title: The effect of gap formation at the repair site on the strength and excursion of intrasynovial flexor tendons. An experimental study on the early stages of tendon-healing in dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elongation (gap formation) at the repair site has been associated with the formation of adhesions and a poor functional outcome after repair of flexor tendons. Our objectives were to evaluate the prevalence of gap formation in a clinically relevant canine model and to assess the effect of gap size on the range of motion of the digits and the mechanical properties of the tendons.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed operative repairs after sharp transection of sixty-four flexor tendons in thirty-two adult dogs. Rehabilitation with passive motion was performed daily until the dogs were killed at ten, twenty-one, or forty-two days postoperatively. Eight tendons ruptured in vivo. In the fifty-six intact specimens, the change in the angles of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints and the linear excursion of the flexor tendon were measured as a 1.5-newton force was applied to the tendon. The gap at the repair site was then measured, and the isolated tendons were tested to failure in tension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine tendons had a gap of less than one millimeter, twelve had a gap of one to three millimeters, and fifteen had a gap of more than three millimeters. Neither the time after the repair nor the size of the gap was found to have a significant effect on motion parameters (p > 0.05); however, the ultimate force, repair-site rigidity, and repair-site strain at twenty newtons were significantly affected by these parameters (p < 0.05). Testing of the tendons with a gap of three millimeters or less revealed that, compared with the ten-day specimens, the forty-two-day specimens failed at a significantly (90 percent) higher force (p < 0.01) and had a significantly (320 percent) increased rigidity (p < 0.01) and a significantly (60 percent) decreased strain at twenty newtons (p < 0.05). In contrast, the tensile properties of the tendons that had a gap of more than three millimeters did not change significantly with time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that, in a dog model involving sharp transection followed by repair, a gap at the repair site of more than three millimeters does not increase the prevalence of adhesions or impair the range of motion but does prevent the accrual of strength and stiffness that normally occurs with time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gelberman
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Brodt
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Winters
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004285:Dogs; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D013710:Tendons / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013718:Tensile Strength; D000267:Tissue Adhesions; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*