title: Crystalline silica exposure, radiological silicosis, and lung cancer mortality in diatomaceous earth industry workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of silicosis as either a necessary or incidental condition in silica associated lung cancer remains unresolved. To address this issue a cohort analysis of dose-response relations for crystalline silica and lung cancer mortality was conducted among diatomaceous earth workers classified according to the presence or absence of radiological silicosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiological silicosis was determined by median 1980 International Labour Organisation system readings of a panel of three "B" readers for 1809 of 2342 white male workers in a diatomaceous earth facility in California. Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) for lung cancer, based on United States rates for 1942-94, were calculated separately for workers with and without radiological silicosis according to cumulative exposures to respirable crystalline silica (milligrams per cubic meter x years; mg/m3-years) lagged 15 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty one cases of silicosis were identified, including 77 with small opacities of > or = 1/0 and four with large opacities. A slightly larger excess of lung cancer was found among the subjects with silicosis (SMR 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43 to 4.03) than in workers without silicosis (SMR 1.19, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.57). An association between silica exposure and lung cancer risk was detected among those without silicosis; a statistically significant (p = 0.02) increasing trend of lung cancer risk was seen with cumulative exposure, with SMR reaching 2.40 (95% CI 1.24 to 4.20) at the highest exposure level (> or = 5.0 mg/m3-years). A similar statistically significant (p = 0.02) dose-response gradient was observed among non-silicotic subjects when follow up was truncated at 15 years after the final negative radiograph (SMR 2.96, 95% CI 1.19 to 6.08 at > or = 5.0 mg/m3-years), indicating that the association among non-silicotic subjects was unlikely to be accounted for by undetected radiological silicosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dose-response relation observed between cumulative exposure to respirable crystalline silica and lung cancer mortality among workers without radiological silicosis suggests that silicosis is not a necessary co-condition for silica related lung carcinogenesis. However, the relatively small number of silicosis cases in the cohort and the absence of radiographic data after employment limit interpretations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Checkoway
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weill
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Seixas
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Demers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004391:Dust / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D012825:Silicon / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012829:Silicosis / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D012825:Silicon