title: Approaches to missing data inference results from CaPSURE: an observational study of patients with prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are multiple reasons for missing data in observational studies; excluding patients with missing data can lead to significant bias. In this study, we evaluated several methods for assigning missing values to health service utilisation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE) is a US national database of men with prostate cancer. Physician visits and diagnostic tests for 342 patients newly diagnosed with prostate cancer were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were followed for a full year (observed data, n = 228) and patients with incomplete data (predicted data, n = 114) were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the following approaches for imputing missing data: assigning the group mean, a time-specific mean, a patient-specific mean, a stratified mean (by age, localised disease and insurance status) and carrying the last observation forward and/or backward.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All prediction strategies resulted in higher estimates (19.3 to 23.1) for annual physician visits than was observed (17.1 +/- 15.5), and differences were statistically significant for both the last observation carried forward (23.1 +/- 15.5) and the patient's individual mean (22.7 +/- 36.1) when predicting physician visits. The same strategies had higher predicted values for x-rays (1.8 +/- 5.1 and 1.8 +/- 4.4 vs 1.1 +/- 1.9 for the observed group), although the last observation carried forward was not statistically different from the observed value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We were unable to identify a single optimal strategy. However, imputation from individual means and the last observation carried forward methods did not perform as well as the other strategies. While the differences observed in this study were small, we anticipate that with increased length of follow-up and more dropouts, there would be greater differences among strategies.
authors.affiliation: Lewin-TAG, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA. dlubeck@lewin.com
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Lubeck
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pasta
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Flanders
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Henning
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019370:Observation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires