title: The underwater audiogram of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus).
abstract: The hearing thresholds of two adult manatees were measured using a forced-choice two alternative paradigm and an up/down staircase psychometric method. This is the first behavioral audiogram measured for any Sirenian, as well as the first underwater infrasonic psychometric test with a marine mammal. Auditory thresholds were obtained from 0.4 to 46 kHz, and detection thresholds of possible vibrotactile origin were measured at 0.015-0.2 kHz. The U-shaped audiogram demonstrates an upper limit of functional hearing at 46 kHz with peak frequency sensitivity at 16 and 18 kHz (50 dB re: 1 microPa). The range of best hearing is 6-20 kHz (approximately 9 dB down from maximum sensitivity). Sensitivity falls 20 dB per octave below 0.8 kHz and approximately 40 dB per octave above 26 kHz. The audiogram demonstrates a wider range of hearing and greater sensitivity than was suggested from evoked potential and anatomical studies. High frequency sensitivity may be an adaptation to shallow water, where the propagation of low frequency sound is limited by physical boundary effects. Hearing abilities of manatees and other marine mammals may have also been shaped by ambient and thermal noise curves in the sea. Inadequate hearing sensitivity at low frequencies may be a contributing factor to the manatees' inability to effectively detect boat noise and avoid collisions with boats.
authors.affiliation: Florida Atlantic University, Department of Psychology, Boca Raton 33431-0991, USA.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Gerstein
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gerstein
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Forsythe
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Blue
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001299:Audiometry / Q000379:methods*; D003051:Cochlea / Q000502:physiology; D004455:Echolocation / Q000502:physiology*; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D020457:Trichechus manatus / Q000502:physiology*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water