title: Hemorheology and walking of peripheral arterial occlusive diseases patients during treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract 761 (GbE) from the points of view of hemorheology for patients of peripheral arterial occlusive diseases (PAOD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The treatment with GbE (240 mg.d-1, po) and the pain-free walking distance (PFWD) were carried out for 24 PAOD patients (12 nondiabetic, ND and 12 diabetic, D) over 48 wk. The parameters erythrocyte stiffness (ES) and relaxation time (RT), the blood plasma viscosity (eta), the plasma fibrinogen concentration (Cf) and the blood sedimentation rate (BSR), the PFWD, and maximal walking distance (MWD) were determined at 6 wk before treatment (-6), at the beginning of the treatment (0), and after 6, 11, 16, and 48 wk of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At wk -6, ES and RT of both the ND- and D-group were not significantly different from a healthy control group. At wk 0, stiffness and RT were significantly higher than healthy control, and the mean PFWD was only 111 m. The eta value was significantly elevated and Cf and BSR were enhanced. Throughout 11 wk of treatment ES, RT, eta, and Cf decreased gradually and PFWD improved. Between 16 and 48 wk, ES, and RT were no longer significantly different from the controls, whereas eta and Cf decreased gradually but remained higher than normal, BSR decreased, and the PFWD improved by a factor of 3.8 times (D) and 3.3 times (ND).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GbE gives therapeutic effects in PAOD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Cell Biophysics and Bioengineering, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Y D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Landsmann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schanowski-Bouvier
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dikta
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Artmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D001799:Blood Sedimentation / Q000187:drug effects; D001809:Blood Viscosity / Q000187:drug effects; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004907:Erythrocyte Deformability / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D016138:Walking
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D005340:Fibrinogen