Activation of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase by the 5-methyl analog of tetrahydrobiopterin. Functional evidence against reductive oxygen activation by the pterin cofactor.
Tetrahydrobiopterin ((6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-L-biopterin (H4biopterin)) is an essential cofactor of nitric-oxide synthases (NOSs), but its role in enzyme function is not known. Binding of the pterin affects the electronic structure of the prosthetic heme group in the oxygenase domain and results in a pronounced stabilization of the active homodimeric structure of the protein. However, these allosteric effects are also produced by the potent pterin antagonist of NOS, 4-amino-H4biopterin, suggesting that the natural cofactor has an additional, as yet unknown catalytic function. Here we show that the 5-methyl analog of H4biopterin, which does not react with O2, is a functionally active pterin cofactor of neuronal NOS. Activation of the H4biopterin-free enzyme occurred in a biphasic manner with half-maximally effective concentrations of approximately 0.2 microM and 10 mM 5-methyl-H4biopterin. Thus, the affinity of the 5-methyl compound was 3 orders of magnitude lower than that of the natural cofactor, allowing the direct demonstration of the functional anticooperativity of the two pterin binding sites of dimeric NOS. In contrast to H4biopterin, which inactivates nitric oxide (NO) through nonenzymatic superoxide formation, up to 1 mM of the 5-methyl derivative did not consume O2 and had no effect on NO steady-state concentrations measured electrochemically with a Clark-type NO electrode. Therefore, reconstitution with 5-methyl-H4biopterin allowed, for the first time, the detection of enzymatic NO formation in the absence of superoxide or NO scavengers. These results unequivocally identify free NO as a NOS product and indicate that reductive O2 activation by the pterin cofactor is not essential to NO biosynthesis.
Riethmüller
C
C
Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
Gorren
A C
AC
Pitters
E
E
Hemmens
B
B
Habisch
H J
HJ
Heales
S J
SJ
Schmidt
K
K
Werner
E R
ER
Mayer
B
B
D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000201:enzymology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011622:Pterins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D018411:Spodoptera; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011622:Pterins; D013481:Superoxides; C106930:4-amino-tetrahydrobiopterin; D001708:Biopterins; C073313:5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-methanopterin; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; C496322:Nos1 protein, rat; D010100:Oxygen