title: How optimal are computer-calculated optimal diets?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper aims at clarifying the meaning of 'optimal diets'.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two different optimization approaches are considered. Both depart from people's actual diets which in general do not meet all their nutrient requirements. In the first case (non fuzzy approach) the actual diets are modified such that all nutrient intake recommendations are met and the resulting changes in the persons' food habits are as little as possible. In the second case (fuzzy approach) the actual diets are modified such that the persons' food habits undergo little change and the nutrient intake recommendations are met as well as possible. Both approaches are evaluated using data on the actual diets of three randomly chosen participants of the Bavarian Food Intake Survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With both approaches feasible solutions can be found. The optimal diets computed with the non fuzzy approach satisfy all the persons' nutrient requirements, but make it necessary to change the persons' food habits considerably. When compared to the subjects' actual diets, the optimal diets computed with the fuzzy approach yield improvements for the intake of many nutrients, but in some cases deteriorations also occur (for example, concerning folate, calcium and iodine). So, the process and the results of the fuzzy approach are not 'Pareto efficient'. But it has the advantage that the corresponding optimal diets deviate from the actual diets by no more than about 3-5 kitchen units per day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The term 'optimal' does not have a general meaning. An 'optimal diet' does not necessarily meet all the nutrient requirements of a person. Optimality only depends on the respective conditions any optimization is based on.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Sozialökonomik des Haushalts der Technischen Universität München-Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gedrich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hensel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009751:Nutritional Requirements