title: Identification of a window period for susceptibility to dual infection with two distinct human immunodeficiency virus type 2 isolates in a Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaque) model.
abstract: The potential to establish dual retroviral infections was investigated in this study. Groups of macaques infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolate (either GB122 or CDC77618) were exposed to the other virus at 2, 4, 8, 12, 14, or 72 weeks after primary inoculation. Dual infections were established in macaques simultaneously exposed to both viruses. In other groups, secondary infections were observed only if challenge occurred at early intervals after primary infection but before a full seroconversion. Polymerase chain reaction and virus-isolation data demonstrated that challenges at 8, 12, 14, or 72 weeks after infection with the initial isolate failed to result in a dual infection. Anti-HIV-2 serologic titers, CD4 levels, virus burden, and the ability to superinfect peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro were not correlated with susceptibility to or protection from secondary challenges in this investigation. These findings demonstrate a window period for susceptibility to dual infection and indicate that protection from retroviral infection may be achievable.
authors.affiliation: HIV/AIDS and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. rxo1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Otten
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ellenberger
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Fridlund
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pieniazek
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rayfield
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D008254:Macaca nemestrina; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D014779:Virus Replication