title: Income inequality and mortality in England.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the increasing evidence that income inequality causes reductions in life expectancy in developed countries, this relationship has not been explored in the United Kingdom, where local income data are not routinely available. We have surmounted this problem by employing an ecological design which applies national income data to local mortality and occupational data.
  
  
  METHODS
  This ecological, cross-sectional study used 1991 mortality and Census data on the 366 English local government districts, and 1991 New Earnings Survey data for England, to determine the independent effect of income inequalities within English local authorities on the variation in all cause mortality between them. The subjects were all men and women recorded as economically active in the 1991 Census. We carried out linear regression analyses between all cause, all ages standardized mortality ratios, income inequality indexes and mean income levels of the local government districts. Results Both income inequality and mean income were independently associated with mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is likely that income inequality makes an independent contribution to life expectancy in English local authorities. This finding adds further to the international evidence supporting the potentially positive health impact of increasing the scale of redistributive fiscal policies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Liverpool.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stanistreet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scott-Samuel
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bellis
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008017:Life Expectancy; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality