title: Risk of sedation for upper GI endoscopy exacerbating subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk of exacerbating subclinical hepatic encephalopathy associated with the administration of sedative drugs in patients with cirrhosis undergoing diagnostic upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy for portal hypertension remains to be determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten adult patients with cirrhosis completed number connection tests before sedation for endoscopy and at discharge from the endoscopy unit 2 hours post-procedure. Control patients consisted of five patients with cirrhosis undergoing the same procedure for the same indication who did not receive sedation and 12 patients with no evidence of liver disease who received sedation before diagnostic endoscopy for a variety of GI complaints. The control populations were age, gender, education level, and, in the case of patients with cirrhosis, Child Pugh s score matched to the patients with cirrhosis who received sedation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (+/- SEM) age of patients with cirrhosis who received sedation was 59.6 +/- 3.8 years. Seven of the ten (70%) were men. Their mean Child Pugh s score was 7.2 +/- 1.5. Nine of the ten (90%) had abnormal baseline number connection tests results (mean for the group 52.3 +/- 6.7 seconds) the extent of which correlated with Child Pugh s scores (p < 0.005). Individually, the baseline number connection tests results were normal in one (10%), mild in six (60%), moderate in one (10%), and severe in two (20%). After the procedure (before discharge) the mean number connection tests result was 61.5 +/- 7.9 seconds (p = 0.01 when compared with baseline). The results were now normal in none (0%), mild in four (40%), moderate in four (40%), and severe in two (20%). Pre- and post-procedure number connection tests results did not change in the non-sedated cirrhotic or sedated non-liver disease control patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that (1) the majority of patients with cirrhosis and suspected portal hypertension have evidence of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy, (2) the extent of encephalopathy correlates with the Child Pugh's score, (3) sedation with midazolam for upper GI endoscopy exacerbates the encephalopathy, and (4) this adverse effect is still evident 2 hours after the procedure.
authors.affiliation: Liver Diseases Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Assy
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Rosser
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Grahame
authors.forename: G Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Minuk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D008874:Midazolam