title: Communication via gap junctions modulates bile secretion in the isolated perfused rat liver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bile secretion is regulated in part by adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and cytosolic Ca2+ (Ca2+i). Hormone receptors that link to these second messengers are not uniformly distributed across the hepatic lobule, but both cAMP and Ca2+i cross gap junctions, so we tested whether gap junctional communication plays a role in changes in bile flow induced by the activation of these receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  cAMP levels in isolated perfused rat livers were increased by using glucagon, because glucagon receptors are predominantly on pericentral hepatocytes, or by using dibutyryl cAMP, which acts on hepatocytes throughout the hepatic lobule. Ca2+i concentration was increased by using vasopressin, because V1a receptors are most heavily expressed on pericentral hepatocytes, or by using 2,5-di(tert-butyl)-1, 4-benzo-hydroquinone (t-BuBHQ), which increases the Ca2+i concentration in hepatocytes throughout the hepatic lobule. We used 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid (alphaGA) to block gap junction conductance, which was assessed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching.
  
  
  RESULTS
  alphaGA blocked fluorescence recovery after photobleaching without altering the basal rate of bile flow. Glucagon and dibutyryl cAMP increased bile flow; alphaGA blocked the glucagon-induced increase but not that induced by dibutyryl cAMP. Vasopressin and t-BuBHQ decreased bile flow; alphaGA exacerbated the decrease induced by vasopressin but not by t-BuBHQ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucagon and vasopressin modulate bile flow in a manner that depends in part on gap junctional communication, even though the two hormones activate second messengers with opposing effects on bile flow. The organization of second messenger signals across the hepatic lobule may be an important component of hormonal regulation of bile secretion.
authors.affiliation: Liver Study Unit and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. michael.nathanson@yale.edu
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Nathanson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rios-Velez
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Burgstahler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mennone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism*; D003994:Bucladesine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005452:Fluoresceins; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005934:Glucagon / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006034:Glycyrrhetinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010477:Perfusion; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005452:Fluoresceins; D006873:Hydroquinones; D014667:Vasopressins; C119129:18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid; C019359:2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone; D003994:Bucladesine; D005934:Glucagon; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D005947:Glucose; D006034:Glycyrrhetinic Acid; D002118:Calcium; C018506:diacetylfluorescein