title: The use of trait labels in making psychological inferences.
abstract: Three studies investigated children's capacity to use trait labels as tools for making inferences about mental states. For example, knowledge that a story character is "nice" as opposed to "mean" could lead to predictions that the character would respond with greater negative affect upon discovering that his or her action had made someone upset. Study 1 (N = 48) examined whether participants (kindergartners, second graders, fifth graders, and adults) would make different psychological inferences based on whether a character was labeled as "nice" versus "mean." Study 2 (N = 30) examined the same issue with 4-year-olds using a simpler methodology. Study 3 (N = 30) extended the results of Study 2, by examining whether describing characters as "shy" versus "not shy" would lead 4-year-olds to make different mental state inferences. Taken together, these findings suggest that even for young children, trait labels can serve as a basis for making nonobvious inferences. Developmental differences are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0109, USA. gheyman@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Heyman
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gelman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003210:Concept Formation / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008128:Logic; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012938:Social Perception; D013240:Stereotyping