title: [Fetal alcohol syndrome in adulthood. A long-term study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maternal alcohol addiction in pregnancy causes fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE) in children. At present, little is known about the physical, mental, and social long-term consequences in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1974, 52 children with FAS and FAE, all born to alcohol dependent mothers, were prospectively followed up from birth to adulthood. Height, weight and head circumferences were based on percentile standards; mental and school development were assessed by school reports and by intelligence subtests. By structural interviews, occupational and social follow-up were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Growth retardation continued mainly in severely affected adults with underweight in 26%, underheight in 30%, and microcephaly in 46%. They mostly lived in foster families, only 6/52 were able to live independently. In 56% special schools for handicapped and mentally disabled were attended. In most cases (37/52), simple occupations without vocational training were practised.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is mainly the neurotoxic effects of alcohol in pregnancy that have longlasting developmental significance in adults. Because of the dysmorphic changes over time, it is difficult to diagnose FAS and FAE only in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Kinderkardiologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinderheilkunde, Universität Münster.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Löser
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bierstedt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D019066:Facies; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005858:Germany; D006128:Growth; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012940:Social Problems