MAP kinase-mediated signalling to nucleosomes and immediate-early gene induction.
Extracellular signals are transduced into the nucleus through a variety of signalling mechanisms to elicit changes in patterns of gene expression. This review is focused in the MAP kinase cascades and the part they play in the induction of the immediate-early (IE) genes. We discuss the MAP kinases and their downstream effectors that are known to phosphorylate substrates in the nucleus. In addition to phosphorylating specific transcription factors, MAP kinases and their downstream kinases are implicated in eliciting rapidly targeted alterations in the chromatin environment of specific genes by modulating the phosphorylation and/or acetylation of nucleosomal and chromatin proteins.
Thomson
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Nuclear Signalling Laboratory, The Randall Institute, King's College London, 26-29 Drury Lane, London, WC2B 5RL, UK.
Mahadevan
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LC
Clayton
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D000107:Acetylation; D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D017781:Genes, Immediate-Early; D016762:Genes, fos; D016758:Genes, jun; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D000099190:MAP-Kinase-Activated Kinase 2
D000123:Acetyltransferases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D006657:Histones; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009707:Nucleosomes; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D000099190:MAP-Kinase-Activated Kinase 2; C056296:Ser 6-phosphorylated high mobility group 14; C095895:calcium-calmodulin-activated histone 3 arginine kinase