title: Cavernous angiomas of the brain stem. Intra-axial anatomical pitfalls and surgical strategies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We review the surgical anatomy of the brain stem in relation to the surgical approaches adopted for treatment of cavernomas and identify possible "safe entry zones" on the anterior face of the brainstem.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve symptomatic patients with cavernoma or telangectasia of the brain stem were surgically treated. The brain stem was divided into the following anatomical areas: ventral medulla, dorsal medulla, dorsal pons, ventral pons, ventral mesencephalon, and dorsal mesencephalon, so that the surgical approach could be "individualized" according to the position of the cavernoma, the nerve fasciculi and nuclei.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the anterior surface of the brain stem a medullar paramedian oblique access to the anterolateral sulcus and a paramedian sagittal pons access seem to avoid the main nerve fasciculi and nuclei.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the parenchymal window produced by the cavernoma is the most important parameter for the choice of approach, fairly safe entry zones may be identified even on the anterior surface of the medulla and pons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Neurosurgery I, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cantore
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Missori
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santoro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006392:Hemangioma, Cavernous / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies