title: Limb immobilization and intimal hyperplasia--an echo-Doppler study in man.
abstract: The authors studied the circulatory alterations observed in the upper limbs of patients showing muscular atrophy due to flaccid paralysis of traumatic origin. Ten patients who had suffered avulsion of the nerve roots from C4 to D1 that occurred 9 to 216 months previously, presented a significant degree of muscular atrophy of the affected upper limb, despite physiotherapy. We performed echo-doppler examinations of the patients to measure the lumen of the subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial and ulnar arteries and also of the veins of both upper limbs. The measurements from both upper limbs in each patient were statistically compared. The data revealed a significant reduction of the width of the lumen of the arteries and veins and a reduced arterial blood flow in the affected limb in comparison with the normal one. The greater echogenicity and the abnormal Doppler waves of the affected vessels suggest that they presented an increased thickness and a hardened wall. The authors propose that this finding may be related to an intimal hyperplasia brought about by muscular atrophy or by the observed blood flow reduction.
authors.affiliation: Abel Salazar Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Oporto University, Portugal.
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Grande
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: dos Santos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008297:Male; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology*; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler