title: Antiglucocorticoid treatment of depression: double-blind ketoconazole.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypercortisolemia is frequently observed in major depression but its pathophysiologic significance is unknown. In patients in whom hypercortisolism contributes to depressive symptomatology, antiglucocorticoid agents should have antidepressant effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty medication-free depressed patients (eight of whom were hypercortisolemic and twelve of whom were not) received either the cortisol biosynthesis inhibitor, ketoconazole (400-800 mg/d p.o.) or placebo for 4 weeks in a double-blind manner, and behavioral ratings were performed weekly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ketoconazole, compared to placebo, was associated with improvements in depression ratings in the hypercortisolemic, but not in the non-hypercortisolemic patients. The hormonal changes seen (decreased dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone levels and increased pregnenolone and pregnenolone-sulfate levels) are consistent with enzymatic blockade of C17,20-lyase, 11-hydroxylase, and 17-hydroxylase. Ketoconazole was generally well tolerated with no occurrence of significant side effects or laboratory abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This small-scale double-blind study suggests that antiglucocorticoids have antidepressant activity in hypercortisolemic depressed patients. The data are consistent with a causal role of adrenocortical dysfunction in some depressed patients and suggest the need for larger-scale trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Wolkowitz
authors.forename: V I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Reus
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Manfredi
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Raum
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Canick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007654:Ketoconazole; D006854:Hydrocortisone