title: Localization of the motor hand area using transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The anatomical location of the motor area of the hand may be revealed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The motor cortex representation of the intrinsic hand muscles consists of a knob-like structure. This is omega- or epsilon-shaped in the axial plane and hook-shaped in the sagittal plane. As this knob lies on the surface of the brain, it can be stimulated non-invasively by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). It was the aim of our study to identify the hand knob using fMRI and to reveal if the anatomical hand knob corresponds to the hand area of the motor cortex, as identified by TMS, by means of a frameless MRI-based neuronavigation system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Suprathreshold transcranial magnetic stimuli were applied over a grid on the left side of the scalp of 4 healthy volunteers. The motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the contralateral small hand muscles, and the centers of gravity (CoG) of the MEPs were calculated. The exact anatomical localization of each point on the grid was determined using a frameless MRI-based neuronavigation system. In each subject, the hand area of the motor cortex was visualized using fMRI during sensorimotor activation achieved by clenching the right hand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 4 subjects, the activated precentral site in the fMRI and the CoG of the MEP of all investigated muscles lay within the predicted anatomical area, the so-called hand knob. This knob had the form of an omega in two subjects and an epsilon in the other two subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TMS is a reliable method for mapping the motor cortex. The CoG calculated from the motor output maps may be used as an accurate estimation of the location of the represented muscle in the motor cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boroojerdi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Foltys
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krings
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Spetzger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thron
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Töpper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D006225:Hand / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation