title: Injury among cavers: results of a preliminary national survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To estimate the frequency of and risk factors for caving-associated injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standardized questionnaire covering demographics, caving exposure, and injury history was distributed to all members of the National Speleological Society by inclusion in the monthly newsletter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 9,532 members sent a questionnaire, 301 responded (3.2%). Respondents had an average of 18 years of caving experience, and 37% had sustained one or more injuries while caving. Hypothermia was the most frequent injury, followed by fractures, animal bites, and concussions. The rate of injury was about 1 per 1,990 hours in a cave. Injury rates for females were about twice those of males; older persons and those with more than 5 years of caving experience seemed to have lower injury rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many caving injuries appear potentially preventable. Proper technique for safe climbing should be a part of exploration training. There is a need for proper belaying or rappelling for even short ascents or descents. Helmet use should be stressed, as should adequate protection from hypothermia.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), US Department of Health and Human Services, US Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ashford
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Knutson
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sacks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011481:Protective Clothing; D012307:Risk Factors