title: Genotypes of Helicobacter pylori obtained from gastric ulcer patients taking or not taking NSAIDs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Whether Helicobacter pylori infection and use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are independent risk factors for ulcerogenesis remains unclear. We undertook this study to evaluate H. pylori isolates from gastric ulcer patients to determine whether the genotype of the infecting isolate could be correlated with the use or nonuse of NSAIDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two patients presenting with gastric ulcer and infected with H. pylori were included; 26 patients were taking NSAIDs or aspirin (ASA) regularly at the time of ulcer diagnosis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to assess the presence and mosaicism of the following H. pylori genes: cagA, vacA, iceA, and picB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no statistical differences in the presence of these genes in H. pylori isolates from gastric ulcer patients taking or not taking prescription NSAIDs or ASA. A 297-bp fragment of the cagA gene was detected in 96% of the isolates from the NSAID and ASA users and 100% from the non-NSAID users (p = 1.0). A larger and more variable region of the cagA gene was detected more frequently among the isolates from non-NSAID users than those from NSAID users (p = 0.05). Ninety-two percent of the isolates were identified as vacA genotype s1. The dominant vacA subtype was s1b, 76.9% and 65.4% in isolates from non-NSAID-taking or NSAID-taking patients, respectively (p = 0.4). iceA1 genotype was not correlated with gastric ulcer as this allele was only detected in 17.3% of all isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No significant differences in the presence of the candidate virulence genes vacA, cagA, picB, or iceA were detected in isolates from gastric ulcer patients taking prescription NSAIDs or ASA, compared with those not taking these drugs, indicating that single gene presence does not allow discrimination of isolates that may be important in NSAID-induced ulcerogenesis. A variable region of the cagA gene was more frequently detected in isolates from patients not taking NSAIDs or ASA, suggesting that this gene may be modified by NSAID- or ASA-related factors or that certain strains may be selected for in patients taking these medications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ayub
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Go
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009030:Mosaicism / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C103937:PicB protein, Helicobacter pylori; C074689:VacA protein, Helicobacter pylori; C080866:cagA protein, Helicobacter pylori; C063113:ice nucleation protein; D001241:Aspirin