title: Palatal snoring identified by acoustic crest factor analysis.
abstract: The differentiation of palatal from non-palatal snoring is very important for ENT surgeons trying to determine whether palatal surgery would be curative. At present sleep nasendoscopy is the accepted method. Palatal vibration produces marked modulation of sound loudness at low frequency (below approximately 100 Hz). We calculate a crest factor for the sound waveform (ratio of peak to root mean square (rms) value in any given epoch), as a measure of the degree of modulation. Free-field snore sounds were recorded from 11 supine adult patients under intravenous sedation (midazolam), using a digital tape recorder. Recordings were transferred to a PC (sampling frequency 11 kHz), and analysed using code written by us. Direct visual confirmation of the site of snoring was gained from simultaneous sleep nasendoscopy, taken as the gold standard. In six patients the dominant site was the soft palate. The non-palatal group (five patients) comprised one epiglottic, two hypopharyngeal and two tongue base snorers. The crest factor was found to be significantly higher for palatal snorers (p < 0.01, Student-t or Mann-Whitney tests). Furthermore, palatal could be distinguished from non-palatal snorers on the basis of crest factor alone in all 11 cases, making this a promising non-invasive diagnostic technique.
authors.affiliation: North Wales Medical Physics, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, UK.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: E Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Osman
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000328:Adult; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012890:Sleep; D012913:Snoring / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013016:Sound; D013637:Tape Recording; D014609:Uvula / Q000502:physiology