title: Monoclonal antibody to human midkine reveals increased midkine expression in human brain tumors.
abstract: We produced a rat IgG2a monoclonal antibody against the carboxyl terminal region of human midkine (MK), a novel growth factor. This monoclonal antibody was used in immunohistochemical studies to compare the expression of MK, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and p53 protein in 133 primary brain tumors and 21 carcinoma metastases to the central nervous system. Approximately half of the glioblastomas multiforme (GBMs) (19/32), medulloblastomas (8/14), primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) (5/11), breast carcinoma metastases (Br-Mts) (6/10) and lung carcinoma metastases (L-Mts) (5/11) as well as some astrocytomas (2/14) had tumor cells that expressed MK; however, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, schwannomas, meningiomas, and pituitary adenomas did not express MK. The values of the PCNA-labeling index were statistically higher in GBMs, medulloblastomas, PNETs, Br-Mts, and L-Mts that expressed MK than in those that did not (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, p < 0.05). There was no correlation between MK and p53 protein in all tumor types. Normal and non-neoplastic brain tissues were negative for MK, PCNA, and p53 protein. We conclude that primary and metastatic tumors of the brain express MK and that the MK expression in brain tumors may depend, in part, on the proliferating potential.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinozawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Awaya
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ohama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000737:chemistry; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008875:Middle Aged; D000078792:Midkine; D017599:Neuroectodermal Tumors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D000078792:Midkine