title: Arctic and Antarctic exploration including the contributions of physicians and effects of disease in the polar regions.
abstract: A history of Arctic and Antarctic exploration, whether to find a Northwest Passage, North Pole, or South Pole, is a story of triumph and tribulation. The hardship experienced by polar explorers in the last 1000 years permeates the tales of achievement. Physicians and surgeons have played prominent roles in all major polar explorations. No significant Arctic voyage, particularly in the last 300 years, was made without a member of the party trained in the management of medical emergencies and in basic surgery. During times of health, surgeons functioned as the voyage naturalists with expertise in biology, botany, zoology, and the writing of scientific catalogs. Spurred by our interest and fascination with the history of polar exploration, we reviewed the roles of physicians and natural scientists in Arctic and Antarctic adventures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, New York Methodist Hospital/Cornell Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11215, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fodstad
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kondziolka
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Brophy
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Girvin
mesh_terms: D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001110:Arctic Regions; D003081:Cold Climate; D005101:Expeditions / Q000266:history*; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D012614:Scurvy / Q000266:history