title: Gender differences in risk of renal cell carcinoma and occupational exposures to chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Organic solvents have been associated with renal cell cancer; however, the risk by gender and type of solvents is nuclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the risk of renal cell carcinoma among men and women exposed to all organic solvents-combined, all chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHC)-combined, and nine individual CAHC using a priori job exposure matrices developed by NCI in a population-based case-control study in Minnesota, U.S. We interviewed 438 renal cell cancer cases (273 men and 165 women) and 687 controls (462 men and 225 women).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 34% of male cases and 21% of female cases were exposed to organic solvents in general. The risk of renal cell carcinoma was significantly elevated among women exposed to all organic solvents combined (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.3-4.2), to CAHC combined (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.1-3.9), and to trichloroethylene (TCE) (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.0-4.0). Among men, no significant excess risk was observed among men exposed to any of these nine individual CAHCs, all CAHCs-combined, or all organic solvents-combined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observed gender differences in risk of renal cell carcinoma in relation to exposure to organic solvents may be explained by chance based on small numbers, or by the differences in body fat content, metabolic activity, the rate of elimination of xenobiotics from the body, or by differences in the level of exposure between men and women, even though they have the same job title.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. dosemecm@epndce.nci.nih.gov
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dosemeci
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cocco
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009790:Occupations / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012737:Sex Factors; D012997:Solvents / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D012997:Solvents