title: Neonatal exposure to the food mutagen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine via breast milk or directly induces intestinal tumors in multiple intestinal neoplasia mice.
abstract: We examined whether the food mutagen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) could increase intestinal tumorigenesis in neonatal C57BL/6J-Min/+ mice, a murine model for familial adenomatous polyposis. Min/+ mice are heterozygous for a nonsense mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene and spontaneously develop multiple intestinal adenomas, primarily in the small intestine. Neonatal Min/+ mice (3-6 days old) were exposed to PhIP via breast milk from lactating dams given 8 s.c. injections of 50 mg/kg PhIP three times a week or to 8 s.c. injections of 25 or 50 mg/kg PhIP directly, over the same period. At the age of 11 weeks, the number, diameter and location of the intestinal tumors were scored. Remarkably, a 2- to 4-fold increase in the number of small intestinal tumors was seen in Min/+ mice exposed to PhIP via breast milk (P < 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first time PhIP has been reported to induce tumors following exposure via breast milk from PhIP-exposed dams. Upon direct exposure to 50 mg/kg PhIP, a 6- to 9-fold increase in the number of small intestinal tumors was observed (P < 0.001). The diameter of the PhIP-induced small intestinal tumors was slightly increased (P < 0.001). In the colon, a 3- to 4-fold increase in the number of tumors was seen in Min/+ mice exposed to PhIP via breast milk (P = 0. 004). Direct exposure to 50 mg/kg PhIP caused a 2- to 6-fold increase in the number of colonic tumors (P = 0.014). The PhIP-induced colonic tumors were located more distally and displayed a smaller diameter than the tumors from the controls (P < 0.05). In contrast to a previous study, where PhIP showed only a moderate tumorigenic effect in adult Min/+ mice, the present study demonstrates a strong tumorigenic effect of PhIP in neonatally exposed Min/+ mice, even after exposure via breast milk from PhIP-exposed dams.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, National Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Torshov, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Steffensen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vikse
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D015994:Incidence; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D007093:Imidazoles; D009153:Mutagens; C049584:2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine