title: Cellular infiltration and cytokine mRNA expression in perennial allergic rhinitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Allergen challenge in allergic rhinitis patients leads to local eosinophilia and Th2-type cytokine expression. Natural exposure to grass pollen is additionally characterized by epithelial mast-cell infiltration. We hypothesized that perennial allergic rhinitis is also associated with T-cell and eosinophil infiltration of the nasal mucosa, local Th2-type cytokine expression, and increased numbers of nasal epithelial mast cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal biopsies from perennial allergic rhinitis patients and controls were analysed by immunocytochemistry for different cell populations and in situ hybridization for cytokine mRNA-expressing cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perennial allergic rhinitis was associated with increased numbers of submucosal CD3+ T cells (P=0.05), EG2+ activated eosinophils (P=0.01), and CD68+ macrophages (P=0.01) compared to controls. Epithelial, but not submucosal, tryptase-positive mast cells were also elevated in rhinitics compared to controls (P=0.01). The numbers of cells expressing interleukin (IL)-5 were higher (P=0.01) and the numbers of cells expressing IL-2 were lower (P=0.04) in rhinitic patients than controls. There were no significant differences for either IL-4 or interferon-gamma between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perennial allergic rhinitis is characterized by mast-cell migration into the epithelium; submucosal infiltration by T cells, eosinophils, and macrophages; and an imbalance in local T-cell cytokine production in favour of enhanced IL-5 and reduced IL-2 expression.
authors.affiliation: Upper Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine at the National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Varga
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Till
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masuyama
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rak
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Scadding
authors.forename: Q A
authors.initials: QA
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Durham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000276:immunology; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D017252:CD3 Complex; D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2