title: Associations of elevated interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels with mortality in the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels predict all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a population-based sample of nondisabled older people.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 1,293 healthy, nondisabled participants in the Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study was followed prospectively for a mean of 4.6 years. Plasma interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels were measured in specimens obtained from 1987 to 1989.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher interleukin-6 levels were associated with a twofold greater risk of death [relative risk (RR) for the highest quartile (> or = 3.19 pg/mL) compared with the lowest quartile of 1.9 [95% confidence interval, CI, 1.2 to 3.1]). Higher C-reactive protein levels (> or = 2.78 mg/L) were also associated with increased risk (RR = 1.6; CI, 1.0 to 2.6). Subjects with elevation of both interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels were 2.6 times more likely (CI, 1.6 to 4.3) to die during follow-up than those with low levels of both measurements. Similar results were found for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular causes of death, as well as when subjects were stratified by sex, smoking status, and prior cardiovascular disease, and for both early (<2.3 years) and later follow-up. Results were independent of age, sex, body mass index, and history of smoking, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, as well as known indicators of inflammation including fibrinogen and albumin levels and white blood cell count.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher circulating levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein were associated with mortality in this population-based sample of healthy older persons. These measures may be useful for identification of high-risk subgroups for anti-inflammatory interventions.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA.
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Corti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wacholder
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Ettinger
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heimovitz
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D007484:Iowa; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012423:Rural Health
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D002097:C-Reactive Protein