title: The use of anthropometric and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures to estimate total abdominal and abdominal visceral fat in men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A single-slice computed tomography (CT) scan provides a criterion measure of total abdominal fat (TAF) and abdominal visceral fat (AVF), but this procedure is often prohibitive due to radiation exposure, cost, and accessibility. In the present study, the utility of anthropometric measures and estimates of trunk and abdominal fat mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to predict CT measures of TAF and AVF (cross-sectional area, cm2) was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  CT measures of abdominal fat (at the level of the L4-L5 inter-vertebral space), DXA scans, and anthropometric measures were obtained in 76 Caucasian adults ages 20-80 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results demonstrated that abdominal sagittal diameter measured by anthropometry is an excellent predictor of sagittal diameter measured from a CT image (r=0.88 and 0.94; Total Error [TE]=4.1 and 3.1 cm, for men and women, respectively). In both men and women, waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter were the anthropometric measures most strongly associated with TAF (r=0.87 to 0.93; Standard Error of Estimate (SEE)=60.7 to 75.4 cm2) and AVF (r=0.84 to 0.93; SEE=0.7 to 30.0 cm2). The least predictive anthropometric measure of TAF or AVF was the commonly used waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). DXA estimates of trunk and abdominal fat mass were strongly associated with TAF (r=.94 to 0.97; SEE=36.9 to 50.9 cm2) and AVF (r=0.86 to 0.90; SEE=4.9 to 27.7 cm2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results suggest that waist circumference and/or abdominal sagittal diameter are better predictors of TAF and AVF than the more commonly used WHR. DXA trunk fat and abdominal fat appear to be slightly better predictors of TAF but not AVF compared to these anthropometric measures. Thus DXA does not offer a significant advantage over anthropometry for estimation of AVF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Clasey
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Teates
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Riblett
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Thorner
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weltman
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D001824:Body Constitution; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed