely difficult to classify (only < 50% of assessors were correct).
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Timmerman
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Schwärzler
authors: W P
authors: WP
authors: Collins
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Claerhout
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Coenen
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Amant
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Vergote
authors: T H
authors: TH
authors: Bourne
mesh_terms: D000291:Adnexal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D015588:Observer Variation; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color