title: Nitric oxide diffusion across membrane lungs protects platelets during simulated extracorporeal circulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The absence of a protective endothelial surface on membrane oxygenators during extracorporeal circulation (ECC) promotes platelet trapping and damage, leading to increased bleeding complications. We investigated the effects of transmembranous diffusion of gaseous nitric oxide (NO) on platelets during simulated ECC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two paired circuits were run in parallel with fresh, heparinized (1 U mL-1) blood from healthy human donors for 240 min. To one of the paired circuits, 20 ppm NO was added transmembranously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NO significantly attenuated platelet trapping and reduced intracircuit platelet activation evaluated by the release of beta-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4 and soluble P-selectin. Furthermore, NO significantly preserved platelet reactivity to stimulating agents (ADP and adrenaline), evaluated as the ability to expose P-selectins and activate glycoprotein (GP)-IIb-IIIa. Nevertheless, circulating activated platelets expressing P-selectin or activated GPIIb-IIIa were not different and were not significantly increased. The mean fluorescence intensity of GPIb and GPIIb-IIIa decreased in both circuits equally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transmembranous diffusion of gaseous NO revealed protective effects on platelets by reducing thrombocytopenia/pathia and preserving platelet reactivity.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. dkeh@charite
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerlach
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kürer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spielmann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kerner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Falke
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gerlach
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D004058:Diffusion; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000032:analysis; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010976:Platelet Count; D010978:Platelet Factor 4 / Q000032:analysis; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D019038:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D019007:P-Selectin; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D019038:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010978:Platelet Factor 4; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D008706:Methemoglobin; D004837:Epinephrine