title: Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with imbalance in interleukin 10 promoter haplotypes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of interleukin 10 (IL10) promoter polymorphisms and neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  IL10 haplotypes of 11 healthy volunteers were cloned to confirm that in the Dutch population, only the three common haplotypes (-1082/-819/-592) GCC, ACC and ATA exist. The IL10 promoter polymorphisms of 92 SLE patients and 162 healthy controls were determined. The medical records of the SLE patients were screened for the presence of neuropsychiatric involvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All cloned haplotypes were either GCC, ACC or ATA. Forty two SLE patients had suffered from neuropsychiatric manifestations (NP-SLE). In NP-SLE patients, the frequency of the ATA haplotype is 30% versus 18% in the controls and 17% in the non-NP-SLE group (odds ratios 1.9, p = 0.02, and 2.1, p = 0.04, respectively), whereas the GCC haplotype frequency is lower in the NP-SLE group compared with controls and non-NP-SLE patients (40% versus 55% and 61%, odds ratios 0.6, p = 0.02 and 0.4 p = 0.006). The odds ratio for the presence of NP-SLE is inversely proportional to the number of GCC haplotypes per genotype when the NP-SLE group is compared with non-NP-SLE patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IL10 locus is associated with neuropsychiatric manifestations in SLE. This suggests that IL10 is implicated in the immunopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric manifestations in SLE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rood
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Keijsers
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: van der Linden
authors.forename: T Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Borggreve
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Verweij
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Breedveld
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Huizinga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D016753:Interleukin-10