title: Prognostic significance of elevated hemostatic markers in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether the elevated levels of hemostatic markers in the early phase of myocardial infarction may serve as risk factors for subsequent cardiac mortality.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Increased plasma hemostatic markers were noted in acute myocardial infarction, indicating that the blood coagulation system is highly activated in those patients. However, there are few clinical data concerning the association between the elevated hemostatic markers and survival in patients with myocardial infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were obtained from 64 patients (mean age 67 +/- 11 years; 49 male) with acute myocardial infarction within 12 h after the onset of symptoms and before the initiation of any antithrombotic treatment. We measured plasma concentrations of fibrinopeptide A (FPA), prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2) and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, and examined the associations between the level of these markers and survival with Cox proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The follow-up time was 27 +/- 17 months, and 19 patients died of cardiac causes during the follow-up. Univariate survival analysis identified Killip class IV (hazard ratio 4.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.55-15.19), left ventricular ejection fraction (hazard ratio 0.94; 95% CI 0.90-0.99), FPA (hazard ratio 1.54; 95% CI 1.13-2.10), F1+2 (hazard ratio 2.03; 95% CI 1.17-3.53) and TAT (hazard ratio 1.88; 95% CI 1.27-2.79) as significant factors associated with cardiac mortality. In multivariate analyses, only FPA level (hazard ratio 1.84; 95% CI 1.03-3.30) and left ventricular ejection fraction (hazard ratio 0.93; 95% CI 0.88-0.98) were independent predictors of cardiac mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated FPA in the early phase of myocardial infarction identifies patients with increased risk for subsequent cardiac death. This association appears to be independent of residual left ventricular function after infarction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D003328:Coronary Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005344:Fibrinopeptide A / Q000378:metabolism; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C046193:antithrombin III-protease complex; C045879:prothrombin fragment 1.2; D005344:Fibrinopeptide A; D000990:Antithrombin III; D011516:Prothrombin; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases