title: Sex-related differences in bronchial epithelial changes associated with tobacco smoking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in North American women. Because smoking-related changes in the bronchial epithelium and in lung function have not been studied in detail in women, we used fluorescence bronchoscopy-directed biopsy to determine the prevalence of high-grade preinvasive lesions in former and current smokers of both sexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spirometry, white-light bronchoscopy, and fluorescence bronchoscopy were performed in 189 women and 212 men older than 40 years of age who had smoked 20 pack-years or more (pack-years = number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day x number of years of smoking).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carcinoma in situ was found in 1.8% of the subjects, severe dysplasia was found in 6.5%, and moderate dysplasia was found in 14% (all preinvasive lesions). Compared with men, women had a lower prevalence of high-grade preinvasive lesions in the observed airways (14% versus 31%; odds ratio = 0.18; 95% confidence interval = 0.04-0.88), and women with preinvasive lesions had fewer such lesions (two-sided P = .048). The prevalence of preinvasive lesions did not change substantially for more than 10 years after cessation of smoking. Lung function was associated with the prevalence of preinvasive lesions, but the association was weaker in women than in men. If the presence of airflow obstruction was defined by an FEV1/FVC (forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity) value of 70% or less, only 56% of the men and 44% of the women with preinvasive lesions had abnormal lung function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In developing strategies for chemoprevention or early detection of lung cancer in high-risk populations, it is important to consider the effect of sex and arbitrarily chosen lung function values on the prevalence of preinvasive airway lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. sclam@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: leRiche
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coldman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacAulay
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hawk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kelloff
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Gazdar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001980:Bronchi / Q000473:pathology*; D001984:Bronchial Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013147:Spirometry; D013997:Time Factors