title: Upper arm measurements of healthy neonates comparing ultrasonography and anthropometric methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare measurements of the upper arm cross-sectional areas (total arm area, arm muscle area, and arm fat area of healthy neonates) as calculated using anthropometry with the values obtained by ultrasonography.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was performed on 60 consecutively born healthy neonates: gestational age (mean+/-SD) 39.6+/-1.2 weeks, birth weight 3287.1+/-307.7 g, 27 males (45%) and 33 females (55%). Mid-arm circumference and tricipital skinfold thickness measurements were taken on the left upper mid-arm according to the conventional anthropometric method to calculate total arm area, arm muscle area and arm fat area. The ultrasound evaluation was performed at the same arm location using a Toshiba sonolayer SSA-250A, which allows the calculation of the total arm area, arm muscle area and arm fat area by the number of pixels enclosed in the plotted areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  whenever appropriate, parametric and non-parametric tests were used in order to compare measurements of paired samples and of groups of samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences between males and females were found in any evaluated measurements, estimated either by anthropometry or by ultrasound. Also the median of total arm area did not differ significantly with either method (P = 0.337). Although there is evidence of concordance of the total arm area measurements (r = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.55-0.77) the two methods of measurement differed for arm muscle area and arm fat area. The estimated median of measurements by ultrasound for arm muscle area were significantly lower than those estimated by the anthropometric method, which differed by as much as 111% (P < 0.001). The estimated median ultrasound measurement of the arm fat was higher than the anthropometric arm fat area by as much as 31% (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with ultrasound measurements using skinfold measurements and mid-arm circumference without further correction may lead to overestimation of the cross-sectional area of muscle and underestimation of the cross-sectional fat area. The correlation between the two methods could be interpreted as an indication for further search of correction factors in the equations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Dona Estefânia Hospital, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. l.pereira.silva@mail.telepac.pt
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pereira-da-Silva
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Veiga Gomes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clington
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Videira-Amaral
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bustamante
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D001132:Arm / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012016:Reference Values; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014463:Ultrasonography