title: Gender differences in living skills and global assessment of functioning among outpatients with schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this paper are to study skills in personal and domestic activities, and their associations with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale scores among outpatients with schizophrenia, and to study the impact of depressive mood on functional capacity in schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and two outpatients with DSM-III-R schizophrenia completed the 13-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and a questionnaire relating to their sociodemographic characteristics, and living and working conditions. Staff members completed the GAF scale and a questionnaire relating to the patient's medical history and current treatment. This questionnaire also included the staff's assessments on patient's skills in six personal or domestic activities (personal hygiene, homemaking, management of financial affairs, shopping, decision-making, getting about).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-six percent of men and 33% of women (p < 0.001) with schizophrenia did not have independent skills in at least one personal or domestic activity but there was no difference in the mean GAF score between men and women. In men, the GAF score was independently and positively associated with all living skills studied and in women with homemaking, management of financial affairs, and decision-making, respectively. The BDI scores were not independently associated with functioning in personal and domestic activities except with getting about in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GAF scale is a simple and time-saving measure for assessing overall living skills among outpatients with schizophrenia. However, assessments on the GAF scale may be biased towards poor functioning in women. Moreover, psychosocial functioning and depression should be evaluated separately.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. jukka.hintikka@kuh.fi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hintikka
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saarinen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanskanen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koivumaa-Honkanen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Viinamäki
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012951:Socialization; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires