title: Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 inhibits monocyte apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic atopic dermatitis (AD) lesions are associated with colonization by exotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Evidence suggests that cytokine production in AD, particularly of GM-CSF, prolongs survival of both peripheral blood monocytes and dermal monocyte-macrophages, the predominate inflammatory cell in lesions caused by chronic AD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine whether the staphylococcal exotoxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), could stimulate prosurvival cytokine production in monocytes and thereby inhibit apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultures of peripheral blood monocytes from normal donors and subjects with AD were incubated with various concentrations of TSST-1, and the incidence of apoptosis was assessed by examining cytospin preparations and the appearance of hypodiploid DNA in the flow cytometer. Culture supernatants were analyzed for GM-CSF, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TSST-1, in a concentration-dependent manner starting at 0.1 pg/mL, significantly inhibited monocyte apoptosis and resulted in the production of the prosurvival cytokines GM-CSF, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha. In coculture conditions with conditioned media from TSST-1-stimulated monocytes, with or without neutralizing antibody to the various cytokines, the data show GM-CSF production was responsible for the inhibition of apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data strongly suggest that staphylococcal exotoxins known to colonize skin lesions on patients with chronic AD may induce the production of GM-CSF, resulting in inhibition of monocyte-macrophage apoptosis, and thereby contribute to the chronicity of this inflammatory disease.
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology; D018089:Superantigens