title: Fetal cell identifiers: results of microscope slide-based immunocytochemical studies as a function of gestational age and abnormality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated monoclonal antibodies to 3 cell surface and 3 intracellular antigens for their relative usefulness as markers to identify fetal cells in maternal blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  With indirect immunocytochemical labeling techniques, antigen expression was studied in 52 fetal blood samples as a function of gestational age, fetal karyotype, the presence of multiple anomalies detectable on ultrasonography, and anemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A decline in the expression of these antigens as gestational age advanced was demonstrated. Samples from karyotypically abnormal fetuses, fetuses with multiple anomalies, and anemic fetuses showed an antigenic distribution that was immature for gestational age. In normal fetuses zeta globin and epsilon globin expression decreased after 12 to 14 weeks, potentially limiting the utility of these proteins as fetal cell markers in the isolation of fetal cells from maternal blood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate a fetal developmental hematologic profile that varies with gestational age and also with pathologic condition. Antibodies to the gamma chain of fetal hemoglobin and the transferrin receptor (CD71) are the most useful fetal cell-identifying reagents.
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D017218:Cordocentesis; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology*; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000097:blood; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D007621:Karyotyping; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal