title: Alcohol availability and homicide in New Orleans: conceptual considerations for small area analysis of the effect of alcohol outlet density.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the geographic relation between homicide rate and two competing measures of exposure to alcohol outlets, alcohol outlets per square mile and alcohol outlets per person.
  
  
  METHODS
  Homicides occurring in 1994 and 1995 and on-sale and off-sale alcohol outlets with active 1995 licenses were geocoded by address for aggregation at the census tract level. Ecologic analysis of the 155 urban residential census tracts in New Orleans was conducted with controls for potential sociodemographic confounders (% black, % adults unemployed, % unmarried households, and ratio males 15-24/males 35-44).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After logarithmic transformation of all study variables, sociodemographic confounders alone accounted for 58% (R2 = .58) of the variance of homicide rates. Adding off-sale alcohol outlet density to the models, measured (beta +/- SE) either as outlets per square mile (beta = .211 +/- .062) or outlets per person (beta = .244 +/- .063), yielded strong geographic relations with homicide and increased the amount of variance explained (R2 = .62). A 10% higher off-sale outlet density accounted for a 2.4% higher homicide rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both off-sale alcohol outlets per square mile and off-sale outlets per person demonstrate strong geographic associations with homicide rates among urban residential census tracts in New Orleans. These findings suggest that communities faced with high rates of assaultive violence might consider policy interventions that address alcohol outlet related factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans 70112, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scribner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006708:Homicide / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008145:Louisiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data