title: Gender differences in glycosylated hemoglobin levels in seasonal affective disorder patients and controls.
abstract: Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) has been shown to manifest different symptoms in female and male patients. Specifically, women with SAD have been shown to have greater increases in overeating, weight gain, and increased sleep as compared with their male counterparts. Given these dietary changes, we predicted that female SAD patients would exhibit increased glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) levels, indicative of chronically elevated glucose levels. Twenty-two patients (15 women and seven men) and matched controls were enrolled during the winter season and tested for HbA1 levels. A three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; gender x group x season) was insignificant and the result was a negative study. After the initial hypothesis was rejected, we undertook a post-hoc analysis of the data, from which emerged that in winter, women patients had higher HbA1 levels as compared with matched controls. As our original hypothesis was rejected, we cannot accept the results of the post-hoc study. However, numerous other studies have demonstrated that female and male SAD patients differ in their pathophysiology, and are suggestive that in future analyses ought to consider analyzing subjects separately across gender.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychobiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1390, USA.
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feldman-Naim
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin