title: Nitric oxide synthases catalyze the activation of redox cycling and bioreductive anticancer agents.
abstract: Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) play a crucial role in the control of blood flow, memory formation, and the immune response. These proteins can be structurally divided into oxygenase and reductase domains. The reductase domain shares a high degree of sequence homology with P450 reductase, which is thought to be the major enzyme responsible for the one-electron reduction of foreign compounds, including bioreductive antitumor agents currently undergoing clinical trials. In view of the structural similarities between NOS and P450 reductase, we investigated the capacity of NOS to reduce the hypoxic cytotoxin tirapazamine, the antitumor agent doxorubicin, and also the redox cycling compound menadione. All three isoforms exhibited high levels of activity toward these compounds. In the case of doxorubicin and menadione, the activity of NOS II was 5-10-fold higher than the other enzymes, whereas with tirapazamine, the activities were broadly similar. NOS-mediated metabolism of tirapazamine resulted in a large increase in plasmid DNA strand breaks, demonstrating that the reduction was a bioactivation process. In addition, tirapazamine inhibited NOS activity. Because nitric oxide is implicated in maintaining tumor vascular homeostasis, it is conceivable that tirapazamine could potentiate its own toxicity by increasing the degree of hypoxia. This study suggests that the NOSs could play a key role in the therapeutic effects of tirapazamine, particularly because NOS activity is markedly increased in several human tumors. In addition, the presence of NOS in the heart indicates that these enzymes may contribute to the cardiotoxicity of redox cycling drugs, such as doxorubicin.
authors.affiliation: Imperial Cancer Research Fund Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Garner
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Paine
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Crespo
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Chinje
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ortiz De Montellano
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Stratford
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Tew
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002384:Catalysis; D002417:Cattle; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000077704:Tirapazamine; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014227:Triazines; D014812:Vitamin K; D000077704:Tirapazamine; D004317:Doxorubicin; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; D010100:Oxygen