Display modes for CT colonography. Part I. Synthesis and insertion of polyps into patient CT data.
OBJECTIVE
To develop and validate a method for the insertion of digitally synthesized polyps into computed tomographic (CT) images of the human colon for use as ground truth for evaluation of virtual colonoscopy.


METHODS
Spiral CT simulator software was used to generate 10 synthetic polyps in various configurations. Additional software was developed to insert these polyps into volume CT scans. Ten polyps in eight patients were selected for comparison. Three radiologists evaluated whether two-dimensional (2D) CT images and three-dimensional (3D) volume-rendered CT images showed synthetic or real polyps.


RESULTS
Edge-response profiles and noise of simulated polyps matched those of native polyps. Frequency distributions of reviewers' responses were not significantly different for synthetic versus real polyps in either 3D or 2D images. Responses were clustered around the response of "unsure" if lesions were real or synthetic. Receiver operating characteristic curves had areas of 0.54 (95% CI = 0.39, 0.68) for 3D and 0.39 (95% CI = 0.25, 0.53) for 2D images, which were not significantly different from random guessing (P = .70 and .28 for 3D and 2D images, respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
Synthetic polyps were indistinguishable from real polyps. This method can be used to generate ground truth experimental data for comparison of CT colonographic display and detection methods.
Karadi
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C
Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5488, USA.
Beaulieu
C F
CF
Jeffrey
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RB
Paik
D S
DS
Napel
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S
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016477:Artifacts; D003111:Colonic Polyps / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003113:Colonoscopy; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013679:Technology, Radiologic; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014584:User-Computer Interface