title: Cow's milk formula feeding induces primary immunization to insulin in infants at genetic risk for type 1 diabetes.
abstract: Insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) often appear as the first sign of islet cell autoimmunity in prediabetic children. Because cow's milk contains bovine insulin, we followed the development of insulin-binding antibodies in children fed with cow's milk formula. Bovine insulin- and human insulin-binding antibodies by enzyme immunoassay and IAA by radioimmunoassay were analyzed in 200 infants carrying HLA-DQB1*0302 but no protective alleles who participated in a Finnish population-based birth-cohort study. Based on the prospectively registered information, the first 100 infants enrolled in the study who were exposed to cow's milk formula before age 12 weeks and the first 100 infants enrolled in the study who were exclusively breast-fed for longer than their first 12 weeks of life were selected for the present study. Also, 11 children from the birth cohort who developed at least two diabetes-associated autoantibodies, 98 children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, and 92 healthy children were studied. We found that the amount of IgG-antibodies binding to bovine insulin was higher at age 3 months in infants who were exposed to cow's milk formula than in infants who were exclusively breast-fed at that age (median 0.521 vs. 0.190; P < 0.0001). The antibodies binding to bovine insulin cross-reacted with human insulin. None of these infants tested positive for IAA. The levels of bovine insulin-binding antibodies declined in both groups at ages 12 and 18 months, whereas in the 11 children with at least two diabetes-associated autoantibodies the levels increased during the follow-up period (P < 0.0001). IgG antibodies correlated with IgG2 antibodies binding to bovine insulin (r = 0.43, P = 0.004) and IAA (r = 0.27, P = 0.02) in diabetic children, but not in healthy children. Cow's milk feeding is an environmental trigger of immunity to insulin in infancy that may explain the epidemiological link between the risk of type 1 diabetes and early exposure to cow's milk formulas. This immune response to insulin may later be diverted into autoaggressive immunity against beta-cells in some individuals, as indicated by our findings in children with diabetes-associated autoantibodies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. outi.vaarala@ktl.fi
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vaarala
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paronen
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hämäläinen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muona
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Väätäinen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Akerblom
mesh_terms: D000937:Antigen-Antibody Reactions; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005387:Finland; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000276:immunology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007328:Insulin