Confocal microscopy and 3-D reconstruction of the cytoskeleton of Xenopus oocytes.
Xenopus oocytes contain a complex cytoskeleton composed of three filament systems: (1) microtubules, composed of tubulin and at least three different microtubule-associated proteins (XMAPs); (2) microfilaments composed of actin and associated proteins; and (3) intermediate filaments, composed of keratins. For the past several years, we have used confocal immunofluorescence microscopy to characterize the organization of the oocyte cytoskeleton throughout the course of oogenesis. Together with computer-assisted reconstruction of the oocyte in three dimensions, confocal microscopy gives an unprecedented view of the assembly and reorganization of the cytoskeleton during oocyte growth and differentiation. Results of these studies, combined with the effects of cytoskeletal inhibitors, suggest that organization of the cytoskeleton in Xenopus oocytes is dependent upon a hierarchy of interactions between microtubules, microfilaments, and keratin filaments. This article presents a gallery of confocal images and 3-D reconstructions depicting the assembly and organization of the oocyte cytoskeleton during stages 0-VI of oogenesis, a discussion of the mechanisms that might regulate cytoskeletal organization during oogenesis, and speculates on the potential roles of the oocyte cytoskeleton during oogenesis and axis formation.
Gard
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Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112-0840, USA. gard@biology.utah.edu
D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D016764:Cell Polarity; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008868:Microtubule Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009865:Oocytes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009866:Oogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology
D000199:Actins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; D008868:Microtubule Proteins; D007633:Keratins