title: Risk factors for an outbreak of multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter nosocomial pneumonia among intubated patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acinetobacter baumanii is a Gram-negative coccobacillus that is normally a commensal pathogen but can be a nosocomial pathogen. An epidemiologic study was performed to investigate an outbreak of A baumanii that occurred in our medical intensive care unit (MICU) from March to September 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was performed by retrospective chart review, comparing case patients to randomly selected patients who were mechanically ventilated in the MICU for at least 1 week during the outbreak. A case patient was defined as any patient with an Acinetobacter infection in which the epidemic strain was considered to be a pathogen. The epidemic strain was defined by its antibiogram. Case patients and control patients were compared for age, gender, underlying disease, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation III score, length of MICU stay, prior antibiotic use, presence of fever, sepsis, type of pulmonary infiltrate, and outcome. Environmental and hand-washing studies also were performed during the period of the outbreak. Molecular typing was performed on available bloodstream isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 15 cases of A baumanii nosocomial pneumonia. Fifty percent were bacteremic; one chart was unavailable for review. Twenty-nine patients were identified as control patients. The mean age for case patients was 50 (range, 21 to 84). The mean duration of time from admission to the ICU to infection was 12.8 days (range, 4 to 40). Sepsis developed in 35% of the case patients. Forty-three percent of the case patients died during their hospitalization, with two of those deaths attributed to Acinetobacter infection. Univariate analysis showed that prior use of ceftazidime was associated with infection with Acinetobacter (11/14 case patients compared to 11/29 control patients; p < 0.01). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed two strains to be responsible for the outbreak. Hand washing was performed before patient contact by only 10% of health-care workers, and only 32% washed their hands after patient contact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of ceftazidime was associated with an increased risk of nosocomial pneumonia with resistant strains of Acinetobacter. Health-care workers need to improve compliance with hand-washing recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Husni
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Arroliga
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fatica
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Stoller
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002442:Ceftazidime / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D002442:Ceftazidime