title: Defining regions of the Y-chromosome responsible for male infertility and identification of a fourth AZF region (AZFd) by Y-chromosome microdeletion detection.
abstract: Cytogenetic and molecular deletion analyses of azoospermic and oligozoospermic males have suggested the existence of AZoospermia Factor(s) (AZF) residing in deletion intervals 5 and 6 of the human Y-chromosome and coinciding with three functional regions associated with spermatogenic failure. Nonpolymorphic microdeletions in AZF are associated with a broad spectrum of testicular phenotypes. Unfortunately, Sequence Tagged Sites (STSs) employed in screening protocols range broadly in number and mapsite and may be polymorphic. To thoroughly analyze the AZF region(s) and any correlations that may be drawn between genotype and phenotype, we describe the design of nine multiplex PCR reactions derived from analysis of 136 loci. Each multiplex contains 4-8 STS primer pairs, amplifying a total of 48 Y-linked STSs. Each multiplex consists of one positive control: either SMCX or MIC2. We screened four populations of males with these STSs. Population I consisted of 278 patients diagnosed as having significant male factor infertility: either azoospermia, severe oligozoospermia associated with hypogonadism and spermatogenic arrest or normal sperm counts associated with abnormal sperm morphology. Population II consisted of 200 unselected infertile patients. Population III consisted of 36 patients who had previously been shown to have aneuploidy, cytological deletions or translocations involving the Y-chromosome or normal karyotypes associated with severe phenotype abnormalities. Population IV consisted of 920 fertile (control) males. The deletion rates in populations I, II and III were 20.5%, 7% and 58.3%, respectively. A total of 92 patients with deletions were detected. The deletion rate in population IV was 0.87% involving 8 fertile individuals and 4 STSs which were avoided in multiplex panel construction. The ability of the nine multiplexes to detect pathology associated microdeletions is equal to or greater than screening protocols used in other studies. Furthermore, the data suggest a fourth AZF region between AZFb and AZFc, which we have termed AZFd. Patients with microdeletions restricted to AZFd may present with mild oligozoospermia or even normal sperm counts associated with abnormal sperm morphology. Though a definitive genotype/phenotype correlation does not exist, large deletions spanning multiple AZF regions or microdeletions restricted to AZFa usually result in patients with Sertoli Cell Only (SCO) or severe oligozoospermia, whereas microdeletions restricted to AZFb or AZFc can result in patients with phenotypes which range from SCO to moderate oligozoospermia. The panel of nine multiplexed reactions, the Y-deletion Detection System (YDDS), provides a fast, efficient and accurate method of assessing the integrity of the Y-chromosome. To date, this study provides the most extensive screening of a proven fertile male population in tandem with 514 infertile males, derived from three different patient selection protocols.
authors.affiliation: Promega Corporation, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53711, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kent-First
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muallem
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shultz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pryor
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nolten
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meisner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chandley
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gouchy
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Havighurst
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grosch
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D016324:Sequence Tagged Sites; D014998:Y Chromosome