title: Coadministration of orally inhaled zanamivir with inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine does not adversely affect the production of antihaemagglutinin antibodies in the serum of healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Zanamivir, a clinically proven potent and specific inhibitor of influenza A and B neuraminidase, has been approved in some countries for the treatment of influenza and is in late-stage development for the prophylaxis of influenza. This study investigated whether the coadministration of zanamivir and influenza vaccine affected the development of antibody responses to injected influenza haemagglutinin.
  
  
  METHODS
  This double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study compared the antihaemagglutinin antibody production [haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titre] after administration of inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine in healthy volunteers receiving zanamivir or placebo once daily for 28 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  138 healthy volunteers (52 men and 86 nonpregnant women, mean age 32.7 years) were randomised to the zanamivir (70 participants) or placebo (68 participants) groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants received a single intramuscular dose (deltoid muscle) of the 1997/1998 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (surface antigen) PhEur (Fluvirin) on day 1, and were then randomised to receive zanamivir 10 mg/day by oral inhalation or placebo for 28 days. Serum samples for determination of HAI titres were obtained before vaccination and on days 15 and 29. Compliance, adverse events and laboratory parameters were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary measure of response was the geometric mean increase in HAI titre against the 3 viral antigens contained in the vaccine, calculated as the ratio of the value 4 weeks after vaccination to the baseline value. The means (and 2-sided 95% confidence intervals) for the ratio between the geometric mean increase with placebo and the increase with zanamivir were as follows: 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) for influenza B, 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) for influenza A H1N1, and 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) for influenza AH3N2. (This corresponds to a test level of alpha = 0.025 for the hypothesis that the increase with placebo was > or = 2-fold greater than the increase with zanamivir.) A lack of effect was concluded as values of 2.0 or greater (i.e. a 2-fold difference) were excluded. Comparisons were also made of the increase in titre at 2 weeks, the proportions of participants with at least a 4-fold increase in titre and the proportions of participants with a titre of at least 1:40. These comparisons revealed no differences between zanamivir- and placebo-treated groups. The nature and incidence of adverse events observed with zanamivir were similar to those observed with placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, zanamivir was not associated with a reduced response in HAI titre against the 3 vaccine antigens when compared with placebo. In addition, zanamivir was well tolerated. Inhaled zanamivir 10 mg once daily has been demonstrated to prevent symptomatic laboratory-confirmed influenza in a community outbreak. Zanamivir should have the potential to provide protection during the 2- to 4-week period before full immunity is induced, following vaccination at a time when influenza is circulating in the community.
authors.affiliation: Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Greenford, Middlesex, England. aw38322@glaxowellcome.co.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boyce
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edmundson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006146:Guanidines; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011714:Pyrans; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012794:Sialic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D053243:Zanamivir
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D006146:Guanidines; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D011714:Pyrans; D012794:Sialic Acids; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D009439:Neuraminidase; D053243:Zanamivir