title: Self-administration of cocaine increases the release of acetylcholine to a greater extent than response-independent cocaine in the nucleus accumbens of rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The neurochemical effects of psychostimulant exposure may depend on how these drugs are encountered. A useful method for examining this issue is to compare neurotransmitter release following response-dependent, or self-administered, drug exposure and response-independent exposure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This experiment examined the effect of active and passive cocaine administration on acetylcholine (ACh) efflux in the shell region of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  One group of rats (CSA: cocaine self-administration) was trained to lever-press for intravenous infusions of cocaine (0.42 mg/kg per infusion) on a fixed-ratio-1 schedule of reinforcement. Cocaine infusions were accompanied by the onset of a stimulus light that signaled a 20-s time-out period. Control rats received intravenous cocaine (cocaine non-contingent: CNC) or saline (SAL) in a manner that was not contingent upon their behavior. Drug infusions in these groups were determined by the lever-press behavior of the animals in the CSA group, i.e. they were yoked to rats in the self-administration group such that CNC animals received equal amounts of cocaine as CSA rats. Animals received cocaine or saline in 3-h sessions for 13 consecutive days before testing. On day 14, extracellular ACh was measured in 15-min intervals before, during and after a 3-h session of cocaine exposure using unilateral microdialysis probes located in the NAc shell coupled with HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ACh efflux was significantly increased above baseline in both groups of rats that received cocaine but CSA rats had significantly higher ACh levels during the self-administration period compared to their yoked counterparts. In addition, ACh efflux remained elevated longer in CSA animals relative to CNC rats following cessation of cocaine exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that ACh interneurons in the NAc shell are responsive to cocaine exposure. In addition, these findings suggest that the manner in which the drug is administered (i.e. either by active self-administration or passive exposure) may be relevant to the magnitude of the neural response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, L470, Oregon Health Sciences University, School of Medicine, Portland 97201, USA. markg@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hajnal
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kinney
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Keys
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D003042:Cocaine; D000109:Acetylcholine