title: A randomized controlled trial on the effect of inhaled corticosteroids on airways inflammation in adult cigarette smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether inhaled corticosteroid treatment can reduce airways inflammation in adult cigarette smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were recruited from the community by advertising.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-one adults with a > or = 5 pack-year history who were current smokers, had a normal FEV1, and produced sputum daily.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty subjects were randomized to receive four puffs of placebo or beclomethasone dipropionate ([BDP]; total dosage, 1,000 microg/d) using a metered-dose aerosol inhaler with a valved holding chamber (AeroChamber; Trudell Medical; London, Ontario, Canada) for 28 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven subjects were not randomized because of poor compliance. The primary outcome was fractional airway neutrophilia, as assessed by a differential cell count of sputum. Additional outcome measures were spirometry, measurement of airway responsiveness by methacholine challenge, and lung epithelial permeability measured by the clearance of radiolabeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. There were no significant differences between the two groups in any outcome measurement after 4 weeks of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With normal spirometry, we found no benefit of treatment with inhaled BDP, 1,000 microg/d, on noninvasive measures of airways inflammation in adult smokers. This indicates that cigarette smoke-induced inflammation in its early stages (before a demonstrable airflow obstruction) is not steroid sensitive. This may occur because the site of involvement is not accessible to inhaled medications or because the inflammatory process is resistant to moderate doses of inhaled corticosteroids.
authors.affiliation: Firestone Regional Chest and Allergy Unit, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. coxp@fhs.csu.mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dolovich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jordana
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gauldie
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Newhouse
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001507:Beclomethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001980:Bronchi / Q000473:pathology*; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008450:Maximal Midexpiratory Flow Rate; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000503:physiopathology; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology; D010539:Permeability; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012907:Smoking / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology; D016284:Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate; D014797:Vital Capacity
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D001507:Beclomethasone; D016284:Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate