title: Surgery and radiotherapy compared with gamma knife radiosurgery in the treatment of solitary cerebral metastases of small diameter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this retrospective study was to compare treatment results of surgery plus whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) with gamma knife radiosurgery alone as the primary treatment for solitary cerebral metastases suitable for radiosurgical treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who had a single circumscribed tumor that was 3.5 cm or smaller in diameter were included. Treatment results were compared between microsurgery plus WBRT (52 patients, median tumor dose 50 Gy) and radiosurgery alone (56 patients, median prescribed tumor dose 22 Gy). In case of local/distant tumor recurrence in the radiosurgery group, additional radiosurgical treatment was administered in patients with stable systemic disease. Survival time was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and prognostic factors were obtained from the Cox model. The patient groups did not differ in terms of age, gender, pretreatment Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score, duration of symptoms, tumor location, histological findings, status of the primary tumor, time to metastasis, and cause of death. Patients who suffered from larger lesions underwent surgery (p < 0.01). The 1-year survival rate (median survival) was 53% (68 weeks) in the surgical group and 43% (35 weeks) in the radiosurgical group (p = 0.19). The 1-year local tumor control rates after surgery and radiosurgery were 75% and 83%, respectively (p = 0.49), and the 1-year neurological death rates in these groups were 37% and 39% (p = 0.8). Shorter overall survival time in the radiosurgery group was related to higher systemic death rates. A pretreatment KPS score of less than 70 was a predictor of unfavorable survival. Perioperative morbidity and mortality rates were 7.7% and 1.6% in the resection group, and 8.9% and 1.2% in the radiosurgery group, respectively. Four patients presented with transient radiogenic complications after radiosurgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiosurgery alone can result in local tumor control rates as good as those for surgery plus WBRT in selected patients. Radiosurgery should not be routinely combined with radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Klinikum Grosshadern, and Gamma Knife Center, Munich, Germany. Alexander.Muacevic@nc.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muacevic
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Kreth
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Horstmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmid-Elsaesser
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wowra
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Steiger
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Reulen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016634:Radiosurgery; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome