title: A caspase inhibitor decreases oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis in bovine endothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apoptosis is a pathway of cell death orchestrated by a family of proteases called caspases. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is a putative cause of atherogenesis. We examined the effect of oxLDL on endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis and the ability of a caspase antagonist to inhibit oxLDL-induced EC injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine ECs were plated at a concentration of 5.0 x 10(5) cells/ml and exposed to LDL oxidized by ultraviolet radiation at a concentration of 100 microgram oxLDL/ml for 20 h. Some ECs were pretreated with an irreversible caspase inhibitor (ZVAD). Samples were analyzed histologically. Apoptosis was measured using the Annexin V assay (flow cytometry) which detects phosphatidylserine on plasma membranes and confirmed by TUNEL assay (flow cytometry). Statistical assessments were performed using ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ECs treated with LDL were morphologically similar to untreated cells. Cells treated with oxLDL demonstrated cytoplasmic shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, and loss of adhesion. These effects were diminished after pretreatment with the caspase inhibitor ZVAD. The Annexin V assay showed: (a) cells exposed to LDL had a 12 +/- 1% apoptosis rate, (b) exposure to oxLDL induced apoptosis in 30 +/- 0.3% of the cells, and (c) pretreatment with the caspase inhibitor ZVAD decreased the oxLDL-induced apoptosis to 16 +/- 1% (P < 0.05). This decrease in apoptosis was also reflected by an increase in the percentage of alive cells from 34 +/- 7% after oxLDL exposure to 55 +/- 6% after apoptosis inhibition with ZVAD. TUNEL assay demonstrated a 2.5-fold reduction in mean fluorescence intensity between cells treated with oxLDL alone and those treated with ZVAD, suggesting a significant decrease in apoptosis in the latter group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that treatment of bovine ECs with oxLDL induces apoptosis which can be significantly reduced by a specific caspase inhibitor.
authors.affiliation: Section of Vascular Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, 03756, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitzmiller
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Morganelli
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Groveman
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cronenwett
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D002417:Cattle; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007659:Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014048:Tolonium Chloride; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D017304:Annexin A5; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D004151:Dipeptides; D007659:Ketones; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D014048:Tolonium Chloride; C057383:MDL 201053