title: Prognostic significance of transcription factor E2F-1 in bladder cancer: genotypic and phenotypic characterization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We sought to identify and characterize potential alterations in E2F-1, a transcription factor that binds to the retinoblastoma protein (pRB), in bladder neoplasms and to elucidate a possible role for E2F-1 as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor samples from 133 evaluable patients with bladder cancer were analyzed for E2F-1 gene mutations by use of polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis and DNA sequencing. In addition, tumors were studied for E2F-1 and pRB protein expression by use of immunohistochemistry. Results from the above analyses were correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and outcome. All P values are two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A polymorphism, consisting of a nucleotide change at amino acid codon 393 in exon 7 (GGC-->AGC [Gly-->Ser]), was identified in seven of 133 case patients, being present in both tumor and corresponding normal tissues. No bandshifts were identified in the nuclear-localization or DNA-binding domains on PCR-SSCP analysis. On immunohistochemical analysis, E2F-1 nuclear reactivity was observed in less than 5% of the cells from 53 tumors and in 5%-75% of the cells from the remaining 80 tumors. The pattern of E2F-1 protein expression was not altered in relation to the identified polymorphism. pRB nuclear reactivity greater than 20% (of tumor cells stained) was present in 66% of the samples. E2F-1 nuclear reactivity correlated inversely with the percentage of cells showing pRB reactivity (Kendall tau(b) = -0.18; P = .019). On multivariate analysis, patients with lower E2F-1 reactivity had statistically significantly increased risks of progression to metastases (P = .001) and death (P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  E2F-1 alterations occur at the phenotypic level, rather than at the genotypic level, in bladder cancer. The adverse outcome for patients whose tumors exhibit low E2F-1 nuclear expression suggests a possible tumor suppressor role for E2F-1 in bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rabbani
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Richon
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Orlow
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drobnjak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dudas
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charytonowicz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dalbagni
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cordon-Cardo
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D005838:Genotype; D005998:Glycine / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009154:Mutation; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D011379:Prognosis; D056465:Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1; D012694:Serine / Q000235:genetics; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; D056465:Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D012694:Serine; D005998:Glycine