title: Association between hepatitis C virus and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and effects of viral infection on histologic subtype and clinical course.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because an etiologic role for hepatitis C virus in non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma has been suggested by several reports, we assessed the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with non-Hodgkin's B lymphoma and in controls, and evaluated the influence of viral infection on histologic and clinical features of the lymphoma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively investigated 175 consecutive patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 350 controls for serologic and molecular markers of hepatitis C virus infection. Controls were selected from inpatients (n = 175) and outpatients (n = 175) cared for at our hospital. Patients with lymphoma who had hepatitis C virus infection were tested for mixed cryoglobulinemia. Aminotransferase levels were measured in all lymphoma patients at baseline and during and after chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hepatitis C virus prevalence in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was significantly greater than in control subjects (37% vs 9%, P = 0.0001). Among patients with lymphoma, viral infection was associated with older mean (+/-standard deviation) age (67 +/- 14 vs 61 +/- 8 years, P = 0.001), and women (41 of 87, 47%) were more likely than men (24 of 88, 27%) to have evidence of hepatitis C infection (P = 0.006). Thirteen of the 20 cases of immunocytoma were associated with hepatitis C virus infection, which was also more common in patients with orbital and conjunctival localization of lymphoma. Patients with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the stomach were less likely to have evidence of hepatitis C infection. Mixed cryoglobulinemia was much more common in patients with hepatitis C virus infection (14 of 65 vs 1 of 110, P = 0.0001); it was not associated with the histologic type of lymphoma. Patients with and without hepatitis C virus infection underwent similar chemotherapy regimens and had no differences in response to chemotherapy or in overall and disease-free survival. Hepatic toxicity from chemotherapy was seen only in patients with hepatitis C virus infection, although all but one of these patients were able to complete their planned treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the hepatitis C virus may have a role as an etiologic agent in non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma. Some clinical and pathologic features of the disease are associated with hepatitis C virus infection, but the virus does not seem to affect prognosis.
authors.affiliation: First Internal Department, Civil Hospital, Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vallisa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bertè
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rocca
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Civardi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giangregorio
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sbolli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cavanna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D016393:Lymphoma, B-Cell / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D000637:Transaminases / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000637:Transaminases