title: Leukocyte infiltration and secretion of cytokines in pleural drainage fluid after thoracic surgery: impaired cytokine response in malignancy and postoperative complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the postoperative course of pleural leukocyte counts and cytokine concentrations in patients with malignant and nonmalignant lung disease who underwent thoracic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 21 patients undergoing thoracic surgery were included in the study. Twelve patients had a malignant disease, and 9 had a nonmalignant disease. Six patients underwent video-assisted thoracoscopy and 15 underwent thoracotomy. Pleural drainage fluid from the chest tubes was collected postoperatively at Oh, 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, and 96 h. The same schedule, as well as one additional preoperative sample, was applied for blood collections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A trend toward lower concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin-10 was observed in patients with malignant disease compared to those without malignancy. These differences achieved significance for TNF-alpha in the drainage fluid of those patients with nonmalignant disease who had undergone formal thoracotomy. Patients with malignant disease showed significantly lower macrophage fractions in drainage fluid and lymphocyte fractions in serum. All patients with complications had malignant disease and showed the lowest cytokine concentrations, as well as the lowest fractions of both macrophages in drainage fluid and lymphocytes in serum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that malignancy may lead to impairment of the wound-healing process via modification of the inflammatory cell infiltrate and locally released cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Surgery, Surgical Clinic, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weissflog
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kroegel
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Luttmann
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Grahmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hasse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000378:metabolism*; D015505:Chest Tubes; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004322:Drainage; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D016066:Pleural Effusion, Malignant / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013896:Thoracic Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor