title: Diagnostic orphans: adolescents with alcohol symptom who do not qualify for DSM-IV abuse or dependence diagnoses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the validity of the DSM-IV criteria for alcohol use disorders when applied to adolescents. This report describes a group of "diagnostic orphans," adolescents with one or two DSM-IV alcohol dependence symptoms who do not meet the DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 199 male and 173 female subjects aged 13-19 years. All subjects were regular drinkers, recruited from community sources and alcohol treatment programs. At baseline and at 1-year follow-up, DSM-IV alcohol use disorders were assessed with a version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, modified for DSM-IV criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diagnostic orphans represented 31% of the drinkers without an alcohol use disorder. The orphans were similar to the alcohol abusers and dissimilar to the other drinkers in alcohol and substance use patterns and in the course of alcohol problems over 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate limitations of the DSM-IV criteria for alcohol use disorders when applied to adolescents. Diagnostic orphans should be considered separately from other drinkers in research and treatment efforts.
authors.affiliation: Pittsburgh Adolescent Alcohol Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA. pollocknk@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D009626:Terminology as Topic