title: Childhood asthma.
abstract: Asthma prevalence in children has increased 58% since 1980. Mortality has increased by 78%. The burden of the disease is most acute in urban areas and racial/ethnic minority populations. Hospitalization and morbidity rates for nonwhites are more than twice those for whites. Asthma is characterized by recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. Research in the past decade has revealed the importance of inflammation of the airways in asthma and clinical treatment to reduce chronic inflammation. Asthma is associated with production of IgE to common environmental allergens including house dust mite, animal dander, cockroach, fungal spores, and pollens. Some interventions to reduce symptoms through control of dust mite and animal dander have had positive results. Control of symptoms through interventions to reduce exposures to cockroach antigen has not been reported. Studies illustrating causal effects between outdoor air pollution and asthma prevalence are scant. Increases in asthma prevalence have occurred at the same time as general improvements in air quality. However, air quality appears to exacerbate symptoms in the child who already has the disease. Decreased pulmonary function has been associated with exposure to particulates and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to smoke, SO(2) and NO(2). Symptoms have been correlated with increased levels of respirable particulates, ozone, and SO(2). Interventions that reduce the negative outcomes in asthma associated with outdoor environmental factors have not been reported. Control of asthma in children will entail the collaborative efforts of patients, family, clinical professionals, and school personnel, as well as community-wide environmental control measures and conducive national and local policies based on sound research.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan School of Public Health Department of Health, Behavior and Health Education, Ann Arbor 48109-2029, USA. nmclark@umich.edu
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Robins
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Remick
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Philbert
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Keeler
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Israel
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D003153:Community Health Services; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D004782:Environmental Health; D006801:Humans; D008824:Michigan; D011640:Public Policy; D012574:Schools; D012648:Self Care; D012931:Social Environment
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents