Respiratory diseases among U.S. military personnel: countering emerging threats.
Emerging respiratory disease agents, increased antibiotic resistance, and the loss of effective vaccines threaten to increase the incidence of respiratory disease in military personnel. We examine six respiratory pathogens (adenoviruses, influenza viruses, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis) and review the impact of the diseases they cause, past efforts to control these diseases in U.S. military personnel, as well as current treatment and surveillance strategies, limitations in diagnostic testing, and vaccine needs.
Gray
G C
GC
Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California 92186-5122, USA. Gray@nhrc.navy.mil
Callahan
J D
JD
Hawksworth
A W
AW
Fisher
C A
CA
Gaydos
J C
JC
D000257:Adenoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008889:Military Personnel; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011019:Pneumonia, Mycoplasma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014917:Whooping Cough / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control