title: Risk factors for pain after mastectomy/lumpectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Careful study of risk factors that predispose an individual to developing postmastectomy pain (PMP) after breast cancer surgery has not been reported. This study examined potential risk factors for PMP including demographic, disease, and treatment variables, as well as surgical factors, such as surgical technique and number of lymph nodes removed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected via telephone interviews and review of medical records. Pain was assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory. The sample included 134 breast cancer survivors who were a mean age of 55 years (SD = 9) and a mean of 35 months postsurgery (SD = 19).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with PMP (n = 36) were not significantly different from women without PMP (n = 98) on demographic, disease, treatment, or surgical variables. PMP intensity was not significantly associated with age at diagnosis, time postsurgery, or time post-treatment. Contrary to expectation, PMP was found in women postlumpectomy without axillary dissection, women whose intercostobrachial nerve was spared, and women without documented postoperative complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that cases of PMP cannot uniformly be identified based on the presence or absence of certain factors. Findings also underscore the need to screen all women for PMP after breast cancer surgery, particularly given the availability of effective pain management therapies.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Andrykowski
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rexford
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kenady
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D015984:Causality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies