title: Prognostic value and expression of p21(waf1/cip1) protein in prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  p21(waf1/cip1) protein is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor able to arrest the cell cycle at the G1 phase by inhibiting DNA replication. The expression of p21(waf1/cip1) and its prognostic value in prostate cancer are largely unexplored.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of p21(waf1/cip1) in 213 prostate cancer cases, and the results were related to other known prognostic factors and patient survival during a long-term follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of p21 (waf1/cip1) protein was significantly associated with high Gleason score (P = 0.001), DNA aneuploidy (P = 0.013), high S-phase fraction (P = 0.019), and expression of Ki-67 (P = 0.021) and bcl-2 (P = 0.001) as well as cyclin A (P = 0.035) and D proteins (P<0.001). In univariate survival analysis the signal of p21(waf1/cip1) was significantly related to unfavorable prognosis (P = 0.010) both in the entire cohort and in local tumors (P = 0.034). In multivariate analysis, M-category, clinical T-category, Gleason score, and patient age were independent prognostic factors. In local tumors the expression of p21(waf1/cip1) together with clinical T-category and S-phase fraction were significant independent predictors of cancer related survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the expression of p21(waf1/cip1) protein is associated both with cell proliferation and patient survival in prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aaltomaa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lipponen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eskelinen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ala-Opas
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Kosma
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors