title: Damage to surfactant-specific protein in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) develops in association with many serious medical disorders. Mortality is at least 40%, and there is no specific therapy. A massive influx of activated neutrophils, which damage pulmonary vascular endothelium and alveolar epithelium, leads to alveolar oedema and pulmonary surfactant dysfunction. In-vitro studies show that neutrophil elastase can cleave surfactant-specific proteins and impair surfactant function. If this happens in vivo in ARDS, the response to surfactant therapy will be limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of pulmonary surfactant were obtained from the lungs of 18 patients with ARDS and six healthy controls by bronchoalveolar lavage. We separated proteins in these samples according to molecular weight by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). We then used western blotting with monoclonal antibody E8 to detect the major surfactant-specific protein A (SP-A).
  
  
  RESULTS
  By contrast with controls, 14 of 18 patients had evidence of in-vivo damage to SP-A that resembled damage caused to SP-A when it is cleaved by neutrophil elastase. Controls showed a single band of normal dimers at 66 kDa, whereas 14 of 18 patients showed multiple bands at 66 kDa, 55 kDA, and 30-36 kDa, and six showed additional bands at 36-40 kDa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct damage to surfactant-specific proteins occurs in lungs of patients with ARDS, probably by proteolysis. Trials of protein-containing therapeutic surfactant are in progress in ARDS, and our results indicate that the frequent failure to maintain response may result from continuing damage to surfactant by products of activated neutrophils. A combination of surfactant and antiprotease therapy may improve therapeutic prospects.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Randle
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Haslam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000201:enzymology; D011510:Proteolipids / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D037662:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A; D037661:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D011510:Proteolipids; D037662:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A; D037661:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase