title: Do iron and vitamin C co-supplementation influence platelet function or LDL oxidizability in healthy volunteers?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of co-supplementation with iron and vitamin C on antioxidant status, platelet function and low density lipoprotein oxidation in normal healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out with two groups of 20 subjects each acting as their own control, comparing presupplemention with postsupplemention. One group was supplemented with iron and the RDA level of vitamin C and the second group with iron and 260 mg/d vitamin C.
  
  
  METHODS
  The International Antioxidant Research Centre, The Guy's, King's College and St Thomas's School of Biomedical Science, Guy's Campus, London.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty normal healthy volunteers, recruited from the staff of the Medical School and Hospital in which two volunteers withdrew during the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects in both studies were randomly assigned to one of two groups (5 males and 5 females group) and received supplements containing iron (14 mg/d) and either 60 mg/d (Group A) or 260 mg/d (Group B) vitamin C for 12 wk. Blood samples were taken at 6 wk and 12 wk, and prior to supplementation and analysed for iron and antioxidant status (transferrin bound iron, vitamin C and E, and beta-carotene levels) in both studies. Samples from the first study were analysed for the susceptibility of LDL isolated from plasma to Cu2+-induced oxidation and samples from the second for platelet function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transferrin-bound iron was significantly increased (P < 0.05) at 12 wk, in Group A subjects (from 14.9+/-5.3 micromol/1 to 19.5+/-2.3 micromol/l; mean+/-s.d.; n=19), whereas those in Group B showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) after 6 wk (from 15.8+/-4.5 micromol/l to 20.4+/-6.6 micromol/l; n = 19) which decreased at 12 wk (16.3+/-5.0 micromol/l). Plasma total ascorbate significantly increased from an initial level of 59.3+/-21.3 micromol/l to 87.6+/-29.0 micromol/l after 6 wk and 81.7+/-11.4 micromol/l after 12 wk following the Group B supplementation, but only after 12 wk in Group A (from 64.0+/-24.8 micromol/l to 77.2+/-13.2 micromol/l). Plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations were significantly increased after 6 wk and 12 wk with both levels of supplementation (from 24.2+/-5.71 micromol/l Group A and 23.4+/-5.3 micromol/l Group B to 26.3+/-5.5 micromol/l and 25.71+/-4.7 micromol/1 respectively at 12wk). The mean lag phase to oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) was significantly increased in subjects in Group B after 12 wk ingestion of iron and 260 mg vitamin C (from 80.0+/-14.8 min to 97.2+/-16.9 min; n = 9). Platelet sensitivity to ADP-induced aggregation was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by 12 wk in Group A (from EC50 2.3 < or = 1.3 microM to 3.7+/-2.2 microM; n = 10), whereas those receiving higher vitamin C showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05; from EC50 1.9+/-0.6 microM to 3.1+/-1.8 microM) after 6wk which subsequently increased towards presupplemental levels (2.6+/-1.6 microM). Platelets from the latter subjects showed a significant reduction in ADP-induced ATP secretion at both 6wk and 12 wk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show modest beneficial effects on LDL oxidation and platelet function following supplementation with iron and vitamin C. No evidence for pro-oxidant effects was observed.
authors.affiliation: The International Antioxidant Research Centre, The Guy's King's College, and St Thomas's School of Biomedical Science, London, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Collis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Diplock
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rice-Evans
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D003300:Copper / Q000494:pharmacology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014168:Transferrin; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D003300:Copper; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D007501:Iron; D001205:Ascorbic Acid