Optimal parameters for laser tissue soldering. Part I: tensile strength and scanning electron microscopy analysis.
OBJECTIVE
The use of liquid and solid albumin protein solders to enhance laser tissue repairs has been shown to significantly improve postoperative results. The published results of laser-solder tissue repair studies have, however, indicated inconsistent success rates. This can be attributed to variations in laser irradiance, exposure time, solder composition, chromophore type, and concentration. An in vitro study was performed using indocyanine green-doped albumin protein solders in conjunction with an 808 nm diode laser to determine optimal laser and solder parameters for tissue repair in terms of tensile strength and stability during hydration.


METHODS
Twenty-five different combinations of laser irradiance (6.4, 12.7, 19.1, 25.5, 31.8 W/cm2) and exposure time (20, 30, 40, 50, 100 or 40, 60, 80, 100, 200 seconds) were used. The effect of changing bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentration (25% and 60%) and indocyanine green (ICG) dye concentration (2.5 mg/ml and 0.25 mg/ml) of the protein solder on the tensile strength of the resulting bonds was investigated. The effect of hydration on bond stability was also investigated using both tensile strength and scanning electron microscopy analysis.


RESULTS
Tensile strength was observed to decrease significantly with increasing irradiance. An optimum exposure time was found to exist where further irradiation did not improve the tensile strength of the bond. Tensile strength was found to be greatly improved by increasing the BSA concentration. Finally, the lower ICG dye concentration increased the penetration depth of the laser light in the protein solder leading to higher tensile strengths. The strongest repairs were formed by using 6.4 W/cm2 irradiation for 50 seconds with a protein solder composed of 60% BSA and 0.25mg/ml ICG. In addition, the solid protein solder provided more stable adhesion to the tissue than did the liquid protein solder when the tissue was submerged in a hydrated environment.


CONCLUSIONS
This study greatly enhances the current understanding of the various factors affecting the soldering process. It provides a strong basis for optimization of the laser light delivery parameters and the solder constituents to achieve strong and reliable laser tissue repairs.
McNally
K M
KM
Centre for Lasers and Applications, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia. kmcnally@mail.utexas.edu
Sorg
B S
BS
Chan
E K
EK
Welch
A J
AJ
Dawes
J M
JM
Owen
E R
ER
D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery; D002417:Cattle; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors; D014014:Tissue Adhesives
D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D007208:Indocyanine Green