title: Finite-element morphometry of soft tissues in prepubertal Korean and European-Americans with Class III malocclusions.
abstract: The purpose was to test the hypothesis that soft-tissue morphology differs consistently in people of diverse ethnic origin exhibiting Class III malocclusions. Lateral cephalographs of 70 Korean and 71 European-American children aged between 5 and 11 years were traced and 12 homologous, soft-tissue landmarks digitized. The total sample was subdivided into seven age- and sex-matched groups, and Procrustes superimposition was used to generate average geometries scaled to an equivalent size. Statistical differences were tested by ANOVA. Graphical analysis using a colour-coded finite-element (FEM) program was used to localize differences in morphology. Procrustes' results indicated that the overall mean Korean and European-American soft-tissue configurations differed statistically (p<0.001), and this difference was also true in all seven age groups tested (p<0.001). On comparing mean Korean and European-American Class III soft-tissue configurations for local size change, FEM analysis revealed that whereas the Korean mental regions generally were smaller (approx. 43% on average), local increases in size were apparent for the lower lip (approx. 29% on average). For shape change, the mean Korean and European-American soft-tissue configurations were fairly isotropic except in the region of the columella, lower lip and the anterior part of the mental region. Features of the soft-tissue integument in individuals of diverse ethnic origins appear to be associated with the underlying skeletal Class III morphology.
authors.affiliation: Dundee Dental Hospital and School, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK. g.d.singh@dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lozanoff
mesh_terms: D000569:Americas; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044466:Asian People; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002680:Chin / Q000473:pathology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005060:Europe; D005145:Face; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007723:Korea; D008046:Lip / Q000473:pathology; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000473:pathology*; D009666:Nose / Q000473:pathology; D044465:White People