title: Managing ankle injuries in the emergency department.
abstract: We review the anatomy and physiology of the ankle joint with attention to the structures most likely to be injured. We discuss the epidemiology of ankle injuries and their physical and radiographic evaluation, including the Ottawa Ankle Rules. Treatment, consultation, and pitfalls are followed by more specific discussions of tendonitis, Achilles tendon injury, tendonous subluxations, tarsal tunnel syndrome, sonovial impingement, and injury to the os trigonum. The references provide a guide for further reading.
authors.affiliation: Catholic Medical Center of Brooklyn and Queens, Inc., Jamaica, New York 11432, USA.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Birrer
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Fani-Salek
authors.forename: V Y
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Totten
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Politi
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D006801:Humans; D011859:Radiography; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome