title: Revision and removal of stimulating electrodes following long-term therapy with the vagus nerve stimulator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A significant concern about vagus nerve stimulation therapy has been the disposition of the spiral stimulating electrodes once treatment is considered ineffective or is no longer desired. Because the electrodes are wrapped around the vagus nerve, there is the potential for nerve injury during their removal.
  
  
  METHODS
  We attempted removal of the spiral stimulating electrodes from 10 patients who received long-term vagus nerve stimulation therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy. In some patients, replacement with electrodes was also performed for poorly functioning leads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of electrode implantation was 3.7+/-2.2 years (range 1.1-7.3 years). In seven patients, the old electrodes were removed completely from the nerve. No adverse events occurred intraoperatively or postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the spiral electrodes may be safely removed from the vagus nerve, even after the electrodes have been implanted for several years. The reversibility of lead implantation may enhance the attractiveness of vagus nerve stimulation therapy for patients with medically-intractable epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield 62794-9637, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Aiello
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Naritoku
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D061223:Vagus Nerve Injuries