title: Adulteration of urine by "Urine Luck".
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In vitro adulterants are used to invalidate assays for urine drugs of abuse. The present study examined the effect of pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) found in the product "Urine Luck".
  
  
  METHODS
  PCC was prepared and added to positive urine controls at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, and 100 g/L. The controls were assayed for methamphetamine, benzoylecgonine (BE), codeine and morphine, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and phencyclidine (PCP) with the Emit II (Syva) and Abuscreen Online (Roche) immunoassays, and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Two tests were also developed to detect PCC in urine: a spot test to detect chromate ions using 10 g/L 1,5-diphenylcarbazide as the indicator, and a GC/MS assay for pyridine. We tested 150 samples submitted for routine urinalysis, compliance, and workplace drug testing for PCC, using these assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response rates decreased at 100 g/L PCC for all Emit II drug assays and for the Abuscreen morphine and THC assays. In contrast, the Abuscreen amphetamine assay produced apparently higher results, and no effect was seen on the results for BE or PCP. The PCC did not affect the GC/MS recovery of methamphetamine, BE, PCP, or their deuterated internal standards, but decreased GC/MS recovery of the opiates at both intermediate (50 g/L) and high (100 g/L) PCC concentrations and apparent concentrations of THC and THC-d3 at all PCC concentrations. Two of 50 samples submitted for workplace drug testing under chain-of-custody conditions were positive for PCC, whereas none of the remaining 100 specimens submitted for routine urinalysis or compliance drug testing were positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCC is an effective adulterant for urine drug testing of THC and opiates. Identification of PCC use can be accomplished with use of a spot test for the oxidant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toxicology Laboratory, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour St., Hartford, CT 06102, USA. awu@harthosp.org
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bristol
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cassella-McLane
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Holtman
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D005188:False Negative Reactions; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000652:urine*; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; C111019:pyridinium chlorochromate