title: The effectiveness of acupuncture in the management of acute and chronic low back pain. A systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group.
abstract: METHODS
  A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of acupuncture for the management of nonspecific low back pain.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Acupuncture is one of the oldest forms of therapy, but little is known about the effectiveness of acupuncture for low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials were done to assess the effectiveness of all types of acupuncture treatment, which involves needling for subjects with nonspecific low back pain. Two reviewers blinded with respect to authors, institution, and journal independently assessed the methodologic quality of the studies. Because data were statistically and clinically too heterogeneous, a qualitative review was performed. The evidence was classified into four levels: strong, moderate, limited, or no evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven randomized controlled trials were included. Overall, the methodologic quality was low. Only two studies met the preset "high quality" level for this review. No study clearly evaluated acupuncture for acute low back pain. The results indicate that there was no evidence showing acupuncture to be more effective than no treatment. There was moderate evidence indicating that acupuncture is not more effective than trigger-point injection or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and there was limited evidence that acupuncture is not more effective than placebo or sham acupuncture for the management of chronic low back pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because this systematic review did not clearly indicate that acupuncture is effective in the management of back pain, the authors would not recommend acupuncture as a regular treatment for patients with low back pain. There clearly is a need for more high-quality randomized controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. mw.vanvtulder.emgo@med.vu.nl
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: van Tulder
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cherkin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lao
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Koes
mesh_terms: D015667:Acupuncture Analgesia; D000208:Acute Disease; D016208:Databases, Factual; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D016896:Treatment Outcome