title: Resurgence of tuberculosis and the impact of HIV infection.
abstract: Tuberculosis is increasing in many countries. In some areas the major influences on tuberculosis trends are the traditional ones: poverty, failures in the treatment system, and immigration. In others, and increasingly, the HIV epidemic is having a huge impact. HIV infection increases the risk of tuberculosis approximately 7-fold, though this may vary with the stage of the HIV epidemic, the prevalence of tuberculosis, and the age groups considered. Dually-infected individuals develop tuberculous disease at a rate of 5-10% per year. HIV also increases the risk of disease following recent infection, which makes a major contribution to the tuberculosis burden in some settings. HIV-infected individuals, may transmit Mycobacterium tuberculosis less than do HIV-negative individuals, but the extra cases will add to the transmission overall, and evidence of HIV-attributable increases in the annual risk of infection is beginning to be seen.
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000254:growth & development; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014775:Virus Activation