title: Candida albicans mannan- and protein-induced humoral, cellular and cytokine responses in atopic dermatitis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cytokine observed most often in atopic dermatitis (AD) is IL-4, but a role for IL-5 and IFN-gamma in the late and delayed phase reactions has been suggested. In AD with head, neck and shoulder distribution, hypersensitivity to saprophytic yeasts is an important pathogenetic factor. The yeast allergens include both the mannan polysaccharides and the proteins. Mannans are major cross-reacting allergens likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the humoral, lymphoproliferative and cytokine (IL-2, 4, 5 and IFN-gamma) responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) induced by Candida albicans mannan and protein antigens in AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen AD patients and seven healthy controls were included. Ficoll-isolated PBMCs were stimulated by PHA and laboratory-generated mannan and protein extracts of C. albicans. Lymphocyte proliferation was measured and cytokine production was studied by ELISA. The antigen-specific IgG and IgE antibodies were analysed by ELISA and nitrocellulose RAST.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In AD mannan (P < 0.005) and protein (P < 0.002), specific IgE levels were higher than in healthy controls. Both mannan and protein-specific lymphoproliferations (both: P < 0.02) were higher in AD than in healthy controls. Mannan, but not protein, induced long lasting IL-2 and IL-4 productions from 24 h lasting up to 66-96 h and IL-5 and IFN-gamma productions with elevated levels at 66 and 96 h. The mannan-induced IL-2 (P = 0.015) and IFN-gamma (P < 0.005) were increased in AD as compared with healthy controls. Significant correlations were seen between the protein-induced proliferation responses and both serum total IgE (r = 0.59, P < 0.01) and protein-specific IgE (r = 0.65, P < 0.005). The mannan-induced IL-2 responses correlated with the specific IgE (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) and proliferation (r = 0.51, P < 0.02) and S-IgE level (r = 0.71, P < 0. 002). Mannan-induced IL-4 and IFN-gamma productions also correlated (r = 0.43, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C. albicans mannan induced elevated IL-2 and IFN-gamma responses in AD patients. The correlations of the cytokine responses with mannan-induced IgE and proliferation responses suggest that C. albicans mannan induced TH1 type cytokine responses are involved in AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology, INSERM U454, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Savolainen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kosonen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lintu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viander
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pène
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalimo
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Terho
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bousquet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000276:immunology*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000032:analysis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008351:Mannans / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008351:Mannans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E