title: Adenosine myocardial protection: preliminary results of a phase II clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety, tolerance, and efficacy of adenosine in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Inadequate myocardial protection in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery contributes to overall hospital morbidity and mortality. For this reason, new pharmacologic agents are under investigation to protect the regionally and globally ischemic heart.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 253 patients were randomized to one of three cohorts. The treatment arms consisted of the intraoperative administration of cold blood cardioplegia, blood cardioplegia containing 500 microM adenosine, and blood cardioplegia containing 2 mM adenosine. Patients receiving adenosine cardioplegia were also given an infusion of adenosine (200 microg/kg/min) 10 minutes before and 15 minutes after removal of the aortic crossclamp. Invasive and noninvasive measurements of ventricular performance were obtained before, during, and after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The high-dose adenosine cohort was associated with a trend toward a decrease in high-dose dopamine support and a lower incidence of myocardial infarction. A composite outcome analysis demonstrated that patients who received high-dose adenosine were less likely to experience one of five adverse events: high-dose dopamine use, epinephrine use, insertion of intraaortic balloon pump, myocardial infarction, or death. The operative mortality rate for all patients studied was 3.6% (9/253).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adenosine treatment is safe and well tolerated and may be associated with fewer postoperative complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington 40526-0298, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mentzer
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Birjiniuk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khuri
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Rahko
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Weisel
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Wellons
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Lasley
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D000241:Adenosine