title: Tracheobronchial malacia and stenosis in children in intensive care: bronchograms help to predict oucome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe tracheobronchial malacia and stenosis are important causes of morbidity and mortality in children in intensive care, but little is known about how best to diagnose these conditions or determine their prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of all 62 children in whom one or both of these conditions had been diagnosed by contrast cinetracheobronchography in our intensive care unit in the period 1986-95 were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy four per cent of the 62 children had congenital heart disease; none was a preterm baby with airways disease associated with prolonged ventilation. Fifteen of the children had airway stenosis without malacia; three died because of the stenosis and two died from other causes. Twenty eight of the 47 children with malacia died; only eight children survived without developmental or respiratory handicap. All children needing ventilation for malacia for longer than 14 consecutive days died if their bronchogram showed moderate or severe malacia of either main bronchus (15 cases), or malacia of any severity of both bronchi (three additional cases); all children needing ventilation for malacia for longer than 21 consecutive days died if their bronchogram showed malacia of any severity of the trachea or a main bronchus (three additional cases). These findings were strongly associated with a fatal outcome (p<0.00005); they were present in 21 children (all of whom died) and absent in 26 (of whom seven died, six from non-respiratory causes). They had a positive predictive value for death of 100%, but the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval was 83.9% so up to 16% of patients meeting the criteria might survive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series the findings on contrast cinetracheobronchography combined with the duration of ventilation provided a useful guide to the prognosis of children with tracheobronchomalacia. The information provided by bronchoscopy was less useful.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Burden
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shann
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Butt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ditchfield
mesh_terms: D001982:Bronchial Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001995:Bronchography; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*