title: Hepatopulmonary syndrome associated with cardiorespiratory disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatopulmonary syndrome is defined as a clinical triad including chronic liver disease, abnormal pulmonary gas exchange resulting ultimately in profound arterial hypoxaemia, and evidence of intrapulmonary vascular dilatations. We report five patients with liver cirrhosis diagnosed with hepatopulmonary syndrome who had associated chronic obstructive or restrictive respiratory diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical, radiographic and constrast-enhanced echocardiographic findings, and systemic and pulmonary haemodynamic and gas exchange, including ventilation-perfusion distributions, measurements were assessed in all five patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Echocardiography was consistent with the presence of intrapulmonary vasodilation without intracardiac abnormalities, and high resolution computed tomographic scan features were compatible with clinical (3 cases) or histopathological diagnoses (2 cases) of associated respiratory disorders. The most common prominent functional findings were moderate to severe arterial hypoxaemia, caused by moderately to severely increased intrapulmonary shunting and/or mild to moderate low ventilation-perfusion areas, and hypocarbia along with an increased cardiac output and a low pulmonary artery pressure and vascular resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These functional characteristics, classically reported in the setting of clinically stable, uncomplicated hepatopulmonary syndrome, conform to a distinctively unique, chronic gas exchange pattern. Equally important, these pulmonary haemodynamic-gas exchange hallmarks are not influenced by the co-existence of chronic cardiorespiratory disease states. These data may have clinical relevance for elective indication of hepatic transplantation in patients with life-threatening hepatopulmonary syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Institut Clínic de Malalties Digestives, Departament de Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barberà
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navasa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roca
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Visa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Roisin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D020065:Hepatopulmonary Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010976:Platelet Count; D011517:Prothrombin Time; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D017565:Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D001663:Bilirubin