title: Late ophthalmological complications after total body irradiation in non-human primates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the long-term effects of total body irradiation (TBI) on the incidence and time course of ocular complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rhesus monkeys treated with TBI photon doses up to 8.5 Gy and proton doses up to 7.5 Gy were studied at intervals up to 25 years post-irradiation. They were compared with control groups with a similar age distribution. Cataract formation and ocular fundus lesions were scored according to a standardized protocol. Fluorescein angiography and histopathology was performed in selected animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cataract formation occurred after a latent period of 3-5 years. Significant cataract induction was observed for photon-doses of 8 and 8.5 Gy and beyond 20 years after proton irradiation. The severity of the lesions represents significant impairment of vision and would require cataract surgery if similar results occurred in human bone marrow transplant patients. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated a normal pattern of retinal vessels in 13 out of 14 animals (93%) from the irradiated group and in eight out of nine animals (89%) from the control group. No additional lesions apart from age-related degenerative changes could be demonstrated. Histological evaluation revealed no radiation-associated vasculopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation alone for doses up to 8.5 Gy of photons does not carry a potential risk for fundus pathology, whereas clinically important cataract induction should be anticipated within 5 years after photon doses of 8.0 and 8.5 Gy and proton doses in excess of 2.5 Gy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Niemer-Tucker
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Sterk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Wolff-Rouendaal
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lett
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Emmanouilidis-van der Spek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davelaar
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lambooy
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mooy
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Broerse
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002386:Cataract / Q000209:etiology*; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D017785:Photons; D011522:Protons; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015593:Retinal Drusen / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D011522:Protons