title: The effects of the Nd:YAG laser on amalgam dental restorative material.
abstract: The Nd:YAG laser has been marketed as an instrument for use on both hard and soft dental tissues. Its potential for use on hard tissues is limited but it may be the instrument of choice for use in certain soft tissue procedures. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the Nd:YAG laser on amalgam restorations which are frequently placed on tooth surfaces adjacent to areas of soft tissue which may be subjected to the laser. The amalgam used was Tytin. The laser firing was controlled by a computer and a constant repetition rate of 40 Hz was used. Energy per pulse was altered as follows: 30 mJ, 40 mJ, 60 mJ, 80 mJ, 120 mJ and 140 mJ. Exposure times of 0.05 s (2 pulses), 0.125 s (5 pulses), 0.25 s (10 pulses), 0.5 s (20 pulses), 1 s (40 pulses), 2 s (80 pulses), 3 s (120 pulses), 4 s (160 pulses), and 5 s (200 pulses) were used. The width of defect was measured using a measuring microscope with 10x magnification and it was established that the damage threshold lies between 0.125 s (5 pulses) and 0.25 s (10 pulses) for 30 mJ per pulse. Scanning electron microscope observations revealed that the melting of amalgam at exposure times of 5 s actually decreased the size of the observed defect. The data were analysed using a two-way ANOVA statistical test. There was a significant (p < 0.001) correlation between the width of the defect and exposure time up to an exposure time of 4 s and the width of defect and the energy per pulse setting. The findings indicate that amalgam restorations are damaged by inadvertent laser exposure and clinicians must take measures to protect such restorations during lasing of soft tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cernavin
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hogan
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008422:Materials Testing; D008853:Microscopy; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009354:Neodymium; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D015019:Yttrium
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D003722:Dental Alloys; D009354:Neodymium; D015019:Yttrium; C036886:tytin; D003723:Dental Amalgam