title: Prenatal care for low-income women enrolled in a managed-care organization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine barriers to prenatal care among managed-care enrollees who receive Medicaid.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-person interviews were conducted with women 13-45 years old who were members of the Prudential HealthCare Community Plan in Memphis, Tennessee. Interview data were linked to medical chart reviews for 200 women who were currently pregnant or had delivered a baby since enrollment in Prudential. Factors related to untimely entry to prenatal care and inadequate prenatal visits were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than half of the respondents had either untimely entry to or inadequate prenatal care. Overall, 89% of respondents had favorable attitudes about prenatal care. Several system and personal factors were associated with receipt of early or adequate prenatal care. Multivariate analysis showed that one system and two personal factors remained significantly related to entry to prenatal care. Women who entered Prudential during pregnancy were 2.4 times more likely (95% CI 1.1, 5.0) to receive late care than women who enrolled before pregnancy. Women who felt too tired to go for care were 2.2 times more likely (95% CI 1.0, 4.9) to receive late care. Women who experienced physical violence during pregnancy were 3.5 times more likely (95% CI 1.0, 12.0) to receive late care. Multivariate analysis with adequacy of prenatal care as the outcome showed several personal factors that increased odds of receiving inadequate prenatal care; however, only help from the infant's father was significantly related to adequacy of prenatal care. Women who did not have much help from the infant's father were 1.9 times more likely not to have adequate care (95% CI 1.0, 3.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even when affordable care was available, many low-income women did not avail themselves of it. Although women knew the importance of prenatal care, there was a gap between attitudes and actually seeking appropriate care. System and personal factors need to be addressed to overcome barriers to prenatal care.
authors.affiliation: Prudential Center for Health Care Research, Atlanta, Georgia 30339, USA. julie.gazmararian@prudential.com
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gazmararian
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Arrington
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Koplan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States