title: Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the dose-response relationship between cholesterol lowering and three different, relatively low intake levels of plant sterols (0.83, 1.61, 3.24 g/d) from spreads. To investigate the effects on lipid-soluble (pro)vitamins.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized double-blind placebo controlled balanced incomplete Latin square design using five spreads and four periods. The five study spreads included butter, a commercially available spread and three experimental spreads fortified with three different concentrations of plant sterols.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred apparently healthy normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic volunteers participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each subject consumed four spreads, each for a period of 3.5 week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the control spread, total cholesterol decreased by 0.26 (CI: 0.15-0.36), 0.31 (CI: 0.20-0.41) and 0.35 (CI: 0.25-0.46) mmol/L, for daily consumption of 0.83, 1.61 and 3.24 g plant sterols, respectively. For LDL-cholesterol these decreases were 0.20 (CI: 0.10-0.31), 0.26 (CI: 0.15-0.36) and 0.30 (CI: 0.20-0.41). Decreases in the LDL/HDL ratio were 0.13 (CI: 0.04-0.22), 0.16 (CI: 0.07-0.24) and 0.16 (CI: 0.07-0.24) units, respectively. Differences in cholesterol reductions between the plant sterol doses consumed were not statistically significant. Plasma vitamin K1 and 25-OH-vitamin D and lipid standardized plasma lycopene and alpha-tocopherol were not affected by consumption of plant sterol enriched spreads, but lipid standardized plasma (alpha + beta)-carotene concentrations were decreased by about 11 and 19% by daily consumption of 0.83 and 3.24 g plant sterols in spread, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three relatively low dosages of plant sterols had a significant cholesterol lowering effect ranging from 4.9-6.8%, 6.7-9.9% and 6.5-7.9%, for total, LDL-cholesterol and the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio, respectively, without substantially affecting lipid soluble (pro)vitamins. No significant differences in cholesterol lowering effect between the three dosages of plant sterols could be detected. This study would support that consumption of about 1.6 g of plant sterols per day will beneficially affect plasma cholesterol concentrations without seriously affecting plasma carotenoid concentrations.
authors.affiliation: TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Weststrate
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Vliet
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Meijer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D002079:Butter; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077276:Lycopene; D008297:Male; D008383:Margarine; D008875:Middle Aged; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000378:metabolism*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D010840:Phytosterols; D014812:Vitamin K; D014807:Vitamin D; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D002079:Butter; D008383:Margarine; D002784:Cholesterol; D000077276:Lycopene