title: In vitro dose-dependent effects of enrofloxacin on equine articular cartilage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether enrofloxacin has detrimental, dose-dependent effects on equine articular cartilage in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cartilage explants were developed from 6 healthy horses between 0 and 96 months old.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patellar cartilage explants were incubated in 5 concentrations of enrofloxacin (2 microg/ml, 10 microg/ml, 1,000 microg/ml, 10,000 microg/ml, and 50,000 microg/ml) for 72 hours. Proteoglycan synthesis (Na35SO4 incorporation for 24 hours), proteoglycan degradation (Na35SO4 release for 72 hours), endogenous proteoglycan content (dimethylmethlene blue assay), and total protein content were determined. Cartilage explants were evaluated by use of histomorphologic and histomorphometric techniques (toluidine blue stain) for cytologic and matrix characteristics. Quantitative data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA to compare results among various enrofloxacin concentration groups and the control group. A general linear model was used to determine whether age had an effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proteoglycan synthesis was excellent in control specimens and in specimens incubated in low concentrations of enrofloxacin (2 microg/ml and 10 microg/ml). High concentrations of enrofloxacin (> 1,000 microg/ml) effectively eliminated proteoglycan synthesis regardless of horse age. Proteoglycan degradation at low concentrations (2 microg/ml and 10 microg/ml) was not different than control. High concentrations of enrofloxacin (> 1,000 microg/ml) caused significant degradation. Different concentrations of enrofloxacin did not affect endogenous proteoglycan. High concentrations of enrofloxacin were associated with a significant increase in number of pyknotic nuclei.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concentrations of enrofloxacin that might be achieved following systemic administration did not suppress chondrocyte metabolism in vitro. High concentrations of enrofloxacin (> 1,000 microg/ml) were toxic to chondrocytes.
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006736:Horses; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism; D013462:Sulfur Radioisotopes