title: Physique, subcutaneous fat, adipose tissue distribution, and risk factors in the Québec Family Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationships among subcutaneous fatness, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) distribution, somatotype and risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 1410 (715 male and 695 female) youths and adults from the Quebec Family Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six skinfolds and the dimensions necessary for the derivation of the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype (endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy) were measured. The six skinfolds were summed to provide an index of subcutaneous adiposity (SUM). In addition, the trunk-to-extremity skinfold ratio, adjusted for SUM using regression procedures (TER), and the first principal component (PC1) of skinfold residuals (also adjusted for SUM) were used to indicate SAT distribution, independent of the overall level of fatness. Risk factors for CHD included systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and fasting glycaemia, triglycerides (TGs), plasma cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein (HDL-C and LDL-C) cholesterol, and the HDL-C/total cholesterol (CHOL) ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, SUM was positively correlated with endomorphy and mesomorphy, and negatively correlated with ectomorphy. On the other hand, SAT distribution was not associated with somatotype, except in females where TER and PC1 were negatively correlated with mesomorphy. Results of forward stepwise regression analyses to predict CHD risk factors, indicated that a significant proportion of the variance in the risk factors could be accounted for by SUM, SAT distribution and somatotype (up to 16%). SUM is the best predictor, entering the regressions first (most important) in six of 15 significant regressions in males and 14 of 16 significant regressions in females. Somatotype components enter as predictors 10 times in males, and six times in females. Similarly, TER and PC1 enter as predictors nine times in males and five times in females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Somatotype is related to SUM, while somatotype and SAT distribution are largely independent of one another. Furthermore, SUM, somatotype and SAT distribution are significant predictors of biological risk factors for CHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Katzmarzyk
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Malina
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouchard
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition; D002648:Child; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011792:Quebec; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012885:Skinfold Thickness