title: Proximal kyphosis after posterior spinal fusion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.
abstract: METHODS
  For this retrospective study, preoperative and postoperative radiographs of posterior spinal fusions for idiopathic scoliosis were reviewed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and possible causes of proximal kyphosis after posterior spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Proximal kyphosis has been anecdotally noted after the insertion of Harrington rods and after use of the new posterior multisegmented hook/rod systems. In this study no attempt was made to determine whether this condition is painful or an adverse outcome for the patient or just a radiographic abnormality; however, it is suspected that this may be a problem in the long term, and it may be worthwhile to try to avoid it if predictive values can be ascertained.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis who had undergone posterior spinal fusion not extending above T3 with good-quality radiographs of the proximal thoracic spine and a minimum 2-year follow-up were studied. Of the 106 patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion from 1990 through 1994, 69 met the inclusion criteria. Abnormal kyphosis from T2 to the proximal level of the instrumented fusion was defined as kyphosis of more than 5 degrees above the summed normal angular segments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 69 patients, 37 (54%) had normal proximal kyphosis, and 32 (46%) of the 69 were defined as having abnormal proximal kyphosis. In the 32 patients with abnormal proximal kyphosis, the measurement from T2 to the fusion was 10.3 degrees before surgery and 21.2 degrees after surgery. The normal group had kyphosis measuring 2.7 degrees from T2 to fusion before surgery and 5.3 degrees after surgery (P < 0.00001). Junctional kyphosis in the kyphosis group measured 6.5 degrees before surgery and 12.6 degrees after surgery, compared with normal kyphosis of 1.7 degrees and 2.6 degrees, respectively (P < 0.00001). When analyzing who would develop proximal kyphosis, preoperative one-level junctional kyphosis of more than 5 degrees above the proposed proximal instrumented vertebrae was shown to have the highest sensitivity (78%) and specificity (84%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, 32 (46%) of 69 patients had abnormal proximal kyphosis after undergoing posterior spinal fusion. A preoperative junctional kyphosis of more than 5 degrees above the proposed proximal instrumented vertebrae indicates that extending the fusion to a higher level in the thoracic spine would be beneficial in avoiding this problem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Betz
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Huss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery