title: Experimental alteration of limb posture in the chicken (Gallus gallus) and its bearing on the use of birds as analogs for dinosaur locomotion.
abstract: Extant birds represent the only diverse living bipeds, and can be informative for investigations into the life-history parameters of their extinct dinosaurian relatives. However, morphological changes that occurred during early avian evolution, including the unique adoption of a nearly horizontal femoral orientation associated with a shift in center of mass (CM), suggest that caution is warranted in the use of birds as analogs for nonavian dinosaur locomotion. In this study, we fitted a group of white leghorn chickens (Gallus gallus) with a weight suspended posterior to the hip in order to examine the effects on loading and morphology. This caused a CM shift that necessitated a change in femoral posture (by 35 degrees towards the horizontal, P < 0.001), and resulted in reorientation of the ground reaction force (GRF) vector relative to the femur (from 41 degrees to 82 degrees, P < 0.001). Despite similar strain magnitudes, an overall increase in torsion relative to bending (from 1.70 to 1.95 times bending, P < 0.001) was observed, which was weakly associated with a tendency for increased femoral cross-sectional dimensions (P = 0.1). We suggest that a relative increase in torsion is consistent with a change in femoral posture towards the horizontal, since this change increases the degree to which the bone axis and the GRF vector produce mediolateral long-axis rotation of the bone. These results support the hypothesis that a postural change during early avian evolution could underlie the allometric differences seen between bird and nonavian dinosaur femora by requiring more robust femoral dimensions in birds due to an increase in torsion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794, USA. mcarrano@mail.som.sunysb.edu
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Carrano
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Biewener
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D005121:Extremities / Q000502:physiology*; D005269:Femur / Q000502:physiology; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology; D010163:Paleontology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D014102:Torsion Abnormality; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology