title: Study of prognostic predictors for non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The outcome of treatment in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains poor. One of the reasons is that in many patients its biological behavior does not follow a definite pattern, and can not be accurately predicted prior to treatment. In the present study we have examined the significant prognostic predictors.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty-eight patients with NSCLC entered this study. They received surgery alone (95 cases) or combined therapy with postoperative irradiation (63 cases). Three types of data have been collected: (1) clinical characteristics: age, sex, Karnofsky performance status, weight loss, T stage, and N stage; (2) histopathology studies: histological types, tumor differentiation, status of vascular and lymphatic vessel invasions; (3) laboratory measurements by immunohistochemistry assay: oncoprotein overexpression, including pan-ras, c-myc, neu, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and p53, and tumor cell proliferation by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the entire group, 5-year actuarial survival, local control and distant metastasis rates were 44, 63 and 40%, respectively. In the univariate analyses, T stage, N stage and lymphatic vessel invasion correlated to survival; T stage and N stage to local control; N stage, lymphatic vessel invasion and pan-ras protein positive stain to distant metastasis. When the index of oncoprotein positive stains was used, the higher index was associated with a higher distant metastasis rate. In the multivariate analyses, T stage, N stage and lymphatic vessel invasion could be independent predictors for survival; T stage for local control; N stage, lymphatic vessel invasion and index of positive oncoprotein stains for distant metastasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Late T and N stages, lymphatic vessel invasion and multi-oncoprotein positive stains would predict poor prognoses for NSCLC.
authors.affiliation: Lung Cancer Service, Cancer Hospital, Shanghai Medical University, China.
authors.forename: X L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: X Z
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: L Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Xiu
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Y B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53