title: Carbon dioxide digital subtraction angiography for renal artery stent placement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of renal artery stent placement with use of carbon dioxide as the primary contrast agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen hypertensive patients with renal ostial stenosis were evaluated and underwent stent placement with use of CO2 digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Besides hypertension, 11 patients had decreased renal function, three had iodinated contrast material allergy, one patient had both, and two had neither. Supplemental iodinated contrast material (25 mL or less) was used in five patients. Preprocedure and postprocedure serum creatinine levels were obtained to evaluate the effect of CO2 on renal function. Arteriography was used to evaluate stent positioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three Palmaz stents were placed in 17 patients. Six placements were bilateral, with a total of nine right and 14 left. No additional stents were required to correct malposition. One patient had a mildly significant, yet transient, rise in the postprocedure creatinine level. This patient received 10 mL of iodinated contrast material in addition to CO2. There were no allergic reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The utilization of CO2 DSA facilitates the accurate placement of renal artery stents by eliminating the concern for contrast material-associated nephropathy and allergy. These attributes, coupled with the benefit of low viscosity, permit unrestricted imaging, guidance, and precise positioning not afforded by iodinated contrast material.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Caridi
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Stavropoulos
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006978:Hypertension, Renovascular / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D015607:Stents
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D002245:Carbon Dioxide