title: Remote partial gastrectomy as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer: potential for preventive strategies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatic cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death mainly because of an advanced disease stage at the time of diagnosis. Patients with a remote partial gastrectomy for benign ulcer disease may constitute a high risk group for pancreatic cancer; an increased index of suspicion could potentially lead to early detection in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The risk of developing pancreatic cancer following partial gastrectomy was evaluated by reviewing the literature. Furthermore, the risk of pancreatic cancer in an Amsterdam cohort of 2633 postgastrectomy patients has recently been assessed. The presence and type of K-ras codon 12 mutations in 15 postgastrectomy pancreatic cancer cases were also determined and compared to the conventional spectrum of these mutations in sporadic pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a follow-up time of 20 years or more since peptic ulcer surgery, the relative risk reported in the literature varies from 1.65 to 5-fold. In the Amsterdam cohort of 2633 postgastrectomy patients an overall increased risk of 1.8 was observed. The risk gradually increases to 3.6 after a postoperative interval of 35 years or more. A comparable frequency and type of K-ras codon 12 mutations was found in the postgastrectomy pancreatic cancer cases as reported in sporadic pancreatic cancer in non-operated patients, suggesting a similar carcinogenesis in the two groups and indicating a potential utility of this molecular marker for surveillance strategies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who underwent peptic ulcer surgery are at higher risk of developing subsequent pancreatic cancer, especially after a prolonged (> 20 yrs) postoperative interval. An increased index of suspicion may contribute to early detection in these patients. The similar K-ras codon 12 mutation pattern in conventional and postgastrectomy pancreatic cancers makes this a suitable target for molecular diagnosis in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: van Rees
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tascilar
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hruban
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Giardiello
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Tersmette
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Offerhaus
mesh_terms: D005743:Gastrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011905:Genes, ras; D006801:Humans; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000601:surgery*; D012307:Risk Factors