title: Improved methods for the diagnosis of African trypanosomosis.
abstract: The diagnosis of trypanosomosis in animals with low parasitaemia is hampered by low diagnostic sensitivity of traditional detection methods. An immunodiagnostic method based on a direct sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using monoclonal antibodies, has been examined in a number of African laboratories for its suitability for monitoring tsetse control and eradication programmes. Generally, the direct sandwich ELISAs for the detection of trypanosomal antigens in serum samples have proved to be unsatisfactory with respect to diagnostic sensitivity when compared with traditional parasitological methods such as the dark ground/phase contrast buffy-coat technique. Consequently, antigen-detection systems exploiting various other direct, indirect and sandwich ELISA systems and sets of reagents are being developed to improve diagnosis. In addition, an existing indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies has been improved and is being evaluated in the field in order to detect cattle that are or have been recently infected with trypanosomes. Developments and advantages of other diagnostic techniques, such as dip-stick assay and tests based on the polymerase chain reaction are also considered.
authors.affiliation: Animal Production Unit, Food and Agriculture Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. d.Rebeski@iaea.org
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Rebeski
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Winger
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rogovic
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Crowther
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Dwinger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D002417:Cattle; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014348:Trypanosoma congolense / Q000276:immunology; D016689:Trypanosoma vivax / Q000276:immunology; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D014354:Trypanosomiasis, Bovine / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan