title: Early video-assisted thoracic surgery in the management of empyema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The appropriate timing, as well as the type of intervention, for the treatment of empyema in children is controversial. The advent of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has changed the way we treat these children. Therefore, we reviewed our experience with the early use of VATS in the treatment of empyema and formulated a treatment algorithm.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all patients undergoing VATS for empyema at Arkansas Children's Hospital from December 1994 to February 1997. All patients were treated by the pediatric surgical service and had the diagnosis of empyema confirmed at surgery. Results are reported as means, unless otherwise noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five children with empyema were treated with VATS during the review period. Their age was 48.3 months, and the duration of symptoms was 7.4 days. All the patients had parapneumonic empyemas and had received preoperative antibiotics for 10.1 days. Preoperative imaging included chest radiography in 25 (100%), ultrasonography in 20 (80%), and computed tomography in 10 (40%). All patients with documented loculated parapneumonic fluid collections underwent VATS within a mean of 2 days of hospitalization. Chest tubes were removed in 3.2 days, resulting in a postoperative length of stay of 4.9 days. Total length of stay was 7.3 days. One patient required conversion to minithoracotomy and required a transfusion. There were no other complications or deaths. Follow-up was available for 22 (88%) children, and there was resolution of symptoms in all children with no recurrences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Earlier intervention with VATS in the treatment of empyema in children is safe and may reduce hospital charges by shortening hospital stay. A treatment algorithm based on early use of VATS is also described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Wichita KS 67208, USA. hrgrewal@worldnet.att.net
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grewal
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D019152:Paracentesis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014741:Video Recording