title: The Spacebridge to Russia Project: internet-based telemedicine.
abstract: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been a pioneer in telemedicine since the beginning of the human spaceflight program in the early 1960s. With the rapid evolution in computer technology and equally rapid development of computer networks, NASA and the Department of Surgery in Yale University's School of Medicine created a telemedicine testbed with the Russia Space Agency, the Spacebridge to Russia Project, using multimedia computers connected via the Internet. Clinical consultations were evaluated in a store-and-forward mode using a variety of electronic media, packaged as digital files, and transmitted using Internet and World Wide Web tools. These systems allow real-time Internet video teleconferencing between remotely located users over computer systems. This report describes the project and the evaluation methods utilized for monitoring effectiveness of the communications. The Spacebridge to Russia Project is a testbed for Internet-based telemedicine. The Internet and current computer technologies (hardware and software) make telemedicine readily accessible and affordable for most health care providers. Internet-based telemedicine is a communication tool that should become integral to global health care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Angood
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Doarn
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holaday
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Nicogossian
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Merrell
mesh_terms: D003199:Computer Systems; D003237:Connecticut; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D019212:Multimedia; D019114:Remote Consultation; D012426:Russia; D012984:Software; D013026:Space Flight; D017216:Telemedicine; D014481:United States; D018557:United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration