title: The neurobiology of opiate reinforcement.
abstract: This article provides a basic introduction into two commonly used behavioral paradigms used for the assessment of the reinforcing and rewarding effects of drugs in experimental animals. Behavioral as well as neurochemical data regarding the neural basis of opiate reward are then critically reviewed in order to evaluate the neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates mediating the primary and conditioned reinforcing effects of opiates as well as current hypotheses of drug-induced reward and aversion.
authors.affiliation: Integrative Neuroscience Unit, Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Shippenberg
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Elmer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009446:Neurobiology; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012201:Reward; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D012701:Serotonin; D004298:Dopamine