title: A finite element model of the soft palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As a step toward better understanding of normal and abnormal velar control, a finite element model of the soft palate was developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A static two-dimensional midsagittal model of the velum was given physical dimensions to match that of a 10-year-old boy. Biomechanical properties of the tissues were inferred based on previous histologic studies. Velar movements were induced by the influence of three extrinisic velar muscles: the levator veli palatini, the palatoglossus, and the palatopharyngeus, which were simulated as external forces acting on the velar model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Velopharyngeal opened and closed positions were simulated as well as a variety of intermediate steps between the two configurations. Velopharyngeal closure was also simulated in a manner appropriate for both high and low vowels. Future extensions of the model will incorporate the muscles as an intrinsic component of the model and will include a full time-dependent implementation, including inertial effects. Future studies will compare model predictions with experimental data from the laboratory, including both kinematic data and velopharyngeal closure forces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, The National Center for Voice and Speech, The University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1012, USA. david-berry@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Kuehn
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D005544:Forecasting; D006112:Gravitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D010156:Palatal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D010700:Phonetics; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical