title: Endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting with the aid of robotic assisted instruments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development of endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting has been limited because of poor visualization and increased technical difficulties in carrying out operations through ports. We investigated whether the use of robotic assisted instruments could minimize these difficulties.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a period of technical development and training on cadavers (n = 8) with the Intuitive Surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Inc, Mountain View, Calif), the first clinical application in coronary artery surgery was performed in 4 male patients (mean age 59 +/- 6 years) with the indication of grafting the left internal thoracic artery to the left anterior descending coronary artery. Robotic assisted 3-dimensional endoscopes and instruments were introduced into the left side of the chest through 3 intercostal ports. The Heartport system (Heartport, Inc, Redwood City, Calif) was used for arresting the heart during the anastomosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2 patients, the harvesting of the left internal thoracic artery was completed endoscopically with robotic assisted instruments and the anastomosis to the left anterior descending artery was performed through a minithoracotomy with conventional instruments. In 2 other patients, the entire operation was completed endoscopically with robotic assisted instruments. Early postoperative coronary angiography demonstrated the patency of the grafts in all cases. At 6-month follow-up, all patients were free of symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robotic assisted instruments make endoscopic coronary bypass possible and open a new era in minimally invasive surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Hôpital Broussais, Paris, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Loulmet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carpentier
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: d'Attellis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berrebi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cardon
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ponzio
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aupècle
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Relland
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000601:surgery; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013895:Thoracic Arteries / Q000637:transplantation; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014654:Vascular Patency