title: Determination of ancestral alleles for human single-nucleotide polymorphisms using high-density oligonucleotide arrays.
abstract: Here we report the application of high-density oligonucleotide array (DNA chip)-based analysis to determine the distant history of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in current human populations. We analysed orthologues for 397 human SNP sites (identified in CEPH pedigrees from Amish, Venezuelan and Utah populations) from 23 common chimpanzee, 19 pygmy chimpanzee and 11 gorilla genomic DNA samples. From this data we determined 214 proposed ancestral alleles (the sequence found in the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees). In a diverse human population set, we found that SNP alleles with higher frequencies were more likely to be ancestral than less frequently occurring alleles. There were, however, exceptions. We also found three shared human/pygmy chimpanzee polymorphisms, all involving CpG dinucleotides, and two shared human/gorilla polymorphisms, one involving a CpG dinucleotide. We demonstrate that microarray-based assays allow rapid comparative sequence analysis of intra- and interspecies genetic variation.
authors.affiliation: National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hacia
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ryder
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Edgemon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ghandour
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hsie
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lander
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lipshutz
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Fodor
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006071:Gorilla gorilla / Q000235:genetics; D015186:Hominidae / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics; D010375:Pedigree; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; C015772:CpG dinucleotide