title: Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by using selective chemical ablation of the medial globus pallidus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Symptoms from Parkinson's disease improve after surgical ablation of the medial globus pallidus (GPm). Although, in theory, selective chemical ablation of neurons in the GPm could preserve vital structures jeopardized by surgery, the potential of this approach is limited when using traditional techniques of drug delivery. The authors examined the feasibility of convection-enhanced distribution of a neurotoxin by high-flow microinfusion to ablate the neurons of the GPm selectively and reverse experimental Parkinson's disease (akinesia, tremor, and rigidity).
  
  
  METHODS
  Initially, to test the feasibility of this approach, the GPms of two naive rhesus macaques were infused with kainic acid or ibotenic acid through two cannulas that had been placed using the magnetic resonance imaging-guided stereotactic technique. Two weeks later the animals were killed and their brains were examined histologically to determine the presence of neurons in the GPm and the integrity of the optic tract and the internal capsule. To examine the therapeutic potential of this paradigm, unilateral experimental Parkinson's disease was induced in six macaques by intracarotid infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and their behavior was studied for 12 weeks after chemopallidotomy was performed using kainic acid (three animals) or control infusion (three animals).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemopallidotomy using kainic acid permanently reversed the stigmata of MPTP-induced parkinsonism. By contrast, the control animals exhibited a transient recovery following intrapallidal infusion and then relapsed back to their baseline state. The use of high-flow microinfusion of selectively active toxins has the potential for treatment of Parkinson's disease and, by expanding the range of approachable targets to include large nuclei, for broad applications in clinical and experimental neuroscience.
authors.affiliation: Central Nervous System Implantation Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Corthesy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cummins
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Oldfield
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000187:drug effects*; D007051:Ibotenic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020267:MPTP Poisoning; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques
chemical_list: D007051:Ibotenic Acid; D007608:Kainic Acid