title: Dietary folate from vegetables and citrus fruit decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations in humans in a dietary controlled trial.
abstract: Elevated total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations are considered a risk factor for neural tube defects (NTD) and cardiovascular disease. Supplementation with folic acid decreases the risk of women having children with NTD. In both sexes, it decreases tHcy levels. We investigated the efficacy of natural dietary folate in improving folate and homocysteine status. We performed a 4-wk dietary controlled, parallel design intervention trial with 66 healthy subjects (18-45 y) divided into 3 treatment groups: the dietary folate group, the folic acid group and the placebo group. Each day each group was fed a different diet. The dietary folate group received a diet high in vegetables and citrus fruit (total folate content approximately 560 microgram) plus a placebo tablet. The folic acid group received a diet naturally low in folate (approximately 210 microgram) plus 500 microgram folic acid and placebo tablet on alternate days, i.e., 250 microgram folic acid/d. And the placebo group received the same low-folate diet as the folic acid group plus a placebo tablet. After 4 wk of intervention, folate status improved, and tHcy concentrations decreased in both the dietary folate and the folic acid groups. From the amount of additional folate (350 microgram/d) and folic acid (250 microgram/d) consumed, the relative bioavailability of dietary folate compared to folic acid was calculated to be 60-98%, depending on the endpoint used. In conclusion, increasing the consumption of vegetables and citrus fruit, both good sources of folate, will improve folate status and decrease tHcy concentrations. This may contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease and NTD in the general population
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen Agricultural University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Dusseldorp
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meyboom
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duran
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: van het Hof
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Eskes
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hautvast
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Steegers-Theunissen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D002957:Citrus; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid