title: Intracellular free calcium accumulation in ferret vascular smooth muscle during crystalloid and blood cardioplegic infusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of magnesium- and potassium-based crystalloid and blood-containing cardioplegic solutions on coronary smooth muscle intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) accumulation and microvascular contractile function were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated ferret hearts were subjected to hyperkalemic (25 mmol/L K+) blood cardioplegic infusion, hypermagnesemic (25 mmol/L Mg2+, K+-free) crystalloid cardioplegic infusion, or hyperkalemic crystalloid cardioplegic infusion for 1 hour. Coronary arterioles were isolated, cannulated, and loaded with fura 2. Reactivity and [Ca2+]i were assessed with videomicroscopy. [Ca2+]i was measured at baseline and after application of 50 mmol/L KCl. In addition, [Ca2+]i and vascular contraction were measured during exposure to Mg2+ and K+ cardioplegic solution at both 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From a baseline [Ca2+]i of 177 +/- 52 nmol/L, K+ cardioplegic infusion (302 +/- 80 nmol/L potassium) markedly increased [Ca2+]i, whereas blood cardioplegic infusion (214 +/- 53 nmol/L) and Mg2+ cardioplegic infusion (180 +/- 42 nmol/L) did not alter [Ca2+]i. Although a difference between groups in percentage contraction after application of 50 mmol/L KCl was not observed, [Ca2+]i increased significantly more in vessels in the control group (764 +/- 327 nmol/L) and the K+ crystalloid cardioplegic infusion group (698 +/- 215 nmol/L) than in vessels in the blood cardioplegic infusion group (402 +/- 45 nmol/L) and the Mg2+ cardioplegic infusion group (389 +/- 80 nmol/L). Mg2+ cardioplegic solution induced no microvascular contraction at either 4 degrees C or 37 degrees C, nor was an increase in [Ca2+]i observed. K+ cardioplegic solution induced microvascular contraction at 37 degrees C but not at 4 degrees C; it increased [Ca2+]i at both 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An Mg2+-based cardioplegic solution, or appropriate Mg2+ or blood supplementation of a K+ crystalloid cardioplegic solution, may decrease the accumulation of [Ca2+]i in the vascular smooth muscle during ischemic arrest.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston Biomedical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tofukuji
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dessy
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Sellke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis*; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005289:Ferrets; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects*; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium