title: Differential effects of clonidine on upper airway abductor and adductor muscle activity in awake goats.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which alpha(2)-adrenoceptor (alpha(2)-AR) pathways affect the central motor output to upper airway muscles that regulate airflow. Electromyogram (EMG) measurements were made from posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA), cricothyroid (CT), thyroarytenoid (TA), and middle (MPC) and inferior (IPC) pharyngeal constrictor muscles in awake standing goats. Systemic administration of the alpha(2)-AR agonist clonidine induced a highly dysrhythmic pattern of ventilation in all animals that was characterized by alternating episodes of tachypnea and slow irregular breathing patterns, including prolonged and variable expiratory time intervals. Periods of apnea were commonly observed. Dysrhythmic ventilatory patterns induced by clonidine were associated with differential recruitment of upper airway muscles. alpha(2)-AR stimulation preferentially decreased the activity of the PCA, CT, and IPC muscles while increasing TA and MPC EMG activities. Clonidine-induced apneas were associated with continuous tonic activation of laryngeal (TA) and pharyngeal (MPC) adductors, leading to airway closure and arterial oxygen desaturation. Tonic activation of the TA and MPC muscles was interrupted only during the first inspiratory efforts after central apnea. Laryngeal abductor, diaphragm, and transversus abdominis EMG activities were completely silenced during apneic events. Ventilatory and EMG effects were reversed by selective alpha(2)-AR blockade with SKF-86466. The results demonstrate that alpha(2)-AR pathways are important modulators of central respiratory motor outputs to the upper airway muscles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. kenoh@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: O'Halloran
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Bisgard
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001049:Apnea / Q000139:chemically induced; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000187:drug effects; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008297:Male; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000187:drug effects; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D001552:Benzazepines; D003000:Clonidine; C039139:benalfocin