title: Endoscopic spray cryotherapy: a new technique for mucosal ablation in the esophagus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A simple and safe method for controlled ablation of esophageal mucosa is not currently available. Therefore, an endoscopic cryotherapy device was developed and its efficacy and safety were assessed in a swine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The device consists of a cryogenic system that delivers cold nitrogen gas via a catheter introduced into the esophagus through the accessory channel of an upper GI endoscope. Esophagoscopy was performed in 20 swine under conscious sedation, and cold nitrogen gas was sprayed on the distal 2 to 3 cm of the esophagus under direct visualization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Freezing of the esophageal mucosa was evidenced by the appearance of a white "cryoburn" with sharply demarcated margins. Hemicircumferential to circumferential freezing of the distal esophagus was achieved in 20 swine by varying the duration of cryoburn from 10 to 60 seconds. Mucosal ablation was noted 2 to 7 days after treatment in 95% of the swine. Complications included 3 esophageal strictures and 1 aspiration pneumonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cryotherapy performed by spraying liquid nitrogen at upper GI endoscopy is a simple technique capable of inducing controlled superficial mucosal necrosis with complete healing in the esophagus. This method warrants further evaluation as a treatment for esophageal lesions including Barrett's esophagus.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland 20889, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Schoenfeld
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Mysore
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dubois
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020701:Esophagoscopes; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D012449:Safety; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors