title: Battery-powered implantable nerve stimulator for chronic activation of two skeletal muscles using multichannel techniques.
abstract: Chronic activation of skeletal muscle is used clinically in representative numbers for diaphragm pacing to restore breathing and for dynamic graciloplasty to achieve fecal continence. The 3 different stimulation techniques currently used for electrophrenic respiration (EPR) all apply high frequency powered implants. It was our goal to make these stimulation methods applicable for EPR by a battery-powered nerve stimulator that would maximize the patient's freedom of movement. Additionally, the system should allow the implementation of multichannel techniques and alternating stimulation of 2 skeletal muscles as a further improvement in graciloplasty. Generally, the developed implantable nerve stimulator can be used for simultaneous and alternating activation of 2 skeletal muscles. Stimulation of the motor nerve is achieved by either single channel or multichannel methods. Carousel stimulation and sequential stimulation can be used for graciloplasty as well as for EPR. For EPR we calculated an operating time of the implant battery of 4.1 years based on the clinically used stimulation parameters with carousel stimulation. The multichannel pulse generator is hermetically sealed in a titanium case sized 65 x 17 mm (diameter x height) and weighs 88 g.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, University of Vienna, Austria. H.LANMUELLER@BMTP.AKH-WIEN.AC.AT
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lanmüller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sauermann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schnetz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mayr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bijak
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rafolt
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Girsch
mesh_terms: D003964:Diaphragm / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004582:Electronics, Medical / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012119:Respiration; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium