title: Identifying women with cervical neoplasia: using human papillomavirus DNA testing for equivocal Papanicolaou results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A Papanicolaou (Pap) test result of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) presents a clinical challenge. Only 5% to 10% of women with ASCUS harbor serious cervical disease, but more than one third of the high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) in screening populations are identified from ASCUS Pap test results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing of residual material from liquid-based Pap tests and referral of cases found to be HPV-positive directly to colposcopy could provide sensitive detection of underlying HSILs in women with ASCUS Pap results, compared with repeat Pap testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Natural history of women with ASCUS Pap smear results, all of whom had liquid-based cytology, HPV testing, and subsequent repeat Pap tests and colposcopy with histologic evaluation, conducted at 12 gynecology clinics in a large managed care organization between October 1995 and June 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a cohort of 46009 women who had routine cervical examinations, 995 women with Pap test results of ASCUS who consented to participate were identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cervical histology, HPV test results, and repeat Pap smear results, and sensitivity of HPV testing to identify patients found to have HSIL+ histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 995 participants with ASCUS Pap test results, 973 had both a definitive histologic diagnosis and HPV result. Sixty-five (6.7%) had histologic HSIL or cancer. For women with histologic HSIL+, the HPV test was positive in 89.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 78.4%-95.2%), and the specificity was 64.1 % (95% CI, 60.9%-67.2%). The repeat Pap smear result was abnormal in 76.2% (95% CI, 63.5%-85.7%). Triage based on HPV testing only or on repeat Pap testing only would refer similar proportions (approximately 39%) to colposcopy. The sensitivity of HPV DNA testing for HSIL was equivalent to, if not greater than, that of the repeat Pap test. We further estimated that an HPV-based algorithm including the immediate colposcopy of HPV-positive women, and then repeat Pap testing of all others, would provide an overall sensitivity of 96.9% (95% CI, 88.3%-99.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For women with ASCUS Pap tests, HPV DNA testing of residual specimens collected for routine cervical cytology can help identify those who have underlying HSIL. By testing the specimen collected at initial screening, the majority of high-risk cases can be identified and referred for colposcopy based on a single screening.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, Oakland 94611, USA. mmm@dor.kaiser.org
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Manos
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kinney
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shieh-Ngai
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kurman
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ransley
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Fetterman
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hartinger
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Pawlick
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hiatt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003127:Colposcopy; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology / Q000175:diagnosis; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral