title: Insulinlike growth factor 1 and insulinlike growth factor 3: indices of intestinal failure in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A number of pediatric patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) manifest growth failure despite aggressive nutritional support. Exogenous growth hormone (GH) therapy in children with SBS has proved disappointing. The purpose of this study was to determine if there were characteristic patterns of GH, IGF-1, or IGFBP-3 levels in pediatric SBS patients with profound growth failure in an effort to elucidate an early strategic approach to management of SBS in the subpopulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients (29 boys, 11 girls; mean age, 5.3 years; range, 0.5 to 18.6 years) with SBS (<30% total bowel length) who received intensive nutrition support and follow-up underwent serological tests for GH, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and thyroid function. Height (HT), weight (WT), and bone age were assessed relative to age-appropriate percentiles. Growth failure was defined as a HT and WT at less than the fifth percentile and bone age > or = 2 standard deviations below actual age. Residual small bowel length was determined by review of pathological and operative reports. Comparisons between the growth factors, bowel length, and anthropometric data were analyzed by chi2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two distinct subgroups of patients emerged from our study. Thirty-eight percent of patients (n = 11) had growth failure by anthropometry that was associated significantly with low IGF-1 independently and with both IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels (P< 0.05). There were no significant associations with GH level, thyroid function, small bowel length, or the amount of parenteral versus enteral intake in either subgroup of these patients. Low IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 but not GH levels may be indices of intestinal failure in pediatric SBS. Growth in this subpopulation is refractory to aggressive standard approaches to nutritional support and may require early interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exogenous IGF-1 and IGFBP-3, not GH, may be beneficial to treat this subpopulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery and the Intestinal Care Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Barksdale
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Koehler
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yaworski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reyes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000032:analysis*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D006133:Growth Substances; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I