title: Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment with diet alone, insulin, sulfonylurea, or metformin is known to improve glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but which treatment most frequently attains target fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration of less than 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) or glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) below 7% is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess how often each therapy can achieve the glycemic control target levels set by the American Diabetes Association.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial conducted between 1977 and 1997. Patients were recruited between 1977 and 1991 and were followed up every 3 months for 3, 6, and 9 years after enrollment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient diabetes clinics in 15 UK hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 4075 patients newly diagnosed as having type 2 diabetes ranged in age between 25 and 65 years and had a median (interquartile range) FPG concentration of 11.5 (9.0-14.4) mmol/L [207 (162-259) mg/dL], HbA1c levels of 9.1% (7.5%-10.7%), and a mean (SD) body mass index of 29 (6) kg/m2.
  
  
  METHODS
  After 3 months on a low-fat, high-carbohydrate, high-fiber diet, patients were randomized to therapy with diet alone, insulin, sulfonylurea, or metformin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels, and the proportion of patients who achieved target levels below 7% HbA1c or less than 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) FPG at 3, 6, or 9 years following diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of patients who maintained target glycemic levels declined markedly over 9 years of follow-up. After 9 years of monotherapy with diet, insulin, or sulfonylurea, 8%, 42%, and 24%, respectively, achieved FPG levels of less than 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) and 9%, 28%, and 24% achieved HbA1c levels below 7%. In obese patients randomized to metformin, 18% attained FPG levels of less than 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) and 13% attained HbA1c levels below 7%. Patients less likely to achieve target levels were younger, more obese, or more hyperglycemic than other patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each therapeutic agent, as monotherapy, increased 2- to 3-fold the proportion of patients who attained HbA1c below 7% compared with diet alone. However, the progressive deterioration of diabetes control was such that after 3 years approximately 50% of patients could attain this goal with monotherapy, and by 9 years this declined to approximately 25%. The majority of patients need multiple therapies to attain these glycemic target levels in the longer term.
authors.affiliation: Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, England. robert.turner@drl.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cull
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Frighi
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Holman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008687:Metformin; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds