title: Effects of pyridostigmine and naloxone on the abnormal TSH response to TRH during starvation in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Starvation is associated with a blunted TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (peak minus baseline < 5 mIU/L), despite basal TSH and thyroid hormone levels within the normal range. In light of the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on TSH secretion, we examined whether this condition is caused by an increased hypothalamic somatostatinergic tone in starving subjects. The possible involvement of endogenous opioids in the mechanism underlying the abnormal TSH response to TRH was also evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The TSH response to TRH (25 micrograms in an intravenous bolus), serum total and free T4 and T3 levels, and 24-hour urinary-free cortisol levels were measured in 28 normal men (age 27-35 years) within 10% of their ideal body weight. They were randomly divided into 4 groups of 7. In 21 subjects (groups 1, 2, and 3), TRH tests were performed after an overnight (8 hours) fast, placebo administrations (control test), and after prolonged (56 hours) starvation. TRH tests after prolonged starvation were performed either after placebos (in all subjects) or the administration of pyridostigmine (180 mg orally) (in 7 subjects, group 1); naloxone (0.8 mg in an i.v. bolus injection) (in 7 subjects, group 2); or the combination of pyridostigmine and naloxone (in 7 subjects, group 3). The remaining 7 subjects (group 4) were tested at weekly intervals with TRH plus placebo, TRH plus naloxone, TRH plus pyridostigmine, and TRH plus naloxone plus pyridostigmine after a fasting period of 8 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all subjects of groups 1, 2, and 3, TRH-induced TSH rise was significantly lower after prolonged starvation than after overnight fast. Neither pyridostigmine nor naloxone, given alone, changed the basal levels of TSH and the TSH response to TRH after prolonged starvation. In contrast, the concomitant administration of naloxone and pyridostigmine significantly enhanced the TRH-induced TSH rise. After overnight fasting, naloxone administration in group 4 subjects did not change the TSH response to TRH, whereas pyridostigmine significantly enhanced the TSH response to TRH. When naloxone was given together with pyridostigmine and TRH the TSH response was similar to that observed in the TRH plus pyridostigmine test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that naloxone-sensitive endogenous opioids exert an inhibitory effect on the cholinergic stimulatory control of TSH secretion during prolonged starvation. This suggests that an enhanced hypothalamic somatostatinergic activity is involved in the mechanism underlying the reduced TSH response to TRH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Coiro
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Volpi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Capretti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caffarri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colla
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chiodera
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010277:Parasympathomimetics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011729:Pyridostigmine Bromide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000502:physiology; D013217:Starvation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D010277:Parasympathomimetics; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D009270:Naloxone; D013004:Somatostatin; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013972:Thyrotropin; D011729:Pyridostigmine Bromide; D013974:Thyroxine