title: Heart hypoplasia in experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heart hypoplasia is associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and decisively influences survival rate. This study examines whether nitrofen-exposed fetal rats have heart hypoplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant rats received either 100 mg nitrofen or vehicle on gestational day 9.5. The hearts recovered near full term were either formalin fixed for anatomic studies or snap-frozen for biochemical studies. Heart weight, ventricular chamber diameters and aortic-to-pulmonary root diameter ratios were measured in fixed hearts. Protein and DNA were determined in frozen hearts. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation-regression studies were used for statistical assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All control fetuses were normal, whereas 61% of those exposed to nitrofen had CDH. Cardiovascular malformations were found in 73% of CDH and in 50% of non-CDH animals. Wet and fixed heart weights in percent of fetal weight, left-to-right ventricular diameter ratio, and aortic-to-pulmonary root diameter ratio were significantly decreased in fetuses with CDH in comparison with controls. Only wet heart was significantly decreased in nitrofen-treated fetuses without CDH, although all other variables showed a trend in the same direction. Protein to DNA ratios were similar in the three groups. The structure of the myocytes was histologically similar in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The spectrum of lesions in the nitrofen model of CDH encompasses heart hypoplasia, further validating its use for research on this condition. Heart hypoplasia is related to cardiopulmonary compression, but its presence in treated animals without CDH demonstrates that the teratogen itself participate directly in its pathogenesis, and this finding invites further research on this line.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Hospital Infantil La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Migliazza
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arnaiz
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Diez-Pardo
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Alfonso
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tovar
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D009929:Organ Size; D010647:Phenyl Ethers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013723:Teratogens
chemical_list: D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D013723:Teratogens; C007350:nitrofen