title: Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of risperidone effects on electroencephalography in healthy volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CNS-active drugs produce specific electroencephalographic changes and the concentration-effect relationship of antipsychotics may be elucidated by adopting electroencephalography (EEG) as an effect measurement tool.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to determine the concentration-effect relationship of risperidone by assessing the EEG effect after oral administrations of single dose risperidone in healthy young males.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine healthy male volunteers received a 1 mg single oral dose of risperidone according to a placebo controlled crossover design. Plasma levels of risperidone and its active metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone were measured by radioimmunoassay. Quantitative EEG parameters were obtained for each of four frequency bands through spectral EEG analysis. The difference in the absolute power in the delta frequency band for the F3 lead between risperidone and placebo was used as a drug effect parameter. For pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling, the hypothetical effect compartment kinetically linked to plasma by a first-order process was postulated. All curve fittings were done with the non-linear curve-fitting program NONLIN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that absolute powers in delta and theta frequency bands were higher for risperidone administration than for placebo at all EEG leads, and the maximum effects were detected at about 3 h after administration of the drug. The hysteresis loop was observed in the plot of plasma concentration of risperidone or sum of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone (Cp) versus EEG effect for each subject. A linear model adequately described the relationship between the effect compartment concentrations (Ce) and EEG effects, and the two limbs of hysteresis in the Cp-effect plot were collapsed in the Ce-effect plot for risperidone or risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increases of absolute power for delta and theta frequency bands of EEG were induced by single oral administration of risperidone. The linear PK-PD model fit well with the relationship between effect compartment concentrations (Ce) and EEG effects of risperidone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Institute for Neuroscience, Korea.
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Woo
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D000068882:Paliperidone Palmitate; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018967:Risperidone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D007555:Isoxazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D018967:Risperidone; D000068882:Paliperidone Palmitate