title: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 validity patterns: an elucidation of Gulf War syndrome.
abstract: The potential effects of psychological distress on physical symptoms observed in Persian Gulf War veterans were evaluated in 48 veterans using neuropsychological evaluation that included personality assessment (the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2). Cluster analysis of the validity scales resulted in a solution with two viable subgroups. Members of cluster 1 had significantly higher scores on five Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 clinical scales, a measure of trait anxiety, and a number of subjective complaints, as well as lower scores on a task of attention. Neuropsychological functioning did not otherwise differ between the groups, Contributions of personality style in coping with physical and mental health stressors were indicated. Experience of distress appeared to be attributable to individual differences rather than factors that have been associated with the elusive Gulf War syndrome. Persian Gulf War veterans' emotional reactions to clinical laboratory findings, perceptions of exposure risks, war experience, and stress may represent a variation of post-traumatic stress disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychology, Rehabilitation Services, Henry Ford Wyandotte Hospital, Wyandotte, MI 48192, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sillanpaa
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Agar
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Axelrod
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008950:MMPI; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018923:Persian Gulf Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D010551:Personality; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States