title: Mechanical analysis of midline sternotomy wound closure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unstable median sternotomy closure can lead to postoperative morbidity. This study tests the hypothesis that separation of the sternotomy site occurs when physiologic forces act on the closure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Median sternotomy was performed in 4 human cadavers (2 male) and closed with 7 interrupted stainless steel wires. The chest wall was instrumented to apply 4 types of distracting force: (1) lateral, (2) anterior-posterior, (3) rostral-caudal, and (4) a simulated Valsalva force. Forces were applied in each direction and were limited to physiologic levels (< 400 N). Four sets of sonomicrometry crystals were placed equidistantly along the sternum to measure separation at the closure site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sternal separation occurred as a result of the wires cutting through the bone. Less force was needed to achieve 2.0-mm distraction in the lateral direction (220 +/- 40 N) than in the anterior-posterior (263 +/- 74 N) and rostral-caudal (325 +/- 30 N) directions. More separation occurred at the lower end of the sternum than the upper. During lateral distraction, xiphoid and manubrial displacement averaged 1.85 +/- 0.14 and 0.35 +/- 0.12 mm, respectively. Anterior-posterior distraction caused 1.99 +/- 0.04-mm xiphoid displacement and 0.26 +/- 0.12-mm manubrial displacement. During a simulated Valsalva force, more separation occurred in the lateral (2.14 +/- 0.11 mm) than in the anterior-posterior (0.46 +/- 0.29 mm) or rostral-caudal (0.25 +/- 0.15 mm) directions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that sternal dehiscence can occur under physiologic loads and that improved sternal stability may be readily achieved via mechanical reinforcement near the xiphoid. Closure techniques designed to minimize wire migration into the sternum should also be developed.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Northside Medical Center, Forum Health, Youngstown, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: McGregor
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Trumble
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Magovern
mesh_terms: D001864:Bone Wires; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013249:Sternum / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013529:Surgical Wound Dehiscence / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D013193:Stainless Steel