title: Is bipolar disorder still underdiagnosed? Are antidepressants overutilized?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have suggested that bipolar disorder may be underdiagnosed, and that antidepressants may be over-utilized in its treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutively admitted patients (n =48) diagnosed with DSM-IV bipolar disorder, type I, (n = 44) or schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type, (n = 4) were interviewed systematically and their charts were reviewed to confirm diagnosis before admission. They were then treated according to systematic structured interview diagnoses. These data reflect the changes in diagnoses and treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  40% (19/48) were identified with previously undiagnosed bipolar disorder, all previously diagnosed with unipolar major depressive disorder. A period of 7.5+/-9.8 years elapsed in this group before bipolar diagnosis was made. Antidepressant use was high on admission (38%) and was reduced with acceptable treatment response rates. The adjunctive use of risperidone appeared to be a good treatment alternative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While diagnoses were made prospectively, treatment response was assessed retrospectively, and was based on non-randomized, naturalistic therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic application of DSM-IV criteria identified previously undiagnosed bipolar disorder in 40% of a referred population of patients with mood disorders, all previously misdiagnosed as unipolar major depressive disorder. Antidepressants appeared overutilized and risperidone was an effective alternative adjunctive therapy agent.
authors.affiliation: Psychopharmacology Research Center, Bipolar Disorder Research Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Ghaemi
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pandurangi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goodwin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018967:Risperidone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D002220:Carbamazepine; D014635:Valproic Acid; D008094:Lithium; D018967:Risperidone