title: Self-generated lower body negative pressure exercise.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise during spaceflight helps prevent musculoskeletal and cardiovascular deconditioning to Earth gravity. This report evaluates the aerobic and anaerobic exercise stimulus provided by self-generated lower body negative pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A lower body negative pressure cylinder expands and collapses longitudinally, but not radially. As the legs push footward to expand the cylinder, the air pressure in the cylinder decreases, increasing the force required to continue expanding the cylinder. In addition, valves control air flow into and out of the cylinder, and thus workload. In seven supine subjects, knee bend exercise was performed at 19 cycles per minute for 6 min. Footward force was measured with load cells, cylinder pressure with a transducer, heart rate from ECG, and oxygen consumption with turbine volumetry and gas analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum footward force at the peak of the exercise cycle averaged 1120+/-88 N (114+/-9 kg), and pressure within the cylinder concomitantly decreased 26+/-3 mmHg below ambient. Heart rate and oxygen consumption increased 75+/-4 bpm and 26.3+/-1.4 ml O2/kg x min(-1) from supine resting values, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the air inlet valve nearly closed, exercise with this device approximates a resistance-type leg press. With more inflow of air, more rapid, aerobic knee bends can be performed. This exercise device/concept provides simultaneous dynamic musculoskeletal and cardiovascular stresses without an external power source.
authors.affiliation: Life Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Watenpaugh
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Breit
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hargens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004867:Equipment Design; D005080:Exercise Test; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008150:Lower Body Negative Pressure / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D013026:Space Flight; D016683:Supine Position; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D014893:Weightlessness / Q000009:adverse effects*