title: Therapy of relapsing multiple sclerosis. Treatment approaches for nonresponders.
abstract: There is increasing impetus to begin disease-modifying therapy for relapsing multiple (R-MS) early, before the development of irreversible tissue damage and resultant permanent disability. However, all of the currently-approved therapies for relapsing multiple sclerosis are only partially effective for patients as a group. Treatment failure can be due to noncompliance with therapy, intolerable adverse effects, the development of neutralizing antibodies, or non-responsive disease. Neurologists managing patients on disease-modifying therapy for R-MS must remain vigilant for these issues and take appropriate action when necessary.
authors.affiliation: Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA. cohenj@cesmtp.ccf.org
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kinkel
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Schwid
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012008:Recurrence; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D001379:Azathioprine; D008775:Methylprednisolone; D008727:Methotrexate