title: A standardized protocol for assessing regulators of pigmentation.
abstract: Varied effects of chemical or biological compounds on mammalian pigmentation have been reported by many groups, but to date, no standardized method has established necessary and/or optimal parameters for testing such agents. A standardized method has been developed to screen compounds with potential effects on pigmentation. The protocol comprises basic parameters to analyze melanogenic effects and allows for further characterization of candidate compounds, providing important insights into their mechanism of action. In this protocol (termed STOPR, for standardized testing of pigmentation regulators), compounds are initially screened using purified tyrosinase and are then tested on melanocytes in culture. After treatment of melanocytes with potentially bioactive compounds, cell proliferation and viability, total melanin accumulated, and melanogenic potential are measured. This protocol is an important first step in characterizing chemical regulation of effects on melanogenesis. When bioactive candidate compounds are identified, testing may proceed for pharmacological or otherwise commercial applications in coculture and/or organ culture models followed by in vivo testing. As an application of this method, results for compounds known to stimulate and/or inhibit melanogenesis (including arbutin, hydroquinone, kojic acid, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and thymidine dimers) as well as some commercial skin whiteners are reported.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Virador
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Hearing
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001104:Arbutin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009074:Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D011740:Pyrimidine Dimers / Q000494:pharmacology; D011753:Pyrones / Q000494:pharmacology; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006873:Hydroquinones; D008543:Melanins; D011740:Pyrimidine Dimers; D011753:Pyrones; D009536:Niacinamide; C011890:kojic acid; D009074:Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones; D001104:Arbutin; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; C031927:hydroquinone