title: 5,6 Dihydro-5'-azacytidine (DHAC) restores androgen responsiveness in androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The androgen resistance of some prostate cancer patients may be due to transcriptional inactivation of the androgen receptor (AR) gene catalyzed by cytosine DNA methyltransferase.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine if an inhibitor of cytosine DNA methyltransferase, 5,6-dihydro-5'-azacytidine (DHAC), can restore the androgen sensitivity in androgen-insensitive human prostate carcinoma cell lines in vitro, we cultured androgen-insensitive (PC3, DU-145, and TSUPrl) and androgen-responsive (LNCaP) cells with subcytotoxic concentrations (< or = IC50) of DHAC for 14 days followed by exposure to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or to hydroxyflutamide for 7 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only DHAC-treated DU-145 cells showed growth stimulation by 10(-11) to 10(-9) M DHT and a partial inhibition by 10(-5) and 10(-6) M hydroxyflutamide. However, since DU-145 is the only cell line tested that is known to have a hypermethylated AR promoter, the observed effects may be due to a partial demethylation of the AR by DHAC. Our data provide an evidence that cytosine DNA methyltransferase inhibitors can restore androgen responsiveness in androgen-refractory tumor cells, which are then sensitive to growth inhibition by antiandrogens.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. eizbicka@saci.org
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Izbicka
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Von Hoff
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015257:DNA-Cytosine Methylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005485:Flutamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C013938:5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine; C014290:hydroxyflutamide; D005485:Flutamide; D015257:DNA-Cytosine Methylases; D001374:Azacitidine