title: Aldose reductase, a key enzyme in the oxidative deamination of norepinephrine in rats.
abstract: The sympathoneural neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) is deaminated to 3,4-dihydroxymandelaldehyde (DHMAL) and subsequently converted to either 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid (DHMA) or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG). In this study, we investigated the relative importance of aldose reductase versus aldehyde reductase in the formation of DHPG from DHMAL. The in vitro incubation of NE with aldose reductase in the presence of monoamine oxidase (MAO) resulted in the formation of DHPG, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Although aldehyde reductase also generated DHPG, its activity was much lower than that of aldose reductase. With northern blotting, the expression of both aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase was detected in rat superior cervical ganglia. However, with western blotting, only aldose reductase was immunologically detectable. Treatment of rats with aldose reductase inhibitors for 3 days increased the plasma level of DHMA. There was no correlation between the selectivity of inhibitors and effects on NE metabolite levels. A significant decrease in DHPG, however, was obtained only with an extremely high dose (9 mg/kg/day) of the nonselective inhibitor AL 1576. The present study confirmed that aldose reductase generates DHPG from NE in the presence of MAO. In rat sympathetic neurons, aldose reductase appears to be more important than aldehyde reductase for the formation of DHPG. However, when aldose reductase is inhibited, it appears that aldehyde reductase can compensate for the conversion of DHMAL to DHPG, indicating redundancy in the reduction pathway.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eisenhofer
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Kopin
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Kador
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lizak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D003641:Deamination; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D006827:Hydantoins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008734:Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013012:Sorbitol / Q000378:metabolism; D017783:Superior Cervical Ganglion / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005449:Fluorenes; D006827:Hydantoins; C052241:imirestat; D013012:Sorbitol; D008734:Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase; C010117:3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol; D009638:Norepinephrine