title: Riluzole prevents ischemic spinal cord injury caused by aortic crossclamping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies support the involvement of glutamate neurotoxicity in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury induced by aortic crossclamping. We investigated the effects of riluzole, a neuroprotective drug that blocks glutamatergic neurotransmission, in a rabbit model of spinal cord ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The infrarenal aortas of New Zealand White albino rabbits (n = 40) were occluded for 40 minutes. Experimental groups were as follows: sham operation group (n = 5), control group undergoing occlusion but receiving no pharmacologic intervention (n = 10), experimental group A (n = 10) receiving 8 mg/kg riluzole intravenously 30 minutes before ischemia, experimental group B (n = 10) receiving 4 mg/kg riluzole intravenously 30 minutes before ischemia and at the onset of reperfusion, and experimental group C (n = 10) receiving 8 mg/kg riluzole intravenously at the onset of reperfusion. Neurologic status was assessed at 6, 24, and 48 hours after the operation and then daily until the fifth day. All animals were killed at 24, 48, or 120 hours after the operation. Spinal cords were harvested for histopathologic studies, immunohistochemical studies for microtubule-associated protein 2, and search for morphologic features of apoptosis by the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling staining method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All animals in the control group became paraplegic. Except for 1 rabbit in group C, all riluzole-treated animals had better neurologic function. Luxol fast blue and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling staining methods demonstrated typical morphologic changes characteristic of necrosis and apoptosis in control animals. Riluzole prevented or attenuated ischemia-induced necrosis, apoptosis, and cytoskeletal proteolysis, depending on the dose and the timing of administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Riluzole may have therapeutic utility during high-risk operations on the thoracoabdominal aorta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Paris, and the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Valbonne, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lang-Lazdunski
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heurteaux
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vaillant
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Widmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazdunski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal / Q000601:surgery; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D003250:Constriction; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010784:Photomicrography; D011817:Rabbits; D019782:Riluzole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D019782:Riluzole; D004247:DNA