title: Pharmacological inhibition of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger enhances depolarizations induced by oxygen/glucose deprivation but not responses to excitatory amino acids in rat striatal neurons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuronal Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger plays a relevant role in maintaining intracellular Ca(2+) and Na(+) levels under physiological and pathological conditions. However, the role of this exchanger in excitotoxicity and ischemia-induced neuronal injury is still controversial and has never been studied in the same neuronal subtypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the effects of bepridil and 3',4'-dichlorobenzamil (DCB), 2 blockers of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, in rat striatal spiny neurons by utilizing intracellular recordings in brain slice preparations to compare the action of these drugs on the membrane potential changes induced either by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) or by excitatory amino acids (EAAs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bepridil (3 to 100 micromol/L) and DCB (3 to 100 micromol/L) caused a dose-dependent enhancement of the OGD-induced depolarization measured in striatal neurons. The EC(50) values for these effects were 31 micromol/L and 29 micromol/L, respectively. At these concentrations neither bepridil nor DCB altered the resting membrane properties of the recorded cells (membrane potential, input resistance, and current-voltage relationship). The effects of bepridil and DCB on the OGD-induced membrane depolarization persisted in the presence of D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (50 micromol/L) plus 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (20 micromol/L), which suggests that they were not mediated by an enhanced release of EAAs. Neither tetrodotoxin (1 micromol/L) nor nifedipine (10 micromol/L) affect the actions of these 2 blockers of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, which indicates that voltage-dependent Na(+) channels and L-type Ca(2+) channels were not involved in the enhancement of the OGD-induced depolarization. Conversely, the OGD-induced membrane depolarization was not altered by 5-(N, N-hexamethylene) amiloride (1 to 3 micromol/L), an inhibitor of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, which suggests that this antiporter did not play a prominent role in the OGD-induced membrane depolarization recorded from striatal neurons. Bepridil (3 to 100 micromol/L) and DCB (3 to 100 micromol/L) did not modify the amplitude of the excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by cortical stimulation. Moreover, these blockers did not affect membrane depolarizations caused by brief applications of glutamate (0.3 to 1 mmol/L), AMPA (0. 3 to 1 micromol/L), and NMDA (10 to 30 micromol/L).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide pharmacological evidence that the activation of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger exerts a protective role during the early phase of OGD in striatal neurons, although it does not shape the amplitude and the duration of the electrophysiological responses of these cells to EAA.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome. calabre@uniroma2.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calabresi
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Marfia
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amoroso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pisani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bernardi
mesh_terms: D000584:Amiloride / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015764:Bepridil / Q000494:pharmacology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018846:Excitatory Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000172:deficiency*; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D018846:Excitatory Amino Acids; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; C041470:3',4'-dichlorobenzamil; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D015764:Bepridil; D000584:Amiloride; D005947:Glucose