title: Efficacy of tremacamra, a soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, for experimental rhinovirus infection: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attachment of most rhinovirus subtypes to cells depends on a cellular receptor, the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). A recombinant soluble ICAM-1 (tremacamra, formerly BIRR 4) has shown possible efficacy in early studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy and safety of intranasal administration of tremacamra in experimental rhinovirus colds in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials conducted in January to March 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteers between the ages of 18 and 60 years who had an antibody titer of 1:4 or less to the challenge virus. Subjects were isolated in a hotel room during study days 0 to 8; symptoms were recorded through day 14. A total of 198 subjects were randomized, of whom 196 received drug or placebo and were included in the safety analysis. A total of 177 subjects were included in the efficacy analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tremacamra or placebo was given beginning 7 hours before inoculation with rhinovirus type 39 (preinoculation studies) or 12 hours after (postinoculation studies). Tremacamra as an inhaled solution or as a powder (each given preinoculation and postinoculation for a total of 4 studies) and placebo were given in 6 doses at 3-hour intervals daily during days 1 through 7. Recipients of active treatment received 367 microg of tremacamra per nostril per dose for a total of 4.4 mg/d.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effect of tremacamra on infection, as determined by virus isolation and seroconversion, and on illness, as determined by symptom scores, clinical colds, and nasal mucus weights. Treatment-by-study interaction was not significant, so results were pooled for the main analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 88 (92%) of the 96 subjects in the placebo groups and 69 (85%) of the 81 subjects in the active treatment groups were infected (P=.19). For placebo vs tremacamra, respectively, the total symptom score (+/- 95% confidence interval [CI]) was 17.6 (+/- 2.7) vs 9.6 (+/- 2.9), the proportion of clinical colds was 64/96 (67% +/- 9%) vs 36/81 (44% +/- 11%), and the nasal mucus weight was 32.9 (+/- 8.8) g vs 14.5 (+/- 9.4) g (P<.001 for all comparisons). Tremacamra was not associated with adverse effects or evidence of absorption through the nasal mucosa and did not interfere with development of neutralizing antibody.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tremacamra reduced the severity of experimental rhinovirus colds. Whether tremacamra will be useful clinically will require further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA. turnerr@musc.edu
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wecker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Witek
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: St George
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winther
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Hayden
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D000906:Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003139:Common Cold / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D011208:Powders; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012996:Solutions; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D016209:Interleukin-8; D011208:Powders; D012996:Solutions; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1