title: Endothelial cell and hepatocyte deaths occur by apoptosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat liver.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemic injury of the liver is generally considered to result in necrosis, but it has recently been recognized that mediators of apoptosis are activated during ischemia/reperfusion. This study was designed to characterize the extent and the type of cells within the liver that undergo apoptosis at different periods of ischemia and reperfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were subjected to 30 or 60 min of normothermic ischemia. Liver sections were evaluated at the end of ischemia and at 1, 6, 24, and 72 hr after reperfusion. Apoptosis was determined by DNA fragmentation as evaluated by laddering on gel electrophoresis, in situ staining for apoptotic cells using TdT-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick-end labeling (TUNEL), and morphology on electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In situ staining of liver biopsy specimens using TUNEL showed significant apoptosis after reperfusion. Sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) showed evidence of apoptosis earlier than hepatocytes. For example, at 1 hr of reperfusion after 60 min of ischemia, 22+/-4% of the SEC stained TUNEL positive compared with 2+/-1% of the hepatocytes (P<0.001). With a longer duration of ischemia, a greater number of SEC and hepatocytes became TUNEL positive. An increase in TUNEL-positive cells was also noted with an increasing duration of reperfusion. The presence of apoptotic SEC and hepatocytes was supported by DNA laddering on gel electrophoresis and cell morphology on electron microscopy. Several Kupffer cells were seen containing apoptotic bodies but did not show evidence of apoptosis. Only rare hepatocytes showed features of necrosis after 60 min of ischemia and 6 hr of reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that apoptosis of endothelial cells followed by hepatocytes is an important mechanism of cell death after ischemia/reperfusion injury in the liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kohli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Selzner
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Clavien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000502:physiology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007511:Ischemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008102:Liver Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*