title: When there is no benchmark: designing a primary care-based chronic pain management program from the scientific basis up.
abstract: Managed care has been accused of ignoring the patient with pain. The challenge for a health maintenance organization (HMO) was not just how to deliver state-of-the-art care, but how to deliver it to the 40,000 members who experience chronic pain at a reasonable cost and with enduring outcomes. This article describes how one managed care organization set about improving the care of patients with chronic pain. The article includes the design process, the model implemented, and some suggestions for transfer of this technology to others who might want to explore developing a similar model.
authors.affiliation: Integrated Pain Management Project, Kaiser Permanente, Portland, Oregon 97232-2099, USA.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Evers
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mandleblatt
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D014481:United States