title: Citrobacter rodentium infection in mice elicits a mucosal Th1 cytokine response and lesions similar to those in murine inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: Citrobacter rodentium is a classically noninvasive pathogen of mice that is similar to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in man. Following oral infection of young mice, the organism colonizes the distal colon, and within 1 week the colonic mucosa doubles in thickness and there is massive epithelial cell hyperplasia. Since T-cell responses in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) also cause epithelial hyperplasia, we have investigated the possibility that C. rodentium promotes similar T-cell responses in the mucosa, thereby increasing epithelial shedding, transmission, and replication of the organism. Beginning 6 days after infection, bacteria were observed to be in close association with the epithelial surface and were also visible scattered throughout the lamina propria and in the submucosa. There was a CD3(+)-cell infiltrate into the colonic lamina propria and epithelium as well as mucosal thickening and crypt hyperplasia. The majority of CD3(+) cells were CD4(+) and were not gammadelta+. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis of cytokines also revealed a highly polarized Th1 response (interleukin-12, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) in the mucosa and a large increase in the epithelial cell mitogen keratinocyte growth factor. None of the changes were seen in mice inoculated with bacteria lacking intimin (which is necessary for colonization), but they were seen in mice inoculated with C. rodentium complemented with intimin from EPEC. This is the first example of a classically noninvasive bacterial pathogen which elicits a strong mucosal Th1 response and which produces pathology similar to that seen in mouse models of IBD, which is also characterized by a strong Th1 response. These results also suggest that the colonic mucosa responds in a stereotypic way to Th1 responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Douce
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dougan
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D000818:Animals; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002954:Citrobacter / Q000276:immunology*; D003106:Colon; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005260:Female; D051526:Fibroblast Growth Factor 10; D051523:Fibroblast Growth Factor 7; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000276:immunology; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C496453:FGF7 protein, human; C496454:Fgf7 protein, mouse; D051526:Fibroblast Growth Factor 10; D006133:Growth Substances; D051523:Fibroblast Growth Factor 7; C073819:eaeA protein, E coli; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors