title: Frequency of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients on protease inhibitor therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of HIV-1 protease inhibitors on the frequency of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A clinical and analytic follow-up was carried out to determine the number of episodes of oropharyngeal candidiasis during HIV-1 protease inhibitor therapy and the relation of this incidence to the CD4 lymphocyte count and circulating neutrophils level. Seventy-five HIV-positive patients were selected, and HIV-1 protease inhibitor therapy was administered to each patient over a minimum of 6 months. These patients did not receive long-term preventive antifungal therapy for oral candidiasis, even as secondary prophylaxis against cryptococcosis. Results were compared with those obtained during the previous 6 months, during which patients had been treated only with reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At least one episode of oropharyngeal candidiasis was seen in 56% (42/75) of patients during reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy and in only 9.3% (7/75) of patients after the initiation of protease inhibitor therapy. The number of relapses decreased significantly when the 2 follow-up periods were compared (P<.0001). The CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte counts increased significantly with protease inhibitor therapy (P<.001 and P<.05, respectively). During reverse transcriptase inhibitor treatment, the probability of the presentation of oropharyngeal candidiasis correlated with falling CD4 counts (P<.0001). The HIV-1 protease inhibitor therapy was associated with a significant increase in the neutrophil count (P<.01). The probability of the occurrence of some episode of candidiasis correlated inversely with the circulating neutrophil level (P<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protease inhibitor therapy decreases the frequency of HIV-related oropharyngeal candidiasis. The mechanism involved is unknown, but it can be speculated that a reduction of the viral load increases the number of intact T helper cells, which in turn enhances the number of circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils and regulates their function by means of colony-stimulating factors.
authors.affiliation: Special Needs Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Santiago de Compostela University, Vigo, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Diz Dios
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ocampo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miralles
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Otero
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Iglesias
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rayo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors