title: [Non-invasive lymphatic staging of lung neoplasms: comparative study with computerized tomography and endoscopic ultrasonography].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A prospective comparative study with pathology was performed at the National Cancer Institute, Milan, to assess the clinical value of Computed Tomography (CT) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for nodal staging in lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In three years, 71 patients with histological diagnosis of non-small-cell lung cancer were operated on. They underwent CT and EUS examinations to identify mediastinal lymphadenopathies after major nodal involvement had been excluded by chest X-ray. Diagnostic staging was completed in two weeks prior to treatment. Patients received complete tumor removal and radical lymphadenectomy (55 patients), invasive staging with node resection and sampling (11 patients), or mediastinoscopy (5 patients). Blinded interpretation of CT alone, EUS alone, and CT and EUS together were performed, with systematic correlation of imaging findings and pathological results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of mediastinal involvement was 42.2%. A total of 329 nodal stations were dissected or sampled and 755 lymph nodes were examined at histology. On a per-station basis, CT had greater sensitivity (74%) than EUS (56%), but EUS was more specific (83.4% vs 92.7%). The accuracy rates of the two techniques were similar (CT 81%, EUS 83%). A site by site analysis showed highest sensitivity (100%) in the lower right paratracheal nodes for CT, and in the superior left paratracheal and subcarinal nodes for EUS. When the EUS and CT images were studied together by specialists on a per-station basis, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy increased to 85%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic ultrasound should be part of the routine preoperative diagnostic approach to non-small-cell lung cancer, because of its high specificity. Results can be improved when EUS and CT are combined, which suggests that these imaging modalities should be used together in selected patients for the noninvasive staging of non-small-cell lung cancer to identify local lymphatic spread.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography