title: Cofactor recycling in a coupled enzyme oxidation-reduction reaction: conversion of omega-oxo-fatty acids into omega-hydroxy and dicarboxylic acids.
abstract: Aldehydes are reduced to alcohols by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), whereas the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldDH) oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids. ADH and AldDH require, respectively, the reduced and oxidized forms of the cofactor NAD (NAD+/NADH). By combining both oxidation and reduction reactions into one process, it is possible to produce alcohols and carboxylic acids simultaneously from aldehydes by continuous recycling of the NAD+/NADH cofactor. However, both enzymes need to be active within the same pH region and buffer system. To test this hypothesis, the pH profile (Vmax and Vmax/Km) as well as the pKa of the prototropic groups involved in catalysis for both dehydrogenases were determined using (Z,Z)-nona-2,4-dienal as a model substrate. The pH profile (Vmax and Vmax/Km) of both enzymes overlapped in the pH range of 6-8 in potassium phosphate buffer. When the coupled enzyme system was used at pH 7 with 10% NAD+ cofactor, over 90% of the starting aldehyde was converted to its corresponding acid and alcohol derivatives in a 1:1 ratio. The sequential action of the enzymes lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase converts polyunsaturated fatty acids to aldehydic fatty acids. The products arising from the oxidation or reduction of the aldehydic functionality are of industrial interest. It was found that 13-oxo-9-(Z),11-(E)-tridecadienoic acid, the product of the sequential reaction of soya bean lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase from Chlorella pyrenoidosa on linoleic acid, is also a substrate in this coupled enzyme system.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nuñez
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Foglia
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Piazza
mesh_terms: D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D000438:Alcohols / Q000378:metabolism; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D000446:Aldehyde-Lyases / Q000378:metabolism; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D002708:Chlorella / Q000201:enzymology; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013025:Glycine max / Q000201:enzymology; D015003:Yeasts / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D000447:Aldehydes; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D009243:NAD; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D019787:Linoleic Acid; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase; D008084:Lipoxygenase; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D000446:Aldehyde-Lyases; C054540:hydroperoxide lyase