The anterior margin of the mammalian gastrula: comparative and phylogenetic aspects of its role in axis formation and head induction.
Recent findings on morphology and gene expression in several mammalian embryos suggest that there is a new landmark and possibly a center with organizer activity in the anterior margin of the embryo at the onset of gastrulation. This review compiles morphological variations and similarities found among mammals during gastrulation stages and, at the same time, stresses the common aspects, at the morphological and the molecular level, of setting up the body plan with regard to axis formation and head induction. Both morphological and functional aspects are then used to draw comparisons with equivalent developmental stages in lower vertebrate species, such as birds, amphibia, and bony fish. Finally, a suggestion is made as to how gastrulation may have evolved in the vertebrate phylum.
Institute of Anatomy, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany.
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Viebahn
D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000502:physiology*; D005775:Gastrula / Q000502:physiology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006257:Head / Q000196:embryology*; D006801:Humans; D008322:Mammals; D010802:Phylogeny; D014714:Vertebrates