title: Effect of glutamine on the intestinal permeability changes induced by indomethacin in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) intake may induce increased intestinal permeability, eventually resulting in enteropathy. Because increased permeability might be related to cell damage resulting from energy depletion, it was hypothesized that glutamine--the major energy source of the intestinal mucosal cell--might prevent permeability changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 6-h urinary excretion of 51Cr-EDTA after an oral load of 51Cr-EDTA was used in this study as a measure for intestinal permeability. Healthy volunteers underwent a series of permeability tests: (i) basal test; (ii) test following NSAID (indomethacin); (iii) test following NSAID in combination with glutamine and/or misoprostol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NSAID induced increased permeability in all volunteers. Pre-treatment with glutamine (3x7 g daily, 1 week before NSAID-dosing) did not prevent the NSAID-induced increase in permeability. Multiple doses of glutamine close in time to NSAID-dosing resulted in significantly lower permeability compared to the NSAID without glutamine. Co-administration of misoprostol with the multiple-dose scheme of glutamine resulted in a further reduction in the NSAID-induced increase in permeability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glutamine decreases the permeability changes caused by NSAID-dosing when it is administered close in time, and misoprostol has a synergistic effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Hond
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiele
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bulteel
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ghoos
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rutgeerts
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D016595:Misoprostol / Q000494:pharmacology; D010539:Permeability; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D011453:Prostaglandins; D016595:Misoprostol; D005973:Glutamine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D007213:Indomethacin