title: Serious hazards of transfusion (SHOT) initiative: analysis of the first two annual reports.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To receive and collate reports of death or major complications of transfusion of blood or components.
  
  
  METHODS
  Haematologists were invited confidentially to report deaths and major complications after blood transfusion during October 1996 to September 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitals in United Kingdom and Ireland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who died or experienced serious complications, as defined below, associated with transfusion of red cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, or cryoprecipitate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Death, "wrong" blood transfused to patient, acute and delayed transfusion reactions, transfusion related acute lung injury, transfusion associated graft versus host disease, post-transfusion purpura, and infection transmitted by transfusion. Circumstances relating to these cases and relative frequency of complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 24 months, 366 cases were reported, of which 191 (52%) were "wrong blood to patient" episodes. Analysis of these revealed multiple errors of identification, often beginning when blood was collected from the blood bank. There were 22 deaths from all causes, including three from ABO incompatibility. There were 12 infections: four bacterial (one fatal), seven viral, and one fatal case of malaria. During the second 12 months, 164/424 hospitals (39%) submitted a "nil to report" return.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transfusion is now extremely safe, but vigilance is needed to ensure correct identification of blood and patient. Staff education should include awareness of ABO incompatibility and bacterial contamination as causes of life threatening reactions to blood.
authors.affiliation: National Blood Service East Anglia/University of Cambridge Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cambridge CB2 2PT.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soldan
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Skacel
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barbara
mesh_terms: D016913:Blood Component Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D001787:Blood Group Incompatibility; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000401:mortality; D003450:Cryoglobulins; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010949:Plasma; D017713:Platelet Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012308:Risk Management / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D065227:Transfusion Reaction; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003450:Cryoglobulins