title: The modified Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome: early to intermediate results of 120 patients with particular reference to aortic arch repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Classic first-stage Norwood repair of hypoplastic left heart syndrome uses a homograft patch enlargement to obtain an unobstructed aorta and coronary arteries. Because of possible disadvantages of the homograft, such as lack of growth, degeneration and calcification, and availability, we have tried to repair the aorta without patch supplementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between February 1993 and September 1997, 120 patients, aged birth to 47 days (median 4 days) and weighing 1.7 to 4.4 kg (median 3.1 kg), underwent first-stage palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The diameter of the ascending aorta ranged from 1.5 to 8.0 mm (median 3.0 mm). Eight patients had an aberrant right subclavian artery arising from the descending thoracic aorta. In 95 patients (group I), all duct tissue was excised and the descending aorta was anastomosed to the aortic arch, which had been opened back into the ascending aorta. Then to this confluence was anastomosed the proximal main pulmonary artery. In the remaining 25 patients (group II), continuity of the aortic arch was maintained and the repair was performed with a Damus-Kaye-Stansel anastomosis. The size of the systemic-to-pulmonary shunt was 3 mm in 48 patients, 3.5 mm in 70, and 4.0 mm in 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Circulatory arrest time ranged from 19 to 105 minutes (median 54 minutes). A homograft patch was necessary for the arch reconstruction in 18 patients (15%); 9 group I patients (10%) and 9 group II (36%) (P =.001). There were 82 hospital survivors (68%); 69 group I patients (73%) and 13 group II (52%) (P =.04), 71 patients without a patch (70%) and 11 with a patch (61%) (P >.2). By multiple logistic regression, the aberrant right subclavian artery was a significant risk factor for hospital death (P =.008). There were 6 late deaths. Sixteen of 71 patients (23%) who underwent second-stage palliation had a neoaortic arch obstruction develop, with a peak gradient greater than 10 mm Hg; 14 group I patients (23%) and 2 group II (22%) ( P >.2), 15 without a patch (23%) and 1 with a patch (17%) (P >.2). Overall survivals were 57% at 1 year and 55% at 2 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The modified Norwood procedure for first-stage palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome is possible in the majority of patients without the use of exogenous materials and does not result in an increased incidence of neoaortic arch obstruction. Repair of the aorta without patch supplementation may improve the potential for long-term growth of the new aorta.
authors.affiliation: Heart Unit, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishino
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stümper
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: De Giovanni
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Silove
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sethia
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Brawn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Leval
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene