title: The opioid contract in the management of chronic pain.
abstract: Although the "opioid contract" is widely used in the administration of chronic opioid therapy, its use has not been well defined and there are few guidelines for developing or revising such tools. We reviewed opioid contracts from 39 major academic pain centers and analyzed every statement for its core meaning. These statements were grouped into general categories and then into specific statement groups. Substantial diversity in the content of the 39 contracts was found. Statements could be grouped into 12 general categories, 43 statements groups, and 125 individual statements. Each of the 39 contracts reviewed contained 22.5% +/- 10.9% of the entire list of 125 statements and 32.6% +/- 11.2% of the 43 statement categories. Contract length averaged less than 3 pages (range: 1 to 1 mean 2.2). We describe frequent and infrequent themes that may be well suited for inclusion in any given contract. While there are many significant issues related to the usage of a formal contract in chronic opioid therapy, there was substantial consistency among the contracts in their universal attempts to improve care through dissemination of information, facilitate a mutually agreed-upon course, or enhance compliance. This study serves as an initial step in considering the risk and benefits of an opioid contract as well as its ideal content and presentation.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis Department of Anesthesiology, MGH Pain Center, Sacramento 95817, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Bandman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Borsook
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid