title: Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy: the preliminary experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent improvements in video technology and surgical instrumentation have resulted in the application of minimally invasive techniques to many surgical procedures including splenectomy and adrenalectomy. Nephrectomy requires a long flank incision with division of abdominal musculature and possible subcostal nerve damage. Severe postoperative pain and a prolonged recuperative period may result, and the cosmetic outcome may not be satisfactory. A new surgical approach utilizing laparoscopic dissection and delivery of the kidney through a small incision was performed to circumvent these problems. The aim of this paper is to describe the technique of laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy (LLDN) and present the preliminary outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over the 12-month period between May 1997 and April 1998, 16 donors underwent donor nephrectomy by a laparoscopic approach. The procedure was assessed with regard to its safety, feasibility and advantages over the open method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the nephrectomies were completed without conversion to an open procedure. The average postoperative pain score on a visual analogue scale of 1-10 was 2 in LLDN. The donors required 36 mg morphine on average over 36 h postoperatively. Postoperative stay averaged 3 days. One donor developed an infective complication along the wound drain tract which settled with adequate drainage and antibiotics. All the removed donor kidneys were transplanted with immediate good function. There were no surgical complications or graft losses. The recipients' serum creatinine was in the range of 96-181 mmol/L 3 months after transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant potential advantages of LLDN include less postoperative pain, shorter hospitalization and decreased recuperative time. This preliminary experience indicates LLDN to be effective in terms of safety and feasibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hensman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lionel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hewett
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D019520:Living Donors; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*