title: Endoscopic procedures for resection of arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resection of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), particularly those located in functional areas, requires precision. To enhance that precision, endoscope-assisted microsurgery has been employed at Loma Linda University.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five consecutive cases of AVM were treated microsurgically with endoscopic assistance. Patients were divided into two groups: (1) those having AVMs in functional areas, and (2) those whose AVMs extended into the ventricle, either in the trigonal area or the capsulocaudatothalamic area. The endoscope was inserted into the subarachnoid space to interrupt communicating venules around the major draining vein and into the cleavage developed between the AVM venous loops and surrounding brain tissue as shunting arterioles and communicating venules were interrupted. For surgery of intraventricular AVMs, the curved endoscope was inserted into the ventricle, providing visualization of the AVM core, which was dissected from the ventricular side.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AVMs were totally resected in all cases except for two patients with capsulocaudatothalamic AVMs, which were decreased in size sufficiently to receive radiosurgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscope-assisted microsurgery enhances magnification, illumination, and technical precision while the surgeon is dissecting the AVM core vessels and while operating on AVMs extending into the ventricle.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Iacono
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Mandybur
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lonser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Haugen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging