title: Modeling of polychromatic attenuation using computed tomography reconstructed images.
abstract: This paper presents a procedure for estimating an accurate model of the CT imaging process including spectral effects. As raw projection data are typically unavailable to the end-user, we adopt a post-processing approach that utilizes the reconstructed images themselves. This approach includes errors from x-ray scatter and the nonidealities of the built-in soft tissue correction into the beam characteristics, which is crucial to beam hardening correction algorithms that are designed to be applied directly to CT reconstructed images. We formulate this approach as a quadratic programming problem and propose two different methods, dimension reduction and regularization, to overcome ill conditioning in the model. For the regularization method we use a statistical procedure, Cross Validation, to select the regularization parameter. We have constructed step-wedge phantoms to estimate the effective beam spectrum of a GE CT-I scanner. Using the derived spectrum, we computed the attenuation ratios for the wedge phantoms and found that the worst case modeling error is less than 3% of the corresponding attenuation ratio. We have also built two test (hybrid) phantoms to evaluate the effective spectrum. Based on these test phantoms, we have shown that the effective beam spectrum provides an accurate model for the CT imaging process. Last, we used a simple beam hardening correction experiment to demonstrate the effectiveness of the estimated beam profile for removing beam hardening artifacts. We hope that this estimation procedure will encourage more independent research on beam hardening corrections and will lead to the development of application-specific beam hardening correction algorithms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Whalen
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Beaupré
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Napel
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000535:Aluminum; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D000535:Aluminum