title: A composite enhancer element directing tissue-specific expression of mouse mammary tumor virus requires both ubiquitous and tissue-restricted factors.
abstract: Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) expression is restricted primarily to mammary epithelial cells. Sequences responsible for both the mammary-specific expression of MMTV and the activation of cellular oncogenes are located within two enhancer elements at the 5'-end of the long terminal repeat. Whereas the Ban2 enhancer (-1075 to -978) has been well characterized, the mammary-specific enhancer of MMTV from -956 to -862 has only recently been recognized as a key determinant of mammary-specific oncogene activation by MMTV. The present study identifies and characterizes three binding sites located within this element. Transient transfection of deletion and mutation constructs shows that all three sites contribute to the basal expression of MMTV in mammary cells. One of the binding activities (footprint I) is restricted to mammary cells, whereas the other two sites bind factors found in both mammary and nonmammary cells. The multimerized mammary-specific enhancer of MMTV on its own can enhance a minimal promoter in a mammary-specific fashion. However, the FpI binding site alone cannot mediate this effect. Thus, it is the binding of multiple factors in a combinatorial fashion that mediates the mammary-restricted expression of MMTV.
authors.affiliation: Program in Molecular Biology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Nordeen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D018983:DNA Footprinting; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D008324:Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000187:drug effects; D018523:Tropism; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D003907:Dexamethasone