title: Multifactorial analysis of exchanger efficiency and liquid conservation during perfluorochemical liquid-assisted ventilation.
abstract: Liquid-assisted ventilation (LAV) of the lung with perfluorochemical (PFC) requires a method of oxygenating and removing CO2 from the liquid. Current PFC LAV techniques consist of total liquid ventilation, PFC lavage, and partial liquid ventilation. Because PFC liquid is volatile, it may be lost from the lung or ventilator circuit in the expired gas. This study evaluated the efficiencies of two types of exchangers (spray bubbler and membrane oxygenator) with respect to CO2 elimination from the PFC liquid and prevention of the loss of PFC liquid. A multifactorial analysis of exchanger efficiency was performed with respect to liquid conservation and CO2 removal. PFC losses and relative efficiencies of two types of exchangers to eliminate CO2 from expired PFC liquid were evaluated, along with two types of PFC liquids. Gas (100% O2 at 4 and 8 L/min) and PFC liquid were circulated countercurrently through the exchangers (oxygenator and bubbler) through a temperature-controlled (25 degrees or 37 degrees C) open circuit. To evaluate effectiveness of CO2 elimination, an exchanger efficiency index (EEI) for CO2 was calculated applying mass-transfer theory to characterize gas transport down a concentration gradient where EEI equals: [PPFCCO2 out--PPFCCO2 in]/PgasCO2 in--PPFCCO2 in]. Rate of PFC loss from the circuit was calculated from mixed expired gas samples using a thermal detector analyzer. EEI and PFC loss rate were analyzed with respect to gas: PFC liquid flow ratios (analogous to the V/Q ratio). The results showed that 1) PFC loss rate and exchanger efficiency to remove CO2 increased with increasing gas: PFC liquid flow rates independent of the type of exchanger or PFC liquid; 2) PFC loss rate at any gas or liquid flow rate was greater for the bubbler than for the oxygenator; 3) the oxygenator was more efficient than the bubbler with respect to CO2 elimination; 4) although PFC loss rate increased with temperature and vapor pressure, there was little difference in the EEIs for the temperatures studied. These results 1) identify exchanger requirements necessary to maintain effective CO2 elimination up to four times normal CO2 loading conditions during LAV; 2) suggest that using a membrane oxygenator as the gas exchanger, in concert with stringent fluid temperature control, improves PFC liquid conservation and CO2 elimination relative to bubbler exchanger configurations; 3) highlight the importance of matching the exchanger type to the physiocochemical properties of the specific PFC liquid to optimize CO2 elimination while reducing PFC liquid loss by minimizing gas relative to PFC liquid flow rates. Because PFC liquid loss occurs with all current means of oxygenating and removing CO2, this study raises the importance of developing alternative, bulk-gas-flow-independent, means to recondition PFC liquids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA. marlar@astro.ocis.temple.edu
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wolfson
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Shaffer
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D004655:Emulsions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D011312:Pressure; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C008805:perfluorodecalin; C003072:perflubron