title: New in vivo measurements of pressures in the intervertebral disc in daily life.
abstract: METHODS
  We conducted intradiscal pressure measurements with one volunteer performing various activities normally found in daily life, sports, and spinal therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to measure intradiscal pressure to complement earlier data from Nachemson with dynamic and long-term measurements over a broad range of activities.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Loading of the spine still is not well understood. The most important in vivo data are from pioneering intradiscal pressure measurements recorded by Nachemson during the 1960s. Since that time, there have been few data to corroborate or dispute those findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under sterile surgical conditions, a pressure transducer with a diameter of 1.5 mm was implanted in the nucleus pulposus of a nondegenerated L4-L5 disc of a male volunteer 45-years-old and weighing 70 kg. Pressure was recorded with a telemetry system during a period of approximately 24 hours for various lying positions; sitting positions in a chair, in an armchair, and on a pezziball (ergonomic sitting ball); during sneezing, laughing, walking, jogging, stair climbing, load lifting during hydration over 7 hours of sleeping, and others.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following values and more were measured: lying prone, 0.1 MPa; lying laterally, 0.12 MPa; relaxed standing, 0.5 MPa; standing flexed forward, 1.1 MPa; sitting unsupported, 0.46 MPa; sitting with maximum flexion, 0.83 MPa; nonchalant sitting, 0.3 MPa; and lifting a 20-kg weight with round flexed back, 2.3 MPa; with flexed knees, 1.7 MPa; and close to the body, 1.1 MPa. During the night, pressure increased from 0.1 to 0.24 MPa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Good correlation was found with Nachemson's data during many exercises, with the exception of the comparison of standing and sitting or of the various lying positions. Notwithstanding the limitations related to the single-subject design of this study, these differences may be explained by the different transducers used. It can be cautiously concluded that the intradiscal pressure during sitting may in fact be less than that in erect standing, that muscle activity increases pressure, that constantly changing position is important to promote flow of fluid (nutrition) to the disc, and that many of the physiotherapy methods studied are valid, but a number of them should be re-evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für kräftigungstherapie und Rehabilitation, Schmerzklinik Kirschgarten, Basel, Switzerland. hans-joachim.wilke@medizin.uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neef
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caimi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoogland
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Claes
mesh_terms: D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000502:physiology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D012016:Reference Values; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*