title: Intravenous midazolam for sedation of children undergoing procedures: an analysis of age- and procedure-related factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to determine the doses of midazolam used for sedation during procedures in children, and the frequency of adverse events.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of data collected for a prospective study of flumazenil in children who had received midazolam for a procedure (n = 91, 1-17 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Practitioners used a wide range of total midazolam doses (0.03-0.6 mg/kg); mean doses ranged from 0.09 +/- 0.06 mg/kg in adolescents to 0.26 +/- 0.13 mg/kg in toddlers (P < 0.001). Opioids were also used in 84% of patients. Twenty-six percent of children with normal lungs, most of whom had received relatively high opioid doses, developed decreased oxygen saturation (as low as 65%) after sedation. Other adverse events included airway obstruction (n = 3) and vomiting (n = 1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequent choice of midazolam, usually combined with an opioid, indicates its wide acceptance. Midazolam doses were inversely related to age. The presence of vomiting, airway obstruction, and decreased oxygen saturation underlines the importance of appropriate personnel, equipment, and monitors during sedation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Seattle 98105, USA.
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Coté
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: McCubbin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liebelt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Burkhart
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Albers
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wasserman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007223:Infant; D008874:Midazolam / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009294:Narcotics; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen