title: [Clinical experience with the Sp[hy adjustable valve in the treatment of adult hydrocephalus. A series of 147 cases].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the advantages, results and drawbacks of the Sophy adjustable valve (SV) in the treatment of hydrocephalus in the adult.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred and forty-seven adult hydrocephalic patients (mean age = 64.5 years) shunted with a SV between 1990 and 1997 were retrospectively reviewed. Etiologies of hydrocephalus were: "normal pressure" chronic hydrocephalus (NPH) in 124 and tumoral hydrocephalus with intracranial hypertension in 23 patients. One-hundred fifty shunts were established in 147 patients: 14 ventriculoatrial and 136 ventriculoperitoneal shunts. The initial pressure settings of the SV were: high pressure: 12 times (8%), medium pressure: 136 times (90.6%) and low pressure: 2 times (1.3%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen patients were lost to follow-up. Two patients died within hours following the procedure. So, the results were analyzed in the 129 remaining patients, with a follow-up of 16.7 months (+/- 17.8). Three patients died from shunted-related causes (2.3%). Eighty-four patients had good results (65%), 25 had fair results (19.5%) and 20 failed to improve or deteriorated (15.5%) after shunting. Fifty-three reoperations were performed in 44 patients (34%), including 37 procedures for mechanical obstruction and 6 for septic complications. Subdural effusions (SDE) occurred in 16 patients (12.5%): 10 surgical evacuations were required in 7 patients; 8 patients were successfully treated using uprating of the SV pressure alone; one was managed conservatively. Fifty-eight pressure readjustments were performed in 47 patients. The pressure settings were uprated 28 times in patients showing clinical or computerized tomographic (CT) features suggesting overdrainage; 20 of those proved to be successful (71.5%). The pressure settings were lowered 30 times in patients showing a lack of improvement after shunting, attributed to underdrainage; only 12 of those proved to be successful (40%). Spontaneous changes of the pressure settings were observed in 14 patients (10.8%). After a MRI exposure, SV pressure changes were observed in 64% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The technological refinements that have been proposed to eliminate the overdrainage which occurs in most usual cerebrospinal fluid shunts are reviewed. The SV valve has allowed non-invasive adjustments of its opening pressure in patients showing complications ascribed to inappropriate drainage. The need for additional surgery was eliminated in 20% to 25% of patients of the present series. Because of frequent spontaneous and magnetic resonance-induced pressure changes, the need for repeated controls of valve pressure is to be reemphasized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experience suggests that the SV represents a substantial improvement over standard fixed-pressure valves.
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurochirurgie B, Hôpital Neurologique et Neurochirurgical P. Wertheimer, Lyon.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bret
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guyotat
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mottolese
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jouanneau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006325:Heart Atria; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012086:Reoperation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000295:instrumentation
vernacular_title: Expérience clinique de la valve réglable Sophy dans le traitement de l'hydrocéphalie de l'adulte. Une série de 147 cas.