title: A community-based study of explanatory factors for the excess risk for early renal function decline in blacks vs whites with diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The explanation for the excess risk for diabetic renal disease in blacks is uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the incidence of early renal function decline in black and white adults with diabetes and to examine possible explanatory factors for racial differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four US communities participating in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based sample of 1434 diabetic adults aged 45 to 64 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed baseline assessment using structured interview, results of physical examination, and laboratory measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Development of early renal function decline defined by an increase in serum creatinine of at least 35.4 micromol/L (0.4 mg/dL) during 3 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 3 years of follow-up, early renal function decline developed in 45 blacks (28.4 per 1000 person-years [PY]) and 25 whites (9.6 per 1000 PY). After adjustment for age, sex, and baseline serum creatinine level, early renal function decline was more than 3 times as likely to develop in blacks than whites (odds ratio, 3.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.86-5.33). Additional adjustment for education, household income, health insurance, fasting glucose level, mean systolic blood pressure, smoking history, and physical activity level reduced the relative odds in blacks to 1.38 (95% confidence interval, 0.71-2.69), corresponding to a 82% reduction in excess risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that early renal function decline is 3 times more likely to develop in blacks than whites and that potentially modifiable factors, including lower socioeconomic status, suboptimal health behaviors, and suboptimal control of glucose level and blood pressure, account for more than 80% of this disparity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Krop
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coresh
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Chambless
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shahar
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szklo
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Brancati
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003404:Creatinine