title: Racial differences in the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration: the Baltimore Eye Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and signs of age-related maculopathy in a population-based sample of blacks and whites 40 years of age or older from East Baltimore.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 5308 black and white subjects received a screening eye examination that included fundus photography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stereoscopic color fundus photographs were graded for the presence and severity of drusen, pigmentary abnormalities, geographic atrophy, and choroidal neovascularization in the macula.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drusen > or = 64 microm were identified in about 20% of individuals in both groups, but large drusen (>125 microm) were more common among older whites (15% for whites versus 9% for blacks over 70). Pigmentary abnormalities were also more common among older whites (7.9% for whites versus 0.4% for blacks over 70). Age-related macular degeneration was more prevalent among whites than blacks. The prevalence of AMD was 2.1 % among whites over 70 years of age. No cases of AMD were detected among 243 black subjects in this age group. Logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and smoking (current, former, or never) detected an odds ratio of 4.4 (95% confidence interval: 1.5-12.4) for whites with AMD compared with blacks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although drusen are common in both blacks and whites over the age of 40, more severe forms of age-related maculopathy and late AMD are more prevalent in older whites.
authors.affiliation: Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bressler
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rahmani
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tielsch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D044383:Black People; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010781:Photography; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American