title: Image quality in polypseudophakia for extremely short eyes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the image quality produced by polypseudophakia used for strongly hypermetropic and nanophthalmic eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary aberration theory and ray tracing analysis were used to calculate the optimum lens shapes and power distribution between the two intraocular lenses for two example eyes: one a strongly hypermetropic eye, the other a nanophthalmic eye. Spherical aberration and oblique astigmatism were considered. Modulation transfer function (MTF) curves were computed using commercial optical design software (Sigma 2100, Kidger Optics Ltd) to assess axial image quality, and the sagittal and tangential image surfaces were computed to study image quality across the field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant improvement in the axial MTF was found for the eyes with double implants. However, results indicate that this may be realised as a better contrast sensitivity in the low to mid spatial frequency range rather than as a better Snellen acuity. The optimum lens shapes for minimum spherical aberration (best axial image quality) were approximately convex-plano for both lenses with the convex surface facing the cornea. Conversely, the optimum lens shapes for zero oblique astigmatism were strongly meniscus with the anterior surface concave. Correction of oblique astigmatism was only achieved with a loss in axial performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimum estimated visual acuity exceeds 6/5 in both the hypermetropic and the nanophthalmic eyes studied (pupil size of 4 mm) with polypseudophakic correction. These results can be attained using convex-plano or biconvex lenses with the most convex surface facing the cornea. If the posterior surface of the posterior intraocular lens is convex, as is commonly used to help prevent migration of lens epithelial cells causing posterior capsular opacification (PCO), then it is still possible to achieve 6/4.5 in the hypermetropic eye and 6/5.3 in the nanophthalmic eye provided the anterior intraocular lens has an approximately convex-plano shape with the convex surface anterior. It was therefore concluded that consideration of optical image quality does not demand that additional intraocular lens shapes need to be manufactured for polypseudophakic correction of extremely short eyes and that implanting the posterior intraocular lens in the conventional orientation to help prevent PCO does not necessarily limit estimated visual acuity.
authors.affiliation: Applied Vision Research Centre, Department of Optometry and Visual Science, City University, London EC1V 7DD.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sciscio
mesh_terms: D001251:Astigmatism / Q000209:etiology; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D019654:Lens Implantation, Intraocular / Q000379:methods*; D007910:Lenses, Intraocular / Q000592:standards*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*