title: Surgery of epilepsy associated with focal lesions in childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgery in children with epilepsy is a new, evolving field. The important practical issues have been to define strategies for choosing the most suitable candidates and the type and optimal timing of epilepsy surgery. This study was undertaken to elucidate these points.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify the factors that correlated with outcome, the authors analyzed a series of 200 children (aged 1-15 years (mean 8.7 years) who underwent surgery between 1981 and 1996 at the Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades. In 171 cases (85.5%) the epilepsy was medically refractory and was associated with focal cortical lesions. Surgery consisted of resection of the lesion without specifically attempting to identify and remove the "epileptogenic area. "In the group of children whose seizures were medically refractory, the mean follow-up period was 5.8 years. According to Engel's classification, 71.3% of these children became seizure free (Class 1a,) whereas 82% were in Class I. A multivariate statistical analysis revealed that among all the factors studied, the success of surgery in a patient in whom there was a good clinical/electroencephalogram/imaging correlation depended on the patient's having undergone a minimally traumatic operation, a complete resection of the lesion, and a short preoperative seizure duration. After the surgical control of epilepsy, behavior disorders were more improved (31% of all patients) than cognitive function (25%). The patient age at onset, duration and frequency of seizures, intractability of the disease to therapy, and seizure characteristics were correlated with cognitive, behavioral, and academic performance pre- and postoperatively. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that cognitive dysfunction correlated highly with the duration of epilepsy prior to surgery, whereas behavioral disorders correlated more with seizure frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data must be taken into account when selecting patients for surgical treatment and when deciding the timing of surgery. Early surgical intervention allows for optimum brain development.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Neurologie Pédiatrique et Service de Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bourgeois
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sainte-Rose
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lellouch-Tubiana
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Malucci
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brunelle
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maixner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cinalli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierre-Kahn
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Renier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zerah
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Goutières
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aicardi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome