Power Doppler ultrasound scan imaging of the level of red blood cell aggregation: an in vitro study.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the shear rate on red blood cell (RBC) aggregation with power Doppler ultrasound scanning (PDU), pulsed-wave Doppler scanning, and color Doppler flow imaging.


METHODS
Equine and porcine blood were circulated with a steady flow in a phantom with a diameter of 9.52 mm. The color Doppler flow imaging mode was used to estimate the velocity profile and the shear rate across the tube. A transfer function that related the Doppler scan power, measured in gray level with the PDU method, to the power, measured in decibels with the pulsed-wave Doppler scan technique, was used to estimate the echogenicity of blood and the level of aggregation.


RESULTS
For the four experiments reported, the power peaked at low shear rates probably because of increased RBC collisions and aggregation and then decreased thereafter because of disaggregation. The largest power variations were measured at shear rates of less than 40 seconds -1. At flow rates that varied between 75 and 500 mL/min, the echogenicity was low near the wall of the tube, increased toward the middle, and decreased at the tube center. The Doppler scan power was uniform across the tube at flow rates of 750 and 1000 mL/min.


CONCLUSIONS
PDU is reliable to quantify the echogenicity of blood and the level of RBC aggregation. In comparison with other methods proposed to measure RBC aggregation, ultrasound scanning is applicable in vivo and may help to improve our basic understanding of the relationship between the hemodynamic of the circulation and RBC aggregation in human vessels.
Allard
L
L
Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, and the Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada.
Cloutier
G
G
D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D004903:Erythrocyte Aggregation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D018056:Hemorheology; D006736:Horses / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013552:Swine / Q000097:blood; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*