title: Glove perforation rate in open lung surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In open lung surgery the surgical access is encircled by the ribs, which should result in a high glove perforation rate compared with other surgical specialities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospectively the surgeon, first and second assistant and the scrub nurse wore double standard latex gloves during 100 thoracotomies. Parameters recorded were: procedure performed, number of perforations, localization of perforation, the seniority of the surgeon, manoeuvre performed at the moment of perforation, immediate cause of perforation, operation time, performance of rib resection during thoracotomy and time of occurrence of the first three perforations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One thousand, six hundred and seventy-three gloves (902 outer, 771 inner) were tested. In 78 operations perforations occurred. There were 150 outer glove perforations (8.9%, 0-8, mean 1.23), 19 inner glove perforations (1.13%, 0-2, mean 0.19). Cutaneous blood exposure was prevented in 78% of all operations and in 87% of all perforations. The perforation rate for the surgeon, the scrub nurse, the first and the second assistant were 61.2, 40.4, 9.7 and 3.1% of all operations, respectively. Rib resection and a duration of more than 2 h resulted in a significant rise of glove perforation rate (P<0.05). The personal experience of the surgeon and the type of operation did not correlate with glove perforation. The immediate cause leading to perforation was named in only 17 cases (13.7%) and comprised contact with bone (seven), a needle stitch (seven) and a production flaw (three). Leaks were localized mostly on the first finger (18%),second finger, (39%) palm and dorsum of the hand (16%). The average occurrence of all first perforations was 38.7 min (range 3-190) after the beginning of surgery, the second after 63.2 min (range 10-195). Fifty-four first perforations (50.5%) were found during the first 30 min of the operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported perforation rate of 78% lies in the highest range of reported perforation rates in different surgical specialities. Double gloving effectively prevented cutaneous blood exposure and thus should become a routine for the thoracic surgeon to prevent transmission of infectious diseases from the patient to the surgeon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Pulmologisches Zentrum Wien, Austria. peter.hollaus@pul.magwien.gv.at
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hollaus
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lax
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janakiev
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Wurnig
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Pridun
mesh_terms: D004868:Equipment Failure; D005932:Gloves, Surgical; D006801:Humans; D017758:Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy