title: The immune suppressive effect of dexamethasone in rheumatoid arthritis is accompanied by upregulation of interleukin 10 and by differential changes in interferon gamma and interleukin 4 production.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The influence of dexamethasone on interleukin 10 (IL10) production and the type 1 (T1)/type 2 (T2) T cell balance found in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNC) were isolated from 14 RA patients both before and 7 and 42 days after high dose dexamethasone pulse therapy. The ex vivo production of IL10, interferon gamma (IFN gamma) (T1 cell), and IL4 (T2 cell) by PB MNCs was assessed, along with parameters of disease activity (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C reactive protein, Visual Analogue Scale, Thompson joint score). In addition, the in vitro effect of dexamethasone (0.02, 0.2, and 2 microM) on PB MNC IL10, IFN gamma, and IL4 production was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dexamethasone pulse therapy resulted in a rapid and sustained decrease in RA disease activity. IL10 production increased after dexamethasone treatment and this was sustained for at least six weeks. A transient strong decrease in IFN gamma was seen shortly after corticosteroid treatment, while IL4 only decreased slightly. This led to an increased IL-4/IFN gamma ratio. In vitro, IL10 production was not detectable, IFN gamma and IL4 decreased, but the effect was more pronounced for IFN gamma than for IL4, which again resulted in an increased IL4/IFN gamma ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dexamethasone therapy in RA patients leads to a rapid, clinically beneficial effect. The upregulation of IL10 production may be involved in the prolonged clinical benefit. The strong immunosuppressive effect is most evident in the decrease in IFN gamma, and is therefore accompanied by a relative shift towards T2 cell activity. In vitro evaluation showed that this shift in T cell balance was a direct effect of dexamethasone and thus independent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Verhoef
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van Roon
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Vianen
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Lafeber
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bijlsma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D003907:Dexamethasone; D007371:Interferon-gamma