Heat-induced cell cycle arrest of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: involvement of the RAD6/UBC2 and WSC2 genes in its reversal.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD6 (UBC2 ) gene encodes a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that is involved in a wide range of cellular processes including DNA repair, sporulation and N-end rule protein degradation. Under mild heat stress conditions (37-38 degrees C) rad6 null and rad6-149 mutant cells are unable to grow. The molecular basis for this failure to grow is unknown. Here we show that the heat sensitivity of rad6 mutants is not due to cell death but to an inability to progress in the cell cycle. The temperature-induced cell cycle arrest of these mutants is due to a block in a branch of the RAD6 pathway distinct from the DNA repair and the N-end rule protein degradation pathways. Wild-type cells heated to 38 degrees C arrest transiently in the late G1 phase and then resume growth. At 38 degrees C rad6 mutant cells arrest in late G1 but, unlike wild-type cells, are unable to resume cell cycle progression. In both wild-type and in rad6 mutant cells, CLN1 and CLN2 transcript levels fall sharply upon temperature increase. In wild-type cells levels of these transcripts recover rapidly, whereas in the rad6 mutant they recover slowly. As rad6 cells remain arrested even after CLN1 and CLN2 mRNAs regain their preheat stress levels, factors additional to reduced G1 cyclin gene expression must cause the temperature-induced cell cycle block of the mutant. To identify genes involved in the relief of the cell cycle arrest under heat stress, we screened a multicopy yeast genomic library for clones that restore the growth of the rad6-149 mutant. A plasmid was isolated carrying the WSC2 gene, which is closely related to WSC1/SLG1/HCS77, a putative membrane heat sensor. Overexpression of WSC2 reverses the heat-induced cell cycle arrest of rad6-149 but not of rad6 null mutants. Taken together the findings point to the existence of an unidentified heat stress-activated cell cycle checkpoint pathway, which is antagonized by Rad6p by a mechanism also involving Wsc2p.
Raboy
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Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
Marom
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Dor
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Kulka
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D016213:Cyclins / Q000235:genetics; D018628:Gene Dosage; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D018816:Genes, cdc; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007399:Interphase / Q000235:genetics; D008025:Ligases / Q000235:genetics*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes
C082719:CLN1 protein, S cerevisiae; C082721:CLN2 protein, S cerevisiae; D016213:Cyclins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C119383:SLG1 protein, S cerevisiae; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; C471606:RAD6 protein, S cerevisiae; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes; D008025:Ligases