title: Double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study of high-dose tirilazad mesylate in women with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Part I. A cooperative study in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Findings from previous multicenter clinical trials have suggested that tirilazad mesylate, a synthetic nonhormonal 21-aminosteroid, might be effective in preventing delayed cerebral ischemia following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This beneficial effect, however, was greater in males than females, possibly because of gender-related pharmacokinetic differences. The authors sought to assess the effects of administering a larger dose of tirilazad in women with SAH.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test the efficacy of a higher tirilazad mesylate dose in female patients, a prospective randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial was conducted at 56 neurosurgical centers in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Eight hundred nineteen patients were randomly assigned to receive either 15 mg/kg/day of tirilazad mesylate or a placebo containing the citrate vehicle. The two groups were similar in prognostic factors for delayed cerebral ischemia and overall outcome. High-dose tirilazad appeared to be well tolerated because no differences in the incidence of untoward medical events were noted between the two groups. Medical and surgical interventions were no different in the two treatment groups except for hyperdynamic therapy (intentional hypervolemia, induced hypertension, and/or hemodilution), which was more often used in the placebo-treated group to counteract symptomatic vasospasm (24% of patients given placebo compared with 18% of patients given tirilazad, p = 0.02). Mortality rates and overall outcome, assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale at 3 months post-SAH, were not different between the two groups, despite a significantly lower incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia in patients given tirilazad. Post hoc subgroup analysis by neurological grade also did not reveal significant differences in outcome, although a trend toward a lower mortality rate favoring the study drug was present in patients with neurological Grade IV and V at admission (32% compared with 37%). Symptomatic vasospasm occurred in 33.7% of the placebo-treated patients as opposed to 24.8% of the patients who were given tirilazad (p = 0.005). The severity of symptomatic vasospasm was also attenuated by administration of the study drug (severe symptomatic vasospasm was reported in 11% of the placebo-treated patients compared with 6% of patients in the tirilazad-treated group (p = 0.008). Clinical cerebral infarction from vasospasm was also reduced from 13% in the vehicle-treated group to 8% in the tirilazad-treated group (p < 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors conclude that high-dose tirilazad mesylate is well tolerated in women with aneurysmal SAH. Although a significant reduction in the incidence of symptomatic vasospasm was observed in the treatment group, the primary end point (mortality rate at 3 months post-SAH) was not affected by the study drug. The use of other potentially effective rescue therapies (that is, hypervolemia, hemodilution, and induced hypertension) to counteract vasospasm may have been responsible for these contrasting observations between the two groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery and Virginia Neurological Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lanzino
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Kassell
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Dorsch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasqualin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmiedek
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Truskowski
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Alves
mesh_terms: D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007391:International Cooperation; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000150:complications*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009420:Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011281:Pregnatrienes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D011281:Pregnatrienes; C053355:tirilazad