title: Effect of the degree of quaternization of N-trimethyl chitosan chloride on the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2).
abstract: N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC), a partially quaternized derivative of chitosan with superior water solubility, was synthesized with different degrees of quaternization [12.6% quaternized (TMC-L) and 19.9% quaternized (TMC-H)] and the effects of these novel polymers on the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells were investigated in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements showed that both polymers in 1.5-2.5% w/v concentrations caused a pronounced, concentration dependent lowering in TEER values, but that TMC-H was more effective than TMC-L at similar concentrations (36 +/- 3% reduction with TMC-L and 53 +/- 6% reduction with TMC-H at 2.0% concentrations). Similar results were obtained in transport studies with the hydrophilic radioactive markers [14C]mannitol (MW 182.2) and [14C]polyethylene glycol 4000 ([14C]PEG 4000, MW 4000). The transport of [14C]mannitol was increased 51-fold (TMC-L) and 97-fold (TMC-H) at 2.5% concentrations. No deleterious effects to the cells could be demonstrated with trypan blue exclusion studies. The results show that TMC is able to open the tight junctions of intestinal epithelial cells to allow for paracellular transport of hydrophilic molecules. It is concluded that the charge density of TMC, as determined by the degree of quaternization, is an important factor determining its potential use as an absorption enhancer across intestinal epithelia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, South Africa. fmsafk@puknet.puk.ac.za
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Kotzé
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Thanou
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Luessen
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Verhoef
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Junginger
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects*; D002686:Chitin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D048271:Chitosan; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa; D008353:Mannitol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004337:Drug Carriers; C118071:N-trimethyl chitosan chloride; D002686:Chitin; D008353:Mannitol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D048271:Chitosan