title: The action mechanism of relaxation effect of atropine on the isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atropine has been used to block cholinergic neurotransmission in basic research and has received recent interest clinically in the intracavernosal pharmacotherapy of erectile dysfunction. It has been suggested that at a low dose (10(-8) M), atropine blocks muscarinic receptors, and that at a large dose (10(-3) M), it induces the release of EDRF. However, no report has supported this idea experimentally. We tried to confirm the action of atropine in cavernosal tissue and define its mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Strips of rabbit corpus cavernosum were mounted in organ chambers. On the precontracted muscle strips with phenylephrine (PHE; 5 x 10(-6) M), atropine was treated with increasing concentration from 10(-11) M. The relaxing activity of atropine was observed in deendothelialized tissue and preparation with treatment with methylene blue (10(-4) M), pyrogallol (10(-4) M), NW-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA; 3 x 10(-4) M) and indomethacin (10(-4) M). To evaluate the relationship of atropine to Ca++, the muscle strip was incubated in Ca++ free solution, and Ca++ induced contraction by addition of CaCl2 (10(-3) M) was recorded with atropine. Depolarization by KCl was observed with atropine to investigate the relationship of atropine relaxation to K+.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the precontracted muscle strip with PHE, atropine induced a dose-related contraction up to 10(-8) M and began to exert a relaxing effect at the concentration of 10(-7) M and reached the 93.6% relaxation effect at the concentration of 10(-4) M, causing dose-dependent relaxation. The relaxing effect of atropine was partially inhibited by endothelial disruption, and by pretreatment with methylene blue, pyrogallol, L-NNA, and indomethacin, although they were not statistically significant. At the basal state of muscle strips in Ca++ free solution, atropine decreased basal tension as well as inhibited the contraction induced by CaCl2 dose-dependently. However, atropine did not influence depolarization by KCl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atropine has both a contraction effect at lower concentrations and a relaxation effect at higher concentrations on cavernosal smooth muscle. It is presumed that the relaxation at higher concentrations is mediated via increasing intracellular calcium sequestration, not by hyperpolarization or secretion of EDRF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Y D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009126:Muscle Relaxation; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D010413:Penis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D001285:Atropine