title: External beam radiation after stent implantation increases neointimal hyperplasia by augmenting smooth muscle cell proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine the effects of high volume external beam radiation (EBR) after stent implantation on neointimal hyperplasia, smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, presence of inflammatory cells and expression of extracellular matrix (ECM).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Endovascular irradiation has been shown to reduce restenosis rates after angioplasty in preliminary trials, but conflicting results have been reported for the effects of external beam irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three Palmaz-Schatz stents were implanted into iliac arteries of New Zealand White rabbits. The arteries were externally irradiated after stent implantation with a single dose of 8 Gy (at day 3) or 16 Gy in two fractions (8 Gy at days 3 and 4) by means of a linear accelerator. In the control rabbits, no radiation was applied after stent implantation. Smooth muscle cells, macrophages and ECM were studied by immunohistochemistry at one and 12 weeks after stent implantation. Collagen type I and biglycan messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels were assessed by Northern blot analysis at one week. Neointimal cell densities and arterial lumen stenosis were measured by histomorphometry at 12 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1 week, SMC proliferation at the site of stent implantation was increased after EBR with 8 and 16 Gy (26 +/- 5%, 32 +/- 3% vs. 17 +/- 8%; p < 0.01, 16 Gy vs. control). External beam radiation with 8 and 16 Gy augmented SMC proliferation proximal and distal to the angioplasty site (11 +/- 3%, 14 +/- 3 vs. 6 +/- 1%; p < 0.01, 16 Gy vs. control). Collagen type I and biglycan mRNA levels were elevated in stented arteries after EBR with 16 Gy. At 12 weeks, a marked decrease in neointimal cell density (248 +/- 97 vs. 498 +/- 117 SMCs/0.1 mm2 neointima; p < 0.005 vs. control) was noted after EBR with 16 Gy. Irradiation with 8 and 16 Gy increased arterial lumen stenosis compared with nonirradiated control rabbits (45 +/- 7%, 55 +/- 9% vs. 33 +/- 7%; p < 0.05, 8 Gy and p < 0.001, 16 Gy vs. control).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High volume external beam radiation at doses of 8 or 16 Gy causes restenosis by augmenting proliferative activity at and adjacent to the site of stent implantation, and by dose-dependent up-regulation of extracellular matrix expression. The study suggests that excessive matrix accumulation is an important determinant of failure of radiation therapy to prevent restenosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hehrlein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riessen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Metz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kübler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058578:Biglycan; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002452:Cell Count; D002455:Cell Division / Q000528:radiation effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007083:Iliac Artery / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D011817:Rabbits; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012008:Recurrence; D015607:Stents; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D058578:Biglycan; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D011509:Proteoglycans; D003094:Collagen