title: Association of lamivudine resistance in recurrent hepatitis B after liver transplantation with advanced hepatic fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is known to be associated with a high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Lamivudine, a nucleoside analogue, is a potent inhibitor of HBV replication, but it is associated with a 14-39% rate of resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on four patients who underwent OLT for HBV infection. In all cases, the HBV infection recurred in the grafted liver and was treated with lamivudine (100 mg daily) on a compassionate-use basis. The patients were monitored closely for serum liver enzymes, hepatitis B surface antigen and HBV DNA (by hybridization). Liver biopsy was performed before and after lamivudine therapy. HBV DNA was amplified from serum for each patient and sequenced through a conserved polymerase domain, the tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate (YMDD) locus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All four patients exhibited lamivudine resistance 9-20 months after initiation of the drug. In all patients with a clinically mild disease, liver histology findings (12-24 months after lamivudine therapy) showed progressive fibrosis as compared to biopsies performed before lamivudine therapy, with a significant increase (> or =2 points) in the Knodell score in three patients. Moreover, two patients exhibited worsening of the necroinflammatory process. A mutation at the YMDD motif of the HBV polymerase gene was detected in all cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lamivudine resistance frequently occurs in patients with recurrent HBV infection after OLT and is associated with advanced hepatic fibrosis and necroinflammatory process. A combination of antiviral therapies may be necessary.
authors.affiliation: Liver Institute and Department of Medicine D, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tiqva, Israel.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ben-Ari
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pappo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zemel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mor
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tur-Kaspa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D019259:Lamivudine