title: Attenuation of ischemia induced increases in sodium and calcium by the aldose reductase inhibitor zopolrestat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have previously demonstrated that zopolrestat, an inhibitor of the enzyme aldose reductase, reduces ischemic injury in hearts from diabetic and non-diabetic rats. To further explore potential cardioprotective mechanisms of zopolrestat, we measured changes in intracellular sodium, calcium, and Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity in zopolrestat treated hearts during ischemia and reperfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hearts from acute diabetic (Type I) and age-matched control rats were isolated and retrogradely perfused. Hearts had either control perfusion or exposure to 1 microM zopolrestat for 10 min, followed by 20 min of global ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion. Changes in intracellular sodium and calcium were measured using 23Na and 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively, while the activity of Na+,K(+)-ATPase was measured using biochemical assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Zopolrestat blunted the rise in [Na]i during ischemia in both diabetic hearts and non-diabetic hearts. The end-ischemic [Na]i was 21.3 +/- 2.6 mM in the zopolrestat treated diabetics and 25.9 +/- 2.3 in zopolrestat treated non-diabetics, versus 31.6 +/- 2.6 mM and 32.9 +/- 2.8 mM in the untreated diabetics and untreated non-diabetics, respectively, (P = 0.002). Similarly, the rise in [Ca]i at the end of ischemia was significantly reduced in zopolrestat treated diabetic and non-diabetic hearts (P = 0.005). Zopolrestat increased the activity of Na-,K(+)-ATPase in diabetic hearts under baseline conditions (11.70 +/- 0.95 versus 7.28 +/- 0.98 mumol/h/mg protein, P = 0.005) as well as during ischemia and reperfusion. Similar changes in Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity were also observed in non-diabetic hearts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data provide additional support to the protective effects of zopolrestat and suggest that a possible mechanism of action may be associated with the attenuation of the rise in [Na]i and [Ca]i during ischemia and reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramasamy
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Oates
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010477:Perfusion; D010793:Phthalazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D011913:Rats, Inbred BB; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D052160:Benzothiazoles; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008670:Metals; D010793:Phthalazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C067172:zopolrestat; D012964:Sodium; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D002118:Calcium