title: Introgression through rare hybridization: A genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus Cervus) in Argyll, Scotland.
abstract: In this article we describe the structure of a hybrid zone in Argyll, Scotland, between native red deer (Cervus elaphus) and introduced Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon), on the basis of a genetic analysis using 11 microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA. In contrast to the findings of a previous study of the same population, we conclude that the deer fall into two distinct genetic classes, corresponding to either a sika-like or red-like phenotype. Introgression is rare at any one locus, but where the taxa overlap up to 40% of deer carry apparently introgressed alleles. While most putative hybrids are heterozygous at only one locus, there are rare multiple heterozygotes, reflecting significant linkage disequilibrium within both sika- and red-like populations. The rate of backcrossing into the sika population is estimated as H = 0.002 per generation and into red, H = 0.001 per generation. On the basis of historical evidence that red deer entered Kintyre only recently, a diffusion model evaluated by maximum likelihood shows that sika have increased at approximately 9.2% yr-1 from low frequency and disperse at a rate of approximately 3.7 km yr-1. Introgression into the red-like population is greater in the south, while introgression into sika varies little along the transect. For both sika- and red-like populations, the degree of introgression is 30-40% of that predicted from the rates of current hybridization inferred from linkage disequilibria; however, in neither case is this statistically significant evidence for selection against introgression.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abernethy
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pemberton
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000378:metabolism; D003670:Deer / Q000235:genetics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012606:Scotland
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial