title: Excretion of lidocaine and bupivacaine in breast milk following epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a lack of information and knowledge about the practical importance of even low concentrations of the excretion of local anesthetics into breast milk, particularly concerning bupivacaine. The present work aims to confirm, under practical clinical conditions of admission of parturients, the passage of local anesthetics (lidocaine and bupivacaine) into breast milk after an epidural anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven pregnant women admitted for cesarean delivery received epidural anesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine and 2% lidocaine. Blood and milk samples were simultaneously collected at 2, 6 and 12 h after the beginning of the epidural infusion. Lidocaine, bupivacaine and its main metabolite, pipecolylxylidide (PPX), were determined in serum and milk by a gas-liquid chromatographic technique. APGAR scores were systematically performed at delivery and a clinical examination was done 24 h after delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data indicate that lidocaine and bupivacaine as well as PPX are excreted into breast milk. The milk/serum ratio based upon area under the curve values were 1.07 +/- 0.82, 0.34 +/- 0.24 and 1.37 +/- 0.61 mean +/- SD for lidocaine, bupivacaine and PPX, respectively. Most of the newborns had a maximal APGAR score. Our study does not reveal any adverse reactions related to the excretion of local anesthetics into breast milk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study documents the magnitude of excreted lidocaine, bupivacaine and PPX in breast milk, and indicates that the use of both lidocaine and bupivacaine for epidural anaesthesia is safe with regard to breast-feeding.
authors.affiliation: Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, CHU Marseille Nord, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Viviand
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lorec
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gamerre
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bruguerolle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001034:Apgar Score; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002585:Cesarean Section; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012449:Safety
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; C025149:2',6'-pipecoloxylidide; D002045:Bupivacaine