title: Is axillary lymph node dissection indicated for early-stage breast cancer? A decision analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has been a standard procedure in the management of breast cancer. In a patient with a clinically negative axilla, ALND is performed primarily for staging purposes, to guide adjuvant treatment. Recently, the routine use of ALND has been questioned because the results of the procedure may not change the choice of adjuvant systemic therapy and/or the survival benefit of a change in adjuvant therapy would be small. We constructed a decision model to quantify the benefits of ALND for patients eligible for breast-conserving therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were grouped by age, tumor size, and estrogen receptor (ER) status. The model uses the Oxford overviews and three combined Cancer and Leukemia Group B studies. We assumed that patients who did not undergo ALND received axillary radiation therapy and that the two procedures are equally effective. All chemotherapy combinations were assumed to be equally efficacious.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The largest benefits from ALND are seen in ER-positive women with small primary tumors who might not be candidates for adjuvant chemotherapy if their lymph nodes test negative. Virtually no benefit results in ER-negative women, almost all of whom would receive adjuvant chemotherapy. When adjusted for quality of life (QOL), ALND may have an overall negative impact. In general, the benefits of ALND increase with the expected severity of adjuvant therapy on QOL CONCLUSION: Our model quantifies the benefits of ALND and assists decision making by patients and physicians. The results suggest that the routine use of ALND in breast cancer patients should be reassessed and may not be necessary in many patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Statistics and Decision Sciences and Center for Clinical Health Policy Research, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. gp@isds.duke.edu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parmigiani
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Winer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tebaldi
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Iglehart
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Prosnitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D013629:Tamoxifen