title: Internal organ motion in prostate cancer patients treated in prone and supine treatment position.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare supine and prone treatment positions for prostate cancer patients with respect to internal prostate motion and the required treatment planning margins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients were treated in supine and fifteen in prone position. For each patient, a planning computed tomography (CT) scan was used for treatment planning. Three repeat CT scans were made in weeks 2, 4, and 6 of the radiotherapy treatment. Only for the planning CT scan, laxation was used to minimise the rectal content. For all patients, the clinical target volume (CTV) consisted of prostate and seminal vesicles. Variations in the position of the CTV relative to the bony anatomy in the four CT scans of each patient were assessed using 3D chamfer matching. The overall variations were separated into variations in the mean CTV position per patient (i.e. the systematic component) and the average 'day-to-day' variation (i.e. the random component). Required planning margins to account for the systematic and random variations in internal organ position and patient set-up were estimated retrospectively using coverage probability matrices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The observed overall variation in the internal CTV position was larger for the patients treated in supine position. For the supine and prone treatment positions, the random components of the variation along the anterior-posterior axis (i.e. towards the rectum) were 2.4 and 1.5 mm (I standard deviation (1 SD)), respectively; the random rotations around the left-right axis were 3.0 and 2.9 degrees (1 SD). The systematic components of these motions (1 SD) were larger: 2.6 and 3.3 mm, and 3.7 and 5.6 degrees, respectively. The set-up variations were similar for both treatment positions. Despite the smaller overall variations in CTV position for the patients in prone position, the required planning margin is equal for both groups (about 1 cm except for 0.5 cm in lateral direction) due to the larger impact of the systematic variations. However, significant time trends cause a systematic ventral-superior shift of the CTV in supine position only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For internal prostate movement, it is important to distinguish systematic from random variations. Compared to patients in supine position, patients in prone position had smaller random but somewhat larger systematic variations in the most important coordinates of the internal CTV position. The estimated planning margins to account for the geometrical uncertainties were therefore similar for the two treatment positions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Rotterdam, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stroom
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Koper
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Korevaar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Os
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Levendag
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Heijmen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009038:Motion; D016684:Prone Position; D011467:Prostate; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011874:Radiometry; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016683:Supine Position; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000528:radiation effects