title: Immunolocalization of beta2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H) to human atherosclerotic plaques: potential implications for lesion progression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  beta2-Glycoprotein I (beta2GPI) is a major antigenic target of antiphospholipid antibodies, which possesses natural anticoagulant properties. The aim of the present study was to determine its presence and localization within human atherosclerotic plaques and to study its association with endothelial cells and monocyte macrophages in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human atherosclerotic lesions were obtained after carotid endarterectomies and studied immunohistochemically with anti-beta2GPI as well as antibodies to CD4/CD8, macrophages, and adhesion molecules. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and U937 (myelomonocytic cell line) cells were investigated for their ability to associate with radiolabeled beta2GPI. We found beta2GPI to be abundantly expressed within the subendothelial regions and intimal-medial borders of human atherosclerotic plaques and to colocalize with CD4-positive lymphocytes. This observation was confirmed by Western blot applied on homogenates of atherosclerotic lesions with anti-beta2GPI antibodies. Both HUVECs and U937 cells bound labeled beta2GPI, and the process was inhibited by oxidized LDL and not by native LDL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The abundant presence of human beta2GPI within the lesions, its association with endothelial cells and macrophages, and its colocalization with CD4-positive lymphocytes suggests that it may serve as a target for an immune-mediated reaction that can influence lesion progression.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Medicine B; Institute of Lipid and Atherosclerosis Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harats
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gilburd
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afek
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneiderman
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barshack
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kopolovic
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoenfeld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D011817:Rabbits; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein