title: Superior sulcus lung tumors: impact of local control on survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to assess patient survival and response to treatment for superior sulcus tumors treated with combined radiation therapy and surgery when possible, or with radiation alone when surgery was not possible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three patients were treated for primary non-small cell carcinoma of the superior pulmonary sulcus. Thirty-four patients received combined resection and irradiation. Thirty-nine patients who had extensive primary disease, distant metastases, or who were medically unfit for surgery were treated with radiation alone. Thirty-one patients (91%) assigned to the resection/irradiation group completed treatment. Combined therapy patients routinely received 40 Gy before the operation, with additional postoperative irradiation based on the surgical findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall survival at 5 years was 19% and disease-specific survival was 20% for all patients. Overall survival and disease-specific survival at 5 years for the resection/irradiation group were 33% and 38%, respectively. Significant indicators of poor prognosis included unresected primary disease, low performance score, T4 stage, or positive node status. Eighty-two percent of the patients who received irradiation alone were treated with palliative intent. Freedom from local-regional progression, achieved initially in 66% of these patients, was associated with a median survival of 8 months. Median survival for 7 patients considered for definitive irradiation was 25 months. During the first 18 months, distant failures occurred in approximately 35% of patients in each treatment group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selection of medically fit patients with resectable disease for combined surgery and aggressive radiation therapy resulted in a high likelihood of local control. Overall survival for the resection/irradiation group was significantly poorer for patients with T4 stage, nodal disease, or Horner's syndrome. Distant metastases eventually developed in 56% of patients undergoing resection. Median survival in the resection/irradiation group was significantly prolonged for those patients who could tolerate high-dose radiation treatment.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiation Oncology and Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hagan
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mathisen
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wain
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Grillo
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate