title: Glutamine synthetase: a key enzyme for intestinal epithelial differentiation?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously shown that glutamine synthetase protein and mRNA are concentrated in the crypt region of the rat small intestine and that the activity of this enzyme is highest around the time of weaning. This anatomical location and time of peak activity are sites and periods of active enterocyte differentiation. This led to our current hypothesis that glutamine synthetase is important in the differentiation of enterocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test our hypothesis, we treated Caco-2 cells with physiologic (0.6 mM) glutamine concentrations in cell culture medium. The experimental group was treated with methionine sulfoximine, an irreversible glutamine synthetase inhibitor, and the control group with phosphate buffered saline. Three standard and well-defined markers of intestinal differentiation-sucrase-isomaltase activity, microvillus formation, and electrical impedance in transwell plates-were compared between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methionine-sulfoximine-inhibited group was found to have lower sucrase-isomaltase activity, a lower density of microvilli, and lower electrical impedance values over time compared with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental group was found to be less differentiated by all three markers of differentiation. Therefore, glutamine synthetase is important for Caco-2 cell differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: DeMarco
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Samuelson
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neu
mesh_terms: D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007365:Intercellular Junctions / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007422:Intestines / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008717:Methionine Sulfoximine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008871:Microvilli / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013394:Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005973:Glutamine; D008717:Methionine Sulfoximine; D013394:Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase