title: An anatomical study of anastomoses between the laryngeal nerves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematize the anatomy of the connecting branches between laryngeal nerves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microdissection of 90 larynges obtained from necropsies (57 men and 33 women; age range, 41-95 y).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anastomoses between the internal and recurrent nerves appeared in four different patterns: 1) Galen's anastomosis, as the connection between the dorsal branches of both nerves (100%); 2) arytenoid plexus, as the connection between the arytenoid branches of both nerves, in relation with the arytenoid muscle, and divided in a deep part (100%) and a superficial part (86%); 3) cricoid anastomosis, previously only described in cows, located in the front of the cricoid lamina (6/10 cases); and 4) thyroarytenoid anastomosis, as the connection of a descending branch of the internal laryngeal nerve and an ascending branch of the recurrent nerve (14%). Anastomosis between the internal laryngeal and the external laryngeal nerves appeared as a connecting branch throughout the foramen thyroideum (21%). Anastomosis between the external laryngeal and recurrent nerves appeared as a connecting branch throughout the cricothyroid muscle (68%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At least two anastomoses (Galen's anastomosis and arytenoid plexus) appeared in 21% of hemilarynges, and 79% of cases had three or more anastomoses between the laryngeal nerves. The different prevalence of this complex anastomotic pattern suggests functional differences in the sensory and motor innervation of individual subjects.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain. joseramon.sanudo@uab.es
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sañudo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maranillo
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: León
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mirapeix
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orús
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001344:Autopsy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007823:Laryngeal Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012009:Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology