title: Pharmacoeconomics research credibility: a controversial and recurring theme in health outcomes research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper provides a framework for and discussion of the continued development and adoption of good health outcomes practice with application to health outcomes research.
  
  
  METHODS
  We explored the issue of credibility in health outcomes research, including efforts within academia, governments, industry, and other interested parties to elevate the standard of health outcomes research to that currently expected of clinical research. A large percentage of health outcomes research programs are designed, implemented, and funded through efforts of the pharmaceutical industry; this fact casts doubt on the validity of study findings, with the result that these results often may be disregarded entirely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The constantly increasing need to demonstrate value for money in the context of health-care interventions is likely to continue as the need for continued high quality medical care persists and health-care budgets decline. Efforts aimed at guiding healthcare expenditures, such as health outcomes research, require further examination and attention.
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA. MEM@lilly.com
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Minshall
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kody
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mosbacher
mesh_terms: D016265:Conflict of Interest; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D011639:Public Opinion; D012107:Research Design; D014481:United States