Fracture and dislocation of snowboarder's elbow.
BACKGROUND
This study focuses on the analysis of snowboarding versus skiing injuries, especially fracture, dislocation, or both, of the elbow, based on 7 years of medical records and roentgenograms of patients injured at a ski-snowboard area, Mt. Zao National Park, and demonstrates the precise characteristics of snowboard injury in the elbow region.


METHODS
A retrospective study of 1,445 injured snowboarders and 10,152 injured skiers was undertaken to assess both snowboarding and skiing injuries. Sixty-four cases of snowboarding injuries and 152 cases of skiing injuries were available for precise analysis of fracture, dislocation, or both, in the elbow region.


RESULTS
Fractures, dislocations, or both, in the elbow were more frequently observed for snowboarders (30 of 64 cases, 46.9%) when compared with that for skiers (26 of 152 cases, 17.1%) (p < 0.001). The rate of dislocation with or without fracture of the elbow was also significantly higher for snowboarders (17 of 64 cases, 26.6%) than for skiers (8 of 152 cases, 5.3%, p < 0.001). Seventeen cases of elbow dislocation in snowboarding were all of the posterior type, which accompanied two coronoid process fractures and two radial neck fractures. Fractures of the coronoid process (five cases), radial head (one case), radial neck (five cases), olecranon (one case), proximal ulnar shaft (one case), and extension-type fracture of distal humerus (four cases) were the fracture types observed in the analysis.


CONCLUSIONS
Posterior dislocation; fractures of coronoid process, radial neck, and radial head; and extension-type fracture of the distal humerus characterize the particular and frequent injury mechanism responsible for snowboarding trauma in the elbow region. Thus, snowboarding injury of the elbow is recognized as a severe injury and is characterized by a frequent risk of posterior dislocation, fracture, or both. The severity of elbow injuries in snowboarding mainly seems to be due to direct mechanical force on the elbow, receiving the full impact of falling down, combined with an outstretched hand and elbow extension, or with an outstretched hand and longitudinal thrust force, to the proximal radius and ulna and distal humerus.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Saiseikai Yamagata Hospital, Japan. mtakagi@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp
M
M
Takagi
K
K
Sasaki
Y
Y
Kiyoshige
H
H
Ida
T
T
Ogino
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012865:Skiing / Q000293:injuries*; D000092464:Elbow Injuries