title: Strategies for reconstruction after unsuccessful or unsatisfactory primary treatment of patients with bladder exstrophy or incontinent epispadias.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Following unsuccessful or unsatisfactory primary treatment in patients with the epispadias/exstrophy complex, the options for a surgical solution to preserve the upper urinary tract, to achieve complete continence, and to reconstruct the external and female internal genitalia are limited. We reviewed the records of the patients treated at our institution to determine a surgical compromise between ingenious operative constructions and patient desires, both of which are secondary to stabilization of renal function.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1967 to December 1997, 128 patients with bladder exstrophy/epispadias complex were treated, of 80 whom had received previous unsuccessful or unsatisfactory treatment. Of these patients 72 were followed for an average of 22.4 years after the first surgical intervention. There were 40 patients referred to our institution after primary bladder closure and bladder neck reconstruction, 10 after rectal bladder, 7 after ureterosigmoidostomy and 5 after incontinent diversion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the latest followup 19 patients had a rectal reservoir, 38 an ileocecal pouch, 12 a conduit diversion and 3 an augmented Young-Dees procedure. The upper urinary tract remained stable in 95% of the renal units with rectal reservoir, 95% with ileocecal pouch, 96% with a colonic conduit and 100% with an augmented Young-Dees procedure. Day and night continence was achieved in 95% of the patients with a rectal reservoir and 97% of those with an ileocecal pouch were continent, whereas only 2 of the 3 patients with an augmented Young-Dees procedure were continent. Of the women 16 were satisfied with the cosmetic results and 6 delivered 8 children by cesarean section. Only 1 man was dissatisfied with the final cosmetic result. All adults but 1 engaged in sexual intercourse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The first operative intervention in patients with bladder exstrophy/epispadias complex determines their fate. After failure of primary treatment, the upper urinary tract must be stabilized. In patients with severely impaired renal function the colonic conduit is our method of choice while in those with a normal or slightly dilated upper urinary tract and intact anal sphincter we performed a rectal reservoir. In the remaining patients an ileocecal pouch guarantees continence day and night. The results of genital reconstruction are satisfactory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Medical School, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fisch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hohenfellner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004842:Epispadias / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012086:Reoperation; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods