title: The link between exocrine pancreatic cancer and the endocrine pancreas.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Experimental and human studies during 20 years of research in our laboratories point to the importance of pancreatic islets in the development of ductal-type adenocarcinomas. We believe that pancreatic cancer that develops within ducts, but more frequently within islets, derives from pancreatic stem cells that are distributed within the ductal trees and within the islets.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The histogenesis of pancreatic cancer is still debatable. Ductal, ductular, and acinar cells all have been declared the tumor progenitor cells. Our long-term human and experimental studies indicate that pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas arise within ductal cells and islets. Supporting studies are presented in this article.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several human studies and experimental studies on Syrian hamsters conducted within the last 20 years were used in this article. Hamster and human islets were established, and their growth and morphologic changes were examined electron microscopically, immunohistochemically, cytogenetically, and molecular biologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies using the hamster pancreatic cancer model showed that most pancreatic adenocarcinomas develop within islets, most probably from stem cells, which are also believed to be the progenitor cells for tumors that develop within ducts. Studies in newly established human and hamster islets culture validated the immense potential of islet cells to differentiate and become malignant. The higher susceptibility of islet cells to become malignant could be related to their high drug-metabolizing enzymes and their high proliferation rate. Dietary studies indicate that the promoting effect of a high-fat diet on pancreatic carcinogenesis is unrelated to the energy intake, but rather is related to its effect on islet cell replication.
authors.affiliation: Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, UNMC Eppley Cancer Center, Omaha, NE, USA. ppour@mail.unmc.edu
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pour
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmied
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D006224:Cricetinae; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000473:pathology*; D008647:Mesocricetus; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000633:toxicity; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004041:Dietary Fats; D009602:Nitrosamines; C013622:nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine