title: Oral versus initial intravenous therapy for urinary tract infections in young febrile children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The standard recommendation for treatment of young, febrile children with urinary tract infection has been hospitalization for intravenous antimicrobials. The availability of potent, oral, third-generation cephalosporins as well as interest in cost containment and avoidance of nosocomial risks prompted evaluation of the safety and efficacy of outpatient therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a multicenter, randomized clinical trial, we evaluated the efficacy of oral versus initial intravenous therapy in 306 children 1 to 24 months old with fever and urinary tract infection, in terms of short-term clinical outcomes (sterilization of the urine and defervescence) and long-term morbidity (incidence of reinfection and incidence and extent of renal scarring documented at 6 months by 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scans). Children received either oral cefixime for 14 days (double dose on day 1) or initial intravenous cefotaxime for 3 days followed by oral cefixime for 11 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment groups were comparable regarding demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. Bacteremia was present in 3.4% of children treated orally and 5.3% of children treated intravenously. Of the short-term outcomes, 1) repeat urine cultures were sterile within 24 hours in all children, and 2) mean time to defervescence was 25 and 24 hours for children treated orally and intravenously, respectively. Of the long-term outcomes, 1) symptomatic reinfections occurred in 4.6% of children treated orally and 7.2% of children treated intravenously, 2) renal scarring at 6 months was noted in 9.8% children treated orally versus 7.2% of children treated intravenously, and 3) mean extent of scarring was approximately 8% in both treatment groups. Mean costs were at least twofold higher for children treated intravenously ($3577 vs $1473) compared with those treated orally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral cefixime can be recommended as a safe and effective treatment for children with fever and urinary tract infection. Use of cefixime will result in substantial reductions of health care expenditures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. alejo+@pitt.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoberman
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Wald
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baskin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charron
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Majd
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruley
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Janosky
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000284:Administration, Oral; D020682:Cefixime; D002439:Cefotaxime / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012008:Recurrence; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D020682:Cefixime; D002439:Cefotaxime