title: Immunoreactivity of human fetal membranes to peptidoglycan polysaccharide (PGPS): cytokine response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Group-B Streptococcus has been associated with preterm labor and other pregnancy related complications. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of peptidoglycan polysaccharide (PGPS) derived from a beta hemolytic Streptococcal cell wall on amniochorion cytokine production and to compare PGPS effects with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is the Gram negative counterpart of PGPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amniochorionic membranes collected from women not in labor, and undergoing elective repeat C-section were placed in an organ explant system. Membranes were stimulated separately with 50 ng/ml of small (100p), large (10s) fractions of PGPS or LPS respectively immediately after collection and after a stabilization period of 48 hrs. Media samples were collected at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 hrs for protein analysis after each stimulation. Media samples were analyzed by ELISA for IL-6 and IL-8.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both forms of PGPS and LPS stimulated IL-6 and IL-8 production by human fetal membranes. Of note is that LPS stimulated IL-6 to a greater degree than IL-8, while PGPS stimulated IL-8 to a greater degree than IL-6. No statistical difference was seen in the levels of either one of these cytokines for the larger or smaller fragments of PGPS. Time course studies documented a 3-hour lag phase when tissues are stimulated directly after collection which was absent when tissues are stimulated after a 48-hour stabilization period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both PGPS and LPS stimulate cytokine production differently from fetal membranes. This supports the theory that different bacteria may affect the host in contrasting ways which may lead to a distinct host response, i.e. PROM vs. PTL.
authors.affiliation: Maternal Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research Center, Women's Health Research and Education Foundation, Nashville, TN, USA. fortunat@edge.net
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Fortunato
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menon
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002823:Chorion / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005321:Extraembryonic Membranes / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D007700:Kinetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010457:Peptidoglycan / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010457:Peptidoglycan; D012333:RNA, Messenger