title: 3D Ultrasound imaging--a useful non-invasive tool to detect AV fistulas in transplanted kidneys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A precise, non-invasive, non-toxic, repeatable, convenient and inexpensive follow-up of renal transplants, especially following biopsies, is in the interest of nephrologists. Formerly, the rate of biopsies leading to AV fistulas had been underestimated. Imaging procedures suited to a detailed judgement of these vascular malformations are to be assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction techniques of ultrasound flow-directed and non-flow-directed energy mode pictures were compared with a standard procedure, gadolinium-enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance imaging angiography (MRA) using the phase contrast technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using B-mode and conventional duplex information, AV fistulas were localized in the upper pole of the kidney transplant of the index patient. The 3D reconstruction provided information about the exact localization and orientation of the fistula in relation to other vascular structures, and the flow along the fistula. The MRA provided localization and orientation information, but less functional information. Flow-directed and non-flow-directed energy mode pictures could be reconstructed to provide 3D information about vascular malformations in transplanted kidneys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In transplanted kidneys, 3D-ultrasound angiography may be equally as effective as MRA in localizing and identifying AV malformations. Advantages of the ultrasound method are that it is cheaper, non-toxic, non-invasive, more widely availability and that it even provides more functional information. Future prospective studies will be necessary to evaluate the two techniques further.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000792:Angiography; D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography