title: Tear mixing under a soft contact lens: effects of lens diameter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tear exchange under a soft contact lens is modest, and higher exchange rates may be necessary to reduce extended-wear complications; what is not known is the optimal soft lens design to increase tear mixing. We explored the effect of lens diameter on tear mixing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three subjects wore four different soft contact lenses with diameters of 12.0, 12.5, 13.0, and 13.5 mm. Tear mixing was quantified by placing fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran on the posterior lens surface, inserting the lens, and monitoring the changes in fluorescence intensity in the postlens tear film. Tear mixing, expressed as the percentage decrease in fluorescence intensity per blink, was estimated using an exponential model. Lens movement was videotaped and lens comfort was graded on a 50-point scale (50 = excellent comfort). Subjects reporting a comfort level of less than 35 were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean +/- SE tear mixing rates were 1.82% +/- 0.17%, 1.61% +/- 0.16%, 1.34% +/- 0.17%, and 1.24% +/- 0.17% per blink for the 12.0-, 12.5-, 13.0-, and 13.5-mm diameter lenses, respectively. By regression analysis we found that, on average, mixing under the 12.0-mm lens was 0.59% per blink greater than with the 13.5-mm lens (P = .0024). Lens diameter was a significant predictor of lens comfort, and adjusting for the effects of comfort weakened the relationship between diameter and tear replenishment rate, although the mean rate under the 12.0-mm lens was still 0.43% per blink greater than with the 13.5-mm lens (P = .0468).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that smaller-diameter soft lenses provide substantially better tear mixing than larger lenses; however, even small lenses provide modest tear mixing compared with rigid contact lenses.
authors.affiliation: Morton D. Sarver Laboratory for Cornea and Contact Lens Research, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley 94720-2020, USA.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Polse
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: McKenney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003263:Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic; D003911:Dextrans; D005260:Female; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D015590:Fluorophotometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013666:Tears / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; C015219:fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate