title: Outpatient treatment of fever and neutropenia for low risk pediatric cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fever and neutropenia (F&N) is a common complication of cancer chemotherapy. It is conveniently managed by hospitalization and empiric administration of parenteral antibiotics. This study attempted to determine whether pediatric cancer patients with F&N identified as low risk for morbidity and mortality by clinical criteria at the time of presentation could be treated safely as outpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three episodes of F&N in 41 patients were studied prospectively over 2 years. Eligibility criteria included age > or =2 years, reliable caretakers, and residence within 1 hour of the hospital. Exclusion criteria included hemodynamic instability, dehydration, severe mucositis, pneumonia, leukemia/lymphoma induction therapy, bone marrow transplantation, or other serious comorbidity. Patients were evaluated, received a single dose of intravenous ceftazidime, and were observed for 3-16 hours. They were randomized to receive either oral ciprofloxacin or intravenous ceftazidime as outpatients. Patients were seen daily until they had been afebrile for at least 48 hours and had a rising absolute phagocyte count of >500 cells/microL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three of 73 episodes (86%) were successfully managed on an outpatient basis. For 31 of 33 episodes in the ceftazidime arm, the patients remained outpatients, compared with 32 of 40 in the ciprofloxacin arm; this difference was not statistically significant. On average, patients remained febrile for 2.7 days and were treated for 4.7 days. Seventy-seven percent of episodes required no modification of initial antibiotic therapy. Of the 10 patients who were hospitalized, 4 had prolonged fever and 3 had emesis. Protracted neutropenia was associated with the need for hospitalization. There were no deaths, intensive care unit transfers, or serious complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carefully selected low risk children with fever and neutropenia can be treated safely as outpatients. Close daily medical scrutiny is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petropoulos
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rytting
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zipf
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Culbert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danielson
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jeha
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kuttesch
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Rolston
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D002442:Ceftazidime / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D002442:Ceftazidime