title: Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ketoprofen after intravenous and intramuscular administration in camels.
abstract: The pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen were determined after an intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) dose of 2.0 mg/kg body weight in five camels (Camelus dromedarius) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The data obtained (median and range) following i.v. administration was as follows: the elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)) was 4.16 (2.65-4.29) h, the steady state volume of distribution (Vss) was 130.2 (103.4-165.3) mL/kg, volume of distribution (area method) (Vd(area)) was 321.5 (211.4-371.0) mL/kg, total body clearance (Cl) was 1.00 (0.88-1.08) mL/min x kg and renal clearance was 0.01 (0.003-0.033) mL/min x kg. Following i.m. administration, the drug was rapidly absorbed with peak serum concentration of 12.2 (4.80-14.4) microg/mL at 1.50 (1.00-2.00) h. The systemic availability of ketoprofen was complete. The apparent half-life was 3.28 (2.56-4.14) h. A hydroxylated metabolite of ketoprofen was identified by (GC/MS) under electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) scan modes. The detection times for ketoprofen and hydroxy ketoprofen in urine after an intravenous (i.v.) dose of 3.0 mg/kg body weight was 24.00 and 70.00 h, respectively. Serum protein binding of ketoprofen at 20 microg/mL was extensive; (99.1+/-0.15%).
authors.affiliation: Camelracing Laboratory, Forensic Science Laboratory, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Alkatheeri
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Wasfi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002162:Camelus / Q000378:metabolism*; D004300:Doping in Sports; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006207:Half-Life; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D011485:Protein Binding
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001798:Blood Proteins; D007660:Ketoprofen