title: Effects of meal carbohydrate content on insulin requirements in type 1 diabetic patients treated intensively with the basal-bolus (ultralente-regular) insulin regimen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we evaluated the effects of high-(55%) and low-(40%) carbohydrate diets on insulin requirements in nine type 1 diabetic subjects treated intensively with ultralente as basal insulin and regular insulin as premeal insulin adjusted to the carbohydrate content of meals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine subjects were randomized in a crossover design to follow two diets consecutively for a period of 14 days each. A 3-day food diary was completed for each diet with the amount of carbohydrate in the mixed meals ranging from 21 to 188 g. Preprandial (5.9 vs. 6.1 mmol/l) and postprandial (8 vs. 8.9 mmol/l) capillary glucose and fructosamine (310 vs. 316 mumol/l) were comparable on both the low- and high-carbohydrate diets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The assessment of meal carbohydrate content by the patients was excellent, with > 85% of cases falling within 15% of computer-assisted evaluation. When premeal regular insulin was prescribed in U/10 g of carbohydrate, the postprandial glycemic rise remained constant (2.4 +/- 2.8 mmol/l) over a wide range of carbohydrate ingested (21-188 g) and was not affected by the glycemic index, fiber, and caloric and lipidic content of the meals. This tight control was maintained during the low- and high-carbohydrate diet without any change in insulin requirements (breakfast, 1.5 vs. 1.5 U/10 g of carbohydrate; lunch, 1.0 vs. 1.0; supper, 1.1 vs. 1.2) and in basal ultralente insulin requirements (22.5 vs. 21.4 U/day).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that in type 1 diabetic subjects 1) increasing the amount of carbohydrate intake does not influence glycemic control if premeal regular insulin is adjusted to the carbohydrate content of the meals; 2) algorithms based on U/10 g of carbohydrate are effective and safe, whatever the amount of carbohydrate in the meal; 3) the glycemic index, fiber, and lipidic and caloric content of the meals do not affect premeal regular insulin requirements; 4) wide variations in carbohydrate intake do not modify basal (ultralente) insulin requirements; and, finally 5) the ultralente-regular insulin regimen allows dissection between basal and prandial insulin requirements, so that each can be adjusted accurately and independently.
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rabasa-Lhoret
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garon
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Langelier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poisson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chiasson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting