title: Cathepsin G in degenerating and healthy discal tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the eventual presence, tissue localization, molecular forms, amount and activity of cathepsin G in the annulus fibrosus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal non-autolytic disc tissue was collected from cadavers within six hours after death. Degenerate disc samples were collected from low back pain patients undergoing anterior interbody fusion due to severe, discographically verified and painful disc degeneration, and from the posterior parts of intervertebral discs from 10 patients undergoing microscopic discoidectomy because of intervertebral herniation. Avidin-biotinperxidase complex staining of cathepsin G was quantitated by morphometry. Cellular localization was analyzed using double immunofluorescence staining of cathepsin G and CD68, proline 4-hydroxylase or von Willebrand factor. Neutral salt extracts were analyzed by using synthetic cathepsin G substrate in spectrophotometry, dot-immunoblotting and Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histological and morphometric image analysis showed increased cellularity, increased numbers of cathepsin G positive cells and neovascularization in degenerated discs compared to control discs. Neutral salt extract of disc tissue, degenerated or normal, in contrast to control material from synovial capsular tissue, did not contain measurable cathepsin G activity, although immunoreactive enzyme was detected in dot-immunoblotting. Western blotting demonstrated that the discal cathepsin G had an apparent molecular weight of 27 kDa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to its properties and localization in normal and pathologically altered tissue, cathepsin G probably plays both a direct and an indirect role in extracellular matrix degradation in the annulus fibrosus. Extracted cationic cathepsin G was immunoreactive, but was functionally inhibited by serpins or, more likely, by polyanionic proteoglycans and saccharins derived from the connective tissue matrix of the annulus fibrosus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Konttinen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kääpä
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hukkanen
authors.forename: X H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santavirta
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alaranta
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D056649:Cathepsin G; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002452:Cell Count; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011393:Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D056649:Cathepsin G; D002403:Cathepsins; D011393:Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule; C534094:CTSG protein, human