title: Topical use of chitosan in ophthalmology: tolerance assessment and evaluation of precorneal retention.
abstract: The mucoadhesive polysaccharide chitosan was evaluated as a potential component in ophthalmic gels for enabling increased precorneal drug residence times. This cationic vehicle was expected to slow down drug elimination by the lacrymal flow both by increasing solution viscosity and by interacting with the negative charges of the mucus. The molecular weight (Mw) and concentration of polysaccharide were studied in four types of chitosan as parameters that might influence ocular tolerability and precorneal residence time of formulations containing tobramycin as therapeutic agent. An ocular irritation test, using confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscopy (CLSO) combined with corneal fluorescein staining, clearly demonstrated the excellent tolerance of chitosan after topical administration onto the corneal surface. Gamma scintigraphic data showed that the clearance of the formulations labelled with 99mTc-DTPA was significantly delayed in the presence of chitosan with respect to the commercial collyrium (Tobrex(R)), regardless of the concentration and of the molecular weight of chitosan in solution. At least a 3-fold increase of the corneal residence time was achieved in the presence of chitosan when compared to Tobrex(R).
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Felt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Furrer
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Plazonnet
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Buri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gurny
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002686:Chitin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D048271:Chitosan; D003315:Cornea / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015902:Gamma Cameras; D005782:Gels; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011817:Rabbits; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016284:Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014031:Tobramycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D005782:Gels; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D002686:Chitin; D048271:Chitosan; D016284:Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate; D014031:Tobramycin