title: Idiopathic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation induced by a focal discharge mechanism in the left superior pulmonary vein: possible roles of the ligament of Marshall.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The origin of double potentials inside the left superior pulmonary vein and their relation to the mechanisms of idiopathic paroxysmal focal atrial fibrillation (AF) are unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 40 patients were studied. Group I included 15 patients who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory pathway. Double potentials were found inside the left superior pulmonary vein during sinus rhythm in 10 patients and during premature atrial contractions in the remaining five patients. Group II included 25 patients with idiopathic paroxysmal AF. Double potentials were also identified in the left superior pulmonary vein. In 15 patients (Group IIA), the earliest automatic discharge during premature atrial contractions and at the onset of AF was within the left superior pulmonary vein. AF was ablated by radiofrequency energy application at the site registering double potentials. Radiofrequency ablation in the remaining 10 patients failed to terminate AF (Group IIB). The patients in Group IIA had significantly more male patients and more frequent premature atrial contractions and atrial tachycardia on 24-hour Holter recordings prior to the procedure than patients in Group IIB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Double potentials are present at the left superior pulmonary veins in patients with and without a history of AF. The first potential is due to the activation of atrial myocardium and the second is due to the activation of a different muscular structure. Rapid discharge of this structure triggers episodes of paroxysmal AF. Patients with focal AF originating from the left superior pulmonary vein can be identified by Holter recordings.
authors.affiliation: Utah Valley Regional Medical Center, Provo 84604, USA. chunhwang@pol.net
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Karagueuzian
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000328:Adult; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013614:Tachycardia, Paroxysmal / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome