The effect of folate deficiency on the hprt mutational spectrum in Chinese hamster ovary cells treated with monofunctional alkylating agents.
Folic acid deficiency acts synergistically with alkylating agents to increase DNA strand breaks and mutant frequency at the hprt locus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. To elucidate the mechanism of this synergy, molecular analyses of hprt mutants were performed. Recently, our laboratory showed that folate deficiency increased the percentage of clones with intragenic deletions after exposure to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) but not N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU) compared to clones recovered from folate replete medium. This report describes molecular analyses of the 37 hprt mutant clones obtained that did not contain deletions. Folate deficient cells treated with EMS had a high frequency of G>A transitions at non-CpG sites on the non-transcribed strand, particularly when these bases were flanked on both sides by G:C base pairs. Thirty-three percent of these mutations were in the run of six G's in exon 3. EMS-treated folate replete cells had a slightly (but not significantly) lower percentage of G>A transitions, and the same sequence specificity. Treatment of folate deficient CHO cells with ENU resulted in predominantly T>A transversions and C>T transitions relative to the non-transcribed strand. These findings suggest a model to explain the synergy between folate deficiency and alkylating agents: (1) folate deficiency causes extensive uracil incorporation into DNA; (2) greatly increased utilization of base excision repair to remove uracil and to correct alkylator damage leads to error-prone DNA repair. In the case of EMS, this results in more intragenic deletions and G:C to A:T mutations due to impaired ligation of single-strand breaks generated during base excision repair and a decreased capacity to remove O6-ethylguanine. In the case of ENU additional T>A transversions and C>T transitions are seen, perhaps due to mis-pairing of O2-ethylpyrimidines. Correction of folate deficiency may reduce the frequency of these types of genetic damage during alkylator therapy.
Branda
R F
RF
Department of Medicine and the Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA. rbranda@zoo.uvm.edu
Lafayette
A R
AR
O'Neill
J P
JP
Nicklas
J A
JA
D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D020029:Base Pairing; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics; D005020:Ethyl Methanesulfonate / Q000494:pharmacology; D005038:Ethylnitrosourea / Q000494:pharmacology; D005494:Folic Acid Deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics*; D009153:Mutagens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013866:Thioguanine / Q000494:pharmacology
D000477:Alkylating Agents; D017931:DNA Primers; D009153:Mutagens; D006147:Guanine; C008449:O-(6)-methylguanine; D005020:Ethyl Methanesulfonate; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase; D013866:Thioguanine; D005038:Ethylnitrosourea