title: Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: recurrent pediatric headache.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the empirical research examining behavioral treatments for recurrent pediatric headache.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one investigations published after 1980 were reviewed using predetermined criteria to evaluate the adequacy of research methodologies. A modification of criteria proposed for evaluating the efficacy of psychological interventions for adults (Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures, 1995) was used to evaluate the adequacy of evidence available for individual intervention strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sufficient evidence exists to conclude that relaxation/self-hypnosis is a well-established and efficacious treatment for recurrent headache. Furthermore, enough evidence exists to conclude that thermal biofeedback alone is a probably efficacious treatment. Other promising interventions have been tested that combine relaxation and biofeedback or integrate other cognitive-behavioral treatment approaches, but are limited by inadequate research methodologies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We discuss the importance of developmentally based conceptual models and the impact of diagnostic heterogeneity and offer specific recommendations for future intervention research in the area of recurrent pediatric headache.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. wholden@macroint.com
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Deichmann
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D006261:Headache / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D055502:Secondary Prevention