title: Long term effects of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy on cognitive abilities: a cross sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intractable epilepsy is related to various transient and chronic brain electric and neurochemical disturbances. There is increasing evidence that chronic epilepsy induces secondary neuronal metabolic and structural decline. However, there is no convincing evidence that the cognitive abilities of patients deteriorate with increasing duration of intractable epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  To examine whether duration of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is related to generalised cognitive impairment, psychometric intelligence based on the full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ, WAIS-R) was determined in 209 patients with unilateral TLE. For analyses of variance (ANOVA) patients were grouped into three categories: <15, 15-30, and >30 years of refractory TLE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An ANOVA and a multiple regression analysis showed that duration of TLE affects FSIQ. Patients with >30 years of TLE performed worse than patients with 15 or 30 years of TLE. The factors side of seizure origin and type of lesion on MRI did not reach significance. A second ANOVA including education as factor showed that in patients with higher educational attainment, the mean FSIQ was stable for a longer duration of TLE than in less educated patients. Retesting 6 months after anterior temporal lobectomy seizure free patients (n=85 of 127) had an higher FSIQ but showed a similar duration effect before and after anterior temporal lobectomy. The variables age at epilepsy onset, education, frequency of interictal epileptiform discharges, frequency of habitual and generalised seizures, serum concentration of antiepileptic drugs, and polypharmacy were statistically controlled.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychometric intelligence of patients with a longer duration of refractory TLE were most severely impaired. Consequently, refractory TLE seems to be associated with slow but ongoing cognitive deterioration. It is assumed that epilepsy related noxious events and agents exhaust the compensatory capacity of brain functions. However, as in dementia and Alzheimer's disease, higher educational attainment as an indicator of higher brain reserve might delay the cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Centre Bethel, Clinic Mara I, Epilepsy Surgery Program, Bielefeld, Germany. jkt@mara.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jokeit
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011581:Psychological Tests; D013997:Time Factors