title: Clinical effectiveness, policies, and practices for influenza and pneumococcal vaccines.
abstract: Pneumococcal disease and influenza impact public health considerably. S pneumoniae probably accounts for almost 14,000 deaths and more than 23,000 admissions to National Health Service hospitals per annum. Influenza epidemics occur frequently and unpredictably with the potential to inflict morbidity and mortality on a massive scale. Both diseases pose maximum risks to persons with underlying chronic illnesses. Assessing the effectiveness of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines presents complex methodological problems. However, despite these difficulties, a body of evidence has accumulated suggesting that pneumococcal vaccines offer substantial protection against both bacteremia and pneumonia among healthy low-risk adults, but only against bacteremia in those considered high-risk. There is now strong evidence that the influenza vaccine protects high-risk patients from both hospitalization and death. Although most European countries now have national guidelines for vaccination of high-risk patients, both vaccines remain underused in modern clinical practice mainly due to poor organization.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nguyen-Van-Tam
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Neal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011024:Pneumonia, Viral / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013222:State Medicine; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines