title: Cocaine induced apoptosis in rat testes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exposure of rats to chronic cocaine results in disruption of spermatogenesis including reduction of germ cells. However, the cellular mechanism responsible for the testicular damage in testes is still unknown. We have studied the role of apoptosis in cocaine induced testicular damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were given cocaine hydrochloride (15 mg./kg. body weight) subcutaneously daily for 90 days. Control animals received equal volumes of normal saline daily for 90 days. Testes were removed at 15, 30, 60, and 90 days of cocaine administration. In situ detection of germ cells with DNA strand breaks in paraffin-embedded testicular section (5 microm.) was achieved by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP in situ nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method. DNA fragmentation was also determined by gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apoptotic cells were found in the spermatocytes and spermatogonia of germinal epithelium. Less than 7% of seminiferous tubule cross sections showed a high level of apoptosis (> or =3 apoptotic cells per tubule) in control animals compared with experimental group where 25% of the tubules showed a high level of apoptosis (p<0.05). The number of apoptotic cells was significantly increased by 15 days, peaked at 30 days and persisted up to 90 days of cocaine exposure when compared with controls (p<0.05). DNA isolated from the cocaine treated testes displayed a clear ladder pattern whereas the DNA from controls did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental results presented here suggest that cocaine exposure leads to significant apoptosis in rat testes and the mechanism of cocaine induced testicular injury may be related to the induction of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajpurkar
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Dhabuwala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine