Costs of health care use by women HMO members with a history of childhood abuse and neglect.
BACKGROUND
Early childhood maltreatment has been associated with adverse adult health outcomes, but little is known about the magnitude of adult health care use and costs that accompany maltreatment. We examined differences in annual health care use and costs in women with and without histories of childhood sexual, emotional, or physical abuse or neglect.


METHODS
A random sample of 1225 women members of a health maintenance organization completed a 22-page questionnaire inquiring into childhood maltreatment experiences as measured by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Health care costs and use data were obtained from the automated cost-accounting system of the health maintenance organization, including total costs, outpatient and primary care costs, and emergency department visits.


RESULTS
Women who reported any abuse or neglect had median annual health care costs that were $97 (95% confidence interval, $0.47-$188.26) greater than women who did not report maltreatment. Women who reported sexual abuse had median annual health care costs that were $245 (95% confidence interval, $132.32-$381.93) greater than costs among women who did not report abuse. Women with sexual abuse histories had significantly higher primary care and outpatient costs and more frequent emergency department visits than women without these histories.


CONCLUSIONS
Although the absolute cost differences per year per woman were relatively modest, the large number of women in the population with these experiences suggests that the total costs to society are substantial.
Walker
E A
EA
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA. edwalker@u.washington.edu
Unutzer
J
J
Rutter
C
C
Gelfand
A
A
Saunders
K
K
VonKorff
M
M
Koss
M P
MP
Katon
W
W
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000191:economics*; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires