title: Imaging of interstitial cryotherapy--an in vitro comparison of ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the imaging capabilities of ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in monitoring interstitial cryotherapy and to compare them with visual control.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental MR-compatible, vacuum-insulated and liquid nitrogen-cooled cryoprobe was inserted under in vitro conditions into a porcine liver, which was kept at a temperature of 37 +/- 1 degrees C, in a water bath with continuous stirring. The freezing procedure was controlled macroscopically, by US (Toshiba Sonolayer, 7.5-MHz linear array transducer), by CT (Siemens Somatom Plus, slice thickness 2-8 mm, 165-210 mA at 120 kV), and by MRI (Philips Gyroscan ACS-NT, FFE TR/TE/FA = 15/5.4/25 degrees, T1-SE 550/20, T2-TSE 1800/100) after the iceball reached its maximum size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum iceball diameter around the probe tip was 12.0 mm by visual control, 12.4 mm by US, 12.7 mm by CT, and within 12.8 mm by spin echo sequences and 11 mm by gradient echo sequence. Due to the nearly signal-free appearance of the frozen tissue on MR images, the ice/tissue contrast on T1-weighted and gradient echo images was superior to T2-weighted images and CT images. Sonographically, the ice formation appeared as a hyperechoic sickle with nearly complete acoustic shadowing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the better ice/tissue contrast, T1-weighted or gradient echo MR images were superior to CT and US in monitoring interstitial cryotherapy. Gradient echo sequences generally underestimated the ice diameter by 15%.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D007053:Ice; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography