title: Artificial neural network-aided image analysis system for cell counting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In histological preparations containing debris and synthetic materials, it is difficult to automate cell counting using standard image analysis tools, i.e., systems that rely on boundary contours, histogram thresholding, etc. In an attempt to mimic manual cell recognition, an automated cell counter was constructed using a combination of artificial intelligence and standard image analysis methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Artificial neural network (ANN) methods were applied on digitized microscopy fields without pre-ANN feature extraction. A three-layer feed-forward network with extensive weight sharing in the first hidden layer was employed and trained on 1,830 examples using the error back-propagation algorithm on a Power Macintosh 7300/180 desktop computer. The optimal number of hidden neurons was determined and the trained system was validated by comparison with blinded human counts. System performance at 50x and lO0x magnification was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correlation index at 100x magnification neared person-to-person variability, while 50x magnification was not useful. The system was approximately six times faster than an experienced human.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ANN-based automated cell counting in noisy histological preparations is feasible. Consistent histology and computer power are crucial for system performance. The system provides several benefits, such as speed of analysis and consistency, and frees up personnel for other tasks.
authors.affiliation: CytoTherapeutics, Inc., Lincoln, Rhode Island 02865, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sjöström
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Frydel
authors.forename: L U
authors.initials: LU
authors.lastname: Wahlberg
mesh_terms: D002452:Cell Count / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D019044:Image Cytometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D013997:Time Factors