title: Spermine inhibition of the 2,5-diaziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DZQ) crosslinking reaction with DNA duplexes containing poly(purine). poly(pyrimidine) tracts.
abstract: Upon reduction, 2,5-diaziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DZQ) can form an interstrand guanine to guanine crosslink with DNA duplexes containing a d(GC).d(GC) dinucleotide step. The reaction is enhanced by a thymine positioned 5[prime] to each guanine [i.e. in a d(TGCA). d(TGCA) duplex fragment]. Here we show that spermine can inhibit DZQ crosslink formation in duplexes of sequence d[C(N6)TGCA(M6)C]. d[G(M[prime]6)TG-CA(N[prime]6)G]. For N6= M6= GGGGGG, N6= M6= a 'random' sequence and N6= GGGGGG and M6= a 'random' sequence, spermine concentrations of 20, 1 and 3 microM, respectively, were required for 50% inhibition of the DZQ crosslink. This suggests that spermine is more strongly bound to the polyguanosine tract than the random sequence, making it less available for crosslink inhibition. When the polyguanosine tract is interrupted by N 7-deazaguanine (D) located three bases, d(CGGGDGGTGCAGGDGGGC), and four bases, d(CG-GDGGGTGCAGGGDGGC), from the d(TGCA).d(TGCA) site, 30 and 3 microM spermine, respectively, were required for 50% crosslink inhibition. We suggest that this difference is due to the relative proximity of the three-guanosine tract to the d(TGCA).d(TGCA) site. We were able to confirm these conclusions with further experiments using duplexes containing three-guanosine and two-guanosine tracts and from computer simulations of the spermine-DNA complexes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shamma
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Haworth
mesh_terms: D001388:Aziridines / Q000378:metabolism*; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000378:metabolism*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D011687:Purines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D013096:Spermine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001388:Aziridines; D016227:Benzoquinones; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D011687:Purines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D013096:Spermine; C009970:ethylenimine quinone; D004247:DNA; C030986:pyrimidine; C030985:purine