title: Anatomic M-mode echocardiography: A new approach to assess regional myocardial function--A comparative in vivo and in vitro study of both fundamental and second harmonic imaging modes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy of anatomic M-mode echocardiography (AMM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight phantoms were rotated on a device at different insonation depths (IDs) in a water beaker. They were insonated with different transducer frequencies in fundamental imaging (FI) and second harmonic imaging (SHI), and the diameters were assessed with conventional M-mode echocardiography (CMM) and AMM with the applied angle correction (AC) after rotation. In addition, left ventricular wall dimensions were measured with CMM and AMM in FI and SHI in 10 volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AC had the greatest effect on the measurement error in AMM followed by ID (AC: R2 = 0. 295, ID: R2 = 0.268; P <.0001). SHI improved the accuracy, and a difference no longer existed between CMM and AMM with an AC up to 60 degrees. In vivo the limit of agreement between AMM and CMM was -1.7 to +1.8 mm in SHI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within its limitations (AC < 60 degrees; ID < 20 cm), AMM could be a robust tool in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Linköping Heart Center, University Hospital Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Strotmann
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kvitting
authors.forename: U M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Wilkenshoff
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wranne
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hatle
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sutherland
mesh_terms: D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D016276:Ventricular Function