title: Viral load and burden modification following early antiretroviral therapy of primary HIV-1 infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to monitor the effect on viral DNA and RNA of early treatment with highly aggressive antiretroviral therapy (HAART), in comparison with zidovudine (ZDV) monotherapy or no treatment in subjects with primary HIV-1 infection (PHI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 28 patients selected, four were untreated, four received ZDV alone, 10 received a triple combination (ZDV, lamivudine (3TC) and saquinavir (SQV)) and 10 received a quadruple combination (ZDV, 3TC, SQV and ritonavir (RTV)). Seroconversion was monitored by means of Western blot profile analysis. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in the HIV gag region was used to monitor viral DNA and the nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) system for viraemia (HIV-RNA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a certain level of heterogeneity in the baseline values of HIV-DNA and RNA. Early HAART led to a rapid recovery in the number of CD4 cells and the CD4/CD8 cell ratio and a reduction in HIV-RNA to undetectable levels, which was significantly greater than in the untreated patients or those treated with ZDV. Although a reduction in DNA levels was also observed in the HAART-treated subjects, this variation was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The parameters of viral replication and CD4 cell recovery were only slightly better in the patients receiving ZDV monotherapy than in the untreated patients, thus confirming that the course of the infection is hardly affected by the monotherapy. The early introduction of HAART greatly reduces plasma viraemia and restores the number of CD4 cells for up to 1 year. HIV-DNA remains detectable, although at low levels, thus confirming that the early established reservoir of infected cells is little affected. Longer periods of observation and the introduction of complementary approaches, such as immunomodulatory therapies, will provide further information concerning the possibility of radically interfering with the natural evolution of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, AIDS Center San Luigi, IRCCS--Hospital San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. lillo.flavia@hsr.it
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Lillo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ciuffreda
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Veglia
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Capiluppi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mastrorilli
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vergani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tambussi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lazzarin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019562:Viral Load; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D015215:Zidovudine; D019258:Saquinavir; D019438:Ritonavir