title: Muscle fatigue caused by repeated aerial combat maneuvering exercises.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the development of in-flight muscular fatigue during repeated flights.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to evaluate muscular fatigue in different upper body and neck muscles during repeated aerial combat maneuvering exercises.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six pilots volunteered as test subjects. They performed one-to-one dog fight exercise three times (1 pilot, four times) in one day. During the flights, the pilots' electromyographic activity (EMG) was measured from the abdomen, back, neck and lateral neck. The mean muscular strain for each muscle was calculated. Before the first flight and after each flight, the maximal isometric strength of each muscle was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that maximal isometric strength between the first and last measurement decreased in the back, neck (p < 0.05) and lateral neck muscles. While the G-stress remained the same, the muscular strain during exercises increased in every muscle, but was significant only in neck and lateral neck (p < 0.05-0.01). Due to these changes, the fatigue index in the neck and lateral neck muscles was 2.0-2.1, and 1.3-1.4 (1.0 = no fatigue) in the abdomen and back muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated aerial combat maneuvering exercises caused fatigue in every muscle studied. The fatigue was greater in the neck area, which may increase the risk for neck injuries, and may reduce mission effectiveness. The fighter pilots' muscular strength and endurance in the neck area are subjected to very high demands, especially if exercises are repeated several times. The recovery of the neck muscles from fatigue after repetitive exercises should receive special attention.
authors.affiliation: Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Laboratory of Physiology, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oksa
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hämäläinen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuronen
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D001416:Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004576:Electromyography; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005221:Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D009334:Neck Muscles; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010807:Physical Endurance; D012307:Risk Factors; D014857:Warfare