title: Tobacco smoke exposure in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine active and passive tobacco smoke exposure in children and adolescents attending a diabetic clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Salivary cotinine concentrations were measured by gas chromatography and questionnaire data on the smoking habits of patients, families and friends were analysed as well as recording of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI) and social deprivation score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Salivary cotinine concentrations identified 7% of the patients as active smokers and 72% as passive smokers. The mean cotinine concentration in those with no identifiable source of exposure was 0.10 (95% confidence interval 0.05-0.14) ng/ml, 2.81 (2.24-3.38) ng/ml in the passive smoking group and 1003.69 (55.96-151.41) ng/ml in the active smokers. Cotinine concentrations in passive smokers increased with the number of sources of exposure. The mean cotinine concentration was also higher when the mother was the sole source compared to other sources. There was no statistically significant correlation to smoking exposure and HbA1c BMI and deprivation scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tobacco smoke exposure may pose serious health risks to children and adolescents with diabetes and additional public health measures are required to reduce overall exposure.
authors.affiliation: The Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hargrave
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McMaster
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: O'Hare
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Carson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine