title: Prilocaine induces apoptosis in osteoblastic cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether prilocaine, a local anesthetic, induces apoptosis in osteoblastic cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  After reaching subconfluence, human osteoblastic Saos-2 and MG63 cells and mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were exposed for 48 hr to varying concentrations of prilocaine up to 10 mM and the cytotoxicity of the cells was analyzed by phase-contrast microscopy and WST-1 assay. Saos-2 cells treated for 48 hr with 5 mM prilocaine were stained with Hoechst 33342 and nuclear fragmentation was examined under a fluorescence microscope. DNA was extracted from the cells treated with 5 mM prilocaine and DNA ladder formation (a hallmark of apoptosis) was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prilocaine induced cell death in Saos-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner up to the concentration of 10 mM. Marked nuclear condensation and fragmentation of chromatin were observed in the prilocaine-treated cells. DNA ladder formation also was induced by prilocaine treatment. Prilocaine-induced DNA ladder formation was dose-dependent with maximal effect at a concentration of 5 mM and was time-dependent from 12 to 48 hr. DNA ladder formation was also induced by prilocaine treatment in human osteoblastic MG63 cells and mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Cycloheximide prevented prilocaine-induced apoptosis in Saos-2 cells in a dose-dependent fashion up to 20 microM as determined by WST-1 assay and DNA ladder formation in agarose gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Osteoblastic cells treated with prilocaine exhibit both morphological and biochemical features indicative of apoptosis. The apoptotic mechanisms involve transcriptional regulation of specific proteins or protein synthesis.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Oral Anatomy, Kyushu Dental College, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haneji
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D011318:Prilocaine; D003513:Cycloheximide