title: Invasive meningococcal infection in Western Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review signs and symptoms in children diagnosed with meningococcal infection; to assess age, sex and race distribution of meningococcal infection; and to assess associations of the presenting features with morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case notes review for a 5-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  105 patients aged between 19 days and 13 years. MAIN DATA REVIEWED: Temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, type of rash, age, sex, race and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 105 patients, 67.6% were Caucasian, 27.6% Aboriginal and 4.8% of other origin. There were 14.3% patients under 3 months of age (2.9% neonates), 48.6% between 3 months and 2 years, 21% between 2 and 4 years and 16.2% older than 4 years. The male:female ratio was 1.4. Features at presentation in decreasing order of frequency were: fever (89.5%), tachypnoea (73.3%), rash (59% [maculopapular 17.1%, petechial 27.6% and purpuric 14.3%]), vomiting (52.4%), irritability (44.8%), tachycardia (37.5%), lethargy (36.2%), neck stiffness (32.4%) and non-specific immediately preceding illness (15.2%). Purpura and a reduced systolic blood pressure were significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality, purpura and reduced diastolic blood pressure with an increased risk of morbidity. Initial misdiagnosis occurred in 17.1% of cases, with the majority of those misdiagnosed (83.3%) aged less than 2 years. Predominant serotyping was Group B followed by Group C. Major findings were a marked male preponderance in patients under 3 months of age. The incidence of meningococcal infection in the Aboriginal population was approximately six times that in the non-Aboriginal population. The yearly incidence of meningococcal disease during the study period ranged from 5.2 to 10.5 per 100,000. Long-term morbidity occurred in 8.6% of cases and mortality was 8.6%. Higher morbidity and mortality figures were found in those with septicaemia alone. Children referred from peripheral hospitals had a higher mortality but a comparable morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Western Australia.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Olesch
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D009017:Morbidity; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D044469:Racial Groups; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012703:Serotyping; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology