title: Who participates in research on adherence to treatment in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus? Implications and recommendations for research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examine the implications of nonparticipation in studies of treatment adherence among adolescents with chronic health conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Empirical data from an adherence study with adolescents with diabetes were used to demonstrate the influence of family participation on demographic and health outcome variables. Ninety-four families were categorized into one of three groups: (1) families that declined to participate in the study at recruitment (nonconsenters), (2) families that agreed to participate, but failed to return the study questionnaires (nonreturners), and (3) families that had at least one family member return the questionnaires (participants).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite being similar demographically, nonreturners had significantly lower treatment adherence scores and the adolescents tested their blood sugar less frequently than participants. Participants and non-consenters did not differ on any available data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We discuss the implications of these group differences on the generalizability of research findings, offer suggestions about how to maximize and maintain participation in research studies, and suggest directions for future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7123, USA. kar16@po.cwru.edu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Riekert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drotar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*; D015983:Selection Bias