title: The peripheral analgesic effect of tramadol in reducing propofol injection pain: a comparison with lidocaine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tramadol and metoclopramide have a local anesthetic effect similar to lidocaine following intradermal injection. When metoclopramide was retained in the venous system for 1 minute, it was found to be as effective as lidocaine in reducing propofol injection pain. Using this metoclopramide model, the effects of tramadol in reducing pain on propofol injection was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred five patients were randomly allocated to receive 50 mg tramadol (group T), 60 mg lidocaine (group L), or normal saline (group NS) as pretreatment to reduce pain on propofol injection. Following venous occlusion with a tourniquet (70 mm Hg), one of the drugs was intravenously administered. Venous retention of the drug was maintained for 1 minute. Immediately after the tourniquet release, intravenous injection of 100 mg propofol (10 mL) at a rate of 0.5 mL/s followed. Pain assessment was made after each injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transient minor injection pain and local skin reactions were significantly greater with tramadol than with lidocaine (P < .05). Both tramadol and lidocaine significantly reduced the incidence and intensity of propofol injection pain when compared with normal saline (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using -minute retention in veins, both tramadol and lidocaine significantly reduced propofol injection pain. A local anesthetic activity is postulated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014147:Tramadol; D008012:Lidocaine; D015742:Propofol