title: Effect of tetrahydropalmatine analogs on Fos expression induced by formalin-pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of tetrahydropalmatine (THP) analogs on Fos protein expression induced by formalin-pain and elucidate analgesic mechanism of THP analogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pain response to Sprague Dawley rats was induced with formalin injected s.c. into the plantar surface of the right hindpaw. Fos protein expression in brain and spinal cord was investigated with immunohistochemistry. The numbers of Fos-like immunoreactive (FLI) neurons were counted with Leica Q570 image analyzer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the groups of THP analogs and D2 antagonist spiperone, FLI neurons induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of THP analogs and spiperone were mainly located in the striatum and accumbens nucleus, and a few FLI neurons were also in sensorimotor cortex. In the D1 antagonist, D1 agonist, D2 agonist, saline and vehicle groups, FLI neurons were seldom seen in the striatum and accumbens nucleus. Moreover, the Fos protein expression induced by l-THP and spiperone could be prevented by the pre-treatment of the D2 agonist quinpirole but not D1 agonist SKF38393. In the formalin-pain group, FLI neurons were mainly distributed in ascending pain afferent system (APAS) and descending pain modulation system (DPMS). Following i.p. THP analogs, however, the numbers of FLI neurons induced by formalin-pain in the APAS, such as dorsal horn (mainly laminae I, II, IV-VI) were markedly decreased, while the numbers of FLI neurons in the DPMS, such as periaqueductal gray (PAG) and reticular paragigantocellular lateral nucleus (RPLN) were significantly increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  THP analogs enhanced the activity of brainstem DPMS by the blockade of D2 receptors in the striatum and accumbens nucleus, and sequentially inhibited the inputs of peripheral pain afferent message in spinal cord level.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: G Z
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001599:Berberine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001600:Berberine Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005557:Formaldehyde; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019257:Quinpirole / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism; D013134:Spiperone / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D001600:Berberine Alkaloids; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D001599:Berberine; C010513:stepholidine; D005557:Formaldehyde; D019257:Quinpirole; C014215:tetrahydropalmatine; D013134:Spiperone; C014845:berbine