title: Cytokine-induced venodilatation in humans in vivo: eNOS masquerading as iNOS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Venodilatation is a feature of endotoxaemia and sepsis. We have tested directly the hypothesis that three cytokines (IL-1 beta, TNF alpha and IL-6) generated during endotoxaemia affect venous tone in humans in vivo by increasing NO generation and explored whether the NO comes from the iNOS or eNOS isoform.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytokines were given into a superficial vein in very low doses sufficient only to produce changes in the study vessel. The effects of cytokines on the response to noradrenaline were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-1 beta increased basal NO-induced dilatation in the study vein, and this was sufficient to attenuate the constrictor response to exogenous noradrenaline or sympathetic stimulation. The effects were maximal at 6 h and both NG-monomethyl-L-arginine and aminoguanidine caused significant reversal of the IL-1 beta effects. However, no induction of iNOS mRNA was detected in the tissue samples. Instead, mRNA encoding eNOS and GTP cyclohydrolase-1 was detected in all vessels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The simplest explanation of these results is that IL-1 beta induces expression of GTP cyclohydrolase-1 which leads to increased generation of BH4 and activation of eNOS. This study identifies IL-1 beta as a key cytokine causing physiologically significant venodilatation in humans by increasing NO generation and suggests that this can occur even in the absence of iNOS expression.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhagat
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hingorani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palacios
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vallance
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C101092:GCHFR protein, human; D006146:Guanidines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D001708:Biopterins; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D001120:Arginine; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; C496314:NOS3 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C003402:sapropterin; D001920:Bradykinin; C004479:pimagedine; D009638:Norepinephrine