title: In situ detection of the Clostridium botulinum type C1 toxin gene in wetland sediments with a nested PCR assay.
abstract: A nested PCR was developed for detection of the Clostridium botulinum type C1 toxin gene in sediments collected from wetlands where avian botulism outbreaks had or had not occurred. The C1 toxin gene was detected in 16 of 18 sites, demonstrating both the ubiquitous distribution of C. botulinum type C in wetland sediments and the sensitivity of the detection assay.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA. Judy_Williamson@usgs.gov
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rocke
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Aiken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D001717:Birds; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000235:genetics*; D001906:Botulism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005618:Fresh Water; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology*; D009658:North Dakota / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins; C096324:botulinum toxin type C