title: A population-based approach to diabetes management in a primary care setting: early results and lessons learned.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of a multifaceted program of support on the ability of primary care teams to deliver population-based diabetes care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ongoing evaluation of a population-based intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, a staff model HMO in which more than 200 primary care providers treat approximately 15,000 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A program of support to improve the ability of primary care teams to deliver population-based diabetes care was implemented. The elements of the program are based on an integrated model of well-validated components of delivery of effective care to chronically ill populations. These elements have been introduced since the beginning of 1995, and some aspects of the program were pilot-tested in a few practice sites before being implemented throughout the organization. The program elements include 1) a continually updated on-line registry of diabetic patients; 2) evidence-based guidelines on retinal screening, foot care, screening for microalbuminuria, and glycemic management; 3) improved support for patient self-management; 4) practice redesign to encourage group visits for diabetic patients in the primary care setting; and 5) decentralized expertise through a diabetes expert care team (a diabetologist and a nurse certified diabetes educator) seeing patients jointly with primary care teams.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient and provider satisfaction through existing system-wide measurement processes; process measures, health outcomes, and costs are tracked continuously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient and provider satisfaction have improved steadily. Interest in and use of the electronic Diabetes Registry have grown considerably. Rates of retinal eye screening, documented foot examinations, and testing for microalbuminuria and hemoglobin A1c have increased substantially.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Providing support to primary care teams in several key areas has made a population-based approach to diabetes care a practical reality in the setting of a staff model HMO. It may be an important mechanism for improving standards of care for many diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: McCulloch
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hindmarsh
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D018672:Community Health Planning / Q000458:organization & administration*; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000628:therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000458:organization & administration; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010358:Patient Participation; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012042:Registries; D014861:Washington