Soluble tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor levels in serum as markers of anti-viral host reactivity.
The role of soluble receptors for TNF-alpha (sTNF-Rs) as markers of virus-induced host responses was studied by the use of murine model infections. A marked elevation in serum levels of sTNF-R75, but not sTNF-R55, was found 1 day after infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). In mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), an early increase was also revealed, but peak levels of sTNF-R75 were observed later temporally related to maximal T cell-mediated anti-viral activity. Analysing different well characterized knockout mice, it was found that elevated release of sTNF-R75 into serum early after VSV infection was independent of T cells, whereas interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta seemed to be a major mediator. In contrast, increased release of sTNF-R75 into serum 8 days post-LCMV infection was mediated via T cells but independently of both CD40 ligand and IFN-gamma. A simple correlation between release of sTNF-Rs in vivo and macrophage activation in vitro was not present. These findings indicate that sTNF-R75 is indeed a sensitive marker of both innate and specific cell-mediated host reactivity during viral infection, but it is not correlated to a single immunological parameter.
Bartholdy
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Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Nansen
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Marker
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Thomsen
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AR
D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers; D023201:CD40 Ligand; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000502:physiology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000502:physiology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology*
D015703:Antigens, CD; D015415:Biomarkers; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D023201:CD40 Ligand; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma