title: Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in Saudi children 8 years after a mass hepatitis B vaccination programme.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  On October 1 1989, a programme was begun in Saudi Arabia in which the HBV vaccine was added as the 'seventh' primary immunogen of the Extended Programme of Immunization (EPI). In 1990, another programme was launched by the Ministry of Health to vaccinate all school children. Eight years after this mass vaccination programme, the efficacy of HBV vaccine was evaluated in a community-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community-based study was carried out in Saudi children in urban and rural areas, covering all the regions of Saudi Arabia. After informed consent, blood samples were obtained and tested for HBV markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 4791 vaccinated Saudi children aged 1-12 years, only 15 were found to be HbsAg-positive (0.31%). HbsAg-positivity was 0.16% in children vaccinated at birth compared with 0.7% in those vaccinated at school entry. The overall HbsAg carrier rate dropped from 6.7% in 1989 to 0.3% in 1997 (P<0.00001). Similarly, there was a significant reduction in the prevalence of anti-HBc from 4.2% in 1989 to 0.46% in 1997 (P<0.00001). The overall seroconversion rate to HB vaccine among 4087 Saudi children up to 12 years of age was about 77%. Seroconversion rate in those vaccinated at birth was 77% compared with 71% in those vaccinated at school entry. After 8 years of receiving the third vaccine dose, close to 65% of the children had an anti-HBs titre of more than 10 IU/l compared with about 28% who had an anti-HBs titre of more than 100 IU/l after the same period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The result of this study demonstrates the tremendous impact of the mass HB vaccination programme on the seroepidemiology of HBV infection in Saudi Arabia. The ultimate goal of preventing HBV-related chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in Saudi Arabia is foreseeable in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: F Z
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Al-Faleh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Jeffri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramia
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Rashed
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arif
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezeig
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Al-Toraif
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakhsh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mishkkhas
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Makki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Freihi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mirdad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: AlJuma
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Swailem
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayoola
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines