title: Different clinical aspects of debrancher deficiency myopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterise the main clinical phenotypes of debrancher deficiency myopathy and to increase awareness for this probably underdiagnosed disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  The diagnosis of debrancher deficiency was established by laboratory tests, EMG, and muscle and liver biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients with debrancher deficiency myopathy were identified in the Tyrol, a federal state of Austria with half a million inhabitants. Clinical appearance was highly variable. The following phenotypes were differentiated: (1) adult onset distal myopathy; (2) subacute myopathy of the respiratory muscles; (3) severe generalised myopathy; and (4) minimal variant myopathy. Exercise intolerance was uncommon. The clinical course was complicated by advanced liver dysfunction in two patients and by severe cardiomyopathy in one. All had raised creatine kinase concentrations (263 to 810 U/l), myogenic and neurogenic features on EMG, and markedly decreased debrancher enzyme activities in muscle or liver biopsy specimens. The findings were substantiated by a review of 79 previously published cases with neuromuscular debrancher deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study illustrates the heterogeneity of neuromuscular manifestations in debrancher deficiency. Based on the clinical appearance, age at onset, and course of disease four phenotypes may be defined which differ in prognosis, frequency of complications, and response to therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Innsbruck University Clinic, Innsbruck, Austria. Stefan.Kiechl@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiechl
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kohlendorfer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thaler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Skladal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaksch
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Obermaier-Kusser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Willeit
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006010:Glycogen Storage Disease Type III / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009132:Muscles / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology