title: Cerium oxide as a silver decolorizer in dental porcelains.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Silver-base alloys are known to produce an esthetically unpleasant yellow-green tint in the dental porcelain when making PFM restorations. Cerium oxide is used in dental porcelains to simulate the natural fluorescence found in human dental enamel, and has also been used in the glass industry as a decolorizer. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of CeO2 additions on the resistance of dental porcelain to staining from silver contamination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five batches of porcelain were prepared according to Weinstein et al. (1962) with 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 wt% additions of CeO2. To determine the resistance of these porcelains to silver staining, 0.10 wt% additions of the silver oxides were triturated into the prepared CeO2 porcelains prior to sample fabrication. This procedure provided a more quantitative method of staining than firing directly on silver alloys. Silver oxide was added in two valence states as Ag2O and AgO to test for any possible effects on staining. Samples were pressed into a 17 mm diameter mold, and fired to 960 degrees C under vacuum. Three additional samples were prepared from the non-cerium porcelain frit to produce a non-stained control group. Color measurements were made with a spectrophotometer on the ten experimental groups and the control group. The CIE L*a*b* color difference, delta E*, was calculated between the control and the experimental groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant decrease in the silver staining of dental porcelains when CeO2 additions of 0.10 wt% or greater were used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cerium oxide additions in the range of 0.10 to 0.20 wt% caused a three-fold reduction in the staining of dental porcelain samples which had been doped with 0.10 wt% of AgO or Ag2O.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. wjobrien@umich.edu
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Boenke
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Linger
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Groh
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002563:Cerium / Q000737:chemistry*; D003116:Color; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D017797:Prosthesis Coloring; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003776:Dental Porcelain; D002563:Cerium; D012834:Silver; C030583:ceric oxide