title: Comparison between two types of pharyngeal flap with regard to configuration at rest and function and speech outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In management of hypernasality, wide pharyngeal flaps have been advocated when pharyngeal wall adduction is limited. Pharyngeal flaps merged into a transversely split velum (TS flaps) are reported to be wider than if the velum is split in the midline (MS flaps). The hypothesis to be tested was that TS flaps are wider than MS flaps and are more caudally based.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, MS flaps were videoradiographically and nasopharyngoscopically compared with TS flaps at both rest and function. Pharyngoplasty was randomly performed by one of three surgeons and the radiographic examinations were carried out by one radiologist. The speech was assessed pre- and postoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Stockholm Cleft Palate Team, Sweden, treated all patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  After strict selection of the patients to avoid any uncontrolled impact on velopharyngeal sphincter function, 22 patients with limited pharyngeal adduction received TS flaps and 20 patients with good adduction received MS flaps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data failed to show any difference in location of flap base and in flap width at rest. During function, TS flaps demonstrated statistically significant widening of the flap base. TS flaps, but not MS flaps, often had a bulge that appeared to assist velopharyngeal closure in some patients. Speech evaluation revealed that both flap types corrected velopharyngeal insufficiency equally well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TS flaps were not wider than MS flaps, and functional plasticity of the TS flap appeared essential for elimination of velopharyngeal insufficiency. Contribution of postoperative adaptation of the pharyngeal wall adduction remains to be clarified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. jkng@ent.ks.se
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karling
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Henningsson
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Isberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015588:Observer Variation; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000601:surgery*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014743:Videotape Recording; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000601:surgery