title: Intraoperative internal mammary artery transit-time flow measurements: comparative evaluation of two surgical pedicle preparation techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Myocardial revascularization is performed preferentially with internal mammary artery grafts. Pedicle preparation and pharmacologic vasodilatory treatment vary greatly. Objective measurements are difficult since peripheral and later coronary vascular resistance and possible competitive flow of the native bypassed coronary artery will influence the results significantly. Our objectives were: (1) measurement of internal mammary artery graft flow with the transit-time flow technique; (2) comparison of two surgical take-down techniques (skeletonizing vs standard pedicle preparation); (3) quantitation of transit-time flow compared to the free pedicle flow and (4) the vasodilatory effect of papaverine on internal mammary artery flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive elective cases of coronary artery bypass grafting, performed by two surgeons using routinely either skeletonizing of the internal mammary artery (group A, n = 10) or classical pedicle preparation technique (group B, n = 10), were studied prospectively. Anesthesia, cardiopulmonary bypass and operative data were otherwise comparable; likewise, hemodynamic parameters showed no statistical differences between the two groups. Transit-time flow (CardioMed, Medi-Stim, Norway) was measured at the following time points: beginning (1) and end of take-down (2); after papaverine soaking: before (3) and on cardiopulmonary bypass (4); free flow into a beaker (5); after anastomosis; on (6) and off cardiopulmonary bypass (7).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurement of mean flow showed the following results: (1) severe vasoconstruction of the internal mammary artery was detected in both groups regardless of the preparation technique (occurring earlier in group A); (2) papaverine soaking caused a moderate flow increase (up to 40%); (3) with corresponding cardiopulmonary bypass flow (4.4 vs. 4.1 l/min in group B) a higher free flow in group A was evident (67.7 vs. 50.7 ml/min); (4) after coronary grafting, transit-time flow showed no significant differences between the two groups and (5) using a 3 mm probe, a linear correlation was demonstrated between transit-time flow and simultaneously measured free flow (r = 0.89).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative transit-time flow measurement is a reliable method for assessing internal mammary artery and coronary artery bypass flow; considering the simple technical application, the procedure may be regarded as a valuable instrument of quality control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, University of Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Walpoth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohadjer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gersbach
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rogulenko
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Walpoth
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Althaus
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008323:Mammary Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D010208:Papaverine; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D010208:Papaverine