title: A novel hydroxamic acid compound, BMD188, demonstrates anti-prostate cancer effects by inducing apoptosis. I: In vitro studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in the Western countries. Apoptosis-targeted drug development could represent a specific and effective weapon against the disease (Tang and Porter, 32: 284-293, 1997). We previously demonstrated that the arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase and its metabolic products could function as survival factors for many solid tumors (Tang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 5241-5246, 1996; Tang and Honn, J. Cell. Physiol. 172: 155-170, 1997).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we synthesized a series of novel cyclic hydroxamic acid compounds that demonstrated varying degrees of inhibitory effects on the arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase. Subsequently we studied the effects of these novel compounds on human prostate cancer cells. First, all these compounds were screened on androgen-independent PC3 adenocarcinoma cells. Second, based on the results (i.e., the LD50 values) of the primary, secondary and tertiary screening, lead compounds were determined. Third, the lead compounds were utilized to study their cytotoxic effects on various prostate cancer cells as well as several types of normal cells. Finally, the molecular nature of the cell death was thoroughly characterized and the potential mechanisms of cell death were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 30% of the compounds screened induced a strong apoptotic death of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells, PC3, with an LD50 mostly at 10-20 microM. A lead compound, BMD188 [cis-1-hydroxy-4-(1-naphthyl)-6-octylpiperidine-2-one], was subsequently identified which inhibited the growth of PC3 cells with an LD50 at approximately 10 microM. Comparative studies indicated that BMD188 induced a more potent apoptotic response in PC3 cells than several conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, unlike the above drugs, BMD188 could induce 100% apoptosis in tumor cells. BMD188 also caused apoptosis of other types of prostate cancer cells including cells with multidrug resistance phenotype, independent of the androgen-dependence and p53 status. By contrast, BMD188 generally demonstrated 2-5 fold lower cytotoxicity towards several normal cell types including normal prostate epithelial cells. The growth inhibition by BMD188 was due to apoptosis induction as evidenced by DNA ladder formation, PARP [poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase] cleavage, and typical apoptotic morphology. BMD188-induced apoptosis does not depend on its inhibitory effects on lipoxygenase since target cells (i.e., PC3 and Du145) did not express the lipoxygenase mRNA and protein. In contrast, the apoptosis-inducing effect of BMD188 in PC3 cells could be significantly inhibited by serine protease inhibitors TPCK and TLCK as well as by caspase inhibitors DEVD and zVAD. The involvement of caspases in the apoptotic effects of BMD188 was further confirmed by the activation of caspase-3 (CPP32). In the accompanying paper, we show that BMD188 also inhibits the primary growth and local invasion of Du145 prostate cancer cells orthotopically implanted into the SCID or athymic nude mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data presented here suggest that these novel cyclic hydroxamic acid compounds, via induction of apoptotic death, may find potential clinical applications in the treatment of human prostate cancers.
authors.affiliation: Biomide Laboratories, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010881:Piperidones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C117140:1-hydroxy-4-(1-naphthyl)-6-octylpiperidine-2-one; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D010881:Piperidones; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases