title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association of the insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene with cardiovascular disease and diabetic nephropathy remains a controversial issue. This review aims to give an overview of the research to date assessing the impact of the ACE polymorphism in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature was performed in the databases of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE for the key words 'diabetes mellitus', 'diabetic nephropathy', 'ACE polymorphism' and 'genotype' and relevant articles were considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A meta-analysis assessing the influence of the ACE polymorphism on disease susceptibility demonstrated significant odds ratios in individuals with the DD genotype for coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction and both diabetic and nondiabetic renal disease. No association was found for left ventricular hypertrophy or hypertension in nondiabetic subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ACE polymorphism appears to have a significant impact on the progression of diabetic nephropathy and may have therapeutic implications for identifying those individuals resistant to the effects of ACE inhibitors. It also appears to be indicative of an increased vascular risk in diabetic patients; however, larger prospective studies are required to clarify this situation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, West Glasgow Hospitals, University NHS Trust, UK. bk8h@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kennon
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Petrie
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Connell
mesh_terms: D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A