title: High levels of peroxynitrite are generated in the lungs of irradiated mice given cyclophosphamide and allogeneic T cells. A potential mechanism of injury after marrow transplantation.
abstract: In a murine bone-marrow transplant (BMT) model designed to determine risk factors for lung dysfunction in irradiated mice, we reported that cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced injury and lethality depended on the infusion of donor spleen T cells. In the study reported here, we hypothesized that alveolar macrophage (AM)-derived reactive oxygen/nitrogen species are associated with lung dysfunction caused by allogeneic T cells, which stimulate nitric oxide (.NO) production, and by Cy, which stimulates superoxide production.NO reacts with superoxide to form peroxynitrite, a tissue-damaging oxidant. On Day 7 after allogeneic BMT, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from mice injected with T cells contained increased levels of nitrite, which was associated with increased lactate dehydrogenase and protein levels, both of which are indices of lung injury. The injury was most severe in mice receiving both T cells and Cy. Messenger RNA (mRNA) for inducible nitric oxide synthase was detected only in murine lungs injected with T cells +/- Cy. AMs obtained on Day 7 after BMT from mice receiving T cells +/- Cy spontaneously generated between 20 and 40 microM nitrite in culture, versus < 2 microM generated by macrophages obtained from mice undergoing BMT but not receiving T cells. The level of 3-nitrotyrosine, the stable byproduct of the reaction of peroxynitrite with tyrosine residues, was increased in the BALF proteins of mice injected with both T cells and Cy. We conclude that allogeneic T cells stimulate macrophage-derived.NO, and that the addition of Cy favors peroxynitrite formation. Peroxynitrite generation clarifies the dependence of Cy-induced lung injury and lethality on the presence of allogeneic T cells.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics and Pulmonary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. hadda003@tc.umn.edu
authors.forename: I Y
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panoskaltsis-Mortari
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Ingbar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Milla
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Blazar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008954:Models, Biological; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; C039642:peroxynitric acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse