title: Trichloroethylene exposure and specific somatic mutations in patients with renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been associated with both genetic and environmental factors-with mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene for clear-cell RCC specifically and with long-term exposure to high doses of trichloroethylene (TRI), an industrially important solvent, for RCC generally. We investigated whether TRI exposure produces RCC through a specific mutational effect on the VHL gene by analyzing VHL sequences in the RCCs of patients exposed to high, cumulative doses of TRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  The level of exposure for each of 44 patients with RCC who had known industrial exposure to TRI was classified according to the duration, frequency, and mode of exposure. Samples of normal and cancerous tissues were microdissected from paraffin-embedded tissue. DNA was isolated from these samples, and somatic VHL mutations were identified by polymerase chain reaction analysis, single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, DNA sequencing, and restriction enzyme digestion. Control samples included RCC DNA from 107 patients without known TRI exposure and lymphocyte DNA from 97 healthy subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RCCs of TRI-exposed patients showed somatic VHL mutations in 33 (75%) of 44 cases. The mutations were frequently multiple and accompanied by loss of heterozygosity, and there was an association between the number of mutations and the severity of TRI exposure. We observed a specific mutational hot spot at VHL nucleotide 454 in the RCCs of 13 (39%) of the patients, and this mutation was present in adjacent non-neoplastic kidney parenchyma in four of these patients. The nucleotide 454 mutation was neither detected in any of the RCCs from patients without TRI exposure nor in any of the healthy subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that RCC in patients with high, cumulative TRI exposure is associated with a unique mutation pattern in the VHL gene.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of the Women's Hospital Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Germany. hiltrud.brauch@ikp-stuttgart.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brauch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weirich
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hornauer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Störkel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wöhl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brüning
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000187:drug effects*; D012997:Solvents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006623:von Hippel-Lindau Disease / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D012997:Solvents; D014241:Trichloroethylene