Thyroid health status of ammonium perchlorate workers: a cross-sectional occupational health study.
Since pharmaceutical exposures to perchlorate are known to suppress thyroid function in patients with hyperthyroidism, a study of employees at a perchlorate manufacturing plant was conducted to assess whether occupational exposure to perchlorate suppresses thyroid function. Exposure to perchlorate was assessed by measurement of ambient air concentrations of total and respirable perchlorate particles, and systemic absorption was assessed by measurement of urinary perchlorate excretion. Airborne exposures ranged from 0.004 to 167 mg total particulate perchlorate per day. Urinary perchlorate measurements demonstrated that exposure to the airborne particulate perchlorate resulted in systemic absorption. Workers were grouped into four exposure categories with mean absorbed perchlorate dosages of 1, 4, 11 and 34 mg perchlorate per day. Thyroid function was assessed by measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine index, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyroid hormone binding ratio, thyroid peroxidase antibodies, and by clinical examination. No differences in thyroid-function parameters were found between the four groups of workers across approximately three orders of magnitude of exposure and of dose. Thus human thyroid function was not affected by these levels of absorbed perchlorate. In addition, no clinical evidence of thyroid abnormalities was found in any exposure group. The blood-cell counts were normal in all groups, indicating no evidence of hematotoxicity in this exposure range. The absence of evidence of an effect on thyroid function or blood cells from occupational airborne perchlorate exposure at a mean absorption of 34 mg/day demonstrates a no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) that can assist in the evaluation of human health risks from environmental perchlorate contamination.
Lamm
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Epidemiology and Occupational Health, Inc. (CEOH, Inc.), Washington, DC 20007, USA.
Braverman
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Li
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Richman
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Pino
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Howearth
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D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests
D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D010472:Perchlorates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D007455:Iodine; C053506:ammonium perchlorate