title: Ambulation training of neurological patients on the treadmill with a new Walking Assistance and Rehabilitation Device (WARD).
abstract: METHODS
  Patients with neurological walking impairment were rehabilitated with a new system, consisting of an apparatus to constantly relieve the body weight and a treadmill: The Walking Assistance and Rehabilitation Device (WARD). Patients were evaluated before and after rehabilitation with clinical scales and physiological measurements.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of the WARD in improving walking capability in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out in a clinical environment (IRCCS S. Lucia, Rehabilitation Hospital, Rome, Italy).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven patients (six with spinal cord injuries, one with brain injury) underwent a 1 - 2 month training period with the WARD. During the WARD training the body weight constant unloading (BWCU) applied to the patient through the WARD was regularly evaluated. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and heart rate were measured in order to obtain energy and cardiac costs of walking. These measurements were carried out while walking with the WARD at an appropriate treadmill speed (ATS) and in the open field at the most comfortable speed (MCS). All measurements, in addition to clinical scores related to the walking capability, were carried out at the beginning of the WARD training period (BWT) and at the end (EWT). At the EWT the patients were tested walking with the WARD observing the same BWT conditions (same ATS and BWCU), referred to as beginning conditions second measurements (BCSM). The relationships between physiological costs and ATS were described through second order polynomial regression curves and studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing the data obtained at the BWT and EWT, the following results were found significantly different: (1) Clinical scores improved; (2) All patients increased their ATS; (3) The BWCU was reduced; (4) The Walking Energy Cost (WEC) and the Walking Cardiac Cost (WCC) measured when walking with the WARD at the ATS improved in all patients; and (5) The WEC and WCC measured in the open field improved in all patients. The WEC vs ATS curve found at the EWT in the BCSM was found significantly different from the BWT curve, demonstrating a major improvement due to the WARD training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite some limitations due to sample size and functional ambulation scale, this study has demonstrated that the WARD training is effective in improving the walking capability and efficiency of the patients.
authors.affiliation: Lab. di Ingegneria Biomedica, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gazzani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macaluso
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coratella
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ditunno
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Castellano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torre
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Macellari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marchetti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012119:Respiration; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016138:Walking
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide