title: Transforming growth factor betas and their signaling receptors in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforming growth factor betas (TGF-betas) are multifunctional polypeptides that have been suggested to influence tumor growth. They mediate their functions via specific cell surface receptors (type I ALK5 and type II TGF-beta receptors). The aim of this study was to analyze the roles of the three TGF-betas and their signaling receptors in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  HCC tissue samples were obtained from 18 patients undergoing partial liver resection. Normal liver tissues from 7 females and 3 males served as controls. The tissues for histological analysis were fixed in Bouin's solution and paraffin embedded. For RNA analysis, freshly obtained tissue samples were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 degrees C until used. Northern blot analysis was used in normal liver and HCC to examine the expression of TGF-beta1, -beta2, -beta3 and their receptors: type I ALK5 (TbetaR-I ALK5), type II (TbetaR-II), and type III (TbetaR-III). Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize the corresponding proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three TGF-betas demonstrated a marked mRNA overexpression in HCC in comparison with normal controls, whereas the levels of all three TGF-beta receptors showed no significant changes. Intense TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, and TGF-beta3 immunostaining was found in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and in the perineoplastic stroma with immunohistochemistry, whereas no or mild immunostaining was present in the normal liver. For TbetaR-I ALK5 and TbetaR-II, the immunostaining in both HCC and normal liver was mild to moderate, with a slightly higher intensity in the normal tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The upregulation of TGF-betas in HCC suggests an important role for these isoforms in hepatic carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Moreover, the localization of the immunoreactivity in both malignant hepatocytes and stromal cells suggests that TGF-betas act via autocrine and paracrine pathways in this neoplasm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abou-Shady
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Baer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Friess
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berberat
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Graber
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korc
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Büchler
mesh_terms: D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division; D015342:DNA Probes / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020239:Receptor Cross-Talk / Q000502:physiology; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; C000625841:TGFBR1 protein, human