title: Animal models of spinal cord contusion injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic spinal cord injury causes initial mechanical disruption of tissue, leading to a complex secondary sequence of pathophysiologic changes and neurologic impairment. These sequelae depend on the impact force delivered to the spinal cord at the time of injury. Successful clinical evaluation of the efficacy of any therapeutic regimen depends on the reliability and reproducibility of an experimental animal model. We describe a trauma device and the biomechanical parameters required to induce severe or moderate spinal cord contusion injury in cats and rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recovery after injury was determined by behavioral, electrophysiologic, and histologic evaluations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behavioral and electrophysiologic tests after injury clearly identified the experimental groups. A stable severe paraplegic state (defined as 6 months for cats and 8 weeks for rats), without evidence of behavioral or electrophysiologic recovery, was induced by a 65-Newton (N) load for cats and a 35-N load for rats. Moderate spinal cord contusion injury, from which cats and rats partially recovered after approximately 3 months and 4 weeks, respectively, was induced by a 45- and 25-N load, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of these injury conditions provides reliable animal models for studies designed to evaluate potential therapeutic regimens for spinal cord injury.
authors.affiliation: Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines, Jr. Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Havey
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Sayers
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patwardhan
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002415:Cats; D003288:Contusions; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004594:Electrophysiology; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; D005260:Female; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000209:etiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors