title: Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine patterns during and after cardiac surgery in young children.
abstract: The systemic inflammatory response that occurs after cardiopulmonary bypass shows many changes similar to those seen in sepsis. The mechanisms for these changes have been attributed to cellular and humoral activation, such as increased secretion of cytokines and complement. The aim of our study was to investigate the cytokine pattern of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in young children during and after bypass surgery. Nineteen children undergoing either septal defect correction (n = 12), or more complex surgery (n = 7), were prospectively included in this study. There were significant higher pre-operative levels of circulating cytokines in the latter group. Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery induced in both groups a rise in circulating cytokine levels and a sharp decline in the capacity of the leucocytes to secrete interleukines-6 and -8 in response to ex vivo stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. Ex vivo production of interleukine-1 receptor antagonist was slightly attenuated by the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The downregulation of ex vivo pro- and, to some extent, anti-inflammatory cytokine production may be a reflection of a cellular stress response, induced by anaesthesia, cardiopulmonary bypass and surgery.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Heart Centre, University Hospital for Children and Youth, Het Wilhelmina Kinderziekenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Duval
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kavelaars
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Veenhuizen
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Vught
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van de Wal
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Heijnen
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D003907:Dexamethasone; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D003907:Dexamethasone