title: Ergonomic problems associated with laparoscopic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) Task Force on Ergonomics conducted a subjective and objective assessment of ergonomic problems associated with laparoscopic instrument use. The goal was to assess the prevalence, causes, and consequences of operational difficulties associated with the use of laparoscopic instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was distributed asking respondents to rate the frequency with which they experienced pain, stiffness, or numbness in several body areas after laparoscopic operations. An ergonomics station was assembled to quantify forearm and thumb muscle workload. Processed electromyogram (EMG) signals were acquired from 27 volunteer surgeon subjects while they completed simulated surgical tasks using a hemostat and an Ethicon laparoscopic grasper, with the aid of an endoscopic trainer and video monitoring system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 149 surgeons responding to the questionnaire, 8% to 12% reported frequent pain in the neck and upper extremities associated with laparoscopic surgery. The ergonomics station demonstrated that the peak and total muscle effort of forearm and thumb muscles were significantly greater (p < 0.01) when the grasping task was performed using the laparoscopic instrument rather than the hemostat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that laparoscopic surgical technique is more taxing on the surgeon.
authors.affiliation: University of California Davis, School of Medicine, and VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road (112), Martinez, CA 94553, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berguer
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Forkey
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D020706:Laparoscopes; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires