title: A fetal fatty-acid oxidation disorder as a cause of liver disease in pregnant women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute fatty liver of pregnancy and the HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver-enzyme levels, and a low platelet count) are serious hepatic disorders that may occur during pregnancy in women whose fetuses are later found to have a deficiency of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, which also contains the active site of long-chain 2,3-enoyl-CoA hydratase and long-chain 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase. We undertook this study to determine the relation between mutations in the trifunctional protein in infants with defects in fatty-acid oxidation and acute liver disease during pregnancy in their mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 24 children with 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, we used DNA amplification and nucleotide-sequence analyses to identify mutations in the alpha subunit of the trifunctional protein. We then correlated the results with the presence of liver disease during pregnancy in the mothers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen children had a deficiency only of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and presented with hypoketotic hypoglycemia and fatty liver. In eight children, we identified a homozygous mutation in which glutamic acid at residue 474 was changed to glutamine. Eleven other children were compound heterozygotes, with this mutation in one allele of the alpha-subunit gene and a different mutation in the other allele. While carrying fetuses with the Glu474Gln mutation, 79 percent of the heterozygous mothers had fatty liver of pregnancy or the HELLP syndrome. Five other children, who presented with neonatal dilated cardiomyopathy or progressive neuromyopathy, had complete deficiency of the trifunctional protein (loss of activity of all three enzymes). None had the Glu474Gln mutation, and none of their mothers had liver disease during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with acute liver disease during pregnancy may have a Glu474Gln mutation in long-chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Their infants are at risk for hypoketotic hypoglycemia and fatty liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ibdah
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rinaldo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Strauss
mesh_terms: D015094:3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics; D000208:Acute Disease; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D017359:HELLP Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008052:Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D063989:Long-Chain-3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D063991:Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D015094:3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases; D063989:Long-Chain-3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase; D063991:Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein