title: Gender and age influences on human brain mu-opioid receptor binding measured by PET.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both age and gender are being increasingly recognized as important factors influencing CNS structure and function. However, there are relatively few data on actual neurochemical differences between the sexes in human subjects or on their interaction with age. One of the central neurotransmitter systems for which sex differences have been suggested by animal models and clinical human data is the opioid. In this study the authors examined age- and gender-associated variations in mu-opioid receptor binding with positron emission tomography (PET).
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy human subjects were studied with PET and the radiotracer [11C]carfentanil, a selective mu-opioid agonist. Two separate subject groups were examined: one group of 24 men and 12 women was studied in a retrospective analysis of data, and a second group of 12 men and 18 women was recruited prospectively and studied with a higher-resolution scanner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mu-opioid receptor binding potential (Bmax/Kd) was found to increase with age in neocortical areas and the putamen. Sex differences, with higher mu-opioid binding in women, were observed in a number of cortical and subcortical areas. Gender-by-age interactions were observed in the thalamus and the amygdala; in vivo mu-opioid binding declined in postmenopausal women to levels below those of men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data imply that both age and gender are important variables to consider in the interpretation of investigations of human function in which the opioid system plays a role. Also, women's reproductive status (reproductive age versus postmenopausal) may influence the function of CNS opioid systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Zubieta
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Dannals
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Frost
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000679:Amygdala / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019579:Neocortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011699:Putamen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013788:Thalamus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; C017114:carfentanil; D005283:Fentanyl