Biomonitoring of exposure to ethylene oxide and propylene oxide by determination of hemoglobin adducts: correlations between airborne exposure and adduct levels.
OBJECTIVE
Ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) are important industrial chemicals. Exposure to these directly acting mutagens may be monitored by determination of their adducts to hemoglobin (Hb). This study establishes correlations between airborne concentrations of EO and PO and their Hb adducts in petrochemical workers.


METHODS
In three different studies conducted during maintenance shutdown of petrochemical plants the external occupational exposure to EO and PO was assessed by personal air monitoring (PAM). The internal exposure to EO and PO was concomitantly assessed by determination of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine (HOEtVal) and N-(3-hydroxypropyl)valine (HOPrVal) in blood samples of the operators using the N-alkyl-Edman degradation method.


RESULTS
In the first study, PAM was applied once a month at random over a period of 4 months. Blood samples for Hb-adduct determination were collected at the end of this period. No significant correlation was found between PAM and Hb-adduct data. In the next two studies, PAM was applied to the operators during the entire shift on every working day during the shutdown. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after the shutdown period. Highly significant correlations were found between the increment in the concentration of HOEtVal and HOPrVal over this period and the total exposure to EO and PO, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Time-integrated exposure to EO or PO can be readily and reliably assessed by measurement of the concentration of HOEtVal or HOPrVal in a small blood sample. In workers occupationally exposed to low concentrations of EO or PO, good correlations were found between these Hb adducts and the airborne concentrations of EO and PO. These correlations allow the calculation of tentative biological exposure limits (BELs) for EO and PO. At the current Dutch occupational exposure limit (OEL) for EO (0.84 mg m(-3), 8-h TWA) the BEL is 3.2 nmol HOEtVal/g globin. At the value of 10 mg m(-3) (8-h TWA), which is currently being investigated as the new Dutch OEL for PO, the corresponding BEL is 5.3 nmol HOPrVal/g globin.
Boogaard
P J
PJ
Department of Molecular Toxicology, Shell Research and Technology Center, Amsterdam Shell International Chemicals B.V., The Netherlands. Peter.J.Boogaard@opc.shell.com
Rocchi
P S
PS
van Sittert
N J
NJ
D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005027:Ethylene Oxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis
C120424:3-hydroxypropylvaline; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D015415:Biomarkers; D002273:Carcinogens; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D006454:Hemoglobins; C057442:2-hydroxyethylvaline; D014633:Valine; D005027:Ethylene Oxide; C009068:propylene oxide