title: Diagnoses of patients treated with ECT: a comparison of evidence-based standards with reported use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the extent to which patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) had diagnoses for which ECT is an efficacious treatment according to evidence-based standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  ECT use among all beneficiaries of a large New England insurance company in 1994 and 1995 was examined using a retrospective cohort design. Associations between provider characteristics and ECT use for diagnoses outside the standards were determined using logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 996 individuals among approximately 1.2 million beneficiaries were treated with ECT. They received a total of 1,532 ECT courses. For 86.5 percent of the courses, the diagnosis was within evidence-based indications; for 13.5 percent, the diagnosis was outside the indications. In more than half of the 13.5 percent of cases, conditions were depressive disorders for which no studies have been conducted or disorders that likely had associated depressive symptoms. Patients receiving ECT for diagnoses outside evidence-based indications were more likely to have been treated by psychiatrists who graduated from medical school between 1940 and 1960 and between 1961 and 1980 than by those who graduated between 1981 and 1990. These patients were also less likely to have been treated by psychiatrists who received their medical education outside the U.S.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnoses of patients treated with ECT were mostly within evidence-based indications. The results provide reassurance to those concerned that ECT may be used indiscriminately. If confirmed by further research, the finding that psychiatrists trained in earlier eras were more likely to use ECT for diagnoses outside evidence-based indications may offer an opportunity for targeted quality improvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Cambridge Hospital, MA 02139, USA. richard_hermann@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ettner
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dorwart
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Langman-Dorwart
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kleinman
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010380:Peer Review; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000145:classification / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014600:Utilization Review