title: Severe and fatal complications after diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: a prospective series of claims to insurance covering public hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increasing numbers of patients are undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and more departments and doctors are performing ERCP, while new data from large prospective series have documented the risks of both diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP. The establishment in Denmark of a Patient Insurance Association, which has covered injury caused during investigation and treatment in public hospitals since July 1992, has made it possible to collect and analyze a large prospective series of ERCP complications for which compensation has been claimed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine consecutive claims for compensation due to complications after ERCP occurring between 1 July 1992 and 31 December 1996 were investigated. Case notes were reviewed, along with laboratory reports and radiographs. The complications were classified according to the international consensus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Claims for compensation were made in 39 cases from 25 hospitals. The indication for ERCP was appropriate in 31. Precut papillotomy for access had been performed in seven. The severity of the complications was mild in one patient, moderate in three patients, severe in 24, and fatal in nine; in two cases, the severity was not classifiable. The complications were: pancreatitis in 23 patients (seven cases fatal, one of which had involved a precut procedure), bleeding in two, perforation in nine (six had a precut procedure, one died), and other reasons in five (including one fatal case). Among the nine fatal cases, cannulation had not been achieved in two and the endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram was normal in four, one of whom underwent a sphincterotomy. One patient with a previous adenoma had an endoprosthesis removed, developed gangrenous cholecystitis afterward, and died. Thirty patients were eligible for compensation. The rejected cases included mild and moderate pancreatitis, a case of fatal hemorrhagic pancreatitis in which the patient had refused blood transfusion, and one patient who had pancreatitis prior to ERCP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ERCP, even for diagnostic purposes, may be associated with very serious and even fatal complications. The use of the precut procedure for access should still be considered dangerous. Other means of investigating the bile ducts should be developed. If endoscopic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance cholangiography prove to have the same diagnostic value as ERCP, which must be considered the gold standard for visualizing the ducts today, they might replace ERCP as the primary investigation in patients with an intermediate or low risk of bile duct stones; this would reduce the numbers of patients exposed to the risks of ERCP.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Surgery A, Hillerød Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trap
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adamsen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hart-Hansen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henriksen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007342:Insurance Benefits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007344:Insurance Claim Reporting / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007351:Insurance, Liability / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies