title: Neutrophil priming state predicts capillary leak after gut ischemia in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple organ failure after serious injury or illness is a major determinant of mortality. An initial insult is believed to "prime" circulating neutrophils and induce systemic inflammation. Thereafter, a second insult will precipitate distant organ injury. The aim of these studies was to evaluate circulating neutrophil function after mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion to determine the neutrophil "priming state," a quantitative and clinically useful predictor of multiple organ failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats underwent superior mesenteric artery occlusion for 30 min or sham operation and were euthanized after 2, 6, or 24 h of reperfusion. Control animals had blood taken without any intervention. To determine changes in lung capillary permeability, another group of rats received Evan's blue, a dye that binds albumin, 1 h before sacrifice. Flow cytometric analysis was performed on 5 million white blood cells after removal of red cells by lysis and centrifugation. Neutrophil number, oxidative burst, and CD18 expression were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of circulating neutrophils was elevated similarly in rats subjected to sham operation or ischemia-reperfusion. Oxidative burst potential was increased at 2 h, maximum at 6 h, and normal at 24 h after reperfusion, but not in sham rats. CD18 expression was similar in all groups. There was a significant temporal correlation between the "priming state" of the circulating neutrophil, defined as the product of the neutrophil number times oxidative burst, and lung leak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The neutrophil "priming state" may allow the clinician to better predict those patients at greatest risk for multiple organ failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC,USA.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Conner
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Miner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tavaf-Motamen
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wolcott
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shea-Donohue
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000502:physiology*; D005544:Forecasting; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000502:physiology