title: Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice expressing the hepatitis B virus X-protein.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus is a high-risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in humans. The HBV X-protein, a multi-functional viral regulator, has been suspected to play a positive role in hepatocarcinogenesis, as demonstrated by the high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in HBx-expressing transgenic mice, although it is still controversial. The aim of this study was to generate transgenic mice expressing the HBV X-gene under authentic promoter control and to test whether the gene products can cause hepatic tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three transgenic mouse lines were generated by microinjecting the X-gene construct into hybrid (C57BL/6 x DBA) eggs. Gene expression was tested by protein and mRNA analyses. During an observation period of 18 months, mice were sacrificed and organs subjected to histologic examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grossly defined hepatocellular carcinomas reproducibly were observed in mice expressing the X-protein, which were investigated through six generations from the age of 11 to 18 months. Among 14 transgenic mice investigated from the age of 11 to 18 months, 12 were found to have hepatocellular carcinoma, grossly or microscopically. The lesion of the hepatocellular carcinoma disclosed a significant increase in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the nuclei.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (86%) in our HBV X transgenic mice may be highly significant, since, except for one case, HBV X-gene transgenic mice produced in other laboratories did not develop liver tumor or any other pathologic phenomena.
authors.affiliation: Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yusong, Taejon. dyyu10@kribb4680.kribb.re.kr
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D006511:Hepatitis B Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
chemical_list: D006511:Hepatitis B Antigens; D015534:Trans-Activators; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C057628:hepatitis B virus X protein