title: Degradation of visual pursuit during sustained +3 Gz acceleration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During positive acceleration, there is a diminished flow of blood to all regions above the heart. This is manifested by the commonly described loss of peripheral vision, greyout and blackout, which have been investigated extensively. The ability to select appropriate scanning patterns and to efficiently process visual information is one of the important determinants of scan effectiveness. This study investigates the performance of the smooth pursuit system under sustained +3 Gz before any signs of loss of vision.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven subjects with no known oculomotor and vestibular anomalies participated in the study. Horizontal and vertical pursuit at amplitudes of 10 and 20 degrees were investigated in each of the subjects over 4 separate days. During each test session, pursuit targets of a predictable sine wave, oscillating at 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 Hz were presented to the subjects in a random order. Horizontal and vertical eye movements were recorded using the El-Mar eye tracking system. The subjects were tested in 4 trials: 1) at 1 G before exposure to increased acceleration; 2) during sustained +3 Gz; 3) immediately after the +3 Gz exposure; and 4) 5 min after the +3 Gz exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breakdown in smooth pursuit in response to horizontal and vertical sinusoidal stimuli during +3 Gz is indicated by a statistically significant decrease in gain and an increase in phase lag (p < 0.01). This is most obvious when the stimulus frequency is greater than 0.4 Hz. Qualitatively, the pursuit response during acceleration was ataxic and disorganized in appearance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is postulated that degradation of pursuit gain and phase could be due to central hypoxia, and that the increase of G loading on the vestibular system could affect the neural integration of the pursuit signal in the vestibular nuclei with its direct output to the oculomotor system.
authors.affiliation: Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hofer
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D002498:Centrifugation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004584:Electronystagmography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018471:Hypergravity / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011698:Pursuit, Smooth / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors