title: Clinical and in vitro film quality comparison of manual and automatic exposure control in panoramic radiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Automatic exposure control has been used successfully in medicine to improve image quality and reduce the number of retakes necessitated by inadequate operator selection of exposure factors. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of automatic exposure control on panoramic image quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 352 patients were imaged with either the OP 100 or the Orthophos Plus panoramic machine. An expert consensus panel judged film quality using a 5-point scale. Differences in quality that would have resulted from the use of operator-determined exposures were calculated through use of an algorithm validated with test images of a human phantom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  McNemar's test demonstrated significant improvements in quality with automatic exposure control (P = .001) in comparison with manual exposure control. No quality difference was found between the 2 machines (P = .9661). Manual exposure selection by oral and maxillofacial radiology residents was better than selection by technologists and assistants (P = .006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the utility of automatic exposure control for panoramic radiography.
authors.affiliation: Nova Southeastern University, College of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, Fla 33328, USA.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Eraso
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ludlow
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Platin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tyndall
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011361:Professional Competence; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013679:Technology, Radiologic / Q000592:standards; D014962:X-Ray Film