title: Acid-base disturbance during hemorrhage in rats: significant role of strong inorganic ions.
abstract: The present study tests the hypothesis that changes in the strong inorganic ion concentrations contribute significantly to the acid-base disturbance that develops during hemorrhage in the arterial plasma of rats in addition to lactate concentration ([Lac-]) increase. The physicochemical origins for this acid-base disorder were studied during acute, graded hemorrhage (10, 20, and 30% loss of blood volume) in three groups of rats: conscious, anesthetized with ketamine, and anesthetized with urethan. The results support the hypothesis examined: strong-ion difference (SID) decreased in the arterial plasma of all groups studied because of an early imbalance in the main strong inorganic ions during initial hemorrhagic phase. Moreover, changes in plasma [Lac-] contributed to SID decrease in a later hemorrhagic phase (after 10% hemorrhage in urethan-anesthetized, after 20% hemorrhage in ketamine-anesthetized, and after 30% hemorrhage in conscious group). Inorganic ion changes were due to both dilution of the vascular compartment and ion exchange with extravascular space and red blood cells, as compensation for blood volume depletion and hypocapnia. Nevertheless, anesthetized rats were less able than conscious rats to preserve normal arterial pH during hemorrhage, mainly because of an impaired peripheral tissue condition and incomplete ventilatory compensation.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. valfaro@porthos.bio.ub.es
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Alfaro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pesquero
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Palacios
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000502:physiology*; D000758:Anesthesia; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007477:Ions; D007649:Ketamine; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014520:Urethane
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D007477:Ions; D019344:Lactic Acid; D014520:Urethane; D007649:Ketamine