title: Interpretation of genetic test results for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: implications for clinical predisposition testing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic testing for cancer predisposition is evolving from purely research applications to affecting clinical management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine how often genetic test results for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) can be definitively interpreted and used to guide clinical management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-series study conducted in 1996 to 1998 in which a complete sequence analysis of hMSH2 and hMLH1 coding sequence and flanking intronic regions was performed. Mutations were categorized as protein truncating and missense. In the case of missense alterations, additional analyses were performed in an effort to assess pathogenicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Families were identified by self-referral or health care provider referral to a cancer genetics program. Participants and kindreds were classified into 1 of 4 categories: (1) Amsterdam criteria for HNPCC, (2) modified Amsterdam criteria for HNPCC, (3) young age at onset, or (4) HNPCC-variant. In addition, each proband was classified according to the Bethesda guidelines for identification of individuals with HNPCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alterations of hMSH2 and hMLH1 genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven alterations of hMSH2 and hMLH1 were found in 24 of 70 families (34.3%). Of these, deleterious mutations that could be used with confidence in clinical management were identified in 25.7% (18/70) of families. The rates of definitive results for families fulfilling Amsterdam criteria, modified Amsterdam criteria, young age at onset, HNPCC-variant, and Bethesda guidelines were 27 (39.3%), 13 (18.2%), 12 (16.7%), 11 (15.8%), and 21 (30.4%), respectively. The prevalence of missense mutations, genetic heterogeneity of the syndrome, and limited availability of validated functional assays present a challenge in the interpretation of genetic test results of HNPCC families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of pathogenic mutations in a significant subset of families for whom the results may have marked clinical importance makes genetic testing an important option for HNPCC and HNPCC-like kindreds. However, for the majority of individuals in whom sequence analysis of hMSH2 and hMLH1 does not give a definitive result, intensive follow-up is still warranted.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02115, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Syngal
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dovidio
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Kolodner
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Garber
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000328:Adult; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002648:Child; D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D009154:Mutation; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein