title: Anxiolytics, adrenergic agents, and naltrexone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review extant data on the efficacy and safety of anxiolytic medications (benzodiazepines, buspirone, and other serotonin 1A agonists), adrenergic agents (beta-blockers and alpha 2-adrenergic agonists clonidine and guanfacine), and the opiate antagonist naltrexone that have been used to treat various psychopathologies in children and adolescents. To identify critical gaps in our current knowledge about these agents and needs for further research.
  
  
  METHODS
  All available controlled trials of these medications in children and adolescents published in English through 1997 were reviewed. In addition, selected uncontrolled studies are included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The major finding, that there are virtually no controlled data that support the efficacy of most of these drugs for the treatment of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, is both surprising and unfortunate. For some drugs, e.g., buspirone and guanfacine, this is because no controlled studies have been carried out in children and/or adolescents. For other drugs, e.g., clonidine and naltrexone, most of the placebo-controlled studies have failed to demonstrate efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strongest recommendations for controlled studies of safety and efficacy in children and adolescents can be given for the following drugs: benzodiazepines for acute anxiety; buspirone (and newer serotonin 1A agonists as they become available) for anxiety and depression; beta-blockers for aggressive dyscontrol; guanfacine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; and naltrexone for hyperactivity, inattention, and aggression in autistic disorder.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Riddle
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: March
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Swanson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000296:Adolescent Psychiatry / Q000639:trends; D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy; D002648:Child; D002665:Child Psychiatry / Q000639:trends; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009271:Naltrexone