title: Is perforation of the appendix a risk factor for tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancy? An appraisal of the evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To critically assess the evidence that appendiceal perforation is a risk factor for subsequent tubal infertility or ectopic pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiologic studies investigating the relationship between appendectomy and infertility or ectopic pregnancy were identified by searching the MEDLINE database from 1966 to 1997. Appropriate citations were also extracted from a manual search of the bibliographies of selected papers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three articles were retrieved. Only 4 presented original data including comparisons to a nonexposed control group and they form the basis for this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Because the raw data or specific techniques of data analysis were not always explicitly described, indices of risk for exposure were extracted from the data as presented and were analysed without attempting to convert them to a common measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Articles were assessed according to the criteria of the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group for evaluating articles on harm. Review of the literature yielded estimates of the risk of adverse fertility outcomes ranging from 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1 to 2.5) for ectopic pregnancy after an appendectomy to 4.8 (95% CI 1.5 to 14.9) for tubal infertility from perforation of the appendix. Recall bias, and poor adjustment for confounding variables in some reports, weakened the validity of the studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methodologic weaknesses of the studies do not permit acceptance of increased risk of tubal pregnancy or infertility as a consequence of perforation of the appendix, so a causal relationship cannot be supported by the data currently available. Only a well-designed case-control study with unbiased ascertainment of exposure and adjustment for confounding variables will provide a definitive answer.
authors.affiliation: Maternal, Infant and Reproductive Health Research Unit, University of Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Urbach
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D001064:Appendicitis / Q000150:complications*; D015984:Causality; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007416:Intestinal Perforation / Q000150:complications*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012107:Research Design; D012307:Risk Factors