Muscle LIM proteins are associated with muscle sarcomeres and require dMEF2 for their expression during Drosophila myogenesis.
A genetic hierarchy of interactions, involving myogenic regulatory factors of the MyoD and myocyte enhancer-binding 2 (MEF2) families, serves to elaborate and maintain the differentiated muscle phenotype through transcriptional regulation of muscle-specific target genes. Much work suggests that members of the cysteine-rich protein (CRP) family of LIM domain proteins also play a role in muscle differentiation; however, the specific functions of CRPs in this process remain undefined. Previously, we characterized two members of the Drosophila CRP family, the muscle LIM proteins Mlp60A and Mlp84B, which show restricted expression in differentiating muscle lineages. To extend our analysis of Drosophila Mlps, we characterized the expression of Mlps in mutant backgrounds that disrupt specific aspects of muscle development. We show a genetic requirement for the transcription factor dMEF2 in regulating Mlp expression and an ability of dMEF2 to bind, in vitro, to consensus MEF2 sites derived from those present in Mlp genomic sequences. These data suggest that the Mlp genes may be direct targets of dMEF2 within the genetic hierarchy controlling muscle differentiation. Mutations that disrupt myoblast fusion fail to affect Mlp expression. In later stages of myogenic differentiation, which are dedicated primarily to assembly of the contractile apparatus, we analyzed the subcellular distribution of Mlp84B in detail. Immunofluorescent studies revealed the localization of Mlp84B to muscle attachment sites and the periphery of Z-bands of striated muscle. Analysis of mutations that affect expression of integrins and alpha-actinin, key components of these structures, also failed to perturb Mlp84B distribution. In conclusion, we have used molecular epistasis analysis to position Mlp function downstream of events involving mesoderm specification and patterning and concomitant with terminal muscle differentiation. Furthermore, our results are consistent with a structural role for Mlps as components of muscle cytoarchitecture.
Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
B E
BE
Stronach
P J
PJ
Renfranz
B
B
Lilly
M C
MC
Beckerle
D000185:Actinin / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002459:Cell Fusion; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004330:Drosophila / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D039001:Integrin alpha Chains; D016023:Integrins / Q000378:metabolism; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; D007814:Larva / Q000166:cytology; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D024510:Muscle Development; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009132:Muscles / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D039001:Integrin alpha Chains; D016023:Integrins; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; C499409:Mef2 protein, Drosophila; C101415:Mlp60A protein, Drosophila; C101416:Mlp84B protein, Drosophila; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C082188:if protein, Drosophila; D000185:Actinin