title: The importance of the diluent for airway transport of toluene diisocyanate following intranasal dosing of mice.
abstract: Uncertainty of the transport of reactive chemicals to the lung is a major concern when using intranasal dosing of animals. In a preliminary study using mice, intranasal instillation of the dyes methylene blue (in water) and Sudan black B (in 1:4 ethyl acetate:olive oil), indicated that the following conditions were necessary to achieve transport to the lung: (1) aqueous diluent, (2) light anesthesia prior to dosing, (3) holding the animal in a supine position during chemical application, and (4) maintaining the animal in the same position postdosing. Using these conditions, we investigated the distribution of toluene diisocyanate (TDI), a major industrial asthmogen, to the lung following intranasal administration. Female C57BL/6 mice received 20 microl of 1% TDI in ethyl acetate:olive oil (1:4). Group 1 received a single application on day 1; group 2, single applications on 2 consecutive days; group 3, single applications on 4 consecutive days; and group 4, a single application of the vehicle on 2 consecutive days. All mice were necropsied 24 h after the final application. The nasal passages, upper pharynx, trachea, lungs, and olfactory bulbs of each animal were examined with hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining, the latter using a rabbit anti-TDI antiserum. Histopathology revealed desquamation of ciliated epithelial cells as well as inflammatory cell debris in the nasal cavity and upper pharynx of animals in groups 1-3. The intensity of these changes was dependent on the number of applications. No inflammation was observed in the trachea, lungs, or olfactory bulbs in any of the groups. Immunohistochemical examination revealed positive staining for the TDI moiety in epithelial cells of the nasal cavity and upper pharynx in animals of groups 1-3. No staining was observed in the trachea, lungs, or olfactory bulbs of any animal. These results suggest that TDI, when dissolved in olive oil:ethyl acetate and applied intranasally, does not reach the trachea and/or lower airways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA. mhk@vms.cis.pitt.edu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ebino
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lemus
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Karol
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008751:Methylene Blue; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance / Q000187:drug effects*; D009281:Naphthalenes; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000473:pathology*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D012995:Solubility; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014051:Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D009281:Naphthalenes; D014051:Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate; C016118:Sudan Black B; D008751:Methylene Blue