title: A molecular epidemiologic analysis of tuberculosis trends in San Francisco, 1991-1997.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To decrease tuberculosis case rates and cases due to recent infection (clustered cases) in San Francisco, California, tuberculosis control measures were intensified beginning in 1991 by focusing on prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission and on the use of preventive therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe trends in rates of tuberculosis cases and clustered cases in San Francisco from 1991 through 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  San Francisco, California.
  
  
  METHODS
  Persons with tuberculosis diagnosed between 1 January 1991 and 31 December 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA fingerprinting was performed. During sequential 1-year intervals, changes in annual case rates per 100,000 persons for all cases, clustered cases (cases with M. tuberculosis isolates having identical fingerprint patterns), and cases in specific subgroups with high rates of clustering (persons born in the United States and HIV-infected persons) were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annual tuberculosis case rates peaked at 51.2 cases per 100,000 persons in 1992 and decreased significantly thereafter to 29.8 cases per 100,000 persons in 1997 (P < 0.001). The rate of clustered cases decreased significantly over time in the entire study sample (from 10.4 cases per 100,000 persons in 1991 to 3.8 cases per 100,000 persons in 1997 [P < 0.001]), in persons born in the United States (P < 0.001), and in HIV-infected persons (P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rates of tuberculosis cases and clustered tuberculosis cases decreased both overall and among persons in high-risk groups. This occurred in a period during which tuberculosis control measures were intensified.
authors.affiliation: San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, California, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jasmer
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Daley
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Creasman
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Schecter
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hopewell
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016358:Contact Tracing; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017053:Infection Control; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics*; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission