Optimizing results of lithotripsy using robust electromagnetic probe.
OBJECTIVE
A significant impediment to the measurement of the pressures and forces created by lithotripter shockwaves has been their destructive properties, which have rendered most measuring devices impractical. We have developed and tested a robust electromagnetic probe to measure cavitational forces in vitro in the focal zones of extracorporeal lithotripters. The probe responds to the pressure gradient generated by the radial motion of cavitation bubbles.


METHODS
The effects of shockwaves from the Dornier MPL 9000 electrohydraulic lithotripter were measured over the lifetime of multiple electrodes.


RESULTS
The pulse energy from the electrodes dropped off rapidly after approximately 50% of the lifetime quoted by the manufacturer. The electrodes were more efficient at higher power settings. As a result, we altered our protocol for the treatment of ureteral stones to use a higher kilovoltage and a second electrode whenever necessary. Stone-free rates after shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) in situ for stones < 11 mm have increased from 68.2% to 83.3%, and the retreatment rate has dropped from 23% to 15%. Despite significantly higher power settings (23.7 kV v 18.7 kV; P < 0.0001), the need for sedoanalgesia has remained relatively constant (26% v 31%).


CONCLUSIONS
Measurement of cavitational forces from lithotripters using a robust electromagnetic probe is useful in planning treatment strategy. We have demonstrated a clinically measurable improvement since implementing our new treatment protocol. Because the probe responds directly to cavitational forces, it should also prove useful for the objective comparison of different SWL machines.
Keeley
F X
FX
Scottish Lithotriptor Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
Pye
S D
SD
Smith
G
G
Tolley
D A
DA
D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D014567:Urography