title: The photopic negative response of the macaque electroretinogram: reduction by experimental glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the photopic flash electroretinograms (ERGs) of macaque monkeys in which visual field defects developed as a consequence of experimental glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unilateral experimental glaucoma was induced in 10 monkeys by argon laser treatment of the trabecular meshwork. Visual field sensitivity was assessed behaviorally by static perimetry. Photopic ERGs were recorded to brief- (< or = 5 msec) and long-duration (200 msec) red ganzfeld flashes on a rod-suppressing blue-adapting background. Electroretinograms were recorded in four other monkeys, after intravitreal injection of tetrodotoxin (TTX; 3.8-8 p.M) to suppress action potentials of retinal ganglion and amacrine cells, and in six normal adult human subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental glaucoma removed a cornea-negative response, the photopic-negative response (PhNR), from the ERG. The PhNR in control eyes was maximal approximately 60 msec after a brief flash, 100 msec after onset, and 115 msec after offset of the long-duration stimulus. The PhNR in experimental eyes was greatly reduced when the mean deviation of the visual field sensitivity was as little as -6 dB. As visual sensitivity declined further, the PhNR was reduced only slightly more. The a- and b-waves were unchanged, even when sensitivity decreased by more than 16 dB. Tetrodotoxin also selectively reduced the PhNR. The PhNR was observed in normal human ERGs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cornea-negative PhNR of the photopic ERG depends on spiking activity and is reduced in experimental glaucoma when visual sensitivity losses are still mild. The PhNR most likely arises from retinal ganglion cells and their axons, but its slow timing raises the possibility that it could be mediated by glia. Regardless of the mechanism of its generation, the PhNR holds promise as an indicator of retinal function in early glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
authors.affiliation: College of Optometry, University of Houston, Texas 77204-6052, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Frishman
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Harwerth
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D013779:Tetrodotoxin