Mechanism of ureteral stent flow: a comparative in vivo study.
OBJECTIVE
The flow characteristics of ureteral stents have yet to be clearly defined. In this study, flow mechanics were studied in several silicone-based stents including 4.8F, 7F, and 10.3F pigtail; 7F Tower; and a prototype mesh stent.


METHODS
Forty-five female Yucatan minipigs underwent bilateral laparoscopic occlusion of their renal vessels to stop urine production. A nephrostomy tract was established by retrograde puncture. A stent was placed in the ureter, and three measurements were taken with flow from a bag of irrigant 20 cm above the kidney: stent occluded with a guidewire (extraluminal flow), stent unobstructed (total flow), and laparoscopically placed extraureteral ligature (luminal flow).


RESULTS
Luminal flow and, to a lesser extent, total flow appeared to increase as the internal and external diameters of the stent increased. The Tower stent, which had no sideholes, had much lower flow rates in all categories, while the prototype mesh stent showed greater total flow compared with the other stents. Extraluminal flow did not increase with stent size greater than 7F.


CONCLUSIONS
Luminal flow, but not extraluminal flow, increased with an increase in the internal diameter of the stent. In general, the least favorable flow occurred with a Tower stent, which had the smallest internal diameter. The greatest flow was seen with the prototype mesh stent.
Brewer
A V
AV
Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Elbahnasy
A M
AM
Bercowsky
E
E
Maxwell
K L
KL
Shalhav
A L
AL
Kahn
S A
SA
McDougall
E M
EM
Clayman
R V
RV
D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D012828:Silicones; D015607:Stents; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018666:Ureteroscopy; D014563:Urodynamics; D014567:Urography
D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D012828:Silicones