title: Leukocytosis and free fluid are important indicators of isolated intestinal injury after blunt trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The detection of isolated intestinal injuries after blunt trauma can be difficult because of subtle signs and symptoms, often leading to delayed diagnosis. We hypothesized that specific clinical indicators could be identified to assist in the diagnosis of these injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of all patients with such injuries from 1988 to 1996 were reviewed. The patients were stratified into those operated on within 6 hours of presentation (apparent injury) and those operated on after 6 hours (occult injury), and the data were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six patients with isolated intestinal injuries were identified. There were no differences in the rate of peritonitis or free fluid on abdominal computed tomography, blood loss, intraoperative findings, or morbidity and mortality between groups. Leukocytosis (sensitivity, 84.8%; specificity, 55.2%; p = 0.01) and free fluid on computed tomography were frequently present, however, and their significance was underappreciated in the occult injury group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After blunt abdominal trauma in patients without obvious indications for invasive evaluation of the abdomen (e.g., peritoneal lavage, laparoscopy, laparotomy), leukocytosis can indicate an intestinal injury. Additionally, unexplained free fluid on abdominal computed tomography must be aggressively evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, 94110-3518, USA. hharris@sfghsurg.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Morabito
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Mackersie
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Halvorsen
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Schecter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001826:Body Fluids; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007422:Intestines / Q000293:injuries*; D007964:Leukocytosis / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery