title: Procalcitonin as a marker of severity in septic shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Procalcitonin (PCT) was shown to be related to the severity of bacterial infection and is recommended as a new parameter of inflammation and infection. To evaluate the prognostic value in septic shock, PCT levels were repeatedly determined and compared with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)- and interleukin (IL)-6 bioactivity as well as with C-reactive protein (CRP) serum levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four surgical patients with septic shock were included. Eight patients died within the study period of 14 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum levels of TNF-(WEHI 164) and IL-6 (B13-29 subclone 9) bioactivity, CRP and PCT were determined on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 following diagnosis of septic shock.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survivors and non-survivors were comparable in terms of age and severity of sepsis characterized by the APACHE II score and multiple-organ-failure score. Predominant causes of sepsis were peritonitis and necrotiszing pancreatitis. TNF levels increased in non-survivors with no significant difference to survivors. IL-6 bioactivity was increased on day 1 (P = 0.06) and remained elevated in non-survivors, in whom it was significant on day 7 (P<0.05). CRP was constantly elevated with no difference between the groups. In nonsurvivors PCT remained increased, while the course of survivors was characterized by decreased values which were significantly lower (P<0.05) at every time point compared with those patients who died. A significant correlation could be found on day 1 (P<0.05) and at the end of the observation period (P<0.01) when comparing PCT levels with the multiple-organ-failure score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCT seems to be a more reliable prognostic parameter in septic shock than IL-6, while TNF and CRP did not show any difference between survivors and non-survivors. These data indicate that PCT may represent a valuable parameter not only in the diagnosis of sepsis but also in the clinical course of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University of Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Staubach
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zabel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stüber
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kremer
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000097:blood*; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000209:etiology; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000150:complications; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000150:complications; D011379:Prognosis; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C000606589:CALCA protein, human; D006023:Glycoproteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011498:Protein Precursors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002116:Calcitonin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide