title: Does akathisia influence psychopathology in psychotic patients treated with clozapine?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Akathisia has been reported to predict more severe symptoms and poorer treatment response to typical neuroleptics among patients with schizophrenia. Akathisia has also been associated with symptom exacerbation. This study addressed four questions: 1) Does akathisia predict greater severity in global psychopathology? 2) Is this effect global or specific? 3) Does clozapine treatment alter this relationship? 4) Does severity of psychopathology covary with the level of akathisia?
  
  
  METHODS
  Akathisia and clinical symptoms were examined in 33 "treatment refractory" schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine across 16 weeks. Weekly ratings were Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale, Abbreviated Dyskinesia Rating Scale, and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Patients were classified as "with" (n = 15) or "without" (n = 18) akathisia. Data analyses involved independent t-test comparisons of selected variables, between-group multivariate analyses of variance across time for BPRS Total scores and Guy's five factors, and partial correlations to assess covariation between BPRS scores and level of akathisia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Akathisia predicted more severe global psychopathology, specific to the Activation (AC) and Thought Disturbance (TH) factors. These relationships did not change with clozapine treatment even when akathisia declined. Interestingly, level of akathisia did not covary with severity of psychopathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample, akathisia predicted more severe psychopathology, specific to AC and TH BPRS factor scores. Clozapine treatment did not alter this relationship. Although the presence of akathisia predicted more severe symptoms, the level of akathisia did not covary across time with severity of psychopathology, suggesting an "uncoupling" of these symptom domains.
authors.affiliation: Arthur P. Noyes Research Foundation, Norristown State Hospital, PA 19401, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Josiassen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Stanilla
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Simpson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D003024:Clozapine