title: Molecular level investigation of exocytosis in cultured human pheochromocytoma cells: insights from high resolution scanning electron microscopy combined with autoradiogram and cytochemistry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate molecular events of exocytosis in cultured human pheochromocytoma cells with stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cultured pheochromocytoma cells prepared from human adrenal pheochromocytoma tumor were stimulated for the release of catecholamines by depolarization with the administration of 50 mmol/L KCl. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) combined with autoradiography and cytochemistry were used to observe molecular mechanisms of exocytotic release of catecholamines from the stimulated cells labelled with 3H-noradrenaline and the filipin-treated cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TEM and HR-SEM observations of the stimulated cells labelled with 3H-noradrenaline revealed that the initial exocytotic fusion pores even less than 10 nm in diameter in human pheochromocytoma cells can be clearly observed in a single lipid bilayer. Furthermore, HR-SEM examinations of the filipin-treated cells showed that the derangement of the particles of the filipin-sterol complexes (FSCs) in the fused membranes of granule and plasma membranes occurred as the exocytotic fusion pores opened. In addition, the aggreates of the FSCs particles were consistently demonstrated around the openings of the differently sized closing exocytotic pores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our results, it is suggested that the rearrangement of the sterol molecules in the fused membranes of granule and plasma membranes plays an important role in the opening and closing mechanisms of exocytotic fusion pores. We hope that morphological data obtained in this study can provide some new insights into the understanding of molecular mechanisms of exocytosis, particularly the opening and closing of exocytotic fusion pores in relation to the distribution of the membrane sterols.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, China.
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chou
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D001345:Autoradiography; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism; D005089:Exocytosis; D006801:Humans; D008561:Membrane Fusion; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010673:Pheochromocytoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines