title: Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in maine coon cats: an animal model of human disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A naturally occurring animal model of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHCM) is lacking. We identified a family of Maine coon cats with HCM and developed a colony to determine mode of inheritance, phenotypic expression, and natural history of the disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A proband was identified, and related cats were bred to produce a colony. Affected and unaffected cats were bred to determine the mode of inheritance. Echocardiography was used to identify affected offspring and determine phenotypic expression. Echocardiograms were repeated serially to determine the natural history of the disease. Of 22 offspring from breeding affected to unaffected cats, 12 (55%) were affected. When affected cats were bred to affected cats, 4 (45%) of the 9 were affected, 2 (22%) unaffected, and 3 (33%) stillborn. Findings were consistent with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with 100% penetrance, with the stillborns representing lethal homozygotes that died in utero. Affected cats usually did not have phenotypic evidence of HCM before 6 months of age, developed HCM during adolescence, and developed severe HCM during young adulthood. Papillary muscle hypertrophy that produced midcavitary obstruction and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve was the most consistent manifestation of HCM. Cats died suddenly (n=5) or of heart failure (n=3). Histopathology of the myocardium revealed myocardial fiber disarray, intramural coronary arteriosclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HCM in this family of Maine coon cats closely resembles the human form of FHCM and should prove a valuable tool for studying the gross, cellular, and molecular pathophysiology of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. mdkittleson@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kittleson
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Meurs
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Munro
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kittleson
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Pion
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Towbin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002415:Cats; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008297:Male; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000473:pathology; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype