title: Parent-child relationships, child temperament profiles and children's alcohol use norms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of child temperament, parents' alcohol use norms for their children and parent-child relationship quality to children's alcohol use norms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational and self-report data on these variables were gathered from mothers, fathers and target children during home visits to a purposive random sample of 171 intact white families with a 10- to 12-year-old child, 85 with girls and 86 with boys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Liberality in children's norms was associated with active, sensation-seeking temperament, liberality in parents' norms and poor parent-child relationship quality. Positive parent-child, particularly father-child, relationships were associated with less liberal child norms even when parents' norms were liberal and children's temperaments were active and sensation oriented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positive parent-child relationships have a conventionalizing effect on children's alcohol use norms that moderates the effects of temperament and parental norms. The development of alcohol use norms is best described by transactional models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Family Development, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA.
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Flor
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hollett-Wright
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: McCoy
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Donovan
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D013694:Temperament; D013695:Temperance / Q000523:psychology