title: A wideband high common mode rejection ratio amplifier and phase-locked loop demodulator for multifrequency impedance measurement.
abstract: Design considerations and implementation of a multifrequency measuring channel for application in the field of bio-impedance measurement are discussed in this paper. The input amplifier has a differential configuration which is electrically isolated from the remaining circuits. Transformer coupling provides improved common mode rejection when compared to non-isolated input stages. The frequency characteristic of the section between input and demodulator is flat within +/- 0.1 dB between 4 kHz and 1024 kHz. The synchronous demodulator is based on a wideband switched video amplifier. In contrast to commonly used lock--in techniques, the carrier for demodulation is recovered from the input signal by means of a phase-locked loop. This method ensures zero phase shift with respect to the input signal and improves the accuracy of measurement. The system has been developed primarily for thoracic impedance cardiography (TIC) but has also successfully been applied in the field of total body bio-impedance analysis (BIA). At present an electrical impedance tomograph is under development based on the instrumentation described. Results regarding the measurement range and accuracy are given and some recordings of patient data are shown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physics and Informatics, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. hg.goovaerts@azvu.nl
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Goovaerts
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Faes
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Raaijmakers
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Heethaar
mesh_terms: D002307:Cardiography, Impedance / Q000295:instrumentation; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004582:Electronics, Medical / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*