title: Increases in Bcl-2 and cleavage of caspase-1 and caspase-3 in human brain after head injury.
abstract: The bcl-2 and caspase families are important regulators of programmed cell death in experimental models of ischemic, excitotoxic, and traumatic brain injury. The Bcl-2 family members Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL suppress programmed cell death, whereas Bax promotes programmed cell death. Activated caspase-1 (interleukin-1beta converting enzyme) and caspase-3 (Yama/Apopain/Cpp32) cleave proteins that are important in maintaining cytoskeletal integrity and DNA repair, and activate deoxyribonucleases, producing cell death with morphological features of apoptosis. To address the question of whether these Bcl-2 and caspase family members participate in the process of delayed neuronal death in humans, we examined brain tissue samples removed from adult patients during surgical decompression for intracranial hypertension in the acute phase after traumatic brain injury (n=8) and compared these samples to brain tissue obtained at autopsy from non-trauma patients (n=6). An increase in Bcl-2 but not Bcl-xL or Bax, cleavage of caspase-1, up-regulation and cleavage of caspase-3, and evidence for DNA fragmentation with both apoptotic and necrotic morphologies were found in tissue from traumatic brain injury patients compared with controls. These findings are the first to demonstrate that programmed cell death occurs in human brain after acute injury, and identify potential pharmacological and molecular targets for the treatment of human head injury.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Reseach, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. clark@smtp.anes.upmc.edu
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kochanek
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Marion
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Loeffert
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D019254:Genes, bcl-2; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: C494826:BAX protein, human; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D020170:Caspase 1