title: Oral contraceptives and smoking, current considerations: recommendations of a consensus panel.
abstract: In a closed meeting, members of the consensus panel evaluated the presentations of the scientific panel and developed a series of recommendations. They outlined clinical imperatives related to the identification and education of patients who smoke, the physician's role in smoking cessation, and the prescription of oral contraceptives for patients who smoke. They also outlined research objectives for the future. The most important suggestions include the following: All patients should be asked about their smoking status at every visit, and all smokers should be encouraged and helped to quit. The decision to prescribe an oral contraceptive requires a detailed personal and family history of thrombotic disease. Measurement of lipid profile should be considered, along with exercise and dietary intervention, for smokers >35 years old who use or request oral contraceptives. Patients >35 years old who smoke heavily (>15 cigarettes/d) should be denied the use of oral contraceptives. Preliminary data suggest that an oral contraceptive with the very low dose of 20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol may be safer for oral contraceptive users who smoke, even for those >35 years old who have an occasional cigarette, but these laboratory findings require clinical corroboration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harvard Medical School, the Division of Hematology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schiff
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Sexton
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral