title: Contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded duplex sonography: efficiency and validity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the diagnostic efficiency and accuracy of contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded sonography (CE-TCCS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  TCCS is hampered by insufficient ultrasonic penetration in 20% of cerebrovascular patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 47 patients whose basal arteries could not be assessed adequately, 59 TCCS examinations were performed before and after administration of the ultrasonic contrast agent (CA) Levovist. The assessability of different basal cerebral arteries after CA administration was evaluated off-line. Angiographic records were available from 11 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Satisfactory investigation of the middle cerebral artery, the anterior cerebral artery, the P1 and P2 segments of the posterior cerebral artery, and the supraclinoid portion of the internal carotid artery siphon was possible in 5.1%, 28.8%, 35.6%, 55.9%, and 47.5% of patients before, and in 84.7%, 91.5%, 93.2%, 94.5%, and 93.2% of patients after contrast enhancement. Stenoses or occlusions of basal cerebral arteries were registered in 28 patients (60%). CE-TCCS diagnosis was confirmed by digital subtraction angiography or magnetic resonance angiography in 10 of the 11 patients, leading to positive and negative predictive values of 0.86 and 1.00.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast enhancement improves the diagnostic potential of TCCS significantly in patients with temporal bone window failure, and proved to be a reliable method for detecting middle cerebral artery and siphon occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University at Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gerriets
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fiss
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Modrau
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaps
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods*