title: Embolization of basal ganglia and thalamic arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Basal ganglia and thalamic arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) show a poor natural history and have proven difficult to treat. We report the safety and efficacy of presurgical and preradiosurgical embolization of these deep central lesions and describe the contribution of embolization to multimodality treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight patients with basal ganglia and/or thalamic AVMs underwent embolization in a total of 69 sessions. Seven of the 38 patients (18.4%) presented with hemorrhage, and 23 of 38 (60.5%) exhibited neurological deficits before therapy. Thirty patients (78.9%) underwent embolization with a liquid adhesive (cyanoacrylate), and five of these patients also underwent embolization with polyvinyl alcohol. Five patients (13.2%) were treated with polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinyl alcohol and silk. One patient (2.6%) underwent embolization alone, 19 (50.0%) underwent embolization followed by radiosurgery, 5 (13.2%) underwent embolization plus microsurgical resection, and 13 (34.2%) patients were treated using all three modalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients did not undergo embolization because of the morphological features of the AVMs and poor endovascular access. The patients who underwent embolization achieved AVM volume reductions of 10 to 100% (mean, 49.7%). Fifteen patients (39.5%) achieved complete obliteration of their AVMs, one with embolization alone, three with embolization followed by radiosurgery, five with embolization plus microsurgical resection, and six with a combination of all three modalities. At the time of the last follow-up imaging session, embolization combined with radiosurgery (19 patients) yielded a mean volume reduction of 81.1%, and all three modalities (13 patients) yielded a mean reduction of 84.6%. Four permanent neurological deficits resulted from embolization (5.8% of procedures, 10.5% of patients). The embolization-related complication rate was higher in the earlier years (1984-1989) of this series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovascular embolization plays an important role in multimodality treatment of AVMs involving the basal ganglia and/or thalamus. Embolization can result in obliteration of a significant volume of the AVM and may allow complete obliteration of the AVM when combined with microsurgical resection and/or stereotactic radiosurgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305-5105, USA.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Norbash
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Marcellus
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000098:blood supply*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003487:Cyanoacrylates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016634:Radiosurgery; D013788:Thalamus / Q000098:blood supply*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol