title: PPAR gamma-ligands inhibit migration mediated by multiple chemoattractants in vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-(PPAR gamma) ligands troglitazone (TRO), rosiglitazone (RSG), and 15-deoxy-delta prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration directed by multiple chemoattractants. Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in migration also was examined, because TRO was previously shown to inhibit nuclear events stimulated by this pathway during mitogenic signaling in VSMCs. Migration of rat aortic VSMCs was induced 5.4-fold by PDGF, 4.6-fold by thrombin, and 2.3-fold by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I; all values of p < 0.05). The PPAR gamma ligands 15d-PGJ2, RSG, or TRO all inhibited VSMC migration with the following order of potency: 15d-PGJ2 > RSG > TRO. Inhibition of MAPK signaling with PD98059 completely blocked PDGF-, thrombin-, and IGF-I-induced migration. All chemoattractants induced MAPK activation. PPAR gamma ligands did not inhibit MAPK activation, suggesting a nuclear effect of these ligands downstream of MAPK. The importance of nuclear events was confirmed because actinomycin D also blocked migration. We conclude that PPAR gamma ligands are potent inhibitors of VSMC migration pathways, dependent on MAPK and nuclear events. PPAR gamma ligands act downstream of the cytoplasmic activation of MAPK and appear to exert their effects in the nucleus. Because VSMC migration plays an important role in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions and restenosis, PPAR gamma ligands like TRO and RSG, which ameliorate insulin resistance in humans, also may protect the vasculature from diabetes-enhanced injury.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology 90095, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goetze
authors.forename: X P
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gotlibowski
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fleck
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hsueh
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Law
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D008024:Ligands; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000077288:Troglitazone
chemical_list: C097240:15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2; D002630:Chemotactic Factors; D002839:Chromans; D008024:Ligands; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D003609:Dactinomycin; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D003513:Cycloheximide; C089946:2,4-thiazolidinedione; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D013917:Thrombin; D000077288:Troglitazone; D015230:Prostaglandin D2