title: A critical review of epidemiologic studies of radiofrequency exposure and human cancers.
abstract: This paper reviews studies that have assessed associations between likely exposure to radiofrequency (RF) transmissions and various types of human cancer. These studies include three cluster investigations and five studies relating to general populations; all of these studies consider place of residence at the time of cancer diagnosis in regard to proximity to radio or television transmitters. There are also five relevant occupational cohort studies and several case-control studies of particular types of cancer. These studies assessed a large number of possible associations. Several positive associations suggesting an increased risk of some types of cancer in those who may have had greater exposure to RF emissions have been reported. However, the results are inconsistent: there is no type of cancer that has been consistently associated with RF exposures. The epidemiologic evidence falls short of the strength and consistency of evidence that is required to come to a reasonable conclusion that RF emissions are a likely cause of one or more types of human cancer. The evidence is weak in regard to its inconsistency, the design of the studies, the lack of detail on actual exposures, and the limitations of the studies in their ability to deal with other likely relevant factors. In some studies there may be biases in the data used
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. melwood@gandalf.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Elwood
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007953:Leukemia, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011846:Radio Waves