title: Norepinephrine increases rat mitral cell excitatory responses to weak olfactory nerve input via alpha-1 receptors in vitro.
abstract: A rat olfactory bulb in vitro slice preparation was used to investigate the actions of norepinephrine on spontaneous and afferent (olfactory nerve) evoked activity of mitral cells. Single olfactory nerve shocks elicited a characteristic mitral cell response consisting of distinct, early and late spiking components separated by a brief inhibitory epoch. Bath-applied norepinephrine (1 microM) increased the early spiking component elicited by perithreshold (79% increase, P<0.02), but not by suprathreshold (3% decrease, P>0.05), intensity olfactory nerve shocks. The facilitatory effect of norepinephrine was due to a reduction in the incidence of response failures to perithreshold intensity shocks. Norepinephrine also decreased the inhibitory epoch separating the early and late spiking components by 44% (P<0.05). By contrast, norepinephrine had no consistent effect on the spontaneous discharge rate of the mitral cells. The effects of norepinephrine were mimicked by the al receptor agonist phenylephrine (1 microM, P<0.001). Both norepinephrine and phenylephrine modulation of mitral cell responses were blocked by the al adrenergic antagonist WB-4101 (1 microM). These findings are consistent with observations that the main olfactory bulb exhibits the highest density of alpha1 receptors in the brain. The alpha2 receptor agonist clonidine (100 nM) and the beta receptor agonist isoproterenol (1 microM) had inconsistent effects on mitral cell spontaneous and olfactory nerve-evoked activity. These results indicate that norepinephrine increases mitral cell excitatory responses to weak but not strong olfactory nerve inputs in vitro via activation of al receptors. This is consistent with recent findings in vivo that synaptically released norepinephrine preferentially increases mitral cell excitatory responses to weak olfactory nerve inputs. Taken together, these results suggest that the release of norepinephrine in the olfactory bulb may increase the sensitivity of mitral cells to weak odors. Olfactory cues evoke norepinephrine release in the main olfactory bulb, and norepinephrine plays important roles in early olfactory learning and reproductive/maternal behaviors. By increasing mitral cell responses to olfactory nerve input, norepinephrine may play a critical role in modulating olfactory function, including formation and/or recall of specific olfactory memories.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ciombor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ennis
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Shipley
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009832:Olfactory Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D012903:Smell
chemical_list: D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1; D010656:Phenylephrine; D009638:Norepinephrine