title: Decreasing antibiotic use in ambulatory practice: impact of a multidimensional intervention on the treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in US communities is due, in part, to the excessive use of antibiotics for acute respiratory tract infections.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To decrease total antibiotic use for uncomplicated acute bronchitis in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, nonrandomized controlled trial, including baseline (November 1996-February 1997) and study (November 1997-February 1998) periods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four selected primary care practices belonging to a group-model health maintenance organization in the Denver, Colo, metropolitan area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive adults diagnosed as having uncomplicated acute bronchitis. A total of 2462 adults were included at baseline and 2027 adults were included in the study. Clinicians included 56 physicians, 28 physician assistants or nurse practitioners, and 9 registered nurses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The full intervention site received household and office-based patient educational materials, as well as a clinician intervention consisting of education, practice-profiling, and academic detailing. A limited intervention site received only office-based educational materials, and control sites provided usual care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antibiotic prescriptions for uncomplicated acute bronchitis during baseline and study periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antibiotic prescription rates for uncomplicated acute bronchitis were similar at all 4 sites during the baseline period. During the study period, there was a substantial decline in antibiotic prescription rates at the full intervention site (from 74% to 48% [P = .003]), but not at the control and limited intervention sites (78% to 76% [P = .81] and 82% to 77% [P = .68], respectively). Compared with control sites, changes in nonantibiotic prescriptions (inhaled bronchodilators, cough suppressants, and analgesics) were not significantly different for intervention sites. Return office visits (within 30 days of the incident visit) for bronchitis or pneumonia did not change significantly for any of the sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antibiotic treatment of adults diagnosed as having uncomplicated acute bronchitis can be safely reduced using a combination of patient and clinician interventions.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA. Ralph.Gonzales@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lum
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Barrett
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009819:Office Visits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents