title: Urine color, osmolality and specific electrical conductance are not accurate measures of hydration status during postexercise rehydration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to determine whether urine color, osmolality and specific electrical conductance (SEC) provide an accurate index of hydration status and of fluid requirements during the recovery phase after an acute exercise-induced dehydration.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  eight well-trained healthy males were dehydrated about 3% of body mass, 3 times, by cycling in the heat. To rehydrate after exercise, three types of drinks frequently consumed by athletes postexercise, i.e. a caffeinated soft drink (CC), a mineral water (MW), or a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CES) were ingested ad libitum and in randomized cross-over design during the first 2 hrs of an observation period lasting 6 hrs.
  
  
  METHODS
  urine was sampled each hour for determination of color, osmolality and SEC. Net rehydration was calculated from fluid intake and fluid loss by sweat and urine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluid intake amounted 2.6 +/- 0.2 kg for CC, 2.2 +/- 0.2 kg for MW and 2.8 +/- 0.3 kg for CES representing 116%, 96% and 127% of fluid lost by sweat. Urine output showed a negative correlation with color, osmolality and SEC (p < 0.001). These variables were highly interrelated (p < 0.001). However, the level of rehydration did not correlate with any of the measured urinary variables (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urine color, SEC and osmolality are poor indicators of hydration status measured from the balance between fluid intake and urine output up to 6 hrs postexercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Senden
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brouns
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003681:Dehydration / Q000652:urine*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry