title: Association of mood disturbance and arrhythmia events in patients after cardioverter defibrillator implantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Life stresses and negative emotions, such as anxiety and depression, are associated with adverse cardiac events, including arrhythmia. Patients undergoing implantation of an automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator provide a unique opportunity to characterize these relationships since all tachyarrhythmia episodes are recorded by the device.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the association of emotional status after internal cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation and subsequent arrhythmia events.
  
  
  METHODS
  An analysis of data obtained in a prospective longitudinal study of responses to the ICD measured mood disturbance (Profile of Mood States; POMS) before implant and at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months postoperatively. Subjects included 144 men and 32 women with a mean age of 60 +/- 13 years and a mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 33 +/- 12%. Arrhythmia events were measured by self-report of shocks and by ICD device interrogation to obtain the number and type (defibrillation, cardioversion, and antitachycardia pacing) of therapies delivered by the ICD. For each time point, POMS scores of subjects who had arrhythmia events were compared with those who did not. For subjects who had ICD shocks, pre-event and post-event POMS scores were also compared. Multiple logistic regression was used at each time point to determine if clinical, demographic and psychological data could predict arrhythmia events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with arrhythmia events had higher POMS scores throughout the 9 months of follow-up. Higher level of mood disturbance (specifically anxiety, fatigue, and confusion) at 1 and 3 months were independent predictors of subsequent arrhythmia events at 3 and 6 months after controlling for LVEF, the presence of coronary artery disease, pre-implant arrhythmia history, and the use of amiodarone and beta-blocking agents. There were no differences in POMS scores before and after ICD shocks, reinforcing the notion that negative emotions were a cause, rather than a consequence, of arrhythmia events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mood disturbances, such as anxiety, may increase the risk for arrhythmia events after ICD insertion.
authors.affiliation: Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. sbdunba@nurse.emory.edu
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Kimble
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hawthorne
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dudley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slemmons
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Langberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology