title: Methodological parameters influence the detection of right-to-left shunts by contrast transcranial Doppler ultrasonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Contrast transcranial Doppler ultrasonography is a new method to detect intracardiac right-to-left shunts, such as the patent foramen ovale. However, the methodology of the procedure varies considerably among investigators. This study was undertaken to assess the influence of methodological parameters on the results of the contrast transcranial Doppler examination in the detection of right-to-left shunts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 72 patients (mean age, 58.2+/-14.7 years) had a contrast transcranial Doppler ultrasonography examination. To study the influence of methodological factors, patients with evidence of a right-to-left shunt underwent repeated examinations with modified procedures. Parameters under investigation were the timing of the Valsalva maneuver, the dose of the contrast medium, and the patient's posture during the examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median contrast signal count was 58.5 and 48.0 (P<0.001) and the median latency of the first intracranially detected contrast signal was 12.5 and 8.5 seconds (P=0.05) when the Valsalva maneuver was performed 5 and 0 seconds after the start of the injection, respectively. Reducing the contrast medium dose from 10 to 5, 2.5, and 1.2 mL resulted in a decline of the median signal count from 54.5 to 28.5, 20.5, and 12.0 (P<0.01), respectively, while the latency of the first contrast signal increased from 13.3 to 14.0, 14.6, and 15.0 seconds (P<0.05). The sitting position also produced a lower signal count than the supine position (P<0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that several essential methodological parameters influence the results of the contrast transcranial Doppler ultrasonography examination. Therefore, it is necessary to standardize the procedure to permit comparable quantitative assessments of the shunt volume. The findings of the present study suggest that 10 mL of contrast medium be injected with the patient in the supine position and that the Valsalva maneuver be performed 5 seconds after the start of the injection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Technical University, Munich, Germany. Jens.Schwarze@excite.com
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Schwarze
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kukla
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wittich
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Babikian
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klingelhöfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006343:Heart Septal Defects / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods*; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media