title: Characterizing withdrawal in rats following repeated drug administration using an amphetamine-vehicle-haloperidol drug discrimination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research using an amphetamine (AM)-haloperidol (HA) drug- drug discrimination task has shown that predominant responding on the HA-appropriate lever occurs 24 h after a single or multiple administrations of 10 mg/kg AM. Conversely, rebound responding on the AM-appropriate lever occurs following single or multiple administrations of 1 mg/kg HA. HA-appropriate responding was also observed 24 h following a single injection of AM using a three-lever, AM-vehicle-HA discrimination task. However, a single administration of HA did not produce robust rebound responding on the AM-appropriate lever. The present studies seek to clarify the discrepancy between responding following HA in the two- and three-choice tasks.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Experiment 1 examined the extent of rebound responding that could be achieved following ten daily administrations of either 10 mg/kg AM or 1 mg/kg HA. Experiment 2 explored potential differences between the two- and three-choice tasks in characterizing the post-HA cue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were trained to discriminate 0.35 mg/kg AM, vehicle, and 0.033 mg/kg HA. In experiment 1, animals received ten daily injections of 10 mg/kg AM, vehicle, or 1 mg/kg HA, and were tested 24 h after the final injection, and again 8, 15, and 22 days post-treatment. In experiment 2, animals were retrained and then treated daily with either vehicle or 1.0 mg/kg HA for 10 days, and then tested 24 h after the final injection, and again 5 and 11 days post-treatment, with either all three levers or with only the AM- and HA-appropriate levers available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In experiment 1, multiple injections of AM produced robust HA lever responding, which is consistent with results from previous studies that used the two-choice, AM-HA discrimination task. However, multiple injections of HA did not produce predominant responding on the AM-appropriate lever. In experiment 2, animals treated with either vehicle or HA responded predominantly on the vehicle-appropriate lever when tested with all three levers present. When tested with the vehicle lever removed, however, animals treated with vehicle responded predominantly on the HA-appropriate lever, whereas those treated with HA responded predominantly on the AM-appropriate lever.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the two-choice and three-choice task used here differ in how the post-HA withdrawal cue is characterized. This finding emphasizes the importance of knowing the relative locations of the agonist-, vehicle-, and antagonist-produced cues on the interoceptive stimulus continuum established by discrimination training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA. stadlejr@ctrvax.vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Caul
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Barrett
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D015259:Dopamine Agents; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D014867:Water; D000661:Amphetamine; D006220:Haloperidol