title: Performance and physiological responses to a 5-week synchronized swimming technical training programme in humans.
abstract: A synchronized swimming team routine (TR) is composed of figures of varying degrees of difficulty. Swimmers able to perform these figures separately underwent a 5-week technical training programme (TTP) to assemble a TR. Little is known about the physiological responses to this kind of TTP. A group of 13 trained synchronized swimmers [mean age 14 (SD 1) years] were tested before and after a 5-week TTP. The TR lasted 5 min, and 45% of that time was spent underwater. The swimmers' technique scores in the TR improved significantly from 4.5 (SD 1.9) before to 5.8 (SD 2.3) points after the TTP (P < 0.01), but their swimming performances, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), blood lactate concentration, and heart rate measured during a 400-m swim were lower after the TTP. The improvement in the technique scores correlated negatively with the change in VO2peak (r = -0.57; P < 0.05). The greater the improvement in the technique score, the greater the decrease in VO2peak. The overall synchronized swimming skill was assessed by the best score the swimmers obtained in four to six competitions over a season. This score was related to the 400-m swimming performance, VO2peak, maximal distance covered in apnoea, and the breath-hold time. The 5-week TTP therefore improved technical performance during the TR without improving physiological, swimming or apnoea performances. However, the physiological profile of each swimmer was linked to the synchronized swimming skill.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chatard
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mujika
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chantegraille
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kostucha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid