title: Plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins and cholesterol in a large population sample in central-northern Italy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a population-based multicenter case-control study of diet, life-style, and gastric cancer a large series of adults, aged 30-75 years (mean 58.9 years), were randomly sampled from the general population in 3 areas of Central-Northern Italy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins and cholesterol, and sociodemographic characteristics, life-style factors, and dietary intake of selected nutrients in a sample of the Italian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A fasting blood sample was available for 945 subjects (553 men, 392 women). The plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid, carotene, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and cholesterol were determined by a centralized laboratory. All participants answered to a detailed questionnaire collecting information on sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, smoking, alcohol drinking, and dietary habits. Covariance analysis models, with post hoc Dunnett tests, including terms for age, sex, study center, and period of blood drawing, were used for selected multiple-way comparisons of mean values of plasma nutrients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean plasma values of retinol were higher among men while women had higher levels of plasma carotene, ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, and cholesterol. Plasma carotene levels showed an inverse association with body mass index, alcohol consumption, and smoking and a positive association with social class. Carotene concentrations were higher in plasma samples obtained in spring/summer, while ascorbic acid levels were higher in autumn/winter. Partial correlation co-efficients between plasma vitamin levels showed a strong correlation between carotene and ascorbic acid (0.69 in men; 0.74 in women), between carotene and alpha-tocopherol (0.44; 0.37), and between alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid (0.45; 0.41). Plasma alpha-tocopherol and retinol correlated with plasma cholesterol. On the other hand, plasma carotene and ascorbic acid were correlated with their estimated dietary intakes, while the intakes of other nutrients, as expected, correlated rather poorly with the respective plasma concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Socio-economic factors, life-style, and specific nutrient intake, in addition to gender, are related to nutrient plasma levels in Italian adults and may provide specific suggestions for the prevention of chronic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Analytical Epidemiology Section, CSPO, A.O. CAREGGI, Florence, Italy. md0632@mclink.it
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Decarli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cipriani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giacosa
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amadori
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salkeld
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salvini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buiatti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007558:Italy; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012907:Smoking; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D002784:Cholesterol; D001205:Ascorbic Acid