title: Hemostatic effects of smoking and oral contraceptive use.
abstract: This review addresses current knowledge of the effects of lower dose oral contraceptives (containing 35, 30, or 20 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol) on hemostasis in smoking and nonsmoking women. Evidence suggests that formulations containing 30 and 35 micrograms ethinyl estradiol induce a significant activation of coagulation, whereas oral contraceptive preparations with 20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol appear to have a negligible effect or no effect. In nonsmokers who take oral contraceptives any procoagulatory effects that may occur are counterbalanced by fibrinolytic effects. In smokers, however, compensatory fibrinolytic effects to offset the procoagulatory effects seen with 30-micrograms ethinyl estradiol oral contraceptive formulations are absent, shifting the hemostatic profile toward a hypercoagulable state. This suggests that a formulation with the lowest dose of ethinyl estradiol may be most suitable for smokers who wish to use this form of contraception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, School of Medicine, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fruzzetti
mesh_terms: D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D012016:Reference Values; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol