title: Morphological clues from multilegged frogs: are retinoids to blame?
abstract: Morphological analysis was performed on multilegged deformed frogs representing five species from 12 different localities in California, Oregon, Arizona, and New York. The pattern of duplicated limbs was consistent with mechanical perturbation by trematode infestation but not with the effects of retinoids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA. sessionss@hartwick.edu
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sessions
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Franssen
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Horner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000469:parasitology*; D005552:Forelimb / Q000002:abnormalities*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000469:parasitology; D018878:Limb Buds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011898:Ranidae / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000469:parasitology; D014201:Trematode Infections / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000633:toxicity*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D014212:Tretinoin