title: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children: review of a clinical series and description of the particularities in children.
abstract: Few series on reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS) have included children. The present series reviewed 10 affected children. The group consisted of 9 girls and one boy with an average age at onset of 11 years (5 years to 16 years). The diagnosis was based on the clinical findings of pain, dysesthesia and autonomic system dysfunction. All patients underwent x rays and bone scans. Their results showed great variation. Minor trauma was the most common trigger factor. The lower extremities were more often involved. The treatment consisted of pain relief and progressive mobilization. Less conventional treatments in children, such as calcitonin and bisphosphonate were also used. The severity and duration of the disease varied greatly among these children. Moderate pain and sympathetic dysfunction persisted often up to two years after onset. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is more common in children than previously thought. There are differences with the adult form in presentation and clinical course: the diagnosis is often delayed, the lower extremities are more often involved, girls are affected more often and idiopathic forms are frequent. Significant emotional dysfunction is found in a majority of patients and they are best treated as inpatients by a multidisciplinary team.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Barbier
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Allington
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rombouts
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000209:etiology; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D059408:Pain Management; D012019:Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological
chemical_list: D002116:Calcitonin