title: Colonization pattern of the biocontrol strain Pseudomonas chlororaphis MA 342 on barley seeds visualized by using green fluorescent protein.
abstract: Pseudomonas chlororaphis MA 342 is a potent biocontrol agent that can be used against several seed-borne diseases of cereal crops, including net blotch of barley caused by the fungus Drechslera teres. In this study, strain MA 342 was tagged with the gfp gene (encoding the green fluorescent protein) in order to study the fate of cells after seed inoculation. The gfp-tagged strain, MA 342G2, had the same biocontrol efficacy as the wild type when it was applied at high cell concentrations to seeds but was less effective at lower cell concentrations. By comparing cell counts determined by microscopy to the number of CFU, we found that the number of culturable cells was significantly lower than the total number of bacteria on seeds which were inoculated and dried for 20 h. Confocal microscopy and epifluorescence stereomicroscopy were used to determine the pattern of MA 342G2 colonization and cell aggregation on barley seeds. Immediately after inoculation of seeds, bacteria were found mainly under the seed glume, and there was no particular aggregation pattern. However, after the seeds were sown, irregularly distributed areas of bacterial aggregation were found, which reflected epiphytic colonization of glume cells. There was a trend towards bacterial aggregation near the embryo but never within the embryo. Bacterial aggregates were regularly found in the groove of each seed formed by the base of the coleoptile and the scutellum. Based on these results, we suggest that MA 342 colocalizes with the pathogen D. teres, which facilitates the action of the fungistatic compound(s) produced by this strain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tombolini
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: van der Gaag
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gerhardson
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jansson
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000472:pathogenicity; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D001467:Hordeum / Q000382:microbiology*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009181:Mycoses / Q000517:prevention & control; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D012639:Seeds / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins