title: Hoping and coping in young people who have been sexually abused.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Very little research has been conducted on the relationship between sexual abuse, reduced hopefulness and impaired coping.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 22 abused young people (2 males (9%) and 20 females (91%)) and 29 nonabused young people (4 males (14%) and 25 females (86%)). Hopefulness, despair, depression, self-esteem, anxiety, number of negative life events and various parent, family and demographic variables were measured. The aim was to establish significant predictors of outcome, with outcome measured at the extreme end of the spectrum by self-injury and suicidal ideation and attempts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depression predicted hopefulness and despair. Depression, anxiety, number of caregiver changes, despair and global personal hopefulness were significant predictors of outcome. Child sexual abuse itself was not a significant predictor of self-injury, suicidal ideation or suicide attempts in this sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each of the significant predictors of outcome, other than caregiver changes, has been linked to the learned helplessness paradigm. Depression and anxiety may be mediated by despair and hopefulness in their prediction of self-injury and suicidal attempts and ideation. To modify young people's long-term view of their futures and thereby reduce their vulnerability to depression and anxiety and in turn their tendency toward self-injury and suicide, something more than generic casework will be necessary. If self-injury, suicidal ideation and behaviour are to be effectively addressed, it is likely that anxiety and depression will need to be treated vigorously and attention will need to be paid to the perceived future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Royal Alexandria Hospital for Children, Parramatta NSW, Australia. heathers@nch.edu.au
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Swanston
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Nunn
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Oates
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tebbutt
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: O'Toole
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001290:Attitude; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology