title: 14 years of follow-up from the Edinburgh randomised trial of breast-cancer screening.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Edinburgh randomised trial of breast-cancer screening recruited women aged 45-64 years from 1978 to 1981 (cohort 1), and those aged 45-49 years during 1982-85 (cohorts 2 and 3). Results based on 14 years of follow-up and 270,000 woman-years of observation are reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Breast-cancer mortality rates in the intervention group (28,628 women offered screening) were compared with those in the control group (26,026) with adjustment for socioeconomic status (SES) of general medical practices. Rate ratios were derived by means of logistic regression for the total trial population and for women first offered screening while younger than 50 years. Analyses were by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial unadjusted results showed a difference of just 13% in breast-cancer mortality rates between the intervention and control groups (156 deaths [5.18 per 10,000] vs 167 [6.04 per 10,000]; rate ratio 0.87 [95% CI 0.70-1.06]), but the results were influenced by differences in SES by trial group. After adjustment for SES, the rate ratio was 0.79 (95% CI 0.60-1.02). When deaths after diagnosis more than 3 years after the end of the study were censored the rate ratio became 0.71 (0.53-0.95). There was no evidence of heterogeneity by age at entry and no evidence that younger entrants had smaller or delayed benefit (rate ratio 0.70 [0.41-1.20]). No breast-cancer mortality benefit was observed for women whose breast cancers were diagnosed when they were younger than 50 years. Other-cause mortality rates did not differ by trial group when adjusted for SES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings confirm results from randomised trials in Sweden and the USA that screening for breast cancer lowers breast-cancer mortality. Similar results are reported by the UK geographical comparison, UK Trial of Early Detection of Breast Cancer. The results for younger women suggest benefit from introduction of screening before 50 years of age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK. freda.alexander@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hepburn
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008327:Mammography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors