title: Oncogenic Ras-induced germinal vesicle breakdown is independent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in Xenopus oocytes.
abstract: A number of reports have identified phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase as a downstream effector of Ras in various cellular settings, in contrast to others supporting the notion that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase acts upstream of Ras. Here, we used Xenopus oocytes, a model of Ras-mediated cell cycle progression (G2/M transition) to analyze the contribution of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to insulin/Ras-dependent signaling pathways leading to germinal vesicle breakdown and to ascertain whether phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase acts upstream or downstream of Ras in those signaling pathways. We analyzed the process of meiotic maturation induced by progesterone, insulin or micro-injected oncogenic Ras (Lys12) proteins in the presence and absence of specific inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. As expected, the progesterone-induced maturation was independent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase since similar rates of germinal vesicle breakdown were produced by the hormone in the presence and absence of wortmannin and LY294002. In contrast, insulin-induced germinal vesicle breakdown was completely blocked by pre-incubation with the inhibitors prior to insulin treatment. Interestingly, similar rates of germinal vesicle breakdown were obtained in Ras (Lys12)-injected oocytes, independently of whether or not they had been pre-treated with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors. The effect of wortmannin or LY294002 on MAPK and Akt activation by progesterone, insulin or Ras was also analyzed. Whereas insulin activated those kinases in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent manner, progesterone and Ras were able to activate those kinases in the absence of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. Since Ras is a necessary and sufficient downstream component of insulin signaling pathways leading to germinal vesicle breakdown, these observations demonstrate that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is not a downstream effector of Ras in insulin/Ras-dependent signaling pathways leading to entry into the M phase in Xenopus oocytes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: López-Hernández
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007329:Insulin Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D008540:Meiosis; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000077191:Wortmannin; D014981:Xenopus; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D007329:Insulin Antagonists; D009025:Morpholines; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D018631:ras Proteins; D000077191:Wortmannin