title: Unfavorable prognosis of patients with stage II non-small cell lung cancer associated with macroscopic nodal metastases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with stage II-N1 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) make up an intermediate group of patients with an unsatisfactory prognosis even though complete resection is usually possible. We retrospectively analyzed postoperative prognostic factors to devise guidelines for the proper management of this patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 546 patients with NSCLC who underwent surgical resection from 1979 to 1995, 43 patients were pathologically defined to be at stage II-N1 (T1-2N1M0). The influence of the following variables on postoperative survival was analyzed: gender, age, cell type, pathologic T factor, number of metastatic nodes, station of metastatic nodes (hilar or pulmonary nodes), status of nodal metastasis (macroscopic, gross involvement confirmed histologically; or microscopic, metastasis first defined by histologic examination), surgical methods, and adjuvant therapy (including 18 of chemotherapy and 2 of radiotherapy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5-year survival rates (5YSRs) of patients with microscopic (n = 21) and macroscopic nodal metastasis (n = 22) were 76.0% and 27.6%, respectively (p = 0.001). The 5YSRs of 20 patients who received adjuvant therapy and 23 who did not receive adjuvant therapy were 57.6% and 46.6%, respectively (p = 0.036). Other variables did not affect survival. The Cox proportional hazards model analysis indicated that the presence of a macroscopic nodal metastasis and postoperative adjuvant therapy were independent prognostic factors. Among patients with macroscopic N1 NSCLC, 9 patients who had undergone adjuvant therapy showed a more favorable prognosis than the 13 patients who had not received adjuvant therapy (3-year survival rate, 55.6% vs 18.5%; p = 0.037; and recurrence rate, 30.0% vs 77.8%), whereas no significant influence of adjuvant therapy on survival was observed among patients with microscopic N1 NSCLC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stage II-N1 NSCLC was categorized into microscopic and macroscopic N1 diseases. The latter had a poor prognosis, which might be improved by adjuvant therapy, although a suitable regimen has not been established.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan. ichiroy@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takenoyama
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taga
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hanagiri
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasumoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors