title: Association between cigarette and alcohol consumption and Raynaud's phenomenon.
abstract: The association between alcohol and cigarette consumption and Raynaud's Phenomenon (RP) was examined by using data from an American-French collaborative, cross-sectional, epidemiological study in five geographically varied regions (Charleston, South Carolina, USA; and Grenoble, Tarentaise, Nyons, and Toulon, France). Using logistic regression models that take into account the sampling weights, the association was examined stratified by gender and adjusted for age, body mass index, self-perceived health, and education. Overall, neither cigarette nor alcohol consumption showed a significant association with RP. In men, however, a V-shaped relationship between drinking and RP was observed, with mild consumption (1 to 7 drinks per week) exhibiting a protective effect over abstinence, whereas occasional (less than 1 drink per week), moderate (8 to 18 drinks per week) and heavy consumption (more than 18 drinks per week) did not. Among the participants with RP, no significant association was observed between RP attack frequencies and the amount of either alcohol or cigarette consumption. These negative findings suggest that having RP is not strongly affected by alcohol or cigarette consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biometry and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29401, USA.
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Palesch
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Valter
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Carpentier
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Maricq
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States