title: Clinical features of congenital absence of the superior oblique muscle as demonstrated by orbital imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Absence of an extraocular muscle was considered rare when demonstrable only by surgical exploration or necropsy. This study presents advances in orbital imaging to correlate clinical findings with absence of the superior oblique (SO) muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed high-resolution coronal orbital imaging by magnetic resonance imaging (222 orbits) or computerized radiographic tomography (32 orbits) in 127 patients with strabismus. We reviewed the histories and ocular motility examinations in patients who had absence of 1 or both SO muscles. Findings were compared with patients who were clinically diagnosed with SO palsy but had demonstrable SO muscles on orbital imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SO muscles were absent in 6 patients. All had histories suggesting congenital strabismus. In patients old enough for quantitative testing who had unilateral SO muscle absence, visual acuity was a least 20/25 in all and stereopsis was better than 80 arc/s in one. Three patients were orthotropic in primary position. Five patients with unilateral SO muscle absence had clinical findings variably consistent with SO palsy, whereas a sixth patient with Duane syndrome had clinically unsuspected bilateral SO muscle absence. Versions and patterns of hypertropia in patients with SO muscle absence overlapped findings of 20 patients with SO palsy but demonstrable SO muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Imaging can frequently demonstrate absence of the SO muscle in patients with SO palsy. Such patients may have good vision and stereopsis and clinical findings indistinguishable from SO palsy without absence of the SO muscle. Orbital imaging should be considered in the evaluation of congenital SO palsy to facilitate planning of effective surgical correction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Demer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology; D009886:Ophthalmoplegia / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D013285:Strabismus / Q000151:congenital; D013710:Tendons / Q000002:abnormalities; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014321:Trochlear Nerve / Q000002:abnormalities; D014792:Visual Acuity