Report of ejections in the Spanish Air Force, 1979-1995: an epidemiological and comparative study.
BACKGROUND
Ejection seats have saved many lives with more than 80% of pilots having survived an ejection. Nevertheless, ejection injuries are seen in all modern air forces.


OBJECTIVE
An epidemiological study has been carried out on the 48 ejections made by the Spanish Air Force (SpAF) from 1979-1995.


METHODS
From data facilitated by the Flight Safety Section of the SpAF Staff, by the Flight Safety Section of Squadrons, and from personal reports of pilots who survived ejections a form was created. Relationships between data concerning aeronautical parameters, pilot data and injuries have been found, and a comparative study was made between these results and data shown by air forces of other countries.


RESULTS
Of 48 pilots who ejected, 7 died, 25 had severe injuries, 11 had minor injuries and 5 had no injuries. The reason for the ejections included 35 cases of technical failure, and 13 cases of human error. Of 43 surviving pilots, 23 were injured only at the egress phase, 1 1 only at landing, and 9 cases at both moments. None of the five pilots who ejected outside the ejection envelope were able to adopt the correct position. However, of 43 pilots who ejected within the envelope, 19 were seated in good position. Of 13 pilots who maintained control of the airplane, 9 were able to adopt a correct position. Of 35 pilots who effected the ejection without control of the aircraft, 25 were not able to achieve a correct seated position.


CONCLUSIONS
The pilot position in the ejection seat, plane control, ejection inside the envelope, the pilot's training in how to assume the necessary body position at both egress and landing phases are determining factors for successful ejections.
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Extremadura University (UEX), Badajoz, Spain.
J M
JM
Moreno Vázquez
M R
MR
Durán Tejeda
J L
JL
García Alcón
D000060:Accidents, Aviation / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends*; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000401:Aircraft; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011187:Posture; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*