title: Left heart hypoplasia and neonatal aortic arch obstruction: is the Rhodes left ventricular adequacy score applicable?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the influence of small left heart structures on outcome of a biventricular repair in neonatal critical aortic stenosis is well documented, little is known about its effect in neonates with aortic arch obstruction and coarctation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of small left heart structures on early and late results of repair and the ability to achieve a biventricular repair in neonates with coarctation and aortic arch obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonates included in this study had a left ventricular adequacy score (as proposed by Rhodes and associates for critical aortic stenosis) that would have predicted a need for a univentricular (Norwood) repair. All were ductus dependent but had antegrade ascending aortic flow and a small but nonstenotic aortic valve (<30 mm Hg gradient). Twenty neonates aged 10 +/- 9 days were identified for the study with weights averaging 3. 1 +/- 0.6 kg. Selected left heart measurements obtained by preoperative echocardiography included the following: aortic anulus 5.3 +/- 0.3 mm, mitral anulus 8.4 +/- 1.0 mm, transverse aortic arch 3.4 +/- 0.6 mm, and left ventricular volume 25 +/- 4 mL/m2. All patients underwent coarctation repair by resection and extended end-to-end anastomosis to enlarge the transverse arch as needed. Three patients underwent simultaneous pulmonary artery banding because of a hemodynamically significant ventricular septal defect. These 3 patients have subsequently had their defects successfully closed without mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no early or late deaths at a follow-up of 38 +/- 16 months after the operation. Three patients (3/20, 15%) have had to undergo reintervention with balloon aortoplasty because of recurrent coarctation (gradient > 20 mm Hg) in 2 and resection of subaortic stenosis in 1. Late follow-up in the remaining patients reveals 1 with moderate subaortic stenosis (gradient = 43 mm Hg), 2 with mild aortic stenosis (gradient < 30 mm Hg), and 2 with mild to moderate mitral stenosis. At late follow-up, 16 patients (16/20, 80%) are completely free of symptoms and 4 (4/20, 20%) have mild residual symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biventricular physiology can be successfully achieved in neonates with small left heart structures and aortic arch obstruction with minimal mortality and excellent late functional results. Standard echocardiographic measurements used to predict the need for a univentricular repair in critical aortic stenosis are not valid for the neonate with aortic arch obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiology, Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, Primary Children's Medical Center, and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Tani
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Minich
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Pagotto
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Shaddy
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: McGough
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001015:Aortic Arch Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001017:Aortic Coarctation / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001835:Body Weight; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012008:Recurrence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left