title: Early and late surgical treatment of orbital dystopia in craniofacial malformation.
abstract: Orbital dystopia is one of the most frequent clinical signs of craniofacial malformation. The term dystopia indicates the mono- and bilateral asymmetry of the orbits at least in one of the three-dimensional planes. The diagnosis is based on the clinical test of the patient with the support of diagnostic instruments such as teleradiography in both standard projections, axial computed tomographic (CT) scans at a rate of 1:1 through the neuro-orbital plan, and the three-dimensional CT. Good results of the surgical treatment depend on the patient's age and on adequate programming, which should consider the anomalies in the three spatial planes. The VTO is obtained through a protocol of analysis on cephalometric graphics of the teleradiographics on the CT at a rate of 1:1. The surgical treatment of orbital dystopia is different depending on the age of the patient and the cause of the orbital anomaly. In the case of growing patients, it is preferable to use the fronto-orbital bandeau technique so as not to damage the dental buds, whereas in grown patients Tessier's orbital quadrant technique is used. Even the fixation is quite different between patients who are growing and those who are already grown. In still-growing patients, rigid internal fixation is used only in some cases to avoid the interference with the growth mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: De Ponte
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fadda
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rinna
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brunelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iannetti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D004677:Encephalocele / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006972:Hypertelorism / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008588:Meningocele / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D009915:Orbit / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D019112:Teleradiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed