title: Comparison of three-dimensional virtual endoscopy with bronchoscopy in patients with oesophageal carcinoma infiltrating the tracheobronchial tree.
abstract: Virtual endoscopy (VE) is a technique for performing simulated bronchoscopy using helical CT data of the tracheobronchial tree. In order to evaluate a virtual three-dimensional (3D) endoluminal procedure for the tracheobronchial tree, comparison was made between bronchoscopy, axial CT images and minimal intensity projections (MIP). 21 patients were referred for helical CT because of oesophageal carcinoma shown by bronchoscopy to infiltrate into the trachea or bronchi. Axial CT images obtained on a helical scanner were transferred to a Sparc20 workstation. VE was compared with the axial CT images and the MIP concerning additional information on the location and degree of stenosis gained after 3D reconstruction of the inner surface of the tracheobronchial tree. The accuracy of this VE system was compared with bronchoscopy. Follow-up was performed in two patients to evaluate the tracheobronchial system after stent implantation. All stenoses were identified by VE with no statistically significant difference in detection of location or grading of the stenosis to real time bronchoscopy. Passage of subtotal stenosis was only possible with VE. VE is suitable for following up stent implantation. Submucosal lesions of the tracheobronchial tree could not be detected by VE. There was no statistically significant difference regarding the location of the stenoses between VE, axial CT slices, MIP and bronchoscopy. The VE showed only a statistically significant difference with regard to the degree of stenosis which was underrated on axial CT slices and MIPs. Pitfalls including mucus plugs and wall defects due to the wrong threshold value were a limitation of VE. VE is presently too time-consuming to use in every patient with an infiltrating tumour into the tracheobronchial tree. In conclusion, while VE cannot replace endoscopy of the tracheobronchial tree or the oesophagus, it is an accurate and non-invasive method for identifying endoluminal tumours, grading stenoses and visualizing the tracheobronchial tree beyond stenoses in a small number of patients who are not amenable to endoscopy.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001984:Bronchial Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D001995:Bronchography; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology