title: High-resolution MR cisternography of the cerebellopontine angle: 2D versus 3D fast spin-echo sequences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical usefulness of MR cisternography of the cerebellopontine angle, applying 2D or 3D fast spin-echo sequences, has been reported recently. Our purpose was to investigate the cause of signal loss in CSF in the prepontine or cerebellopontine angle cistern on 2D FSE MR images and to compare the cisternographic effects of 2D and 3D FSE sequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preliminary experiments were performed in four volunteers to assess the causes of signal loss. Initially, using a 2D cardiac-gated cine phase-contrast method with a velocity encoding value of 6 cm/s, we measured the velocity and flow pattern of CSF. Comparisons were made to assess the effects of intravoxel dephasing, amplitude of the section-selecting gradient, echo time (TE), and section thickness. Four healthy subjects and 13 patients with ear symptoms were examined, and multisection 3-mm-thick 2D images and 30-mm-slab, 1-mm-section 3D images were compared qualitatively and quantitatively. Then, 3D MR cisternography was performed in 400 patients with ear symptoms, and qualitative evaluation was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In volunteers, the average peak velocity of CSF was 1.2 cm/s. With TE = 250, CSF may move an average of 3 mm, and can be washed out of a 3-mm-thick 2D section volume. The CSF signal relative to that of a water phantom decreased gradually as TE increased on single-section 3-mm-thick 2D images. The CSF signal relative to that of the water phantom increased gradually as section thickness increased. No significant differences were noted in intravoxel dephasing and amplitude of the section-selecting gradient. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between CSF and the cerebellar peduncle, and the visibility of the cranial nerves and vertebrobasilar artery were significantly improved on 3D images in 17 subjects. In images from 400 patients, no significant signal loss in the cistern was observed using 3D FSE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSF signal loss in thin-section 2D MR cisternography is mainly attributable to the wash-out phenomenon. 3D acquisition can reduce this phenomenon and provide thinner sections. The scan time for 3D acquisition is not excessive when a long echo train length and half-Fourier imaging are used. MR cisternography should be performed using a 3D acquisition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iwayama
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naganawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukatsu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishigaki
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ichinose
mesh_terms: D002530:Cerebellopontine Angle / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000502:physiology; D004427:Ear Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012016:Reference Values; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000159:Vestibulocochlear Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology