title: Hormonal, lifestyle, and dietary factors in relation to leptin among elderly men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leptin, the adipocyte-secreted protein product of the ob gene, has been strongly linked to obesity and is believed to play a role in the regulation of the reproductive system. This study examines the potential influence of lifestyle and dietary factors, as well as of other hormones, on serum levels of leptin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied a population of 48 healthy elderly Greek men. Sera from these men were analyzed for leptin, several steroid hormones, sex hormone-binding globulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1. The authors also utilized data from food frequency questionnaires and information on demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle (cigarette smoking, alcohol and coffee drinking) factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using linear regression modeling, serum leptin levels were inversely associated with testosterone and positively associated with estradiol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, after adjustment for the other hormones and body mass index (BMI). Leptin levels in men with a BMI >30 kg/m2 were 170% higher than in men with a BMI <27 kg/m2 (95% CI 63- 346%). Height was also positively associated with leptin, independent of BMI. No notable relationships were observed between leptin, on the one hand, and smoking, alcohol drinking, coffee drinking, or total energy intake, on the other. When total energy intake was separated into its three major components (carbohydrate, fat, and protein), it appeared that fat intake may have an isocalorically differential effect on serum leptin levels; one marginal quintile increase in fat intake corresponded to an 11% increase in leptin (95% CI 0-24%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum levels of leptin may be influenced by other endocrine factors, especially testosterone and estradiol, and may be positively associated with excess fat intake independently of obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lagiou
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Signorello
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Mantzoros
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trichopoulos
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trichopoulou
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D020738:Leptin; D011506:Proteins; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate