title: Calibration of the "Flock of Birds" electromagnetic tracking device and its application in shoulder motion studies.
abstract: In this paper the applicability in terms of measurement accuracy of the "Flock of Birds" six D.O.F. electromagnetic tracking device in shoulder research is investigated. Position measurements in a workspace of approximately 1 m3 were performed using a stylus. The andom error at the stylus tip appeared to be 1.86, 1.98 and 2.54 mm for x-, y- and z-coordinate, respectively. The error caused by distortion of the magnetic field by metal in the concrete of especially the floor was 20.8, 22.2 and 20.4 mm for the x-, y- and z-coordinate, respectively. Calibration and leaving out the measurements closest to the floor lowered this error to 2.07, 2.38 and 2.35 mm. Orientation errors of the shoulder bones evolving from the measurement inaccuracy were estimated from repeated measurements of shoulder bony landmarks of ten subjects by means of the stylus. These errors were generally below 2 degrees. This is lower than found for the same measurements using a spatial linkage digitizer. It is concluded that the "Flock of Birds" is a useful tool for shoulder kinematic studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. meskers@orthopaedicsurgery.medfac.leidenuniv.nl
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Meskers
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fraterman
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: van der Helm
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rozing
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002138:Calibration; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012540:Scapula / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012782:Shoulder / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D013909:Thorax / Q000033:anatomy & histology