title: An ecologic study of dietary links to prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The etiology of prostate cancer has not been fully resolved in the scientific and medical literature, although the non-fat portion of milk and calcium are emerging as leading dietary risk factors, with lycopene (found in tomatoes) and vitamin D apparently being risk reduction factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ecologic (multi-country statistical) approach is used to study dietary links to prostate cancer. Mortality data from 1986 for various age groups in 41 countries are compared with national consumer macronutrient supply values for 1983 and tomato supply values for 1985.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 28 countries with more than five Kcal/day of tomatoes in the consumer supply, a linear combination of non-fat milk (risk factor) and tomatoes (risk reduction factor) was found to have the highest statistical association with prostate cancer mortality rates for men over the age of 35, with the Pearson regression coefficient (R2) for those aged 65-74 years = 0.67 and p < 0.001. For the 13 countries with fewer than six Kcal/day of tomatoes, non-fat milk had the highest association (R2 = 0.92, p < 0.001 for men aged 65-74 years). For 41 countries combined, the non-fat portion of milk had the highest association with prostate cancer mortality rates (R2 = 0.73, p < 0.001 for men aged 65-74 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the results of several cohort studies which found the non-fat portion of milk to have the highest association with prostate cancer, likely due to the calcium, and tomatoes to reduce the risk of prostate cancer, most likely due to lycopene.
authors.affiliation: NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA. wbgrant@norfolk.infi.net
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002118:Calcium / Q000009:adverse effects; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D000077276:Lycopene; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D014807:Vitamin D; D002338:Carotenoids; D000077276:Lycopene; D002118:Calcium