title: Influence of ophthalmic nerve fibers on choroidal blood flow and myopic eye growth in chicks.
abstract: Ophthalmic sensory nerve fibers containing substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide' innervate the choroid in mammals and are known to vasodilate choroidal blood vessels. The avian choroid is also innervated by ophthalmic nerve fibers containing substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. The present studies were carried out to determine the influence of these sensory fibers on choroidal blood flow in birds and characterize their interaction with manipulations affecting eye growth. In these studies, ChBF was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry in both eyes in the following groups of birds: (1) normal chicks; (2) chicks with right optic nerve transected for 2 weeks; (3) chicks with right optic nerve transected and a goggle over the right eye for 2 weeks; and (4) chicks with right optic and ophthalmic nerves transected and a goggle over the right eye for 2 weeks. The eyes were refracted and various ocular dimensions measured after the blood-flow measurements. It was found that optic nerve transection reduced ChBF to 30% of normal. Placing a goggle (which increases ocular temperature by 4 degrees C) over an optic nerve transected eye nearly doubled choroidal blood flow over that in an optic nerve transected eye without a goggle. Additional transection of the ophthalmic nerve in a goggled optic nerve-transected eye, yielded choroidal blood flow that was indistinguishable from that in a nongoggled optic nerve-transected eye. Optic nerve transection had a slight stunting effect on axial growth of the eye. While myopic axial elongation was observed in goggled eyes with the optic nerve cut, the extent of myopia was less than in normal goggled eyes. Ophthalmic nerve transection further reduced the myopia induced by goggling in an optic nerve cut eye. These results suggest that ophthalmic nerve input to the choroid exerts a vasodilatory influence, which is activated in a goggled eye. This increased choroidal blood flow may be in response to elevated ocular temperatures caused by the goggling and this increase appears to be masked in goggled eyes with an intact optic nerve by the reduction in choroidal blood flow normally accompanying myopic eye growth. Our results thus show that the induction of myopic eye growth (as in our optic nerve cut eyes with a goggle) need not be accompanied by a decrease in choroidal blood flow from the baseline no-goggle condition (in this case, with the optic nerve cut).
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee-Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cuthbertson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reiner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply*; D005123:Eye / Q000254:growth & development; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D009216:Myopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000502:physiology*; D009882:Ophthalmic Nerve / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D013696:Temperature; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology