title: Resting heart rate is a risk factor for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry.
abstract: In a prospective cohort study, associations of resting heart rate with risk of coronary, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality in age-specific cohorts of black and white men and women were examined over 22 years of follow-up. Participants were employees from 84 companies and organizations in the Chicago, Illinois, area who volunteered for a screening examination. Participants included 9,706 men aged 18-39 years, 7,760 men aged 40-59 years, 1,321 men aged 60-74 years, 6,928 women aged 18-39 years, 6,915 women aged 40-59 years, and 1,151 women aged 60-74 years at the baseline examination in 1967-1973. Vital status was ascertained through 1992. For fatal coronary disease, multivariate-adjusted relative risks associated with a 12 beats per minute higher heart rate (one standard deviation) were as follows: for men aged 18-39 years, relative risk (RR) = 1.27 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-1.48); for men aged 40-59 years, RR = 1.13 (95% CI 1.05-1.21); for men aged 60-74 years, RR = 1.00 (95% CI 0.89-1.12); for women aged 40-59 years, RR = 1.21 (95% CI 1.07-1.36); and for women aged 60-74 years, RR = 1.16 (95% CI 0.99-1.37). Corresponding risks for all fatal cardiovascular diseases were similar to those for coronary death alone. Deaths from cancer were significantly associated with heart rate in men and women aged 40-59 years. All-cause mortality was associated with higher heart rate in men aged 18-39 years (RR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.20), men aged 40-59 years (RR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.11-1.21), and women aged 40-59 years (RR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.13-1.27). Heart rate was not associated with mortality in women aged 18-39 years. In summary, heart rate was a risk factor for mortality from coronary disease, all cardiovascular diseases, and all causes in younger men and in middle-aged men and women, and for cancer mortality in middle-aged men and women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Greenland
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Daviglus
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Goldberger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stamler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data