title: Cellular expression of green fluorescent protein, coupled with high-resolution in vivo videomicroscopy, to monitor steps in tumor metastasis.
abstract: High resolution intravital videomicroscopy has provided a powerful tool for directly observing steps in the metastatic process, and for clarifying molecular mechanisms of metastasis and modes of action of anti-metastasis therapeutics. Cells previously have been identified in vivo using exogenously added fluorescent labels, limiting observations to a few cell divisions, or by natural markers (e.g. melanin) expressed only by specific cell types. Here we tested the utility of stable green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transfected cells for monitoring and quantifying sequential steps in the metastatic process. Using CHO-K1 cells that stably express GFP, we document the visualization and quantification by intravital videomicroscopy of sequential steps in metastasis within mouse liver, from initial arrest of cells in the microvasculature to the growth and angiogenesis of metastases. Individual, non-dividing cells, as well as micro- and macrometastases could clearly be detected and quantified, as could fine cellular details such as pseudopodial projections, even after extended periods of in vivo growth. We quantified the size distribution of micrometastases and their locations relative to the liver surface using 50 micrometer thick formalin-fixed tissue sections. The data suggest preferential growth and survival of micrometastases near the liver surface. Furthermore, we observed a small population of single cells that persisted over the 11 day observation period, which may represent dormant cells with potential for subsequent proliferation. This study demonstrates the advantages of GFP-expressing cells, coupled with real-time high resolution videomicroscopy, for long-term in vivo studies to visualize and quantify sequential steps of the metastatic process.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medical Biophysics, Microbiology and Immunology, and Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1.
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Naumov
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Groom
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Chambers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D006224:Cricetinae; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000556:secondary; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051379:Mice; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins