title: Expression of murine HOXD9 during embryonic joint patterning and in human T lymphotropic virus type I tax transgenic mice with arthropathy resembling rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the expression of murine HOXD9 during normal joint development and in arthritic joints of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) tax transgenic mice and the role of HTLV-I tax in HOXD9 expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of HOXD9, HOXD1O, HOXD11, HOXD12, and HOXD13 genes in joint tissues at the ankle/foot regions of mouse embryos at day 10 to day 18 of gestation (E10-E18) and neonates within 10 days after birth was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and in situ reverse transcription methods. Adult synovial tissues from 5 HTLV-I tax transgenic mice with chronic polyarthritis and 4 nontransgenic (normal) mice were also examined for expression of these HOXD genes. The effect of HTLV-I on HOXD9 expression in cultured synoviocytes was studied by in vitro infection and transfection experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of HOXD9 was detected in embryonic joints, preferentially on articular cartilage, only during the early stages of joint development (up to E15), whereas other HOXD genes were expressed throughout the embryonic and neonatal stages. In adult mice, transcripts of HOXD9 were specifically detected in synovial tissues from 4 of 5 arthritic mice, especially in the lining and sublining synovial cells, but not in synovial tissues of normal mice. Activation of HOXD9 was observed in cultured synoviocytes infected with HTLV-I in vitro as well as in those transfected with HTLV-I tax.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that HOXD9 is involved not only in the early stages of normal joint development, but may also be involved in the pathologic process of arthritis. HTLV-I tax appeared as an activator of this HOX gene in cultured synoviocytes.
authors.affiliation: St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Khoa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasunuma
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishioka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015342:DNA Probes; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D016356:Gene Products, tax / Q000235:genetics*; D015368:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007596:Joints / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D014162:Transfection; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016356:Gene Products, tax; C490282:Hoxd9 protein, mouse; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins