title: Differences in opioidergic inhibition of spinal reflexes and Fos expression evoked by mechanical and chemical noxious stimuli in the decerebrated rabbit.
abstract: Noxious mechanical and chemical stimuli were applied to the toes of the left hind limb of decerebrated, spinalized rabbits and their effects on a hind limb spinal withdrawal reflex and expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord were measured. The animals were prepared so as to minimize nociceptive inputs arising from surgery. A single crush stimulus applied with a pair of haemostatic forceps caused long-lasting (c. 20 min) inhibition of reflexes evoked in medial gastrocnemius motoneurons by electrical stimulation of the skin at the heel. Naloxone (0.25 mg/kg i.v.) increased reflexes to more than 1000% of pre-drug controls and reversed crush-evoked inhibition. Mustard oil applied to the toes had no consistent effects on the heel-gastrocnemius reflex before or after naloxone. Both crush and mustard oil stimuli gave rise to unilateral increases in the number of Fos-immunopositive profiles in the superficial dorsal horn of spinal segments L7 and S1. There were significantly more Fos-immunoreactive elements in the central and lateral parts of lamina I of both segments in animals receiving the crush stimulus than there were in animals receiving the mustard oil stimulus. Immunochemical localization of enkephalins in rabbit spinal cord showed a dense network of fibres and terminals in laminae I and II, accompanied by infrequent but distinctly stained neuronal cell bodies. The same pattern, with increased numbers of visible cell bodies, was seen after treatment with colchicine. The present data show that tonic and stimulus-evoked opioidergic inhibition of the heel-gastrocnemius reflex of the rabbit are not epiphenomena of surgical preparation of the hindlimb. Opioid-mediated inhibition of the heel-gastrocnemius withdrawal reflex of the rabbit was evoked by noxious mechanical but not by chemical stimulation of the toes. Of these stimuli, the former gave rise to greater activation of neurons in central and lateral lamina I of segments L7 and S1, the region of termination of afferent fibres from the heel and the location of some enkephalin-positive neuronal cell bodies. Thus, noxious mechanical stimulation of the toes elicits inhibition of the heel-gastrocnemius withdrawal reflex, probably via activation of enkephalinergic neurons in the lateral half of lamina I in the L7 and S1 segments.
authors: Division of Animal Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK.
authors: R N
authors: RN
authors: Bhandari
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Ogilvie
authors: R W
authors: RW
authors: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003078:Colchicine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003655:Decerebrate State; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D016762:Genes, fos / Q000187:drug effects; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007509:Irritants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009149:Mustard Plant; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009409:Nerve Crush; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011817:Rabbits; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014034:Toes / Q000294:innervation
chemical_list: D004745:Enkephalins; D007509:Irritants; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D009270:Naloxone; D003078:Colchicine; C027793:mustard oil