title: Staging laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy in prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the results of transperitoneal laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy as a separate staging procedure in patients with early prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results were reviewed from the first 27 patients with prostate cancer admitted for laparoscopic lymphadenectomy between January 1994 and March 1998. Initially, all patients with a negative bone scan and either a negative computed tomography or negative magnetic resonance scan were admitted for laparoscopic staging. After several reports detailing ways of reducing the number of negative lymphadenectomy operations, from July 1996 only those patients with a preoperative prostate specific antigen (PSA) serum level of >10 ng/mL were admitted to the study. All procedures were performed by one experienced laparoscopic surgeon. A radical retropubic prostatectomy was performed as a separate procedure by a consultant urologist within 2 weeks. The effectiveness of the staging operation was analysed by assessing the nodal yield, and the results, including operative duration, complications and length of stay, were compared with other published series. Further analysis was provided by reviewing the PSA levels, Gleason grade sum and clinical digital staging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nodal yield was similar to that published in series from other institutions, with a median (range) of 6.5 (0-12). However, the operation was significantly quicker, at a median (range) of 55 (40-110) min for a bilateral dissection. There were only minor complications, with no detectable reduction in complications with experience; the median (range) postoperative stay was 1 (1-4) days. Two of the 27 patients had metastatic disease within the lymph nodes. If a PSA level of >10 ng/mL had been instituted as an entry criteria at the start of the study, six patients would have been excluded and thus the positive lymphadenectomy rate would have been two of 21 patients (10%). Of 54 patients eligible to enter the study, half did not require a lymphadenectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic transperitoneal lymphadenectomy can be performed expeditiously and safely. A two-stage procedure in some patients with prostate cancer is the management of choice. Attention to carefully closing the peritoneum with sutures minimizes any retropubic adhesions and no problems associated with the staging procedure were encountered during subsequent radical retropubic prostatectomy. In efforts to reduce negative staging lymphadenectomies, the exclusion values for staging should not be set too high (PSA and Gleason grading sum). Such practice, despite a relatively safe staging procedure, would lead to unnecessary radical prostatectomy.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and General Surgery, Stepping Hill Hospital, Stockport, UK.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Shackley
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Irving
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Brough
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*