title: Epidurography and therapeutic epidural injections: technical considerations and experience with 5334 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Even in experienced hands, blind epidural steroid injections result in inaccurate needle placement in up to 30% of cases. The use of fluoroscopy and radiologic contrast material provides confirmation of accurate needle placement within the epidural space. We describe our technique and experience with contrast epidurography and therapeutic epidural steroid injections, and review the frequency of systemic and neurologic complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidural steroid injections were performed in 5489 consecutive outpatients over a period of 5 1/2 years by three procedural neuroradiologists. In 155 cases (2.8%), the injections were done without contrast material owing to either confirmed or suspected allergy. The remaining 5334 injections were performed after epidurography through the same needle. Patients and referring clinicians were instructed to contact us first regarding complications or any problem potentially related to the injection. In addition, the referring clinicians' offices were instructed to contact us regarding any conceivable procedure-related complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 10 patients in the entire series required either oral (n = 5) or intravenous (n = 5) sedation. Four complications (0.07%) required either transport to an emergency room (n = 2) or hospitalization (n = 2). None of the complications required surgical intervention, and all were self-limited with regard to symptoms and imaging manifestations. Fluoroscopic needle placement and epidurography provided visual confirmation of accurate needle placement, distribution of the injectate, and depiction of epidural space disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidurography in conjunction with epidural steroid injections provides for safe and accurate therapeutic injection and is associated with an exceedingly low frequency of untoward sequelae. It can be performed safely on an outpatient basis and does not require sedation or special monitoring.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001416:Back Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003287:Contrast Media; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D009339:Needles / Q000009:adverse effects; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012449:Safety; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000187:drug effects; D013256:Steroids / Q000008:administration & dosage*