title: Synthesis and secretion of the anticoagulant protein S and coexpression of the Tyro3 receptor in human lung carcinoma cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein S is a plasma protein that serves as an important cofactor for activated protein C in the blood anticoagulation system. Protein S also acts as a mitogen on distinct cell types and is a ligand for Tyro3, a member of the Axl family of oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases. This lends support to the hypothesis that protein S might also be involved in tumor cell regulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of protein S and receptor Tyro3 was examined in 22 lung carcinoma cell lines and normal bronchial epithelial cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Secreted protein S was identified by Western blot analysis of cell supernatants and tested in a protein S-dependent clotting test for anticoagulant activity. Immunohistochemistry with anti-protein S polyvalent antiserum was also performed on 31 primary lung carcinoma specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Protein S mRNA and secreted protein were found in 11 of 12 cell lines of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) origin and in normal bronchial epithelial cells, but they were found in only 4 of 10 small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cell lines. The majority of lung carcinoma cell lines that expressed protein S (13 of 15) also revealed expression of the cognate receptor, Tyro3. Protein S that was present in cell supernatant had anticoagulant activity comparable to that of plasma protein S, suggesting that it is gamma-carboxylated. In lung tumor tissue, protein S antigen was found in 20 of 31 cases examined, predominantly in tumors of the squamous cell and bronchioalveolar cell types. Protein S was found not only in tumor cells but also in cells of the normal bronchial epithelium, in alveolar macrophages, and in endothelium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the authors' knowledge, their report is the first of the synthesis of an active anticoagulant protein in epithelial cells of human cancer. It suggests that protein S, by binding to a receptor (Tyro3), may influence local anticoagulation events or other, as yet unidentified, aspects of lung tumor development.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Abt. Hämatologie/Onkologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wimmel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rohner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramaswamy
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Heidtmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schuermann
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017293:Protein S / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D017293:Protein S; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C084944:TYRO3 protein, human