title: The effect of human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection and stunting on measles immunoglobulin-G levels in children vaccinated against measles in Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measles is an important public health problem in developing nations and there is concern that immune response to measles vaccination may be compromised by paediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship of immunoglobulin-G (Ig-G) antibody levels in children vaccinated against measles and HIV-1 infection. Further analysis was done to assess the influence of nutritional status on this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors measured HIV and measles antibodies in 243 vaccinated children aged 17-41 months from Kampala, Uganda. Children were from paediatric and HIV clinics. Potential confounders of this relationship included nutritional anthropometric measures, age at and time since vaccination, measles exposure, family crowding, vaccination clinic and gender. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to study these associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty children (21%) were HIV infected. In univariable analysis, low measles antibody (<15 ELISA units/ml) was associated with HIV (P = 0.05; odds ratio (OR) = 1.86) and stunting (P = 0.06; OR = 1.68). Stunting, measured as height-for-age and defined as <-2 standard deviations of the reference population median, was a surrogate for chronic malnutrition. HIV was strongly associated with stunting (P = 0.0001; OR = 6.62). In multiple logistic regression, HIV was not associated with low measles antibodies; however, stunting (P = 0.04; OR = 1.81), and <3 children in the home (P = 0.01; OR = 1.96) were. Conversely, being male (P = 0.05; OR = 0.58), and measles in the home in the previous month (P = 0.04; OR = 0.33) were associated with high antibody levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that HIV in Ugandan children immunized for measles may indirectly interfere with measles antibody levels by causing malnutrition, the latter being the direct cause. Programmes to improve childhood nutrition, especially for HIV-infected children, should accompany measles control programmes in developing nations for maximum benefit from measles vaccination. HIV infection per se should not change measles vaccination programmes.
authors.affiliation: AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health, Entebbe, Uganda.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Waibale
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bowlin
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mortimer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whalen
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000502:physiology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008457:Measles / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000276:immunology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008458:Measles Vaccine