title: Smoking and use of oral contraceptives: impact on thrombotic diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was intended to evaluate the effects of oral contraceptives and smoking on the risks of arterial and venous thromboembolic diseases among young women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included a survey of data from published epidemiologic studies and evaluation of registry records of all Danish women discharged from the hospital from 1980 through 1993 after a first thromboembolic event. Questionnaires returned by survivors of such events and by control women during the period from 1994 through 1995 were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 1980-1993 data the absolute risk of thrombotic diseases was seen to increase rapidly with age-exponentially for acute myocardial infarction or cerebral thromboembolic attack, linearly for venous thromboembolism-with risks of arterial diseases exceeding those of venous diseases. In the 1994-1995 data the relative risk of thrombotic diseases was seen to increase among users of oral contraceptives irrespective of age. Risk of venous thromboembolism (but not of acute myocardial infarction or cerebral thromboembolic attack) declined as duration of current oral contraceptive use lengthened, risk of acute myocardial infarction or cerebral thromboembolic attack was significantly decreased as ethinyl estradiol doses were reduced, and the relative risk (compared with nonusers of oral contraceptives) for arterial thromboembolic disease among users of desogestrel or gestodene (in conjunction with midrange or low doses of ethinyl estradiol) was lower than the relative risk among users of second-generation progestogens (in conjunction with midrange doses of ethinyl estradiol). The combination of smoking with oral contraceptive use may have a synergistic effect on risks of acute myocardial infarction and cerebral thromboembolic attack (but not of venous thromboembolism), particularly among users of high-dose (50 micrograms) ethinyl estradiol preparations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the formulations currently marketed in Denmark, where only the progestins desogestrel and gestodene are available with low-dose (20 micrograms) ethinyl estradiol (and only desogestrel was available in that form at the time of our studies), we prefer these third-generation oral contraceptives for smokers. We might also consider such oral contraceptives for women >35 years old as long as they had no other risk factors for thrombotic arterial diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lidegaard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral