title: Effects of hormone replacement therapy and social stress on body fat distribution in surgically postmenopausal monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and social stress on body fat distribution in an animal model of women's health, the female cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis).
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult female cynomolgus monkeys were ovariectomized and fed an atherogenic diet for two years while housed in social groups of 3-8 monkeys each. Animals were then fed a lipid-lowering diet and randomized into four experimental groups: a baseline group which was necropsied immediately and not included in the study reported here, 26 females fed diet only (CONTROL), 22 females fed diet plus conjugated equine estrogens (CEE), and 21 females fed the diet plus CEE and medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE + MPA). Treatment lasted 30 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the last nine months of treatment, social status was determined three times at three month intervals. At the end of the study, whole body obesity and fat distribution patterns were determined using anthropometry and computerized tomography (CT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of a progestin to the estrogen replacement regimen administered to surgically postmenopausal monkeys, increased all anthropometric and CT measures of obesity except intra-abdominal fat. HRT had no effect on patterns of fat distribution. Socially-dominant, ovariectomized females were more obese than subordinates using both anthropometric and CT measurements of whole body obesity. Dominant females were more likely to have their fat deposited centrally as measured anthropometrically. However, CT measures revealed a trend for dominants to preferentially deposit fat in the subcutaneous abdominal depot in contrast to subordinates who deposited fat in the intra-abdominal depot.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that progestins, when administered in combination with estrogens, may increase fat deposition, particularly in subcutaneous depots. In addition, the social stress experienced by subordinate monkeys, may have mild effects on fat deposition patterns, even after removal of ovarian function as a factor. These observations may have implications for treatment recommendations in postmenopausal women. Lastly, CT may measure different characteristics of fat distribution than skinfolds and circumferences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA. jmwallac@wfubmc.edc
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Shively
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Clarkson
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects*; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004291:Dominance-Subordination; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006608:Hierarchy, Social; D008251:Macaca; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D010052:Ovariectomy; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate