title: Effects of ibuprofen on the physiology and survival of hypothermic sepsis. Ibuprofen in Sepsis Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to compare the clinical and physiologic characteristics of febrile septic patients with hypothermic septic patients; and to examine plasma levels of cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha and interleukin 6 (IL-6) and the lipid mediators thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and prostacyclin in hypothermic septic patients in comparison with febrile patients. Most importantly, we wanted to report the effect of ibuprofen treatment on vital signs, organ failure, and mortality in hypothermic sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed in the intensive care units (ICUs) of seven clinical centers in the United States and Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred fifty-five patients admitted to the ICU who met defined criteria for severe sepsis and were suspected of having a serious infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ibuprofen at a dose of 10 mg/kg (maximum 800 mg) was administered intravenously over 30 to 60 mins every 6 hrs for eight doses vs. placebo (glycine buffer vehicle).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four (10%) septic patients met criteria for hypothermia and 409 were febrile. The mortality rate was significantly higher in hypothermic patients, 70% vs. 35% for febrile patients. At study entry, urinary metabolites of TxB2, prostacyclin, and serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were significantly elevated in hypothermic patients compared with febrile patients. In hypothermic patients treated with ibuprofen, there was a trend toward an increased number of days free of major organ system failures and a significant reduction in the 30-day mortality rate from 90% (18/20 placebo-treated patients) to 54% (13/24 ibuprofen-treated patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypothermic sepsis has an incidence of approximately 10% and an untreated mortality twice that of severe sepsis presenting with fever. When compared with febrile patients, the hypothermic group has an amplified response with respect to cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 and lipid mediators TxB2 and prostacyclin. Treatment with ibuprofen may decrease mortality in this select group of septic patients.
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000382:microbiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism