title: The physiological basis for altered Na+ and Cl- movements across the gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in alkaline (pH = 9.5) water.
abstract: To test the hypothesis that internal ion imbalances at high pH are caused by altered branchial ion transporting capacity and permeability, radiotracers (24Na+ and 36Cl-) were used to measure ion movements across the gills of intact rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during 3 d exposure to pH 9.5. At control pH (pH 8.0), the trout were in net ion balance, but by 8 h at high pH, 60%-70% reductions in Cl- influx (JClin) and Na+ influx (JNain) led to net Cl- and Na+ losses of -200 micromol kg-1 h-1. Outflux (diffusive efflux plus renal ion losses) was not initially altered. By 72 h, net Cl- balance was reestablished because of a restoration of JClin. Although JNain remained 50% lower at this time, counterbalancing reductions in Na+ outflux restored net Na+ balance. One-substrate ion-uptake kinetics analyses indicated that reduced ion influx after 8 h at pH 9.5 was caused by 50% decreases in Cl- and Na+ maximal transport rates (JClmax, JNamax), likely reflecting decreased numbers of functional transport sites. Two-substrate kinetic analyses indicated that reduced internal HCO-3 and H+ supply for respective branchial Cl-/base and Na+/acid transport systems also contributed to lower JClin and, to a lesser extent, lower JNain at pH 9.5. Recovery of JClmax after 3 d accounted for restoration of Cl- balance and likely reflected increased numbers of transport sites. In contrast, JNamax remained 33% lower after 3 d, but a lower affinity of the gills for Na+ (fourfold greater KNam) accounted for the chronic reduction in Na+ influx at pH 9.5. Thus, reestablishment of Cl- uptake capacity and counterbalancing reductions in Na+ outflux allows rainbow trout to reestablish net ion balance in alkaline waters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada. mwilkie@mta.ca
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Wilkie
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laurent
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000502:physiology*; D005880:Gills / Q000502:physiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000502:physiology; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000502:physiology*; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018118:Chloride Channels; D015222:Sodium Channels