title: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in the pediatric population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) is being used increasingly as a therapeutic modality for childhood urolithiasis. We reported our experience and results of SWL in the pediatric population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 59 renal units (RU) of 54 patients were retrospectively reviewed. The mean patient age was 10+/-3.5 years. All patients were treated with the Lithostar lithotripter in outpatient settings. Those with positive culture results were treated under appropriate antibiotic coverage. Seven patients were treated under general anesthesia and the rest under sedoanalgesia. Shielding of the lung fields or gonads was not used. For the upper pole stones, protection of the lungs was accomplished by elevating the upper half of the body with supportive pillows, thus moving the kidney away from the lung fields. Six RUs were catheterized via double-pigtail ureteral catheters or by percutaneous nephrostomy tube prior to treatment. The average stone load was 1.8+/-2.5 cm2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were treated with an average of 2.5 sessions. A total of 1000 to 2500 shockwaves were delivered between 14.5 and 17.8 kV. Routine spasmolytic treatment was not initiated. The stone-free rate was 64%, and clinically insignificant residual fragments (CIRF) were present in 29% of RUs; thus, the success rate was 93%. Fever that necessitated hospitalization occurred in one patient. No other complications were seen except skin bruising and early hematuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shockwave lithotripsy is a safe and effective treatment modality for childhood stones of appropriate size and radiologic characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Turkey.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Demirkesen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tansu
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yaycioglu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Onal
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yalcin
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Solok
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology