title: Thoracic geometry and its relation to electrical current distribution: consequences for electrode placement in electrical impedance cardiography.
abstract: In thoracic impedance cardiography (TIC) measurements the neck electrodes are often positioned at the basis of the neck, close to the neck-thorax transition. Theoretically, this neck-thorax transition will cause inhomogeneities in the current density and potential distribution. This was simulated using a 3D finite element method, solely representing the geometrical neck-thorax transition. The specific conductivity was 7 10(-3) (omega cm)-1 and the injected current was 1 mA. As expected, the model generated inhomogeneities in the current distribution at the neck-thorax transition, which reached as far as 5 cm into the neck and 20 cm into the thorax. These results are supported by in vivo measurements performed in 10 young male subjects, in which the position of the neck electrodes was varied. A two-way ANOVA revealed that the stroke volume of the lowest neck position was significantly different from the other positions. Small shifts in the position of the neck electrode resulted in large changes in impedance and stroke volume (127 to 82 ml for the Kubicek equation). To standardise the electrode position, the authors strongly recommend placement of the neck electrodes at least 6 cm above the clavicula.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Clinical and Informatics, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Raaijmakers
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Faes
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Goovaerts
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Heethaar
mesh_terms: D002307:Cardiography, Impedance / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013909:Thorax / Q000502:physiology*