title: Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are essential for FGF receptor signaling during Drosophila embryonic development.
abstract: The Drosophila sugarless and sulfateless genes encode enzymes required for the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Biochemical studies have shown that heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are involved in signaling by fibroblast growth factor receptors, but evidence for such a requirement in an intact organism has not been available. We now demonstrate that sugarless and sulfateless mutant embryos have phenotypes similar to those lacking the functions of two Drosophila fibroblast growth factor receptors, Heartless and Breathless. Moreover, both Heartless- and Breathless-dependent MAPK activation is significantly reduced in embryos which fail to synthesize heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Consistent with an involvement of Sulfateless and Sugarless in fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling, a constitutively activated form of Heartless partially rescues sugarless and sulfateless mutants, and dosage-sensitive interactions occur between heartless and the heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic enzyme genes. We also find that overexpression of Branchless, the Breathless ligand, can partially overcome the requirement of Sugarless and Sulfateless for Breathless activity. These results provide the first genetic evidence that heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are essential for fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in a well defined developmental context, and support a model in which heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans facilitate fibroblast growth factor ligand and/or ligand-receptor oligomerization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Buff
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Perrimon
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Michelson
mesh_terms: D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004330:Drosophila / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D015870:Gene Expression; D017344:Genes, Insect; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014132:Trachea / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans; D019476:Insect Proteins; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; C102644:bnl protein, Drosophila; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; C102301:BTL protein, Drosophila; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C102667:htl protein, Drosophila; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015238:Sulfotransferases; C021350:heparitin sulfotransferase; C500949:sfl protein, Drosophila; D000581:Amidohydrolases