title: Differential effects of adenosine on focal and macroreentrant atrial tachycardia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of adenosine on atrial tachycardia (AT) remain controversial, and the mechanistic implications of adenosine termination have not been fully established. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the differential effects of adenosine on focal and macroreentrant AT and describe the characteristics of adenosine-sensitive AT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients received adenosine during AT. Tachycardia origins were identified as focal or macroreentrant during invasive electrophysiologic studies. Responses to adenosine were analyzed and characterized as tachycardia termination, transient suppression, or no effect. Electrophysiologic studies demonstrated a focal origin of tachycardia in 17 patients. Adenosine terminated focal tachycardias in 14 patients (dose 7.3 +/- 4.0 mg) and transiently suppressed the arrhythmias in three others (dose 10.0 +/- 6.9 mg). A macroreentrant mechanism was demonstrated in 13 patients; adenosine terminated only one of these tachycardias and had no effect on the remaining 12 patients (dose 10.2 +/- 2.9 mg). Four classes of adenosine-sensitive AT were identified. Class I consisted of nine patients with tachycardia arising from the crista terminalis; these tachycardias also terminated with verapamil (4/4). Class II consisted of four patients with repetitive monomorphic AT arising from diverse sites in the right atrium; these either slowed or terminated in response to verapamil (2/2). Class III consisted of the three patients with transient suppression and demonstrated electropharmacologic characteristics consistent with an automatic mechanism, including insensitivity to verapamil (2/2). In the one patient with macroreentrant AT that was comprised of decremental atrial tissue, adenosine terminated tachycardia in a zone of decremental slow conduction (Class IV); this tachycardia slowed with verapamil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adenosine-sensitive AT is usually focal in origin and arises either from the region of the crista terminalis (inclusive of the sinus node) or from diverse atrial sites with an incessant nonsustained repetitive pattern. Although most forms of macroreentrant AT are insensitive to adenosine, rarely macroreentrant AT with zones of decremental slow conduction can demonstrate adenosine sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Slotwiner
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Lerman
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013611:Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014700:Verapamil / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D014700:Verapamil; D000241:Adenosine; D007545:Isoproterenol