title: A new mechanism of neurodegeneration: a proinflammatory cytokine inhibits receptor signaling by a survival peptide.
abstract: Heightened expression of both a proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and a survival peptide, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), occurs in diverse diseases of the central nervous system, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, the AIDS-dementia complex, and cerebral ischemia. Conventional roles for these two proteins are neuroprotection by IGF-I and neurotoxicity by TNF-alpha. Although the mechanisms of action for IGF-I and TNF-alpha in the central nervous system originally were established as disparate and unrelated, we hypothesized that the signaling pathways of these two cytokines may interact during neurodegeneration. Here we show that concentrations of TNF-alpha as low as 10 pg/ml markedly reduce the capacity of IGF-I to promote survival of primary murine cerebellar granule neurons. TNF-alpha suppresses IGF-I-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2) and inhibits IRS-2-precipitable phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase activity. These experiments indicate that TNF-alpha promotes IGF-I receptor resistance in neurons and inhibits the ability of the IGF-I receptor to tyrosine-phosphorylate the IRS-2 docking molecule and to subsequently activate the critical downstream enzyme phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase. This intracellular crosstalk between discrete cytokine receptors reveals a novel pathway that leads to neuronal degeneration whereby a proinflammatory cytokine inhibits receptor signaling by a survival peptide.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Venters
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: VanHoy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dantzer
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kelley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000502:physiology*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009410:Nerve Degeneration; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C526298:Irs2 protein, mouse; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014443:Tyrosine; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases