title: Assertive community treatment for people with severe mental illness: the effect on hospital use and costs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of the Program for Assertive Community Treatment (PACT) model on psychiatric inpatient service use in a population of non-emergency psychiatric patients with severe chronic mental illness, and to test for variations in this effect with program staffing levels and patient characteristics such as race and age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are taken from a randomized trial of PACT in Charleston, South Carolina for 144 patients recruited from August 1989 through July 1991.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were randomly assigned either to one of two PACT programs or to usual care at a local mental health center. Effects on hospital use were measured over an 18-month follow-up period via multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from Medicaid claims, chart reviews, subject, case manager, and family interviews; searches of the computerized patient and financial databases of the South Carolina Department of Mental Health and relevant hospitals; and searches of the hard copy and computerized financial databases of the two major local hospitals providing inpatient psychiatric care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PACT participants were about 40 percent less likely to be hospitalized during the follow-up period. The effect was stronger for older patients. Lower PACT client/staff ratios also reduced the risk of hospitalization. No evidence of differential race effects was found. Given some hospital use, PACT did not influence the number of days of use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Controlling for other covariates, PACT significantly reduces hospitalizations but the size of this effect varies with patient and program characteristics. This study shows that previous results on PACT can be applied to non-emergency patients even when the control condition is an up-to-date CMHC office-based case management program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management and Center for Research on Services for Severe Mental Illness, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Salkever
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Domino
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Deci
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Faldowski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paolone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013022:South Carolina; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome