title: Manganese induces apoptosis of human B cells: caspase-dependent cell death blocked by bcl-2.
abstract: Manganese ions block apoptosis of phagocytes induced by various agents. The prevention of apoptosis was attributed to the activation of manganous superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and to the antioxidant function of free Mn2+ cations. However, the effect of Mn2+ on B cell apoptosis is not documented. In this study, we investigated the effects of Mn2+ on the apoptotic process in human B cells. We observed that Mn2+ but not Mg2+ or Ca2+, inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis of activated tonsilar B cells, Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-negative Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines (BL-CL) and EBV-transformed B cell lines (EBV-BCL). In the same conditions, no apoptosis was observed in U937, a monoblastic cell line. Induction of B cell apoptosis by Mn2+ was time- and dose-dependent. The cell permeable tripeptide inhibitor of ICE family cysteine proteases, zVAD-fmk, suppressed Mn2+-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, Mn2+ triggered the activation of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE/caspase 1), followed by the activation of CPP32/Yama/Apopain/caspase-3. In addition, poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a cellular substrate for CPP32 protease was degraded to generate apoptotic fragments in Mn2+-treated B cell lines. The inhibitor, zVAD-fmk suppressed Mn2+-triggered CPP32 activation and PARP cleavage and apoptosis. These results indicate that the activation of caspase family proteases is required for the apoptotic process induced by Mn2+ treatment of B cells. While the caspase-1 inhibitor YVAD was unable to block apoptosis, the caspase-3 specific inhibitor DEVD-cmk, partially inhibited Mn2+-induced CPP32 activation, PARP cleavage and apoptosis of cells. Moreover, Bcl-2 overexpression in BL-CL effectively protected cells from apoptosis and cell death induced by manganese. This is the first report showing the involvement of Mn2+ in the regulation of B lymphocyte death presumably via a caspase-dependent process with a death-protective effect of Bcl-2.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U131, 32 rue des carnets, 92140 Clamart, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schrantz
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mitenne
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Auffredou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leca
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; D008345:Manganese; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D020170:Caspase 1