title: Release of adenylate kinase 2 from the mitochondrial intermembrane space during apoptosis.
abstract: The release of two mitochondrial proteins, cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), into the soluble cytoplasm of cells undergoing apoptosis is well established. Using spectrophotometric determination of enzyme activity, the accumulation of adenylate kinase (AK) activity in the cytosolic fraction of apoptotic cells has also been observed recently. However, three isozymes, AK1, AK2 and AK3, have been characterized in mammalian cells and shown to be localized in the cytosol, mitochondrial intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix, respectively, and it is unknown which one of these isozymes accumulates in the cytosol during apoptosis. We now demonstrate that in apoptotic cells only AK2 was translocated into the cytosol concomitantly with cytochrome c. The amount of AK1 in cytosol, as well as the amount of matrix-associated AK3, remained unchanged during the apoptotic process. Thus, our data suggest that only intermembrane proteins are released from mitochondria during the early phase of the apoptotic process.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gahm
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noma
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Orrenius
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhivotovsky
mesh_terms: D000263:Adenylate Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D017209:Apoptosis; D001692:Biological Transport; D002451:Cell Compartmentation; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology*; D005047:Etoposide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D019169:Jurkat Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D007527:Isoenzymes; D005047:Etoposide; D000263:Adenylate Kinase; C110938:adenylate kinase 2