title: Interventional pain management. Appropriate when less invasive therapies fail to provide adequate analgesia.
abstract: Unrelieved chronic pain is costly to patients and society. Noninvasive and less costly therapies should be used before more invasive and more costly therapies. Therapies for pain control should be used according to a pain treatment continuum. Nerve-blocking techniques, neurolytic techniques, and implantable neuromodulatory technologies, such as SCC and spinal delivery of analgesics, are cost-effective when less invasive therapies fail to provide adequate analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Pain Treatment Centers, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Krames
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block; D009408:Nerve Compression Syndromes / Q000628:therapy; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000628:therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000601:surgery; D059408:Pain Management; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000601:surgery; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation