title: Topical delivery of caffeine from some commercial formulations.
abstract: Permeation of caffeine through human skin and artificial membranes (mounted in modified Franz type diffusion cells) was evaluated, either from saturated solutions or from commercially available topical formulations (all containing 3% caffeine). Data interpretation of the caffeine diffusion through human skin does not implicate transfer through pores despite caffeine being a relatively polar molecule. No correlation was found between transfer though the synthetic membranes (cellulose acetate impregnated with isopropyl myristate and silicone rubber soaked in isopropyl myristate) and that observed through skin. The synthetic membranes can be used for assessing product performance in quality assurance but will give little indication of its performance in vivo. The study investigated the percutaneous permeation of caffeine through human skin in order to obtain a mechanistic interpretation of its route of permeation. Synthetic membranes were also examined to determine if they could be used as models for human skin. Different commercial formulations investigated to determine the significance of enhancement strategies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Estudos Famacêuticos (LEF), Rua Alto do Duque, 67, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farinha
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Faustino
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hadgraft
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pais
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toscano
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004058:Diffusion; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010539:Permeability; D012825:Silicon; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012995:Solubility; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012996:Solutions; D002110:Caffeine; C005062:acetylcellulose; D002482:Cellulose; D012825:Silicon