title: Predominance of Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with tuberculous meningitis: reversal after chemotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We analyzed the gammadelta T cell composition and responses in the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children affected by tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and in control children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood and CSF samples were stimulated with different phosphoantigens and IL-2, and expansion of Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells assessed by FACS analysis. Vgamma9/Vdelta2 lines were obtained by culturing CSF or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro with phosphoantigens and IL-2 for 2 months, and tested for proliferation and cytokine production in response to phosphoantigens. Vdelta2(D)Jdelta junctional sequence length was assessed by PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The repertoire of gammadelta T cells from the CSF of TBM patients was characterized by the predominance of Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T lymphocytes, which accounted for >80% of gammadelta T cells. Vgamma9/Vdelta2 cells from the CSF of TBM children responded to different synthetic and natural (mycobacterial) phosphoantigens and produced discrete amounts of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. The in vitro expansion of Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells from CSF and peripheral blood of TBM patients prominently decreased following chemotherapy, and similarly, the proportion of ex vivo unstimulated Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells in CSF of TBM patients decreased to levels detected in the CSF of control subjects. Vdelta2 CDR3 TCR analysis showed that the remaining Vdelta2 cells in the CSF of TBM patients were still polyclonal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with an involvement of Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells in TBM. http://link. springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00020/bibs/5n5p301. html
authors.affiliation: Institute of General Pathology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dieli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sireci
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Sano
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Champagne
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fourniè
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Salerno
mesh_terms: D000941:Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000494:pharmacology; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016692:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D014390:Tuberculosis, Meningeal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D016207:Cytokines; D016692:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta