title: Association of plasma fibrinogen level and blood pressure with diabetic retinopathy, and renal complications associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the association of several clinical parameters, including plasma fibrinogen level, with diabetic retinopathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 294 Japanese patients with Type 2DM were studied; 53 patients with no diabetic retinopathy (NDR), 90 with background diabetic retinopathy (BDR), and 151 with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess variables independently associated with diabetic retinopathy in two settings: presence of retinopathy of any severity and presence of advanced retinopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following parameters were identified as independent factors associated with the presence of diabetic retinopathy (NDR vs. BDR + PDR): type of therapy (P<0.0005), log-transformed plasma fibrinogen level (P < 0.05), mean blood pressure (P < 0.05), and duration of diabetes (P < 0.05). The independent variables associated with advanced retinopathy were type of therapy (P<0.00005), age (P<0.0005) and nephropathy (P<0.05). Body mass index, smoking and hypertensive status, HbA1c and total cholesterol levels were not independently associated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that in patients with Type 2 DM, an increased blood viscosity due to high fibrinogen level as well as an elevated intravessel pressure play a role in the development of diabetic retinopathy, and that the progression to PDR is influenced or accompanied by the deterioration of renal status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikegami
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yamato
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shintani
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nojima
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawabata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noso
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Babaya
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohguro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogihara
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001809:Blood Viscosity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D005340:Fibrinogen