title: Rabbit intestinal xenograft model for human Encephalitozoon infections in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The gastrointestinal tract is a common portal of entry for Encephalitozoon cuniculi, one of several microsporidial organisms emerging as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised humans. Although most human microsporidial pathogens can be propagated in vitro and in a variety of laboratory animals, an experimental animal system to specifically study intestinal uptake and systemic spread of these organisms does not exist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paired segments of near-term fetal rabbit small intestine were implanted subcutaneously into 25 athymic nude or 10 severe combined immune deficient mice. Five weeks after surgery, 65 xenografts were inoculated intraluminally with E. cuniculi (n = 14), E. intestinalis (n = 27), E. hellem (n = 20), or RK-13 cells (n = 2), or were left uninoculated (n = 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intestinal xenograft infection with E. cuniculi (n = 11), E. intestinalis (n = 17), and E. hellem (n = 18) was determined by light microscopy; control xenografts remained uninfected. Extraintestinal infection with E. cuniculi developed in host mouse brain, respiratory tract, spleen, salivary glands, and gastrointestinal tract (3 of 3 mice), and infection with E. intestinalis developed in the liver (8 of 15 mice).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intestinal xenografts provide a unique, sterile, and biologically relevant animal model system for studying host enterocyte/parasite interactions, mechanisms of microsporidial pathogenicity, antimicrosporidial chemotherapeutic agents, and immune effector mechanisms. This model provides evidence for persistent graft infection with three Encephalitozoon spp., and for intestinal spread of E. cuniculi and E. intestinalis from infected enterocytes in immunoincompetent mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wasson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Snowden
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Didier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shadduck
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gelberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016819:Encephalitozoon / Q000254:growth & development; D009670:Encephalitozoon cuniculi / Q000254:growth & development; D016890:Encephalitozoonosis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D005333:Fetus; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016513:Mice, SCID; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D011817:Rabbits; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous