title: Thyroid volumes in US and Bangladeshi schoolchildren: comparison with European schoolchildren.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The World Health Organization (WHO) recently adopted thyroid volume ultrasonography results from European schoolchildren as the international reference for assessing iodine deficiency disorders. Our objective was to describe thyroid volumes measured by ultrasonography in US and Bangladeshi schoolchildren and compare these with European schoolchildren.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional studies were performed in schoolchildren in the US (n=302) and Bangladesh (n=398). Data were collected on the following: thyroid size by palpation and ultrasonography; urinary iodine; age; sex; weight; and height.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Applying the new WHO thyroid volume references to the Bangladeshi children resulted in prevalence estimates of enlarged thyroid of 26% based on body surface area (BSA) and 7% based on age. In contrast, in the US children, the prevalence estimates were less than 1% for each reference. In the US children, the best single predictor of thyroid volume was BSA (R2=0.32), followed by weight (R2=0.31). Using linear regression, upper normal limits (97th percentile) of thyroid volume from US children were calculated for BSA, weight and age, and were found to be lower than the corresponding references based on BSA and age from European schoolchildren.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In areas with malnutrition, such as Bangladesh, the BSA reference should be preferred to the reference based on age. Results from the US children indicated that a thyroid volume reference based on weight alone would perform as well as the one based on BSA. European schoolchildren had larger thyroids than US children, perhaps due to a residual effect of iodine deficiency in the recent past in some areas in Europe.
authors.affiliation: Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maberly
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000886:Anthropometry; D001459:Bangladesh; D001830:Body Surface Area; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006042:Goiter / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000652:urine; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010173:Palpation; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D007455:Iodine