title: Assessing the performance of utility techniques in the absence of a gold standard.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Utility techniques are the most commonly used means to assess patient preferences for health outcomes. However, whether utility techniques produce valid measures of preference has been difficult to determine in the absence of a gold standard.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To introduce and demonstrate two methods that can be used to evaluate how well utility techniques measure patients' preferences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients treated for advanced prostate cancer (n = 57) first ranked eight health states in order of preference. Four utility techniques were then used to elicit patients' utilities for each health state.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rating scale, standard gamble, time trade-off, and a modified version of willingness-to-pay techniques were used to elicit patients' utilities. Technique performance was assessed by computing a differentiation and inconsistency score for each technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differentiation scores indicated the rating scale permitted respondents to assign unique utility values to about 70% of the health states that should have received unique values. When the other techniques were used, about 40% or less of the health states that should have received unique utility scores actually did receive unique utility scores. Inconsistency scores, which indicate how often participants assign utility scores that contradict how they value health states, indicated that the willingness-to-pay technique produced the lowest rate of inconsistency (10%). However, this technique did not differ significantly from the rating scale or standard gamble on this dimension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differentiation and inconsistency offer a means to evaluate the performance of utility techniques, thereby allowing investigators to determine the extent to which utilities they have elicited for a given decision problem are valid. In the current investigation, the differentiation and inconsistency methods indicated that all four techniques performed at sub-optimal levels, though the rating scale out-performed the standard gamble, time trade-off, and willingness-to-pay techniques.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, USA. bgiesler@indyunix.iupui.edu
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Giesler
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Geraci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanita
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Souchek
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Wray
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015982:Bias; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005382:Financing, Personal; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012309:Risk-Taking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013781:Texas; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome