title: Carcinogen exposure, p53 alteration, and K-ras mutation in synchronous multiple primary lung carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Synchronous multiple primary lung tumors (SMPLT) have been estimated to occur in 1% of lung carcinoma patients. Criteria for SMPLT diagnosis include different cancer histologies, location in different lobes of the lung, or genetic discordance. Patients with SMPLT have a poor clinical prognosis with decreased 5-year disease survival, despite diagnosis at an early stage. Field cancerization (the induction of somatic mutation in large clones of epithelial cells after carcinogen exposure) has been proposed to be an integral process involved in the development of SMPLT. Host factors also may contribute to the development of SMPLT.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors investigated the occurrence of p53 and K-ras alterations in tumors from SMPLT patients and also studied the association between carcinogen exposure and polymorphic metabolic traits in SMPLT patients, comparing these patients with individuals with one primarily lung tumor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a case-control study of lung carcinoma susceptibility, 6 patients were identified whose 33 multiple tumors met the criteria of SMPLT. The incidence was 3.6% (16 of 451 patients), which was higher than many previously published series. Among the multiple tumors, 73% (24 of 33 tumors) were adenocarcinomas. Patients with SMPLT smoked more (73.0 pack-years vs. 56.2 pack-years; P = 0.07) and longer (45.8 years vs. 37.0 years; P < 0.03) than patients with only 1 tumor. For those patients who stopped smoking, patients with SMPLT had stopped smoking more recently than those with a single primary tumor (3.4 years vs. 7.3 years; P = 0.08). A total of 39% of SMPLT tumors (13 of 33 tumors) had detectable p53 alterations; 36% had genetic changes in p53 measured by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism, and 33% showed positive immunostaining for p53 protein. This was comparable to the occurrence of p53 mutations and immunostaining in single tumor cases (30%). Age, gender, family history of cancer, and the prevalence of polymorphic metabolic traits previously associated with lung carcinoma susceptibility did not differ among SMPLT patients compared with patients with a single tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patients with SMPLT had significantly more tobacco exposure, and their tumors apparently had independently arising p53 and K-ras mutations, suggesting that field cancerization may be important in lung carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Health Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Christiani
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Wiencke
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wain
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kelsey
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D000368:Aged; D001194:Asbestos / Q000009:adverse effects; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D016158:Genes, p53; D011905:Genes, ras; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation
chemical_list: D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D001194:Asbestos