title: Systemic availability and pharmacokinetics of nebulised budesonide in preschool children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the systemic availability and basic pharmacokinetic parameters of budesonide after nebulisation and intravenous administration in preschool children with chronic asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma concentrations of budesonide were measured for three hours after an intravenous infusion of 125 micrograms budesonide. The children then inhaled a nominal dose of 1 mg budesonide through the mouthpiece of a Pari LC Jet Plus nebuliser connected to a Pari Master compressor, and the plasma concentrations of budesonide were measured for another six hours. The amount of budesonide inhaled by the patient ("dose to subject") was determined by subtracting from the amount of budesonide put into the nebuliser, the amount remaining in the nebuliser after nebulisation, the amount emitted to the ambient air (filter), and the amount found in the mouth rinsing water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients aged 3 to 6 years completed both the intravenous and the inhaled treatment. The mean dose to subject was 23% of the nominal dose. The systemic availability of budesonide was estimated to be 6.1% of the nominal dose (95% confidence intervals (CI), 4.6% to 8.1%) or 26.3% of the dose to subject (95% CI, 20.3% to 34.1%). Budesonide clearance was 0.54 l/min (95% CI, 0.46 to 0.62), steady state volume of distribution 55 litres (95% CI, 45 to 68), and the terminal half life was 2.3 hours (95% CI, 2.0 to 2.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately 6% of the nominal dose (26% of the dose to subject) reached the systemic circulation of young children after inhalation of nebulised budesonide. This is about half the systemic availability found in healthy adults using the same nebuliser.
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001249:Asthma / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D001682:Biological Availability; D019819:Budesonide / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers