title: Helminth control as an entry point for health-promoting schools in KwaZulu-Natal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use a health promotion model to investigate the risk factors (predisposing, enabling and reinforcing) for geohelminth and schistosomiasis infections, in order to develop and implement effective intervention strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase 1: Qualitative study using focus group discussions (FGDs) with parents, pupils and teachers; and interviews with health workers. Phase 2: Quantitative study using a semi-structured questionnaire to investigate whether the determinants identified in phase 1 were generalisable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rural primary schools in Vulamehlo magisterial district, southern KwaZulu-Natal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative study: 9 schools with 179 pupils, 93 parents and 82 teachers; and local clinics (4 fixed, 1 mobile), with 7 professional nurses. Quantitative study: 2 other schools, with 730 pupils.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Predisposing factors: Respondents were familiar with symptoms, but did not know the cause or mode of transmission of helminth infections. Many respondents perceived food to be the cause of geohelminth infection and swimming in the river to be the cause of schistosomiasis. Although 649 (88.9%) pupils had toilets at home and at school, only 218 (29.9%) were motivated to 'always' use the toilet for faecal disposal (rural communities previously did not have toilets). Six hundred and seventy-eight pupils (92.9%) understood that it was necessary to wash their hands after using the toilet, but many schools lacked water. Personal cleanliness was a problem despite the emphasis on hygiene by health workers and teachers. Few pupils admitted to eating soil, but it was agreed that geophagia affected young children between the ages of 8 months and 6 years. Enabling factors (positive/negative): Barriers to health promotion frequently included inadequate toilet facilities at school and home, and river-water contact resulting from a lack of clean water. A dearth of recreational facilities resulted in children swimming and playing in the river. Positive factors were the health-seeking behaviour of the majority of the target group, who identified helminth infections as a health problem and sought treatment. Parents and pupils in the FGDs unanimously supported health education and 655 (89.8%) questionnaire respondents indicated that they wished to learn how to avoid helminth infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the Government strategy is to provide clean water and adequate sanitation, provision of services does not necessarily ensure usage. A comprehensive approach to health promotion is required and the complementary development of the 'health-promoting school' would support, reinforce and sustain a helminth control programme.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, University of Natal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Coovadia
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kvalsvig
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Jinabhai
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012499:Sanitation / Q000592:standards; D012574:Schools / Q000592:standards; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology