title: Correlation between fetal sex and human chorionic gonadotropin in peripheral maternal blood and amniotic fluid in second and third trimester normal pregnancies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To study the correlation between fetal sex and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in maternal blood and amniotic fluid.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirty uncomplicated pregnancies, 82 of whom were at sixteen and 48 at thirty-five weeks of gestation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hCG levels were significantly higher in maternal serum than in amniotic fluid. At 16 weeks there were no sex-related differences in the hCG levels, either in maternal blood or in amniotic fluid. At 35 weeks the hCG levels in maternal blood were significantly higher in pregnancies with female fetuses than in those carrying male fetuses (p<0.004), while in amniotic fluid the hCG levels tended to be slightly higher in the female group than in the male. In pregnancies with female fetuses the hCG levels in maternal blood were significantly higher at 35 than at 16 weeks (p<0.02), while in pregnancies with male fetuses the levels were highest at 16 weeks. For both sexes the hCG levels in amniotic fluid were significantly higher at 16 than at 35 weeks of pregnancy (p<0.001). Whereas a significant correlation between hCG levels in maternal blood and amniotic fluid was seen at 16 weeks of gestation for both sexes (p<0.01 and R value 0.45 for males and 0.41 for females), no correlation was observed at 35 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows a significant correlation between hCG and fetal sex at third trimester of gestation only, possibly caused by a gender factor and a shift in synthesis and/or in metabolism of hCG from the second to the third trimester.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis