title: Additive effects of late preconditioning produced by monophosphoryl lipid A and the early preconditioning mediated by adenosine receptors and KATP channel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cardioprotective effect of preconditioning can be exerted within 1 to 2 hours after initial ischemia, termed classical or early preconditioning, or can reappear 24 hours later as second window or late preconditioning. The objective of this study was to study the interaction between late and early preconditioning and to determine the potential underlying mechanism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adenosine receptor agonists and a KATP channel opener were used to achieve early preconditioning, and Monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) was used to induce late preconditioning. Cultured chick ventricular myocytes were used as a myocyte model of simulated ischemia and preconditioning. Prior treatment of the myocyte with MLA caused a dose-dependent decrease in the ischemia-induced myocyte injury 24 hours later, consistent with a late preconditioning effect. L-NMMA, glibenclamide, or 5-hydroxydecanoic acid administered during the ischemia blocked the MLA effect. Twenty four hours after MLA treatment, a 5-minute exposure to ischemia, adenosine, adenosine A1 agonist CCPA, or A3 agonist resulted in less myocyte injury during the subsequent prolonged ischemia, as compared with cells pretreated with the vehicle and subsequently exposed to the same early preconditioning stimuli. In addition to its ability to enhance the early preconditioning effect by A1 and A3 agonists, MLA pretreatment also increased the phorbol ester- and pinacidil-mediated early preconditioning effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study defined a novel interaction in which the cardioprotective effect of early preconditioning is additive to that of late preconditioning and raised the possibility that both agents can be used as combined therapy in the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stambaugh
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002642:Chick Embryo; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D008050:Lipid A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D020110:Pinacidil / Q000494:pharmacology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008050:Lipid A; D015221:Potassium Channels; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C084956:N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D020110:Pinacidil; D000241:Adenosine; C048436:monophosphoryl lipid A