title: Carotid sinus hypersensitivity--a modifiable risk factor for fractured neck of femur.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  the potential impact on morbidity, mortality and health care economics makes it important to identify patients at risk of fracture, in particular fractured neck of femur (FNOF). Older patients with carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) are more likely to have unexplained falls and to experience fractures, particularly FNOF. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of CSH in patients with FNOF.
  
  
  METHODS
  case-controlled prospective series.
  
  
  METHODS
  consecutive cases were admissions over 65 years with FNOF. Controls were consecutive patients admitted for elective hip surgery, frail elderly people admitted to hospital medical wards and day-hospital patients. All patients had a clinical assessment of cognitive function, physical abilities and history of previous syncope, falls and dizziness, in addition to repeated carotid sinus massage with continuous heart rate and phasic blood pressure measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  heart rate slowing and fall in systolic blood pressure was greater for patients with FNOF than those admitted for elective hip surgery (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001). CSH was present in 36% of the FNOF group, none of the elective surgery group, 13% of the acutely ill controls and 17% of the outpatients. It was more likely to be present in FNOF patients with a previous history of unexplained falls or an unexplained fall causing the index fracture. The heart rate and systolic blood pressure responses to carotid sinus stimulation were reproducible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  older patients with an acute neck of femur fracture who do not give a clear history of an accidental fall or who have had previously unexplained falls are likely to have CSH. CSH may be a modifiable risk factor for older patients at risk of hip fracture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), and Institute for the Health of the Elderly, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kenny
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002346:Carotid Sinus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005265:Femoral Neck Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013575:Syncope