title: Evaluation of a suture electrode for direct bladder stimulation in a lower motor neuron lesioned animal model.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a "suture" type electrode for direct bladder stimulation in an animal model of a lower motor neuron lesion. During an initial surgery, five male cats were instrumented under anesthesia using multistranded, 316 LVM, stainless-steel, wire electrodes implanted on the bladder wall serosa above the trigone area. Electrodes were constructed with a needle attached to the end that was removed after suturing the electrode in place. Additional instrumentation included urinary bladder catheters (tubes) for pressure recording and filling, and hook type electrodes for leg and pelvic floor electromyography recording. Chronic bladder filling and stimulation studies were conducted in tethered animals three to four weeks following surgery. To test these electrodes in a spinal cord injury model, a lower motor neuron lesion was performed including the sacral cord and complete nerve roots at L6 and below. These animals were evaluated during weeks 3 and 10 after injury. Direct bladder stimulation induced active contractions and voiding both before and after spinal cord injury. Effective stimulation parameters consisted of 40 pulses per s, 300 micros to 1 ms pulse duration, a stimulation period from 3 to 4 s, and a stimulation current from 10 to 40 mA. Fluoroscopy revealed an open membranous urethra during stimulation and following stimulation. A small diameter penile urethra was observed to limit flow. Postmortem evaluation of the suture electrode revealed no abnormalities such as corrosion, migration into the bladder lumen or displacement. These findings indicate that suture electrodes are suitable and effective for short-term implantation in the lower motor neuron animal model.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation R&D Center, VA Hines Hospital, Research Service (151), IL 60141, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wurster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D008297:Male; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D013536:Suture Techniques; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D014563:Urodynamics