title: Picroliv -- a natural product protects cells and regulates the gene expression during hypoxia/reoxygenation.
abstract: Cellular adaptation to hypoxia involves regulation of specific genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), erythropoietin (EPO) and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 . In this study, we have evaluated the protective effect of picroliv (a purified iridoid glycoside fraction from roots of Picrorhiza kurrooa with hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties) against hypoxic injury by examining lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in Hep 3B and Glioma cells. The expression of hypoxia regulated genes, VEGF and HIF-1 was studied in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), Hep 3B and Glioma cells. Picroliv reduced the cellular damage caused by hypoxia as revealed by a significant reduction in LDH release compared to untreated control. The expression of VEGF and HIF-1 subunits (HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta) was enhanced by treatment with picroliv during normoxia and hypoxia in HUVEC and Hep 3B cells and on reoxygenation the expression of these genes was significantly reduced as revealed by mRNA analysis using RT-PCR. Simultaneous treatment with picroliv during hypoxia inhibited VEGF and HIF-1 expression in Glioma cells whereas the expression was not reduced by picroliv treatment during reoxygenation as evidenced by both RT-PCR and Northern hybridization. VEGF expression as revealed by immunofluorescence studies correlates well with the regulations observed in the mRNA expression. We have also examined the kinase activity of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins and protein kinase C (PKC) in Glioma cells treated with picroliv during hypoxia/reoxygenation. A selective inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase activity leading to tyrosine dephosphorylation of several proteins including 80 kd protein, and a reduction in PKC was seen in cells treated with picroliv and hypoxia. These findings suggest that picroliv may act as a protective agent against hypoxia/reoxygenation induced injuries, and the underlying mechanism may involve a novel signal transduction pathway.
authors.affiliation: Center for Combat Casualty and Life Sustainment Research, Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Life Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gaddipati
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madhavan
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Maheshwari
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006027:Glycosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014641:Vanillic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D002934:Cinnamates; D017931:DNA Primers; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D006027:Glycosides; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; C057463:kutkin; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D014641:Vanillic Acid; D010100:Oxygen