title: Intraoperative MR imaging guidance for intracranial neurosurgery: experience with the first 200 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review preliminary experience with an open-bore magnetic resonance (MR) imaging system for guidance in intracranial surgical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A vertically oriented, open-configuration 0.5-T MR imager was housed in a sterile procedure room. Receive and transmit surface coils were wrapped around the patient's head, and images were displayed on monitors mounted in the gap of the magnet and visible to surgeons. During 2 years, 200 intracranial procedures were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 111 craniotomies, 68 biopsies, 12 intracranial cyst evaluations, four subdural drainages, and five transsphenoidal pituitary resections performed with the intraoperative MR unit. In each case, the intraoperative MR system yielded satisfactory results by allowing the radiologist to guide surgeons toward lesions and to assist in treatment. In two patients, hyperacute hemorrhage was noted and removed. The duration of the procedure and the complication rate were similar to those of conventional surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative MR imaging was successfully implemented for a variety of intracranial procedures and provided continuous visual feedback, which can be helpful in all stages of neurosurgical intervention without affecting the duration of the procedure or the incidence of complications. This system has potential advantages over conventional frame-based and frameless stereotactic procedures with respect to the safety and effectiveness of neurosurgical interventions.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: T Z
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kacher
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zamani
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Stieg
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Moriarty
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikinis
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Jolesz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged