title: The female soft tissue profile as presented in fashion magazines during the 1900s: a photographic analysis.
abstract: Numerous studies have emphasized the importance of the facial profile in orthodontic treatment planning, with some arguing that the esthetic ideal has remained unchanged for thousands of years. To evaluate changes in the white female facial profile, we measured 14 soft tissue variables on profile photographs presented in fashion magazines during the 1900s. Five time frames were studied, with a sample of 25 photographs from each period corrected for size and orientation. Between-group differences were examined by use of analysis of variance, using a P value corrected for a multivariable analysis. Significant between-group differences (P < 0.0001) were found for anteroposterior lip position, amount of visible lip tissue, and interlabial angle, with the more recent groups displaying fuller and more anteriorly positioned lips. No significant differences were found for measurements calculated superior to subnasale (frontonasal angle, nasal tip angle, and nasolabial angle) or in the relationship of the chin to the upper face (total facial angle). The results of this study suggest that standards for the esthetic white female facial profile are not static and show a trend in this century toward fuller and more anteriorly positioned lips.
authors.affiliation: Section of Orthodontics, University of California at Los Angeles, School of Dentistry 90024-1668, USA.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Auger
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Turley
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001504:Beauty; D004954:Esthetics; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010781:Photography; D013997:Time Factors; D044465:White People