title: A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer. II. Menstrual and reproductive factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been suggested that female hormones, and hence menstrual and reproductive factors, play a role in thyroid cancer etiology. Epidemiological data, however, are limited and inconsistent, partly because of the small number of cases included in each study. To clarify the etiology of thyroid cancer, we conducted a pooled analysis of original data from 14 case-control studies, 4 from the United States, 2 from Asia, and 8 from Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis included a total of 2,247 female cases of thyroid cancer (80% papillary) and 3,699 control women. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were estimated using logistic regression, conditioning on study and (i) matching sets for individually matched studies, or (ii) quinquennia of age for the other studies. Additional terms for age and history of radiation exposure were included in the regression equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The OR per year of later menarche was 1.04 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-1.1). Compared to premenopausal women, the OR was 1.3 for women with natural menopause, and 1.8 for those with artificial menopause, but the studies were heterogeneous and the association may be due, at least in part, to diagnostic or ascertainment bias. Parity, spontaneous or induced abortions and history of infertility were not associated with thyroid cancer risk. The OR was above unity in women reporting later age at first birth (OR = 1.1, 95% CI 1.0-1.3 for 5-year delay) and higher in the first years after a birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The associations of menstrual and reproductive factors with thyroid cancer risk were generally weak, but appeared stronger among women diagnosed with thyroid cancer at younger ages.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of General Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy. EVANEGRI@IRFMN.MNEGRI.IT
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dal Maso
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ron
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Preston-Martin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McTiernan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kolonel
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshimoto
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wingren
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosaria Galanti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hardell
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Glattre
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Linos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschi
mesh_terms: D000231:Adenocarcinoma, Papillary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008572:Menarche / Q000502:physiology; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010298:Parity / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology