title: Experimental utilization of the holmium laser in a model of ureteroscopic lithotripsy: energy analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Medical lasers have rapidly expanded in both indications and utilization. We have developed a simple model for the investigation of various modalities of lithotripsy using readily available silicate stones of uniform mass.
  
  
  METHODS
  The holmium:YAG VersaPulse Select (Coherent, Palo Alto, CA) was used in these experiments to define the relation between fiber diameter and efficacy of stone fragmentation. For each fiber, lithotripsy was performed in an incremental fashion at 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 J at a frequency of 10, 16, and 20 pulses per second at each energy level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total kilojoules did not differ between any fibers investigated, supporting the consistency of our methodology. The power density of the holmium laser energy, as expressed as total kJ/area, decreases in proportion to increasing fiber diameter. We expected an increase in fragmentation success as fiber diameter decreased (at equal energy output). However, peak lithotripsy occurred with the 365- and 550-microm fibers, whereas neither the 200- nor the 1000-microm fibers was effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model utilizing a silicate stone phantom supports our clinical observation that the 365-microm fiber (and additionally the 550-microm fiber) provides the best method for efficient intracorporeal lithotripsy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, New York, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Calvano
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borhan-Manesh
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mehlhaff
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008954:Models, Biological; D018666:Ureteroscopy; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000628:therapy*