title: Methylene blue, a soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, reduces the sevoflurane minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration and decreases the brain cyclic guanosine monophosphate content in rats.
abstract: The nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signal pathway plays an important role in anesthetic and analgesic effects. We sought to determine the involvement of inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) in the anesthetic mechanism and site of action of volatile anesthetics. We examined the effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of methylene blue (MB), a sGC inhibitor, on the minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane and the brain cGMP content in rats in vivo. We also investigated the effect of sevoflurane on NO-stimulated sGC activity in vitro. The rats were divided into three groups. After the ICV administration of MB, sevoflurane MAC and brain cGMP contents were measured in the first group and the second group, respectively. In the third group, brain cGMP contents were determined after sevoflurane anesthesia without the ICV administration of MB to examine the direct effect of sevoflurane on brain cGMP contents. MB significantly decreased sevoflurane MAC and brain cGMP content in a dose-dependent manner. Sevoflurane itself also dose-dependently decreased cGMP contents in brain in vivo and inhibited the NO-stimulated sGC activity in vitro. These results suggest that the inhibition of the NO-cGMP signal pathway at the sGC level could be involved in anesthetic or analgesic effects, and the inhibitory effect of sevoflurane on sGC would be one of the sites of action of this anesthetic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signal pathway mediates nociception and the site of action of halogenated volatile anesthetics in uncertain, we examined the possible involvement of inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase in the anesthetic mechanism. The inhibitory effect of sevoflurane on soluble guanylyl cyclase could be one of sites of this anesthetic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology (I), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. jkyakuri@sepia.ocn.ne.jp
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kondo
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D008751:Methylene Blue