title: Surgery for mitral valve disease in the pediatric age group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed a 20-year experience with the surgical treatment of mitral valve disease in the pediatric age group at our institution with 2 objectives: to clarify the long-term results over the last 2 decades and to evaluate the recent advances in mitral valve operation in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since December 1978, 56 patients have undergone a total of 36 mitral valve repairs and 30 mitral valve replacements. Associated cardiac anomalies were present in 46 patients (82%), and concurrent repair of associated lesions was performed in 37 patients (66%). The age of the patients ranged from 3 months to 15 years (mean, 3.6 years) at mitral valve repair, and ranged from 2 months to 16 years (mean, 5.7 years) at mitral valve replacement. Mean follow-up period was 92.0 months (range, 1-235 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 2 hospital deaths and 2 late deaths in patients who underwent mitral valve repair. Reoperation was performed in 4 patients. Three of these patients underwent mitral valve replacement because of residual mitral incompetence. No hospital deaths occurred in patients who underwent mitral valve replacement. Two late deaths occurred after mitral valve replacement. Six patients had a total of 10 episodes of prosthetic valve thrombosis. Thrombolytic therapy with urokinase was successful in all episodes without serious complications. Five patients required reoperations 49 to 141 months (mean, 78.4 months) after the initial valve replacement for relative prosthetic valve obstruction as the result of somatic growth. A valve 2 or 3 sizes larger than the original prostheses was inserted without death. Actuarial survival and freedom from cardiac events at 10 years after the operation were 87.2% and 72.7% in children who underwent mitral valve repair, and 90.3% and 67.3% for those children who underwent mitral valve replacement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current risk of mitral valve operation in the pediatric age group is low, and the long-term results are satisfactory, irrespective of severe deformation of the mitral valve apparatus and associated complex cardiac anomalies.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ootaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tei
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008943:Mitral Valve; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome