title: Combination therapy with stavudine (d4T) plus didanosine (ddI) in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 327 Team.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety, tolerance, and antiviral activity of combination therapy with stavudine (d4T) plus didanosine (ddI) in symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study enrolled HIV-infected children who successfully completed Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) protocol 240 (d4T versus zidovudine [ZDV] monotherapy) without disease progression or who had received ZDV monotherapy by prescription for at least the preceding 6 months. Children who had received d4T monotherapy in PACTG 240 were assigned to treatment with d4T plus ddI (arm 1). Children who had received ZDV monotherapy in PACTG 240 or by prescription were randomized in a double-blind manner to treatment with either d4T alone (arm 2) or d4T plus ddI (arm 3). Patients were followed for 48 weeks each.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 108 children were enrolled. The mean age was 5.0 years (range, 1. 6 to 11.5 years), with mean baseline plasma HIV RNA concentration and CD4(+) lymphocyte count of 4.6 log10 copies/mL (range, 2.6 to 5. 9 log10 copies/mL) and 819 cells/microL (range, 8 to 3431 cells/microL), respectively. Both d4T monotherapy and d4T plus ddI combination therapy were well-tolerated, with 96 (89%) patients completing 48 weeks of study treatment. Plasma HIV RNA concentrations showed larger average declines in arm 3 compared with arm 2 at study week 12 (0.49 vs 0.18 log10 copies/mL, respectively); these average declines were maintained through week 48 (0.51 vs 0.17 log10 copies/mL, respectively). Fewer than 8% of the patients in any of the treatment arms had plasma HIV RNA concentrations below the limit of quantification (200 copies/mL) at any time point.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination therapy with d4T plus ddI is safe and well-tolerated in HIV-infected children, producing durable, but incomplete, suppression of virus replication. This combination of nucleoside antiretroviral agents may provide a valuable backbone to protease inhibitor-containing treatment regimens for HIV-infected children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Van Dyke
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lindsey
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gwynne
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Culnane
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yogev
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mofenson
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016049:Didanosine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D018119:Stavudine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018119:Stavudine; D016049:Didanosine