Continuity of depression during the transition to adulthood: a 5-year longitudinal study of young women.
OBJECTIVE
To characterize the clinical course and psychosocial correlates of unipolar depression in late adolescent women and to examine the continuity in affective disturbance from adolescence to early adulthood during the post-high school transition.


METHODS
One hundred fifty-five women aged 17 or 18 years were recruited from 3 local public high schools and were followed at yearly intervals for 5 years for clinical and psychosocial outcomes.


RESULTS
The 5-year incidence of first major depressive episode was 36.9%, and overall, 47% of the women had one or more episodes of major depression. Risk for recurrence was substantial, and those with onsets prior to the study were more likely to have depressive episodes during the post-high school period. The presence of nonaffective disorder also increased the risk for depression. Young women with major depression during the post-high school transition had more negative functional outcomes in school and intimate romantic relationships.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that there is substantial continuity in affective disturbance from adolescence to adulthood. The risk for both new onset of depression and recurrence is remarkably high during late adolescence, and the risk continues throughout early adult years, accompanied by notable interpersonal dysfunction.
Rao
U
U
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. urao@mednet.ucla.edu
Hammen
C
C
Daley
S E
SE
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment