title: Predicting the difficult neuraxial block: a prospective study.
abstract: Anticipated technical difficulty is one factor that can influence the anesthesiologist's decision to perform neuraxial (spinal or epidural) blockade. Problems during the procedure may be associated with patient dissatisfaction, neurologic sequelae, or hematoma. We designed this study of 595 neuraxial blocks to determine whether any patient characteristics would be useful in predicting a difficult neuraxial block. Before the procedure, the following data were noted: demographic data, body habitus (normal, thin, muscular, obese), spinal landmarks (good = easily palpable spinous processes, poor = difficult to palpate spinous processes, none = unable to positively identify spinous processes), and spinal anatomy (assessed by inspection and examination as normal or deformed). We noted the technique, approach, needle type, needle gauge, etc. We also recorded whether the procedure was completed at the first (first-level success) or second spinal level and the total number of new skin punctures (attempts) necessary to complete the procedure. Of all the factors considered, the quality of landmarks best correlated with technical difficulty as measured by both first-level success and number of attempts. Abnormal spinal anatomy correlated with difficulty as measured by number of attempts. Body habitus also correlated with difficulty, but only as measured by number of attempts. There was no association between either measure of difficulty and any of the following: age, sex, spinal versus epidural, approach, needle type, needle gauge, or training level of the provider. Thoracic epidurals were less difficult than lumbar epidurals by both measures of difficulty. We conclude that body habitus does not seem to be the best predictor of technical difficulty. An examination of the patient's back for the quality of landmarks and obvious anatomical deformity better predicts the ease or difficulty of neuraxial block. Other factors seem to have little or no influence on the difficulty of neuraxial block procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We studied a number of factors, including equipment, technique, and patient characteristics, that may indicate the ease or difficulty of performing neuraxial (spinal and epidural) blocks. Of these factors, only patient characteristics had significant predictive value. We found that an examination of the patient's back for the quality of landmarks and obvious anatomical deformity better predicts the ease or difficulty of neuraxial block than does body habitus.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA. sprungj@cesmtp.ccf.org
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sprung
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bourke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grass
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hammel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mascha
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tubin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000193:education; D000886:Anthropometry; D002404:Catheterization; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009339:Needles; D009407:Nerve Block; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors