title: Parkinson's disease and the control of size and speed in handwriting.
abstract: This experiment investigated whether Parkinson's disease (PD) patients experience problems in producing stroke size, stroke duration or both, in a handwriting task. Thirteen PD patients and 15 elderly controls wrote four patterns of varying complexity on a digitizer tablet. The participants were instructed to execute the writing movements: at a normal size and speed; as fast as possible; two times larger than normal; and two times larger and as fast as possible. PD patients had no difficulty increasing speed while maintaining size and had no difficulty increasing size while maintaining speed. However, they showed significantly smaller size increases in the two times larger condition as compared to the elderly controls. The conditions were also simulated by a neural network model of normal and PD movement control that produced a stroke pattern that approximated the experimental data. For the instructions used, the results suggest that when patients scale speed, they have no difficulty controlling force amplitude, but when they scale stroke size, they have a problem controlling force amplitude. Thus, PD patients may have reduced capability to maintain a given force level for the stroke time periods tested with the instructions.
authors.affiliation: Motor Control Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85287-0404, USA. vangemmert@asu.edu
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Van Gemmert
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Teulings
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Contreras-Vidal
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Stelmach
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D014836:Volition / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine