title: Functionally inactive protein C inhibitor in seminal plasma may be associated with infertility.
abstract: Protein C inhibitor (PCI) has been found in seminal plasma and is considered to protect intact surrounding cells and seminal plasma proteins from possible proteolytic damage. In the present study, we showed that although the antigenic levels of PCI in two seminal plasma samples from patients with infertility were normal or slightly elevated, their inhibitory activities toward urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) were absent. In contrast, uPA and tPA proteolytic activities in these two samples were 20-60-fold higher than that from normal volunteers. A time-course analysis of PCI-uPA complex formation showed that >80% of the complex had been formed within 15 min in normal seminal plasma in the presence of heparin, compared with the total complex formed after 150 min incubation, whereas no response to heparin stimulation was observed in the assays with the two patient samples. Similarly, >90% of PCI-tPA complex was formed after 30 min of heparin stimulation in normal seminal plasma but no response was observed in the two patient samples. Kinetic assays of PCI inhibitory function in the presence of activated protein C (APC) showed that PCI inhibitory activity in the two patient samples was absent and not stimulated by heparin. Western blotting also showed that most of the intact PCI molecules, in normal samples, formed complexes with either uPA or tPA but there was no complex formed in one of the two patient samples and very little complex was observed in the other, suggesting that PCI in the two patient samples is inactive. These results suggest that the presence of functionally inactive PCI in seminal plasma may be associated with infertility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham University School of Medicine, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Y X
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D018046:Protein C Inhibitor / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D012661:Semen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018046:Protein C Inhibitor; D006493:Heparin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator