title: Head-injured patients who are nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus are at high risk for Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if head-injured patients with premorbid nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus are at increased risk for S. aureus infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients admitted over a 2-yr period were enrolled if they met the following criteria: Injury Severity Score > or = 9, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, hospitalization in another hospital < 24 hrs, no recent use of antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute care trauma facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Any patient sustaining acute, blunt, or penetrating injury and meeting the enrollement criteria were eligible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swab cultures of both internal nares were performed within 72 hrs of readmission and cultured for S. Aureus. Patients were prospectively monitored for S. Aureus infections until discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Admission nasal cultures were positive (NC+) for S. aureus in 144 of the 776 patients cultured. Forty of the 144 NC+ patients had isolated head (37) or high cervical spine (3) injury, and 11 of that group (27.5%) developed S. aureus infections. The remaining 104 patients positive for S. aureus on admission had no head injury (74) or head combined with torso and extremity injuries (30). S. aureus infection was diagnosed in 11 of the 104 patients (10.6%). The difference in incidence of infections is significant (p <.01), as is the difference in incidence of pneumonia (20% vs. 3.8%, respectively [p <.01]). Organisms causing pneumonia were often the same organisms isolated from the nares on admission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nasal colonization with S. aureus at the time of severe head injury increases the risk of S. aureus pneumonia during hospitalization. Prophylactic measures against S. aureus pneumonia may help reduce the length and cost of hospitalization.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017053:Infection Control; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012703:Serotyping; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification