title: Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in 957 patients with varying renal function dosed once daily.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  1. To determine the population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in 957 patients with varying renal function dosed once daily. 2. To see if current starting doses for once daily aminoglycoside dosing are appropriate. 3. To test whether calculating creatinine clearance using an adjusted Cockcroft and Gault method (CLCr,adjusted ) was a better predictor of gentamicin clearance than the standard Cockcroft and Gault method (CLCr,unadjusted ).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine hundred and fifty-seven patients were dose-individualized for gentamicin using SeBA-GEN, a Bayesian dosing method. This method returns estimates of the values of gentamicin CL and V d from which the 24 h AUC can be estimated. The goal of therapy was to attain an AUC of 70-100 mg l-1 h depending on the severity of the infection. The population was divided into four groups of differing renal function. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between V d and various indices of weight, and gentamicin CL and either CLCr,adjusted or CLCr,unadjusted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean V d (+/-s. d.) and CL (+/-s.d.) of gentamicin in our total population were 17.4 (+/-4.1) l and 4.0 (+/-1.8) l h-1, respectively. There was a decrease in V d with reducing renal function when comparing patients with normal renal function and patients with poor renal function. The lower of total body weight (TBW) and lean body weight (LBW), termed dosing weight (DWT), was a slightly better predictor of V d (r2=0.28) than either TBW (r2=0.21) or LBW (r2=0.21). CLCr,adjusted (r2=0.80) was a better predictor of gentamicin CL than CLCr, unadjusted (r2=0.57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mean population values of V d and CL of gentamicin dosed once daily are similar to those described by others in relation to multiple daily dosing. Given that previous methods have been based on population values of V d and CL from multiple daily dosing, the currently recommended starting doses for once daily aminoglycoside dosing would seem appropriate. The V d reduced with decreasing renal function, with a maximum of 23% difference between patients with normal and poor renal function. The Cockcroft and Gault method of calculating creatinine clearance does not appear to perform well at low values of serum creatinine concentration. An adjustment of the Cockcroft and Gault method is proposed to allow for this.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Christchurch Hospital, PO Box 4710, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Duffull
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Begg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins