title: Down-regulation of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic response to interleukin-12 during long-term administration to patients with renal cell carcinoma and evaluation of the mechanism of this "adaptive response" in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a cytokine that promotes type-1 helper T-cell responses and may have therapeutic utility in the treatment of cancer, asthma, and a variety of infectious diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a phase I trial, recombinant human IL-12 (rHuIL-12) was administered subcutaneously once a week at a fixed dose of 0.1 to 1.0 microg/kg to 24 patients with renal cell carcinoma. A similar study was later performed in mice to evaluate the mechanism of down-regulation of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic response observed in patients with cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adverse events, serum IL-12 levels, and serum levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) produced in response to IL- 12 were all maximum in the week after the first dose of rHuIL-12 and decreased after long-term administration. Similar to these results, repetitive subcutaneous administration of recombinant mouse IL-12 (rMoIL-12) to normal mice led to down-regulation of serum levels of IL-12 and IFN-gamma measured 5 hours after rMoIL-12 injection. Down-regulation of IL-12 serum levels was inversely correlated with the up-regulation of IL-12 receptor expression and may be the result of increased clearance of rMoIL-12 from serum by binding to lymphoid cells expressing increased amounts of IL-12 receptor. The down-regulation of serum IFN-gamma levels correlated with decreased IFN-gamma messenger ribonucleic acid expression and may result from feedback inhibition of IL-12 signaling or from a more specific inhibition of IFN-gamma synthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of rHuIL-12 in fixed weekly doses resulted in decreased serum levels of IL-12 and of IFN-gamma, a secondary cytokine believed to be critical to response of IL-12. A better understanding of the complex regulation of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic response to IL-12 should facilitate the development of more effective dosing regimens for its use in the clinic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rakhit
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Yeon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferrante
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fettner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nadeau
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Motzer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bukowski
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Carvajal
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Presky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Magram
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gately
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D018664:Interleukin-12; D007371:Interferon-gamma