title: Contrast enhanced pulsed Doppler and colour-coded duplex studies of the cranial vasculature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Albunex, a vascular contrast agent based on albumin-coated air microbubbles, on pulsed Doppler and colour-coded duplex sonography of the cranial vasculature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy male volunteers received intravenous injections of contrast in single doses ranging from 0.08 to 0.30 ml/kg. Pulsed wave Doppler sonography examination and colour-coded duplex sonography were carried out in the right internal carotid artery (ICA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) before and after i.v. contrast. The relative intensity increase of the Doppler signal was measured in decibels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transpulmonary passage of contrast occurred in sufficient amounts to enhance the intensity of the Doppler signal significantly, but the duration of this effect was short. Contrast enhancement also improved visualization of both the ICA and MCA in all subjects. For the transcranial examinations, this resulted in visualization of a greater length of the middle cerebral arteries and additional vessels in the Circle of Willis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm that contrast enhancement can significantly improve the quality of Doppler examination and colour-coded duplex sonography of both the intracranial and extracranial vessels. However, the use of Albunex in neurosonology will be of limited value due to its relatively short duration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The National Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway. ninakjh@online.on
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Haggag
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brucher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bakke
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Muan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000418:Albumins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D018617:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; C060687:Albunex; D003287:Contrast Media