title: Essential role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in monophosphoryl lipid A-induced late cardioprotection: evidence from pharmacological inhibition and gene knockout mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA), a nontoxic analogue of endotoxin, is a pharmacological agent that is known to have anti-ischemic effects. Mechanisms involved with the cardioprotection are still unclear. A role for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was recently proposed. We tested this hypothesis using S-methylisothiourea (SMT), one of the specific pharmacological inhibitors of iNOS, as well as iNOS gene knockout mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adult male ICR or B6,129 mice were pretreated with either MLA 35 or 350 microg/kg IP (MLA35 or MLA350) or vehicle 24 hours before global ischemia/reperfusion, which was carried out in a Langendorff isolated perfused heart model (n=8 to 9 per group). Another group of MLA350 mice received SMT 3 mg/kg IP 30 minutes before heart perfusion. Ventricular contractile function and heart rate were not different between the groups during the preischemia and reperfusion periods (P>0.05). Preischemic basal coronary flow was significantly increased in all MLA350 but not MLA35 mice. Myocardial infarct size was reduced significantly, from 26.9+/-2.9% of risk area in vehicle-treated mice to 13.5+/-2.4% in the MLA350 group (mean+/-SEM, P<0.05). This reduction in infarct size was accompanied by augmented nitrite/nitrate accumulation, from 0.23+/-0. 05 nmol/mg protein in the vehicle group to 0.97+/-0.27 nmol/mg protein in MLA350 mice (P<0.01). Infarct size increased significantly, to 22.2+/-2.8% after treatment with SMT in the MLA350 group. Furthermore, MLA350 failed to reduce infarct size in iNOS knockout mice (25.5+/-3.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate a direct association of infarct size reduction with increased NO production with MLA350. An obligatory role for iNOS in mediating the cardioprotective effect induced by MLA was confirmed with the pharmacological inhibition and gene knockout mice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Jarrett
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kukreja
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007550:Isothiuronium / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D008050:Lipid A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009929:Organ Size; D016276:Ventricular Function / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008050:Lipid A; D007550:Isothiuronium; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C027744:S-methylisothiopseudouronium; C048436:monophosphoryl lipid A