title: Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV-1 protease-inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus: a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence and severity of lipodystrophy syndrome with long-term therapy for HIV-1 infection that includes a protease inhibitor is unknown. We studied the natural course of the syndrome to develop diagnostic criteria and identifying markers that predict its severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed 113 patients who were receiving HIV-1 protease inhibitors (mean 21 months) and 45 HIV-1-infected patients (28 with follow-up) never treated with a protease inhibitor. Lipodystrophy was assessed by questionnaire (including patients' rating of severity), physical examination, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Body composition and fasting lipid and glycaemic variables were compared with data obtained 8 months previously. Oral glucose tolerance was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was 98% concordance between patients' reports of the presence or absence of lipodystrophy (reported by 83% of protease-inhibitor recipients and 4% of treatment-naïve patients; p=0.0001) and physical examination. Patients' ratings of lipodystrophy were significantly associated with declining total body fat (p=0.02). Lower body fat was independently associated with longer duration of protease-inhibitor therapy and lower bodyweight before therapy, and more severe lipodystrophy was associated with higher previous (p < 0.03) and current (p < or = 0.01) triglyceride and C-peptide concentrations, and less peripheral and greater central fat (p=0.005 and 0.09, respectively). Body fat declined a mean 1.2 kg over 8 months in protease-inhibitor recipients (p=0.05). The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia remained stable over time (74% of treated patients vs 28% of naïve patients; p=0.0001). Impaired glucose tolerance occurred in 16% of protease-inhibitor recipients and diabetes mellitus in 7%; in all but three patients these abnormalities were detected on 2 h post-glucose load values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnosis and rating severity of lipodystrophy is aided by the combination of physical examination, patient's rating, and measurement of body fat, fasting triglycerides, and C-peptide. Weight before therapy, fasting triglyceride, and C-peptide concentrations early in therapy, and therapy duration seem to predict lipodystrophy severity. Lipodystrophy was common and progressive after almost 2 years of protease inhibitor therapy, but was not usually severe. Hyperlipidaemia and impaired glucose tolerance were also common.
authors.affiliation: HIV Medicine Unit and Centre for Immunology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia. acarr@stvincents.com.au
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Samaras
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thorisdottir
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003923:Diabetes Mellitus, Lipoatrophic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008060:Lipodystrophy / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors