title: Effect of metal reconstruction plates on cobalt-60 dose distribution: a predictive formula and clinical implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to create a predictive formula for the dose perturbations caused by head and neck reconstruction plates in the delivery of postoperative radiotherapy with 60Co beams.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dose perturbation effects of Vitallium and Titanium reconstruction plates and flat metal plates of aluminum (13Al), stainless steel (26Fe), tin (50Sn) and lead (82Pb) irradiated with a 60Co beam were measured in polystyrene phantoms using a film dosimetry system. We then used these results to create formulas to predict the effect of a metal reconstruction plate dependent upon its effective atomic number.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percentage dose increases secondary to back scattering were 10% at 1 mm in front of the Vitallium plate and 40% at the plate while the percentage dose decrease was 29% at the plate and 10% 1 mm behind the plate. For the Titanium plate, the percentage dose increase was 5% at 1 mm in front the plate and 25% at the plate while the percentage dose decrease was 20% at the plate and 5% 1 mm behind the plate. For flat plates the percentage dose increases and decreases, respectively, at the plate surfaces were: 13Al (8%, 6%), 26Fe (35%, 16%), 50Sn (60%, 24%), and 82Pb (85%, 13%). A second order polynomial predicting the back scatter and shadowing effects was created, Y = a + bZ + cZ2, where Z is the effective atomic number of the plate while a, b, and c are the following constants: for back scatter a = 0.854 +/- 0.082, b = 0.0212 +/- 0.0044, c = -0.00011 +/- 0.00004 and for shadowing a = 1.108 +/- 0.021, b = -0.0141 +/- 0.0011, c = 0.00014 +/- 0.00001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to predict the effect of a metal reconstruction plate upon the delivered postoperative radiotherapy dose. The dose perturbations around the plate only exist for a few millimeters, but this is substantially greater than the thickness of a normal tissue or tumor cell. Perhaps a coating of a low effective atomic number, biologically inert, substance might allow for greater dose homogeneity and decrease the risks of plate failure or tumor recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy of Loyola University Medical Center and the Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Maywood, IL 60153, USA. emelian@luc.edu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Melian
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fatyga
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Petruzzelli
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Glasgow
mesh_terms: D001860:Bone Plates; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011874:Radiometry; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014025:Titanium; D014800:Vitallium
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014800:Vitallium; D014025:Titanium