title: Gender effects on persistent cerebral metabolite changes in the frontal lobes of abstinent cocaine users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies found functional changes in the frontal brain region and regions with projections to the frontal lobe in cocaine users. The aim of this study was to investigate persistent neurochemical changes in the frontal lobes of subjects with a history of crack cocaine dependence and to determine whether these changes are different in male and female users.
  
  
  METHODS
  The frontal gray and white matter of 64 young asymptomatic and abstinent (> 5 months) cocaine users (34 male and 30 female) and 58 healthy comparison subjects without a history of drug abuse was evaluated with localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-way analysis of variance showed significant cocaine effects on the concentration of frontal gray matter N-acetyl compounds, on the ratio of frontal white matter N-acetyl compounds to creatine levels, on frontal gray and white matter myoinositol levels, and on the ratio of myoinositol to creatine. Significant gender effects were observed for frontal gray matter choline-containing compounds, the ratio of choline-containing compounds to creatine, and the percentage of CSF in both gray and white matter. Interaction effects of cocaine and gender were observed for creatine, N-acetyl/creatine ratio, and myoinositol/creatine ratio in frontal white matter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cocaine use is associated with neuronal injury (with decreased N-acetyl compounds) in the frontal cortex and glial activation (with increased myoinositol) in both frontal gray and white matter. In the frontal lobe, cocaine affects male users differently than female users. Future studies on the effects of cocaine abuse should control for the effects of gender-specific neurotoxicity.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D002794:Choline / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D016578:Crack Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D003401:Creatine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005971:Glutamates / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007294:Inositol / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors