title: Effects of nilvadipine, a calcium antagonist, on rabbit ocular circulation and optic nerve head circulation in NTG subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of nilvadipine, a Ca2+ antagonist, on tissue circulation in the optic nerve head (ONH), choroid, and retina in rabbits and on the ONH circulation in normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nilvadipine (3.2 microg/kg) or vehicle solution was injected intravenously into urethane-anesthetized rabbits, and the normalized blur value (NB), a quantitative index of in vivo tissue blood velocity, was measured in the choroid and in an area of the ONH and retina free of visible surface vessels before and for 90 minutes after injection, using the laser speckle method. The effects of nilvadipine on the ONH circulation was also studied using the H2 gas clearance method in separate groups of rabbits. Oral nilvadipine (4 mg/d) or placebo was administered to NTG patients in a double-masked manner, and NB in an area of the ONH rim free of visible surface vessels was measured by the same method before and 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NB obtained from the ONH, choroid, or retina during the experimental period was increased by approximately 10% to 25% in the nilvadipine group compared with the NB in the control group (P < 0.0001, ANOVA), although systemic condition parameters and intraocular pressure (IOP) showed no significant intergroup difference except for a transient decrease in blood pressure in the nilvadipine groups. Blood flow rate in the ONH determined by the H2 gas clearance method also showed an approximately 25% increase in the nilvadipine group. The NB in the ONH of the oral nilvadipine-treated patients was significantly increased, by approximately 20% compared with the placebo-treated patients throughout the follow-up period. No significant intergroup difference was seen in blood pressure, pulse rate, or IOP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nilvadipine increased blood velocity and, probably, blood flow in the ONH, choroid, and retina of rabbits. It also increased blood velocity in the ONH of NTG patients.
authors.affiliation: Eye Clinic, Tokyo Kosei Nenkin Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Araie
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagahara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005123:Eye / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000098:blood supply*; D011817:Rabbits; D012016:Reference Values; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; C035100:nilvadipine; D009543:Nifedipine