title: The prevalence of carotid atheromas seen on panoramic radiographs of patients with obstructive sleep apnea and their relation to risk factors for atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Persons with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) suffer inordinately high rates of stroke, but the cause remains in doubt. Atherosclerosis (atheroma formation) of the extracranial carotid artery has been suggested as a possible cause. Because atheromas can be recognized on panoramic radiographs, this study compared their prevalence in subjects with OSAS and normal controls and analyzed their relation to atherogenic risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Panoramic radiographs and medical records of 54 male subjects (mean age, 60.4 years) with OSAS (apnea/hypopnea index [AHI] of 15 or greater and a history of snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness) were assessed for atheromas and risk factors. Age-matched controls were likewise assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve individuals (22%) with OSAS showed atheromas on their radiographs. The radiographs of the controls showed that 3.7% had atheromas. This finding was statistically significant (P = .0079). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among individuals with OSAS and atheroma formation (7 of 12 persons, 58%) was far greater than the prevalence of diabetes (10 of 42 persons, 24%) experienced by individuals with OSAS but free of atheroma formation. This finding was also statistically significant (P = .035). The lesions seen in both the subject and control populations were similar and were located in the neck, 1.5 to 2.5 cm inferior-posterior to the angle of the mandible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persons with OSAS are more likely to manifest calcified atheromas on their panoramic radiographs than age-matched controls. Type 2 diabetes is significantly more prevalent in individuals with both OSAS and calcified atheromas.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000150:complications; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D002342:Carotid Artery, External / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012894:Sleep Stages; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012913:Snoring / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging