Incidence rates and risk factors for acute urinary retention: the health professionals followup study.
OBJECTIVE
We define incidence rates and risk factors for acute urinary retention.


METHODS
In 1992, 41,276 United States male health professionals 45 to 83 years old self-reported baseline health data and American Urological Association symptom index scores. In 1995 a subset reported the year of any episode of acute urinary retention requiring catheterization. Of 8,418 respondents 6,100 without a history of prostate cancer, prostatectomy or acute urinary retention before 1992 provided data. Incidence rates from 1992 to 1995 were calculated and risk factors were assessed using logistic regression.


RESULTS
During 15,851 person-years of followup 82 men reported an episode of acute urinary retention (sampling weighted incidence 4.5/1,000 person-years, 95% confidence intervals 3.1 to 6.2). Rates increased with age and baseline symptom severity. In men with symptom score 0 to 7 (none or mild lower urinary tract symptoms) the incidence of acute urinary retention increased from 0.4/1,000 person-years for those 45 to 49 years old to 7.9/1,000 person-years for those 70 to 83 years old. In men with symptom score 8 to 35 (moderate or severe lower urinary tract symptoms) rates increased from 3.3/1,000 person-years for those 45 to 49 years old to 11.3/1,000 person-years for those 70 to 83 years old. Men with a clinical diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia and a symptom score 8 or greater had the highest rates (age adjusted incidence 13.7/1,000 person-years). All 7 lower urinary tract symptoms comprising the American Urological Association symptom index individually predicted acute urinary retention (age adjusted odds ratio 1.8 to 2.9 for symptoms occurring more than 25% of the time during the last month). The sensation of incomplete bladder emptying, having to void again after less than 2 hours and a weak urinary stream were the best independent symptom predictors. Use of medications with adrenergic or anticholinergic side effects also predicted acute urinary retention.


CONCLUSIONS
Acute urinary retention occurred relatively infrequently but older age, moderate or severe lower urinary tract symptoms, a diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia and specific drug therapies significantly increased the risk of occurrence.
Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
J B
JB
Meigs
M J
MJ
Barry
E
E
Giovannucci
E B
EB
Rimm
M J
MJ
Stampfer
I
I
Kawachi
D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology