title: Levels of naturally occurring microorganisms on surgical instruments after clinical use and after washing.
abstract: Surgical instruments exposed to sterile body sites should be contaminated with relatively low levels of microbial contamination or bioburden; however, few studies in the literature have determined the quantitative level and types of contamination. A study was conducted at 2 clinical sites to determine the level of microbial contamination of surgical instruments after clinical use and after washing. Quantitative assays showed that bioburden levels were in the range of 0 to 4415 colony forming units per instrument after clinical use, and 88% of the instruments had bioburden levels lower than 1000. As expected, a reduction in counts occurred after washing; however, in some cases, higher counts were found on the instruments after the washing process. Although the washing procedure is effective in reducing the microbial levels deposited on the surgical instruments during use, a recontamination process occurs that results in increased counts after washing. The low bioburden level after washing consists of predominantly vegetative microorganisms that present a relatively low challenge to sterilization and disinfection systems.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Sterilization Products, Irvine, CA 92618-9824, USA.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chan-Myers
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ghazanfari
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Antonoplos
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013525:Surgical Instruments / Q000382:microbiology*