title: In vitro evaluation of flavopiridol, a novel cell cycle inhibitor, in bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the in vitro effects of flavopiridol on bladder cancer cell lines, immortalized urothelial cell lines, and normal urothelial cells well characterized for defects in p53, pRb, and p16.
  
  
  METHODS
  Growth inhibition was assessed via an MTT assay and apoptosis via DAPI nuclear staining. Cell cycle analysis was performed via propidium iodide staining and fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). Multidrug-resistant cells were generated by continuous exposure to doxorubicin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Growth inhibition was not correlated with inactivation of p53, pRb, or p16. All cells experienced G2/M arrest within 24 h of flavopiridol exposure. Modest apoptosis was observed but required 72 h of continuous drug exposure to become evident. There was no obvious synergistic or antagonistic toxicity when flavopiridol was combined with radiotherapy or cisplatin dosed at the IC50 despite the observation that radiotherapy and flavopiridol led to more profound G2/M arrest than either agent alone. Doxorubicin-resistant cells, demonstrated to overexpress the MDR1 multi-drug-resistance protein were equally as sensitive to flavopiridol as the parental cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flavopiridol is a novel cell cycle inhibitor that may be a useful agent in bladder cancers with tumor suppressor gene alterations and/or multidrug resistance.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Astumian
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liebowitz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rinker-Schaeffer
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Stadler
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011878:Radiotherapy; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D010880:Piperidines; C077990:alvocidib; D002945:Cisplatin