title: Liposomal nystatin against experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits: efficacy, safety and non-compartmental pharmacokinetics.
abstract: The activity of liposomal nystatin against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was investigated in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Treatment groups included liposomal nystatin at dosages of 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg/day intravenously, or amphotericin B deoxycholate 1 mg/kg/day administered intravenously after normal saline loading. As compared with untreated controls, liposomal nystatin administered at 2 and 4 mg/kg/day prolonged survival and reduced fungus-mediated tissue injury and excess lung weight at post-mortem in a similar manner to amphotericin B. Although amphotericin B was superior in clearing infected lung tissue, treatment with all regimens of liposomal nystatin led to a significant reduction in pulmonary fungal tissue burden. During treatment, ultrafast CT-scan demonstrated ongoing resolution of pulmonary lesions at 2 and 4 mg/kg/day, but not at 1 mg/kg/day. With the exception of mild increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine values during treatment at 2 and 4 mg/kg/day, which were similar to those found in amphotericin B-treated rabbits, liposomal nystatin was well tolerated. Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies in non-infected animals established linear drug disposition of liposomal nystatin in plasma over the investigated dosage range and peak plasma levels above the MIC for the test strain after multiple daily dosing for 7 days. Liposomal nystatin increased survival and provided reduced tissue injury, effective microbiological clearance and tolerable side effects in experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits, thus providing a rational basis for further investigations in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Immunocompromised Host Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Groll
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giri
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kligys
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Feuerstein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bacher
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Piscitelli
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D008081:Liposomes; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008172:Lung Diseases, Fungal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000150:complications*; D009761:Nystatin / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011817:Rabbits; D011859:Radiography; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes; D009761:Nystatin; D000666:Amphotericin B; D003404:Creatinine