title: Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with interferon therapy for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia: coincidence or true side effect?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interferon-alpha (rIFN-alpha) is an established therapy for patients with myeloproliferative disorders. Unusual immune-mediated side effects have been associated with rIFN-alpha therapy. The association of rIFN-alpha therapy with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) has been reported infrequently.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) treated with rIFN-alpha-based regimens at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center developed thrombotic microangiopathy (HUS/TTP). The course of their disease is described. A third patient who developed renal failure while receiving rIFN-alpha therapy and had no other causative factor for his renal failure is also described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were ages 24, 49, and 36 years, and they had received rIFN-alpha therapy for 37, 67, and 92 months, respectively, prior to the development of the disorder. One patient had discontinued rIFN-alpha 1 month before the event because of presumed rIFN-alpha-related cardiomyopathy. Two patients received hydroxyurea and cytarabine as part of their therapy. No patient was receiving any medication known to be associated with HUS/TTP. None had a history of diarrheal illness, but Escherichia coli OH157.H7 was grown from the stool of one patient. Two patients responded to plasmapheresis with normalization of counts and other indices, but both developed renal failure and became dependent on dialysis. One patient had evidence of disease progression and died of multiorgan failure. The third patient required dialysis for 18 months but is currently off dialysis; this patient has some residual renal impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although no definitive association between rIFN-alpha therapy and thrombotic microangiopathies can be concluded from these data, these and other previously reported cases suggest that HUS/TTP is a rare side effect of rIFN-alpha therapy that should be managed in the standard fashion. Hypotheses regarding the mechanism underlying this association are discussed in this article.
authors.affiliation: Department of Leukemia, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ravandi-Kashani
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cortes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Talpaz
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kantarjian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006463:Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D016898:Interferon-alpha