title: Dialysate iron therapy: infusion of soluble ferric pyrophosphate via the dialysate during hemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soluble iron salts are toxic for parenteral administration because free iron catalyzes free radical generation. Pyrophosphate strongly complexes iron and enhances iron transport between transferrin, ferritin, and tissues. Hemodialysis patients need iron to replenish ongoing losses. We evaluated the short-term safety and efficacy of infusing soluble ferric pyrophosphate by dialysate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maintenance hemodialysis patients receiving erythropoietin were stabilized on regular doses of intravenous (i.v.) iron dextran after oral iron supplements were discontinued. During the treatment phase, 10 patients received ferric pyrophosphate via hemodialysis as monthly dialysate iron concentrations were progressively increased from 2, 4, 8, to 12 micrograms/dl and were then sustained for two additional months at 12 micrograms/dl (dialysate iron group); 11 control patients were continued on i.v. iron dextran (i.v. iron group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hemoglobin, serum iron parameters, and the erythropoietin dose did not change significantly from month 0 to month 6, both within and between the two groups. The weekly dose of i.v. iron (mean +/- SD) needed to maintain iron balance during month 6 was 56 +/- 37 mg in the i.v. iron group compared with 10 +/- 23 mg in the dialysate iron group (P = 0.001). Intravenous iron was required by all 11 patients in the i.v. iron group compared with only 2 of the 10 patients receiving 12 micrograms/dl dialysate iron. The incidence of adverse effects was similar in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Slow infusion of soluble iron pyrophosphate by hemodialysis may be a safe and effective alternative to the i.v. administration of colloidal iron dextran in maintenance hemodialysis patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Services, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA. ajgupta@usa.net
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Besarab
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Divine
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Anandan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000032:analysis; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012995:Solubility; D014168:Transferrin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D011756:Diphosphates; D006454:Hemoglobins; D014168:Transferrin; D004921:Erythropoietin; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron; C049051:ferric pyrophosphate