title: Pediatric photoscreening for strabismus and refractive errors in a high-risk population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the accuracy of the MTI Photoscreener in detecting strabismus and refractive errors in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred children underwent MTI photoscreening followed by complete ophthalmologic examination. Six observers graded the photographs for strabismus, according to the location of the corneal light reflexes, and for refractive error, according to the size and location of the light crescent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity of the MTI Photoscreener in detecting any amblyogenic factor was 80% to 91%, with a specificity of 20% to 67%. The sensitivity and specificity for particular amblyogenic factors varied widely among observers. The ranges were as follows: strabismus, sensitivity = 23% to 50%, specificity = 76% to 96%; myopia, sensitivity = 89%, specificity = 48% to 76%; hyperopia, sensitivity = 20% to 80%, specificity = 88% to 96%; and astigmatism, sensitivity = 46% to 77%, specificity = 79% to 89%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest caution in relying on photoscreening to detect strabismus and refractive errors in children.
authors.affiliation: Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Siatkowski
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Schiffman
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Flynn
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D010781:Photography; D015995:Prevalence; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013285:Strabismus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*