title: Preanalytical requirements for flow cytometric evaluation of platelet activation: choice of anticoagulant.
abstract: Accurate assessment of in vivo or in vitro platelet activation requires optimal preanalytical conditions to prevent artefactual in vitro activation of the platelets. The choice of anticoagulant is one of the critical preanalytical conditions as anticoagulants exert different effects on the activation of platelets ex vivo. We tested the effectiveness of Diatube-H (also known as CTAD; sodium citrate, theophylline, adenosine and dipyridamole) and citrate vacutainer tubes in preventing artefactual activation of platelets and preserving functional reserve. Platelet surface expression of the CD62P (reflecting alpha granule release), CD63 (reflecting lysosomal release) and modulation of normal platelet membrane glycoproteins CD41a and CD42b, were measured in whole blood and in isolated platelets immediately after collection and at 6, 24 and 48 h after venipuncture. Samples taken into Diatube-H showed less spontaneous platelet activation than did those taken into citrate. To measure in vitro platelet functional reserve, thrombin was added as agonist to blood stored for varying periods up to 48 h. Although Diatube-H suppressed in vitro platelet activation for up to 4 h, in samples kept for 6-24 h before thrombin addition, the inhibitory effect was lost and platelets responded fully to agonist activation. Hence, Diatube-H preserved platelets and allowed for measurement of in vivo platelet activation as well as thrombin-induced in vitro platelet activation after 6-24 h, in both whole blood and isolated platelets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunohaematology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mody
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Lazarus
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Semple
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freedman
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D001793:Blood Preservation; D002951:Citrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000032:analysis; D019038:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex / Q000032:analysis; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D060149:Tetraspanin 30; D013806:Theophylline / Q000494:pharmacology; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D015703:Antigens, CD; C554586:CD63 protein, human; D002951:Citrates; D019007:P-Selectin; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D019038:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins; D060149:Tetraspanin 30; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D004176:Dipyridamole; D013806:Theophylline; D013917:Thrombin; D000241:Adenosine