title: Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine in cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral administration of 5-fluorouracil (FUra), an important cytotoxic agent, is limited by a wide variation in bioavailability. 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (dFUrd), a masked form of FUra, has shown promise clinically when given intravenously or orally as a solution or tablet. This study investigates the efficacy of an oral capsule formulation of dFUrd in generating continuous systemic levels of this compound in cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients with advanced intestinal or ovarian malignancies were given three cycles of dFUrd, days 1-5, at intervals of 4 weeks. The doses of dFUrd were 600 mg m-2 three times daily, 800 mg m-2 three times daily, and 1000 mg m-2 three times daily, on cycles one, two and three, respectively (total dose 36 g m-2 ). The initial dose in each cycle was given as a slow intravenous injection over 10 min, and the remainder orally. Plasma and urine levels of dFUrd and two of its metabolites, FUra and 5,6-dihydro-5-fluorouracil (FUraH2 ), were monitored in six patients at each dose level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All six patients completed the study, receiving three different doses over a 3 month period, following which one had achieved a partial response, one had stable disease, and four had developed progressive disease. Side-effects were negligible, and only two instances of transient diarrhoea WHO grade 1 were seen. Total body clearance (CLtot) of intravenous dFUrd decreased with increasing dose; 2.7, 2.0 and 1.3 l min-1 m-2, following doses of 600, 800 and 1000 mg m-2, respectively. The mean elimination half-life of intravenous dFUrd increased with the dose from 15 to 22 min. Oral dFUrd was rapidly absorbed with a lag time of less than 20 min. The mean elimination half-life (t1/2, z ) of oral dFUrd was 32-45 min in the dose range 600-1000 mg m-2. The AUC of FUra and FUraH2 increased overproportionally with increasing intravenous doses of dFUrd. The mean systemic bioavailability of oral dFUrd was 34-47%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  dFUrd, which selectively releases the antimetabolite FUra in tumour cells, can be given orally at doses of 600-1000 mg m-2 three times daily for 5 days. The systemic levels achieved are equivalent to those seen following continuous infusions of dFUrd or FUra. Toxicity is tolerable, and further clinical investigation of oral dFUrd is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Experimental Oncology, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Van Der Heyden
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Highley
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: De Bruijn
authors.forename: U R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Tjaden
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Reeuwijk
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Slooten
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Van Oosterom
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Maes
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D005260:Female; D005467:Floxuridine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005467:Floxuridine; C025034:doxifluridine