title: Volatile anesthetics augment expression of proinflammatory cytokines in rat alveolar macrophages during mechanical ventilation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies indicate that anesthesia and surgery induce an inflammatory reaction in alveolar macro phages. However,they filed to independently evaluate the relative contributions of factors including mechanical ventilation, general anesthesia, and surgical stress. Therefore, the authors tested the hypothesis that inflammatory reactions at the cellular level in alveolar macrophages are induced within 2 h of inhalation of volatile anesthetics under mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  After administration of pentobarbital, rats were allocated to the nonventilated control or spontaneous or mechanical ventilation (n = 15/group) for 2 h at a fraction of inspired oxygen (FI(O2)) of 0.21. In a separate series of experiments, rats were mechanically ventilated without volatile anesthesia, or during exposure to halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, or sevoflurane (n = 15/group). Pulmonary lavage was performed, and RNA was extracted from harvested cells. The mRNA for the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using beta-actin as an internal standard. Pulmonary lavage concentrations of these cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lavage cell count and cytology were similar in each series of the experiment. Gene expression of MIP-2 and TNF-alpha was greater during mechanical than spontaneous ventilation and nonventilation control However, the concentrations of cytokines except MIP-2 and TNF-alpha were less than detection levels. During exposure to volatile anesthetics, gene expression for IL-1beta, MIP-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha all increased significantly compared with mechanical ventilation alone. Significant increases in lavage concentrations of MIP-2 and TNF-alpha were also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines increase after inhalation of volatile anesthetics under mechanical ventilation. These data indicate that inhalation of volatile anesthetics under mechanical ventilation induces an inflammatory response at the transcriptional level within 2 h.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hirosaki School of Medicine, Japan. nao@cc.hirosaki-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kotani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sessler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hashiba
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsuki
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D015846:Monokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015846:Monokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma