title: Use of preoperative ultrasound staging for treatment of rectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transrectal ultrasound is the standard method for preoperative staging of rectal cancer. This study reviews the accuracy of transrectal ultrasound staging for T3 disease and its use in the selection of patients for neoadjuvant chemoradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred seventeen patients underwent preoperative transrectal ultrasound evaluation for rectal cancer. Accuracy of transrectal ultrasound was evaluated among 70 patients not receiving preoperative chemoradiation. Forty-seven patients received neoadjuvant chemoradiation based on transrectal ultrasound results. Tumor downstaging and early recurrence were evaluated among 45 of 47 patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 70 nonirradiated patients, 19 were pathologic Stage pT3. Transrectal ultrasound correctly identified 18 of 19 patients with Stage pT3 (sensitivity, 94.7 percent). Transrectal ultrasound correctly identified 44 of 51 patients with less than pT3 disease (specificity, 86.3 percent). After preoperative chemoradiation in 45 patients with ultrasound Stage uT3 or uT4 tumors, 56 percent of them experienced a reduction in T stage. Residual nodal disease was found in 31 percent of patients. A complete pathologic response with no residual disease at operation was observed in 22 percent of patients. During a median follow-up period of 21 months after diagnosis, seven patients experienced a recurrence of their disease at a median of 12 months after diagnosis. Five of seven patients with recurrence were among a subgroup of ten patients who both failed to downstage T and had residual nodal disease at operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transrectal ultrasound is an accurate modality for selecting patients for neoadjuvant treatment. Preoperative chemoradiation produced downstaging in 56 percent of patients. Factors related to early recurrence included residual nodal disease and failure to downstage T after neoadjuvant chemoradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 38131, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Blatchford
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ternent
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Thorson
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D019160:Endosonography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods*; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome