title: Comparison of prostate biopsy schemes by computer simulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the ability of different biopsy schemes to detect cancer and predict tumor volume using our previously described prostate biopsy simulation system. In addition, we used the simulation system to evaluate the optimal location of transition zone biopsies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Digital reconstructions of 180 radical prostatectomy specimens were used. Forty simulations were performed on each prostate for 10 biopsy schemes, including a previously reported five-region peripheral zone biopsy pattern and a new 11-core multisite-directed scheme consisting of sextant, two transition zone, one midline, and two anterior horn biopsies. For simulation of the transition zone biopsies, paired near-midline biopsies were simulated, with needle insertion points from the apex to the base of the prostate and with needle advances of 1 to 4 cm before firing. A total of 1,180,800 individual biopsy tracks were simulated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 11-core multisite-directed biopsy scheme had the highest detection rate for cancers greater than 0.5 cc. This scheme reliably detected cancer in 94% (138 of 147) of the cases. These results were significantly better than those of the sextant biopsy scheme (P <0.001) and the five-region 18-core peripheral zone scheme (P = 0.03). Compared with other schemes, there were increases in small-volume (0.5 cc or less) cancer detection by both the 11-core multisite-directed and five-region schemes, but they were not statistically significant. The multisite and the sextant plus four transition zone biopsy schemes had the best correlation of mean total core cancer length with total cancer volume. In the simulation of the transition zone biopsies, the highest detection rate was observed when the biopsies were initiated at the most apical section and inserted for a depth of 3 cm before firing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our simulation results suggest that the detection rate of prostate biopsies is not related solely to the number of cores taken. Core placement (the regions of the prostate from which samples are taken) is also important. The 11-core multisite-directed biopsy scheme performed the best, with improved cancer detection rates and tumor volume correlation over other schemes. On the basis of our simulations, this scheme has been chosen for clinical evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Troncoso
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Babaian
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*