title: Segmental spinal dysgenesis: neuroradiologic findings with clinical and embryologic correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Segmental spinal dysgenesis (SSD) is a rare congenital abnormality in which a segment of the spine and spinal cord fails to develop properly. Our goal was to investigate the neuroradiologic features of this condition in order to correlate our findings with the degree of residual spinal cord function, and to provide insight into the embryologic origin of this disorder. We also aimed to clarify the relationship between SSD and other entities, such as multiple vertebral segmentation defects, congenital vertebral displacement, and caudal regression syndrome (CRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of patients treated at our institutions for congenital spinal anomalies were reviewed, and 10 cases were found to satisfy the inclusion criteria for SSD. Plain radiographs were available for review in all cases. MR imaging was performed in eight patients, one of whom also underwent conventional myelography. Two other patients underwent only conventional myelography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Segmental vertebral anomalies involved the thoracolumbar, lumbar, or lumbosacral spine. The spinal cord at the level of the abnormality was thinned or even indiscernible, and a bulky, low-lying cord segment was present caudad to the focal abnormality in most cases. Closed spinal dysraphisms were associated in five cases, and partial sacrococcygeal agenesis in three. Renal anomalies were detected in four cases, and dextrocardia in one; all patients had a neurogenic bladder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SSD is an autonomous entity with characteristic clinical and neuroradiologic features; however, SSD and CRS probably represent two faces of a single spectrum of segmental malformations of the spine and spinal cord. The neuroradiologic picture depends on the severity of the malformation and on its segmental level along the longitudinal embryonic axis. The severity of the morphologic derangement correlates with residual spinal cord function and with severity of the clinical deficit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neuroradiology, G. Gaslini Children's Research Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tortori-Donati
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Fondelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Raybaud
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cama
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Capra
mesh_terms: D003050:Coccyx / Q000002:abnormalities; D003914:Dextrocardia / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000002:abnormalities; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009192:Myelography; D012447:Sacrum / Q000002:abnormalities; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000175:diagnosis; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D013577:Syndrome; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000002:abnormalities; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000175:diagnosis