title: Preventing acute rejection, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders after kidney transplantation: use of aciclovir and mycophenolate mofetil in a steroid-free immunosuppressive protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A widely held view is that any increase in the potency of an immunosuppressive agent will lead to an increase in infection and malignancy, such as life-threatening Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) induced posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD). We tested this paradigm by studying the effect of adding mofetil to a steroid-free protocol under cover of high-dose aciclovir prophylaxis on the number of acute rejections, EBV infections and PTLDs after kidney transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  EBV serology was performed in 267 consecutive renal transplantations (1990-1997). All were treated with cyclosporine with an initial 10-day antilymphocyte globulin course, supplemented from September 1995 with MMF. In 208 consecutive transplantations after June 1992 aciclovir 3200 mg/day was given for 3 months posttransplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After an observation period of up to 7 years we found that: (1) primary or reactivated EBV infection (PREBV) was correlated to acute rejection (treated with OKT3; P<0.00005) and to the incidence of PTLD (P=0.03; P=0.01, if Hodgkin's disease is included); (2) aciclovir protected against PREBV (P<0.00005) and (3) adding mofetil to the immunosuppressive protocol reduced PREBV further (P=0.0001), (4) in 78 transplantations treated with cyclosporine/antilymphocyte globulin/mofetil we observed only 10 acute rejections (P=0.0001), 10 PREBVs (P<0.00005), and no PTLDs compared with the cyclosporine/antilymphocyte globulin group (P=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplemental immunosuppression with mofetil protects against acute rejection. In combination with aciclovir, there is also a reduction in the number of PREBVs, apparently as a result of both direct viral prophylaxis and better rejection control, and in the incidence of EBV-induced PTLD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Birkeland
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hamilton-Dutoit
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000212:Acyclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016853:Muromonab-CD3 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016853:Muromonab-CD3; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D000212:Acyclovir