title: Myocardial substrate uptake and oxidation during and after routine cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to clarify whether myocardial substrate uptake and oxidation change after a period of hypothermic cardioplegic arrest during coronary artery bypass grafting procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 30 patients arterial and coronary sinus blood was sampled and coronary sinus flow measurements were performed before and after sternotomy and 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 50 minutes, and 6 hours after release of the aortic crossclamp. Measurement of free fatty acids, lactate, glucose, oxygen content, and carbon dioxide content in arterial and coronary sinus blood allowed calculations of myocardial substrate use, respiratory quotients, and myocardial oxidation rates of carbohydrates and fat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uptake of free fatty acids and lactate was significant throughout the study and did not change in association with release of the crossclamp. Free fatty acid and lactate uptake measured 6 +/- 4 micromol/min and 23 +/- 26 micromol/min, respectively, before crossclamping compared with 8 +/- 7 micromol/min and 19 +/- 21 micromol/min, respectively, after release of the clamp. Glucose uptake was significant only during the first hour after crossclamp release and increased from 7 +/- 50 to 28 +/- 34 micromol/L after crossclamp release. Myocardial oxygen consumption did not change significantly (0.5 +/- 0.2 mmol/L compared with 0.35 +/- 0.2 mmol/L) after release of the crossclamp. Myocardial oxygen extraction ratio decreased from 58% +/- 8% to 41% +/- 13% after crossclamp release. Respiratory quotient increased after crossclamp release (0.85 +/- 0. 2 compared with 1.00 +/- 0.2), which implies that carbohydrate oxidation increased at the expense of free fatty acid oxidation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that hypothermic cardioplegic arrest during coronary artery bypass graft operations is associated with a transiently increased uptake and oxidation of carbohydrates during the immediate reperfusion phase.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery, Anesthesiology,and Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Pietersen
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Langenberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geskes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kester
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Lange
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Van der Vusse
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wagenmakers
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Soeters
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001158:Arteries; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000601:surgery*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019344:Lactic Acid; D010100:Oxygen