title: Evidence for specific nucleocytoplasmic transport pathways used by leucine-rich nuclear export signals.
abstract: Various proteins with different biological activities have been observed to be translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in an energy- and signal-dependent manner in eukaryotic cells. This nuclear export is directed by nuclear export signals (NESs), typically characterized by hydrophobic, primarily leucine, amino acid residues. Moreover, it has been shown that CRM1/exportin 1 is an export receptor for leucine-rich NESs. However, additional NES-interacting proteins have been described. In particular, eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) has been shown to be a critical cellular cofactor for the nuclear export of the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) Rev trans-activator protein. In this study we compared the nuclear export activity of NESs of different origin. Microinjection of export substrates into the nucleus of somatic cells in combination with specific inhibitors indicated that specific nuclear export pathways exist for different NES-containing proteins. In particular, inhibition of eIF-5A blocked the nuclear export of NESs derived from the HIV-1 Rev and human T cell leukemia virus type I Rex trans-activators, whereas nucleocytoplasmic translocation of the protein kinase inhibitor-NES was unaffected. In contrast, however, inhibition of CRM1/exportin 1 blocked the nuclear export of all NES-containing proteins investigated. Our data confirm that CRM1/exportin 1 is a general export receptor for leucine-rich NESs and suggest that eIF-5A acts either upstream of CRM1/exportin 1 or forms a complex with the NES and CRM1/exportin 1 in the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of the HIV-1 Rev and human T cell leukemia virus type I Rex RNA export factors.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Research Institute, Department of Immunology, Brunner Strasse 59, A-1235 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elfgang
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rosorius
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jaksche
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hauber
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bevec
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D015694:Gene Products, rev / Q000378:metabolism*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D015368:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D028884:Karyopherins; D007930:Leucine; D008845:Microinjections; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010448:Peptide Initiation Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D054321:rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D000097574:Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5A; D000097606:Exportin 1 Protein
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D015694:Gene Products, rev; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D028884:Karyopherins; D007930:Leucine; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010448:Peptide Initiation Factors; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D054321:rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D000097574:Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5A; D000097606:Exportin 1 Protein