title: Exposure received from application of animal insecticides.
abstract: Part of an investigation of data collection methods in epidemiologic studies of farmers evaluated exposures received by farmers from the application of insecticides to animals. Twenty farmers were monitored during a normal application using a fluorescent dye surrogate for the active ingredient (AI). Two exposure measures were estimated, AI concentration and the time-weighted average for the application period (TWAa). Four application methods were used: high- (n = 5) and low-pressure (n = 3) spraying, backpack (n = 2) and pour-on (n = 10). The two farmers using a backpack sprayer had nondetectable levels of dye. Only two of the farmers using the pour-on method had detectable dye levels, but these levels were high. All of the low- and high-pressure sprayers had detectable amounts of dye. Multiple layers of clothing, gloves, and boots (n = 10) were associated with a low mean AI concentration for the exposed farmers (18 micrograms) and more than two-thirds of the farmers wearing this amount of clothing had nondetectable exposures. In contrast, clothing providing little or no protection was associated with a significantly higher (p < 0.01) average AI concentration (4420 micrograms), and less than a third of the farmers with this degree of protection had nondetectable exposures. Poor work practices (leaking equipment, contact with wet animals or fences, and back splash) were associated with statistically higher exposure levels (p < 0.01) than the absence of such practices. There was a moderate statistically significant association between AI concentration and TWAa with total volume of the AI/dye/water mixture using the Spearman coefficient. Time was significantly inversely proportional to the two exposure measures. The association between the two exposure measures and AI volume was not significant.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Etiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7240, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fears
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kross
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Ogilvie
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zahm
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blair
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D003020:Clothing; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D007484:Iowa; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014743:Videotape Recording
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007306:Insecticides