title: Endogenous plasminogen activator expression after embolic focal cerebral ischemia in mice.
abstract: Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) play important roles in fibrinolysis, cell migration, tissue destruction, angiogenesis and tissue remodeling. u-PA and t-PA activity in tissue are tightly regulated by plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). However, little is known of the activity of endogenous plasminogen activators (PAs) and PAI-1 in ischemic brain. To evaluate whether cerebral ischemic injury induces endogenous PAs and PAI-1, we measured PA activity from brain homogenates, and examined the expression of t-PA mRNA, u-PA mRNA and PAI-1 mRNA from brain homogenates in C57BL/6J mice (n=45) weighing 29-35 g in which the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded by a fibrin-rich clot. Brain homogenates were prepared for direct casein zymography from control non-ischemic mice (n=4) and mice at 2 h (n=5), 4 h (n=5), and 24 h (n=4) after MCA occlusion (MCAO). Also, u-PA and t-PA knockout mice at 4 h (n=2, each) after MCAO were used as a negative control for direct casein zymography. Frozen sections for in situ zymography were obtained from control mice (n=2) and mice at 2 h, 4 h, and 24 h (n=2, per time point) after clot occlusion. Brain homogenates were prepared for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to examine t-PA mRNA, u-PA mRNA and PAI-1 mRNA expression from control non-ischemic mice (n=4) and mice at 2 h (n=5), 4 h (n=5), and 24 h (n=5) after MCAO. By direct casein zymography, u-PA activity increased at 4 h (P<0.05), and 24 h (P<0.05) after stroke in the ischemic hemisphere compared with the non-ischemic mice. Activity of t-PA in ischemic brain was not significantly different from the control group. As measured by in situ zymography, PA activity, most likely u-PA, was present in the ischemic hemisphere. By RT-PCR, expression of PAI-1 mRNA, but not u-PA mRNA and t-PA mRNA, increased 3-, 15- and 25-folds in the ischemic hemisphere at 2 h, 4 h and 24 h after stroke, respectively, compared with control mice. This study demonstrates that PAI-1 mRNA and u-PA activity increase in mouse brain after stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Z G
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chopp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D002542:Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012016:Reference Values; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator