title: Painless intravenous catheterization by intradermal jet injection of lidocaine: a randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare efficacy and cost of lidocaine cutaneous anesthesia by two jet injectors to routine needle infiltration for pain relief of intravenous (i.v.) catheterization, hypothesizing that jet injection of lidocaine is less painful than its needle infiltration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, prospective, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital outpatient surgical unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  75 surgical patients ASA I and II.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of 25 patients each were given intradermal lidocaine anesthesia via conventional 25-gauge needle/syringe; by MedEJet or Biojector jet injector prior to IV catheterization with an 18-gauge Jelco catheter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visual analogue pain scores (VAS) (0 = no pain, 10 = intolerable pain) and subjective pain intensity scores (PIS) (0 = not painful, 4 = intolerable pain) at lidocaine application and at i.v. catheterization, were recorded. Cost assessment of each method was made. At local anesthetic application, no pain by proportion of VAS = 0 with MedEJet: 25/25 (confidence interval [CI]: 0.868, 0.999) and Biojector: 24/25 (CI 0.804, 0.991) was noted, but-22 of 25 patients experienced pain with needle administration: (with VAS = 0; 3/25 [CI: 0.044, 0.302]) (posterior probability [PP] > 0.999). The corresponding VAS scores (means +/- SD) were 0.00 +/- 0.00, 0.04 +/- 0.20, and 2.4 +/- 2.23 (p < 0.001). No pain by proportion of PIS = 0 with MedEJet: 25/25 (CI: 0.868, 0.999 and Biojector: 23/25 (0.749, 0.976) was noted, but pain in 20/25 was felt with the needle: 5/25 (CI: 0.090, 0.394) (PP > 0.999). The corresponding PIS scores were 0.00 +/- 0.00, 0.16 +/- 0.55, and 1.24 +/- 1.00 (p < 0.001). At i.v. catheterization, no pain by proportion of VAS = 0 with MedEJet: 22/25 (CI: 0.698, 0.956) or Biojector: 21/25 (CI: 0.651, 0.934) was noted; but pain in 19/25 with needle administration was experienced: 6/25 (CI: 0.116, 0.436) (PP > 0.999). The corresponding scores were 0.12 +/- 0.33, 0.44 +/- 0.20, and 1.64 +/- 1.50 (p < 0.001). No pain by proportion of PIS = 0 with MedEJet: 24/25 (CI: 0.804, 0.991) or Biojector: 24/25 (CI: 0.804, 0.991) was noted, but pain was apparent in 12/25 with needle administration: 13/25 (CI: 0.334, 0.701) (PP > 0.999). The corresponding scores were 0.00 +/- 0.00, 0.00 +/- 0.00, and 0.76 +/- 0.88 (p < 0.001). Cost per application: MedEJet = $0.13; needle/syringe = $0.50; Biojector = $0.94.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almost completely painless i.v. catheterization was carried out by jet injection of lidocaine, but needle infiltration produced discomfort or pain and did not significantly reduce discomfort or pain at the i.v. needle insertion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois-Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Zsigmond
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Darby
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Goll
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007277:Injections, Jet; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine