title: Effect of NO, vasodilator prostaglandins, and adenosine on skeletal muscle angiogenic growth factor gene expression.
abstract: Exercise training results in several muscle adaptations, one of which is angiogenesis. Acutely, exercise leads to release of nitric oxide, prostacyclin (PGI2), and adenosine (A) in the skeletal muscles. In this paper, we asked whether any of these locally released vasodilators, as well as other known dilator prostaglandins (PGE1 and PGE2), have the potential to increase angiogenic growth factor gene expression in resting skeletal muscle. Seven groups of 5-7 female Wistar rats (age 8-12 wk, weight 250 +/- 10 g) were anesthetized and instrumented for carotid artery pressure and electromagnetic femoral artery blood flow measurement. One group acted as control while the other groups each received one of the following six agents by constant arterial infusion (dose in microg/min): A (200), nitroprusside (NP, 4.2), acetylcholine (100), PGE1 (1.9), PGE2 (1.7), and PGI2 (1.7). Each agent reduced peripheral vascular resistance to a similar extent (at least twofold). Densitometric mRNA/18S levels for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were increased 50% by NP and acetylcholine, were unaffected by PGE1 and PGE2, and were reduced 40% by PGI2. For basic fibroblast growth factor, only PGI2 had any effect, reducing mRNA/18S approximately 25%. For transforming growth factor-beta1, A, NP, and PGE1 led to reduced mRNA/18S, whereas PGE2 slightly increased mRNA/18S. For the principal putative angiogenic growth factor, VEGF, these data suggest that naturally secreted vasodilators in contracting skeletal muscle could be involved in regulation of gene expression, namely, nitric oxide in a positive and PGI2 in a negative direction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0623A.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Benoit
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D011453:Prostaglandins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011464:Epoprostenol; D000241:Adenosine; D015232:Dinoprostone