title: Natural history of behavioural changes and psychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. A longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia are characterised by numerous psychiatric and behavioural changes. Little is known of their natural history.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the sequence and pattern of these changes throughout the course of dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred people, initially living at home with carers, entered a prospective, longitudinal study. At four-monthly intervals, behavioural and psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Present Behavioural Examination and Mini-Mental State Examination. Follow-up continued for up to nine years (mean 3.3 years; s.d. 2.4). Patterns of onset and disappearance of these symptoms, their sequence and association with time of death and cognitive decline were analysed. Autopsy confirmed a diagnosis of pure Alzheimer's disease in 48 subjects. Data for this subgroup are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Some changes tend to occur earlier than others but changes can occur at almost any time in the course of dementia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The natural history of behaviour changes in Alzheimer's disease shows great individual variation although some changes tend to follow a recognisable sequence.
authors.affiliation: University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, England.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hope
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keene
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Fairburn
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jacoby
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McShane
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales