title: Adolescent individuation and alcohol use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates a developmental psychosocial model of adolescent drinking. Specifically, the role of two aspects of adolescent individuation-separation and intergenerational individuation-is examined within the context of family dynamics, stress and peer associations. These measures parallel an ongoing debate regarding the nature of individuation. The separation measure captures aspects of individuation related to detachment or rebelliousness. Intergenerational individuation measures increasing self-reliance and control with maintenance of supportive family bonds.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structural equation model describing adolescent alcohol use as a function of two measures of individuation, family conflict, communication with mother, stress and peer use of alcohol was tested in two independent samples. The first included 6th- through 12th-grade adolescents and the second was composed of 6th- through 8th-grade students.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both studies, significant direct and indirect paths were found from individuation measures and family, peer use and stress constructs to adolescent alcohol use. Separation had a stronger relationship to alcohol use than did intergenerational individuation and was associated with higher levels of stress and alcohol use by peers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the role of individuation as a contributing factor in adolescent alcohol use. They indicate the importance of family and parent-adolescent relationships in adolescent alcohol use and suggest directions for both family-based and school-based preventive interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Baer
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007207:Individuation; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010379:Peer Group; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology