title: Sevoflurane anesthesia in desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii).
abstract: The effects of sevoflurane on anesthesia induction, recovery, ventricular pressures, heart rate, ventricular pH, blood gas values, and electrolytes were evaluated in desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). Tortoises were orotracheally intubated while awake and ventilated manually with 3-7% sevoflurane in oxygen (1 L/min) to achieve desired expired sevoflurane concentrations. Data, consisting of induction time, recovery time, systolic, diastolic, and mean ventricular pressures, heart rate, ventricular pH, blood gas values, and electrolytes, were collected prior to anesthesia and sequentially at 2.50% and 3.75% expired sevoflurane as measured at the junction of the endotracheal tube and the breathing circuit. Blood pressure was measured and blood samples were collected through a 25-ga needle passed through a cardiac access port that was placed while the tortoises were in dorsal recumbency. Mean (+/-SE) induction time was 2.55+/-0.55 min, recovery time was 27.58+/-7.55 min, and duration of anesthesia was 105+/-12 min. Mean (+/-SD) values for systolic, diastolic, and mean ventricular pressures in awake tortoises were 28+/-3 mm Hg, 22+/-2 mm Hg, and 24+/-2 mm Hg, respectively. Sevoflurane (2.5% expired) significantly decreased systolic (14+/-3 mm Hg), diastolic (12+/-1 mm Hg), and mean (13+/-1 mm Hg) ventricular pressures compared with those of awake tortoises. Ventricular pressures did not decrease further with increasing depth of anesthesia. Heart rate (32+/-4 beats/min) did not change significantly under sevoflurane anesthesia. Sevoflurane administration increased ventricular PO2 but did not change Na+, K+, or iCa++ concentrations. Sevoflurane appears to provide safe and effective anesthesia with rapid induction and recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Rooney
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wimsatt
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014426:Turtles / Q000502:physiology*; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D004573:Electrolytes; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D010100:Oxygen