title: Characterization of cavitational activity in lithotripsy fields using a robust electromagnetic probe.
abstract: A robust electromagnetic probe has been used to investigate cavitational activity in vitro in the fields of two extracorporeal lithotripters and one intracorporeal lithotripter. Some aspects of the electromagnetic probe design and characteristics are described. A series of experiments have been carried out with results indicating that the probe head moves in response to the pressure gradient generated by radial motion of cavitation bubbles. Empirical expressions have been derived for the cavitational force acting on the probe head, and for the low-frequency sawtooth pressure wave generated by inertial cavitation. This is the first time that the existence of a low-frequency sawtooth wave produced by inertial cavitation has been described. A linear relationship exists between the negative pressure amplitude of the sawtooth wave and the lifetime of the bubbles. Close to the cavitation site, substantial negative pressure is maintained throughout bubble expansion. This can easily exceed the tensile strength of urinary calculi, and may be considered to be an important mechanism for disintegrating these relatively weak structures. A pilot study has also been carried out involving three patients treated by extracorporeal lithotripsy. Signals similar to those recorded during the in vitro cavitation experiments were detected. We conclude that the electromagnetic probe is capable of detecting and quantifying aspects of cavitational activity in vitro, and potentially also in vivo. The observation that the probe responds directly to the motion of cavitation bubbles, coupled with its ability to detect cavitation at a distance, give it the potential for use in a range of medical and industrial applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK. stephen.pye@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Pye
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dineley
mesh_terms: D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical