title: Changes in alcohol consumption patterns following the introduction of credit cards in Ontario liquor stores.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 1994, regulatory changes were introduced in Ontario, Canada, permitting the purchase of alcoholic beverages with credit cards at government-operated liquor stores. Two objectives of this study were: (1) to compare the characteristics of credit card shoppers with non credit card shoppers at liquor stores, and (2) to assess whether changes occurred in alcohol consumption patterns among shoppers following the introduction of credit cards.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random digit dialing was used to interview 2,039 telephone participants prior to the introduction of credit cards (Time 1); 1,401 of these subjects were contacted 1 year later (Time 2). Independent sample t tests were used to compare credit card shoppers with shoppers not using credit cards, and paired t tests were performed to assess whether drinking behaviors changed from Time 1 to Time 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The credit card shoppers were more likely than the non credit card shoppers to be highly educated (p < .001) and to have high incomes (p < .05). Credit card shoppers drank an average of 6.3 drinks over the previous week compared with 4.0 drinks among non credit card shoppers (p < .01). Although the overall amount of alcohol consumed among credit card shoppers dropped from 6.7 drinks at Time 1 to 6.3 at Time 2 (NS), credit card shoppers reported drinking significantly more often after credit cards were introduced (p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that credit cards may not present public health problems since significant increases in alcohol consumption among credit card shoppers were not found.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Addiction Research Foundation Division, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giesbrecht
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors