title: Measuring counterdependency in patients with chronic pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some reports have characterized patients with chronic pain as counterdependent, that is, having emotional suppression, idealization of relationships, strong work ethic, a caregiver role-identity, and self-reliance. However, research has been hampered because formal measures of these traits have been lacking. In this article, we describe a five-item self-report questionnaire, the Counterdependency Scale (CDS), designed to elicit each of these traits on a Likert scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CDS was administered to 150 consecutive patients evaluated in an outpatient psychiatry consultation program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CDS scores were normally distributed and had significant interitem correlations and test-retest reliability (r = 0.68). As expected, subjects with chronic pain (N = 100) had higher mean CDS scores than those without chronic pain (t = 5.6, p = .000). CDS scores were independent of demographic variables and measures of anxiety, depression, alexithymia, and somatic amplification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that counterdependency can be described by a distinct and measurable cluster of traits associated with chronic pain.
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Psychiatry Consultation Program, SUNY Health Science Center, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Berry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003858:Dependency, Psychological; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010551:Personality; D010556:Personality Tests / Q000592:standards*; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000523:psychology