title: An explanation for observed estrogen receptor binding to single-stranded estrogen-responsive element DNA.
abstract: Estrogen-inducible genes contain an enhancer called the estrogen response element (ERE), a double-stranded inverted repeat. The estrogen receptor (ER) is generally thought to bind to the double-stranded ERE. However, some reports provide evidence that an ER homodimer can bind a single strand of the ERE and suggest that single-stranded ERE binding is the preferred binding mode for ER. Since these two models describe quite different mechanisms of receptor action, we have attempted to reconcile the observations. Analyzing DNA structure by nuclease sensitivity, we found that two identical molecules of a single strand of DNA containing the ERE sequence can partially anneal in an antiparallel manner. Bimolecular annealing produces double-stranded inverted repeats, with adjacent unannealed tails. The amount of annealing correlates exactly with the ability of ER to bind bimolecular EREs. Either strand of an ERE could anneal to itself in a way that would bind ER. We conclude that ER binds only the annealed double-stranded ERE both in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642, USA.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Driscoll
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sathya
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Saidi
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: DeMott
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hilf
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bambara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded / Q000378:metabolism*; D004720:Endonucleases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008967:Molecular Biology / Q000379:methods; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020218:Response Elements / Q000502:physiology*; D012910:Snake Venoms
chemical_list: D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D012910:Snake Venoms; D004247:DNA; D004720:Endonucleases; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases