title: Meta-analysis of trials comparing beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, and nitrates for stable angina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Which drug is most effective as a first-line treatment for stable angina is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the relative efficacy and tolerability of treatment with beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, and long-acting nitrates for patients who have stable angina.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified English-language studies published between 1966 and 1997 by searching the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and reviewing the bibliographies of identified articles to locate additional relevant studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized or crossover studies comparing antianginal drugs from 2 or 3 different classes (beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, and long-acting nitrates) lasting at least 1 week were reviewed. Studies were selected if they reported at least 1 of the following outcomes: cardiac death, myocardial infarction, study withdrawal due to adverse events, angina frequency, nitroglycerin use, or exercise duration. Ninety (63%) of 143 identified studies met the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent reviewers extracted data from selected articles, settling any differences by consensus. Outcome data were extracted a third time by 1 of the investigators. We combined results using odds ratios (ORs) for discrete data and mean differences for continuous data. Studies of calcium antagonists were grouped by duration and type of drug (nifedipine vs nonnifedipine).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of cardiac death and myocardial infarction were not significantly different for treatment with beta-blockers vs calcium antagonists (OR, 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67-1.38; P = .79). There were 0.31 (95% CI, 0.00-0.62; P = .05) fewer episodes of angina per week with beta-blockers than with calcium antagonists. beta-Blockers were discontinued because of adverse events less often than were calcium antagonists (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.60-0.86; P<.001). The differences between beta-blockers and calcium antagonists were most striking for nifedipine (OR for adverse events with beta-blockers vs nifedipine, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.47-0.77). Too few trials compared nitrates with calcium antagonists or beta-blockers to draw firm conclusions about relative efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  beta-Blockers provide similar clinical outcomes and are associated with fewer adverse events than calcium antagonists in randomized trials of patients who have stable angina.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Calif, USA. pah@smi.stanford.edu
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Heidenreich
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hastie
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fadel
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hagan
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hlatky
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009566:Nitrates / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D009566:Nitrates