title: A transient and a persistent calcium release are induced by chlorocresol in cultivated mouse myotubes.
abstract: The effect of 4-chloro-m-cresol (4-CmC), a stabilizing agent used in commercial preparations of the muscle relaxant succinylcholine, on intracellular free calcium levels in cultivated mouse myotubes was studied. Calcium signals were monitored with an inverted microscope equipped for fluorescence photometry using fura-2 as the calcium indicator. Upon bath application of 500 microM 4-CmC for 90 s, two separate calcium signals, a transient and a sustained one, could be regularly discriminated. First, with a delay of 2 s, the intracellular calcium concentration increased from 41+/-13 to 541+/-319 nM, peaked after 2-5 s and declined within 10 s to nearly resting values (n=36). Then, after a delay of up to 20 s, intracellular calcium rose quickly again to almost the same value and stayed elevated as long as the drug was applied. Upon drug removal, intracellular calcium rapidly decreased to a new level that was always slightly higher than the original base line. At 250 microM 4-CmC, the response was small, whereas at 500 microM it was at its maximum. Thus, the concentration-response curve was very steep. Replacement of extracellular calcium by EGTA and application of calcium channel blockers revealed that, for both the transient and the sustained response, calcium was released from intracellular stores. Pre-treatment with thapsigargin (0.1 microM) or ryanodine (10 microM) abolished both signal components. Repeated short-term applications of 4-CmC suggest that the two components may arise from different systems.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Allgemeine Physiologie, Universität Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Gschwend
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rüdel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brinkmeier
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Föhr
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D003408:Cresols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D016257:Fura-2; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000187:drug effects; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D003408:Cresols; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; C006984:chlorocresol; D002118:Calcium; D016257:Fura-2