title: Rapid, homogeneous genotyping of the 4G/5G polymorphism in the promoter region of the PAII gene by fluorescence resonance energy transfer and probe melting curves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many studies have convincingly shown that survivors of myocardial infarction have impaired fibrinolytic activity because of increased concentrations of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). A single guanosine insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of the PAI1 gene, commonly called 4G/5G, has been shown to be associated with plasma PAI-1 activity. Our aim was to develop and validate a homogeneous assay for rapid genotyping of the 4G/5G polymorphism.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this report we present a single-tube method for genotyping of the 4G/5G polymorphism that combines both rapid-cycle PCR with real-time monitoring of the amplification process and generation of allele-specific fluorescent probe melting profiles on the LightCycler(TM). Two fluorescently labeled hybridization probes recognizing adjacent sequences in the amplicon were present in the reaction mixture. The shorter detection probe spanned the polymorphic site, perfectly matching the 5G allele. After annealing, the fluorophores were in resonance energy transfer, providing real-time monitoring of the amplification process. At the completion of the PCR, fluorescence was monitored as the temperature increased through the T(m) of the probe/product duplex, and a characteristic melting profile for each genotype was obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With this method, 32 samples were genotyped within 30 min without the need of any post-PCR sample manipulation. The genotypes of 100 DNA samples determined with the LightCycler were identical to those obtained with conventional PCR and restriction fragment length analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The genotyping of the 4G/5G polymorphism with the LightCycler is a rapid, reliable method that is suitable for typing both small and large numbers of samples.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nauck
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wieland
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: März
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1