title: Cardiovascular risk factors, angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism, and left ventricular mass in systemic hypertension.
abstract: We investigated the influence of major cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus) on the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism and echocardiographic left ventricular mass in 225 patients with sustained hypertension, assessed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. When the study population was analyzed as a whole, the 3 ACE genotypes did not differ in left ventricular mass (II, 47 g/m2.7; ID, 49 g/m2.7; DD, 51 g/m2.7; p = NS). No difference was found in subjects (n = 135) in whom at least 1 major cardiovascular risk factor was present (II, 51 g/m2.7; ID, 51 g/m2.7; DD: 52 g/m2.7; p = NS). In contrast, in the absence of cardiovascular risk factors, DD subjects (n = 32) exhibited left ventricular mass index higher than non-DD (ID/II) subjects (n = 75; p <0.05). After controlling for age and sex, in the absence of cardiovascular risk factors, the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy was 3.8-fold higher in DD than in non-DD patients (odds ratio 3.8; 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 12.1, p <0.02). We conclude that in the present setting of patients with established sustained systemic hypertension, the absence of risk factors potentially affecting cardiovascular adaptation allows for the detection of a positive association between homozygosity for the D allele of the ACE gene and left ventricular hypertrophy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University Hospital, School of Medicine, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Celentano
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crivaro
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Stefano
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Minno
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Simone
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005838:Genotype; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A