title: Survival after photodynamic therapy to non-pulmonary metastatic endobronchial tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For the past 15 years we have used photodynamic therapy (PDT) to treat endobronchial tumors. Unfortunately patients who have non-primary lung cancer metastatic to bronchi and who have failed other treatment regimens may not be offered endobronchial tumor management. Thirteen patients with endobronchial tumors metastatic from non-pulmonary primaries were treated with PDT. We: 1) evaluated the effects of PDT on the tumor, the quality of life, and the length of survival; and 2) compared their survival after PDT to that of 27 patients with stage IV primary endobronchial tumors treated with PDT after they failed all other treatment regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Photodynamic therapy was performed using 630-nm light delivered through cylinder diffusing tip quartz fibers passed through the biopsy channel of a flexible bronchoscope after intravenous injection of the photosensitizer dihematoporphyrin ether. One to two days after PDT bronchoscopy was repeated and necrotic tissue was mechanically removed and, if necessary, that site or other new sites were treated. Two days after this another bronchoscopy was performed and the necrotic tissue was mechanically removed. Bronchoscopy was repeated one month after PDT and periodically thereafter as needed to re-treat symptomatic residual tumor. The percent obstruction of the bronchus due to tumor was estimated before and at the end of each bronchoscopy. Clinical effects were evaluated using Wilcoxon signed rank tests for scaled parameters of dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, and Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) before and one month after PDT. All patients were followed until their death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean percent obstruction due to metastatic non-pulmonary tumors at 38 different endobronchial treated sites decreased from 85% to 13% at discharge after PDT. The 72% mean decrease of obstruction was statistically significant using the Wilcoxon signed rank test (P < .0001). There was a statistically significant improvement in the level of dyspnea (P = .012), hemoptysis (P = .028), cough (P = .027), and KPS (P = .020). Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Mann-Whitney U rank tests showed the median survival of stage IV primary tumor patients (4 months) vs. metastatic tumor patients (14 months) was statistically significant (P = .008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PDT of endobronchial metastatic tumors effectively decreased the amount of endobronchial obstruction, and improved the quality of life.
authors.affiliation: The Grant Laser Center and The Laser Medical Research Foundation, Columbus, Ohio 43215, USA. jmccaughan@iwaynet.net
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McCaughan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D001984:Bronchial Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality* / Q000556:secondary; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D004067:Digestive System Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014565:Urogenital Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether