title: Multimodal therapy for squamous carcinoma of the oesophagus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The results of surgical treatment for oesophageal squamous cell cancer have improved over recent decades, but the long-term prognosis for patients with tumours of stage II or higher is still unsatisfactory. While uncontrolled series of adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment have reported favourable survival rates, the true benefit of multimodal treatment can be determined only by randomized controlled trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature was searched for prospective randomized controlled trials (PRCTs) examining the effect of neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment on the long-term survival of patients with squamous cell cancer of the oesophagus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 30 PRCTs studying multimodal treatment concepts aimed at improving the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus were identified. These trials have not documented improved survival by adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Following neoadjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy (or a combination of both), resectability of squamous cell carcinoma is not increased, the postoperative mortality rate appears to be higher and survival is not prolonged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Past multimodality protocols have not improved the prognosis of squamous carcinoma of the oesophagus. Careful design and reporting, together with strict control of surgical procedures, should allow more meaningful analysis of future multimodal treatment studies. At present, neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment cannot be recommended outside such clinical protocols.
authors.affiliation: Section of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehnert
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic