title: Sex difference in target seeking behavior of developing cremaster muscles and the resulting first visible sign of somatic sexual differentiation in marsupial mammals.
abstract: Cremaster muscles are present in both male and female developing and adult marsupial mammals. They are complex structures and composed of several distinct bundles of striated muscle fibers provided with: (1) a distinct and extensive innervation; (2) a distinct blood vascular supply; (3) a distinct tendineous origin on the anterosuperior iliac spine; and (4) distinct target structures. The muscles thus seem to be separate anatomical entities and not a part of one or more of the layers of the ventral abdominal wall musculature. Cremaster muscles in males are elongated, are larger than in females, and for the most part are a component of the funiculus spermaticus. They insert on the distal part of the tunica vaginalis. The distal parts of the muscles in females are flattened ("fan shaped") and insert over a broad area on the dorsal borders of the mammary glands. Muscles in males have no relation whatsoever to the male mammary glandular rudiments. Muscles in females are attached at the base of the uterine round ligament. The remarkable sex difference in target structures of marsupial cremaster muscles becomes noticeable during perinatal life when outgrowing muscles take a different path in males and females. The initial appearance of this sexually dimorphic trait precedes the sexual differentiation of the genital ducts and external genitalia. In fetal males, the cremaster muscles grow in the direction of the site where scrotal bulges initially appear in the subcutaneous layers and later on the inguinal skin surface. They also take the gubernacular core of the ventral abdominal wall and the attached peritoneal epithelium with them during this outgrowth process. Consequently, this results in the development of a slitlike evagination of the abdominal lumen as the primary step to development of the processus vaginalis, while the testis and adjacent mesonephros and its duct are still attached to the posterior abdominal wall. In fetal females, the outgrowing cremaster muscles pass along the gubernacular core and, subsequently, this structure develops further as the tip (attached to the tubo-uterine junction) of the intra-abdominally protruding and further developing uterine round ligament. The female cremaster muscles grow further into caudal direction to shape a dorsal border of the developing mammary glands. The early onset of this sexually dimorphic outgrowth of cremaster muscles indicates that the "classical hormones" of sexual differentiation (anti-Müllerian hormone [AMH] and steroidal androgens) are not involved in this process. It could thus depend on primary genetic control with male development associated with the male-limited activity of genes on the Y-chromosomes and female development as the default process. Alternatively, the process in males could be under the control of an as yet unidentified third fetal testicular hormone involved in sexual differentiation processes which must then show an unexpectely early (i.e., perinatal) onset of its secretion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Herd Health & Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. P.vanderschoot@vet.uu.nl
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Schoot
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kersten
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D024510:Muscle Development; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D009893:Opossums / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013085:Spermatic Cord / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development