title: Hepatic damage induced by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization elevates serum concentrations of macrophage-colony stimulating factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken in order to characterize the liver injury induced by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to elucidate-mechanisms involved in the growth of mononuclear phagocytes in injured human liver in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  The serum levels of macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) along with clinical parameters were examined in 43 patients with HCC who underwent TACE. Ten patients who underwent angiography alone served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum M-CSF increased and peaked on the third day after TACE showing significant correlations (p < 0.001, respectively) with the increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and type IV collagen-7S (IVcol-7S). The lipopolysaccharide-stimulated production of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in peripheral whole blood increased and peaked on the first or on the third day after TACE. In effective cases of TACE, significantly (p < 0.05) greater increases in serum M-CSF were noted as compared with those in ineffective cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The serum levels of M-CSF increased after TACE in correlation with hepatic inflammation and necrosis and increased production of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in peripheral whole blood. These results suggest a mechanism by which hepatic injury enhances the production of M-CSF via a cytokine cascade, which results in the proliferation of liver macrophages in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okanoue
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishioji
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagao
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kirishima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kashima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D003094:Collagen; D000410:Alanine Transaminase