title: Increased nitric oxide synthase activity after canine cardiopulmonary bypass is suppressed by s-nitrosoglutathione.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hemodynamic instability and generalized organ dysfunction are common after cardiopulmonary bypass in human beings. Previous studies have suggested that alterations of nitric oxide metabolism may be associated with this impaired function. Using a canine model we tested whether nitric oxide synthase activity is increased after cardiopulmonary bypass. We also tested whether administration of a nitric oxide donor can influence nitric oxide synthase activity after cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  After induction of anesthesia, dogs were randomized to receive cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 12) or to serve as controls (n = 12). They were further randomized to receive a continuous infusion of a nitric oxide donor, S-nitrosoglutathione, or an equivalent volume of placebo. Cardiopulmonary bypass was maintained for 90 minutes, and then 4 hours later dogs were put to death. Cardiac and coronary artery sections were frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after death for later determination of nitric oxide synthase activity using a citrulline assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After cardiopulmonary bypass, 4 of 6 placebo-treated but only 2 of 6 S-nitrosoglutathione treated animals required phenylephrine infusion (3.1 +/- 3.1 microgram/min and 0.2 +/- 0.4 microgram/min, respectively, P =.05) to maintain a predetermined blood pressure. Furthermore, after cardiopulmonary bypass, Ca2+-dependent nitric oxide synthase activity in the left ventricle, atrium, and coronary artery did not increase compared with activity in the control animals, but Ca2+-independent nitric oxide synthase activity did increase (P =.005): left ventricle (+28.0% +/- 9.0%), atrium (+45.0% +/- 12.0%) and coronary artery (+17.0% +/- 12.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have found that (1) cardiopulmonary bypass results in increased activity of Ca2+-independent nitric oxide synthase, (2) S-nitrosoglutathione can prevent the increase of Ca2+-independent nitric oxide synthase after cardiopulmonary bypass, and (3) Ca2+-independent nitric oxide synthase may contribute to hemodynamic dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mayers
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Radomski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D018821:CD18 Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000201:enzymology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009603:Nitroso Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011897:Random Allocation; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione
chemical_list: D018821:CD18 Antigens; D009603:Nitroso Compounds; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D005978:Glutathione