title: Thoracic outlet syndrome in aquatic athletes.
abstract: Thoracic outlet syndrome is a well-recognized group of symptoms resulting from compression of the subclavian artery and vein, as well as the brachial plexus, within the thoracic outlet. Symptoms are related directly to the structure that is compressed. Diagnosis is difficult because there is no single objective, reliable test; therefore, diagnoses of thoracic outlet syndrome is based primarily on a set of historical and physical findings, supported and corroborated by a host of standard tests. Because aquatic athletes are primarily "overhead" athletes, one may expect a higher incidence of thoracic outlet syndrome in this population. The differential between TOS and "swimmer's shoulder" (multidirectional instability and subacromial impingement) may be difficult. Nonsurgical treatment methods can be helpful in relieving symptoms; in certain recalcitrant cases, however, surgical intervention can provide lasting relief and a return to aquatic athletics.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013550:Swimming / Q000293:injuries*; D013901:Thoracic Outlet Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy