title: Physiological characteristics of well-trained synchronized swimmers in relation to performance scores.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the physiological characteristics of synchronized swimmers and their performance scores. The subjects were 16 trained female synchronized swimmers with a mean age of 17.2 +/- 1.7 years (mean +/- SD). The examined variables were body dimensions (height, width, body mass, circumference of the body and segment length), body composition, isokinetic muscle strength of the elbow and knee during extension and flexion, abdominal muscle endurance, anaerobic power (leg extension power and peak blood lactate concentration), aerobic power (maximum oxygen uptake [VO2max], swimming velocity at the onset of blood lactate accumulation [OBLA-V]), and flexibility (standing trunk flexion, prone trunk extension and distance between the open legs). The performance scores had significant correlations (p < 0.05) with isokinetic muscle strength of the elbow extension and flexion, and the knee extension, abdominal muscle endurance, leg extension power, VO2max x wt(-1), OBLA-V and distance between the open legs. However, no significant correlations were found between the performance scores and anthropometric variables. This study showed that the performance scores of synchronized swimmers correlated significantly with the functional aspects, and that muscle strength, muscle endurance and aerobic capacity seem to be particularly important determinants.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics, School of Physical Education, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan. cyamamur@cnc.chukyo-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yamamura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zushi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishiko
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitagawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D001824:Body Constitution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D018583:Pliability; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*