title: Solubilization of ionized and un-ionized flavopiridol by ethanol and polysorbate 20.
abstract: Because the ionized species is more polar than its un-ionized counterpart, it is often assumed that the ionized species of the drug does not make a meaningful contribution to solubilization by either cosolvents or surfactants. This report extends previous studies on solubilization of the ionic species by a combination of pH control and complexation to pH control and micellization and to pH control and cosolvency. The total aqueous solubility is expressed as the addition of the concentration of all contributing species: free un-ionized drug [Du], free ionized drug [Di], un-ionized drug micelle [DuM], and ionized drug micelle [DiM] for surfactant, and free un-ionized drug [Dcu] and free ionized drug [Dci] for cosolvent. The equations indicate that under certain conditions the ionized species can be more important in determining the drug total solubility than the un-ionized species. Flavopiridol, a weak base, is used to test these newly generated equations. As expected, the micellar partition coefficient and solubilization power for ionized flavopiridol are both less than those of the un-ionized species. However, at acidic pH, the solubilities of the ionized drug in surfactant micelles [DiM] and in cosolvent-water [Dci] are both much greater than that of the un-ionized drug. This difference is because the solubilization of the ionized drug is proportional to its aqueous solubility, and its solubility [Di] can be as much as 24-fold greater than that of the free un-ionized species [Du].
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Tabibi
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yalkowsky
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010880:Piperidines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D010880:Piperidines; D011136:Polysorbates; D000431:Ethanol; C077990:alvocidib