title: N-demethylation of phenothiazines by lipoxygenase from soybean and human term placenta in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.
abstract: Several phenothiazine derivatives have been shown to cause reproductive toxicity. The biochemical mechanisms responsible for these effects are not fully understood at present. In this study, we investigated hydrogen peroxide-dependent oxidation of six phenothiazines by purified lipoxygenase from soybean (SLO) and human term placenta (HTPLO). Chlorpromazine was employed as the prototype phenothiazine drug. Chlorpromazine was easily demethylated releasing formaldehyde when incubated at pH 7.0 and 6.5 with SLO or HTPLO, respectively, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The reaction was linear with respect to time, exhibited dependence on the amount of enzyme, and the concentration of chlorpromazine and hydrogen peroxide. Under the optimal assay conditions, the estimated Vmax values for chlorpromazine N-demethylation were 139 and 7.2 nmoles/min/mg of SLO and HTPLO, respectively. Collectively, the results suggest an enzymatic nature of the reaction. In the presence of gossypol and NDGA, the classical inhibitors of different lipoxygenases, the formaldehyde production was significantly decreased, as expected. Similar to SLO, the generation of chlorpromazine cation radical, an initial oxidation product with an absorption maximum at 525 nm, was also observed with HTPLO. The radical generation was detectable only under acidic conditions (pH 3.5-4.5). The formaldehyde production was also decreased by BHT and BHA, suggesting a radical nature of the SLO-mediated chlorpromazine N-demethylation. Reduced glutathione, ascorbate, and dithiothreitol suppressed the rate of SLO-dependent formaldehyde generation, presumably due to the reduction of the cation radical back to chlorpromazine in a concentration-dependent manner. Besides chlorpromazine, SLO also oxidized promazine, triflupromazine, trifluperazine, trimeprazine, and perphenazine, albeit at different rates, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The evidence gathered in this in vitro study suggests that phenothiazines can undergo peroxidative N-demethylation via lipoxygenase pathway. The role of this biochemical mechanism in the in vivo developmental toxicity of phenothiazines remains to be established.
authors.affiliation: Florida Toxicology Research Center, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, MDC-56, University of South Florida, Tampa 33612-3805, USA.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Rajadhyaksha
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Hover
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
mesh_terms: D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D008745:Methylation; D010640:Phenothiazines / Q000378:metabolism*; D010920:Placenta / Q000201:enzymology*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000201:enzymology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010640:Phenothiazines; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D008084:Lipoxygenase; D002746:Chlorpromazine