title: Evaluation of CSF leaks: high-resolution CT compared with contrast-enhanced CT and radionuclide cisternography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiologic evaluation of CSF leaks is a diagnostic challenge that often involves multiple imaging studies with the associated expense and patient discomfort. We evaluated the use of screening noncontrast high-resolution CT in identifying the presence and site of CSF rhinorrhea and otorrhea and compared it with contrast-enhanced CT cisternography and radionuclide cisternography.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the imaging studies and medical records of all patients who were evaluated for CSF leak during a 7-year period. Forty-two patients with rhinorrhea and/or otorrhea underwent high-resolution CT of the face or temporal bone and then had CT cisternography and radionuclide cisternography via lumbar puncture. The results of the three studies were compared and correlated with the surgical findings in 21 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-resolution CT showed bone defects in 30 of 42 patients (71%) with CSF leak. High-resolution, radionuclide cisternography and CT cisternography did not show bone defects or CSF leak for 12 patients (29%) who had clinical evidence of CSF leak. Among the 30 patients with bone defects, 20 (66%) had positive results of their radionuclide cisternography and/or CT cisternography. For the 21 patients who underwent surgical exploration and repair, intraoperative findings correlated with the defects revealed by high-resolution CT in all cases. High-resolution CT identified significantly more patients with CSF leak than did radionuclide cisternography and CT cisternography, with a moderate degree of agreement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noncontrast high-resolution CT showed a defect in 70% of the patients with CSF leak. No radionuclide cisternography or CT cisternography study produced positive results without previous visualization of a defect on high-resolution CT. CT cisternography and radionuclide cisternography may be reserved for patients in whom initial high-resolution CT does not identify a bone defect or for patients with multiple fractures or postoperative defects.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002558:Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D002559:Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D002946:Cisterna Magna / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003287:Contrast Media; D005004:Ethmoid Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D019793:Fluorescein; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015642:Radiology, Interventional; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013129:Spinal Puncture; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*