title: Multi-institutional randomized clinical study on the comparative effects of intracavital chemotherapy alone versus immunotherapy alone versus immunochemotherapy for malignant effusion.
abstract: The current prospective randomized study was designed to compare the effects of intracavitary (i.c.) chemotherapy vs immunotherapy vs immunochemotherapy for malignant effusion. Between 1992 and 1995, a total of 42 patients with malignant effusion were registered, and 41 patients were eligible for statistical analysis. The primary diseases of the eligible patients included 27 gastric, four colorectal, four pancreatic, three lung, two liver and one oesophageal cancers. The patients with malignant effusion were randomly assigned into one of three i.c. therapeutic regimens: chemotherapy alone with weekly injection of anticancer agents (ACAs: cisplatin, mitomycin-C, adriamycin, etc.) (Group A, n = 13); immunotherapy alone with weekly injection of streptococcal preparation OK-432 (Group B, n = 14); or immunochemotherapy with ACAs and OK-432 (Group C, n = 14). The response of the effusion, patient survival and the kinetics of cytokines in the effusion were compared. There were no differences in the patients' backgrounds. The side-effects of the regimens included pain, anorexia, fever, leucopenia and anaemia and there were no differences in their incidence among the three groups. One patient died after cisplatin (CDDP) administration in Group A. Cytologic examination revealed that tumour cells in the effusion disappeared in 23% of Group A cases, 36% of Group B cases and 36% of Group C cases. The malignant effusion did not disappear in any of the Group A cases; however, the effusion disappeared in 29% of Group B cases and 43% of Group C cases (P = 0.03, Group A vs Group C). Furthermore, the 50% survival period was 1.6 months for Group A, 2.4 months for Group B and 3.5 months for Group C. The 6-month survival rate was 7% for Group A, 6% for Group B and 34% for Group C, and the 1-year survival rate was 0%, 0% and 17% respectively (P = 0.048, Group A vs Group C by the log-rank test). The analysis of the cytokine kinetics revealed a prominent increase in the level of interleukin-6 in the effusion in Group C. These results suggest that i.c. immunochemotherapy with OK-432 and ACAs may be more beneficial than i.c. chemotherapy alone or immunotherapy alone.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Shimane Medical University, Izumo, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nio
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagami
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsubono
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawabata
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuchitani
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mizuta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukumoto
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004067:Digestive System Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018579:Patient Selection; D010844:Picibanil / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016066:Pleural Effusion, Malignant / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D016207:Cytokines; D010844:Picibanil; D016685:Mitomycin; D004317:Doxorubicin; D002945:Cisplatin