title: An assessment of nicotine dependence among pregnant adolescents.
abstract: Studies have reported that between 28 and 62% of pregnant teenagers smoke (Cornelius, Taylor, Geva, & Day, 1995; Trollestrup, Frost, & Starzyk, 1992). Because smoking is prevalent among pregnant teenagers, the purpose of this research is to assess nicotine dependence in this high-risk group. This study analyzed baseline data from a sample of pregnant teen smokers who had volunteered to participate in a smoking cessation study (N = 94). Nicotine dependence was measured by adapting the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ; Prokhorov, Pallonen, Fava, Ding, & Niaura, 1996), and by a 6-item withdrawal symptom scale. The overall FTQ score found among pregnant adolescents was 3.10 (SD = 2.3) compared to the mean overall FTQ score among vocational-technical students of 4.27 (SD = 2.2) (Prokhorov et al., 1996). Duration of smoking in years was significantly correlated with the overall FTQ score (r = 0.43, p < .01). Quantity of smoking, as measured by average number of cigarettes smoked, significantly correlated with overall FTQ scores (r = 0.67, p < .01). Lighter smokers were more likely to have previously attempted to quit, however, among the quit attempters, those who smoked 10+ cigarettes per day reported greater severity of withdrawal symptoms than those who smoked less per day. Prenatal education and smoking cessation programs for pregnant teenagers, and pregnant women in general, need to consider that nicotine dependence is an important issue. Early pregnancy may be an opportune time to intervene among pregnant smokers; incentives may be necessary to attract those women who are the heaviest smokers, and possibly the most dependent on nicotine.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, School of Nursing, PA 15261, USA. saa01+@pitt.edu
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cornelius
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Braxter
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cassidy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D011581:Psychological Tests; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine