title: Prospective, randomized comparison of epidural versus parenteral opioid analgesia in thoracic trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate systemic versus epidural opioid administration for analgesia in patients sustaining thoracic trauma.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The authors have previously shown that epidural analgesia significantly reduces the pain associated with significant chest wall injury. Recent studies report that epidural analgesia is associated with a lower catecholamine and cytokine response in patients undergoing elective thoracotomy compared with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). This study compares the effect of epidural analgesia and PCA on pain relief, pulmonary function, cathechol release, and immune response in patients sustaining significant thoracic trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (ages 18 to 60 years) sustaining thoracic injury were prospectively randomized to receive epidural analgesia or PCA during an 18-month period. Levels of serum interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured every 12 hours for 3 days by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Urinary catecholamine levels were measured every 24 hours. Independent observers assessed pulmonary function using standard techniques and analgesia using a verbal rating score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four patients of the 34 enrolled completed the study. Age, injury severity score, thoracic abbreviated injury score, and length of hospital stay did not differ between the two groups. There was no significant difference in plasma levels of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, or TNF-alpha or urinary catecholamines between the two groups at any time point. Epidural analgesia was associated with significantly reduced plasma levels of IL-8 at days 2 and 3, verbal rating score of pain on days 1 and 3, and maximal inspiratory force and tidal volume on day 3 versus PCA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidural analgesia significantly reduced pain with chest wall excursion compared with PCA. The route of analgesia did not affect the catecholamine response. However, serum levels of IL-8, a proinflammatory chemoattractant that has been implicated in acute lung injury, were significantly reduced in patients receiving epidural analgesia on days 2 and 3. This may have important clinical implications because lower levels of IL-8 may reduce infectious or inflammatory complications in the trauma patient. Also, tidal volume and maximal inspiratory force were improved with epidural analgesia by day 3. These results demonstrate that epidural analgesia is superior to PCA in providing analgesia, improving pulmonary function, and modifying the immune response in patients with severe chest injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Luchette
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crews
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sudarshan
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johannigman
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Frame
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012119:Respiration; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D016207:Cytokines; D009020:Morphine; D008012:Lidocaine