title: Secretion of the intestinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide 2 is differentially regulated by nutrients in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glucagon-like peptide 2(1-33) (GLP-2(1-33)), an intestinally derived hormone, stimulates growth in rodent small and large bowel. To explore the physiology of GLP-2(1-33) secretion, we measured plasma GLP-2 levels in 6 healthy male volunteers, before and after test meals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected over 24 hours with the subjects consuming a normal, solid mixed diet (2500 kcal) and for 4 hours after liquid test meals (400 kcal/300 mL) composed of carbohydrate, fat, or protein. All studies commenced at 9 AM. Plasma was extracted and analyzed in radioimmunoassays for N-terminal immunoreactive GLP-2 (N-IR-GLP-2; measures bioactive GLP-2(1-33)) as well as total IR-GLP-2 (T-IR-GLP-2), which includes GLP-2(1-33), GLP-2(3-33) (an inactive degradation product of GLP-2(1-33)), and the pancreatic major proglucagon fragment (an inactive precursor that contains GLP-2). Basal and nutrient-stimulated plasma samples were also analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the levels of GLP-2(1-33) and GLP-2(3-33).
  
  
  RESULTS
  N-IR-GLP-2 levels were increased 2.0 +/- 0.2- to 2.8 +/- 0.5-fold 40 minutes after each mixed meal (P < 0.05-0.01) and returned to basal overnight, whereas T-IR-GLP-2 levels were increased 1.3 +/- 0.1-fold 40 minutes after breakfast only (P < 0.05). After ingestion of carbohydrate or fat alone, plasma N-IR-GLP-2 concentrations increased by 5.6 +/- 2.0- and 2.7 +/- 0.6-fold within 1 hour (P < 0.05). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed a relative increase in the levels of GLP-2(1-33) compared with GLP-2(3-33) (P < 0.05). Ingestion of the protein meal did not alter N-IR-GLP-2 levels, whereas T-IR-GLP-2 was increased by fat and protein (by 1.7 +/- 0. 2-fold for each, P < 0.01) but not by carbohydrate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that secretion of GLP-2(1-33) from the intestine is regulated in a nutrient-dependent manner in normal humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Toronto and the Toronto Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Boushey
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Drucker
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Brubaker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D053767:Glucagon-Like Peptide 2; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D053767:Glucagon-Like Peptide 2; D010455:Peptides; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides