title: Histologic evaluation of spermatic veins in patients with varicocele.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information concerning varicocele is limited in spite of its clinical importance. This study intends to clarify anatomical features of varicocele.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spermatic veins were obtained from varicocele patients at surgery. Areas of two distinct portions (extracellular matrix and smooth muscle) were measured by a micro computer imaging device image analysis system on histologic slides with Masson trichrome stain. In addition, we evaluated the shape and arrangement of the smooth muscle fibers by a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Masson trichrome stain revealed that grade of varicocele partly correlated with thickness of the wall and with amount of the smooth muscle fibers. In the patients with grade 3 varicocele, SEM examination showed marked hypertrophy of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers, which were discriminated clearly from the inner circular fibers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicated that morphological changes occurred in the muscle layers of varicoceles in the worst grade of varicocele. These structural changes which result from abnormal venous blood circulation may cause development of varicocele, resulting in male infertility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ehime University Medical School, Onsen-gun, Japan. nt128@columbia.edu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanji
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaji
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013085:Spermatic Cord / Q000098:blood supply*; D014646:Varicocele / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014680:Veins / Q000648:ultrastructure