title: Effect of oral contraceptives containing 20 and 35 micrograms ethinyl estradiol on urinary prostacyclin and thromboxane metabolite levels in smokers and nonsmokers.
abstract: The interaction between smoking and oral contraceptive (OC) use with respect to thrombogenesis was investigated by studying the effects of OC and smoking on urinary prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) metabolite levels in smokers and nonsmokers. Sixty healthy women, aged 19-32 years, who were not taking any hormonal treatment for at least 3 months before initiating the study, were divided into three equal groups: OC users who smoked (N = 20), OC users who did not smoke (N = 20), and a control group of 10 smokers and 10 nonsmokers. Each OC treatment group was randomized to receive either norethindrone (NET) acetate (1 mg)/ethinyl estradiol (EE2) (35 micrograms) (N = 10) or NET acetate (1 mg)/EE2 (20 micrograms) (N = 10) daily for 3 months. Overnight urine collections and fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline and at the end of the 3-month study. Serum levels of NET and EE2, as well as urinary levels of cotinine and the stable metabolites of PGI2 and TxA2, namely 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) and thromboxane (TxB2), respectively, were measured by specific immunoassays. Analysis of pre- to posttreatment changes in mean urinary 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TxB2 levels for each subgroup, as determined by smoking status and EE2 dose, showed no statistically significant differences. Also, no significant differences were found in each subgroup with respect to changes in the 6-keto-PGF1 alpha/TxB2 ratios. Large intersubject variability in urinary 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TxB2 levels were observed in all subgroups. The results of this study indicate that both low-estrogen-dose compounds, when used by smokers or nonsmokers, did not significantly alter the ratio of PGI2 to TXA2 metabolites, compared with pretreatment. However, the small number of subjects and the large intersubject variability in this study make it difficult to determine if there is a significant difference between the 20- and 30-microgram EE2 doses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: F Z
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Stanczyk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ploszaj
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gentzschein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mishell
mesh_terms: D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha / Q000652:urine; D000328:Adult; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D045166:Estradiol Congeners / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology*; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; D045166:Estradiol Congeners; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D013929:Thromboxane B2; D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; D003404:Creatinine; D003367:Cotinine; D009640:Norethindrone