title: Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) expression is induced by low oxygen conditions found in solid tumor microenvironments. A candidate MKP for the inactivation of hypoxia-inducible stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase activity.
abstract: Pathophysiological hypoxia is an important modulator of gene expression in solid tumors and other pathologic conditions. We observed that transcriptional activation of the c-jun proto-oncogene in hypoxic tumor cells correlates with phosphorylation of the ATF2 transcription factor. This finding suggested that hypoxic signals transmitted to c-jun involve protein kinases that target AP-1 complexes (c-Jun and ATF2) that bind to its promoter region. Stress-inducible protein kinases capable of activating c-jun expression include stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (SAPK/JNK) and p38 members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily of signaling molecules. To investigate the potential role of MAPKs in the regulation of c-jun by tumor hypoxia, we focused on the activation SAPK/JNKs in SiHa human squamous carcinoma cells. Here, we describe the transient activation of SAPK/JNKs by tumor-like hypoxia, and the concurrent transcriptional activation of MKP-1, a stress-inducible member of the MAPK phosphatase (MKP) family of dual specificity protein-tyrosine phosphatases. MKP-1 antagonizes SAPK/JNK activation in response to diverse environmental stresses. Together, these findings identify MKP-1 as a hypoxia-responsive gene and suggest a critical role in the regulation of SAPK/JNK activity in the tumor microenvironment.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA. keith.laderoute@sri.com
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Laderoute
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Mendonca
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Calaoagan
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Giaccia
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Stork
mesh_terms: D051698:Activating Transcription Factor 2; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D054638:Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D010766:Phosphorylation; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C497105:ATF2 protein, human; D051698:Activating Transcription Factor 2; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1; C517019:DUSP1 protein, human; D054638:Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; D010100:Oxygen