title: Association of polymorphism within the promoter of the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene with increased risk of preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The rarer allele of a polymorphism within the promoter region at position -308 of the gene for tumor necrosis factor alpha is associated with increased gene transcription. In this study we tested the hypothesis that this rarer allele is associated with spontaneous preterm birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study of women admitted to our labor and delivery unit. To assess data from a single racial group with a high incidence of preterm birth we restricted our analysis to African American women, who contributed 73.6% of the samples collected during the study period. Case patients (n = 55) were defined as women who were delivered before 37 weeks' gestation after idiopathic preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes. Control subjects (n = 110) included women who were delivered after 37 weeks' gestation and had no history of preterm delivery. We also performed subgroup analyses of women with idiopathic preterm labor and delivery (n = 29) and women who were delivered preterm after preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes (n = 26).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although carriers (homozygotes plus heterozygotes) of the rarer allele of the polymorphism at position -308 in the gene for tumor necrosis factor alpha were not significantly more common among women who were delivered preterm (n = 24/55, 44%) than among control subjects (n = 33/110, 30%, P =.08, odds ratio 1.81, 95% confidence interval 0.92-3.54), carriers of the rarer allele were more common among women who were delivered preterm after preterm premature rupture of membranes (n = 15/26, 58%) than among control subjects (P =.008, odds ratio 3.18, 95% confidence interval 1.33-7.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate an association between allelic variants of the polymorphism at position -308 in the gene for tumor necrosis factor alpha and preterm birth after preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes. We hypothesize that host susceptibility to environmental factors, such as hyperresponsiveness of the gene for tumor necrosis factor alpha to genital tract infection, may promote preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes and subsequent preterm delivery.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*