title: Characterization of the dual start motif of a class II holin gene.
abstract: Holins are small membrane proteins that, at a genetically programmed time in a bacteriophage infective cycle, allow bacteriolytic enzymes, or endolysins, to escape to the periplasm and to attack the cell wall. Most holins fall into two sequence classes, I and II, based on the number of potential transmembrane domains (three for class I and two for class II). The prototype class I holin gene, S lambda, has a dual start motif and encodes not only the effector holin, Slambda105, but also an inhibitor, Slambda107, with a Met-Lys ...extension at the terminus. The prototype class II holin gene of phage 21, S 21, begins with the motif Met-Lys-Ser-Met ..., and a potential RNA secondary structure overlaps the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. Here, we demonstrate that (i) two protein products are elaborated from S 21, S2171 and S2168; (ii) the shorter product is required for lysis; (iii) the longer product, S2171, inhibits S 21 function; and (iv) the Lys-2 residue is important for the inhibitor function. Moreover, the RNA stem-loop structure is involved in the downregulation of S2171 synthesis. However, our results suggest that, in S 21, different segments of the single consensus Shine-Dalgarno sequence serve the two translational starts. These results show that the dual start motifs of class II holin genes are functionally homologous to those of class I holin genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barenboim
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: dib Hajj
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D010582:Bacteriophage lambda / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D005814:Genes, Viral; D008242:Lysogeny / Q000235:genetics; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010957:Plasmids; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C108624:S holin, bacteriophage lambda; D014764:Viral Proteins; C062210:bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases