title: Heterotopic bone formation in association with pelvic fracture and urethral disruption.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The initial and secondary management of pelvic fracture associated with disruption of the membranous urethra is the subject of a wide literature containing varied and controversial viewpoints. We have noted the presence of heterotopic bone formation surrounding the area of urethral injury in patients undergoing delayed repair. We investigated the etiology, incidence and risk factors associated with such an injury, as well as potential means of prophylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the current literature on heterotopic bone formation with similar traumatic injury. While instances of severe urethral disruption of this type are fortunately rare in children we describe prepubertal boys with such an injury complicated by heterotopic ossification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of heterotopic ossification reported in children and adolescents is 3 to 15%, which is less than 15 to 80% reported in adults. Risk factors associated with traumatic heterotopic ossification include prolonged operating time, hematoma formation, degree of bony debris, devitalized muscle and concomitant infection. Prophylaxis with single low dose radiation or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been shown to be effective in the prevention of heterotopic ossification and may be beneficial in this patient population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterotopic bone formation associated with severe traumatic injury in the presence of devitalized tissue resulting in the pathological formation of new bone is rare. This complication is only associated with the most severe pelvic fractures. Prophylaxis in these most severe cases with low dose radiation or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can prevent the formation of heterotopic bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Zagaja
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Cromie
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014521:Urethra / Q000293:injuries*; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*