title: Electromyogram-controlled functional electrical stimulation for treatment of the paralyzed upper extremity.
abstract: Spinal cord lesions at level C5 to C6 lead to loss of hand functions and lesions at C4 to additional deficits of arm functionality. The presented dual channel surface stimulator with dual channel electromyogram (EMG) measurement was developed to investigate control strategies for an EMG-controlled implantable stimulation system and serves in addition as a therapy device for patients with partial innervation but weak muscle force. Four different control strategies for stimulation amplitude are available. The amplitude can be preset manually or can follow the preprocessed EMG signals proportionally. The shoulder control program allows proportional control of both stimulation channels with one EMG channel while the second EMG channel serves as the channel selector. Finally, a special feedback training program triggers a stimulation burst when EMG activity is detected. During a 2 year patient study, 18 patients from 2 hospitals and 1 rehabilitation center performed the feedback training. Almost all patients obtained an improvement of functionality. Apart from muscle strengthening, the feedback effect led to an improvement of proprioception and supported relearning of motions. For the documentation of the training status, functional muscle test (British Medical Research Council) and measurements of power, angle, torque, muscle fatigue, and EMG were performed. Obviously, EMG triggered stimulation provides several advantages compared to conventional passive electrical stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, University of Vienna, Austria. m.rakos@bmtp.akh-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rakos
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Freudenschuss
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Girsch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaus
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meiners
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paternostro
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mayr
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004576:Electromyography; D005246:Feedback; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000628:therapy; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D010243:Paralysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000150:complications; D019415:Torque