Excimer laser effects on outflow facility and outflow pathway morphology.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the relative contributions to aqueous outflow resistance of the tissues distal to the inner wall of Schlemm's canal.


METHODS
While performing constant pressure perfusion at 10 mm Hg, a 193-nm excimer laser (Questek) was used to precisely remove portions of sclera, unroofing Schlemm's canal while leaving the inner wall intact. The laser beam was masked to produce a beam 2 mm by 1 mm. The laser output was constant at a fluency of 75 mJ/cm2 and 20 Hz. The excimer laser at a frequency of 1 Hz was used as the aiming beam. Photoablation was performed on human cadaver eyes at the limbus at an angle of 0 degrees to 45 degrees from the optical axis. As the excimer photoablations progressed, Schlemm's canal was visualized by the fluorescence of the Barany's solution containing fluorescein dye. After perfusion fixation the eyes were immersion-fixed overnight. The facility of outflow before (Co) and after (Ce) the excimer ablation was measured in 7 eyes.


RESULTS
The facility of outflow increased in all eyes after the excimer sinusotomy, from a mean of 0.29+/-0.02 before the sinusotomy to 0.37+/-0.03 microl/min per mm Hg after (P < 0.05). The mean ratio of outflow facility after and before ablation (Ce/Co) was 1.27+/-0.08 (range, 1.20-1.39), a reduction of outflow resistance of 21.3%. Using the formula of Ellingsen and Grant (1972), percentage of resistance to outflow eliminated = 100 [1 - alphaCo/Ce - (1 - alpha)Co], where alpha = fraction of the circumference dissected. Assuming that because of circumferential flow approximately 50% of Schlemm's canal is drained by the single opening made in the outer wall ablation studies, this results in resistance to outflow eliminated of 35%, which is consistent with the calculated eliminated resistance derived from the data of Rosenquist et al., 1989. Light and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the integrity of the inner wall Schlemm's canal underlying the area of ablation.


CONCLUSIONS
The results provide direct evidence indicating that approximately one third of resistance to outflow in the human eye lies distal to the inner wall Schlemm's canal in an enucleated perfused human eye.
New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
J S
JS
Schuman
W
W
Chang
N
N
Wang
A W
AW
de Kater
R R
RR
Allingham
D000867:Anterior Chamber / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D054018:Lasers, Excimer; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010477:Perfusion; D018903:Photorefractive Keratectomy; D012590:Sclera / Q000601:surgery*; D014129:Trabecular Meshwork / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure
D005456:Fluorescent Dyes