title: beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of beta blockers in short term treatment for acute myocardial infarction and in longer term secondary prevention; to examine predictive factors that may influence outcome and therefore choice of drug; and to examine the clinical importance of the results in the light of current treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of randomised controlled trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with acute or past myocardial infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  beta Blockers compared with control.
  
  
  METHODS
  All cause mortality and non-fatal reinfarction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 5477 of 54 234 patients (10.1%) randomised to beta blockers or control died. We identified a 23% reduction in the odds of death in long term trials (95% confidence interval 15% to 31%), but only a 4% reduction in the odds of death in short term trials (-8% to 15%). Meta regression in long term trials did not identify a significant reduction in effectiveness in drugs with cardioselectivity but did identify a near significant trend towards decreased benefit in drugs with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Most evidence is available for propranolol, timolol, and metoprolol. In long term trials, the number needed to treat for 2 years to avoid a death is 42, which compares favourably with other treatments for patients with acute or past myocardial infarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  beta Blockers are effective in long term secondary prevention after myocardial infarction, but they are underused in such cases and lead to avoidable mortality and morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Medicines Evaluation Group, Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York YO10 5DD.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Freemantle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cleland
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists