title: Technical aspects of total revascularization in off-pump coronary bypass via sternotomy approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest result in known physiologic inflammatory, coagulopathic, and embolic states that may result in end-organ damage. Interest in off-pump complete coronary revascularization using sternotomy exposure is therefore increasing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using specific surgical and anesthetic techniques, we have been able to achieve total revascularization using off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting procedures (OP-CAB) through a sternotomy approach. Exposure techniques and local stabilization are tailored to individual vessels and cardiac regions. Vascular control is achieved with silicone-elastomer loops, occluders, and shunts. Poor ventricular function, advanced age, and other comorbid conditions, in and of themselves, were not considered contraindications to OP-CAB. Cardiomegaly or situations of small, intramyocardial, or heavily calcified vessels were relative contraindications to OP-CAB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 141 sternotomy OP-CAB cases, 132 (93.6%) were completely off-pump. The mean number of OP-CAB grafts per patient in the cases that were completely off-pump was 3.3 (range, 1 to 6). The 30-day operative mortality was 0%. There were four instances of intraoperative cardiac arrest, precipitated by vascular occlusion of the right coronary artery or manipulating a cardiomegalic heart. Advanced age (> or = 80 years) or profound ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction < or = 0.25) was present in a considerable percentage of patients (10.6% and 9.9%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting is successful for total revascularization in large numbers of patients. Anatomic factors, including cardiomegaly and small, intramyocardial, or heavily calcified vessels are possible contraindications to OP-CAB. Patients at highest risk for undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, including those of advanced age and having ventricular dysfunction, are precisely the ones in whom OP-CAB may be the most useful.
authors.affiliation: St. Vincent Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gheissari
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Capouya
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Panagiotides
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katouzian
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000075202:Contraindications; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery; D013536:Suture Techniques