title: Regulation of VIP production and secretion by murine lymphocytes.
abstract: Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide present in the lymphoid microenvironment with a multiplicity of actions. Two sources for VIP have been described in the immune system, the terminals present in central and peripheral lymphoid organs and the immune cells. Although VIP is synthesized by lymphocytes, there is no evidence demonstrating that VIP is released, and which stimuli are able to induce VIP production and secretion. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time, that agents that mediate important immune functions, such as proliferation and antigenic stimulation (Con A, LPS, and anti-TCR antibody), inflammation (LPS, TNFalpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta) or apoptosis (dexamethasone) induce the production and release of VIP to the lymphoid microenvironment. We conclude that VIP is produced and secreted by lymphocytes and propose that during an immune response, the timely release of VIP within the lymphoid organs and peritoneum should influence the differentiation and/or downregulation of the ongoing response.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abad
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Gomariz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ganea
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leceta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000592:standards; D005246:Feedback / Q000502:physiology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000276:immunology*; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012172:Retinaldehyde / Q000494:pharmacology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007546:Isoquinolines; D008934:Mitogens; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005576:Colforsin; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D003907:Dexamethasone; C063509:N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D012172:Retinaldehyde