title: Uranium and thorium in urine of United States residents: reference range concentrations.
abstract: We measured uranium and thorium in urine of 500 U. S. residents to establish reference range concentrations using a magnetic-sector inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). We found uranium at detectable concentrations in 96.6% of the urine specimens and thorium in 39.6% of the specimens. The 95th percentile concenetration for uranium was 34.5 ng/L (parts per trillion); concentrations ranged up to 4080 ng/L. Thorium had a 95th percentile concentration of 3.09 ng/L; concentrations ranged up to 7.7 ng/L.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Paschal
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jarrett
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pirkle
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Caudill
mesh_terms: D001822:Body Burden; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D011848:Radioactive Pollutants / Q000592:standards / Q000652:urine*; D012016:Reference Values; D013910:Thorium / Q000652:urine*; D014481:United States; D014501:Uranium / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D011848:Radioactive Pollutants; D014501:Uranium; D013910:Thorium