title: Impact of breast feeding on admission for pneumonia during postneonatal period in Brazil: nested case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether breast feeding protects infants against pneumonia and whether the protection varies with age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nested case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pelotas, southern Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were 152 infants aged 28-364 days who had been admitted to hospital for pneumonia. Controls were 2391 cases in a population based case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Odds ratio of admission for pneumonia according to type of milk consumed (breast milk alone, breast and formula milk, or formula milk and other fluids only), use of fluid supplements apart from formula milk, and use of solid supplements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants who were not being breast fed were 17 times more likely than those being breast fed without formula milk to be admitted to hospital for pneumonia (95% confidence interval 7.7 to 36.0). This relative risk was 61 (19.0 to 195.5) for children under 3 months old, decreasing to 10 (2.8 to 36. 2) thereafter. Supplementation with solids was associated with a relative risk of 13.4 (7.6 to 23.5) for all infants and 175 (21.8 to 1405.1) for those under 3 months old.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast feeding protects young children against pneumonia, especially in the first months of life. These results may be used for targeting intervention campaigns at the most vulnerable age groups.
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005526:Food, Formulated; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors