title: Special considerations in the therapy of diabetic hypertension.
abstract: Patients with diabetes mellitus have an increased prevalence of hypertension and associated cardiovascular disease (CVD), including coronary and cerebrovascular disease. The risk of an individual of developing CVD is much greater when both diseases coexist and is further magnified by their frequent association with dyslipidemia, coagulation, platelet, and endothelial abnormalities. Metabolic abnormalities frequently associated with hypertension are insulin resistance, enhanced coagulation, and decreased fibrinolytic activity. Drug treatment of hypertension in diabetic subjects is fraught with potential difficulties, including altered efficacy of medications, possible side effects, worsening of glycemic control, and impairment of lipid metabolism. Because hypertension is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in diabetes, it should be recognized and treated early and aggressively despite these difficulties. This article reviews the efficacy and side effects of the various classes of antihypertensive agents in patients with diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Guzmán
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sowers
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood; D004232:Diuretics; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors