title: How patient outcomes are reported in drug advertisements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine how changes in outcomes are reported in drug advertisements in medical journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Advertisements from a convenience sample of 38 issues of Canadian Family Physician, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Canadian Medical Association Journal, and the New England Journal of Medicine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Method of reporting changes in clinical outcomes (relative risk reduction [RRR], absolute risk reduction [ARR], number needed to treat [NNT]), name of product, and company marketing product were sought. In the 22 advertisements included in the analysis, 11 reported results as RRRs; two reported results as RRRs, but readers could calculate ARRs or NNTs from figures given in the advertisement; and nine gave no measure of results, but readers could calculate RRRs, ARRs, or NNTs from figures given.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most companies report changes in outcomes as RRRs, and this bias could influence the way physicians prescribe. Changes to the rules governing journal advertising and increased emphasis on critical appraisal skills would help mitigate this bias.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Toronto Hospital, Ontario. joel.lexchin@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lexchin
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising; D015982:Bias; D002170:Canada; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012306:Risk; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations