title: Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than that of beta-carotene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To gain more insight into the relation between vegetable consumption and the risk of chronic diseases, it is important to determine the bioavailability of carotenoids from vegetables and the effect of vegetable consumption on selected biomarkers of chronic diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the bioavailability of beta-carotene and lutein from vegetables and the effect of increased vegetable consumption on the ex vivo oxidizability of LDL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 4 wk, 22 healthy adult subjects consumed a high-vegetable diet (490 g/d), 22 consumed a low-vegetable diet (130 g/d), and 10 consumed a low-vegetable diet supplemented with pure beta-carotene (6 mg/d) and lutein (9 mg/d).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma concentrations of vitamin C and carotenoids (ie, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin) were significantly higher after the high-vegetable diet than after the low-vegetable diet. In addition to an increase in plasma beta-carotene and lutein, the pure carotenoid-supplemented diet induced a significant decrease in plasma lycopene concentration of -0.11 micromol/L (95% CI: -0.21, -0.0061). The responses of plasma beta-carotene and lutein to the high-vegetable diet were 14% and 67%, respectively, of those to the pure carotenoid- supplemented diet. Conversion of beta-carotene to retinol may have attenuated its plasma response compared with that of lutein. There was no significant effect on the resistance of LDL to oxidation ex vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased vegetable consumption enhances plasma vitamin C and carotenoid concentrations, but not resistance of LDL to oxidation. The relative bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is higher than that of beta-carotene.
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research Vlaardingen, Netherlands. karin-van-het.hof@unilever.com
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: van het Hof
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haddeman
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Steegers-Theunissen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Dusseldorp
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Weststrate
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Eskes
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hautvast
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood; D001682:Biological Availability; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D014975:Lutein / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D014675:Vegetables; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D019207:beta Carotene; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D014975:Lutein