title: Foot placement modifies kinematics and kinetics during drop jumping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sprinting, bouncing, and spontaneous landings are associated with a forefoot contact whereas walking, running, and jumping are associated with heel-toe foot placement. Because such foot placement strategies influence landing mechanics or the ensuing performance, the purpose of this work was to compare lower extremity kinematics and kinetics and muscle activation patterns between drop vertical jumps performed with heel-toe (HTL) and forefoot (FFL) landings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy male university students performed two types of drop jump from a 0.4-m high box placed 1.0-m from the center of the force plate. They were instructed to either land first on the ball of the feet without the heels touching the ground during the subsequent vertical jump, i.e., forefoot landing jump (FFL), or to land on the heels followed by depression of the metatarsals, i.e., heel-toe landing jump (HTL). Three successfully performed trials per jump type were included in the analysis. The criteria for selection of the correct jumps was proper foot position at contact as judged from video records and the shape of force-time curve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first peak and second peak determined from the vertical force-time curves were 3.4 times greater and 1.4 times lower for HTL compared with those with FFL (P<0.05). In the flexion phase of HTL, the hip and knee joints contributed 40% and 45% to the total torque, whereas during FFL the greatest torque contributions were 37% for both the knee and ankle joints. During the extension phase, the greatest torque contributions to the total torque were 41% and 45% by the knee and ankle joints during HTL and 34% and 55% during FFL. During the flexion phase, power production was 20% greater (P<0.05) in HTL than in FFL, whereas during the extension phase power production was 40% greater in FFL than in HTL. In the flexion phase of HTL the hip and knee joints produced the greatest power, and during the extension phase the knee and ankle joints produced the greatest power. In contrast, during both the flexion and extension phases of FFL, the knee and ankle joints produced the greatest power. The EMG activity of gluteus, vastus lateralis, and plantar flexor muscles was similar between HTL and FFL in most cases except for the greater vastus lateralis EMG activity during precontact phase in HTL than in FFL and the greater gastrocnemius activity in FFL than in HTL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Foot placement strategy modifies the individual joint contributions to the total power during drop jumping.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanics, Hungarian University of Physical Education, Budapest.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kovács
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tihanyi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Devita
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rácz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barrier
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hortobágyi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*