title: Hormonal replacement therapy and urinary problems as evaluated by ultrasound and color Doppler.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine how hormone replacement therapy modifies bladder vascularization and urinary symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight postmenopausal women with urinary symptoms (day-time frequency > 8; nocturia > 1; urgency and/or dysuria) were analyzed before and after 1, 3 and 6 months of hormone replacement therapy. The patients underwent transvaginal ultrasound evaluation of the pelvic organs and endometrial and bladder wall thickness. Transvaginal color Doppler analysis of blood flow impedance of the uterine and intramural bladder wall arteries was performed in all cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hormone replacement therapy significantly increased bladder wall and endometrial thickness. This result was associated with significant improvements in uterine and bladder wall vascularization. Urinary symptoms also improved during therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study of bladder wall thickness and vascularization provides additional information regarding the beneficial effect of hormone replacement therapy on lower urinary tract symptoms in postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvatori
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giulini
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Primavera
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallinelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volpe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology