title: Hemoglobin infusion augments the tumor necrosis factor response to bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether cell-free hemoglobin augments the inflammatory cascade, as detected by production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) elicited by bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]).
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo and ex vivo study, using a mouse model of sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal research facility
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Swiss Webster mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the in vivo experiments, an LD50 dose (500 microg) of Escherichia coli LPS was injected intraperitoneally into mice. Cell-free crosslinked hemoglobin (60 mg/mouse) or saline was administered intravenously 10 hrs before or coincident with LPS. For the ex vivo experiments, hemoglobin (60 mg/mouse) or saline was administered intravenously to mice, and, 10 hrs later, hepatic Kupffer cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, or peritoneal macrophages were isolated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intravenous infusion of hemoglobin either 10 hrs before or coincident with intraperitoneal LPS resulted in a peak of plasma TNF that was greater than in control mice administered LPS only. Cultured Kupffer cells, isolated from mice that had received hemoglobin in vivo 10 hrs before cell collection, produced more TNF in response to LPS in vitro than cells from normal mice. A trend toward greater TNF production in vitro by peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from hemoglobin-treated mice also was observed. Enhanced sensitivity to LPS was not observed with cultured peritoneal macrophages from mice that had received hemoglobin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous hemoglobin increased the sensitivity of hepatic macrophages to subsequent stimulation by LPS. This effect may contribute to the increased mortality that we have observed in animals that have received both LPS and hemoglobin.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004926:Escherichia coli; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology