title: The primary and three-dimensional structures of a nine-haem cytochrome c from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774 reveal a new member of the Hmc family.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Haem-containing proteins are directly involved in electron transfer as well as in enzymatic functions. The nine-haem cytochrome c (9Hcc), previously described as having 12 haem groups, was isolated from cells of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774, grown under both nitrate- and sulphate-respiring conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Models for the primary and three-dimensional structures of this cytochrome, containing 292 amino acid residues and nine haem groups, were derived using the multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion phasing method and refined using 1.8 A diffraction data to an R value of 17.0%. The nine haem groups are arranged into two tetrahaem clusters, with Fe-Fe distances and local protein fold similar to tetrahaem cytochromes c3, while the extra haem is located asymmetrically between the two clusters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first known three-dimensional structure in which multiple copies of a tetrahaem cytochrome c3-like fold are present in the same polypeptide chain. Sequence homology was found between this cytochrome and the C-terminal region (residues 229-514) of the high molecular weight cytochrome c from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough (DvH Hmc). A new haem arrangement in domains III and IV of DvH Hmc is proposed. Kinetic experiments showed that 9Hcc can be reduced by the [NiFe] hydrogenase from D. desulfuricans ATCC 27774, but that this reduction is faster in the presence of tetrahaem cytochrome c3. As Hmc has never been found in D. desulfuricans ATCC 27774, we propose that 9Hcc replaces it in this organism and is therefore probably involved in electron transfer across the membrane.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780 OEIRAS, Portugal.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Matias
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Sieker
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gall
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carrondo
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000737:chemistry*; D003901:Desulfovibrio / Q000378:metabolism*; D004579:Electron Transport; D006418:Heme / Q000737:chemistry; D006420:Hemeproteins / Q000737:chemistry; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D006420:Hemeproteins; D006418:Heme