title: Storage of whole blood before separation: the effect of temperature on red cell 2,3 DPG and the accumulation of lactate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although whole blood intended for component preparation is commonly left to cool at ambient temperature, knowledge is insufficient as to the effects this may have on red cell quality, in particular after a prolonged hold.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole blood collected in ACD-A (7% wt/wt) and CPD (12% wt/wt) was incubated at 4, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C for 24 hours. Blood gases, pH, bicarbonate, glucose, lactate, and red cell 2,3 DPG were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the blood was stored at 30 degrees C, the 2,3 DPG concentration decreased within 4 hours from 858 +/- 106 to 316 +/- 172 mmol per mol of hemoglobin (a 63% decrease); 99 percent was lost within 18 hours. At 25 degrees C, 46 percent was lost within 4 hours and 94 percent within 18 hours; at 20 degrees C, the decrease at 18 hours was 62 percent and that at 15 degrees C was 24 percent. No loss of 2,3 DPG was observed at 4 degrees C and 10 degrees C storage. No difference was attributable to the anticoagulant used. After 24 hours, the lactate concentration at 15 degrees C was 2.9 times the original, that at 20 degrees C was 3.8 times the original, that at 25 degrees C was 7.0 times, and that at 30 degrees C was 9.2 times.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With current anticoagulants, storage of whole blood at temperatures of 25 to 30 degrees C before separation causes a great and rapid loss of 2,3 DPG and an accumulation of acid metabolites. In a hold of blood for >4 hours, rapid cooling is desirable to avoid initial loss of 2,3 DPG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. claes.hogman@klinimm.uu.se
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Högman
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Knutson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lööf
mesh_terms: D019794:2,3-Diphosphoglycerate / Q000097:blood*; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000097:blood; D001781:Blood Component Removal; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001793:Blood Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood*; D016014:Linear Models; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007773:Lactates; D019794:2,3-Diphosphoglycerate