title: The primary sex determination signal of Caenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: An X chromosome counting process determines sex in Caenorhabditis elegans. The dose of X chromosomes is translated into sexual fate by a set of X-linked genes that together control the activity of the sex-determination and dosage-compensation switch gene, xol-1. The double dose of X elements in XX animals represses xol-1 expression, promoting the hermaphrodite fate, while the single dose of X elements in XO animals permits high xol-1 expression, promoting the male fate. Previous work has revealed at least four signal elements that repress xol-1 expression at two levels, transcriptional and post-transcriptional. The two molecularly characterized elements include an RNA binding protein and a nuclear hormone receptor homolog. Here we explore the roles of the two mechanisms of xol-1 repression and further investigate how the combined dose of X signal elements ensures correct, sex-specific expression of xol-1. By studying the effects of increases and decreases in X signal element dose on male and hermaphrodite fate, we demonstrate that signal elements repress xol-1 cumulatively, such that full repression of xol-1 in XX animals results from the combined effect of individual elements. Complete transformation from the hermaphrodite to the male fate requires a decrease in the dose of all four elements, from two copies to one. We show that both mechanisms of xol-1 repression are essential and act synergistically to keep xol-1 levels low in XX animals. However, increasing repression by one mechanism can compensate for loss of the other, demonstrating that each mechanism can exert significant xol-1 repression on its own. Finally, we present evidence suggesting that xol-1 activity can be set at intermediate levels in response to an intermediate X signal.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3204, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Carmi
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D004330:Drosophila / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D018628:Gene Dosage; D005809:Genes, Regulator / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010641:Phenotype; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D019849:Sex Determination Processes; D012737:Sex Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D015801:Helminth Proteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; C115677:sex-1 protein, C elegans