title: Leucocyte recruitment in rupture prone regions of lipid-rich plaques: a prominent role for neovascularization?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microvessels in atherosclerotic plaques provide an alternative pathway for the recruitment of leucocytes in the lesions. The present study was designed to investigate the potential role of these microvessels in creating vulnerable sites in atherosclerotic plaques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four atherosclerotic plaques were obtained from 25 patients undergoing carotid endartherectomy (n = 16), femoral endartherectomy (n = 6) and aortic surgery (n = 12). Plaques were histologically classified as either lipid-rich (rupture prone, n = 21) or fibrous (stable, n = 13). Serial cryostat sections were immunohistochemically investigated using monoclonal antibodies against endothelial cells (ULEX-E and F-VIII), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-Selectin, CD40) and inflammatory cells (macrophages (CD68) and T lymphocytes (CD3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The microvessel density in lipid-rich plaques was significantly increased as compared to fibrous plaques. Most of these vessels were located in the shoulder-region of the plaque and at the base of the atheroma. Microvessels in lipid-rich plaques also expressed increased levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-Selectin and CD40. Moreover, inflammation was most abundantly present in the proximity of microvessels. VEGF was only observed on vessels and mononuclear cells in lipid-rich plaques, suggesting that this factor may play a role in microvessels formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neovascularisation and expression of adhesion molecules by microvessels at sites of vulnerable lipid-rich plaques may sustain the influx of inflammatory cells and hence, could contribute to plaque destabilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: O J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van der Wal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Teeling
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D019013:CD40 Antigens; D019040:E-Selectin; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008055:Lipids; D008222:Lymphokines; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1