title: At risk on the cusp of old age: living arrangements and functional status among black, white and Hispanic adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examine the relationship between living arrangements and multiple measures of physical, cognitive, and emotional functioning in late midlife.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using cross-sectional data from the Health and Retirement Study, we first assess the bivariate relationship between living arrangements and functioning; we then take into account demographic characteristics and measures of household resources and demands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find evidence of differential functioning among individuals in various living arrangements. Married couples living alone or with children show the highest levels of functioning, whereas single adults living in complex households show the lowest levels. Functional deficits for those in complex households are reduced but not eliminated when we take demographic characteristics and household resources and demands into account. We find few differences by gender and race/ethnicity in the relationship between living arrangements and functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show a pattern of poorer functioning among those in arguably the most demanding and least supportive household environments. This points to a vulnerable and risk-filled transition from middle to old age for these persons. Because Blacks and Hispanics show lower levels of functioning than Whites and are more likely to live in complex households, they may be particularly disadvantaged.
authors.affiliation: Center on Aging, National Opinion Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Waite
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000375:Aging; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012179:Retirement; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*