title: Block of pinprick and cold sensation poorly correlate with relief of postoperative pain during epidural analgesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the following hypotheses: there is a correlation between spread of epidural analgesia as assessed postoperatively by pinprick/cold test and postoperative pain intensity; block of pinprick/cold sensation is associated with absence of postoperative pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Correlation analysis on prospectively collected data.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred patients undergoing major surgery. Consecutive sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received an epidural infusion of bupivacaine 1 mg/ml, fentanyl 2 microg/ml, and epinephrine 2 microg/ml for at least 48 hours postoperatively. The infusion rate was adjusted according to pain intensity, occurrence of hypotension, or motor block.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessments were made on three time points: 20-24 hours, 32-36 hours, and 4248 hours after extubation. Assessments included pinprick and cold sensitivity from C2 to S5, pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) at rest, after cough, and after mobilization. Data were analyzed by multiple regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VAS significantly decreased with increasing spread (number of dermatomes for which hyposensitivity to pinprick or cold was observed). Spread could explain only 2-5% of the variability of VAS. Absence of both pinprick and cold sensation at all dermatomes corresponding to the surgical wound was frequently associated with pain. A high proportion of patients manifesting an upper level of block above T5 had pain after abdominal surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spread and efficacy of epidural analgesia as assessed by pinprick and cold stimulation correlate poorly with postoperative pain. These methods are of limited value both as clinical indicators of the efficacy of postoperative pain control and for investigating the effect of epidural drugs and techniques.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Bern, Switzerland. michele.curatolo@insel.unibe.ch
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Curatolo
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Kaufmann
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Petersen-Felix
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Arendt-Nielsen
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Scaramozzino
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Zbinden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine; D004837:Epinephrine