title: Preoperative serum potassium levels and perioperative outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although potassium is critical for normal electrophysiology, the association between abnormal preoperative serum potassium level and perioperative adverse events such as arrhythmias has not been examined rigorously.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of abnormal preoperative serum potassium levels and whether such abnormal levels are associated with adverse perioperative events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational, case-control study of data collected from 24 diverse US medical centers in a 2-year period from September 1, 1991, to September 1, 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2402 patients (mean [SD] age, 65.1 [10.3] years; 24% female) undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting who were not enrolled in another protocol. The study population was identified using systematic sampling of every nth patient, in which n was based on expected total number of procedures at that center during the study period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraoperative and postoperative arrhythmias, the need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), cardiac death, and death due to any cause prior to discharge, by preoperative serum potassium level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perioperative arrhythmias occurred in 1290 (53.7%) of 2402 patients, with 238 patients (10.7%) having intraoperative arrhythmias, 329 (13.7%) having postoperative nonatrial arrhythmias, and 865 (36%) having postoperative atrial flutter or fibrillation. The incidence of adverse outcomes was 3.6% for death, 2.0% for cardiac death, and 3.5% for CPR. Serum potassium level less than 3.5 mmol/L was a predictor of serious perioperative arrhythmia (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-4.0), intraoperative arrhythmia (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0-3.6), and postoperative atrial fibrillation/flutter (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-2.7), and these relationships were unchanged after adjusting for confounders. The significant univariate association between increased need for CPR and serum potassium level less than 3.3 mmol/L (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.2-9.5) and greater than 5.2 mmol/L (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.1-8.7) became nonsignificant after adjusting for confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perioperative arrhythmia and the need for CPR increased as preoperative serum potassium level decreased below 3.5 mmol/L. Although interventional trials are required to determine whether preoperative intervention mitigates these adverse associations, preoperative repletion is low cost and low risk, and our data suggest that screening and repletion be considered in patients scheduled for cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. jwahr@umich.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wahr
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boisvert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Comunale
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fabian
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Mangano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D011188:Potassium