title: Intracellular CXCR4 signaling, neuronal apoptosis and neuropathogenic mechanisms of HIV-1-associated dementia.
abstract: The mechanism(s) by which HIV-1 affects neural injury in HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) remains unknown. To ascertain the role that cellular and viral macrophage products play in HAD neurotoxicity, we explored one potential route for neuronal demise, CXCR4. CXCR4, expressed on lymphocytes and neurons, is both a part of neural development and a co-receptor for HIV-1. Its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha), affects neuronal viability. GTP binding protein (G-protein) linked signaling after neuronal exposure to SDF-1alpha, virus-infected monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) secretory products, and virus was determined. In both human and rat neurons, CXCR4 was expressed at high levels. SDF-1alpha/beta was detected predominantly in astrocytes and at low levels in MDM. SDF-1beta/beta was expressed in HAD brain tissue and upregulated in astrocytes exposed to virus infected and/or immune activated MDM conditioned media (fluids). HIV-1-infected MDM secretions, virus and SDF-1beta induced a G inhibitory (Gi) protein-linked decrease in cyclic AMP (cAMP) and increase inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate (IP3) and intracellular calcium. Such effects were partially blocked by antibodies to CXCR4 or removal of virus from MDM fluids. Changes in G-protein-coupled signaling correlated, but were not directly linked, to increased neuronal synaptic transmission, Caspase 3 activation and apoptosis. These data, taken together, suggest that CXCR4-mediated signal transduction may be a potential mechanism for neuronal dysfunction during HAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-5215, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Thylin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghorpade
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Persidsky
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cotter
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Che
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Gelbard
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Swartz
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gendelman
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000821:virology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000821:virology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000276:immunology; D005333:Fetus / Q000166:cytology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000276:immunology; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D009474:Neurons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology* / Q000821:virology; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C515255:CXCL12 protein, human; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D002118:Calcium