title: Extradural temporal lobe retraction in the middle fossa approach to the internal auditory canal: biomechanical analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The middle fossa (MF) approach is undergoing a marked resurgence in vestibular schwannoma surgery as a hearing conservation technique. It is widely recognized that the extradural temporal lobe retractors used in this procedure, despite their cleverness of design, could be improved.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify the characteristics of an ideal MF retractor, a systematic analysis of the safety and functionality of four commonly used retractors (House-Urban, Fisch, Garcia-Ibanez, and UCSF) in a human anatomical model was conducted. Intensity of temporal lobe compression, width of exposure, angle of visualization, obstruction to instrument access, ergonomic convenience of use, and adaptability to other subtemporal procedures (e.g. lesions of Meckel's cave and cavernous sinus) were quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because the intracranial portions of the retractors are similar, the force transmitted to the brain differed little among the four retractors. Numerous differences were noted in the ergonomics of use and versatility of the various designs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimal MF retractor would incorporate the best features of each of the existing systems: the integral suction of the Garcia-Ibanez, the bone contour-following design of the Fisch retractor base, the unobtrusiveness and adaptability of the UCSF, and the three-plane adjustability of the vintage House-Urban. Evolution of an "ideal" MF retractor requires further technical refinements and the development of an experimental model of extradural brain retraction to assess the optimal strategy for obtaining exposure while minimizing the risk for temporal lobe injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of California San Francisco, 94143-0342, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Driscoll
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Jackler
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Pitts
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Banthia
mesh_terms: D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000601:surgery*; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000601:surgery*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000601:surgery*; D012668:Trigeminal Ganglion / Q000601:surgery*