title: Alpha2-adrenoceptor-mediated restraint of norepinephrine synthesis, release, and turnover during immobilization in rats.
abstract: Stress-related release of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain and periphery probably underlies several neuroendocrine and neurocirculatory responses. NE might influence its own synthesis, release, and turnover, by negative feedback regulation via alpha2-adrenoceptors. We examined central and peripheral noradrenergic function by measuring concentrations of NE, dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) microdialysate and arterial plasma simultaneously during immobilization (IMMO) in conscious rats. The alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (YOH) was injected i.p. or perfused locally into the PVN via the microdialysis probe. The i.p. YOH increased plasma NE, epinephrine (EPI), DHPG, dihydroxyphenylalanine, and DOPAC levels by 4.3, 7.3, 2.5, 0.6 and 1.8-fold and PVN microdialysate NE, DHPG, and DOPAC by 1. 2, 0.6 and 0.5-fold. The i.p. YOH also enhanced effects of IMMO on plasma and microdialysate NE, DHPG, and DOPAC. YOH delivered via the PVN microdialysis probe did not affect microdialysate or plasma levels of the analytes at baseline and only slightly augmented microdialysate NE responses to IMMO. The results indicate that alpha2-adrenoceptors tonically restrain NE synthesis, release, and turnover in sympathetic nerves and limit IMMO-induced peripheral noradrenergic activation. In the PVN, alpha2-adrenoceptors do not appear to contribute to these processes tonically and exert relatively little restraint on IMMO-induced local noradrenergic activation.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. otjurmin@box-o.nih.gov
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Tjurmina
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palkovits
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Kopin
mesh_terms: D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid / Q000097:blood; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine / Q000097:blood; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008734:Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D017551:Microdialysis; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood*; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000502:physiology*; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism*; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; D015016:Yohimbine; D008734:Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine; C010117:3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine