Effect of saquinavir on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral and intravenous midazolam.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the effect of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor saquinavir on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral and intravenous midazolam.


METHODS
In a double-blind, randomized, two-phase crossover study, 12 healthy volunteers (six men and six women; age range, 21 to 32 years) received oral doses of either 1200 mg saquinavir (Fortovase soft-gel capsule formulation) or placebo three times a day for 5 days. On day 3, six subjects were given 7.5 mg oral midazolam and the other six subjects received 0.05 mg/kg intravenous midazolam. On day 5, the subjects who had received oral midazolam on day 3 received intravenously midazolam and vice versa. Plasma concentrations of midazolam, alpha-hydroxymidazolam, and saquinavir were determined for 18 hours after midazolam administration, and midazolam effects were measured up to 7 hours by six psychomotor tests.


RESULTS
Saquinavir increased the bioavailability of oral midazolam from 41% to 90% (P < .005), the peak midazolam plasma concentration more than twofold, and the area under plasma concentration-time curve more than fivefold (P < .001). During saquinavir treatment, five of the six psychomotor tests revealed impaired skills and increased sedative effects after midazolam ingestion (P < .05). Saquinavir decreased the clearance of intravenous midazolam by 56% (P < .001) and increased its elimination half-life from 4.1 to 9.5 hours (P < .01). After intravenous midazolam, only the subjective feeling of drug effect was increased significantly (P < .05) by saquinavir.


CONCLUSIONS
The dose of oral midazolam should be greatly reduced or avoided with saquinavir, but bolus doses of intravenous midazolam can probably be used quite safely. During a prolonged midazolam infusion, an initial dose reduction of 50% followed by careful titration is recommended to counteract the reduced clearance caused by saquinavir.
Palkama
V J
VJ
Department of Anesthesia, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Ahonen
J
J
Neuvonen
P J
PJ
Olkkola
K T
KT
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012016:Reference Values; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D019258:Saquinavir; D008874:Midazolam