title: Correlates and management of nonmalignant pain in the nursing home. SAGE Study Group. Systematic Assessment of Geriatric drug use via Epidemiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonmalignant pain is a common problem among older people. The prevalence of pain in the nursing home is not well studied. We looked at the association between nonmalignant pain, psychological and functional health, and the practice patterns for pain management in the nursing home.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nursing Home in four US states.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 49,971 nursing home residents from 1992 to 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the SAGE database (Systematic Assessment of Geriatric drug use via Epidemiology), which linked information from the Minimum Data Set and nursing home drug utilization data. The MDS items measured included pain, activities of daily living (ADL) function, mood, and time involved in activities. The use of analgesics, anxiolytics, and antidepressants was also documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily pain was reported in 26% of nursing home residents. The prevalence was lower among men, persons more than age 85, and racial minorities. Persons suffering pain daily were more likely to have severe ADL impairment, odds ratio (OR) (2.47 (95% CI, 2.34-2.60)), more depressive signs and symptoms (OR 1.66 (95% CI, 1.57-1.75)), and less frequent involvement in activities (OR 1.35 (95% CI, 1.29-1.40)). Approximately 25% of persons with daily pain received no analgesics. Residents who were more than 85 years old (OR 1.15 (95% CI 1.02-1.28)), cognitively impaired, (OR 1.44 (95% CI, 1.29-1.61)), of male gender (OR 1.17 (95% CI, 1.06-1.29)), or a racial minority (OR 1.69 (95% CI, 1.40-2.05) and OR 1.56 (95% CI, 0.70-1.04) for blacks and Hispanics, respectively) were at greater risk of not receiving analgesics. Approximately 50% of those in pain used physical and occupational therapies, which was more than two times higher (OR 2.44 (95% CI, 2.34-2.54)), than use for those not in pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily nonmalignant pain is prevalent among nursing home residents and is often associated with impairments in ADL, mood, and decreased activity involvement. Even when pain was recognized, men, racial minorities, and cognitively impaired residents were at increased risk for undertreatment. More education and research is necessary to improve the recognition and management of pain in the nursing home, remembering that attention should be paid to populations at increased risk for underrecognition and undertreatment.
authors.affiliation: Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Won
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lapane
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gambassi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bernabei
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mor
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lipsitz
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044383:Black People; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019992:Databases as Topic; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006304:Health Status; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000928:Antidepressive Agents