title: Standardisation of DNA quantitation by image analysis: quality control of instrumentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DNA image analysis is frequently performed in clinical practice as a prognostic tool and to improve diagnosis. The precision of prognosis and diagnosis depends on the accuracy of analysis and particularly on the quality of image analysis systems. It has been reported that image analysis systems used for DNA quantification differ widely in their characteristics (Thunissen et al.: Cytometry 27: 21-25, 1997). This induces inter-laboratory variations when the same sample is analysed in different laboratories. In microscopic image analysis, the principal instrumentation errors arise from the optical and electronic parts of systems. They bring about problems of instability, non-linearity, and shading and glare phenomena.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this study is to establish tools and standardised quality control procedures for microscopic image analysis systems. Specific reference standard slides have been developed to control instability, non-linearity, shading and glare phenomena and segmentation efficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Some systems have been controlled with these tools and these quality control procedures. Interpretation criteria and accuracy limits of these quality control procedures are proposed according to the conclusions of a European project called PRESS project (Prototype Reference Standard Slide). Beyond these limits, tested image analysis systems are not qualified to realise precise DNA analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The different procedures presented in this work determine if an image analysis system is qualified to deliver sufficiently precise DNA measurements for cancer case analysis. If the controlled systems are beyond the defined limits, some recommendations are given to find a solution to the problem.
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Analyse d'Images Microscopiques, Université de Lille I, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. Magali.Puech@univ-lille1.fr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puech
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giroud
mesh_terms: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis*; D019466:Glare; D006801:Humans; D019044:Image Cytometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D016014:Linear Models; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D011786:Quality Control; D012015:Reference Standards
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm