title: Cervical cancer screening in developing countries: why is it ineffective? The case of Mexico.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mexico established a national cervical cancer-screening program in 1974. Despite the implementation of the program, there was a steady mortality trend of 16 per 100,000 women over 15 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A diagnostic procedure of the pitfalls was applied to the following steps of the screening procedure: Pap sampling quality; cytological diagnosis validity; compliance of women; and determinants of non-participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The low effectiveness of screening on cervical cancer is principally due to factors associated with quality and coverage. Pap quality is deficient; 64% of a random sample of specimens lacked endocervical cells. Reading centers presented false negative indices of between 10 and 54%. Women seek screening in a late stage of disease (55% with cervical cancer seek care because they have symptoms). In addition, coverage is low; in women between 15 and 49 years of age in Mexico City, 64.2% have a history of Pap, compared with 30% in rural areas. Knowledge of what the Pap is used for strongly determines the use of screening. In rural areas, only 40% of women are informed about the purpose of the Pap test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A proposal to reorganize Mexico's screening program includes the following five main strategies: (a) increased coverage; (b) improved quality control of how cervical smears are taken; (c) better interpretation of Pap tests; (d) guaranteed treatment for those whose tests show abnormalities, and (e) improved follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. elazcano@insp3.insp.mx
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Lazcano-Ponce
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alonso de Ruíz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salmerón Castro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernández Avila
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*