title: Risk factors for long-term outcome of ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity in children.
abstract: Ifosfamide is widely used in the treatment of pediatric solid tumors. Its main adverse effects are various forms of renal tubular and glomerular damage. The authors sought to determine factors that predict the risk for the development and severity of ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity in children and to examine the long-term outcome of this complication. A total of 174 children who had received ifosfamide for various cancers were studied. Nephrotoxicity was assessed by laboratory markers of glomerular and tubular function and a grading score (none, mild, moderate, severe). Patients were assessed 4 to 12 weeks after each ifosfamide course, 3 months after completion of chemotherapy, and 5 years later. Of 174 children, 72 (41.4%) developed tubular dysfunction, whereas only 11 (6.3%) demonstrated glomerular dysfunction; 40 (23.0%) demonstrated mild toxicity, 16 (9.2%) demonstrated moderate toxicity, and 16 (9.2%) developed severe nephrotoxicity. The four severity subgroups (none, mild, moderate, severe) received comparable doses/m2/cycle of ifosfamide and mesna. Children exhibiting severe toxicity were significantly younger compared to those with moderate, mild, or no nephrotoxicity (median age: 2.2, 7.0, 8.2, and 10.5 years, respectively; p < 0.001) and received significantly higher cumulative doses of ifosfamide (49.6 +/- 12.3, 46.0 +/- 13.1, 36.2 +/- 9.7, and 33.8 +/- 7.6 g/m2, respectively; p < 0.001). Cumulative doses of cisplatin were higher among children with severe nephrotoxicity compared to those with moderate, mild, or no toxicity, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. Of all risk factors analyzed by multiple regression analysis, age was the most significant predictor for the grade of nephrotoxicity (p < 0.001), followed by the cumulative dose of ifosfamide (p = 0.005). Seven out of 16 children (44.0%) with severe nephrotoxicity and 4 out of 16 children (25.0%) with moderate nephrotoxicity demonstrated severe chronic tubular toxicity over a follow-up period of 5 years. Since severe ifosfamide-induced renal toxicity tends to be chronic in a substantial number of treated children, it should be balanced carefully against efficacy. Cumulative ifosfamide doses of 45 g/m2 and above should be carefully considered, especially in children younger than age 3.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loebstein
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Atanackovic
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bishai
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolpin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khattak
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hashemi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gobrial
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baruchel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D007069:Ifosfamide