title: Potential for plasmid DNAs as vaccines for the new millennium.
abstract: The advent of new technology and the unmet needs of old and new epidemics of infectious diseases have stimulated a new era of vaccinology. One of the most novel approaches employs plasmid DNA engineered to express one or more genes of the pathogen in mammalian cells. Plasmids may also express cytokine or costimulatory molecules to 'direct' the immune response and/or express altered forms of the antigen to direct it to a specific intracellular compartment or a specific extracellular receptor. The quality of immune responses generated by DNA vaccines in animals has previously only been equaled by live attenuated viral vaccines. The immune stimulating activity of DNA vaccines, combined with their versatility, suggests vast potential for these vaccines.