title: Influence of temperature shifts on survival, growth, and toxin production by psychrotrophic and mesophilic strains of Bacillus cereus in potatoes and chicken gravy.
abstract: A study was done to determine the influence of temperature on growth and toxin production characteristics of psychrotrophic and mesophilic strains of Bacillus cereus when inoculated into mashed potatoes and chicken gravy containing various concentrations of sodium chloride and held at temperatures different from those at which cells had been cultured. Logarithmic growth phase cells (10 h, 30 degrees C) of psychrotrophic (F3802A/84) and mesophilic (B4ac-1) strains of Bacillus cereus were inoculated into rehydrated commercially processed instant mashed potatoes and chicken gravy supplemented with 0, 2, or 4% sodium chloride. Growth, survival, and diarrheal toxin production in potatoes and gravy held at 30, 37, and 10 degrees C (strain F3802A/84) or 30, 40, and 10 degrees C (strain B4ac-1) were monitored. Both strains grew in both foods containing no added sodium chloride or 2% sodium chloride when held at 30, 37, or 40 degrees C for 2 days. Strain B4ac-1 grew better than strain F3802A/84 in foods containing 4% sodium chloride. Maximum amounts of enterotoxin (1024 ng/g) were produced by strain B4ac-1 in chicken gravy held at 30 and 40 degrees C. Strain F3802A/84 grew to populations of 7 log10 CFU/g in foods containing no added sodium chloride or 2% sodium chloride at 10 degrees C. Strain F3802A/84 produced the highest amount of enterotoxin (1024 ng/g) at 30 degrees C in chicken gravy containing 0.7 or 2% sodium chloride; however, little or low amounts of toxin (4-16 ng/g) were produced in chicken gravy at 10 degrees C. Compared to strain B4ac-1, cells of strain F3802A/84 subjected to a downward shift in incubation temperature (10 degrees C) grew more rapidly in chicken gravy. Strain B4ac-1 produced the highest amount of toxin (1024 ng/g) at 30 degrees C in gravy containing 4% sodium chloride and at 40 degrees C in gravy containing 0.7% sodium chloride. Toxin was not detected in inoculated mashed potatoes. Results of this study indicate that shifts in incubation temperature influence growth and toxin production by psychrotrophic and mesophilic strains of B. cereux differently. It is important to store pasteurized, ready-to-eat foods at a temperature low enough to prevent the growth of B. cereus.
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin 30223-1797, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mahakarnchanakul
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Beuchat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007841:Latex Fixation Tests; D011202:Poultry Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004768:Enterotoxins; D012965:Sodium Chloride