title: Induction of tolerance to hemorrhagic or endotoxic shock involves activation of NF-kappaB.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tolerance to hemorrhagic or endotoxic shock can be induced by prior sublethal hemorrhage (SLH). The purpose of this study was to explore whether alterations in signal transduction pathways involving NF-kappaB occur in macrophages (Mphi) following induction of tolerance by SLH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a model of SLH previously shown in our lab to impart a survival benefit to subsequent hemorrhagic or endotoxic shock, rats (n = 30) were conditioned by SLH. Peritoneal Mphi were harvested 24 h after conditioning and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 microg/mL). Nuclear and cytosolic proteins were isolated 1 h later for determination of NF-kappaB activation by gel-shift assay and IkappaB-alpha by Western blot. TNF mRNA gene expression was measured 4 h after LPS stimulation by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR). TNF protein levels were measured in cellular supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 18 h after LPS. RESULTS. LPS stimulation of sham Mphi increased NF-kappaB activation with corresponding loss of its inhibitor IkappaB-alpha. In contrast, IkappaB-alpha was not detectable following conditioning, and conditioned Mphi had NF-kappaB activation at baseline which increased minimally with LPS stimulation. LPS increased TNF gene expression and significantly increased protein production by both sham and conditioned Mphi, but this increase was greater in the sham-conditioned group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability of Mphi from animals made tolerant by SLH to produce TNF in vitro is conserved. Nevertheless, these same Mphi exhibit alterations in TNF gene induction and expression as well as signal transduction, specifically, changes in IkappaB-alpha and NF-kappaB activation. This suggests a role for activation of NF-kappaB in the induction of tolerance.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013534:Survival; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics