title: Intraoperative considerations during minimal-access cardiac surgery.
abstract: The range of minimal-access cardiac surgery approaches has many implications in intraoperative management. A modified anesthetic regimen is required to deal with the type of surgical exposure, hemodynamic instability, whether cardiopulmonary bypass is used, and early extubation. Intraoperative considerations include hemodynamic monitoring, one-lung ventilation, pharmacological stabilization of the myocardium, pacing, hypothermia, bleeding, and rapid emergence with a minimum of postoperative mechanical ventilation. As a result, anesthetic methods and intraoperative management were modified to meet these specific needs of minimally invasive cardiac procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Krucylak
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D011182:Postoperative Care