Transgenic mice expressing Shb adaptor protein under the control of rat insulin promoter exhibit altered viability of pancreatic islet cells.
BACKGROUND
The Src-homology 2 domain-containing adaptor protein Shb was recently cloned as a serum-inducible gene in the insulin-producing beta-TC1 cell line. Subsequent studies have revealed an involvement of Shb for apoptosis in NIH3T3 fibroblasts and differentiation in the neuronal PC12 cells. To assess a role of Shb for beta-cell function, transgenic mice utilizing the rat insulin promoter to drive expression of Shb were generated.


METHODS
A gene construct allowing the Shb cDNA to be expressed from the rat insulin 2 promoter was microinjected into fertilized mouse oocytes and implanted into pseudopregnant mice. Mice containing a low copy number of this transgene were bred and used for further experimentation. Shb expression was determined by Western blot analysis. The insulin-positive area of whole pancreas, insulin secretion of isolated islets and islet cell apoptosis, glucose tolerance tests, and in vivo sensitivity to multiple injections of the beta-cell toxin streptozotocin were determined in control CBA and Shb-transgenic mice.


RESULTS
Western blot analysis revealed elevated islet content of the Shb protein. Shb-transgenic mice displayed enhanced glucose-disappearance rates in response to an intravenous glucose injection. The relative pancreatic beta-cell area neonatally and at 6 months of age were increased in the Shb-transgenic mice. Islets isolated from Shb-transgenic mice showed enhanced insulin secretion in response to glucose and increased insulin and DNA content. Apoptosis was increased in islets isolated from Shb-transgenic mice compared with control islets both under basal conditions and after incubation with IL-1 beta + IFN-gamma. Rat insulinoma RINm5F cells overexpressing Shb displayed decreased viability during culture in 0.1% serum and after exposure to a cytotoxic dose of nicotinamide. Shb-transgenic mice injected with multiple doses of streptozotocin showed increased blood glucose values compared with the corresponding controls, suggesting increased in vivo susceptibility to this toxin.


CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that Shb has dual effects on beta-cell growth: whereas Shb increases beta-cell formation during late embryonal stages, Shb also enhances beta-cell death under certain stressful conditions and may thus contribute to beta-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes.
Welsh
M
M
Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden. michael.welsh@medcellbiol.uu.se
Christmansson
L
L
Karlsson
T
T
Sandler
S
S
Welsh
N
N
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division; D002470:Cell Survival; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006706:Homeostasis; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013311:Streptozocin
D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D007375:Interleukin-1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C085634:Shb protein, mouse; C490082:Shb protein, rat; D013311:Streptozocin; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D005947:Glucose