Insulin resistance in HIV protease inhibitor-associated diabetes.
BACKGROUND
Fasting hyperglycemia has been associated with HIV protease inhibitor (PI) therapy.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether absolute insulin deficiency or insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency and an elevated body mass index (BMI) contribute to HIV PI-associated diabetes.


METHODS
Cross-sectional evaluation.


METHODS
8 healthy seronegative men, 10 nondiabetic HIV-positive patients naive to PI, 15 nondiabetic HIV-positive patients receiving PI (BMI = 26 kg/m2), 6 nondiabetic HIV-positive patients receiving PI (BMI = 31 kg/m2), and 8 HIV-positive patients with diabetes receiving PI (BMI = 34 kg/m2). All patients on PI received indinavir.


METHODS
Fasting concentrations of glucoregulatory hormones. Direct effects of indinavir (20 microM) on rat pancreatic beta-cell function in vitro.


RESULTS
In hyperglycemic HIV-positive subjects, circulating concentrations of insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin, glucagon, and the proinsulin/insulin ratio were increased when compared with those of the other 4 groups (p < .05). Morning fasting serum cortisol concentrations were not different among the 5 groups. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody titers were uncommon in all groups. High BMI was not always associated with diabetes. In vitro, indinavir did not inhibit proinsulin to insulin conversion or impair glucose-induced secretion of insulin and C-peptide from rat beta-cells.


CONCLUSIONS
The pathogenesis of HIV PI-associated diabetes involves peripheral insulin resistance with insulin deficiency relative to hyperglucagonemia and a high BMI. Pancreatic beta-cell function was not impaired by indinavir. HIV PI-associated diabetes mirrors that of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and impaired insulin action in the periphery.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. key@imgate.wustl.edu
K E
KE
Yarasheski
P
P
Tebas
C
C
Sigmund
S
S
Dagogo-Jack
A
A
Bohrer
J
J
Turk
P A
PA
Halban
P E
PE
Cryer
W G
WG
Powderly
D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D005934:Glucagon / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000378:metabolism; D011384:Proinsulin / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D002096:C-Peptide; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D007328:Insulin; D019469:Indinavir; D005934:Glucagon; D011384:Proinsulin; D010741:Phospholipases A