title: Ovarian failure and flares of systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of ovarian failure on disease flares in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four female premenopausal SLE patients who were under the age of 45 years and treated with continuous oral cyclophosphamide (CYC) for no more than 12 months were studied. All patients had been followed up for >5 years following CYC treatment. Demographic characteristics, clinical and serologic profiles, and information concerning disease flares were recorded. Comparison of the number of severe and mild/moderate flares during the first 5 years after CYC treatment was made between patients who developed CYC-induced ovarian failure and those who did not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen SLE patients had documented ovarian failure with hypoestrogenemia within 2 years after CYC treatment. Compared with the menstruating group of patients, those who developed ovarian failure were significantly older at the time of CYC therapy (mean 37.9 versus 25.5 years; P < 0.001), but otherwise no significant differences in organ manifestations and autoantibody profiles between the 2 groups were observed. Both the ovarian failure group and menstruating group of patients had similar SLE Disease Activity Index scores at the time of CYC treatment (mean 15.6 versus 17.7; P = 0.16), and had comparable treatment durations (mean 8.2 versus 7.8 months; P = 0.68) and cumulative doses of CYC (mean 20.4 versus 17.9 grams; P = 0.34). Flares of SLE were uncommon during the first year following CYC administration. However, during the 5-year followup period, patients who developed CYC-induced ovarian failure had significantly fewer severe flares (mean 0.014 versus 0.075 flares/patient-year; P = 0.01) and smaller total number of flares (mean 0.128 versus 0.250 flares/patient-year; P = 0.03) when compared with those who were still menstruating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides an important clinical observation to support the notion that ovarian failure with hypoestrogenemia is protective against lupus flares and emphasizes the importance of estrogen status in the determination of disease activity in SLE.
authors.affiliation: Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects; D018450:Disease Progression; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008598:Menstruation; D017697:Premenopause; D016649:Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone