title: Characterization of the chicken GCAP gene array and analyses of GCAP1, GCAP2, and GC1 gene expression in normal and rd chicken pineal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study had three objectives: (1) to characterize the structures of the chicken GCAP1 and GCAP2 genes; (2) to determine if GCAP1, GCAP2, and GC1 genes are expressed in chicken pineal gland; (3) if GC1 is expressed in chicken pineal, to determine if the GC1 null mutation carried by the retinal degeneration (rd) chicken is associated with degenerative changes within the pineal glands of these animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  GCAP1 and GCAP2 gene structures were determined by analyses of chicken cosmid and cDNA clones. The putative transcription start points for these genes were determined using 5'-RACE. GCAP1, GCAP2 and GC1 transcripts were analyzed using Northern blot and RT-PCR. Routine light microscopy was used to examine pineal morphology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chicken GCAP1 and GCAP2 genes are arranged in a tail-to-tail array. Each protein is encoded by 4 exons that are interrupted by 3 introns of variable length, the positions of which are identical within each gene. The putative transcription start points for GCAP1 and GCAP2 are 314 and 243 bases upstream of the translation start codons of these genes, respectively. As in retina, GCAP1, GCAP2 and GC1 genes are expressed in the chicken pineal. Although the GC1 null mutation is present in both the retina and pineal of the rd chicken, only the retina appears to undergo degeneration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identical arrangement of chicken, human, and mouse GCAP1/2 genes suggests that these genes originated from an ancient gene duplication/inversion event that occurred during evolution prior to vertebrate diversification. The expression of GC1, GCAP1, and GCAP2 in chicken pineal is consistent with the hypothesis that chicken pineal contains a functional phototransduction cascade. The absence of cellular degeneration in the rd pineal gland suggests that GC1 is not critical for pineal cell survival.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. rowland@ufbi.ufl.edu
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Semple-Rowland
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bronson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nykamp
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Streit
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Baehr
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D051604:Guanylate Cyclase-Activating Proteins; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010870:Pineal Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; C496736:GUCA1A protein, human; C496739:GUCA1B protein, human; D051604:Guanylate Cyclase-Activating Proteins; C496737:Guca1a protein, mouse; C496740:Guca1b protein, mouse; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C110715:guanylate cyclase 1; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase