title: T cell involvement in persulfate triggered occupational contact dermatitis and asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ammonium and potassium persulfates may induce a variety of cutaneous and respiratory diseases. The precise underlying mechanisms, however, are unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe a hairdresser, who developed contact dermatitis, rhinoconjuntivitis, and bronchial asthma of delayed onset after occupational exposure to hair bleaches containing persulfate salts and to provide evidence for a common T-cell mediated mechanism responsible for the clinical manifestations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed skin testing, routine histologic and immunohistochemical examination of the skin reaction after prick testing, lymphocyte proliferation analysis, nasal challenge test, and pulmonary function testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The causative role of bleaching powder and ammonium persulfate was demonstrated by case history, skin tests, and a nasal challenge test. Patch tests produced a delayed cutaneous reaction to ammonium persulfate confirming contact sensitization. Prick tests with bleaching powder and ammonium persulfate were negative at 15 minutes but revealed a late skin reaction with a papule at the prick sites after 24 hours. Histologic examination of this late reaction demonstrated a perivascular infiltration comprising predominantly T lymphocytes. Further, a significant proliferation of T cells to bleaching powder was reproducibly found by a lymphocyte proliferation analysis. Nasal challenge test with bleaching powder showed a significant reduction of air flow after 24 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that immunologic mechanism with direct involvement of T cells may not only play an important role in the pathogenesis of the cutaneous but also in the respiratory and rhinoconjunctival reactions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Immunology and Allergology, University of Bern, Inselspital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yawalkar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helbling
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Pichler
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zala
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Pichler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D001249:Asthma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000276:immunology*; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D013431:Sulfates / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D017680:Potassium Compounds; D013431:Sulfates; C031276:ammonium peroxydisulfate; C009007:potassium persulfate; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate