title: Free radical formation in infants: the effect of critical illness, parenteral nutrition, and enteral feeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An increase in free radical activity has been observed in patients suffering from a variety of illnesses and has been correlated with disease severity. Free radical production is increased by the administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and may be linked to its adverse effects. Some of the complications of TPN can be ameliorated by partial enteral feeding. The aim of this study was to investigate free radical activity during critical illness and during the administration of parenteral nutrition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of surgical infants were studied: (1) control infants (n = 8) before minor surgery, (2) stable infants on the ward recovering from a major operation (n = 24), (3) critically ill infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU, n = 28). Fourteen patients in the ward and 17 patients in NICU were receiving parenteral nutrition. Of the 31 patients on TPN, 9 were also receiving minimal enteral feeding (3% to 24% of total calorie intake). Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), an index of free radical activity, was measured in all 60 infants. The Paediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) score was obtained on NICU patients. The cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured in 25 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma MDA was significantly higher in (1) the stable patients on the ward compared with control patients (P < .001) and (2) patients in NICU compared with stable patients in the ward (P < .001). Parenteral nutrition was associated with higher levels of plasma MDA both in stable patients in the ward and critically ill infants in NICU. There was no correlation between the PRISM score and MDA. In patients not receiving TPN there is a correlation between MDA and TNF-alpha (r = 0.54, P = .02) and between MDA and IL-6 (r = 0.74, P = .001). The level of free radical activity in patients on TPN is not changed by partial enteral feeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Critical illness causes a rise in free radical production. Parenteral nutrition causes a significant elevation in free radical activity in both stable infants in the ward and critically ill infants in NICU. The addition of minimal enteral feeding to parenteral nutrition does not reduce free radical activity. We hypothesize that the parenteral nutrition solution directly initiates free radical production.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, England.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papp
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Merryweather
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierro
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016638:Critical Illness; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005609:Free Radicals; D008315:Malondialdehyde