title: Bipolar disorder in old age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the classification, clinical characteristics, and epidemiology of bipolar disorders in old age with a special focus on neurologic comorbidity, high mortality, and management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Most available data is gleaned from retrospective chart reviews and cohort studies. Treatment recommendations are based on evidence from younger populations and a few anecdotal case reports and series involving elderly people.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While relatively rare in the community setting, mania in old age frequently leads to hospitalization. It is associated with late-onset neurologic disorders (especially cerebrovascular disease) involving the right hemisphere and orbitofrontal cortex. Prognosis is relatively poor; morbidity and mortality rates are high. Management of bipolarity includes cautious use of mood stabilizers, especially lithium and divalproex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mania in old age should trigger a careful assessment of underlying neurologic disease, especially cerebrovascular disease. Close clinical follow up is essential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario. ken.shulman@sunnybrook.on.ca
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Shulman
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Herrmann
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000150:complications; D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D016651:Lithium Carbonate; D002220:Carbamazepine; D014635:Valproic Acid