title: Universal HIV screening of pregnant women in England: cost effectiveness analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the cost effectiveness of universal, voluntary HIV screening of pregnant women in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost effectiveness analysis. Cost estimates of caring for HIV positive children were based on the stage of HIV infection and calculated using data obtained from a London hospital between 1986 and 1996. These were combined with estimates of the health benefits and costs of antenatal screening so that the cost effectiveness of universal, voluntary antenatal screening for HIV infection in England could be estimated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lifetime, direct costs of medical care of childhood HIV infection; life years gained as a result of the screening programme; net cost per life year gained for different pretest counselling costs; and different prevalence rates of pregnant women who were unaware that they were HIV positive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimated direct lifetime medical and social care costs of childhood HIV infection were pound178 300 using a 5% discount rate for time preference (1995-6 prices). In high prevalence areas screening pregnant women for HIV is estimated to be a cost effective intervention with a net cost of less than pound4000 for each life year gained. For areas with comparatively low prevalence rates, cost effectiveness could be less than pound20 000 per life year gained, depending on the number of pregnant women who are unaware that they are infected and local screening costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm recent recommendations that universal, voluntary antenatal HIV screening should be implemented in the London area. Serious consideration of the policy should be given for other areas in England depending on local prevalence and screening costs.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mandalia
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sherr
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Houweling
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jager
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis / Q000191:economics*; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015215:Zidovudine