title: Defining an international research agenda for quality of life in men with prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While the traditional goal in the management of patients with prostate cancer has been to maximize survival, the recent advent of the medical outcomes movement has underscored the importance of patient-centered issues, such as health-related quality of life (HRQOL).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper we present a comprehensive approach to the study of HRQOL in men with prostate cancer. We begin by defining HRQOL in general, discussing its measurement, and placing it in the context of prostate cancer. We then describe the primary goals of HRQOL research and present examples of validated instruments. We finish by proposing a quality of life research agenda for the next two decades.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contemporary perspectives on HRQOL are based on the World Health Organization's definition of health as not merely the absence of disease, but as a state of physical, emotional, and social well-being. HRQOL measurement must adhere to the strict methodological principles of survey psychometrics and is best accomplished with any of several validated instruments. Once collected, HRQOL information is useful for prostate cancer patients facing difficult treatment decisions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A solid foundation for HRQOL research has been built in early- and late-stage prostate cancer. It includes the development of new instruments and the establishment of descriptive data. This groundwork will allow investigators to address more complex research issues, such as interpreting interactions among HRQOL domains, presenting HRQOL data to future patients, optimally timing HRQOL data collection, uncovering innate and alterable factors that influence HRQOL, and exploring the intercultural nuances of HRQOL assessment.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Health Services, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. mlitwin@ucla.edu
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Litwin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fossa
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Newling
mesh_terms: D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D007390:International Agencies; D008297:Male; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012106:Research / Q000639:trends; D012107:Research Design; D016896:Treatment Outcome