title: Poisonous animal bites in the Israel Defense Forces.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soldiers in field units of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) are susceptible to injury by various poisonous animals during training and operations. Bites and envenomations by animals such as snakes, scorpions, and spiders can be painful and debilitating, and at times life-threatening. We have examined the extent of exposure of IDF soldiers to snake and arthropod bites and the morbidity resulting from these encounters.
  
  
  METHODS
  All reports of IDF soldiers who sought medical attention for snake or arthropod bites between the years 1993-1997 were reviewed at the IDF Medical Corps Headquarters. Monthly distribution of cases was noted for all years, and geographic distribution was studied for all 1997 cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the period 1993-1997 there was a yearly rate of 32-52 physician visits per 100,000 soldiers due to snakebites (mean 43.6/100,000), and 1370-1729 physician visits per 100,000 soldiers due to arthropod bites (mean 1478/100,000). There is a clear overall increase in snake and arthropod bites during the spring and summer months, with a peak in snakebites in May and in arthropod bites in August. 58% of all snakebites in Israel were reported in the central region, with 33% occurring in the south, and 9% in the north of the country. No fatalities due to envenomations have been reported in the IDF in recent years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poisonous animal species pose a significant threat to the soldiers of the IDF. Overall, envenomation is a common and widespread problem that has significant impact on the military medical system, especially during the spring and summer months. It is possible through institution of proper preventive measures to decrease the exposure of IDF personnel to this environmental hazard.
authors.affiliation: Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Israel.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haviv
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huerta
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shpilberg
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Klement
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ash
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grotto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods; D001733:Bites and Stings / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008889:Military Personnel; D012621:Seasons; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000453:epidemiology*