title: Contraceptive failure rates: new estimates from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unintended pregnancy remains a major public health concern in the United States. Information on pregnancy rates among contraceptive users is needed to guide medical professionals' recommendations and individuals' choices of contraceptive methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were taken from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and the 1994-1995 Abortion Patient Survey (APS). Hazards models were used to estimate method-specific contraceptive failure rates during the first six months and during the first year of contraceptive use for all U.S. women. In addition, rates were corrected to take into account the underreporting of induced abortion in the NSFG. Corrected 12-month failure rates were also estimated for subgroups of women by age, union status, poverty level, race or ethnicity, and religion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When contraceptive methods are ranked by effectiveness over the first 12 months of use (corrected for abortion underreporting), the implant and injectables have the lowest failure rates (2-3%), followed by the pill (8%), the diaphragm and the cervical cap (12%), the male condom (14%), periodic abstinence (21%), withdrawal (24%) and spermicides (26%). In general, failure rates are highest among cohabiting and other unmarried women, among those with an annual family income below 200% of the federal poverty level, among black and Hispanic women, among adolescents and among women in their 20s. For example, adolescent women who are not married but are cohabiting experience a failure rate of about 31% in the first year of contraceptive use, while the 12-month failure rate among married women aged 30 and older is only 7%. Black women have a contraceptive failure rate of about 19%, and this rate does not vary by family income; in contrast, overall 12-month rates are lower among Hispanic women (15%) and white women (10%), but vary by income, with poorer women having substantially greater failure rates than more affluent women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levels of contraceptive failure vary widely by method, as well as by personal and background characteristics. Income's strong influence on contraceptive failure suggests that access barriers and the general disadvantage associated with poverty seriously impede effective contraceptive practice in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI), New York, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Darroch
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ranjit
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced; D000293:Adolescent; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003270:Contraceptive Agents; D003273:Contraceptive Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003625:Data Collection; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups; D011247:Pregnancy; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D003270:Contraceptive Agents