title: The right answer for the wrong question: consequences of type III error for public health research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the impact of assessing the causes of interindividual variation within a population when the research question of interest is about causes of differences between populations or time periods. This discrepancy between the research focus and the research question is referred to as a type III error, one that provides the right answer for the wrong question.
  
  
  METHODS
  Homelessness, obesity, and infant mortality were used to illustrate different consequences of type III errors. These different consequences depend on the relationships between the causes of within- and between-group variation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The causes of inter-individual variation and the causes of variation between populations and time periods may be distinct. The problem of examining invariant causes deserves attention.
authors.affiliation: Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. sbs5@columbia.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Carpenter
mesh_terms: D015984:Causality; D004813:Epidemiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors