title: Genotoxic effects in bacteria of the light emitted by halogen tungsten lamps having treated quartz bulbs.
abstract: Traditional halogen tungsten lamps, which are extensively used worldwide for the illumination of indoor environments, have a quartz bulb which transmits not only visible light but also ultraviolet (UV) light. Due to the output of far-UV wavelengths, halogen lamps were found in previous studies to be potently genotoxic in bacteria, clastogenic in cultured human cells, and carcinogenic in hairless mice. This discovery prompted the launching of new halogen lamps, known as UV-Stop, UV-Block, or similar trade names, which have the quartz glass treated in such a way to reduce its permeability to UV radiation. Surprisingly, these lamps are advertised for attenuating discolouration of UV-sensitive materials, such as fabrics, paintings, works of art and furniture, whereas protection of the human skin from potential carcinogenic risks is overlooked. We tested forty-seven 12 V-powered lamps with treated quartz bulb, which were made available by five producers as blind-coded samples. After exposure to either 1000 lx for 30 min or 2500 lx for 60 min, the 50 W lamps from two producers were borderline mutagenic in strains TA100 and TA104 of S. typhimurium, and induced an evident and dose-related DNA damage in the E. coli strain CM871 (uvrA- recA- lexA-), as compared to its isogenic, DNA repair-proficient counterpart WP2. The 50 W lamps supplied by the other three producers also induced a significant genotoxic damage, but only after exposure for 60 min at illuminance levels of 2500 lx or higher. In calibration experiments, one of these three lamp brands was found to induce in 60 min a genotoxic damage which was equivalent to the one induced in just 55 s by a traditional halogen lamp. Therefore, the new types of lamps with treated quartz bulbs provide an appreciable step forward in the safety of halogen lamps, but some output of genotoxic UV radiations does still occur. Moreover, the lamps manufactured by different producers are not equally effective to this respect. By comparison, the simple application of a glass cover to a traditional halogen lamp completely prevented genotoxic effects, even after 60 min of exposure at an illuminance of 10,000 lx. Suitable regulations are urgently needed for controlling the biological safety or artificial illumination systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, via A. Pastore 1, I-16132, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camoirano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bennicelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bagnasco
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Flora
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004249:DNA Damage; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000528:radiation effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006219:Halogens; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting / Q000009:adverse effects; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014414:Tungsten / Q000009:adverse effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D006219:Halogens; D014414:Tungsten