Body-composition changes with diet and exercise in obese women: a comparison of estimates from clinical methods and a 4-component model.
BACKGROUND
Most methods available to clinicians for estimating body-composition changes have been validated against estimates from densitometry, based on a 2-component (fat mass and fat-free mass) model.


OBJECTIVE
Estimates of changes in percentage body fat (%BF) from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), skinfold thicknesses (SFTs), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) were compared with estimates from a 4-component (fat, water, mineral, and protein) model (%BFd,w,m), a more accurate method.


METHODS
Determinations of body density from hydrostatic weighing, body water from deuterium dilution, bone mineral and %BF from whole-body DXA, resistance from BIA, and anthropometric measures were made in 27 obese women (BMI: 31.1 +/- 4.9) assigned to 1 of 3 groups: control (C; n = 9), diet only (DO; n = 9), or diet plus aerobic exercise (DE; n = 9).


RESULTS
After the 16-wk intervention, changes in body mass (BM) averaged 0.5 +/- 2.0, -7.2 +/- 7.4, and -4.0 +/- 3.3 kg and changes in %BFd,w,m averaged 2.1 +/- 1.0%, -1.2 +/- 1.4%, and -2.4 +/- 1.6% in the C, DO, and DE groups, respectively. Compared with changes in %BFd,w,m, the errors (SD of bias) for estimates of changes in %BF by DXA, BIA, SFTs, and BMI were similar (range: +/-2.0-2.4% of BM). BIA, SFTs, and BMI provided unbiased estimates of decreases in %BFd,w,m, but DXA overestimated decreases in %BF in the DO and DE groups.


CONCLUSIONS
DXA, BIA, SFTs, and BMI are comparably accurate for evaluating body-composition changes induced by diet and exercise interventions; however, small changes in %BF may not be accurately detected by these clinical methods.
Evans
E M
EM
Departments of Exercise Science and Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, USA. eevans@imgate.wustl.edu
Saunders
M J
MJ
Spano
M A
MA
Arngrimsson
S A
SA
Lewis
R D
RD
Cureton
K J
KJ
D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001834:Body Water; D003903:Deuterium; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D017097:Electric Impedance; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D015431:Weight Loss
D003903:Deuterium