title: The development of postural adjustments during reaching in 6- to 18-month-old infants. Evidence for two transitions.
abstract: The present study focused on the developmental changes of postural adjustments accompanying reaching movements in healthy infants. We made a longitudinal study of ten infants between 6 and 18 months of age. During each session multiple surface electromyograms of arm, neck, trunk and leg muscles at the right side of the body were recorded during right-handed reaching movements in two positions ("upright sitting" in an infant chair and "long-leg" sitting without support). Simultaneously the whole session was recorded on video. Comparable data were present from the same infants at 3-5 months. Additionally, 18 infants (8-15 months) were assessed once during similar reaching tasks, but in these infants electromyographic activity of the trunk and neck muscles at both sides of the body were recorded. Our data revealed two transitions in the development of postural adjustments. The first transition was present around 6 months of age. At this age the postural muscles were infrequently activated during reaching movements. At 8 months ample postural activity reappeared and the infants developed the ability to adapt the postural adjustments to task-specific constraints such as arm movement velocity or the sitting position at the onset of the reaching movement. The second transition occurred between 12 and 15 months. Before 15 months the infants did not show consistent anticipatory postural activity, but from 15 months onwards they did, particularly in the neck muscles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Van der Fits
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Otten
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Klip
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Van Eykern
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadders-Algra
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007866:Leg; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D024510:Muscle Development; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D009333:Neck; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D014743:Videotape Recording