Value of blood pressure self-monitoring as a predictor of progression of diabetic nephropathy.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the impact of self-monitoring of blood pressure values (BP(S)) as compared with office blood pressure measurements (BP(O)) on the progression of diabetic nephropathy.


METHODS
Long-term, follow-up cohort study.


METHODS
Hypertensive, type 1 diabetic patients with overt diabetic nephropathy were investigated. Patients initially participated in a hypertension treatment and teaching programme including extensive advice on blood pressure self-monitoring. Self-monitoring and office blood pressure values were continuously assessed during the entire follow-up period. Progression of diabetic nephropathy over the study period was individually assessed as the mean decline of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) per patient per year. Baseline and follow-up parameters were included in stepwise multiple regression analyses with the decline of GFR per year as the dependent variable.


RESULTS
Seventy-seven type 1 diabetic patients (37 women, 40 men) were followed for a mean period of 6.2 +/- 2.8 years (mean +/- SD; range 2-12) resulting in a total of 481 patient-years. During the follow-up period, mean BP(O) decreased from 166/95 at baseline to 154/89 mmHg during follow-up, and mean BP(S) fell from 159/93 to 138/83 mmHg. The mean decline of GFR was 4.1 +/- 5.6 ml/min per year. Loss of kidney function was significantly correlated with proteinuria, blood pressure and glycosylated haemoglobin values. In the multiple regression analyses, BP(S) predicted the loss of renal function better than BP(O) (R2 = 0.52 versus 0.42). The simple correlation between BP(S) and GFR decline was higher compared to BP(O) and GFR (r = -0.42; P < 0.0001 versus -0.33; P < 0.004).


CONCLUSIONS
Blood pressure self-monitoring values are a better predictor of progression of diabetic nephropathy when compared with office blood pressure measurements.
Department of Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition, WHO Collaborating Center for Diabetes, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany. klaus.rave@uni-duesseldorf.de
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D000328:Adult; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012648:Self Care