title: Prophylactic lidocaine use in acute myocardial infarction: incidence and outcomes from two international trials. The GUSTO-I and GUSTO-IIb Investigators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early meta-analyses suggested that prophylactic lidocaine use reduces ventricular fibrillation but increases mortality rates after acute myocardial infarction. We determined the frequency and effect on clinical outcomes with its use in the thrombolytic era.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 43,704 patients enrolled in GUSTO-I or GUSTO-IIb who had ST-segment elevation, underwent thrombolysis, and survived at least 1 hour after enrollment. Odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the risk of asystole, atrioventricular block, ventricular fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia during hospitalization; for 24-hour, in-hospital, and 30-day mortality rates; and for 24-hour and 30-day mortality rates after adjustment for baseline predictors of death. In GUSTO-I and GUSTO-IIb, 16% and 3.5% of patients, respectively, received prophylactic lidocaine. They had a lower risk of death at 24 hours (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.97) and trends toward lower odds of in-hospital death (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.01) and death at 30 days (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.82 to 1. 02). After adjustment for baseline characteristics, however, the odds of death were similar with or without lidocaine (OR 0.90 and 0. 97, respectively). Outside the United States, lidocaine was associated with higher incidences of all serious arrhythmias, but in US patients it conferred a lower likelihood of ventricular fibrillation and no increase in asystole, atrioventricular block, or mortality rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic lidocaine use has decreased with the advent of thrombolysis, although its use may not be associated with increased mortality rates.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sadowski
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Aylward
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Topol
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D014943:Global Health; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013300:Streptokinase / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015996:Survival Rate; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D006493:Heparin; D008012:Lidocaine; D013300:Streptokinase; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator