title: Tumor necrosis factor during pregnancy and at the onset of labor and spontaneous abortion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by peripheral blood cells during pregnancy, at the onset of labor and of spontaneous abortion (SA), as well as in non-pregnant women with and without a history of recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The peripheral blood cells TNF production was evaluated in 28 women in the 1st trimester of pregnancy, 21 in the 2nd, and 30 in the 3rd, 47 at term labor; 43, at the onset of SA; 19 healthy and 19 RSA non-pregnant women. The statistical method used was the Mann-Whitney test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed (1) lack of TNF detection in the 1st gestational trimester; (2) increase of TNF production with gestational age, with the highest values being observed at labor (P<0.05); (3) high TNF production at the onset of SA; (4) no difference in the TNF production by healthy and RSA non-pregnant women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The suppression of TNF production during the 1st trimester of pregnancy seems to favor the normal development of pregnancy. It remains to be investigated whether the assessment of TNF production is a valuable prognostic parameter for the occurrence of abortion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - EPM, Brasil. ger.dped@epm.br
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daher
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: O G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Musatti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerbase-DeLima
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007745:Labor Onset / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha