title: L-arginine reduces tubular cell injury in acute post-ischaemic renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathophysiology of renal ischaemia, resulting in tubular cell injury and leading to acute renal failure (ARF), remains unclear. An ever-increasing number of investigations focus on a possible role of nitric oxide (NO) in regulating circulation during ARF. In this context, we investigated the influence of chronic stimulation or inhibition of NO synthesis, or both, on haemodynamic parameters, histology and plasma renin activity (PRA) after ischaemia-reperfusion injury of rat kidneys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were performed on adult, male Wistar rats. Before induction of ARF, a group of animals was treated with a NO synthesis inhibitor (L-NAME) and another group was treated with a precursor of NO synthesis (L-arginine). The animals received those substances for 4 weeks. Control groups received the same amount of tap water for 4 or 8 weeks and were divided into groups with ARF (4 weeks--ARF group and 8 weeks ARF group) and a sham-operated group. Another group of rats was treated first with L-NAME and then with L-arginine in their drinking water, for 4 weeks for each of these two substances. All parameters were evaluated 24 h after the induction of ischaemic ARF or the sham operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show that such long-term stimulation of NO release by L-arginine improved renal haemodynamics in the ischaemic form of ARF. Renal blood flow (RBF) increased by 96% in the L-arginine-treated rats with ARF compared with the group with ARF alone. Inhibition of NO synthesis worsens renal haemodynamics after ARF. However, this aggravation can be reversed by L-arginine. The rate of water reabsorption was reduced in all groups with ARF, but this reduction was least in the group treated with L-arginine. The rate of Na+ reabsorption was reduced in all groups 24 h after renal ischaemia, but a significant decrease was observed after the inhibition of NO synthesis. Histological examination of the kidney specimens showed that morphological changes were least in the rats treated with L-arginine, when compared with all other groups with ARF. Nevertheless, the lesions were most prominent in the L-NAME+ARF group. In this group, the areas of corticomedullar necrosis were more widespread in comparison with other groups, especially the L-arginine group where only swelling of the proximal tubular cells was observed. Treatment with L-NAME was not accompanied by any significant alteration in the plasma concentration of angiotensin I (ANG I), while in the group treated with L-arginine ANG I had a tendency to decrease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute post-ischaemic renal failure may be alleviated by administering the NO substrate (L-arginine). NO acts cytoprotectively on tubular epithelial cells in ischaemia--reperfusion injury of rat kidney. Evidence of this comes from both histopathological findings and increased tubular water and sodium reabsorption. However, inhibition of NO synthesis (provoked by L-NAME) worsens renal haemodynamics and aggravates morphological changes after ARF. These aggravations can, however, be reversed by L-arginine.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Research, Medical School, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jerkić
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varagić
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jovović
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Radujković-Kuburović
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nastić-Mirić
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adanja-Grujić
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marković-Lipkovski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dimitrijević
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Miloradović
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Vojvodić
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D000803:Angiotensin I / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications*; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply*; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000803:Angiotensin I; D001120:Arginine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester