title: Extrahepatic synthesis of plasminogen in the human cornea is up-regulated by interleukins-1alpha and -1beta.
abstract: The avascular cornea has limited access to plasma proteins, including plasminogen, a protein that is synthesized by the liver and supplied to most tissues via the blood. Recent experiments by others using plasminogen-deficient mice revealed the importance of plasmin, the active form of plasminogen, for the maintenance of the normal cornea and for corneal wound healing [Kao, Kao, Bugge, Kaufman, Kombrinck, Converse, Good and Degan (1998) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39, 502-508; Drew, Kaufman, Kombrinck, Danton, Daugherty, Degen and Bugge (1998) Blood 91, 1616-1624]. In the present experiments, plasmin was identified as a major serine proteinase in the human cornea. The major plasminogen and plasmin forms on non-reducing zymograms and Western blots had Mr values of 76x10(3) and 85x10(3), with minor forms of Mr 200x10(3), 135x10(3), 68x10(3) and 45x10(3). Angiostatin-like peptides with Mrs of 48x10(3), 45x10(3) and 38x10(3) were observed which bound to lysine-Sepharose and reacted with anti-plasminogen monoclonal antibodies directed towards kringle domains 1-3 of plasminogen. The cornea contained 1.1+/-0.15 microgram of plasminogen+plasmin/cornea, or 0.54+/-0.05 microgram of plasminogen+plasmin/mg of protein. Cornea conditioned medium contained nine times the amount of plasminogen+plasmin that could be extracted from the cornea. These data suggested that corneal cells, unlike most extrahepatic cells, synthesize plasminogen. The synthesis of plasminogen by the cornea was confirmed by immunoprecipitation of metabolically labelled plasminogen, sequencing of its cDNA obtained by reverse transcriptase-PCR and inhibition of protein synthesis. Interleukins-1alpha and -1beta stimulated corneal plasminogen synthesis 2-3-fold; however, interleukin-6 decreased corneal plasminogen synthesis by approx. 40% at early times after addition of the cytokine. By 24 h of culture, no differences were noted in the presence and absence of interleukin-6. Thus the cornea can synthesize plasminogen and regulate its synthesis in response to its environment, including cytokines induced in the cornea by injury and inflammation. Therefore the cornea can control the amount of plasminogen, the precursor of both plasmin and angiostatin.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biochemistry and Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. stwining@mcw.edu
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Twining
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ngamkitidechakul
mesh_terms: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002364:Caseins / Q000378:metabolism; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000737:chemistry; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005098:Exotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D018093:Gelatinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000494:pharmacology; D037521:Virulence Factors; D000097668:Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A
chemical_list: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D002364:Caseins; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D005098:Exotoxins; D005341:Fibrinolysin; D018093:Gelatinases; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010958:Plasminogen; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D037521:Virulence Factors; D000097668:Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A