title: Systematic investigation of physiological correlates of motion sickness induced by viewing an optokinetic rotating drum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the physiological correlates of motion sickness provoked by viewing an optokinetic rotating drum.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 52 subjects viewed an optokinetic rotating drum for 16 min. Subjective symptoms of motion sickness (SSMS) and ratings of over-all sickness were measured during the drum rotation. Electrogastrogram (EGG), electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram, and skin conductance were measured as physiological correlates of motion sickness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis by Pearson's correlation showed that the subjects who had higher scores of SSMS during the drum rotation generated the following: a) a higher rating of over-all sickness (r = 0.76); b) a higher ratio of spectral power of EGG at 4-9 cycles per minute (cpm) between drum rotation and baseline periods (r = 0.63); c) a higher net percent increase of spectral power in the EEG frequency band 0.5-4 Hz between drum rotation and baseline periods on C3 (r = 0.29) and C4 (r = 0.31); d) a higher ratio of spectral power of EEG frequency band 0.5-4 Hz between drum rotation and baseline periods on C3 (r = 0.31); and e) a higher level of net increase in skin conductance from baseline to drum rotation (r = 0.30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase of EGG at 4-9 cpm activity, gastric tachyarrhythmia, is the most sensitive physiological index of the severity of symptoms of motion sickness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521, USA. sh4@axe.humboldt.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McChesney
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Player
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bahl
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Scozzafava
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D017120:Nystagmus, Optokinetic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012399:Rotation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014796:Visual Perception