title: Intermediate term results of total lymphoid irradiation for the treatment of non-specific graft dysfunction after heart transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A proportion of heart transplant recipients develop poor graft function in the absence of cellular infiltrate in endomyocardial biopsies or transplant associated coronary artery disease. The condition has a poor prognosis and its aetiology is poorly understood. We report encouraging intermediate term results with total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) in the management of this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven adult cardiac transplant recipients who developed severe allograft dysfunction (NYHA class-4) at a median period of 4 months after orthotopic heart transplantation were successfully treated with TLI. Endomyocardial biopsies and coronary angiography were normal in each patient and biventricular failure developed in spite of immunosuppression with Cyclosporin-A, Azathioprine, oral Prednisolone, Cyclophosphamide and intravenous Methylprednisolone therapy. Total lymphoid irradiation was given with standard Mantle and inverted Y-fields over ten treatments to achieve a cumulative dose of 8 Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each patient had a significant improvement in clinical response and in ventricular performance within 2 months of commencing TLI. Nine patients are currently well (four NHYA class-1, five NHYA class-2) at 4-48 (median 26) months following TLI. Two patients died; one from bacterial septicaemia and one as a consequence of chronic renal failure. Three patients developed opportunistic infection which was successfully treated with appropriate antimicrobial agents. An Ebstein-Barr virus associated lymphoproliferative disorder occurred in one patient and was successfully treated by reduction in immunosuppression and high dose Acyclovir. Two patients developed transient bone marrow suppression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intermediate term results of TLI in the management of poor graft function in cardiac transplant recipients with normal endomyocardial biopsies and coronary angiography are encouraging. Although complications of opportunistic infection, bone marrow suppression and lymphoproliferative disorder occurred, treatment was successful in each case.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiological Sciences, St. George's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Backhouse
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stamenkovic
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murday
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006085:Graft Survival; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D015182:Lymphatic Irradiation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome