title: Diagnostic significance of Schneider's first-rank symptoms in schizophrenia. Comparative study between schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic psychotic disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the lack of consistent empirical support, modern diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia give particular emphasis to Schneider's first-rank symptoms (FRSs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the diagnostic significance of FRSs for schizophrenia by trying to overcome the limitations of previous studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined the diagnostic accuracy of FRSs for schizophrenia in 660 in-patients with the full spectrum of functional psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia was diagnosed according to three criteria: DSM-III-R broad, DSM-III-R narrow and Feighner, the latter being considered as the gold standard because it does not give particular emphasis of FRSs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FRSs were highly prevalent in both schizophrenia and non-schizophrenic psychoses. The likelihood ratios (and 95% CI) of one or more FRSs for Feighner, DSM-III-R narrow and DSM-III-R broad schizophrenia were 1.06 (0.94-1.20), 1.23 (1.09-1.39) and 1.73 (1.44-2.08), respectively. These data indicate that FRSs do not significantly increase the likelihood of having schizophrenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FRSs are not useful in differentiating schizophrenia from other psychotic disorders. Diagnostic systems for schizophrenia that are heavily based on these symptoms may arise from a tautological definition of the disorder.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Unit, Virgen del Camino Hospital, Pamplona, Spain. victor.peralta.martin@cfnavarra.es
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Peralta
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cuesta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity