title: Effect of antiinflammatory drugs on COX-1 and COX-2 activity in human articular chondrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of steroidal and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) on cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) activity in human articular chondrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chondrocytes were isolated from articular cartilage of donors with no articular disease. Unstimulated and interleukin 1 (IL-1) stimulated chondrocytes were used as models to study the effects of drugs on COX-1 and COX-2. Cells were incubated with vehicle or drugs; supernatants were removed and the level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in each sample was determined by enzyme immunoassay. IC50 were calculated from the reduction in PGE2 content by different concentrations of the test substance by linear regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  COX- mRNA was detected in unstimulated cells, but stimulation with IL-1 for up 12 h did not modify the levels of COX-1 mRNA. In contrast, COX-2 mRNA was not detectable in unstimulated cells, but it was induced by IL-1. Dexamethasone inhibited COX-2 mRNA expression induced by IL-1. COX-2 protein levels correlated with mRNA expression. Dexamethasone was the strongest drug inhibitor of COX-2 (IC50 = 0.0073 microM). However, it did not inhibit COX-1 activity. Among all NSAID tested, meloxicam and aspirin were the least potent inhibitors of COX-1 (IC50 = 36.6 microM and 3.57 microM, respectively). Indomethacin and diclofenac were the most potent inhibitors of COX-1 (IC50 = 0.063 microM and 0.611 microM, respectively) and COX-2 isoforms (IC50 = 0.48 microM and IC50 = 0.63 microM, respectively). Meloxicam was a more potent inhibitor of COX-2 (IC50 = 4.7 microM) than aspirin (IC50 = 29.3 microM) and similar to piroxicam (IC50 = 4.4 microM). Among all drugs tested dexamethasone showed the greatest selectivity for COX-2 and meloxicam was the NSAID with the best COX-2/COX-1 ratio (r = 0.12). Aspirin and piroxicam were about 8 times more active against COX-1 than COX-2, indomethacin was 7 times more active, and diclofenac was an equipotent inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms are expressed in human chondrocytes at rest and in IL-1 stimulated cells, respectively. Antiinflammatory drugs have different capacities to inhibit COX enzyme in human articular chondrocytes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cartilage Research, Rheumatology Unit and Tissue Bank, Juan Canalejo Hospital, A Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guitian
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: de Toro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galdo
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003907:Dexamethasone; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone