A fission yeast gene, him1(+)/dfp1(+), encoding a regulatory subunit for Hsk1 kinase, plays essential roles in S-phase initiation as well as in S-phase checkpoint control and recovery from DNA damage.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC7 encodes a serine/threonine kinase required for G(1)/S transition, and its related kinases are present in fission yeast as well as in higher eukaryotes, including humans. Kinase activity of Cdc7 protein depends on the regulatory subunit, Dbf4, which also interacts with replication origins. We have identified him1(+) from two-hybrid screening with Hsk1, a fission yeast homologue of Cdc7 kinase, and showed that it encodes a regulatory subunit of Hsk1. Him1, identical to Dfp1, previously identified as an associated molecule of Hsk1, binds to Hsk1 and stimulates its kinase activity, which phosphorylates both catalytic and regulatory subunits as well as recombinant MCM2 protein in vitro. him1(+) is essential for DNA replication in fission yeast cells, and its transcription is cell cycle regulated, increasing at middle M to late G(1). The protein level is low at START in G(1), increases at the G(1)/S boundary, and is maintained at a high level throughout S phase. Him1 protein is hyperphosphorylated at G(1)/S through S during the cell cycle as well as in response to early S-phase arrest induced by nucleotide deprivation. Deletion of one of the motifs conserved in regulatory subunits for Cdc7-related kinases as well as alanine substitution of three serine and threonine residues present in the same motif resulted in a defect in checkpoint regulation normally induced by hydroxyurea treatment. The alanine mutant also showed growth retardation after UV irradiation and the addition of methylmethane sulfonate. In keeping with this result, a database search indicates that him1(+) is identical to rad35(+). Our results reveal a novel function of the Cdc7/Dbf4-related kinase complex in S-phase checkpoint control as well as in growth recovery from DNA damage in addition to its predicted essential function in S-phase initiation.
Department of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Takeda
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Ogino
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Matsui
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Kumagai
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Miyake
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Arai
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Masai
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004249:DNA Damage; D004265:DNA Helicases; D004261:DNA Replication; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000494:pharmacology; D007313:Insecta; D008938:Mitosis; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016196:S Phase; D012568:Schizosaccharomyces / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics*; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015534:Trans-Activators
D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; C045264:replication initiator protein; C094761:HSK1 protein, S pombe; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D004265:DNA Helicases; D006918:Hydroxyurea