title: Inhibition of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid induced vasoactivity and proinflammatory response in microglia by a cGMP-dependent mechanism.
abstract: beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides are the major protein components of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Vascular damage and reactive gliosis are found colocalized with amyloid deposits in AD brains, suggesting that the vasculature may be a clinically significant site of AD pathology. Our results show that freshly solubilized Abeta1-40 enhances the vasoconstriction induced by endothelin-1 (ET-1) and increases resistance to relaxation triggered by nitric oxide (NO), suggesting that Abeta may oppose the NO/cGMP pathway. Using specific inhibitors and activators of the NO/cGMP pathway, we show that Abeta vasoactivity is not due to a modulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). However, we find that a selective cGMP phosphodiesterase (cGMP-PDE) inhibitor (dipyridamole) is able to interactively block the enhanced vasoconstriction as well as the opposition to relaxation induced by Abeta, suggesting that Abeta could effect the activity of this enzyme. Cyclic GMP levels, but not cAMP concentrations, are reduced after Abeta treatment of rat aortic rings, further substantiating this hypothesis. Moreover, in examination of this pathway in another cell type pertinent to AD, we find that Abeta induces a proinflammatory response in microglia as evidenced by increased leukotriene B4 release. We show that both dipyridamole and compounds which increase cGMP levels prevent Abeta-induced microglial inflammation. Our results suggest that therapeutic intervention aimed at reduction of microglial-mediated inflammation via inhibition of cGMP-PDE or elevation of cGMP may be beneficial in the treatment of AD.
authors.affiliation: The Roskamp Institute, University of South Florida, 3515 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33613, USA. dparis@com1.med.usf.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Town
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mullan
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D006152:Cyclic GMP