title: The effect of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the pharmacologic properties of midazolam with special regard to age using the electroencephalogram (EEG) as a measure of the hypnotic-sedative effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine younger (24 to 28 years) and nine elderly (67 to 81 years) male volunteers received midazolam by a computer-controlled device. Two infusion cycles with linearly increasing target plasma levels (slope, 40 ng/mL/min for the younger subjects; 20 ng/mL/min for the elderly subjects) were administered until defined end points were attained (median EEG frequency <4 Hz and loss of responsiveness to acoustic stimuli). An EEG was recorded to quantitate the hypnotic effect, relating the median frequency of the power spectrum to the plasma level by a sigmoid Emax model, including an effect compartment. Pharmacokinetic data were derived from arterial blood samples with use of a three-compartment model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total doses needed to reach the defined end points were 71+/-9 mg and 35+/-6 mg for the younger and elderly subjects, respectively (P < .001). Pharmacokinetic parameters were similar in both groups (clearance, 399+/-91 and 388+/-97 mL/min; steady-state volume of distribution, 85+/-22 and 104 +/-11 L in young and elderly subjects, respectively). Pharmacodynamic data showed a large difference in half-maximum concentration (EC50; young subjects, 522+/-236 ng/mL; elderly subjects, 223+/-56 ng/mL; P < .05), a steep concentration-response curve, and distinct hysteresis. We found much interindividual variability in the plasma concentrations necessary to achieve the clinical end points, regardless of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the lower doses needed to reach sedation in the elderly subjects were attributable to a 50% decrease in EC50, not to changes in pharmacokinetics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ihmsen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hering
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geisslinger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dingemanse
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schwilden
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schüttler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D014838:Volunteers
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam