title: Endoscopic treatment of tracheoesophageal fistula using electrocautery and the Nd:YAG laser.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopy is a well-established means of diagnosis in recurrent and congenital H-type tracheoesophageal fistulas. There is only limited knowledge of its role in the treatment using either electrocautery or laser. Laser application has not yet been reported in the treatment of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1993 to 1997 five patients with tracheoesophageal fistula (two congenital H-type and three recurrent) were treated endoscopically using a rigid ventilating bronchoscope. The final diagnosis was made on bronchoscopic examination. In two of the patients with recurrent fistulas and one with congenital fistula, the mucosal lining was fulgurated with electrocautery via an insulated wire. In one patient each with recurrent and congenital fistula, the mucosal lining was vaporized with the Nd:YAG laser via a 600 microm bare quartz fiber.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obliteration of the fistula was achieved in both the patients in whom laser was used, but it was unsuccessful in two of the three children in whom electrocautery was used. The obliquity of the congenital H-type fistula renders it more amenable to obliteration compared with the short and direct recurrent fistula. There was significant respiratory distress in the postoperative period after use of electrocautery. However, it was uneventful with the use of laser.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic treatment of recurrent and congenital H-type tracheoesophageal fistula is technically easier than open surgical procedures and helps avoid the risks associated with the latter. The Nd:YAG laser is qualitatively better than electrocautery for the obliteration of the fistula.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sriniwas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwala
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Mitra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D004564:Electrocoagulation; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000601:surgery*