title: The influence of the tonsillar gag on efficacy of seal, anatomic position, airway patency, and airway protection with the flexible laryngeal mask airway: a randomized, cross-over study of fresh adult cadavers.
abstract: We conducted a randomized, controlled, cross-over cadaver study to test the hypothesis that the efficacy of seal for ventilation and airway protection, anatomic position, and airway patency with the flexible laryngeal mask airway (FLMA) are altered by the application of a Boyle Davis (B-D) gag. We also determined the airway sealing pressure (ASP) at which the FLMA prevents aspiration when large volumes of fluid are placed above the cuff. We studied 20 adult cadavers (6-24 h postmortem). Efficacy of seal for ventilation and airway protection, anatomic position, and airway patency were determined with and without a B-D gag (two blade sizes: 8 and 10 cm) for the size 3, 4, and 5 FLMA in random order. Efficacy of seal for ventilation was determined by measuring the ASP at an intracuff pressure of 60 cm H2O. Efficacy of seal for airway protection was determined by flooding the mouth with 55-135 mL of water, reducing intracuff pressure until aspiration was detected fiberoptically and measuring ASP at this intracuff pressure. Anatomic position and airway patency were determined with a fiberoptic scope at an intracuff pressure of 60 cm H2O. In addition, in vivo compliance and ASP for the FLMA were measured in 10 cadavers and 10 paralyzed, anesthetized patients. Efficacy of seal for ventilation and airway protection, anatomic position, and airway patency did not change with the application of a gag for any mask size. The mean (range) ASP at which aspiration occurred when large volumes of fluid were placed above the cuff was 11 (7-15) cm H2O. The ASP for ventilation was always higher than the ASP for airway protection (P<0.0001). The FLMA had similar in vivo compliance and ASP in cadavers and anesthetized patients. We conclude that efficacy of seal for ventilation and airway protection, anatomic position and airway patency for the FLMA are unaffected by the application of a B-D gag in adults. ASP should be >15 cm H2O if there is a maximal risk of aspiration from above the cuff.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The flexible laryngeal mask airway forms an effective seal for ventilation and protection of the airway that is unaffected by the application of a mouth gag that provides surgical access to the oropharynx. The efficacy of the seal should be >15 cm H2O if there is a maximal risk of aspiration from above the cuff.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Queensland and Cairns Base Hospital, The Esplanade, Australia. 100236,2343@compuserve.com
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Brimacombe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gunkel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pühringer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017214:Laryngeal Masks; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014066:Palatine Tonsil; D011312:Pressure