title: In vivo imaging of the human zonular apparatus with high-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the potential of high-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) for studying the zonular apparatus of human beings in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using transducer frequencies of 34 MHz and 50 MHz, criteria were developed to identify transcorneal and transscleral sections that allowed reproducible identification of the different fiber groups of the zonular architecture. For that purpose, 10 volunteers between the ages of 14 and 41 years underwent high-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy under conditions of consensual far- and near-accommodation. The online video recordings of the respective UBM investigations were afterwards analyzed image by image. Good visibility of zonular fibers was obtained when the ultrasound wave propagation comprised an angle close to 90 degrees with the fiber orientation and when the oscillations of the UBM scan had a strict radial orientation towards the limbus and avoided, simultaneously, the ciliary processes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all the volunteers, high-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy imaged the zonular fiber groups known from histology. In addition, it detected fibers that do not follow the course of the inner ciliary body surface but take a direct route from the ora serrata to the lens. It also demonstrated that fibers that seem to change direction at crossings with other fibers. Under conditions of near-accommodation, the zonular fibers showed signs of relaxation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy seems well suited for in vivo investigations of the zonular apparatus and of accommodation in man. The results support the fundamental features of the Helmholtz theory on accommodation.
authors.affiliation: Eye Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wegscheider
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hoops
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kampik
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D008022:Ligaments / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014741:Video Recording