title: Photoelastic assessment of the expansion of direct-placement gallium restorative alloys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess, via a photoelastic resin, the expansion of gallium restorative alloys under conditions similar to those found in the clinical situation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two gallium alloys, Galloy and Gallium GF II, were tested, along with a high-copper amalgam, Dispersalloy, and a low-copper alloy, New True Dentalloy. The gallium alloys were tested as (1) uncontaminated, (2) contaminated with water, Ringer's solution, or a cell culture medium, and (3) immersed in these fluids at times ranging from 5 minutes to 3 days. The gallium and amalgam alloys were condensed in a hole drilled in a block of photoelastic resin and observed for 3 months. The amount of stress was recorded on color slides taken through polarized light at regular intervals. The photographs of the color bifringen stress patterns at 1 and 3 months were ranked by two independent evaluators for least to greatest observed stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dispersalloy had the least expansion, followed by uncontaminated Galloy and Galloy contaminated with water. Next came Galloy contaminated with cell culture medium, Galloy contaminated with Ringer's solution, contaminated New True Dentalloy, and Gallium GF II. The last group was Gallium GF II contaminated with any of the three solutions. Both gallium alloys immersed in the three fluids showed a strong edge effect, and by 6 weeks many of the gallium alloys had extruded from the mold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results corroborate the findings of some clinical studies that have shown that these gallium alloys can potentially cause catastrophic failures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Colorado, Health Science Center, Denver, USA. john.osborne@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Osborne
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D001718:Birefringence; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D003470:Culture Media; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D004340:Drug Contamination; D004548:Elasticity; D005708:Gallium / Q000737:chemistry*; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D000077331:Ringer's Solution; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D003470:Culture Media; D003722:Dental Alloys; C100747:Galloy; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D014867:Water; C098379:gallium alloy GF; C033470:Dispersalloy; C031359:New True Dentalloy; D003300:Copper; D000077331:Ringer's Solution; D005708:Gallium; D015032:Zinc