title: Intraocular penetration of topical lidocaine 4%.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the intraocular penetration of lidocaine 4% topically applied before phacoemulsification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Verona, and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Padua, Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty eyes having phacoemulsification for senile cataract were anesthetized by topical application of lidocaine 4%. The drug was applied 3 times in 30 minutes in 15 eyes and 6 times in 60 minutes in 15 eyes. At the beginning of surgery, aqueous humor samples were obtained to measure the lidocaine levels. Blood samples were obtained in 6 patients 30 and 60 minutes after aqueous humor collection. The aqueous humor levels were compared with the amount of pain perceived by patients during surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean aqueous humor lidocaine concentration was 8.68 micrograms/mL +/- 2.43 (SD) after 3 instillations and 23.21 +/- 8.87 micrograms/mL after 6 instillations. Blood levels of lidocaine were negligible. Patients whose intraocular level was below 12 micrograms/mL perceived more pain during surgery. Only 2 eyes had these low levels after 6 instillations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topically applied lidocaine 4% effectively penetrates the eye, providing analgesia for phacoemulsification. We suggest at least 6 instillations in the hour preceding surgery. In this study, pain during surgery was primarily related to poor intraocular levels of the anesthetic agent.
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D018916:Blood-Aqueous Barrier; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010147:Pain Measurement; D018918:Phacoemulsification