title: Effect of pharmaceutical services on adherence to criteria-for-use guidelines in the operating room.
abstract: Guidelines for the use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) and sedatives during two- to four-hour surgical procedures were developed, and the effect of pharmacy presence on adherence to the guidelines was determined. Differences in cost per dose of the NMBAs pancuronium bromide, cisatracurium besylate, and vecuronium bromide were determined. Pancuronium was designated as the first-line agent in the NMBA guidelines, cisatracurium as the second-line agent, and vecuronium as the third-line agent. In the sedative guidelines, lorazepam was the first-line agent, midazolam was the second-line agent, and propofol was the third-line agent. Pharmacy presence in the operating room was provided during January 1997. The pharmacist made a preliminary decision about the most appropriate agent and encouraged guideline adherence. Cost and adherence data were compared with data for November 1996 and March 1997. During January, the NMBA guidelines were followed 75% of the time and the sedative guidelines were followed 15% of the time; the corresponding rates for March were 40% and 12%. Compared with November 1996, a saving of $5.61 per case was observed in January in the NMBA category and a saving of $2.77 was observed in March; between January and March, there was an increase of $2.84 per case. Pharmacy presence in the OR was associated with better adherence to criteria-for-use guidelines for NMBAs and sedatives; NMBA cost savings associated with implementation of the guidelines were higher when a pharmacist was present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Services, Grace Hospital, Detroit, MI 48235, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bach
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003625:Data Collection; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000592:standards; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents