title: Maternal factors, obstetric history and smoking stage of change.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal smoking is known to be associated with low educational status, low social class and younger age groups. The aim of this study was to determine if maternal smoking and stage of change relating to smoking is associated with other maternal variables such as intention to breastfeed and attend antenatal classes, having a planned pregnancy, previous obstetric history and child health problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was carried out of all women who attended antenatal clinics at the Leicester Royal Infirmary NHS Trust over a two-week period. The data comprised 254 completed questionnaires. Results Intention to breastfeed was more common among non-smokers as shown by smoking status (p < 0.001) and smoking stage of change (p < 0.05). Having a planned pregnancy was more common among non-smokers as determined by smoking status (p < 0.001) and stage of change (p < 0.05). Intention to attend antenatal classes showed no significant relationship with smoking status but the majority of those planning to attend antenatal classes were in the action-maintenance stage (p< 0.05). Previous obstetric complications were not associated with either smoking status or stage of change. Smokers were more likely to have at least one child with asthma (p < 0.05) or respiratory infections (p < 0.001). Having at least one child with asthma or respiratory infections was more common among precontemplators (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking stage of change should be assessed in antenatal care so that appropriate information can be offered to pregnant smokers. The development and evaluation of stage-specific smoking cessation materials should offer considerable benefits to maternal and infant health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Sciences, Loughborough University.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haslam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017533:Marital Status; D008423:Maternal Age; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires