title: Effect of long-term beta-carotene and vitamin A on serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels among participants in the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET)
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Lung Cancer Chemoprevention Trial (CARET) ended prematurely due to the unexpected findings that the active treatment group on the combination of 30 mg beta-carotene and 25,000 IU retinyl palmitate had a 46% increased lung cancer mortality and a 26% increased cardiovascular mortality compared with placebo. This study was designed when the CARET intervention was halted to evaluate the effects of long-term supplementation with beta-carotene and retinol on serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, in an attempt to explore possible explanations for the CARET result.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum triglyceride levels, and total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were determined in a subgroup of 52 CARET participants. Baseline and mid-trial levels were available on 23 participants on placebo and 29 on active treatment who were then serially followed for 10 months after trial termination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Triglyceride, and total, HDL and LDL cholesterol levels were similar in the two groups at baseline. After a mean of 5 years on the intervention there was a small nonsignificant increase in serum triglyceride levels in the active group, but no difference in total, HDL, or LDL cholesterol levels. After stopping the intervention there was a decrease in triglyceride levels in the active intervention group, and no change in the other parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on a small convenience sample, CARET participants in the active treatment arm had a small nonsignificant increase in serum triglyceride levels while on the intervention, and a decrease in serum triglyceride levels after the intervention was discontinued. No significant changes in total or HDL cholesterol were noted. These results argue against a major contribution of treatment-induced changes in serum lipid and lipoprotein levels to the increased cardiovascular mortality in the active treatment group.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. carrie.redlich@yale.edu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Redlich
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Blaner
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Van Bennekum
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berglund
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012494:Sampling Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A; D002784:Cholesterol