title: Replication of Toxoplasma gondii, but not Trypanosoma cruzi, is regulated in human fibroblasts activated with gamma interferon: requirement of a functional JAK/STAT pathway.
abstract: To study the role of tryptophan degradation by indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (INDO) in the control of Trypanosoma cruzi or Toxoplasma gondii replication, we used human fibroblasts and a fibrosarcoma cell line (2C4). The cells were cultured in the presence or absence of recombinant gamma interferon (rIFN-gamma) and/or recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (rTNF-alpha) for 24 h and were then infected with either T. cruzi or T. gondii. Intracellular parasite replication was evaluated 24 or 48 h after infection. Treatment with rIFN-gamma and/or rTNF-alpha had no inhibitory effect on T. cruzi replication. In contrast, 54, 73, or 30% inhibition of T. gondii replication was observed in the cells treated with rIFN-gamma alone, rIFN-gamma plus rTNF-alpha, or TNF-alpha alone, respectively. The replication of T. gondii tachyzoites in cytokine-activated cells was restored by the addition of extra tryptophan to the culture medium. Similarly, T. gondii tachyzoites transfected with bacterial tryptophan synthase were not sensitive to the microbiostatic effect of rIFN-gamma. We also investigated the basis of the cytokine effect on parasite replication by using the three mutant cell lines B3, B9, and B10 derived from 2C4 and expressing defective STAT1alpha (signal transducer and activator of transcription), JAK2 (Janus family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases), or JAK1, respectively, three important elements of a signaling pathway triggered by rIFN-gamma. We found that rTNF-alpha was able to induce low levels expression of INDO mRNA in the parental cell line, as well as the cell line lacking functional JAK2. In contrast to the parental cell line (2C4), rIFN-gamma was not able to induce the expression of INDO mRNA or microbiostatic activity in any of the mutant cell lines. These findings indicate the essential requirement of the JAK/STAT pathway for the induction of high levels of INDO mRNA, tryptophan degradation, and the anti-Toxoplasma activity inside human nonprofessional phagocytic cells.
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Cerávolo
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bonjardim
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sibley
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Romanha
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gazzinelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053613:Janus Kinase 1; D053614:Janus Kinase 2; D009154:Mutation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000378:metabolism; D014366:Tryptophan Oxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494079:STAT1 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D014364:Tryptophan; D014366:Tryptophan Oxygenase; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C507904:JAK1 protein, human; C507924:JAK2 protein, human; D053613:Janus Kinase 1; D053614:Janus Kinase 2