title: Thyroid nodular disease after radiotherapy to the neck for childhood Hodgkin's disease.
abstract: Patients who receive radiotherapy to the neck are at risk of developing thyroid dysfunction. This prospective study of patients whose treatment for Hodgkin's disease in childhood included radiotherapy to the neck aimed to investigate the incidence and natural history of thyroid dysfunction and the morphological changes of the gland demonstrated on ultrasound. Forty-seven patients were investigated by clinical examination, thyroid function tests and thyroid ultrasound. Only six patients had a clinically detectable abnormality, but 64% had abnormal thyroid function tests. All patients had an abnormal thyroid ultrasound scan and 42% had at least one focal abnormality. A significant association was found between the presence of a focal lesion on ultrasound and young age at radiotherapy, longer follow-up and the length of time that the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level had been elevated. During follow-up, 65% of patients not on thyroxine developed new focal abnormalities. The longest time interval between radiotherapy and an increase in TSH level was 94 months, and from radiotherapy to the appearance of a focal abnormality on thyroid ultrasound was over 18 years. Three patients were found to have a thyroid carcinoma. These findings indicate the importance of long-term follow-up for patients treated by neck irradiation for Hodgkin's disease in childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Shafford
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kingston
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Healy
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Plowman
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Reznek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009333:Neck / Q000528:radiation effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D013974:Thyroxine