title: The role of parenteral polyestradiol phosphate in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer on the threshold of the new millennium.
abstract: Orchiectomy and estrogens have been used for over 50 years in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer. Although orchiectomy is a simple procedure, it may cause psychological stress. Oral estrogen therapy is as effective as orchiectomy in terms of cancer inhibitory effect, but its acceptance as primary hormonal treatment is overshadowed by an increased risk of cardiovascular complications. Parenteral estrogen, polyestradiol phosphate (PEP), is effective, but also associated with cardiovascular complications, although to a lesser extent. During the last 20 years, well tolerated luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) analogues have been replacing orchiectomy and estrogens. Efforts have been made to increase the efficacy of the treatment by adding antiandrogens to LHRH analogues and also to orchiectomy (combined androgen blockade, CAB). However, the efficacy of LHRH analogues and CAB has not proved to be superior to that of simple orchiectomy and, moreover, they are expensive treatment modalities. Orchiectomy and LHRH analogues are associated with negative effects on bone mass and may cause osteoporosis, whereas PEP treatment has an opposite effect. Parenteral polyestradiol phosphate is still a cheap potential treatment for advanced prostatic cancer, but further studies should be conducted to establish its future role, e.g. combining acetylsalicylic acid to prevent cardiovascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland. arto.mikkola@dlc.fi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mikkola
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruutu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rannikko
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salo
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D045166:Estradiol Congeners / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D045166:Estradiol Congeners; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D004958:Estradiol; C008958:polyestradiol phosphate