title: External and internal macromorphology in 3D-reconstructed maxillary molars using computerized X-ray microtomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to perform a qualitative analysis of the relationship between the external and internal macromorphology of the root complex and to use fractal dimension analysis to determine the correlation between the shape of the outer surface of the root and the shape of the root canal.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the basis of X-ray computed transaxial microtomography, a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the external and internal macromorphology of the root complex in permanent maxillary molars was performed using well-defined macromorphological variables and fractal dimension analysis. Five maxillary molars were placed between a microfocus X-ray tube with a focal spot size of 0.07 mm, a Thomson-SCF image intensifier, and a CCD camera compromising a detector for the tomograph. Between 100 and 240 tomographic 2D slices were made of each tooth. Assembling slices for 3D volume was carried out with subsequent median noise filtering. Segmentation into enamel, dentine and pulp space was achieved through thresholding followed by morphological filtering. Surface representations were then constructed. A useful visualization of the tooth was created by making the dental hard tissues transparent and the pulp chamber and root-canal system opaque. On this basis it became possible to assess the relationship between the external and internal macromorphology of the crown and root complex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was strong agreement between the number, position and cross-section of the root canals and the number, position and degree of manifestation of the root complex macrostructures. Data from a fractal dimension analysis also showed a high correlation between the shape of the root canals and the corresponding roots.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested that these types of 3D volumes constitute a platform for preclinical training in fundamental endodontic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bjørndal
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Carlsen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thuesen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Darvann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kreiborg
mesh_terms: D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017709:Fractals; D006801:Humans; D008437:Maxilla; D008963:Molar / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging