title: Echocardiographic features of primary, secondary and familial amyloidosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently recognized types of amyloidosis include primary, familial and secondary, each of which may affect the heart. There may be differences in the heart response to the deposition of amyloid fibrils in these three forms of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a period of 10 years (1985-95), 28 consecutive patients with primary, 11 with secondary and 17 with familial amyloidosis were studied at the Departments of Cardiology of Laiko and Hammersmith Hospitals. The diagnosis of amyloidosis was confirmed by biopsies of subcutaneous fat, rectum, kidney, bone marrow, gum or sural nerve. Diagnosis of cardiac involvement was based on typical electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The left ventricular fractional shortening (%) was reduced in primary compared with familial or secondary amyloidosis (29.8 +/- 10.2 vs. 36.2 +/- 6.5 vs. 36 +/- 5.9, P < 0.05). The transmitral flow velocity pattern was compatible with abnormal relaxation in most patients in the three groups [primary 16 (57%), familial 11 (64. 7%), secondary 6 (54.5%), P = NS]. Right ventricular systolic dysfunction (right ventricular dP/dt < 220 mmHg s-1 or tricuspid annulus systolic excursion < 10 mm) was present in 8 (28.6%), 2 (11. 8%) and 0 patients. Patients with primary amyloidosis were followed up for 15 +/- 6 months. There were 12 deaths, and repeat echocardiography in the survivors revealed a significant deterioration of left ventricular systolic function (fractional shortening = 23.6% +/- 8.8%, P < 0.05 vs. baseline).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary amyloidosis is characterized by more severe cardiac involvement than the familial or secondary amyloidosis and has an ominous course.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Moyssakis
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Triposkiadis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rallidis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kyriakidis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nihoyannopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000686:Amyloidosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001706:Biopsy; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left