title: Additive analgesic effects of oxycodone and ibuprofen in the oral surgery model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A traditional approach to achieve greater analgesic efficacy is to combine an efficacious dose of a nonopioid with a dose of an opioid sufficient to produce additive analgesia without a substantial increase in the incidence of adverse effects. This study evaluated the additive analagesic effects of the combination of ibuprofen and oxycodone.
  
  
  METHODS
  A dose of 400 mg ibuprofen was compared with 400 mg ibuprofen with oxycodone in doses of 2.5, 5, or 10 mg in the oral surgery model of acute pain. Analgesic efficacy was measured with category and visual analog scales at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes and hourly up to 6 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ibuprofen plus 10 mg oxycodone produced significantly greater analgesia compared with the other three groups, as measured by the visual analog scale from 15 minutes after drug administration up to the 2-hour observation. All four treatments were similar from 3 to 6 hours, with the area under the pain intensity difference curve being similar across groups. Neither the 2.5-mg nor the 5-mg oxycodone dose provided any additive analgesia over ibuprofen at any points. Addition of oxycodone resulted in a dose-related increase in the number of patients reporting adverse effects, with significantly greater drowsiness and vomiting at the 10-mg dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that additive analgesia can be achieved for the combination of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and an orally effective opioid, with faster onset of relief for the combination of 400 mg ibuprofen and 10 mg oxycodone over the first 2 hours after administration, but at the expense of an increased incidence of adverse events.
authors.affiliation: Pain and Neurosensory Mechanisms Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. dionne@yoda.nidr.nih.gov
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dionne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000601:surgery*; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000601:surgery; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010098:Oxycodone; D007052:Ibuprofen