title: Structure and regulation of the human NeuroD (BETA2/BHF1) gene.
abstract: In this study, we isolated and characterized the human NeuroD (BETA2/BHF1) gene. This gene was found to consist of two exons and one intron. The promoter regions were well-conserved compared with the mouse NeuroD gene. Two transcription start points (TSPs) were determined by the oligo-capping method. One TATA box was located at -31 bp from the lower TSP. The results of a transient transfection assay using the human neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32 and hamster insulin tumor cell line HIT-T15 suggested that there are at least three positive regulatory regions in the promoter. In these regions, four E boxes (CANNTG), named the E1 to E4 boxes, and two GC boxes were present. Cotransfection of the NeuroD expression vector into IMR-32 cells enhanced the NeuroD promoter activity by about 4-fold. A deletion and mutation analysis revealed that the E1 and E4 boxes, especially the E1 box, are associated with autoactivation and that E2 and E3 boxes are not associated with autoactivation. As mutation analysis of E3 box showed a decrease in the enhancer activity to the basal level, it showed that the E3 box is important to activate the NeuroD transcription. These results raised the possibility that the NeuroD gene expression is positively regulated through the E box sequence, not only by NeuroD itself but also by another E box binding protein.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyachi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawakami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D006224:Cricetinae; D005091:Exons; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C093564:Neurogenic differentiation factor 1