title: Acquisition of the H19 methylation imprint occurs differentially on the parental alleles during spermatogenesis.
abstract: The imprinted mouse H19 gene is hypomethylated on the expressed maternal allele and hypermethylated on the silent paternal allele. A 2-kb region of differential methylation located from -2 to -4 kb relative to the H19 transcriptional start site has been proposed to act as the imprinting mark since hypermethylation in this region is inherited from sperm and retained on the paternal allele throughout development. Here, we describe a temporal analysis of the methylation patterns at the H19 locus during postnatal male germ cell development. The 2-kb region is methylated on the paternal allele throughout spermatogenesis, suggesting that methylation is acquired in this region prior to the resumption of mitosis in postnatal male mice. Likewise, more than half of the maternal alleles are hypermethylated prior to the resumption of mitosis. However, the remaining maternal alleles are not hypermethylated until the completion of meiosis I, indicating that de novo methylation in this region is a continuous process. Sequences proximal to the H19 promoter, which are methylated in spermatozoa and on the paternal allele in somatic cells, are differentially methylated in diploid, mitotic spermatogonia. The maternal allele becomes hypermethylated in this region during meiotic prophase. Thus, the parental H19 alleles acquire methylation differentially in the male germline.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Trasler
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bartolomei
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D008297:Male; D008745:Methylation; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016296:Mutagenesis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013447:Sulfites / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C094335:H19 long non-coding RNA; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D013447:Sulfites; D004247:DNA; C042345:hydrogen sulfite