title: Vocal fold proteoglycans and their influence on biomechanics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the interstitial proteins of the vocal fold and their influence on the biomechanical properties of that tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anatomic study of the lamina propria of human cadaveric vocal folds combined with some viscosity testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Identification of proteoglycans is performed with histochemical staining. Quantitative analysis is performed using an image analysis system. A rheometer is used for viscosity testing. Three-dimensional rendering program is used for the computer images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proteoglycans play an important role in tissue biomechanics. Hyaluronic acid is a key molecule that affects viscosity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proteoglycans of the lamina propria have important biological and biomechanical effects. The role of hyaluronic acid in determining tissue viscosity is emphasized. Viscosity, its effect on phonatory threshold pressure and energy expended due to phonation is discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proteoglycans, particularly hyaluronic acid, play important roles in determining biomechanical properties of tissue oscillation. Future research will likely make these proteins of important therapeutic interest.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Voice and Speech, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84113, USA. pcsgray@ihc.com
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Titze
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Hammond
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014783:Viscosity; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005353:Fibronectins; D011509:Proteoglycans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid