title: Electrical stimulation of wrist extensors in poststroke hemiplegia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been suggested that cyclic neuromuscular electrical stimulation (ES) may enhance motor recovery after stroke. We have investigated the effects of ES of the wrist extensors on impairment of wrist function and on upper-limb disability in patients being rehabilitated after acute stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 60 hemiparetic patients (mean age, 68 years) 2 to 4 weeks after stroke into a randomized, controlled, parallel-group study comparing standard rehabilitation treatment with standard treatment plus ES of wrist extensors (3 times 30 minutes daily for 8 weeks). Isometric strength of wrist extensors was measured using a device built for that purpose. Upper-limb disability was assessed with use of the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT). Observations were continued for 32 weeks (24 weeks after the finish of ES or the control intervention phase).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The change in isometric strength of wrist extensors (at an angle of 0 degrees extension) was significantly greater in the ES group than the control group at both 8 and 32 weeks (P=0.004, P=0.014 by Mann Whitney U test). At week 8 the grasp and grip subscores of the ARAT increased significantly in the ES group compared with that in the control group (P=0.013 and P=0.02, respectively); a similar trend was seen for the total ARAT score (P=0.11). In the subgroup of 33 patients with some residual wrist extensor strength at study entry (moment at 0 degrees extension >0), the ARAT total score had increased at week 8 by a mean of 21.1 (SD, 12.7) in the ES group compared with 10.3 (SD, 9.0) in the control group (P=0.024, Mann Whitney U test); however, at 32 weeks the differences between these 2 subgroups were no longer statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ES of the wrist extensors enhances the recovery of isometric wrist extensor strength in hemiparetic stroke patients. Upper-limb disability was reduced after 8 weeks of ES therapy, with benefits most apparent in those with some residual motor function at the wrist. However, it is not clear how long the improvements in upper-limb disability are maintained after ES is discontinued.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Strathclyde, Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine, Glasgow, Scotland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pandyan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Granat
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stott
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*