title: High-performance liquid chromatography of methotrexate for environmental monitoring of surface contamination in hospital departments and assessment of occupational exposure.
abstract: In the frame of applicative research in occupational hygiene of hospital workplaces, we investigate hospital indoor contamination as a consequence of the use of antineoplastic drugs (ANDs), with the purpose of assessing exposure of medical and nursing personnel to potentially harmful doses of ANDs, and ultimately of yielding advice on safe operating procedures for manipulation of ANDs in hospitals and in house-care of cancer patients. Among the large number of currently employed ANDs, methotrexate (MTX) has been selected as a tracer of surface contamination, on the basis of its wide use in therapy, its ease of measurement and of its chemical properties relevant to persistence and transport in the indoor environment. MTX is a polyelectrolyte, with a high water, but lower organic solvent solubility, a negligible vapour pressure and a high chemical robustness to environmental stress, thus allowing to measure surface-to-surface carryover (e.g. from spillage or glove fingerprint) and indoor contamination due to aerosol transport (e.g. from syringe manipulation procedures). Monitoring of MTX in environmental samples such as swab washings of surfaces and objects requires an analytical method with characteristics of sensitivity, reproducibility, precision, analytical speed, ease of automation and robustness. We have therefore developed an analytical procedure which employs simple short-column RP-HPLC with UV detection, automated sample injection and a close analogue internal standard for improved precision and solid-phase extraction (SPE) for sample concentration. Our method has proven suitable for detecting traces of MTX on a wide variety of surfaces and objects, with a limit of quantification in the range of 50 microg/dm3 for direct injection of unconcentrated washings, corresponding to the possible detection of surface contamination as low as 1 microg/m3 and a limit of detection in the range of 10 ng/m2 for samples as large as 100 dm3 concentrated by SPE. We present preliminary results from a recent hospital case-study, assessing the contamination level of furniture and equipment in drug preparation areas. Spillage fractions as high as 5% of the employed mass (70-260 mg/day) are measured on the polythene-backed paper disposable hood cover sheet; traces of MTX in the microgram range can also be measured on floor surfaces, furniture and handles, even at a distance from the preparation hoods.
authors.affiliation: I.C.P.-C.E.M.O.C. Laboratory for Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Allergology, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Floridia
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pietropaolo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tavazzani
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Rubino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colombi
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000032:analysis*; D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006748:Hospital Departments; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000032:analysis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D008727:Methotrexate