title: Interruption of multiple cellular processes in HT-29 epithelial cells by Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S.
abstract: Exoenzyme S (ExoS), an ADP-ribosylating enzyme produced by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is directly translocated into eukaryotic cells by bacterial contact. Within the cell, ExoS ADP-ribosylates the cell signaling protein Ras and causes inhibition of DNA synthesis and alterations in cytoskeletal structure. To further understand the interrelationship of the different cellular effects of ExoS, functional analyses were performed on HT-29 epithelial cells after exposure to ExoS-producing P. aeruginosa 388 and the non-ExoS-producing strain 388DeltaS. Two different mechanisms of morphological alteration were identified: (i) a more-transient and less-severe cell rounding caused by the non-ExoS-producing strain 388DeltaS and (ii) a more-severe, long-term cell rounding caused by ExoS-producing strain 388. Long-term effects of ExoS on cell morphology occurred in conjunction with ExoS-mediated inhibition of DNA synthesis and the ADP-ribosylation of Ras. ExoS was also found to cause alterations in HT-29 cell function, leading to the loss of cell adhesion and microvillus effacement. Nonadherent ExoS-treated cells remained viable but had a high proportion of modified Ras. While microvillus effacement was detected in both 388- and 388DeltaS-treated cells, effacement was more prevalent and rapid in cells exposed to strain 388. We conclude from these studies that ExoS can have multiple effects on epithelial cell function, with more severe cellular alterations associated with the enzymatic modification of Ras. The finding that ExoS had greater effects on cell growth and adherence than on cell viability suggests that ExoS may contribute to the P. aeruginosa infectious process by rendering cells nonfunctional.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA. olsonj@musc.edu
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fraylick
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McGuffie
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Yahr
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Vincent
mesh_terms: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004247:DNA; D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; C444820:exoenzyme S