title: Exposures from thorium contained in thoriated tungsten welding electrodes.
abstract: Information provided in this article can be used for estimating the radiation dose associated with the use of thoriated tungsten electrodes in tungsten inert gas welding. Area and breathing zone concentrations of 232Th generated by welding and electrode sharpening along with particle size information; isotopic composition of electrodes from two domestic manufacturers and one European manufacturer; and process variables and estimates on the number of thoriated tungsten electrodes manufactured are presented. Past literature is reviewed and compared with the results of this study. Isotopic analysis of a nominal 2% thoriated electrode found 0.6 ppm +/- 0.4 ppm 230Th and less than 0.1 ppm 228Th. Analysis of a ceriated tungsten electrode and a lanthanated tungsten electrode for 232Th found 124 ppm and 177 ppm, respectively. Electrode consumption during welding was primarily the result of tip sharpening. Less than 3% of the weight loss was attributable to the welding process. The in-mask concentration of respirable thorium particulate in the welder's breathing zone was 0.002 x 10(-12) microCi 232Th/mL. The concentration of respirable thorium particulate from electrode sharpening was 1.3 x 10(-12) microCi 232Th/mL. The measured sharpening time was 20 sec per electrode. Estimates of the activity median aerodynamic diameters for the respirable fraction of the welding and electrode sharpening aerosols were 3.5 and 5 microns, respectively, when measured in the breathing zone at 0.3 m (12 inches) from the point of operation. The respirable fraction of the total welding and sharpening aerosols was 45 and 60%.
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831-6292, USA.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Jankovic
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Goodwin
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D004566:Electrodes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010316:Particle Size; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013910:Thorium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D014414:Tungsten
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive; D013910:Thorium; D014414:Tungsten