Development of pharmaceutical care in The Netherlands: pharmacy's contemporary focus on the patient.
OBJECTIVE
To describe how developments in the pharmacy profession in The Netherlands converged into the current movement toward pharmaceutical care.


METHODS
Dutch community pharmacy.


METHODS
Literature was reviewed for key elements of pharmacists' professional development over the last 40 years--the pharmacist-physician relationship, the pharmacist-patient relationship, the education of the pharmacist, provision of information to patients, medication surveillance, clinical pharmacy, and social pharmacy. Consideration was given to how, when and if these elements interacted and contributed to the movement toward pharmaceutical care.


RESULTS
During the early years of the 20th century the professional role of the pharmacist, based on preparing medications, declined because of the increased industrial production of drugs. In The Netherlands, a number of developments, starting around 1995, led to a "reprofessionalization" movement in pharmacy, characterized by pharmacists' increased awareness of social and ethical responsibilities with respect to drugs and patients. These developments included an improved relationship between pharmacists and physicians, the implementation of clinical pharmacy and medical surveillance in daily community pharmacy practice in the 1970s and 1980s, and the increased awareness of the rights of patients to quality drug information and counseling in the 1980s and 1990s. By the end of 1980 these trends had coalesced into a professional movement supporting the need for a pharmaceutical care model of practice.


CONCLUSIONS
Dutch pharmacy is gradually implementing pharmaceutical care in daily community practice. However, a proactive attitude, not only from the "front runners," but from all pharmacists, is desirable if pharmaceutical care is to be incorporated into routine community practice.
van Mil
J W
JW
Department of Social Pharmacy and Pharmacoepidemiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. foppe@farm.rug.nl
Tromp
D F
DF
McElnay
J C
JC
de Jong-van den Berg
L T
LT
Vos
R
R
D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D005791:Patient Care; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000379:methods*; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000266:history* / Q000592:standards; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations