title: Two-dimensional autoregressive analysis of carotid artery blood flow waveform in children with isolated atrial septal defect.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to analyze the carotid artery blood flow waveform, using a two-dimensional autoregressive modeling approach and component analysis, and to determine the relation between cardiac contractility, peripheral and cerebral circulation and characteristic values of component activities of carotid artery blood flow waveform in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD), with or without congestive heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed the carotid artery blood flow waveform of nine patients with ASD and 35 normal controls using a two-dimensional autoregressive modeling approach. The component of impulse response was divided into six groups according to the damping frequency: (i) group I, 0 Hz; (ii) group II, 1-5 Hz; (iii) group III, 5-8 Hz; (iv) group IV, 8-13 Hz; (v) group V, 13-17 Hz and (vi) group VI, > 17 Hz. The decrease of impulse response power-density in patients of groups I, II, III and IV and the prolongation of damping time for patients in groups I and II were particularly noticeable in two ASD patients, whose pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio was more than 2.7 and whose left ventricular stroke volume was less than 33.1 mL/m2. The power-density of groups I and II varied with cardiac contractility and the power-density of groups III and IV varied with cerebral circulation. In contrast, the damping time of groups I and II changed with the reflection velocity from the position of arterial reflection against blood flow from left ventricle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results may be influenced by the decrease in left ventricular stroke volume and velocity in arterial reflection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Oita Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan. mkojo@oita-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kojo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akiyoshi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inutsuka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Izumi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D001775:Blood Circulation; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology*; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013318:Stroke Volume