title: Self-expanding metal stents in the palliation of neoplasms of the cervical esophagus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) represent a major advancement in the palliative treatment of dysphagia caused by neoplasms of the esophagus. Malignant cervical stenoses are a challenge for palliative techniques, due to their close relationship with the cricopharynx.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients with a malignant stricture of the upper esophagus, within 2 cm of the cricopharyngeal muscle, were treated with a self-expanding metal stent. All patients had a circumferential squamous cell carcinoma histologically proven. Patients were intubated under general anesthesia, and the procedure was carried out under simultaneous endoscopic and fluoroscopic control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had a remarkable improvement of dysphagia and none of them reported a foreign body sensation. In 3 patients, an insufficient expansion of the stent, detected 24 hours later, required a balloon dilation in two of them, whereas, for the third patient, it was necessary to introduce a second stent. Neoplastic in- and overgrowth occurred in 4 (67%) patients after 1, 2, 4 and 8 months, respectively. These complications were managed by placing a second stent in 3 patients; in the fourth patient, a neoplastic involvement of the cricopharynx did not allow for an endoscopic examination. Improvement of dysphagia was observed only in the patient who received a covered Cook-Z stent. In the other 2 patients, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was performed. The only major complication occurred in the patient who received three metal stents, as he complained of severe cervical pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience shows that uncovered self-expanding metal stents provide a good palliation in this subgroup of patients. Tumour ingrowth, overgrowth, and the progressive impairment of the swallowing mechanism due to a proximal submucosal infiltration remain complications difficult to solve.
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Hepato-Gastro-Enterologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitare, Nice, France. conio.massimo@mayo.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conio
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caroli-Bosc
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Demarquay
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sorbi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delmont
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dumas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000150:complications*; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome