title: Tolerance to shock: an exploration of mechanism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if cross-tolerance to septic shock could be induced by a previous insult with sublethal hemorrhage (SLH) and to characterize the mechanisms involved in this induced protective response.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It is possible to condition animals by prior SLH such that they tolerate an otherwise lethal hemorrhage. It is also possible to condition animals with low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) so that they survive a "lethal" septic insult. However, a paucity of information exists on cross-tolerance between hemorrhage and sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were made tolerant by conditioning SLH or sham operation. Twenty-four hours later, tolerant and sham rats were exposed to a lethal dose of LPS. To explore the mechanism of tolerance induction, rats were given the macrophage (Mphi) inhibitor CNI-1493 or saline carrier before SLH. Survival and pulmonary vascular injury were determined after LPS. Serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels and splenic Mphi TNF gene expression were measured at several time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior SLH indeed made rats tolerant and imparted a significant survival benefit and reduction in pulmonary vascular injury after LPS. The tolerance induced by SLH was reversed by Mphi inhibition. Tolerant animals had low serum TNF levels immediately after SLH and reduced circulating TNF levels after LPS. SLH, however, did not inhibit the augmentation of TNF gene expression after LPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sublethal hemorrhage bestows protection against a lethal LPS challenge. Inhibition of the Mphi attenuated the benefit of the tolerance induced by SLH. Circulating TNF but not TNF gene after LPS is lessened by SLH. This implicates changes in Mphi intracellular signaling in induction of the tolerant state.
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida Department of Surgery, Tampa, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Salhab
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Valdes
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Tracey
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Carey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015870:Gene Expression; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D015996:Survival Rate; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha