title: Characteristics and risk factors of acetaminophen-induced hepatitis in Taiwan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overdose of acetaminophen may cause hepatic injury and fatal fulminant hepatic failure. Acetaminophen is the most common form of drug-induced hepatic injury in Western countries. However, there is no formal report of this important issue in Taiwan. To assess the clinical characteristics and risk factors of acetaminophen-induced hepatitis in Taiwan, we conducted this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 71 patients who were intoxicated or overdosed with acetaminophen at Veterans General Hospital-Taipei between February, 1991 and June, 1997 were enrolled in this study. Acetaminophen-induced hepatitis was defined according to the Paris international consensus criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Suicide attempt was the major cause (67/71) of acetaminophen overdose. Sixty-two of the patients were female. The mean patient age was 24.5 +/- 9.7 years (+/- standard deviation, SD). Nineteen of 71 patients had acetaminophen-induced hepatitis. The peak serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin concentrations were 4,181.0 +/- 931.4 IU/l (mean +/- SD), 4,148.0 +/- 1,147.5 IU/l and 2.6 +/- 0.4 mg/dl, respectively. The hepatitis group had higher ingested acetaminophen doses and serum peak acetaminophen levels than did those of the nonhepatitis group (24.9 g vs 12.9 g, p = 0.004; 132.0 mg/l vs 61.7 mg/l, p = 0.013). A higher percentage of alcohol consumption was also noted in the hepatitis group than in the nonhepatitis group (32% vs 12%, p = 0.05). After logistic regression for multivariate analysis, alcohol consumption was the most important risk factor for acetaminophen-induced hepatitis (odds ratio = 8.14, p = 0.018), followed by ingested acetaminophen dose (odds ratio = 1.21, p = 0.001). Most patients received acetylcysteine treatment in time. Two of the 19 patients with hepatitis died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of acetaminophen-induced hepatitis in Taiwan occurs in young females who attempt suicide. Alcohol consumption and the dose of acetaminophen ingested were the significant risk factors for acetaminophen-induced hepatitis. Alcohol should not be concomitantly used with acetaminophen. Early diagnosis and administration of the antidote are crucial to decrease mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ger
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: F Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning*; D000328:Adult; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000506:poisoning*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000209:etiology*; D062787:Drug Overdose; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013406:Suicide, Attempted
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000082:Acetaminophen