title: Solid-state chemical stability of proteins and peptides.
abstract: Peptide and protein drugs are often formulated in the solid-state to provide stabilization during storage. However, reactions can occur in the solid-state, leading to degradation and inactivation of these agents. This review summarizes the major chemical reactions affecting proteins and peptides in the solid-state: deamidation, peptide bond cleavage, oxidation, the Maillard reaction, beta-elimination, and dimerization/aggregation. Physical and chemical factors influencing these reactions are also discussed. These include temperature, moisture content, excipients, and the physical state of the formulation (amorphous vs crystalline). The review is intended to serve as an aid for those involved in formulation, and to stimulate further research on the determinants of peptide and protein reactivity in the solid-state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Ave., Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Topp
mesh_terms: D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D011506:Proteins