title: Hemolysis, toxicity, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Stachybotrys chartarum strains.
abstract: Stachybotrys chartarum is an indoor air, toxigenic fungus that has been associated with a number of human and veterinary health problems. Most notable among these has been a cluster of idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage cases that were observed in the Cleveland, Ohio, area. In this study, 16 strains of S. chartarum isolated from case (n = 8) or control (n = 8) homes in Cleveland and 12 non-Cleveland strains from diverse geographic locations were analyzed for hemolytic activity, conidial toxicity, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA banding patterns. In tests for hemolytic activity, strains were grown at 23 degrees C on wet wallboard pieces for an 8-week test period. Conidia from these wallboard pieces were subcultured on sheep's blood agar once a week over this period and examined for growth and clearing of the medium at 37 or 23 degrees C. Five of the Cleveland strains (all from case homes) showed hemolytic activity at 37 degrees C throughout the 8-week test compared to 3 of the non-Cleveland strains. Five of the Cleveland strains, compared to two of the non-Cleveland strains, produced highly toxic conidia (>90 microgram of T2 toxin equivalents per g [wet weight] of conidia) after 10 and 30 days of growth on wet wallboard. Only 3 of the 28 strains examined both were consistently hemolytic and produced highly toxic conidia. Each of these strains was isolated from a house in Cleveland where an infant had idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA. Vesper.Stephen@EPA.gov
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Vesper
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Dearborn
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yike
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Sorenson
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Haugland
mesh_terms: D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006461:Hemolysis; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000382:microbiology; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008172:Lung Diseases, Fungal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; D013191:Stachybotrys / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D009183:Mycotoxins