title: Inhibition of nitric oxide production rescues LPS-induced fetal abortion in mice.
abstract: In this report, we examined the involvement of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 as well as nitric oxide (NO) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced experimental abortion model in BALB/c mice. Although in vivo administration of LPS in pregnant mice showed a 72% decrease of serum IL-10, no significant difference in serum TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-4 levels, compared to controls, could be detected. At the same time, a correlation of fetal abortion and maternal splenomegaly with an important increase of NO synthesis in the serum was obtained. Simultaneous administration of LPS and aminoguanidine (AG; an inhibitor to NO synthase) rescued the LPS-induced fetal abortion, reduced maternal spleen weight to physiological levels, and decreased serum NO concentration to control levels. In vitro experiments showed that LPS directly induced NO production in primary placental cells and the TPOPHO-1 trophoblast cell line by stimulating the inducible isoform of NO synthase, which ultimately could be blocked by the NO synthase inhibitors AG and L-NAME. The results indicate that LPS, despite its beneficial involvement in intracellular infections, participates in inflammatory/autoimmune damage during pregnancy, leading to embryotoxicity, which is closely linked to the NO pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece. athan@biology.uch.gr
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Athanassakis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aifantis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ranella
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Giouremou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vassiliadis
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced; D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005260:Female; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010920:Placenta / Q000166:cytology; D011247:Pregnancy; D013163:Splenomegaly / Q000139:chemically induced; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006146:Guanidines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; C004479:pimagedine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester