title: How vertebrate and invertebrate visual pigments differ in their mechanism of photoactivation.
abstract: In vertebrate visual pigments, a glutamic acid serves as a negative counterion to the positively charged chromophore, a protonated Schiff base of retinal. When photoisomerization leads to the Schiff base deprotonating, the anionic glutamic acid becomes protonated, forming a neutral species that activates the visual cascade. We show that in octopus rhodopsin, the glutamic acid has no anionic counterpart. Thus, the "counterion" is already neutral, so no protonated form of an initially anionic group needs to be created to activate. This helps to explain another observation-that the active photoproduct of octopus rhodopsin can be formed without its Schiff base deprotonating. In this sense, the mechanism of light activation of octopus rhodopsin is simpler than for vertebrates, because it eliminates one of the steps required for vertebrate rhodopsins to achieve their activating state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Harima Science Garden City, Akoh-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwasa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikkawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Ebrey
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007536:Isomerism; D008027:Light; D008871:Microvilli / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D049831:Octopodiformes; D017956:Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate / Q000502:physiology; D012168:Retinal Pigments / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D012545:Schiff Bases; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013045:Species Specificity; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D014714:Vertebrates; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012168:Retinal Pigments; D012545:Schiff Bases; D012243:Rhodopsin