title: Effects of cryopreservation and deconstruction on the dermal glycosaminoglycan content of human skin.
abstract: Since the concept of a fabricated skin replacement was first proposed, it has been recognized that a permanent skin replacement must contain a functional complex structure consisting of epidermis integrated with dermis. Although a practical solution for the replacement of missing epidermis exists through the culture expansion of the autologous epidermis, a practical solution for permanently replacing missing dermis has not been achieved. While it is generally recognized that the insoluble matrix components--largely collagen and elastin--are essential, the role of other matrix components such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans remains undefined. This article describes both the qualitative and quantitative GAG composition of fresh and cryopreserved human dermis. Through the use of 2 different colorimetric assays and cellulose acetate electrophoresis, we found the following: 1) the principal dermal GAGs are those of the heparin family; 2) dermatan sulfate is the second most predominant GAG component; 3) chondroitin-6-sulfate is found at concentrations of 2 orders of magnitude less than the heparins; and 4) hyaluronan and keratan sulfate were both found as only minor constituents. When the GAG composition of fresh skin was compared with that of cryopreserved skin, no significant differences were observed. This study also examined the time course of GAG leaching during the preparation of deconstructed human dermis, which is human dermis reduced to the native insoluble matrix components by exhaustive saline soaking. We found that GAG leaching was readily detectable even within the first day. Sixty percent of total GAG leaching occurred by day 7. These investigations establish a benchmark for the reproduction of GAGs in synthetic dermal constructs. Further, the results of the leaching study generate important considerations for short-term skin storage and long-term skin banking. Because GAG leaching commences immediately, appropriate precautions must be taken to minimize the potential functional compromise of cryopreserved human dermis.
authors.affiliation: Yale Skin Bank, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Poggi
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Chapo
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Cuono
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D003124:Colorimetry; D015925:Cryopreservation; D020405:Dermis / Q000737:chemistry; D004588:Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*; D017768:Skin, Artificial; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans