title: Pharmacokinetics of fosphenytoin in patients with hepatic or renal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pharmacokinetic behavior of fosphenytoin (FOS), the water-soluble prodrug of phenytoin (PHT), has been characterized in normal subjects. This is the first study of the effect of hepatic or renal disease on the rate and extent of conversion of FOS to PHT.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single dose of fosphenytoin (250 mg over a period of 30 min) was administered to subjects with hepatic cirrhosis (n = 4), renal disease requiring maintenance hemodialysis (n = 4), and healthy controls (n = 4). Serial plasma concentrations were measured, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean time to reach the peak plasma FOS concentration was similar for each of the three groups. However, the mean time to achieve peak plasma concentrations of PHT tended to occur earlier in the hepatic or renal disease groups than in healthy subjects. The half-life of FOS was 4.5, 9.2, and 9.5 min for the three groups, respectively. There was a trend toward increased FOS clearance and earlier peak PHT concentration in subjects with hepatic or renal disease. This finding is consistent with decreased binding of FOS to plasma proteins and increased fraction of unbound FOS resulting from decreased plasma protein concentrations associated with these disease states. The conversion of FOS to PHT was equally efficient in subjects with hepatic or renal disease and healthy subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between the three groups were not statistically significant, these data suggest the need for close clinical monitoring during FOS administration to patients with hepatic or renal disease. To minimize the incidence of adverse effects in this patient population, FOS may need to be administered at lower doses or infused more slowly.
authors.affiliation: Drug Research Unit of the Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0622, USA.
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Aweeka
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gottwald
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gambertoglio
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Eldon
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kugler
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Alldredge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D011355:Prodrugs; D010672:Phenytoin; C043114:fosphenytoin