title: Vulvovaginitis: clinical features, aetiology, and microbiology of the genital tract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the contribution of clinical and environmental factors and infection to the aetiology of vulvovaginitis in premenarchal girls, and to determine clinical indicators of an infectious cause.
  
  
  METHODS
  It was necessary first to define normal vaginal flora. Cases were 50 premenarchal girls > 2 years old with symptoms of vulvovaginitis; 50 controls were recruited from girls in the same age group undergoing minor or elective surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interview questionnaire showed no difference between cases and controls in regards to hygiene practices, exposure to specific irritants, or history of possible sexual abuse. Normal vaginal flora was similar to that described in previous studies, with the exception of organisms likely to be associated with sexual activity. 80% of cases had no evidence of an infectious cause. In the 10 cases in whom an infectious cause was found, there was significantly more visible discharge and distinct redness of the genital area on examination compared with other cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that vulvovaginitis in this age group is not usually infectious or necessarily related to poor hygiene, specific irritants or sexual abuse, although any of these can present with genital irritation. The possibility of sexual abuse should always be considered when a child presents with genital symptoms, but our data indicate it is not a common contributing factor. Infection is generally associated with vaginal discharge and moderate or severe inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, NT 0870, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaquiery
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stylianopoulos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grover
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007509:Irritants / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology; D014848:Vulvovaginitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D007509:Irritants