title: Failure of resin-modified glass-ionomers subjected to shear loading.
abstract: The mechanism of bond failure of resin-modified glass-ionomers is unknown. This study examined the failure on shear loading at the dentine interface of these materials. Twenty-five teeth (embedded in acrylic blocks) were sectioned longitudinally to expose a flat dentine surface. Cylinders of materials were made by injecting into a tube placed on the dentine of each section surface. The materials used were Fuji Cap II and Fuji II LC (GC Corp., Japan), Vitremer (3M Dental Products, USA), Photac-Fil (original) and Photac-Fil* (new) (ESPE Dental-AG, Germany). After a week, a fluorescent dye was placed in the pulp chamber of each tooth and left for 3 h. The specimens were sectioned through the cylinders before both halves were tested in shear. The failure was observed using a confocal microscope, with video rate images (stored) digitally. The shear load at failure and locus of failure were recorded. All specimens had intact interfaces before testing, except the original Photac-Fil specimens which dislodged from their tooth surfaces even before testing, while being mounted on the device. An amorphous zone or absorption layer was noted at the dentine interface of 60% of Fuji II LC, 22% of Vitremer and all of the Photac-Fil* (new) specimens, but not in Fuji Cap II. Failure was cohesive in Fuji II LC, adhesive in Vitremer, cohesive/adhesive in Photac-Fil* (new) and cohesive in Fuji Cap II. In specimens with the absorption layer present, the failure was at the material/absorption layer interface, leaving it behind on the dentine surface. The mean stresses at failure (MPa) and standard deviations were 5.60, 2.46 (Fuji II LC); 4.82, 0.99 (Vitremer); 4.97, 2.10 MPa (Photac-Fil*); and 3.48, 1.06 (Fuji Cap II). All data were normally distributed as tested by the Shapiro-Francia test. One-way analysis of variance using exact inferential statistics indicated no significant difference between the mean failure stress for all the systems, p = 0.08. The mechanism of failure of resin-modified glass-ionomer materials to shear loading at the dentine interface varies between products. In materials in which the absorption layer is present, it appears to play an important role in mediating the bond of the glass-ionomer to dentine.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. s.sidhu@umds.ac.uk
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sherriff
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003804:Dentin; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008422:Materials Testing; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C079765:Fuji II LC cement; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; C081144:Photac-Fil; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; C084550:Vitremer; C084541:Fuji glass-ionomer lining cement