title: Imaging findings in the dominant shoulder of throwing athletes: comparison of radiography, arthrography, CT arthrography, and MR arthrography with arthroscopic correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conventional radiography, arthrography, CT arthrography, and MR arthrography--including use of the abduction and external rotation position--were compared, with arthroscopic correlation, to determine the spectrum of abnormalities encountered and the relative benefits of each imaging method in the evaluation of shoulder lesions occurring in 17 throwing athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each of 36 athletes with shoulder pain aggravated by abduction and external rotation was examined in a single visit during which conventional radiography, arthrography, CT arthrography, and MR arthrography were performed. In 17 of these athletes, imaging findings were compared with those at arthroscopy. All images were independently evaluated by two groups of musculoskeletal radiologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Structures found to be affected were, in decreasing order of frequency, the following: the posterosuperior labrum, supraspinatus tendon, infraspinatus tendon, humeral head, glenoid cavity and rim, acromioclavicular joint, anteroinferior capsulolabral complex, biceps tendon, and subscapularis tendon. MR arthrography without and with abduction and external rotation yielded the highest sensitivity and specificity for all lesions with the exceptions of bone sclerosis and enthesophytes (which were best seen with CT arthrography). MR arthrography with abduction and external rotation was most accurate for diagnosis of rotator cuff and anteroinferior capsulolabral complex tears.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of these preliminary results, we believe that MR arthrography with abduction and external rotation should be part of the imaging evaluation of shoulder pain in throwing athletes, owing to the high sensitivity of this imaging technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skaf
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lektrakul
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Resnick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000209:etiology