title: Internal spinal fixator stiffness has only a minor influence on stresses in the adjacent discs.
abstract: METHODS
  Stresses in vertebral endplates and discs were calculated using the three-dimensional nonlinear finite-element model of a lumbar spine with an internal spinal fixation device.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of fixator stiffness on stresses in the adjacent discs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There are few computer models of the lumbar spine with a fixator. Most of these models neglect the muscle forces. Fixator stiffness is assumed to influence greatly the stresses in the adjacent discs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two three-dimensional nonlinear finite-element models were used to determine stresses in the lumbar spine for standing and 60 degrees flexion of the upper body. One model had an internal spinal fixator, the other did not. In a parameter study, the diameters of the longitudinal rod of the fixator were assumed to be 3, 5, 7, and 10 mm. In the computer model, the forces of the trunk muscles were simulated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diameter of the longitudinal rod strongly affected the fixator loads but hardly influenced the stresses in the vertebral endplates. The stresses in the bridged discs were strongly reduced. However, the internal fixator had only a minor influence on the stresses in the anulus fibrosus and the pressure in the nucleus pulposus of the adjacent discs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stiffness of an internal spinal fixation device has only a minor influence on stresses in the adjacent discs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanics, Free University of Berlin, Germany. rohlmann@medizin.fu-berlin.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rohlmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calisse
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D004548:Elasticity; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000502:physiology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D008954:Models, Biological; D013314:Stress, Mechanical