title: CTLA-4 and T cell activation.
abstract: The past year has seen significant advances in our understanding of the role of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in regulating T cell activation and tolerance. Recent studies indicate that CTLA-4 not only counterbalances CD28 signals but also can inhibit T cell responses independently of CD28. Recent work has also revealed a role for CTLA-4 in regulating Th1/Th2 differentiation. Manipulation of CTLA-4 in animal models of autoimmunity has shown that CTLA-4 regulates both the initiation and the progression of autoimmune diseases.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Division, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. moosterwegel@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oosterwegel
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mandelbrot
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lorsbach
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Sharpe
mesh_terms: D000069594:Abatacept; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000378:metabolism*; D017209:Apoptosis; D015551:Autoimmunity; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D008024:Ligands; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D018106:CD28 Antigens; C497964:CD86 protein, human; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D008024:Ligands; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D000069594:Abatacept