title: Single- and repeated-dose local toxicity in the nasal cavity of rabbits after intranasal administration of different glycols for formulations containing benzodiazepines.
abstract: To furnish a systemic effect after intranasal administration, a formulation must contain the therapeutic dose in no more than 150 L, the maximum volume that can be applied as a single administration in one nostril in man. The objectives of these studies were to examine the local toxicity of formulations containing benzodiazepines and to document the effects to support clinical trials in man. After stability, pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies of several benzodiazepine formulations, we studied nasal toxicity after single and repeated administration to rabbits of poly(ethylene glycol) 200, tetra(ethylene glycol), glycofurolum and mixtures of these vehicles both with and without benzodiazepines. Single-dose studies with examinations 5 or 10min after application were undertaken with poly(ethylene glycol), tetra(ethylene glycol), glycofurolum and tetra(ethylene glycol)-glycofurolum in the ratio 95:5; the reactions were similar to that after physiological saline. A 14-day repeated-dose study was conducted with diazepam, lorazepam and flunitrazepam formulations in poly(ethylene glycol), and flunitrazepam in poly(ethylene glycol)-glycofurolum in the ratio 70:30; the two vehicles without any benzodiazepine were also examined. Microscopic study revealed mild changes only in the treated groups. A final four-week study was conducted with repeated administration of clonazepam formulated in tetra(ethylene glycol)-glycofurolum in the ratio 95:5; microscopy revealed mild changes after three 150-microL doses daily, but no abnormalities after one or three 100-microL doses daily. It was concluded that these three solvents individually or as mixtures resulted in only mild local toxicity and might be acceptable as vehicles in nasal preparations of benzodiazepines and other non-irritating drugs for short-term use in man.
authors.affiliation: Danish Toxicology Centre, Hørsholm.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Hjortkjaer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bechgaard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gizurarson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Suzdak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Greenough
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002998:Clonazepam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D003975:Diazepam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D005445:Flunitrazepam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D002998:Clonazepam; D005445:Flunitrazepam; D008140:Lorazepam; D003975:Diazepam; C018557:glycofurol