title: Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects under echocardiographic guidance without X-ray: initial experiences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects is performed under fluoroscopy, but echocardiography has gained an important role in the procedure. With the new Amplatzer Septal Occluder a device has become available which is easy to implant with minimal fluoroscopy time. We developed an interventional procedure with this device under transesophageal echocardiography alone without fluoroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients (3 to 16 years of age, bodyweight 14 to 60 kg) with atrial septal defects centrally located in the oval fossa were elected for transcatheter closure. After sedation with midazolam and propofol a diagnostic and interventional catheterization was performed in all cases without fluoroscopy. Oxymetric shunt was Qp: Qs = 1.7 (1.5 to 2.1). Under transesophageal echocardiography, the defects were sized over the wire with a balloon catheter. Mean balloon stretched diameter was 10 mm (7 to 14 mm). Under transesophageal echocardiography an Amplatzer Septal Occluder was placed into the defect. In two patients this was achieved with a 5 MHz monoplane pediatric transducer, in two patients a 10mm 5 MHz multiplane probe was used. Complete closure was achieved in all patients and no complications were encountered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that in selected cases with an atrial septal defect located in the oval fossa and clear-cut echocardiographic findings, an Amplatzer Septal Occluder can be safely deployed under echocardiographic guidance alone.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*