title: Hormone replacement therapy for African American women: missed opportunities for effective intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because of the potential benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), information about the efficacy of HRT in different groups of women is important to patients and providers. The objectives of this study were to review the evidence on the benefits and risks of HRT in African American women and to present a quantitative analysis of the potential reduction in mortality from osteoporotic fractures and coronary heart disease and the potential increase in risk of breast and endometrial cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search of English-language observational studies and clinical trials on the effects of HRT on osteoporotic fractures and coronary heart disease (CHD) was conducted for the time period from 1966 to September 1998. Using available CHD mortality data for African American women and white women, potential reductions in mortality with HRT were explored for African American and white women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 30 studies on CHD and HRT, African American women were known to comprise only 173 (0.1%) of 148,437 participants. In 11 studies of HRT and osteoporotic fractures, only 128 (0.4%) of 40,299 participants were known to be African American women. An analysis of CHD mortality by decade intervals indicated that African American women, aged 55 to 64, are more likely to die from CHD each year than white women. Despite a lower incidence of breast and endometrial cancer among African American women, the mortality rates of African American women with these cancers is higher compared with white women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the higher underlying CHD mortality rate among African American women, HRT is an important potential preventive therapy. The absence of African American women and other non-white women from clinical studies of HRT makes it difficult to fully assess the risks and benefits of HRT in this group of women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gathe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grumbach
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Washington
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Pérez-Stable
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018579:Patient Selection; D011050:Policy Making; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000187:drug effects / Q000208:ethnology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology