title: Laparoscopic management of accessory spleens in immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A disparity exists between the incidence of accessory spleens reported in the open (15-30%) versus the laparoscopic (0-12%) literature. This disparity implies that a percentage of laparoscopic patients will require a reoperation for accessory splenectomy. We present our experience with the laparoscopic management of accessory spleens discovered after primary splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients who underwent primary splenectomy for ITP were reviewed (1 open, 16 laparoscopic). In the laparoscopic group, the incidence of accessory spleens was 3 in 16 (19%). In 1 of these 3 patients, the accessory spleen was found and removed at the initial operation, whereas in 2 of the 16 patients (13%), the accessory spleens were missed. A third patient, whose initial operation was open, presented with recurrent thrombocytopenia after primary splenectomy. After recurrent thrombocytopenia developed, radio nuclide spleen scans were performed showing accessory spleens in all three patients. These three patients underwent accessory splenectomy using a four-port laparoscopic approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laparoscopic accessory splenectomy was successfully performed in all three patients. Location of accessory spleens correlated with the spleen scan in each case. Mean operation time was 180 min. There were no conversions to open surgery and no complications. All patients were discharged from the hospital on postoperation day 1. The three patients had a good clinical response and were weaned effectively from their steroid medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients undergoing a laparoscopic splenectomy for chronic ITP have a higher probability of requiring a reoperation for a missed accessory spleen. To minimize missing an accessory spleen, a systematic search should be made at the beginning of the laparoscopic operation. We have found that preoperation imaging with heat-treated erythrocyte scans is valuable for locating accessory spleens before reoperation. When reoperation for accessory splenectomy is necessary, a laparoscopic approach is safe and effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, and Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Legacy Health System, 501 North Graham, Suite 210, Portland, OR 97227, USA.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Jobe
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Swanstrom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016553:Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic / Q000601:surgery*; D013154:Spleen / Q000002:abnormalities*; D013156:Splenectomy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome