title: Adhesion molecules in cerebrovascular diseases. Evidence for an inflammatory endothelial activation in cerebral large- and small-vessel disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adhesion molecules mediate attachment and transendothelial migration of leukocytes as a critical step in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Their expression and release were comparatively investigated in patients with large- and small-vessel disease of the central nervous system.
  
  
  METHODS
  With immunological methods, serum concentrations of endothelial-derived adhesion molecules (soluble endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule [sE-selectin], soluble vascular-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [sICAM-1]) were quantified in patients with obstructive disease of extracranial (n=89) and intracranial (n=20) large-vessel disease and patients with subcortical vascular encephalopathy (n=64), a cerebral small-vessel disease. As controls, age- and sex-matched subjects without obstructive cerebrovascular disease (n=67) were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed significantly increased serum concentrations of sE-selectin and sICAM-1 in patients with both obstructive disease of the large brain-supplying arteries and subcortical vascular encephalopathy. Interestingly, the highest levels were observed in intracranial macroangiopathy. Furthermore, concentrations of sICAM-1 and sE-selectin were significantly increased in current smokers but not in diabetic or hypertensive patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observation of elevated release of endothelial-derived adhesion molecules in both patients with stenoses of the large brain-supplying arteries and patients with subcortical vascular encephalopathy indicates that inflammatory endothelial activation and adhesion of leukocytes play similarly important roles in cerebral large- and small-vessel disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Klinikum Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fassbender
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bertsch
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mielke
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mühlhauser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hennerici
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019040:E-Selectin; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1