title: Effects of clotrimazole on the growth, morphological characteristics, and cisplatin sensitivity of human glioblastoma cells in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clotrimazole, an antimycotic drug, inhibits proliferation of normal and cancer cells by downregulating the movement of intracellular Ca++ and K+. The authors examined the effect of clotrimazole on the growth and sensitivity to cisplatin of two human glioblastoma cell lines--A172, which has the wild-type p53 gene, and T98G, which has the mutant p53 gene in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  The A172 and T98G glioblastoma cells were exposed to clotrimazole and cell growth was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium chloride colorimetric assay. Clotrimazole produced a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and caused changes in cellular structure toward a well-differentiated form. The growth inhibitory effect of clotrimazole was reversible. Western immunoblot analysis revealed a marked increase in cellular glial fibrillary acidic protein and wild-type p53 and a decrease in c-myc and c-fos oncoproteins in both cell lines treated with clotrimazole. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that clotrimazole-treated cells accumulated in the G0/G1 phase with a marked decrease in cells in the S phase; when clotrimazole was washed out from the culture medium, cells again started to proliferate, with a marked decrease in cells in the G0/G1 phase and an increase in cells in the S phase. The growth inhibitory effect of clotrimazole could not be overcome by exogenous stimulation with either epidermal growth factor or c-myc peptide. A combined treatment with clotrimazole and cisplatin significantly enhanced cell cytotoxicity compared with treatment using either drug alone. A DNA fragmentation assay showed that both clotrimazole and cisplatin induced apoptosis, which was increased in cells treated by both drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates that clotrimazole inhibits cell proliferation accompanied by morphological changes toward differentiation of glioblastoma cells and that this drug synergistically enhances the antitumor effect of cisplatin by inducing wild-type p53-mediated apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan. humayun@net.nagasaki-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Khalid
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hiura
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003022:Clotrimazole / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D016158:Genes, p53; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D008934:Mitogens; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D003022:Clotrimazole; D002945:Cisplatin