title: Distribution and environmental risk factors for paratuberculosis in dairy cattle herds in Michigan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine prevalence of paratuberculosis among dairy cattle herds and to identify associated soil-related risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum and soil samples for 121 Michigan dairy herds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected from cows at each farm and tested for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, using an antibody ELISA. Soil samples were collected from pastures and exercise lots; pH and available iron content were determined. A questionnaire was administered to collect data regarding farm management practices and productivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  55% of the herds tested had > or = 2 M paratuberculosis-positive cattle. Adjusting sample prevalence for distribution of herd size strata yielded a statewide herd prevalence of 54%. Of 3,886 cattle tested, 267 had positive results. Prevalence of test-positive cattle was 6.9%. For every part per million (ppm) increase in soil iron content, there was a 1.4% increase in the risk of a herd being test-positive. An increase in soil pH of 0.1 was associated with a 5% decrease and an increase in soil iron content of 10 ppm was associated with a 4% increase in the number of test-positive cattle. Application of lime to pasture areas was associated with a herd being only 10% as likely to be paratuberculosis positive and with a 72% reduction in number of test-positive cattle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of paratuberculosis-positive dairy herds in Michigan (54%) was greater than expected, but prevalence of paratuberculosis-positive cattle (6.9%) was within anticipated values. These prevalences were associated positively with acidic soil and increased soil iron content. Application of lime to pasture areas was associated with reduced risk of paratuberculosis.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D007774:Lactation; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012988:Soil Microbiology