Optimization of planar high-dose-rate implants.
OBJECTIVE
Brachytherapy has long been used to deliver localized radiation to the breast and other cancer sites. For interstitial implants, proper source positioning is critical in obtaining satisfactory dose distributions. The present work examines techniques for optimizing source guide placement in high-dose-rate (HDR) biplanar implants, and examines the effects of suboptimal catheter placement.


METHODS
Control of individual dwell times in HDR implants allows a high degree of dose uniformity in planes parallel to the implant planes. Biplanar HDR implants can be considered optimized when the dose at the implant center is equal to the dose at the symmetric target boundaries. It is shown that this optimal dose uniformity is achieved when the interplanar separation is related to the target thickness T through the direct proportionality, s = T/square root2. To quantify the significance of source positioning, the average dose and a related quantity, equivalent uniform dose (EUD), were calculated inside the treatment volume for two conditions of suboptimal catheter geometry. In one case, the interplanar spacing was varied from 1 cm up to the target thickness T, while a second study examined the effects of off-center placement of the implant planes.


RESULTS
Both the average dose and EUD were minimized when the interplanar spacing satisfied the relationship s = T/square root2. EUD, however, was significantly smaller than the average dose, indicating a reduced relative cell killing in the high dose regions near the dwell points. It was also noted that in contrast to the average dose, the EUD is a relatively weak function of catheter misplacement, suggesting that the biological consequences of suboptimal implant geometry may be less significant than is indicated by the increase in average dose.


CONCLUSIONS
A concise formula can be used to determine the interplanar separation needed for optimal dose uniformity in Manchester-type implants. Deviations from optimal source geometry result in an increase in the average dose inside the treatment volume, but the weaker dependence of the EUD suggests that the surviving fraction of cells may not be not strongly affected by suboptimal source geometry.
Zwicker
R D
RD
Radiation Oncology Department, Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA. rzwicker@gems.vcu.edu
Arthur
D W
DW
Kavanagh
B D
BD
Mohan
R
R
Schmidt-Ullrich
R K
RK
D000465:Algorithms; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000592:standards*; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted
D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals