title: Gatekeeping and referral of children and adolescents to specialty care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study we examined how gatekeeping arrangements influence referrals to specialty care for children and adolescents in private and Medicaid insurance plans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective study of office visits (n = 27 104) made to 142 pediatricians in 94 practices distributed throughout 36 states in a national primary care practice-based research network. During 10 practice-days, physicians and patients completed questionnaires on referred patients, while office staff kept logs of all visits. Physicians used medical records to complete questionnaires for a subset of patients 3 months after their referral was made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gatekeeping arrangements were common among children and adolescents with private (57.8%) and Medicaid (43.3%) insurance. Patients in gatekeeping plans were more likely to be referred with private (3. 16% vs 1.85% visits referred) and Medicaid (5.39% vs 3.73%) financing. Increased parental requests for specialty care among gatekeeping patients did not explain the increased referral rate. Physicians' reasons for making the referral were similar between the two groups. Physicians were less likely to schedule an appointment or communicate with the specialist for referred patients in gatekeeping plans. However, rates of physician awareness that a specialist visit occurred and specialist communication back to pediatricians did not differ between the two groups 3 months after the referrals were made.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gatekeeping arrangements are common among insured children and adolescents in the United States. Our study suggests that gatekeeping arrangements increase referrals from pediatricians' offices to specialty care and compromise some aspects of coordination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. cforrest@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Glade
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Starfield
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States