title: Use of an automated anesthesia information system to determine reference limits for vital signs during cesarean section.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated whether automated anesthesia information systems can be used to calculate reference limits (population-based "normal values") for vital signs. We considered four populations of women undergoing cesarean section: healthy under spinal anesthesia, healthy under general anesthesia, pre-eclamptic/eclamptic under spinal anesthesia, and pre-eclamptic/eclamptic under general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reference limits were calculated for each of the study populations by determination of percentiles for: minimum heart rate, maximum heart rate, minimum arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2), minimum mean arterial pressure (MAP), maximum MAP, decrease in MAP, and increase in MAP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was one adverse anesthetic outcome among the 1,300 women in the study; the woman sustained a post-dural puncture headache. The 5th percentiles of SaO2 were at least 95% saturation under spinal versus 90% under general. Under spinal anesthesia, 95th percentiles for decreases in MAP from baseline were 63 mmHg for healthy and 75 mmHg for pre-eclamptic/eclamptic women. Under general anesthesia, the 95th percentiles for maximum MAP were 161 and 177 mmHg, respectively. Two women of the 1,300 patients experienced simultaneously a minimum SaO2 < 92% and minimum MAP < 50 mmHg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Automated anesthesia information systems can be used to determine reference limits for vital signs during anesthesia. Reference limits may play a role in malpractice cases when an expert claims that care by an anesthesiologist was sub-standard as shown by vital signs that were not maintained within the normal range during the critical portions of an anesthetic. Automated anesthesia information systems may enhance expert witnesses' clinical judgment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, USA. franklin-dexter@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dexter
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Penning
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lubarsky
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: DeLong
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Reves
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004461:Eclampsia; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007256:Information Systems; D008318:Malpractice; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000592:standards*; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values