title: Effects of early handling on amphetamine-induced locomotor activation and conditioned place preference in the adult rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Altered hormonal stress responsiveness has been implicated in psychostimulant responsivity, and early handling represents a mild environmental manipulation which alters the hormonal profile following stress exposure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present experiments examined whether early handling in rats would alter locomotor effects of amphetamine, as well as cross-sensitization of locomotor responsiveness after chronic stress. Conditioned place preference (CPP) for amphetamine was also measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  Handling consisted of daily 15-min isolation periods from days 1-12 postnatally. Novelty- and amphetamine (0, 1.5 mg/kg)-induced locomotion were examined using circular corridors in adult rats that were either restrained repeatedly over 8 days or not disturbed prior to testing. The effects of handling on amphetamine (0, 1, 2, 5 mg/kg) conditioned place preference (CPP) were also examined following 3 days of drug-compartment pairings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early handling produced a more rapid post-stress recovery in corticosterone levels. Handled animals also exhibited a significant attenuation in amphetamine-induced CPP compared to non-handled controls. Locomotor responsiveness to novelty and amphetamine was not altered by early handling. Although no cross-sensitization was observed, evidence for stress sensitization was seen, but was unaffected by early handling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Handled animals showed an attenuated CPP for amphetamine, data suggesting that sensitivity to the reward value of drugs of abuse in adulthood may be susceptible to relatively minor environmental manipulations early in life. This effect of handling on CPP does not seem to reflect differences in locomotor sensitivity to amphetamine.
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006234:Handling, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*