title: A cytoplasmic sequence in human tyrosinase defines a second class of di-leucine-based sorting signals for late endosomal and lysosomal delivery.
abstract: Distinct cytoplasmic sorting signals target integral membrane proteins to late endosomal compartments, but it is not known whether different signals direct targeting by different pathways. The availability of multiple pathways may permit some cell types to divert proteins to specialized compartments, such as the melanosome of pigmented cells. To address this issue, we characterized sorting determinants of tyrosinase, a tissue-specific resident protein of the melanosome. The cytoplasmic domain of tyrosinase was both necessary and sufficient for internalization and steady state localization to late endosomes and lysosomes in HeLa cells. Mutagenesis of two leucine residues within a conventional di-leucine motif ablated late endosomal localization. However, the properties of this di-leucine-based signal were distinguished from that of CD3gamma by overexpression studies; overexpression of the tyrosinase signal, but not the well characterized CD3gamma signal, induced a 4-fold enlargement of late endosomes and lysosomes and interfered with endosomal sorting mediated by both tyrosine- and other di-leucine-based signals. These properties suggest that the tyrosinase and CD3gamma di-leucine signals are distinctly recognized and sorted by distinct pathways to late endosomes in non-pigmented cells. We speculate that melanocytic cells utilize the second pathway to divert proteins to the melanosome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6082, USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Bieler
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Berson
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000201:enzymology*; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D004705:Endocytosis; D011992:Endosomes / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D007930:Leucine / Q000378:metabolism*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000201:enzymology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; D014443:Tyrosine; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D007930:Leucine