title: Induction of necrosis but not apoptosis after anoxia and reoxygenation in isolated adult cardiomyocytes of rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Apoptosis is one feature of myocardial damage after ischemia-reperfusion, but the causes for its induction are unclear. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether apoptosis in cardiomyocytes is directly initiated by their sub-lethal injury that results from ischemia-reperfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ischemia was simulated on isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes of adult rats by anoxia in a glucose free medium, pH 6.4. Induction of apoptosis was detected by (1) DNA laddering of genomic DNA, (2) TUNEL positive cells (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated-UTP nick end labelling) and (3) annexinV-fluorescein isothiocyanate (annexinV-FITC) binding to cells under exclusion of propidium iodide. Necrotic cells were identified by (1) staining with both annexinV-FITC and propidium iodide, (2) unspecific DNA degradation and (3) enzyme release.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulated ischemia caused a > 75% loss of high-energy phosphates within 2 h, which was reversible upon reoxygenation at pH 7.4. Even after 18 h of simulated ischemia, creatine phosphate contents recovered to 55.2 +/- 7.3% of control within 1 h. Apoptosis could be induced by UV irradiation (80 J/m2), H2O2 and the NO-donor N2-acetyl-S-nitroso-D,L-penicillinaminamide. In contrast to this, simulated ischemia and reoxygenation could not induce apoptosis in the cells, but with prolonged ischemia more cells became necrotic. After 18 hours of simulated ischemia and 4 h of reoxygenation 41.2 +/- 10.2% myocytes were necrotic (vs. 6.3 +/- 4.4% of control) and only 1.7 +/- 0.5% (vs. 8.7 +/- 4.6% of control) were apoptotic. The percentage of necrotic cells correlated with an increase in lactate dehydrogenase release from 9.9 +/- 0.6% (of total activity) of normoxic controls to 37.9 +/- 5.1% after 18 h of simulated ischemia and 12 h of reoxygenation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simulated ischemia-reoxygenation causes necrosis of isolated cardiomyocytes but is not sufficient for induction of apoptosis.
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D009336:Necrosis; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects