title: [Arg6,D-Trp7,9,NmePhe8]-substance P (6-11) activates JNK and induces apoptosis in small cell lung cancer cells via an oxidant-dependent mechanism.
abstract: [Arg6,D-Trp7,9,NmePhe8]-substance P (6-11) (antagonist G) is a novel class of anti-cancer agent that inhibits small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell growth in vitro and in vivo and is entering phase II clinical investigation for the treatment of SCLC. Although antagonist G blocks SCLC cell growth (IC50 = 24.5 +/- 1.5 and 38.5 +/- 1.5 microM for the H69 and H510 cell lines respectively), its exact mechanism of action is unclear. This study shows that antagonist G stimulates apoptosis as assessed by morphology (EC50 = 5.9 +/- 0.1 and 15.2 +/- 2.7 microM for the H69 and H510 cell lines respectively) and stimulates c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity in SCLC cells (EC50 = 3.2 +/- 0.1 and 15.2 +/- 2.7 microM). This activity is neuropeptide-independent, but dependent on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is inhibited by the free radical scavenger n-acetyl cysteine. Furthermore, antagonist G itself induces inflammation (59% increase in oedema volume compared to control) and potentiates (by 35-40%) bradykinin-induced oedema formation in vivo. In view of these results we show that, as well as acting as a 'broad-spectrum' neuropeptide antagonist, antagonist G stimulates basal G-protein activity in SCLC cell membranes (81 +/- 12% stimulation at 10 microM), thereby displaying a unique ability to stimulate certain signal transduction pathways by activating G-proteins. This novel activity may be instrumental for full anti-cancer activity in SCLC cells and may also account for antagonist G activity in non-neuropeptide-dependent cancers.
authors.affiliation: Rayne Laboratory, Respiratory Medicine Unit, University of Edinburgh Medical School, UK.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: MacKinnon
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haslett
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sethi
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000502:physiology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D009479:Neuropeptides; D009842:Oligopeptides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C095573:arginyl-tryptophyl-N-methylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-leucyl-methioninamide; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins