Substrate and inhibitor for nitric oxide synthase during peritoneal dialysis in rabbits.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the possible influence of nitric oxide (NO) on peritoneal transport during non infected peritoneal dialysis.


METHODS
A chronic peritoneal dialysis model in New Zealand White rabbits (2624 g; range: 2251-3034 g) was used. In 13 rabbits, 250 mg/L L-arginine, a substrate for NO synthesis, was added to 3.86% glucose dialysate. N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) 25 mg/L, an inhibitor of NO synthase, was added to the dialysate in 10 rabbits. Standard peritoneal permeability analyses in rabbits (SPAR) were performed to analyze the effects of these interventions on solute and fluid transport during 1-hour dwells. The addition of 4.5 mg/L nitroprusside to the dialysate in 5 separate experiments was used for validation of this model.


RESULTS
For the transport of urea and creatinine, mass transfer area coefficients (MTACs) were calculated. Furthermore, the glucose absorption, the peritoneal albumin clearance, peritoneal fluid kinetics, and the dialysate-to-plasma (D/P) ratio of nitrate were calculated.


RESULTS
Nitroprusside caused an 86% (48%-233%) increase in albumin clearance, which is similar to the nitroprusside-induced increase found in humans. Contrary to the findings in human studies, no effect was found on the clearances of urea and creatinine, or on peritoneal fluid kinetics. This suggests a lower sensitivity of the rabbit peritoneal membrane for the effect of NO on small-solute transport. L-arginine affected neither the MTACs of urea and creatinine, nor the absorption of glucose. Also, peritoneal fluid kinetics were similar. Peritoneal albumin clearance increased 18% (-24%-609%). This result resembles the NO-mediated effects of nitroprusside. Addition of L-NMMA caused no change in the transport rate of small solutes, in albumin clearance, or in fluid profile. This result suggests that NO synthase is not induced during non infected peritoneal dialysis, which accords with previous studies.


CONCLUSIONS
This rabbit dialysis model can be used for analyzing the effects of interventions on peritoneal permeability characteristics, although the rabbit peritoneal membrane is probably less sensitive to NO compared to that of humans. L-Arginine-induced effects are similar to those of nitroprusside, which suggests that these effects are possibly mediated by NO. Because L-NMMA did not affect peritoneal transport, it is unlikely that NO is involved in the regulation of peritoneal permeability during stable continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Douma
C E
CE
Department of Nephrology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Zweers
M M
MM
de Waart
D R
DR
van der Wardt
A B
AB
Krediet
R T
RT
Struijk
D G
DG
D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000378:metabolism*; D010539:Permeability; D011817:Rabbits; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
D000418:Albumins; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009599:Nitroprusside; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D014508:Urea; D001120:Arginine; D003404:Creatinine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D005947:Glucose