title: Infective endocarditis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, incidence, and indications for antibiotic prophylaxis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The literature on infective endocarditis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is virtually confined to case reports. Consequently, the risk of endocarditis in HCM remains undefined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We assessed the occurrence of endocarditis in 810 HCM patients evaluated between 1970 and 1997. Endocarditis was diagnosed in 10 patients, 2 of whom were excluded from analysis of prevalence and incidence because they were referred for acute endocarditis. At first evaluation, echocardiographic features consistent with prior endocarditis were identified in 3 of 808 patients, a prevalence of 3.7 per 1000 patients (95% CI, 0.8 to 11). Of 681 patients who were followed, 5 developed endocarditis, an incidence of 1.4 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 0.5 to 3.2); outflow obstruction was present in each of these 5 patients and was associated with the risk of endocarditis (P=0.006). In the 224 obstructive patients, incidence of endocarditis was 3.8 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 1.6 to 8.9) and probability of endocarditis 4. 3% at 10 years. Left atrial size was also associated with the risk of endocarditis (P=0.007). In patients with both obstruction and atrial dilatation (>/=50 mm), incidence of endocarditis increased to 9.2 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 2.5 to 23.5). Analysis of all 10 patients with endocarditis identified outflow obstruction in each and atrial dilatation in 7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endocarditis in HCM is virtually confined to patients with outflow obstruction and is more common in those with both obstruction and atrial dilatation. These results indicate that antibiotic prophylaxis is required only in patients with obstructive HCM.
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Cardiologia, Ente Ospedaliero Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy. p.spirito@galliera.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spirito
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rapezzi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bellone
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Betocchi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Autore
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Bezante
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bruzzi
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors