title: TT virus infection in chronic liver disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The exact role of the novel hepatotropic TT virus regarding the etiology of viral hepatitis, as well as the progression towards chronic liver disease has as yet not been defined. Moreover, the contribution of TTV infection to the course of chronic hepatitis B or C virus infections also still awaits clarification. Hence, the aim of our study was to investigate the impact of TTV infection on clinical severity and histology of chronic liver disease originating from HBV and/or HCV infections in Thai patients concomitant with the determination of TTV's association with non-B, non-C chronic liver disease and compared to its prevalence among voluntary blood donors.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA was extracted from the sera collected from 115 hepatitis B patients, 41 hepatitis C, and 48 negative for either viral marker, who had all been diagnosed with chronic liver disease ranging from chronic hepatitis over cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. The sera obtained from 200 voluntary blood donors served as controls. TTV DNA was amplified by seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) employing primers derived from the genome's most conserved region. The PCR products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Liver function tests were performed by means of a chemical analyzer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TTV DNA was detected in 20% of the HBV-positive and 19.5% of the HCV-positive chronic liver disease patients. Within the group of patients seronegative for both viral markers, TTV was detected in 8.3%. Furthermore, its DNA was identified in 6.8% of the HCC patients and finally, in 7% of the blood donors. Yet, no significant differences between TTV infected and non-infected patients were found as to demographic data, assumed source of infection, biochemical abnormalities, or severity of liver histology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TTV appears to be highly prevalent on a worldwide scale but regarding etiology of and progression towards serious liver disease, its contribution seems to be minor if not altogether non-existent. Hence, regarding clarification of its clinical significance, further studies are certainly required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University & Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tangkijvanich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Theamboonlers
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kullavanijaya
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suwangool
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Poovorawan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001782:Blood Donors; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000821:virology; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000821:virology; D006518:Hepatitis Viruses / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006521:Hepatitis, Chronic / Q000821:virology*; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000821:virology; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013785:Thailand; D014774:Virulence