title: The etiology and outcome of cerebral ventriculomegaly at term in very low birth weight preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite improvements in survival data, the incidence of neurodevelopmental handicaps in preterm infants remains high. To prevent these handicaps, one must understand the pathophysiology behind them. For preterm infants, cerebral ventriculomegaly (VM) may be associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. We hypothesized that although the causes of VM are multiple, the incidence of handicap at 4.5 years of age in preterm infants with this ultrasonographic finding at term would be high.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test this hypothesis, we provided neurodevelopmental follow-up for all 440 very low birth weight survivors of the Multicenter Randomized Indomethacin Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH) Prevention Trial. A total of 384 children (87%) were evaluated at 54 months' corrected age (CA), and 257 subjects were living in English-speaking, monolingual households and are included in the following data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate to severe low pressure VM at term was documented in 11 (4%) of the English-speaking, monolingual survivors. High grade IVH and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) were both risk factors for the development of VM. Of 11 (45%) children with VM, 5 suffered grades 3 to 4 IVH, compared with 2/246 (1%) children without VM who experienced grades 3 to 4 IVH. Similarly, 9/11 (82%) children with VM had BPD, compared with 120/246 (49%) children without VM who had BPD. Logistic regression analysis was performed using birth weight, gestational age, gender, Apgar score at 5 minutes, BPD, sepsis, moderate to severe VM, periventricular leukomalacia, grade of IVH, and maternal education to predict IQ <70. Although maternal education was an important and independent predictor of adverse cognitive outcome, in this series of very low birth weight prematurely born children, VM was the most important predictor of IQ <70 (OR: 19.0; 95% CI: 4.5, 80.6). Of children with VM, 6/11 (55%) had an IQ <70, compared with 31/246 (13%) of children without VM. Children with VM had significantly lower verbal and performance scores compared with children without VM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that, for preterm neonates, VM at term is a consequence of the vulnerability of the developing brain. Furthermore, its presence is an important and independent predictor of adverse cognitive and motor development at 4.5 years' CA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. laura.ment@yale.edu
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ment
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vohr
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westerveld
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Makuch
mesh_terms: D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000150:complications; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007360:Intelligence; D016015:Logistic Models; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors