title: Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography of intracranial veins and sinuses in adults. Reference data from 130 volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) of intracranial veins and sinuses in adults is a new, emerging application of ultrasonographic imaging. This study reports a standardized examination protocol for venous TCCS and provides reference data for clinical application.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 130 healthy volunteers (mean age, 45.9+/-16.9 years; range, 14 to 77 years) the intracranial venous system was examined using frequency-based transtemporal TCCS. Identification rate, blood flow velocity, resistance index, and systolic/diastolic ratio were recorded for each examined venous vessel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intracranial veins and sinuses show a low pulsatile forward flow with maximal systolic blood flow velocity up to 20 cm/s. Significant side differences of blood flow velocity in the paired venous structures could not be detected. Venous flow velocities decreased with age, whereas resistance indices and systolic/diastolic ratios increased. Women showed higher flow velocities than men. Mean identification rates for all age groups ranged from 70% to 90% for the deep middle cerebral vein, the basal cerebral vein, and the great cerebral vein of Galen. The straight sinus, the transverse sinus, and the rostral part of the superior sagittal sinus could be detected in 55% to 70% of cases. Detection rates were dependent on age and decreased as age increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Venous TCCS can reliably image a significant part of the cerebral venous system. This method can provide information on venous hemodynamics in normal subjects and pathological cases.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Justus-Liebeg-University, Giessen, Germany. erwin.stolz@neuro.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stolz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaps
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Babacan
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dorndorf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002536:Cerebral Arteries; D002550:Cerebral Veins; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012016:Reference Values; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000592:standards*; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000592:standards*