The myeloperoxidase system of human phagocytes generates Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine on proteins: a mechanism for producing advanced glycation end products at sites of inflammation.
Reactive aldehydes derived from reducing sugars and peroxidation of lipids covalently modify proteins and may contribute to oxidative tissue damage. We recently described another mechanism for generating reactive aldehydes from free alpha-amino acids. The pathway begins with myeloperoxidase, a heme enzyme secreted by activated neutrophils. Conversion of alpha-amino acids to aldehydes requires hypochlorous acid (HOCl), formed from H2O2 and chloride by myeloperoxidase. When L-serine is the substrate, HOCl generates high yields of glycolaldehyde. We now demonstrate that a model protein, ribonuclease A (RNase A), exposed to free L-serine and HOCl exhibits the biochemical hallmarks of advanced glycation end (AGE) products -- browning, increased fluorescence, and cross-linking. Furthermore, Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), a chemically well-characterized AGE product, was generated on RNase A when it was exposed to reagent HOCl-serine, the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-chloride system plus L-serine, or activated human neutrophils plus L-serine. CML production by neutrophils was inhibited by the H2O2 scavenger catalase and the heme poison azide, implicating myeloperoxidase in the cell-mediated reaction. CML was also generated on RNase A by a myeloperoxidase-dependent pathway when neutrophils were activated in a mixture of amino acids. Under these conditions, we observed both L-serine-dependent and L-serine-independent pathways of CML formation. The in vivo production of glycolaldehyde and other reactive aldehydes by myeloperoxidase may thus play an important pathogenic role by generating AGE products and damaging tissues at sites of inflammation.
Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
M M
MM
Anderson
J R
JR
Requena
J R
JR
Crowley
S R
SR
Thorpe
J W
JW
Heinecke
D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000494:pharmacology; D002412:Cations; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000201:enzymology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D012259:Ribonuclease, Pancreatic / Q000187:drug effects; D012694:Serine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019810:Sodium Azide / Q000494:pharmacology
D000447:Aldehydes; D002412:Cations; D002614:Chelating Agents; D012694:Serine; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid; D019810:Sodium Azide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D012259:Ribonuclease, Pancreatic; D008239:Lysine