title: Lidocaine toxicity to rat retinal ganglion cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of the local anesthetic, lidocaine, on rat retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in vitro and in a modified in vivo assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  For in vitro experiments, RGC were dissociated from freshly harvested Long Evan's rat pup retinas. The RGC were incubated overnight with varying concentrations of lidocaine (0.5-12.0 mM). Surviving cells were assayed at 24 hours. In an in vivo assay, 7-day-old Long-Evans rat pups were anesthetized and 2 microl of lidocaine (final intraocular concentration: 0.03-15 mM) or vehicle was injected intravitreally. Intravitreal coinjection of nimodipine or MK801 (dizocilpine) were also performed in a subset of animals. A week after injection, rat pups were sacrificed and each retina removed, dissociated and plated separately. RGC survival was immediately assessed. Living RGC were identified on the basis of morphology and counted in a masked fashion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lidocaine is toxic in a dose dependent fashion to RGC in vitro. Lower concentrations (0.5 mM and 1.0 mM) were non-toxic; 2.0, 6.0 and 12.0 mM lidocaine killed 25%, 88% and 99% of the RGC respectively. Intravitreal lidocaine was also toxic to RGC in a dose dependent fashion. Lidocaine concentrations of 3.0 mM, 7.5 mM and 15 mM killed 25%, 38% and 44% of the RGC. This effect was blocked by the simultaneous administration of either nimodipine or MK801.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lidocaine is toxic to RGC both in vitro and in vivo. This effect is blocked in vivo by the simultaneous administration of agents known to block glutamate mediated neuronal death, suggesting that excitotoxicity may be involved in this process.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Grosskreutz
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Katowitz
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Dreyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000506:poisoning*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009553:Nimodipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009553:Nimodipine; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D008012:Lidocaine