title: Clinical and radiologic assessment of laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unlike sliding hiatal hernias, paraesophageal hiatal hernias (PEH) present a risk of catastrophic complications and should be repaired. To assess laparoscopic repair of PEH, we prospectively evaluated the outcome of 38 consecutive patients with type II (20 patients) or III (18 patients) PEH treated laparoscopically.
  
  
  METHODS
  With the use of 5 or 6 ports, laparoscopic PEH reduction and repair was attempted. One patient (3%) was converted to an open procedure. In the first 12 patients, the hiatus was closed using varying techniques including the placement of prothestic mesh in 6 patients, and the hernia sac was not routinely excised. In the next 25 patients, the hernia sac always was excised and the hiatus routinely sutured posteriorly to the esophagus. Twenty-nine patients also underwent either a Nissen (n = 27) or Toupet (n = 2) fundoplication, which is now performed routinely. Sutured anterior gastropexy was performed selectively in 10 of the first 20 patients, then routinely, using T-fasteners in the last 17 patients. Barium swallow studies were performed on all patients at 3 to 5 months postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean +/- standard error of the mean (SEM) age was 67 +/- 2 year (range, 39-92 years; 11 men, 27 women), and the American Society of Anesthesia (ASA) score was 2.5 +/- 0.1. The operating time was 195 +/- 10 min: 244 +/- 15 min in the first 12 patients and 170 +/- 11 min in the last 25 patients (p < 0.001). There were three (8%) intraoperation complications, which were treated without sequelae, and four (11%) grade II postoperation morbidities. Median discharge was 3 days, and return to full activity was 14 days. Two patients (5%) died of cardiovascular disease after discharge. Barium swallow revealed 2/35 (6%) PEH recurrences (1 reoperated), 3 (9%) intrathoracic wraps, and 3 (9%) small sliding hiatal hernias. At follow-up of 1 year or more, 6/28 (21%) patients noted mild symptoms of reflux or bloating, but only 1 patient (4%) required medication for these symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic PEH repair offers a reasonable alternative to traditional surgery, especially for high-risk patients. Rapid recovery is achieved with acceptable morbidity and early outcome. Barium x-rays revealed hiatal abnormalities in a significant fraction of patients, many of whom were asymptomatic. Longer follow-up will be required to determine the ideal strategy for management of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Washington University Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Department of Surgery, Box 8109, 1 Barnes Hospital Plaza, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Dunnegan
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Soper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000379:methods; D006551:Hernia, Hiatal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012008:Recurrence; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001466:Barium Sulfate