title: Case-referent study on occupational risk factors for bladder cancer in southern Israel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the possible association between occupational exposures (risk factors) and male bladder cancer in the Negev region (southern Israel) to enable preventive strategies to be applied.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 92 male bladder cancer patients, diagnosed at a regional medical center between 1989 and 1993, were studied by interview and compared with 92 males without oncological disease after matching by age and country of origin. A special questionnaire was developed to gather information on demography, life-time occupational history, smoking habits, coffee consumption, and health status. Statistical analysis of the case-referent data was done using the SPSS-5 package for performance of the chi-square test, conditional logistic regression, and multiple classification analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant associations were found between bladder cancer occurrence and (1) three different groups of occupational exposures [a - solvents (P = 0.002, OR not computed due to the lack of exposed persons among referents), b - dusts (P = 0. 02; OR = 4.67), and c - exposure to multiple chemicals (P < 0.001, OR = 6.25); (2) nephrolithiasis (P = 0.02, OR = 11.00); and (3) cigarette smoking (P = 0.01, OR = 1.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Certain types of occupational exposure, different from that to aromatic amines and dyes, may be considered as contributing factors in the epidemiology of bladder cancer. Better identification of these chemicals and the work processes where they are used may help in abating such exposures, thus leading to a reduction in the risk for this relatively common cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, Division of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, 84120, Israel. rcarel@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levitas-Langman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kordysh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000588:Amines / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012307:Risk Factors; D012997:Solvents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D004396:Coloring Agents; D012997:Solvents