Neuronal intracellular pH directly mediates nitric oxide-induced programmed cell death.
Neuronal injury is intricately linked to the activation of three distinct neuronal endonucleases. Since these endonucleases are exquisitely pH dependent, we investigated in primary rat hippocampal neurons the role of intracellular pH (pH(i)) regulation during nitric oxide (NO)-induced toxicity. Neuronal injury was assessed by both a 0.4% Trypan blue dye exclusion survival assay and programmed cell death (PCD) with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling (TUNEL) 24 h following treatment with the NO generators sodium nitroprusside (300 microM), 3-morpholinosydnonimine (300 microM), or 6-(2-hyrdroxy-1-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazino)-N-methyl-1-hex anamine (300 microM). The pH(i) was measured using the fluorescent probe BCECF. NO exposure yielded a rapid intracellular acidification during the initial 30 min from pH(i) 7.36 +/- 0.01 to approximately 7.00 (p <.0001). Within 45 min, a biphasic alkaline response was evident, with pH(i) reaching 7.40 +/- 0.02, that was persistent for a 6-h period. To mimic the effect of NO-induced acidification, neurons were acid-loaded with ammonium ions to yield a pH(i) of 7.09 +/- 0.02 for 30 min. Similar to NO toxicity, neuronal survival decreased to 45 +/- 2% (24 h) and DNA fragmentation increased to 58 +/- 8% (24 h) (p <.0001). Although neuronal caspases did not play a dominant role, neuronal injury and the induction of PCD during intracellular acidification were dependent upon enhanced endonuclease activity. Furthermore, maintenance of an alkaline pH(i) of 7.60 +/- 0.02 during the initial 30 min of NO exposure prevented neuronal injury, suggesting the necessity for the rapid but transient induction of intracellular acidification during NO toxicity. Through the identification of the critical role of both NO-induced intracellular acidification and the induction of the neuronal endonuclease activity, our work suggests a potential regulatory trigger for the prevention of neuronal degeneration.
Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Department of Neurology, 6E-19 UHC, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
A M
AM
Vincent
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M
TenBroeke
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K
Maiese
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D020169:Caspases / Q000502:physiology; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004720:Endonucleases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D008981:Molsidomine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology; D017942:Nitric Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000633:toxicity; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000633:toxicity; D009603:Nitroso Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014226:Triazenes
D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006834:Hydrazines; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009603:Nitroso Compounds; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D014226:Triazenes; C099612:NOC 9; D009599:Nitroprusside; D017942:Nitric Acid; C002385:linsidomine; C043829:2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein; D008981:Molsidomine; D004720:Endonucleases; D020169:Caspases