title: Cytokine and nitric oxide production by rat microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharides in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the characterization of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and nitric oxide (NO) production in microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cultured neonatal rat microglia were incubated with LPS (0-10 mg.L-1) for 0-72 h. The supernatants and lysates were collected. IL-1, IL-2, and TNF-alpha were assayed by mouse thymocyte proliferation, mouse spleen cell proliferation, and 1929 cytotoxity, respectively. NO was assayed by Griess reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extracellular IL-1, TNF-alpha, and NO production reached peak levels at LPS 1 mg.L-1. Intracellular IL-1 production reached its peak level at LPS 100 micrograms.L-1. Intracellular TNF-alpha level was very low. IL-1, TNF-alpha, and NO activities were detected at 1, 4, and 8 h, after the cells were stimulated with LPS. IL-1 got to its peak value at 8 h, TNF-alpha, and NO reached the highest levels at 24 h. However, IL-2 activity was not detected after the microglia were stimulated with LPS 0-10 mg.L-1 during the incubation period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rat microglia stimulated with LPS in vitro produced proinflammatory cytokines and NO.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
authors.forename: Z Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: X Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007376:Interleukin-2; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide