title: The role of choledochoscopy in the diagnosis and management of biliary tract diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnosis and management of biliary tract disorders in certain cases may be incomplete without direct visualization of the bile ducts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report our experience of 61 choledochoscopies (33 women, 27 men, mean age 44.6 years). Twenty patients had previously undergone orthotopic liver transplantation. All except two choledochoscopies were performed via the transpapillary route. Indications included suspected large bile duct stones in 18 patients, anastomotic strictures in 16, abnormal cholangiograms in 5, elevated liver function tests in 7, suspected cholangiocarcinoma in 4, occluded biliary metallic stent in 4, hemobilia in 4, primary sclerosing cholangitis in 2 and ischemic bile duct injury in 1 patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Choledochoscopy confirmed the anticipated diagnosis in 36 of 61 (59%) patients. Importantly, it provided additional unsuspected diagnostic information in 18 of the 61 (29.5%) patients. In addition, for patients in whom standard cholangiography was deemed abnormal, choledochoscopy demonstrated normal results in 7 (11.4%) patients. Fifty-two choledochoscopies were performed with therapeutic intentions, and the procedure was helpful in providing targeted treatment in 27 (44.2%) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Choledochoscopy is a safe and useful endoscopic modality that can provide specific diagnoses and direct treatment in various biliary tract diseases. The additional information provided by choledochoscopy may change overall patient management and outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology and Digestive Diseases, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Siddique
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galati
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ankoma-Sey
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Monsour
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Raijman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D003135:Common Bile Duct; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors