title: Energetics and function of the failing human heart with dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impaired energy metabolism in the failing human heart could be an important mechanism of functional deterioration. The purpose of this study was to assess the changes of myocardial energy metabolism in the human heart at end-stage heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The left ventricular myocardium of patients undergoing heart transplantation due to dilated (DCM, n = 14) or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, n = 5) and non-diseased donor heart samples (n = 4) were analysed for citrate synthase (CS), enzymes of the glycolytic pathway as well as concentrations of phosphocreatine (PCr), creatine (Cr), adenine and guanine nucleotides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total creatine levels (phosphocreatine + creatine) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in both groups of diseased hearts (3.87 +/- 0.57 in DCM, 5.09 +/- 1.23 in HCM compared with control 10. 7 +/- 3.5 micromol g-1 wet weight). There was a trend for higher guanine nucleotide content in failing hearts, but no significant differences were observed in total adenine nucleotides and total NAD content. CS was markedly reduced (P < 0.05) in both groups of diseased hearts: in the DCM to 13.8 +/- 1.3 micromol min-1 g-1 wet weight, and in HCM to 11.9 +/- 2.4 compared with the control 29.2 +/- 2.2. Glycolytic enzymes were decreased compared with the control, and this decrease was greater in DCM than in HCM. Echocardiographic indices of contractility were considerably better in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the different mechanisms of cardiac failure and the differences in contractility of the heart we have observed, metabolic changes are very similar in hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy. Depletion of the creatine pool suggests an alteration in the intracellular energy reserves and transfer, whereas the decrease in citrate synthase activity suggests reduced oxidative capacity in both dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
authors.affiliation: Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute at Harefield Hospital, Harefield, UK.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kalsi
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Smolenski
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Pritchard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khaghani
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Seymour
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yacoub
mesh_terms: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D004452:Echocardiography; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006019:Glycolysis; D006150:Guanine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D006150:Guanine Nucleotides; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase; D003401:Creatine