title: Ethanol directly depresses AMPA and NMDA glutamate currents in spinal cord motor neurons independent of actions on GABAA or glycine receptors.
abstract: Ethanol is a general anesthetic agent as defined by abolition of movement in response to noxious stimulation. This anesthetic endpoint is due to spinal anesthetic actions. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that ethanol acts directly on motor neurons to inhibit excitatory synaptic transmission at glutamate receptors. Whole cell recordings were made in visually identified motor neurons in spinal cord slices from 14- to 23-day-old rats. Currents were evoked by stimulating a dorsal root fragment or by brief pulses of glutamate. Ethanol at general anesthetic concentrations (50-200 mM) depressed both responses. Ethanol also depressed glutamate-evoked responses in the presence of tetrodotoxin (300 nM), showing that its actions are postsynaptic. Block of inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acidA and glycine receptors by bicuculline (50 microM) and strychnine (5 microM), respectively, did not significantly reduce the effects of ethanol on glutamate currents. Ethanol also depressed glutamate-evoked currents when the inhibitory receptors were blocked and either D, L-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (40 microM) or 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium (10 microM) were applied to block N-methyl-D-aspartate or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/kainate receptors, respectively. The results show that ethanol exerts direct depressant effects on both alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate currents in motor neurons. Enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acidA and glycine inhibition is not required for this effect. Direct depression of glutamatergic excitatory transmission by a postsynaptic action on motor neurons thus may contribute to general anesthesia as defined by immobility in response to a noxious stimulus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Rampil
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kendig
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects*; D018009:Receptors, Glycine / Q000187:drug effects*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D018118:Chloride Channels; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D018009:Receptors, Glycine; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D000431:Ethanol; D013779:Tetrodotoxin