title: Bifocal reflector for electrohydraulic lithotripters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the design and construction of a bifocal reflector that could be used in electrohydraulic extracorporeal shockwave lithotripters in order to increase their efficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  The new reflector is obtained by joining two sectors of two rotationally symmetric ellipsoidal reflectors having different distances between their foci, which results in a bifocal composite reflector with the F1 foci in coincidence and the two F2 foci separated by a certain distance. As in conventional reflectors, shockwaves are generated by the electrical breakdown of water between two electrodes, located at the focus (F1) closest to the reflector. A prototype was constructed and tested in an experimental shockwave generator of our own make, using two different types of kidney-stone models, one to test the stone fragmentation abilities, and the other to test the stone pitting abilities. Fragmentation data for the new reflector were compared with those of a conventional ellipsoidal reflector tested on the same device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The new design appeared to be more efficient in breaking up both types of kidney-stone models than the conventional reflector. Pressure measurements were obtained with both reflectors using needle hydrophones. The physical background of shockwave reflection on both reflectors is also explained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With this new reflector, it could be possible, in principle, to reduce the treatment time of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Física, UNAM, México DF, México.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Prieto
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Loske
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008954:Models, Biological