title: Detection of anti-phosphatidylethanolamine antibodies using flow cytometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The finding that lupus anticoagulant (LA) is significantly associated with anti-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) activity has led to great interest in its relation to the clinical features of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Considerable variability has, however, been reported in the prevalence of anti-PE antibodies in APS patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology. The lack of standardization and differences in technique may in part explain these discrepancies. PE binds variably to different types of microtiter wells, reflected in the consequent detection, or lack of detection, of anti-PE antibodies. This study describes the use of flow cytometry as an alternative method for the detection of anti-PE antibodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six LA-positive plasma samples were used in this original study. Polystyrene beads were coated with PE overnight. These were subsequently incubated with patient plasma. Both IgG and IgM binding were detected by flow cytometry using a cocktail of fluorescently labelled anti-human Ig isotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When these results were compared with those from ELISA, flow cytometric analysis provided an apparent enhanced detection of anti-PE antibodies. It was found that 6/6 were IgM anti-PE positive by flow cytometry, whereas 5/6 were IgM by ELISA; 2/6 negative for anti-cardiolipin antibodies by ELISA were positive by flow cytometry; and 2/6 positive for antiphosphatidylcholine antibodies in cytometry were negative by ELISA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With appropriate quantification, this method may be more sensitive than ELISA in detecting anti-PE antibodies in plasma samples of patients with APS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin & Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia. drouvaka@leland.stanford.edu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Drouvalakis
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Neeson
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Buchanan
mesh_terms: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008863:Microspheres; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines / Q000276:immunology*; D011137:Polystyrenes
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines; D011137:Polystyrenes