title: Differentiation-related expression of the Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope in developing human lung and in lung carcinoma: lack of association with malignancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been proposed that the Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope represents a general carcinoma-associated antigen and a candidate for the development of a tumor vaccine. However, the expression of the unmasked and masked (sialylated) forms in lung carcinomas, as well as in developing and adult human lung, has not been documented sufficiently.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sections from 82 lung carcinomas, including squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and large cell and small cell carcinomas, as well as sections of developing and adult human lung were studied using the lectin amaranthin and a monoclonal antibody.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All lung carcinomas but one bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma were unreactive for the Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope, whereas its sialylated form was detectable in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas, including bronchiolo-alveolar carcinomas. Both unmasked and masked Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotopes were undetectable in large cell and small cell lung carcinomas. In all developmental stages of lung, the Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope was expressed only in epithelia of the most peripheral parts of the bronchial tree, whereas its sialylated form was expressed in epithelia of all parts of the bronchial tree. In adult lung, the Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope was expressed in pneumocytes, whereas its sialylated form was expressed ubiquitously in all epithelia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope in human lung represents a differentiation antigen, rather than a carcinoma-associated antigen. The sialylated form is expressed constitutively in both developing and adult lung and well-differentiated lung carcinomas. Thus, the Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope is of limited value in the diagnosis of lung carcinoma, and there is no rationale for a Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope-based immunotherapy for patients with this disease.
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000032:analysis*; D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate / Q000032:analysis; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests