title: Clinical pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide: case reports and review of the treatment of intoxication.
abstract: Intoxication and overdose are common presenting complaints to the emergency department. Acute intoxication with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has become a relatively rare event, especially when compared with the incidence of ethanol and cocaine intoxication. We recently had an outbreak of presumed LSD intoxications occurring over one weekend. All patients had attended a performance by the musical group The Grateful Dead. At present, LSD intoxication or overdose can only be suspected based on clinical findings because there are no readily available rapid laboratory tests for detecting either the parent compound or the metabolites of the drug. The clinical findings and outcomes of five patients with suspected LSD intoxication are presented. The pharmacological effects of LSD and treatment modalities of intoxication are reviewed. All patients were treated conservatively based on clinical signs and symptoms. Only one patient required hospital admission for combative behavior that was initially refractory to pharmacological restraint.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blaho
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Merigian
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Winbery
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Geraci
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smartt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D008238:Lysergic Acid Diethylamide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000506:poisoning*; D008297:Male; D011041:Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006213:Hallucinogens; D008238:Lysergic Acid Diethylamide