title: Topical anesthesia for phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, and posterior vitrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of topical anesthesia as an alternative to peribulbar or retrobulbar anesthesia in phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation combined with pars plana vitrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinica de Ojos de Maracaibo, Maracaibo, and the Retina and Vitreous Service, Clinica Oftalmologica Centro Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, phacoemulsification, IOL implantation, and posterior vitrectomy using topical anesthesia (lidocaine 4% drops) were prospectively performed in 45 eyes (45 patients) with varied vitreoretinal pathology including macular holes, epiretinal membranes, subfoveal neovascular membranes, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and vitreous hemorrhage. Preoperative and intraoperative sedation of varying degrees was necessary. Subjective pain and discomfort were graded from 1 (no pain or discomfort) to 4 (severe pain and discomfort).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had grade 1 pain and discomfort during most of the procedure. All patients had grade 2 (mild) pain and discomfort during pars plana sclerotomies, external bipolar cautery, and conjunctival closure. The mean amount of lidocaine 4% drops required during each procedure was 0.5 mL. No patient required additional retrobulbar, peribulbar, or sub-Tenon's anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This technique avoids the risks of globe perforation, retrobulbar hemorrhage, and prolonged postoperative akinesia of the eye at a lower cost. With appropriate case selection, topical anesthesia was a safe and effective alternative to peribulbar or retrobulbar anesthesia in phacoemulsification and IOL implantation combined with posterior 3-port pars plana vitrectomy.
authors.affiliation: Clinica de Ojos de Maracaibo, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yepez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cedeno de Yepez
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Arevalo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D019654:Lens Implantation, Intraocular; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018918:Phacoemulsification; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine