title: Genotypic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from medieval human remains.
abstract: Three medieval bone samples with osteological evidence of tuberculosis infection were analysed for the presence of DNA sequences from Mycobacterium tuberculosis using a series of PCRs. In each case amplification of IS6110 and part of the beta-subunit of RNA polymerase identified infection with a bacterium belonging to the M. tuberculosis complex. Amplification of the mtp40 genome fragment and the presence of a guanine residue at position 285 in the oxyR pseudogene, demonstrated the infecting strain to be similar to present day M. tuberculosis isolates rather than to Mycobacterium bovis. Spoligotyping, based on amplification of the direct repeat (DR) region of the mycobacterial genome, provided further evidence of similarity to M. tuberculosis and indicated a close relationship between isolates associated with two separate medieval burials. The study demonstrates the feasibility of amplifying multiple M. tuberculosis loci in ancient human remains and suggests important applications in the study of the palaeoepidemiology and virulence of tuberculosis in past populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Continuing Education, Birkbeck College, 26 Russell Square, London WC1B 5DQ, UK.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Legge
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000032:analysis; D010164:Paleopathology; D011544:Pseudogenes; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014394:Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular / Q000266:history* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; C105078:RNA polymerase beta subunit