title: Pharmacokinetic schedule finding study of the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine possible schedule dependent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between gemcitabine (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine, dFdC) and cisplatin (cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum, CDDP) in patients with advanced stage solid tumors in a phase I trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 33 patients with advanced stage solid tumors were treated with gemcitabine (30-min infusion, 800 mg/m2) and cisplatin (one-hour infusion, 50 mg/m2). Sixteen patients had a four-hour interval between gemcitabine (days 1, 8, 15) and cisplatin (days 1 and 8), followed by the reverse schedule and seventeen patients had a 24-hour interval between gemcitabine (days 1, 8, 15) and cisplatin (days 2 and 9), followed by the reverse schedule. Gemcitabine and cisplatin pharmacokinetics were measured in plasma and white blood cells (WBC), isolated from blood samples taken at several time points after the start of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A four-hour time interval between both agents did not reveal major differences in plasma pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine, dFdU (deaminated gemcitabine) and platinum (Pt), and of gemcitabine-triphosphate (dFdCTP) accumulation and Pt-DNA adduct formation in WBC between the two different sequences of gemcitabine and cisplatin. In the patients treated with the 24-hour interval, cisplatin before gemcitabine did not significantly change peak gemcitabine levels and the AUC of plasma dFdU, but tended to increase dFdCTP AUC in WBC 1.5-fold (P < 0.06). Gemcitabine before cisplatin decreased the plasma AUC of Pt 2.1-fold (P = 0.03). No significant differences in Pt-DNA adduct levels in WBC were found, although gemcitabine before cisplatin tended to increase the 24-hour retention of Pt-DNA adducts. Creatinine clearance on day 28 was related to the peak plasma levels of total Pt (linear regression coefficient (r) = 0.47, P = 0.02, n = 26). Furthermore, the increase in the Pt-GG to Pt-AG ratio 24 hours after cisplatin treatment was related to the overall response of patients (r = 0.89, P < 0.01, n = 8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of all schedules the treatment of patients with cisplatin 24 hours before gemcitabine led to the highest dFdCTP accumulation in WBC and total Pt levels in plasma. These characteristics formed the basis for further investigation of this schedule in a phase II clinical study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van Moorsel
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kroep
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Pinedo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Veerman
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Voorn
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Postmus
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Vermorken
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van Groeningen
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: van der Vijgh
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000032:analysis; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D018736:DNA Adducts; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D002945:Cisplatin; D000093542:Gemcitabine