title: Expression of galectin-3 in fine-needle aspirates as a diagnostic marker differentiating benign from malignant thyroid neoplasms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Galectin-3 is a beta-galactoside-binding protein that has been reported to be expressed preferentially in thyroid malignancies. The current study was designed to substantiate this finding further and to establish a presurgical diagnostic modality of differentiating between benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms by analyzing galectin-3 expression in fine-needle aspirates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of galectin-3 was examined immunohistochemically in total of 172 specimens: 45 primary and 20 metastatic papillary carcinomas, 8 primary and 2 metastatic follicular carcinomas, 5 primary and 3 metastatic anaplastic carcinomas, 3 primary medullary carcinomas, 25 follicular adenomas, 3 goiters, and 58 adjacent normal thyroid tissue. Alternatively, epithelial cells were isolated from the fine- needle aspirates of 14 thyroid nodules and subjected to immunoblotting analysis of galectin-3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that all thyroid malignancies of follicular cell origin (including papillary, follicular, and anaplastic carcinomas) showed high and diffuse expression of galectin-3, whereas one of the three medullary carcinomas of parafollicular cell origin displayed weaker and focal expression of galectin-3. In contrast, neither benign thyroid adenomas, goiters, nor normal thyroid tissues expressed galectin-3. Immunoblot analysis of the isolated epithelial cells detected galectin-3 in nine thyroid nodules that were proven histologically to be malignant ( eight papillary carcinomas and one follicular carcinoma) after surgical intervention, whereas galectin-3 was not detected in five nodules proven to be benign follicular adenomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Galectin-3 serves as a marker of thyroid malignancy of follicular cell origin. Analysis of galectin-3 expression in fine-needle aspirates enhances the differential diagnostic accuracy between benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inohara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Honjo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshii
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akahani
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubo
mesh_terms: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000032:analysis*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D037502:Galectin 3; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D037502:Galectin 3; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins