title: Invasive and noninvasive dental analgesia techniques.
abstract: Although needle-administered local anesthesia has been an essential tool of modern dentistry, it has also been responsible for many patients' fears of dental visits. Several new techniques have recently evolved that may offer viable alternatives. Two of these operate via electronic mechanisms that interfere with pain signals, two others involve transmucosal modes of administration, and a fifth technique involves an intraosseous pathway for anesthesia administration. Each of these techniques has different indications for dental procedures, but none is intended to replace needle administration in dentistry. This overview highlights the salient features of these alternative dental anesthesia techniques.
authors.affiliation: Division of Restorative and Prosthodontic Sciences, New York University College of Dentistry, NY 10010, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Estafan
mesh_terms: D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003748:Dental Equipment; D006801:Humans; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local