title: Prostaglandin E1 in infants with congenital heart disease: Indian experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  E-type prostaglandins (PGE1) can effectively maintain the patency of the ductus arteriosus in neonates. Its use, therefore and be life saving in infants born with ductus dependent congenital heart disease. Although PGE1 is available for over two decade in western world, it has been introduced in India only since April, 1995.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of PGE1 at our center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital based.
  
  
  METHODS
  65 infants with ductus dependent congenital heart disease were included. Age at time of starting PGE1 infusion ranged from 18 hours to 39 days. Forty two of these were more than a week of age, 19 were more than 14 days, and two were above one month. PGE1 was started in an initial dose of 0.05 microgram/kg/min, decreased to 0.005-0.01 microgram/kg/min for maintenance. The indications for use of PGE1 were to increase pulmonary blood flow in 33 cases with pulmonary atresia, tricuspid atresia or critical pulmonic stenosis (Group I); to increase systemic blood flow in 15 cases with coarctation of aorta, hypoplastic left heart and interruption of aortic arch (Group II); to improve mixing in 13 cases of transposition of great arteries (Group III) and for improving the left ventricular volumes by keeping the duct open in 4 cases of transposition of great arteries with intact ventricular septum (Group IV). The efficacy of the drug was assessed by a rise on PaO2 and SaO2% determined for Group I & III, and by appearance of lower limbs pulses in Group II. Left ventricular volumes were serially measured by echocardiography in Group IV cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The drug was successful in 62 of the 65 cases. There were two failures. One was a 39 days old baby with Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve and pulmonary atresia and other was an eight days old baby with coarctation of aorta and renal failure. In addition, PGE1 could not be continued in another baby due to development of a linear skin rash locally. Side effects included apnea in 5 (9%) of 56 spontaneously breathing patients. Necrotizing enterocolitis, hyperpyrexia and jitteriness was sent in one case each. Six patients died. Two were related to PGE1, one due to failure, another due to its side effects. Definitive procedure were performed in 51 cases electively. PGE1 was used upto 13 days with sustained benefit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PGE1 is an effective drug for keeping the ductus open in infants with ductus dependent congenital heart disease. It can be used for neonates beyond the first week of life with efficacy. Apnea is a major side effect and close monitoring is essential.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kothari
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Juneja
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Venugopal
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000527:Alprostadil / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000527:Alprostadil