Contribution of clinical teratologists and geneticists to the evaluation of the etiology of congenital malformations alleged to be caused by environmental agents: ionizing radiation, electromagnetic fields, microwaves, radionuclides, and ultrasound.
Analysis of these six clinical problems demonstrates the value of a complete clinical evaluation of a child with congenital malformations by an experienced and well-trained physician who is familiar with the fields of developmental biology, teratology , epidemiology, and genetics. Too often, the entire emphasis is placed on epidemiological data that may be meager or insufficient for a rational conclusion when clinical findings that are readily available can provide definitive answers with regard to the etiology of a child's malformations or the merits of an environmental etiology.
Graham
J M
JM
Division of Clinical Genetics and Dysmorphology, UCLA School of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
Jones
K L
KL
Brent
R L
RL
D000016:Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005826:Genetics, Medical; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008318:Malpractice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D012307:Risk Factors; D018600:Teratology; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000009:adverse effects