title: Effect of long-term local or systemic hormone replacement therapy on post-menopausal mood disturbances. Influences of socio-economic and personality factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the effect exerted by hormone replacement therapy (HRT) versus socio-economic and personality factors in improving postmenopausal mood disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of the 1-year administration of systemic hormone replacement therapy (HRT; n = 22) or a vaginal cream of estriol (n = 14) versus no treatment (n = 26) was evaluated on mood states of anxiety, depression, somatization and inadequacy, as evaluated by the symptom rating test (SRT) scale. Results were correlated with the woman socio-economic status, and her capability to cope with daytime distresses, as evaluated by the Coping Style questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A spontaneous decline of all SRT scores, except that of inadequacy, was observed in the group with no treatment. In comparison HRT induced a greater improvement of only the SRT score of inadequacy (P < 0.01) and to a lesser extent of anxiety (P < 0.06). Similarly, vaginal estriol induced a greater decline of the SRT score of inadequacy (P < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that modifications of the total SRT score and the SRT score of anxiety were related mainly to socio-economic factors, while those of the SRT score of depression were related only to the coping style of the woman. The decline of somatization was related only to time since the menopause while, the reduction of the SRT score of inadequacy was only the consequence of therapy, either systemic or local.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a 1-year period improvement of post-menopausal psychological discomfort, is spontaneous and independent of therapy. Only symptoms of inadequacy are improved by the hormonal therapy. Likely, the perceived menopausal 'losses' make the woman to feel inadequate and the use of sex-related hormones is capable to improve this feeling.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena, Italy. cagnacci@unimo.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cagnacci
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Neri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tarabusi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Facchinetti
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004964:Estriol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014622:Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies
chemical_list: D014622:Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies; D004964:Estriol