title: Prevalence and heterogeneity of antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies in patients with recurrent early pregnancy losses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies to both anionic and zwitterionic phospholipids in women with early recurrent pregnancy losses (RPLs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective data analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tokai University Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-nine patients with unexplained early RPLs.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure autoantibodies to phosphatidylethanolamine, cardiolipin, and phosphatidylserine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight (20.1%), 17 (12.2%), and 2 (1.4%) patients of the 139 total patients were positive for immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM, and IgA antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies, respectively. Because 3 patients had two isotypes, 44 (31.7%) of the patients were positive for antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies. Six patients (4.3%) and 1 patient (0.7%) were positive for IgG and IgM antiphosphatidylserine antibodies, respectively. Seven patients (5%) were positive for beta2-glycoprotein I-independent anticardiolipin IgG, and 1 patient was positive for beta2-glycoprotein I-dependent anticardiolipin IgG. Two patients (1.4%) had lupus anticoagulant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show a statistically stronger association between RPLs and antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies than between RPLs and antibodies to anionic phospholipids for early gestational losses. Our data suggest that antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies may be a risk factor in patients with early RPLs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan. sugi@is.icc.u-tokai.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katsunuma
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Izumi
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McIntyre
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Makino
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000097:blood; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000097:blood; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007704:Kininogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines / Q000276:immunology*; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D007704:Kininogens; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines; D010718:Phosphatidylserines