title: Significance of myocytes with positive DNA in situ nick end-labeling (TUNEL) in hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy: not apoptosis but DNA repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of apoptotic myocytes has been reported in human hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) on the basis of a positive finding of DNA in situ nick end-labeling (TUNEL). However, ultrastructural evidence of myocyte apoptosis has not been obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 80 endomyocardial biopsies were obtained from right and left ventricles of 20 patients with DCM and 20 normal control subjects. TUNEL-positive myocytes were found by light microscope in 15% of DCM specimens (controls, 0%, P<0.05), and the percentage of TUNEL-positive myocytes per section in DCM was 1. 0+/-2.7% (mean+/-SD). According to TUNEL at the electron microscopic level (EM-TUNEL), immunogold particles, which label DNA breaks with 3'-OH terminals, were markedly accumulated in the bizarre-shaped nuclei, with widespread clumping of chromatin (so-called "hypertrophied nuclei") of the myocytes obtained from DCM. Their ultrastructure was neither apoptotic nor necrotic but rather that of living cells. Taq polymerase-based DNA in situ ligation assay, which detects double-stranded DNA fragments more specifically than TUNEL, did not detect a positive reaction in any case. In mirror sections, all of the TUNEL-positive myocytes in DCM simultaneously expressed proliferating cell nuclear antigen, which is required for both DNA replication and repair, but Ki-67, a replication-associated antigen, was completely negative in all cases, which appeared to rule out cell proliferation activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the TUNEL-positive myocytes in hearts with DCM are not apoptotic but rather living cells with increasing activity of DNA repair.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanoh
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Takemura
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Misao
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoyama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishigaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minatoguchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004260:DNA Repair; D004261:DNA Replication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D019914:Taq Polymerase
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D019914:Taq Polymerase