title: Volumetric visualization of head and neck CT data for treatment planning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the utility of volume rendering, an alternative visualization technique to surface rendering, in the practice of CT based radiotherapy planning for the head and neck.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rendo-avs, a volume visualization tool developed at the University of Chicago, was used to volume render head and neck CT scans from two cases. Rendo-avs is a volume rendering tool operating within the graphical user interface environment of AVS (Application Visualization System). Users adjust the opacity of various tissues by defining the opacity transfer function (OTF), a function which preclassifies voxels by opacity prior to rendering. By defining the opacity map (OTF), the user selectively enhances and suppresses structures of various intensity. Additional graphics tools are available within the AVS network, allowing for the manipulation of perspective, field of view, data orientation. Users may draw directly on volume rendered images, create a partial surface, and thereby correlate objects in the 3D scene to points on original axial slices. Information in volume rendered images is mapped into the original CT slices via a Z buffer, which contains the depth information (Z coordinate) for each pixel in the rendered view. Locally developed software was used to project conventionally designed GTV contours onto volume rendered images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lymph nodes, salivary glands, vessels, and airway are visualized in detail without prior manual segmentation. Volume rendering can be used to explore the finer anatomic structures that appear on consecutive axial slices as "points." Rendo-avs allowed for acceptable interactivity, with a processing time of approximately 5 seconds per 256 x 256 pixel output image.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Volume rendering is a useful alternative to surface rendering, offering high-quality visualization, 3D anatomic delineation, and time savings to the user, due to the elimination of manual segmentation as a preprocessing step. Volume rendered images can be merged with conventional treatment planning images to add anatomic information to the treatment planning process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, IL 60637-9006, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Jani
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pelizzari
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Haraf
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Vokes
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Weichselbaum
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D009333:Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed