title: Study of three different doses of epidural neostigmine coadministered with lidocaine for postoperative analgesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrathecal neostigmine produces analgesia in volunteers and patients. However, the use of epidural neostigmine has not been investigated. The purpose of the current study was to define the analgesic effectiveness of epidural neostigmine coadministered with lidocaine and side effects in patients after minor orthopedic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  After Institutional Review Board approval and informed consent, 48 patients (n = 12) undergoing knee surgery were randomly allocated to one of four groups and studied in a prospective way. After 0.05-0.1 mg/kg intravenous midazolam premedication, patients were randomized to receive 20 mg intrathecal bupivacaine plus epidural lidocaine (85 mg) with saline (control group); 1 microg/kg epidural neostigmine (1 microg group); 2 microg/kg epidural neostigmine (2 microg group); or 4 microg/kg epidural neostigmine (4 microg group). The concept of the visual analog scale, which consisted of a 10-cm line with 0 equaling "no pain at all" and 10 equaling "the worst possible pain" was introduced. Postoperatively, pain was assessed using the visual analog scale, and intramuscular 75 mg diclofenac was available at patient request.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Groups were demographically the same and did not differ in intraoperative characteristics (blood pressure, heart rate, ephedrine consumption, oxyhemoglobin saturation, sensory loss before start of surgery, or duration of sensory motor block). The visual analog scale score at first rescue analgesic and the incidence of adverse effects were similar among groups (P > 0.05). The time (min +/- SD) to first rescue analgesic was as follows: control group: 205+/-48; 1-microg group: 529+/-314; 2-microg group: 504+/-284; 4-microg group: 547+/-263 (P < 0.05). The analgesic consumption (number of intramuscular diclofenac injections [mean, 25th-75th percentile]) in 24 h was as follows: control group: 3 [3 or 4]; 1-microg group: 1 [1 or 2]; 2-microg group: 2 [1 or 2]; 4-microg group: 2 [1-3] (P < 0.05). The 24-h-pain visual analog scale score (cm +/- SD) that represents the overall impression for the last 24 h was as follows: control group: 5+/-1.6; 1-microg group: 1.6+/-1.8; 2-microg group: 1.4+/-1.6; 4-microg group: 2.2+/-1.9 (P < 0.005). The incidence of adverse effects was similar among groups (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidural neostigmine (1, 2, or 4 microg/kg) in lidocaine produced a dose-independent analgesic effect (approximately 8 h) compared to the control group (approximately 3.5 h), and a reduction in postoperative rescue analgesic consumption without increasing the incidence of adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Center for Pain of the Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirâo Preto, University of Sâo Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Lauretti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Juliâo
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000601:surgery; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009388:Neostigmine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D009388:Neostigmine; D008012:Lidocaine