Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional power Doppler angiography of the human prostate: correlation with biopsy outcome.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the feasibility of contrast-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the prostatic vasculature using power Doppler imaging and to analyze whether semiquantitative judgments of 3D images with respect to symmetry and distribution of vascular structures correlated with biopsy outcome.


METHODS
3D power Doppler images were obtained before and after intravenous administration of 2.5 g Levovist. Subsequently, random and/or directed transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsies were performed. Vascular images were analyzed by two experts. Prostate vasculature was judged with respect to symmetry and vessel distribution using a (scale) grading system.


RESULTS
Eighteen patients with a suspicion of prostate cancer either because of an elevated prostate-specific antigen (greater than 4.0 ng/mL; Tandem-R-assay) or an abnormal digital rectal examination were included in the study. Prostate cancer was detected in 13 patients. Vascular anatomy was judged abnormal in unenhanced images in 6 cases, of which 5 proved malignant. Enhanced images were considered suspicious for malignancy in 12 cases, including 1 benign and 11 malignant biopsy results. Sensitivity of enhanced images was 85% (specificity 80%) compared with 38% for unenhanced images (specificity 80%) and 77% for conventional gray-scale TRUS (specificity 60%). Of 6 patients who showed no B-mode abnormalities, vascular patterns were judged abnormal in 4 cases, of which 3 were malignant.


CONCLUSIONS
Contrast-enhanced 3D power Doppler angiography is feasible in patients with suspicion of prostate cancer who are scheduled for prostate biopsies. The sensitivity of power Doppler 3D imaging for the detection of prostate malignancy increased from 38% (5 of 13) to 85% (11 of 13) after administration of intravascular microbubble contrast (Levovist), and specificity was found to be 80% (4 of 5) for both imaging modalities. Thus, the use of Levovist when combined with the power Doppler display mode and 3D image reconstruction offers a promising new research area that might prove useful in prostate cancer detection in the future.
Department of Urology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
H A
HA
Bogers
J P
JP
Sedelaar
H P
HP
Beerlage
J J
JJ
de la Rosette
F M
FM
Debruyne
H
H
Wijkstra
R G
RG
Aarnink
D000792:Angiography; D001706:Biopsy; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
D003287:Contrast Media; D011134:Polysaccharides; C059891:SHU 508