title: Non-invasive assessment of ocular pharmacokinetics using Confocal Raman Spectroscopy.
abstract: A Laser Scanning Confocal Raman Spectroscopy (LSCRS) system was applied for the non-invasive quantification of the transport of a drug through the rabbit cornea in vivo. Employing LSCRS, the changes in the amplitude of a drug-specific Raman signal were assessed over time in the tearfilm and corneal epithelium of the living rabbit eye (n = 6), after topical application of 25 microL Trusopt 2%. This allowed for quantification of pharmacokinetic variables. The effect of the drug on corneal hydration was also monitored. LSCRS demonstrated adequate sensitivity and reproducibility, for continuous real-time monitoring of the Trusopt concentration. Each concentration-time curve had a bi-phasic trend; the rapid initial phase (t<8 min.) corresponds to the nonproductive losses of Trusopt from the tears (k10 = 0.24+/-0.04 min(-1), and the slower later phase (t>20 min.) is the result of transfer of the drug from the corneal epithelium to the stroma (k23 = 0.0047+/-0.0004 min(-1). Drug absorption into the corneal epithelium occurred at a rate of k12 = 0.034+/-0.006 min(-1). Trusopt caused an acute dehydrating effect, with a maximum decrease in corneal hydration of approximately 15% at approximately 60 min. following application of the drug. LSCRS has the specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility and spatial resolution for employment as a potentially valuable tool for the study of ocular pharmacokinetics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Motamedi
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wicksted
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: March
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Webers
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hendrikse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D011817:Rabbits; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D013449:Sulfonamides; D013876:Thiophenes; C062765:dorzolamide