title: Isozyme variability among cryptic species of Botrychium subgenus Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae).
abstract: The systematics of Botrychium subgenus Botrychium has been controversial, primarily because reduction in frond size and complexity has limited the number of characters available for discrimination of species. The recognition of many polyploid species has magnified the difficulty of classification because allopolyploids are often morphologically intermediate between their progenitor diploids. In order to evaluate species limits and sectional boundaries, we surveyed and compared 16 of the 24 currently recognized species for isozymic variation. Little or no intrapopulational variation was detected, but the variation present was consistent with the hypothesis that Botrychium species are primarily inbreeding. Interspecific comparisons distinguished six diploid species and provided evidence of molecular differentiation between the cryptic sister species B. lunaria and B. crenulatum. Evidence of possible progenitor/descendant relationships was found for certain diploid/polyploid relationships. Using enzyme bands shared between species, realignment of the sectional assignment of several species is proposed. Anomalous banding patterns in certain individuals suggested that gene silencing or homoeologous chromosome pairing might be operating in B. minganense, B. hesperium, and B. matricariifolium. Isozyme data also showed that some populations of species presumed to be uniformly diploid possessed isozyme patterns typical of polyploids. All available molecular data indicate that members of Botrychium subgenus Botrychium are actively evolving at diploid and polyploid levels.