title: Association of dental caries and blood lead levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experiments show that dental caries rates are higher among lead-exposed animals, but this association has not been established in humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between blood lead levels and dental caries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey conducted from 1988 to 1994 that included a dental examination and venipuncture blood lead assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 24901 persons aged 2 years and older who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which assessed the health and nutritional status of children and adults in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  For children aged 2 to 11 years, the sum of decayed and filled deciduous or primary surfaces; for persons aged 6 years and older, the sum of decayed and filled permanent surfaces; for those 12 years and older, the sum of decayed, missing, and filled surfaces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The log of blood lead level was significantly associated with the number of affected surfaces for both deciduous and permanent teeth in all age groups, even after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, diet, and dental care. Among children aged 5 to 17 years, a 0.24-micromol/L (5-microg/dL) change in blood lead level was associated with an elevated risk of dental caries (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.5). Differences in blood lead level explained some of the differences in caries prevalence in different income levels and regions of the United States. We estimated the population attributable risk of lead exposure to be 13.5% and 9.6% of dental caries occurring in 5- to 17-year-olds exposed to the high and moderate levels, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Environmental lead exposure is associated with an increased prevalence of dental caries in the US population. Findings may help explain the distribution of caries by income and region of the United States.
authors.affiliation: Eastman Department of Dentistry, The University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and Children's Hospital Medical Center, NY 14642, USA. moss@prevmed.rochester.edu
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lanphear
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Auinger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007854:Lead