title: Effect of autonomic nervous system manipulations on gastric myoelectrical activity and emotional responses in healthy human subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the gastric myoelectrical and emotional responses provoked by two psychophysiological stimuli known to cause in one case increased sympathetic nervous system activity and in the other increased parasympathetic nervous system activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrogastrograms (EGGs) were recorded, and interbeat intervals (IBIs) were obtained from electrocardiographic recordings from 20 subjects during baseline and in response to a shock avoidance task (shock stimulus) and forehead cooling (dive stimulus). After each experimental period, subjects reported their emotional experience by rating descriptors ranging from serenity to excitement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the shock stimulus, IBIs decreased significantly (p < .05), gastric tachyarrhythmias increased (p < .05), and emotional arousal increased, as indexed by reports of increased interest, excitement, and activation. In contrast, during the dive stimulus, IBIs increased (p < .05), but there were no associated changes in gastric myoelectrical activity or emotional arousal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute stress can evoke arousal and dysrhythmic gastric myoelectrical activity, and these acute changes, which occur in healthy individuals, may provide insight into functional gastrointestinal disorders.
authors.affiliation: Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Pensacola, Florida 32508-1046, USA. emuth@namrl.navy.mil
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Muth
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Thayer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004597:Electroshock / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013270:Stomach / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*