title: Carcinoma of the external auditory canal and middle ear.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate therapeutic modalities used at our institutions regarding local control, disease-free survival and actuarial survival in carcinoma of the external auditory canal and middle ear, in an attempt to provide guidelines for therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 27 patients with carcinoma of the external auditory canal and middle ear treated between 1978 and 1997 in our institutions were analyzed with particular reference to tumor size and its relation to surrounding tissues, patterns of neck node involvement, surgical procedures, and radiation techniques employed. Clinical endpoints were freedom from local failure, overall survival, and disease-free survival. The median follow-up was 2.7 years (range 0.1-17.9 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment by surgery and radiotherapy resulted in an overall 5-year survival rate of 61%. According to the Pittsburgh classification, the actuarial 5-year survival rate for early disease (T1 and T2 tumors) was 86%, for T3 tumors 50%, and T4 stages 41%. Patients with tumors limited to the external auditory canal had a 5-year survival rate of 100%, patients with tumor invasion of the temporal bone 63%, and patients with tumor infiltration beyond the temporal bone 38%. The rate of freedom from local recurrence was 50% at 5 years. Unresectability by dural and cerebral infiltration, and treatment factors such as complete resection or resection with tumor beyond surgical margins are of prognostic relevance. All patients with dural invasion died within 2.2 years. The actuarial 5-year survival rate of patients with complete tumor resection was 100%, but 66% in patients with tumor beyond surgical margins. 192Iridium high-dose-rate (HDR) afterloading brachytherapy based on three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT)-treatment planning was an effective tool in management of local recurrences following surgery and a full course of external beam radiotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical resection followed by radiotherapy adapted to stage of disease and grade of resection is the preferred treatment of cancer of the external auditory canal and middle ear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pfreundner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwager
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Willner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baier
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bratengeier
authors.forename: F X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flentje
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004424:Ear Canal / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004428:Ear Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D015996:Survival Rate; D017211:Treatment Failure