title: Optimal target site for slow AV nodal pathway ablation: possibility of predetermined focal mapping approach using anatomic reference in the Koch's triangle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although a variety of ablation techniques have been developed in the treatment of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), there have been few reports discussing the location of the optimal target site. Based on our early experiences, we hypothesized that radiofrequency (RF) current applied around the upper margin of the coronary sinus ostium (UCSO) results in the most effective and safe treatment of AVNRT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To confirm our hypothesis, the efficacy of RF currents applied around the UCSO guided by local electrograms in 59 patients (group B: predetermined focal mapping approach) were compared with the outcomes in 60 other patients previously treated with the standard electrogram-guided mapping method starting around the lower margin of the coronary sinus ostium (group A). The precise location of ablation catheters at successful sites (S) was also evaluated. All the patients were successfully treated without complications. Significantly fewer RF pulses and lower energies were needed in group B patients (mean RF applications: 4.3 vs 1.4 applications, mean total energy delivered: 4,699 vs 2,236 J in groups A and B, respectively, P < 0.01). Detailed analyses of the anatomical locations of S using CS venography in group B patients who received only a single RF application (46 patients) revealed that the distance between His and S varied according to the length of Koch's triangle, while that between S and UCSO was relatively constant. In 85 % of these 46 patients, S was located within 5 mm above and below the level of the UCSO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RF applications around the UCSO guided by local electrograms yielded excellent outcomes in AVNRT patients with wide varieties in the size of Koch's triangle. The optimal target site was located within 5 mm above and below the level of UCSO along the tricuspid annulus.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamane
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iesaka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goya
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiraoka
mesh_terms: D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002036:Bundle of His / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013611:Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome