title: Neuroendocrine responses to psychological workload of instrument flying in student pilots.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information processing and stress tolerance are necessary features for instrument flying (IFR), especially among student pilots. Psychological workload of IFR flight may lead to stress reactions such as neuroendocrine activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neuroendocrine responses to an IFR flight with Vinka piston-engined primary trainer were studied in 35 male volunteers who participated in the basic military flying course of the Finnish Air Force (FAF). The student pilots performed a 40-min IFR flight mission and a control session on land in randomized order between 11.00 h and 15.00 h. The IFR flight included 3 NDB approaches and was evaluated by flight instructors. Blood samples were collected 15 min before, 5 min and 60 min after the flight as well as control session, and. Plasma ACTH, beta3-endorphin (BE), cortisol, prolactin, adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) were measured. Psychological evaluations included psychomotor test (Wiener), Multi Coordination and Attention Test, ability tests and personality tests (CMPS and 16 PF). The overall psychological evaluation was made by an aviation psychologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma ACTH was significantly higher before and 5 min after the flight compared with control levels, but plasma BE increased significantly only before the flight. Plasma cortisol was significantly elevated before and 5 min after the flight. Plasma prolactin, NA and A increases were significant 5 min after the flight. High A levels after the flight correlated significantly with poor IFR flight performance as well as with poor psychomotor test results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The plasma prolactin and NA increases after the flight represented a direct type of stress reaction to the flight situation. The plasma BE response to IFR flight was an anticipatory stress reaction, but plasma ACTH, cortisol and A responses included both anticipatory and direct types of stress reactions. Psychological factors, flight performance and neuroendocrine responses to IFR flight appear to be associated with each other. Therefore, neuroendocrine reactions as a response to the psychological workload of military flying could be used for identifying stress tolerance in military pilots.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Leino
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leppäluoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruokonen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuronen
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D001359:Aviation / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001615:beta-Endorphin; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D011388:Prolactin; D009638:Norepinephrine