title: Clustering of metabolic factors and coronary heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The degree of clustering for common metabolic coronary disease risk factors is not well known, the antecedents of clustering are not well studied, and the impact of such clusters on coronary risk has not been assessed systematically.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective community sample of 2406 men and 2569 women aged 18 to 74 years at baseline. The 6 metabolically linked risk factors considered were the lowest sex-specific quintile of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the highest quintiles of body mass index, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, glucose, and serum total cholesterol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline the risk factor sum, represented as integer values, ranged from 0 to 6, and clusters of 3 or more risk factors occurred at twice the rate predicted by chance. After adjustment for age and obesity level, a 2.25-kg (5-lb) weight increase over 16 years was associated with an increased risk factor sum in men (+20%; P=.002) and women (+37%; P<.001), and a 2.25-kg weight loss was associated with a decreased risk factor sum in men (-48%; P<.001) and women (-40%; P<.001). Clusters of 3 or more risk factors were associated with a 2.39 (95% confidence interval, 1.56-3.36) and 5.90 (95% confidence interval, 2.54-13.73) times greater risk of coronary heart disease in men and women, respectively (both P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atherogenic risk factor clustering is common in both sexes, worsens with weight gain, and is associated with greatly increased risk of coronary disease risk in both sexes.
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Mass 01701, USA. peter@fram.nhlbi.nih.gov
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Kannel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Silbershatz
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol