title: Intraoperative radiation therapy to the upper mediastinum and nerve-sparing three-field lymphadenectomy followed by external beam radiotherapy for patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma, radical dissection of the upper mediastinal lymph nodes often leads to complications such as recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and subsequent pulmonary disorders. Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) to the upper mediastinum and nerve-sparing three-field lymphadenectomy followed by external beam radiotherapy has been developed to improve the locoregional control rate without resulting in these major postoperative complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-field lymphadenectomy, including cervical, mediastinal, and abdominal lymph node dissection, was performed. Dissection of the upper mediastinum was conservative to preserve recurrent laryngeal nerve function. IORT of 12-25 grays (Gy) was applied to the upper mediastinum. Postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) of 45 Gy in 16 fractions over 4 weeks was applied to the entire neck and upper mediastinum using an external X-ray beam. Between 1989-1996, 121 patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma underwent surgery and received IORT, and 103 of these patients underwent PORT as part of their treatment schedule.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The surgical mortality rate was 0.8% (1 of 121 cases). The overall 5-year survival rate was 34.4% and the cause specific 5-year survival rate was 54.8%. The cause specific 5-year survival rate for pN0 tumors was 79.4% and was 43.8% for pN1 tumors. No patients died with locoregional recurrence in the mediastinal lymph nodes. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy was observed in 25 patients (21%), but the palsy remained for > 1 month in only 13 patients (11%). Mechanical ventilation support for > 48 hours was required for 22 patients (18.2%). Fatal tracheal ulcers occurred in 4 of 18 patients who received the highest IORT dose of 25 Gy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-field lymphadenectomy to preserve recurrent laryngeal nerves and IORT using 12-20 Gy followed by 45-Gy PORT effectively reduced locoregional recurrence, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, and pulmonary complications caused by radical surgical dissections. The minimally effective dose of IORT appears to be < or = 15 Gy, a factor that will be further evaluated with longer follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Keiyu-kai Sapporo Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shirato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kagei
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arimoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D016629:Esophagectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D007823:Laryngeal Nerves / Q000473:pathology; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008482:Mediastinum; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome