title: Nucleotides 1506-1625 of bovine papillomavirus type 1 genome can enhance DNA packaging by L1/L2 capsids.
abstract: We have previously described a DNA-packaging assay using bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) virus-like particles (VLPs) and have identified a region of the BPV genome that assists in packaging. In this study, we identify a specific BPV sequence involved in DNA packaging by BPV-1 VLPs. In the initial screening of BPV-1 genomic sequences essential for DNA packaging, we observed that a plasmid with deletions between nucleotides (nt) 948 and 2113 failed to be packaged into BPV-1 VLPs. However, plasmids containing nt 948 to 2113 were efficiently packaged, suggesting that this 1.2-kb fragment contains a packaging enhancement sequence (PES). Further mapping of the BPV-1 genome showed that this packaging sequence lies between nt 1506 and 1625. Furthermore, this packaging sequence is also recognized by HPV6b VLPs, suggesting that a common packaging mechanism may be used by the two papillomavirus types. Given the phylogenetic difference between these two viral types, it is likely that other papillomavirus types may also use the same packaging mechanism. Identification of the PES has allowed a minimal viral genome sequence to be used in the packaging assay, improving the usefulness of the assay in studying the process of papillomavirus DNA encapsidation.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Frazer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jun Liu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052688:Bovine papillomavirus 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D002213:Capsid / Q000235:genetics*; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D002417:Cattle; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D004279:DNA, Viral; C085217:L1 protein, Bovine papillomavirus; C085218:L2 protein, Bovine papillomavirus