title: Calculation of population attributable risk for alcohol and breast cancer (United States).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because of increasing evidence that alcohol may be causally associated with breast cancer, we reconsider the population attributable risk (PAR) for alcohol and breast cancer for the US adult female population using an effect estimate from a meta-analysis and incorporating a revised perspective on measurement error correction.
  
  
  METHODS
  To estimate PAR, we employed a formula appropriate to use with an adjusted effect estimate. To estimate intermediate quantities needed to apply that formula, we used adjusted relative risk estimates from a previously published meta-analysis, as well as SEER cancer statistics and general population data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We used relative risk estimates uncorrected for measurement error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated age-adjusted PAR for alcohol and breast cancer was 2.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the modest association between alcohol and breast cancer and the generally moderate level of alcohol intake among US women, the proportion of breast cancer attributable to alcohol intake is small. Widespread efforts to reduce alcohol consumption would not have a substantial impact on breast cancer rates in this population. While selected subgroups of women might benefit from decreasing alcohol consumption, specific profiles for such women have yet to be defined and defended.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Epidemiology Branch, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Umbach
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Longnecker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000639:trends; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011159:Population Surveillance; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology