title: Lispro or regular insulin for multiple injection therapy in adolescence. Differences in free insulin and glucose levels overnight.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regular insulin given with the evening meal could contribute to the risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes using a multiple injection regimen. To test this hypothesis, we compared glucodynamics and free insulin levels on two separate study nights.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14 adolescents were recruited. On both nights, identical doses of regular insulin or insulin lispro were administered 30 min or 10 min, respectively, before the evening meal, using a double-blind randomized crossover study design. Doses of NPH insulin and carbohydrate content of the evening meal and snack were kept identical. Blood samples were taken every 15 min for blood glucose and every 60 min for free insulin and ketones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After insulin lispro administration, glucose levels were significantly lower between the evening meal and the bedtime snack (analysis of variance [ANOVA] P = 0.02), and four hypoglycemic episodes were recorded. This corresponded to a higher (458 +/- 48 vs. 305 +/- 33 pmol/l, P = 0.02), earlier (64 +/- 4.6 vs. 103 +/- 12 min, P = 0.01), and shorter-lasting (245 +/- 21 vs. 365 +/- 39 min, P = 0.01) insulin peak in contrast to regular insulin. After the bedtime snack, glucose levels increased dramatically during the lispro night and stayed higher, up to 0300 in the morning (ANOVA P = 0.01), corresponding to lower mean insulin levels (146 +/- 20 vs. 184 +/- 27 pmol/l, P = 0.04). No differences were seen in glucose and insulin levels between 0300 and 0800. Four episodes of nocturnal hypoglycemia were documented after the bedtime snack during the regular insulin night, in contrast to one episode after insulin lispro. No differences in ketone levels were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The replacement of regular insulin with insulin lispro may reduce the risk of late hypoglycemia, but redistribution of the evening carbohydrate may be needed to ensure good metabolic control and prevent early postprandial hypoglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, National Health Service Trust, University of Oxford, U.K.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohn
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Matyka
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Edge
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Dunger
mesh_terms: D000204:Activity Cycles; D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D007659:Ketones / Q000097:blood; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D019518:Postprandial Period
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D007659:Ketones; D007336:Insulin, Isophane