title: Oral vaccination of white-tailed deer using a recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine expressing the Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A: prospects for immunocontraception.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reduction of excess numbers of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is a prime example of a potential use for immunocontraception as a means of wildlife population management. Oral vaccination appears to be the most pragmatic way to deliver immunocontraceptive vaccines to free-roaming populations of deer, but there was little, if any, prior evidence that oral vaccination is a viable concept in deer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used live Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in a recombinant form (rBCG), which expressed Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A, to test whether deer vaccinated orally with a specific antigen expressed in a live vector produce detectable antibody titers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data indicate that oral vaccination of deer with an expressed antigen is feasible, as demonstrated by peak antibody titers to the expressed antigen. Also, peak titers measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were highest in orally vaccinated deer: 1600 in deer vaccinated by injection and 6400 in those vaccinated orally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate that it is feasible to vaccinate deer orally with a live vector.
authors.affiliation: USDA, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Killian
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015748:Borrelia burgdorferi Group / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002417:Cattle; D003269:Contraception, Immunologic; D003670:Deer / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic