title: Self-reporting versus parental reporting of acute respiratory symptoms of children and their relation to pulmonary function and air pollution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of acute effects of outdoor air pollution on acute respiratory symptoms in children generally rely on reports by parents. Little is known about the validity of parental reporting of symptoms of their children. We therefore compared symptoms reported by the parents with self-reported symptoms and measured pulmonary function of 741 7-11-year-old Dutch children. We also analysed the association of symptoms reported by the child or parent and outdoor air pollution.
  
  
  METHODS
  The parents of the children completed a daily diary of symptoms of their children for about 3 months. The children reported presence of acute respiratory symptoms in the preceding week before a pulmonary function test was conducted (6-10 test days).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children reported between 80% and 220% more acute respiratory symptoms than their parents for them in the same period. The agreement between symptom reports by the parent and the child was low to moderate (Kappa between 0.22 for eye irritation and 0.43 for fever). Presence of cough reported by child or parent was associated with similar small decrements in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0) and especially peak expiratory flow (PEF) and maximal mid-expiratory flow (FEF25-75). The largest pulmonary function decrements were found when symptoms were reported by both parent and child. Symptoms reported by either child or parent were not associated with air pollution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptom reports of the children were more prevalent but did not agree well with parental reports. The similar association with pulmonary function suggested that self-reported symptoms were neither superior nor inferior to symptoms reported by the parents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoek
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wypij
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunekreef
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D017677:Age Distribution; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking / Q000592:standards*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012650:Self Disclosure; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants