title: Transient umbilical cord occlusion in late-gestation fetal sheep results in hippocampal damage but not in cerebral arteriovenous difference for nitrite, a stable end product of nitric oxide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of total umbilical cord occlusion on cerebral arteriovenous difference for nitrite (a stable end product of nitric oxide) and neuronal outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cord was totally occluded for 10 minutes in 14 late-gestation (gestational age 113-120 days) chronically instrumented fetal sheep. Arterial (carotid artery) and venous (superior sagittal sinus) blood samples were taken at regular intervals for determination of acid-base status, glucose, lactate, and nitrite plasma levels. Three days after the occlusion period the fetal brain was perfusion fixed, and the parietal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum were scored for neuronal damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three fetuses died shortly after the occlusion period. Total umbilical cord occlusion resulted in a combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis as observed in carotid arterial blood gas samples (pH, 6.96 +/- 0.02; CaO2 [mmol/L], 0.43 +/- 0.9; PaCO2 [kPa], 13.46 +/- 0.38; base excess [mmol/L], -11.1 +/- 0.8; lactate [mmol/L], 10.57 +/- 0.95; bradycardia, 75 +/- 9 bpm; and hypotension, 29.85 +/- 3.00 mmHg) (n = 14, values are mean +/- standard error of the mean). Selective brain damage was observed in the hippocampus in 10 of the 11 surviving fetal sheep. No changes in arterial, venous, or cerebral arteriovenous difference for nitrite plasma levels were observed (n = 11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total umbilical cord occlusion of 10 minutes in preterm fetal sheep results in hippocampal damage but not in changes of cerebral arteriovenous difference for nitrite plasma levels, a stable end product of nitric oxide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Keunen
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Deutz
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Van Reempts
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Hasaart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008026:Ligation; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000098:blood supply
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D009573:Nitrites; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019344:Lactic Acid