title: Noninvasive fecal monitoring of glucocorticoids in spotted hyenas, Crocuta crocuta.
abstract: The aim of this study was to validate a method for measuring glucocorticoids noninvasively in feces of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Three established enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for cortisol, corticosterone, and 11-oxoetiocholanolone were tested, but proved unsatisfactory. A new EIA using another corticosterone antibody was established and was used for all subsequent analyses; this EIA was validated by demonstrating parallelism between serial dilutions of spotted hyena fecal extracts and dilutions of standard corticosterone and by the recovery of corticosterone added to fecal extracts. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractions analyzed by EIA showed various immunoreactive substances with polarities of unconjugated steroids. The physiological relevance of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites was further validated by demonstrating that (1) injection of exogenous ACTH to four males and two females led to a significant increase in fecal glucocorticoid metabolites within 24-50 h, (2) the translocation of a male spotted hyena to a new enclosure resulted in a fivefold increase compared to baseline concentrations, and (3) agonistic social interactions and physical conflict resulted in large increases of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in both protagonists. Fecal steroid assessment is therefore of use in monitoring adrenal activity in spotted hyenas.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie, Seewiesen, D-82319, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Goymann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Möstl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van't Hof
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: East
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hofer
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology; D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D002335:Carnivora / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000032:analysis; D005043:Etiocholanolone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000032:analysis*; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D005043:Etiocholanolone; D003345:Corticosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone; C015962:11-ketoetiocholanolone