title: Intermittent sub-ambient interstitial hydrostatic pressure as a potential mechanical stimulator for chondrocyte metabolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experimental findings have suggested that the metabolic activities of articular cartilage can be influenced by mechanical stimuli. Our mathematical analysis predicted that cyclic compressive loading may create periods of intermittent sub-ambient hydrostatic pressure within the cartilage extracellular matrix. Based on this mathematical analysis, the present study was aimed to investigate whether the intermittent sub-ambient hydrostatic pressure, created in the cartilage extracellular matrix during cyclic compression, has a stimulative effect on the biosynthesis of chondrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to test this hypothesis, the present study developed a custom-designed sub-ambient pressure generator to subject a monolayer culture of chondrocytes to an intermittent sub-ambient pressure. Using this pressure generator, the monolayer chondrocyte culture system was analyzed for 35S-sulfate and 3H-proline incorporation rates for biosynthesis of proteoglycan and collagenous/noncollagenous protein molecules, respectively. Northern analyses for aggrecan and type II collagen mRNAs were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that the intermittent sub-ambient pressure produced a 40% increase in proteoglycan and a 17% increase in non-collagenous protein synthesis during the pressurization period (P < 0.05). The collagenous protein synthesis was not affected by the intermittent sub-ambient pressure regimen used in this study. After the intermittent sub-ambient pressurization, the metabolic activities of the chondrocytes returned to normal (control level). The intermittent sub-ambient pressure also produced an increase in the mRNA signals for aggrecan. Therefore, we conclude that intermittent sub-ambient pressure may be one of the potential mechanical stimulators of chondrocytes in articular cartilage during dynamic compression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. jsuh@pitt.edu
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arøen
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Malin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Niyibizi
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Westerhausen-Larson
mesh_terms: D053674:Aggrecans; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D008954:Models, Biological; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D011509:Proteoglycans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013431:Sulfates; D003094:Collagen; D011392:Proline; D010100:Oxygen