title: Postoperative pain following knee arthroscopy: the effects of intra-articular ketorolac and/or morphine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Morphine and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) have been found to be effective in relieving postoperative pain. The goal of this study was to determine whether ketorolac alone or in combination with morphine provides superior pain relief following arthroscopy performed with local anesthesia (LA).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized, double-blind, prospective, study in 100 healthy patients from 15 to 60 years of age. Knee arthroscopy was performed with LA using 40 mL prilocaine (5 mg/mL) with adrenaline (4 microg/mL). At the end of the operation, a catheter was inserted intra-articularly, and one of the following solutions diluted to a total volume of 40 mL was injected: group P (40 mL normal saline), group M (3 mg morphine), group K30 (30 mg ketorolac), group K60 (60 mg ketorolac), and group KM (3 mg morphine + 30 mg ketorolac). Visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores (0-100 mm) were measured preoperative and at 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes postoperative and thereafter 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours at rest and on movement of the knee. The total number of distalgesic tablets (325 mg paracetamol + 32.5 mg dextropropoxyphene) consumed during the 48 hours postoperative was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in VAS pain scores were seen between group P and group KM at 4, 8, and 24 hours (P < .05) and between group M and group KM at 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours (P < .01) after the operation at rest. During mobilization of the knee, a significant difference in VAS pain score was found between group P and group KM at 8, 24, and 48 hours (P < .05) and between group P and group K60 at 24 and 48 hours (P < .05). The total consumption of distalgesic tablets did not differ among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of 3 mg morphine plus 30 mg ketorolac provided significantly better analgesia than either placebo alone or morphine alone. This result could be a synergistic effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Orebro Hospital Medical Center, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Axelsson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Allvin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liszka-Hackzell
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rawal
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Althoff
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Augustini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D020910:Ketorolac; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine; D014046:Tolmetin; D020910:Ketorolac