title: Heterocyclic aromatic amines induce DNA strand breaks and cell transformation.
abstract: Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), formed during the cooking of foods, are known to induce tumours in rodent bioassays and may thus contribute to human cancer risk. We tested six HAAs in a morphological transformation assay and in three in vitro genotoxicity assays. The morphological transforming abilities of HAAs were tested, in the presence of rat-liver S9, in the C3H/M2 fibroblast cell line. Concentration levels of 50 microM 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (8-MeIQx), 100 microM 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx), 50 microM 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 100 microM 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AalphaC), 100 microM 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (MeAalphaC) and 15 microM 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) induced maximum transformation potencies of 5.5, 6.6, 6.3, 5.2, 7.3 and 9.2 transformed foci per 10(4) surviving cells, respectively. Bacterial mutagenic activity was determined in the presence of rat-liver S9 using the Salmonella typhimurium reverse-mutation assay employing strain YG1019. Mutagenic potencies of 3800 revertants (revs)/ng with 8-MeIQx, 2900 revs/ng with 4,8-DiMeIQx, 3480 revs/ng with IQ, 1.6 revs/ng with AalphaC, 2.9 revs/ng with MeAalphaC and 5 revs/ng with PhIP were observed. Clastogenic activity in vitro was analysed by the micronucleus assay in metabolically competent MCL-5 cells. Dose-dependent induction of micronuclei was observed for all HAAs tested with 1-5.4% of cells containing micronuclei at 10 ng/ml. Micronucleus induction was in the order 4,8-DiMeIQx > 8-MeIQx > IQ > MeAalphaC > PhIP > AalphaC. DNA strand-breaking activity in MCL-5 cells was measured by the alkaline single cell-gel (comet) assay. The lowest effect doses for significant increases (P < or = 0.0007, Mann-Whitney test) in comet tail length (microm) were 45.5 microg/ml (200 microM) for PhIP, 90.9 microg/ml (410-510 microM) for 4,8-DiMeIQx, IQ, MeAalphaC and AalphaC, and 454.5 microg/ml (2130 microM) for 8-MeIQx. It is not yet clear which of these assays most accurately reflects the genotoxic potential to humans of compounds of this class of environmental carcinogens.
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Society, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, Hamburg University Medical School, Germany. pfau@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pfau
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Venitt
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marquardt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D002243:Carbolines / Q000633:toxicity; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000633:toxicity*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D005502:Food; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D011804:Quinolines / Q000633:toxicity; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D002243:Carbolines; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D007093:Imidazoles; D009153:Mutagens; D011804:Quinolines; D011810:Quinoxalines; C017821:2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole; C029216:2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline; C036990:2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C049584:2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine; C017822:2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole; C045421:3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxalin-2-amine