title: Stillbirth as risk factor for depression and anxiety in the subsequent pregnancy: cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess women's symptoms of depression and anxiety during pregnancy and the postpartum year in the pregnancy after stillbirth; to assess relevance of time since loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study with four assessments: in third trimester and 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient departments of three district general hospitals; subjects' homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  60 women whose previous pregnancy ended in stillbirth after 18 weeks' gestation; 60 matched controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depression and anxiety measured by Edinburgh postnatal depression scale, Beck depression inventory, and Spielberger state-trait anxiety scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the third trimester women whose previous pregnancy had ended in stillbirth were significantly more depressed than control women (10.8 v 8.2; P=0.004) and had greater state anxiety (39.8 v 32. 8, P=0.003) The difference was accounted for by those women who conceived less than 12 months after the stillbirth, who were also more depressed at 1 year. Results in those who conceived 12 months or more after stillbirth were similar to those in their controls at all points and showed lower trait anxiety 1 year post partum. One year after the birth 8% of control women and 19% of subjects scored high for depression (P=0.39), with most of the depression among the more recently bereaved (28% v 11%; P=0.18). In the women who had experienced stillbirth, depression in the third trimester was highly predictive of depression 1 year after subsequent birth (P</=0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vulnerability to depression and anxiety in the next pregnancy and puerperium is related to time since stillbirth, with more recently bereaved women at significantly greater risk than controls. As there are problems for mother and infant associated with high anxiety and depression during and after pregnancy, there may be advantage in waiting 12 months before the next conception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, St George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 ORE. p.hughes@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Turton
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012307:Risk Factors