Cavernous malformations of the brainstem: experience with 100 patients.
OBJECTIVE
In this study the authors review surgical experience with cavernous malformations of the brainstem (CMBs) in an attempt to define more clearly the natural history, indications, and risks of surgical management of these lesions.


METHODS
The authors retrospectively reviewed the cases of 100 patients (38 males and 62 females; mean age 37 years) harboring 103 lesions at treated a single institution between 1984 and 1997. Clinical histories, radiographs, pathology records, and operative reports were evaluated. The brainstem lesions were distributed as follows: pons in 39 patients, medulla in 16, midbrain in 16, pontomesencephalic junction in 15, pontomedullary junction in 10, midbrain-hypothalamus/thalamus region in two patients, and more than two brainstem levels in five. The retrospective annual hemorrhage rate was most conservatively estimated at 5% per lesion per year. Standard skull base approaches were used to resect lesions in 86 of the 100 patients. Intraoperatively, all 86 patients were found to have a venous anomaly in association with the CMB. Follow up was available in 98% (84 of 86) of the surgical patients. Of these, 73 (87%) were the same or better after surgical intervention, eight (10%) were worse, and three (4%) died. Two surgical patients were lost to follow-up review. Incidences of permanent or severe morbidity occurred in 10 (12%) of the surgically treated patients. The average postoperative Glasgow Outcome Scale score for surgically treated patients was 4.5, with a mean follow-up period of 35 months.


CONCLUSIONS
The natural history of CMBs is worse than that of cavernous malformations in other locations. These CMBs can be resected using skull base approaches, which should be considered in patients with symptomatic hemorrhage who harbor lesions that approach the pial surface. Venous anomalies are always associated with CMBs and must be preserved.
Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013-4496, USA.
R W
RW
Porter
P W
PW
Detwiler
R F
RF
Spetzler
M T
MT
Lawton
J J
JJ
Baskin
P T
PT
Derksen
J M
JM
Zabramski
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002426:Cavernous Sinus; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000002:abnormalities; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000098:blood supply; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000098:blood supply; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000098:blood supply; D008875:Middle Aged; D011149:Pons / Q000098:blood supply; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013788:Thalamus / Q000098:blood supply