title: Preneoplastic mammary tumor markers: Cripto and Amphiregulin are overexpressed in hyperplastic stages of tumor progression in transgenic mice.
abstract: Amphiregulin (Ar) and Cripto (Cr) are autocrine growth factors for mammary cells and both have been observed to exhibit high expression in human mammary tumors, in contrast with adjacent tissues. To investigate whether Ar and Cr play roles in the progression of mammary cell proliferation to unregulated growth and tumor formation, the levels of expression were examined in transgenic mice (TGM) that over-express several different oncogenes: MMTV-Polyoma virus middle T antigen (MMTV-PyMT), MMTV-c-ErbB2 (c-neu, HER2) and MT-hTGF alpha. These transgenic mice all produce mammary tumors but with different rates of progression. The levels of Ar were induced up to 10-fold in association with hyperplasia in 2 of the TGM. Cr overexpression was consistently observed in hyperplastic mammary glands in all the animal models, decreasing in overt tumors in 2 of the TGM models. In MMTV-PyMT mammary glands, the levels of Cr expression rose 7- to 10-fold in hyperplastic tissue and 25-fold the levels in tumors compared to age-matched transgene negative mice. Ar and especially Cr thus should have potential value as markers of preneoplastic change in mammary tissue.
authors.affiliation: The Burnham Institute, La Jolla Cancer Research Center, CA, USA. cniemeyer@strubix.com
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Niemeyer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spencer-Dene
authors.forename: J X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Adamson
mesh_terms: D066258:Amphiregulin; D000818:Animals; D000957:Antigens, Viral, Tumor / Q000235:genetics; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000032:analysis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D002455:Cell Division; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D005260:Female; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D018734:Genes, erbB-2; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008324:Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse / Q000235:genetics*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D009857:Oncogenes; D011120:Polyomavirus / Q000235:genetics; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D066258:Amphiregulin; D000957:Antigens, Viral, Tumor; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006133:Growth Substances; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; C587848:AREG protein, human; C587849:Areg protein, mouse; C070636:TDGF1 protein, human; C489450:Tdgf1 protein, mouse