title: Late retinal complications of radiation therapy for nasal and paranasal malignancies: relationship between irradiated-dose area and severity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiation-induced cataract, once a notorious ocular complication of radiation therapy, is no longer considered a severe complication, because visual acuity can be restored by surgical treatment without significant complications. Late retinal complications of retinopathy and glaucoma, for which there is no effective method of treatment, have become serious complications of radiotherapy of the head and neck. We retrospectively investigated the risk of late retinal complications of radiotherapy for nasal and paranasal malignancies according to the radiation dose and area of the retina irradiated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between October 1982 and May 1996, 43 eyes of 25 patients were exposed to fractionated external-beam irradiation for treatment of advanced nasal and paranasal cancer. None of the patients had tumor invasion into the eyes. The patients were followed ophthalmologically for a minimum of 2 years (range 2.0-11, mean 4.5, median 3.3). The radiation dose and area of the retina irradiated were estimated from the dose distribution figures calculated using the portal films and CT scan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major late adverse effects of radiotherapy were observed in the retina in 9 of 43 eyes (in 8/25 patients). Radiation retinopathy was observed in 7 eyes, and the cumulative incidence was 25%. The median interval before the onset of symptoms attributable to retinopathy was 32 months (range 16-60). Neovascular glaucoma developed in 3 of the 43 eyes, with a cumulative incidence of 7%. The median period to the onset of symptoms attributable to glaucoma was 22 months (range 16-26). Obstruction of the central retinal artery was observed in 1 eye. The irradiation doses to the retinas that developed late complications ranged between 54-75 Gy (mean 61, median 61). No patients who received less than 50 Gy developed retinal complications. The retina in 21 eyes was exposed to a dose of 50 Gy or more. In 13 of the 21 eyes, 60% or more of the retina was irradiated, and 8 of the eyes (62%) in this group (> or = 50 Gy, > or = 60%) developed severe retinal complications, whereas such complications only developed in 1 of the 8 eyes (13%) in the other group (> or = 50 Gy, > or = 60%). The results suggest that the radiation dose and area irradiated are the most important factors in the development of severe complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation-induced retinopathy and glaucoma are more serious late complications than cataracts, which are easily treated with surgery. We investigated the risk of late retinal complications of radiotherapy, and our findings suggested that the radiation dose and area irradiated are the most important factors in the development of severe complications. We recommend that the radiation dose and area of the retina irradiated be minimized in patients at risk of eye complications, and the patients should be closely followed by periodic ophthalmologic testing after treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shigematsu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawata
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uno
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D015355:Glaucoma, Neovascular / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012160:Retina / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000528:radiation effects