title: Non-invasive blood glucose measurement by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis through the mucous membrane of the lip: application of a chalcogenide optical fiber system.
abstract: Non-invasive blood glucose measurement through the mucous membrane of the lip was investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy with an attenuated total reflection (ATR) prism. To achieve easy attachment and easy control of attachment pressure of the ATR prism to the mucous membrane of the lip, a chalcogenide optical fiber with an ATR prism built in the tip was used. The same glucose-specific peaks at wave numbers of 1080 and 1033 cm-1 as glucose solutions were found in a spectrum through the mucous membrane of the lip. With a constant pressure of the ATR prism to the mucous membrane of the lip of 6.7 x 10(3) dyn/cm2, coefficients of variation of measurements within the day and of day-to-day measurements were 3.8 and 5.4% respectively. To eliminate baseline drifts and interference of body constituents other than glucose, the difference absorbances at 1080 cm-1 between spectra measured at the postprandial state and background spectrum obtained at the fasting state as an individual characteristic were evaluated. Following i.v. pulsatile injection of glucose, the difference absorbances at 1080 cm-1 nicely followed the changes in blood glucose concentrations with a time delay of 4 min. In daily blood glucose monitoring, a highly significant correlation between the difference absorbances and increases in blood glucose concentrations above the fasting level was obtained (r = 0.920, P < 0.01). From these experiments, it was suggested that FT-IR spectroscopy with a chalcogenide optical fiber could be useful clinically for non-invasive monitoring of glucose through the mucous membrane of the lip.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolic Medicine, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakakida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ichinose
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimoda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shichiri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D004867:Equipment Design; D005215:Fasting / Q000502:physiology; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply; D055100:Optical Fibers; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure; D012016:Reference Values; D012996:Solutions / Q000032:analysis; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; D005947:Glucose