title: Evaluating the use of penicillin to control outbreaks of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Outbreaks of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN), occur every few years in remote Australian Aboriginal communities. Intervention with benzathine penicillin G (BPG) to all children is effective in reducing streptococcal carriage in a community, but its effectiveness in arresting outbreaks of APSGN has not been established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study nine recent community outbreaks of APSGN in Australia's Northern Territory and compare them with outbreaks reported in the literature to assess the impact of intervention with BPG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Because randomized controlled trials have not been conducted for this purpose, we assessed data from published observational studies and relevant experiences in the Northern Territory (NT). Eight of the nine outbreaks in the NT were studied prospectively. An outbreak was defined as two or more clinical cases of APSGN occurring within 1 week in a single community. Three intervention methods were used: intramuscular BPG to all children ages 3 to 15 years; BPG only to children with skin lesions; and BPG only to child contacts of clinical cases. The attack rates, number of clinical cases before and after the interventions were documented and the coverage of children with penicillin were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A review of the literature found very little evidence either for or against the effectiveness of intervention with BPG. In our study four communities used the first method of intervention. The community with the lowest uptake of penicillin continued to have cases in untreated children for 9 further weeks, two communities had no new cases from 3 weeks after the intervention and the fourth had a single further case after 4 weeks. The one community that used the second method had a high initial attack rate but no further cases from 1 week after the intervention. Three communities used the third method and in one community no intervention was attempted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observational study supports the use of BPG in the community to prevent new cases of APSGN. It suggests that targeted treatment of children with skin sores and household contacts of cases, rather than attempted treatment of all children in the community, could be an effective method of intervention.
authors.affiliation: Territory Health Services, Northern Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carapetis
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spillane
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D015876:Northern Territory / Q000453:epidemiology; D010401:Penicillin G Benzathine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D010406:Penicillins; D010401:Penicillin G Benzathine