Hypertension and pain sensitivity: effects of gender and cardiovascular reactivity.
Repeatedly, hypertensives have been found to appraise physical stressors as less aversive than normotensives. The main aim of the present study was to examine the effects of gender and cardiovascular reactivity in the relationship between hypertension and appraisal of pain. Forty-two unmedicated hypertensives and 21 normotensive controls of both genders were exposed to an electric current stimulus, while various cardiovascular parameters and prestressor anxiety were measured. In general, hypertensive women, but not men, showed diminished pain sensitivity compared to their normotensive counterparts. When the analyses were repeated with controlling for cardiovascular reactivity, the between-group effects were no longer significant. The results indicate that (i) profound gender differences exist in hypertension-related pain sensitivity and (ii) these effects seem to be mediated, at least partly, by cardiovascular reactivity.
Department of Psychology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands. i.nyklicek@kub.nl
I
I
Nyklícek
A J
AJ
Vingerhoets
G L
GL
Van Heck
D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold; D011311:Pressoreceptors / Q000502:physiology; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors