title: Contingent negative variation in children with anorexia nervosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Central catecholamines, particularly dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, have affected the appetitive behavior in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). The purpose of this study is to distinguish the characteristics of contingent negative variation (CNV) and postimperative negative variation (PINV), which may reflect the level of catecholamine in children with AN.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight children with AN aged 10 to 15 years and 23 age-matched healthy children were recruited. Contingent negative variation was recorded from the frontal midline (Fz), central midline (Cz) and parietal midline (Pz) referenced to linked earlobes during 30 trials consisting of a warning stimulus and an imperative stimulus with an interstimulus interval of 2 s and an intertrial interval of 10 s. The imperative stimulus of each trial required a button press.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with AN had a diminished amplitude of the CNV. They had a significantly more attenuated early CNV and late CNV amplitude at Cz than normal children. No significant differences were observed between AN children and normal children in the amplitude of PINV at all three electrode sites. No difference could be found between the two groups in the frequencies of normal and abnormal duration of PINV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that early CNV may be diminished by norepinephrine deficiency and late CNV may be attenuated by dopaminergic deficiency in children with AN. Reduced CNV may represent impaired cognitive processes which reflect impaired appetitive behavior in AN children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Niigata, Japan. torigoe@mail.mynet.ne.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Torigoe
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Numata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hotta
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boku
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yazaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sudo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuwabara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000856:Anorexia Nervosa / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation / Q000502:physiology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004585:Electrooculography; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine