title: A brainstem stereotactic atlas in a three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging navigation system: first experiences with atlas-to-patient registration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors describe a computer-resident digital representation of a stereotactic atlas of the human brainstem, its semiautomated registration to sagittal fast low-angle shot three-dimensional (3-D) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data sets in 27 healthy volunteers and 24 neurosurgical patients, and an analysis of the subsequent transforms needed to refine the initial registration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contour drawings from the atlas, which offer the 70th percentile of variation of anatomical structures, were interpolated into an isotropic 3-D representation. Initial atlas-to-patient registration was based on the fastigium/ventricular floor plane reference system. The quality of the fit was evaluated using superimposition of the atlas and MR images. If necessary, the atlas was tailored to the individual anatomy by using additional transforms. On average, the atlas had to be stretched by 2 to 6% in the three directions of space. Scale factors varied over a broad range from -8 to +19% and the benefit of visual interactive control of the atlas-to-patient registration was evident. Analysis of distances within the pons measured in the midsagittal MR imaging slices and the required scale factors revealed significant correlations that may be used to reduce the amount of user interaction in the coregistration substantially. In 70.6% of the cases, the atlas had to be shifted in a cranial direction along the brainstem axis (in 25.5% of cases 3-4 mm, in 45.1% of cases 1-2 mm). This was due to a more caudal position of the fastigium cerebelli on the MR images compared with the atlas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This observation, in conjunction with the variability of the height of the fourth ventricle in our MR imaging data (range 6.1-15.2 mm, mean 10.1 mm, standard deviation 1.8 mm) calls into question the role of the fastigium cerebelli as an anatomical landmark for localization within the brainstem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroanatomy, Rheinisch Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany. niemann@cajal.medizin.rwth-aachen.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van den Boom
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haeselbarth
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Afshar
mesh_terms: D000716:Anatomy, Artistic; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008488:Medical Illustration; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques