title: Optimization of apolipoprotein(a) genotyping with pulsed field gel electrophoresis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased lipoprotein(a) is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, and its concentration in serum is inversely correlated with the size of the apoliprotein(a) [apo(a)] component. The size of the apo(a) gene is determined mainly by the Kringle IV size polymorphism. We have optimized and characterized pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for apo(a) genotyping.
  
  
  METHODS
  Established PFGE protocols were adjusted. The changes included the following: (a) increased DNA yields by the use of all leukocytes for isolation from either 3 mL of fresh EDTA whole blood or 250 microL of frozen buffy coats; (b) increased efficiency of Kpn1 digestion by the inclusion of a digestion buffer wash; (c) reduction of assay time by the use of capillary blotting; (d) increased sensitivity by the use of four digoxigenin-labeled apo(a) probes; and (e) identification using a single film by the inclusion of a digoxigenin-labeled lambda marker probe in addition to apo(a) probes in the hybridization mix.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In older Caucasians, 93% (buffy coats, n=468) were heterozygous for apo(a) gene size. An inverse correlation between serum lipoprotein(a) and the sum of Kringle IV alleles was found (y = -23x + 1553; r = -0.442; n = 468). Gel-to-gel variation was minimal (3%). Imprecision (SD) was one Kringle IV repeat (control sample containing eight fragments of 72-233 kb; n=34 electrophoretic runs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The practicality and sensitivity of the apo(a) genotyping technique by PFGE were improved, and accuracy and reproducibility were preserved. The optimized procedure is promising for apo(a) genotyping on frozen buffy coats from large epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Rotterdam Dijkzigt, Department of Clinical Chemistry, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Griffioen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zwang
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: van Schaik
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindemans
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cobbaert
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001054:Apolipoproteins A / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D018082:Kringles; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D001054:Apolipoproteins A