title: The Japanese health care system: citizen complaints, citizen possibilities.
abstract: The Japanese health care system is sometimes considered one of the best in the world because it appears to have achieved universal coverage, high quality, and a comparatively low level of expenditure. But under compulsory national health insurance and the uniform fee schedule which has worked well so far, various problems have been produced in Japan. A growing number of persons believe some reform or readjustment may be required. Following a brief review of the Japanese health care system which includes health insurance mechanisms, the relationship among physicians, hospitals and clinics, and the impact of these structures on access to care are explored. The resulting cost of care and the quality of care are then addressed. The lack of consumer information and the nature of the physician-patient relationship related to cultural factors are important components of this health care system. These latter factors are in the process of change and the likely direction of their influence upon the Japanese health care system is explored.
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri, Kansas City, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yajima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takayanagi
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D006264:Health Benefit Plans, Employee; D017048:Health Care Costs; D018166:Health Care Reform; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007373:Interinstitutional Relations; D007564:Japan; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D019472:Universal Health Insurance