title: Metalloprotease-mediated ligand release regulates autocrine signaling through the epidermal growth factor receptor.
abstract: Ligands that activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are synthesized as membrane-anchored precursors that appear to be proteolytically released by members of the ADAM family of metalloproteases. Because membrane-anchored EGFR ligands are thought to be biologically active, the role of ligand release in the regulation of EGFR signaling is unclear. To investigate this question, we used metalloprotease inhibitors to block EGFR ligand release from human mammary epithelial cells. These cells express both transforming growth factor alpha and amphiregulin and require autocrine signaling through the EGFR for proliferation and migration. We found that metalloprotease inhibitors reduced cell proliferation in direct proportion to their effect on transforming growth factor alpha release. Metalloprotease inhibitors also reduced growth of EGF-responsive tumorigenic cell lines and were synergistic with the inhibitory effects of antagonistic EGFR antibodies. Blocking release of EGFR ligands also strongly inhibited autocrine activation of the EGFR and reduced both the rate and persistence of cell migration. The effects of metalloprotease inhibitors could be reversed by either adding exogenous EGF or by expressing an artificial gene for EGF that lacked a membrane-anchoring domain. Our results indicate that soluble rather than membrane-anchored forms of the ligands mediate most of the biological effects of EGFR ligands. Metalloprotease inhibitors have shown promise in preventing spread of metastatic disease. Many of their antimetastatic effects could be the result of their ability to inhibit autocrine signaling through the EGFR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Opresko
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Dempsey
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lauffenburger
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Wiley
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008024:Ligands; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; C088670:BB 2116; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D008024:Ligands; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases