title: [The application of a synthetic index of exposure in the manual lifting of patients: the initial validation experiences].
abstract: Via a multicentre study coordinated by the EPM research group carried out in 216 wards in a total of 56 hospitals, old peoples homes and geriatric departments, it was possible to quantify exposure to patient handling (classified in 4 classes: 0-1.5 negligible, 1.51-5 slight to average, 5.01-10 average to high, > 10 elevated), and at the same time identify the damage to the lumbosacral spine thus caused. Both assessment of exposure and identification of health impairment were carried out using homogeneous methods. Subjects with work seniority in the job of less than 6 months and subjects who had been transferred because of back trouble were excluded from the study. It was therefore possible to carry out two types of study to assess the association between exposure and impairment. In study A, covering 3021 subjects, an analysis was performed of the association between exposure index, positive response to the anamnestic threshold for lumbosacral disorders and acute low back pain using the method of logistic analysis to obtain the prevalence odds ratios. In study B, covering 418 subjects, the analysis of association was performed on the incidence rates of episodes of acute low back pain and pharmacologically controlled acute low back pain, assuming that exposure in the wards had remained constant. The technique used was Poisson regression, thereby calculating the relative incidence rate ratios. Both for PORs and IRRs the reference group consisted of the exposure class judged as negligible (exposure index 0-1.5). The results showed that the PORs calculated for positive lumbar threshold were significant for increasing exposure classes with a positive trend for the second and third exposure class but not for the last, presumably due to a healthy worker selection effect. Neither in Study A nor in Study B were any associations observed between exposure and acute low back pain occurring in the previous 12 months: this may be due to the fact that the impairment indicator does not appear to be appropriate in terms of latency period. A different result was obtained in Study B which showed a good association between exposure and incidence rates of episodes of acute low back pain and pharmacologically controlled acute low back pain according to department. The IRRs showed a positive trend both for acute episodes (IRR: 1.932, 2.439, 2.847) and for acute plus pharmacologically controlled acute episodes (1.798, 1.830, 4.523). On the basis of these results, even with the caution required for the reasons explained in the text, it seems to be possible to identify three grades of exposure which correspond to increasing probability of impairment of the lumbosacral region of the spine: the first where risk seems negligible corresponds to an exposure level between 0 and 1.5. The second, where the episodes of low back pain may occur with an incidence 3.8 times greater, corresponds to an exposure level between 1.51 and 5, and the third corresponds to exposure levels exceeding 5, where the episodes of low back pain may occur with an incidence up to 5.6 times greater than expected.
authors.affiliation: Unità di Ricerca EPM Ergonomia della Postura e del Movimento, ICP CEMOC, Milano.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Battevi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Consonni
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Menoni
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Occhipinti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Colombini
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D017770:Lifting / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
vernacular_title: L'applicazione dell'indice sintetico di esposizione nella movimentazione manuale pazienti: prime esperienze di validazione.