title: Continuous subcutaneous infusion of glucagon-like peptide 1 lowers plasma glucose and reduces appetite in type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The gut hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has insulinotropic and anorectic effects during intravenous infusion and has been proposed as a new treatment for type 2 diabetes and obesity. The effect of a single subcutaneous injection is brief because of rapid degradation. We therefore sought to evaluate the effect of infusion of GLP-1 for 48 h in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We infused GLP-1 (2.4 pmol.kg-1.min-1) or saline subcutaneously for 48 h in randomized order in six patients with type 2 diabetes to evaluate the effect on appetite during fixed energy intake and on plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, postprandial lipidemia, blood pressure, heart rate, and basal metabolic rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The infusion resulted in elevations of the plasma concentrations of intact GLP-1 similar to those observed after intravenous infusion of 1.2 pmol.kg-1.min-1, previously shown to lower blood glucose effectively in type 2 diabetic patients. Fasting plasma glucose (day 2) decreased from 14.1 +/- 0.9 (saline) to 12.2 +/- 0.7 mmol/l (GLP-1), P = 0.009, and 24-h mean plasma glucose decreased from 15.4 +/- 1.0 to 13.0 +/- 1.0 mmol/l, P = 0.0009. Fasting and total area under the curve for insulin and C-peptide levels were significantly higher during the GLP-1 administration, whereas glucagon levels were unchanged. Neither triglycerides nor free fatty acids were affected. GLP-1 administration decreased hunger and prospective food intake and increased satiety, whereas fullness was unaffected. No side effects during GLP-1 infusion were recorded except for a brief cutaneous reaction. Basal metabolic rate and heart rate did not change significantly during GLP-1 administration. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure tended to be lower during the GLP-1 infusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that 48-h continuous subcutaneous infusion of GLP-1 in type 2 diabetic patients 1) lowers fasting as well as meal-related plasma glucose, 2) reduces appetite, 3) has no gastrointestinal side effects, and 4) has no negative effect on blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Toft-Nielsen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madsbad
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects*; D001067:Appetite Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects; D005934:Glucagon / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001067:Appetite Depressants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010455:Peptides; D011498:Protein Precursors; C055453:glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon; C051322:glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-37)