title: Long-term follow-up of upper extremity implanted venous access devices in oncology patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate function and assess incidence of complications relating to upper extremity implanted venous access devices placed in oncology patients primarily for chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors retrospectively evaluated the clinical course of 205 upper extremity implanted venous access devices placed with fluoroscopic and sonographic guidance in 204 patients during a 2-year period. All patients had a diagnosis of malignancy for which chemotherapy was planned. Follow-up data were collected by patient examination, direct evaluation of device function, as well as chart review and review of relevant imaging procedures. A modified technique for device placement is described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The devices were placed successfully on the initial attempt in all cases. Clinical follow-up was obtained for 195 devices (95.1%) for a total device service period of 33,619 days (mean service interval = 169 days). Seventy-eight devices (40%) had service intervals greater than 180 days. Thirty-seven devices (19% of total devices) led to 39 complications (0.116 event/100 days). No immediate procedural complications were incurred. Eight complications occurred after 180 days of port service. Nineteen devices (9.7% of total devices followed) required removal as a result of complication. Common complications included port malfunction requiring urokinase to clear (n = 10; 0.030 event/100 days), ipsilateral upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (n = 9; 0.027), and local infection (n = 7, 0.021). A comparison of these results relative to other published series of similar devices placed for mixed indications is presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implanted venous access devices are an effective means of long-term venous access in oncology patients. Complication rates in this large series compared favorably to other published radiologic and surgical series. Analysis of complications in a subgroup of extended use implanted venous access devices (greater than 180 days follow-up) showed no statistically significant (P < .05) difference from the larger group of devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Lyon
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Griggs
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply*; D001424:Bacterial Infections; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000382:microbiology; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010808:Physical Examination; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator