title: Effect of short-term transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on sleep: a randomized, double-blind crossover trial in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on sleep architecture, arousals, and body movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 7-month, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Departments of obstetrics and gynecology and a university sleep center in Turku, Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-one postmenopausal women, 4 of whom were excluded and 5 of whom withdrew from the study; the final study group consisted of 62 women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two periods of treatment with either estrogen or placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polysomnography for measurement of sleep and arousals and a static charge-sensitive bed for monitoring of movements and breathing. Self-reports of climacteric symptoms for 14 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estrogen effectively alleviated hot flashes, sweating, sleep complaints, and headaches. Estrogen decreased the total frequency of movement arousals but increased alpha-arousals, especially during light non-rapid eye movement sleep (stage 1). Sleep latency, distribution of sleep stages, sleep efficiency, and total sleep time were similar during treatment with estrogen and placebo. Changes in serum E2 concentrations correlated with neither subjective nor objective sleep quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estrogen replacement therapy improves objective sleep quality by alleviating the frequency of nocturnal movement arousals. It also reduces climacteric symptoms, especially vasomotor symptoms. Estrogen replacement therapy does not seem to have any effect on sleep architecture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University Central Hospital of Turku, University of Turku, Finland. paivi.polo-kantola@tyks.fi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Polo-Kantola
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erkkola
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Irjala
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pullinen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Polo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002979:Climacteric / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects*