The essential forces of labor revisited: 13 Ps reported in womens' stories.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to analyze women's birth stories. Women's perspectives were used to expand the current model of the essential forces of labor (the three Ps: powers, passenger, and passageway).


METHODS
This was a qualitative descriptive study analyzing women's birth narratives.


METHODS
Narratives consisted of women's spontaneous responses to the request to tell their birth stories in any way they wished. Fifteen Midwestern women (eight primiparas and seven multiparas) were interviewed, resulting in a total of 33 birth stories. Content and thematic analyses of verbatim transcripts of the birth narratives were done to elicit women's personal meanings of control during labor.


RESULTS
Women identified many essential forces of labor that exerted control or direction over their labors. Some of the forces were internal to the women, such as maternal psyche and position, as well as the classic three Ps (powers, passenger, and passageway). Others were external forces such as professional providers and procedures. An expanded model is proposed to demonstrate the complexity of labor and the multiple interacting forces.


CONCLUSIONS
The educational model, consisting of three essential forces that currently appears in textbooks, is inadequate. Maternity nursing practice can be improved by including a broader array of the essential forces of labor, thus attending more adequately to the complexity of caring holistically and contextually for laboring women. Women indicated that nurses have a profound impact during labor. Nurses are in a position to make positive change by working with women to share control.
Marquette University College of Nursing, Nurse-Midwifery Program, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, USA. leona.vandevusse@marquette.edu
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D005260:Female; D006272:Health Facility Environment; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015146:Midwestern United States; D016294:Models, Nursing; D017283:Neonatal Nursing / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations