title: Modified peptide nucleic acids are internalized in mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 and inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase.
abstract: Overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase causes the production of high levels of nitric oxide, which, under pathological conditions, leads to immunosuppression and tissue damage. The results recently obtained using peptide nucleic acids, rather than traditional oligonucleotides as antigen and antisense molecules, prompted us to test their efficacy in the regulation of nitric oxide production, thereby overcoming the obstacle of cellular internalization. The cellular permeability of four inducible nitric oxide synthase antisense peptide nucleic acids of different lengths was evaluated. These peptide nucleic acids were covalently linked to a hydrophobic peptide moiety to increase internalization and to a tyrosine to allow selective 125I radiolabelling. Internalization experiments showed a 3-25-fold increase in the membrane permeability of the modified peptide nucleic acids with respect to controls. Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition experiments on intact stimulated macrophages RAW 264.7 after passive permeation of the two antisense peptide nucleic acids 3 and 4 demonstrated a significant decrease (43-44%) in protein enzymatic activity with respect to the controls. These data offer a basis for developing a good alternative to conventional drugs directed against inducible nitric oxide synthase overexpression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scarfi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovine
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gasparini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Damonte
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Millo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pozzolini
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Benatti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016375:Antisense Elements (Genetics) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001692:Biological Transport; D002460:Cell Line; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D020135:Peptide Nucleic Acids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016375:Antisense Elements (Genetics); D020135:Peptide Nucleic Acids; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse