title: Relevance of zinc in human sperm flagella and its relation to motility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the zinc content of human sperm flagella and to analyze its relation to sperm motility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Center of Dermatology and Andrology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semen samples collected from 90 andrology patients and healthy donors after 3-5 days of sexual abstinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sperm morphology after Shorr staining, sperm motility, and patient age were recorded. In addition, zinc concentrations in the seminal plasma, sperm heads, and flagella were determined with the use of atomic absorption spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean zinc concentration was 144.3 mg/L in the seminal plasma and 146.9 mg/L in the whole ejaculate and was significantly correlated with parameters of motility. The sperm heads contained only 6.7% of the zinc that was present in the whole spermatozoon. The zinc concentration in the flagella was negatively correlated with sperm motility and velocity. In addition, it was positively correlated with the percentage of abnormally blue-stained flagella and the age of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of zinc elimination during epididymal sperm maturation for functional competence of the outer dense fibers and, therefore, generation of motility.
authors.affiliation: Center of Dermatology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. ralf.henkel@derma.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Henkel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bittner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hüther
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Miska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012661:Semen / Q000737:chemistry; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013077:Sperm Head / Q000737:chemistry; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000502:physiology*; D013082:Sperm Tail / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015032:Zinc