title: Assessment of general practitioners by video observation of communicative and medical performance in daily practice: issues of validity, reliability and feasibility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a video assessment method for General Practitioners (GPs) by analysing issues of validity, reliability and feasibility of observation of videotaped regular consultations.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study consultations of 93 GPs were video recorded in the practice during 1 week. The GPs registered consultation and patient data in a logbook; 16 consultations per GP were selected using preset criteria. The quality of communicative and medical performance of these consultations was assessed by GP observers with a validated instrument. The validity of the procedure was evaluated by checking the content of each GP's sample using specific sample criteria. Selection bias was estimated by multiple regression analysis, with sample characteristics as independent variables and scores on communication and medical performance as dependent variables. The influence of observation on GPs and patients was assessed by a questionnaire. Generalizability theory was used to estimate reliability. Feasibility was assessed by conducting a questionnaire, by keeping accounts, and by checking the technical quality of the videotaped consultations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Universities of Nijmegen and Maastricht, The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  General Practitioners (GPs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The domain of general practice was well covered in the samples; content validity was satisfactory. With regard to the sample characteristics, only the total duration of consultations appeared to correlate significantly with both the score on communication and the score on medical performance. A majority (71%) of GPs reported not being influenced by the observation, except in the first cases, and recognizing their usual daily performance in the videotaped consultations. An acceptable level of reliability was reached after 2.5 hours of observation, i.e. 12 cases by a single observer. The method was well accepted by both GPs and patients. The costs were pound250 per GP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Video assessment of GPs in daily practice according to the procedures described is a valid and reliable method, one which is useful for education and quality improvement. There is a trade-off between feasibility on one hand and validity, reliability and credibility on the other hand. Compared to investments in observation methods in standardized settings, the costs of video observation of GPs' actual performance are acceptable.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Quality Research, Universities of Maastricht and Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grol
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rethans
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schouten
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van der Vleuten
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kester
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010821:Physicians, Family; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014743:Videotape Recording