title: A retrospective search for lyssavirus in humans in the Northern Territory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following the 1996 discovery of a rabies-like lyssavirus in Australian flying foxes, it was unclear whether this was a new epizootic or an unrecognised, previously existing disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review cases of unexplained encephalitis in the Northern Territory (NT) to test available clinical specimens for lyssavirus and survey the use of diagnostic tests by clinicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  The NT hospital morbidity database was searched from January 1992 to September 1996 for all Royal Darwin Hospital (RDH) cases with an ICD-9 code encompassing encephalitis or viral meningitis. Final diagnoses were determined by hospital record review. For cases of unexplained encephalitis, we assessed the use of diagnostic tests and located clinical specimens for testing for lyssavirus-specific inclusion bodies via immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Encephalitis occurred in 34/154 (22%) cases located by the search; 53% (18/34) of encephalitis cases were unexplained. Of these, 24% had no serology performed and 47% had no blood cultures taken. Four (22%) died and two had autopsies. These were the only two cases with clinical specimens available for testing. They were negative for lyssavirus. None of the 71 cases coded as viral meningitis had unexplained encephalitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a considerable proportion of unexplained illness among NT cases of encephalitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should test for lyssavirus in patients with encephalitic symptoms and a postmortem should be sought where death is unexplained. Specimens should be stored to enable testing for emerging infectious diseases.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory. susan.skull@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Skull
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D018114:Lyssavirus; D015876:Northern Territory / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018353:Rhabdoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*