title: Biomechanical role of the intervertebral disc and costovertebral joint in stability of the thoracic spine. A canine model study.
abstract: METHODS
  Biomechanical evaluation was performed to investigate the stability of the thoracic spine. Unilateral resection of the intervertebral disc, the rib head joint, and the costotransverse joint were sequentially performed, and nondestructive cyclic loading tests were conducted at each injury stage to examine the roles of the intervertebral disc and the costovertebral joint of the thoracic spine. The effects of each resection were three-dimensionally analyzed as the main motion and the associated coupled motions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the role of the intervertebral disc and the costovertebral joint in stability of the thoracic spine.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The effects of unilateral resection of the intervertebral disc and the costovertebral joints in the thoracic spine with the rib cage have not been documented three-dimensionally in a biomechanical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten canine rib cage-thoracic spine complexes, consisting of the sixth to eighth ribs, the sternum and T5-T8 vertebrae, were used. Six pure moments along three axes, flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation, were applied to the specimen, and the angular deformation between T6-T7 was recorded by a stereophotogrammetric method. After the intact specimens were tested, staged resections were conducted in the following manner: partial resection of the T6-T7 intervertebral disc, performed as a resection of the anterior longitudinal ligament, the nucleus pulposus, and the annulus fibrosus on the approach side, leaving the posterior longitudinal ligament intact; resection of the right seventh rib head with the joint capsule; and resection of the right seventh costotransverse joint. At each stage, the main motion and associated coupled motions were determined three dimensionally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ranges of motion (ROM) in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation were significantly increased after partial discectomy (P < 0.01). Moreover, along with large increases in the ROM of the main motions in left axial rotation and right lateral bending, coupled motions, expressed by right lateral bending and left axial rotation, showed marked increases after resection of the rib head joint (P < 0.05). The neutral zones also increased in lateral bending, axial rotation, and flexion-extension after partial discectomy (P < 0.01). A further increase in the neutral zone was observed in lateral bending after resection of the right seventh rib head (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this canine spine model, the intervertebral disc regulates the stability of the thoracic spine in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Moreover, the articulation of the rib head with the vertebral bodies provides stability to the thoracic spine in lateral bending and axial rotation. Unilateral resection of the rib head joint after partial discectomy on the same side produces significant coupled motions in lateral bending and axial rotation, resulting in a significant decrease in thoracic spinal stability, and integrity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University of School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. jenny@med.hokudai.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abumi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shono
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaneda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D017586:Diskectomy; D004285:Dogs; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012272:Ribs / Q000502:physiology*; D013249:Sternum / Q000502:physiology; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*