title: Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in liver transplant patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) infection is emerging in the transplant population, and there is no effective antibiotic therapy available. The aims of this retrospective review were to (1) investigate the outcome of and (2) identify common characteristics associated with VRE infection and colonization in orthotopic liver transplant (OLTx) candidates.
  
  
  METHODS
  From October 1994 through September 1998, 126 isolates of VRE were identified in 42 of 234 OLTx recipients and 5 OLTx candidates who did not proceed to transplantation. Data were collected by patient chart review or from a computerized hospital database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 1-year mortality rate with VRE infection was 82%, and with VRE colonization, 7%. This mortality rate contrasts with a 14% 1-year mortality for non-VRE transplant patients (P <0.01, infected patients and colonized patients). Characteristics of VRE colonized and infected patients included recent prior vancomycin (87%), coinfection by other microbial pathogens (74%), recent prior susceptible enterococcal infection (72%), concurrent fungal infection (62%), additional post-OLTx laparotomies (47%), and renal failure (Cr >2.5 mg/dL or need for dialysis; 43%). Biliary complications were seen in 52% of post-OLTx VRE-infected or VRE-colonized patients (versus 22% in non-VRE transplant patients, P <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VRE infection is associated with a very high mortality rate after liver transplantation. The incidence of biliary complications prior to VRE isolation is very high in VRE-infected and VRE-colonized patients. The most common characteristics of VRE patients were recent prior vancomycin use, recent prior susceptible enterococcal infection, coinfection with other microbial pathogens, and concurrent fungal infection. With no proven effective antimicrobial therapy for VRE, stringent infection control measures, including strict and limited use of vancomycin, must be practiced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University and Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Orloff
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Olyaei
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Corless
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Benner
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Flora
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rabkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005260:Female; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin