title: Idoxifene antagonizes estradiol-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer xenograft growth through sustained induction of apoptosis.
abstract: Idoxifene is a novel selective estrogen (E2) receptor (ER) modulator that is currently in clinical development for the treatment of breast cancer. Compared to tamoxifen, idoxifene is metabolically more stable, with a higher relative binding affinity for the ER and reduced agonist activity on breast and uterine cells. Idoxifene also inhibits calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein that is involved in cell signal transduction pathways. In this study, the abilities of idoxifene and tamoxifen to antagonize E2-dependent MCF-7 xenograft growth in oophorectomized athymic mice were compared. The basis for idoxifene's antitumor activity was examined by comparing the effectiveness of the clinically used transisomer (referred to here as idoxifene) with its cis-isomer, which has a 50-fold lower relative binding affinity for ER than idoxifene but similar calmodulin-inhibitory activity. Changes in tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and ER-dependent protein expression were studied. Both idoxifene and tamoxifen significantly inhibited E2-dependent tumor growth, whereas cis-idoxifene had little effect. Withdrawal of E2 support induced significant tumor regression due to impaired cell proliferation (Ki-67 score, 9 versus 51% compared to E2 controls) and induction of apoptosis (3.6 versus 0.9% compared to E2 controls). Both anti-E2s inhibited cell proliferation and caused a significant 3-fold induction of apoptosis in E2 supported tumors after 1 week, which was maintained for 3 months with idoxifene (3.1 versus 0.48% compared to E2 controls) but decreased back to baseline in tumors treated with tamoxifen (0.69%). In contrast, cis-idoxifene had no effect on either cell proliferation or apoptosis. Both tamoxifen and idoxifene initially induced ER expression, whereas prolonged therapy with tamoxifen significantly reduced progesterone receptor levels. In conclusion, idoxifene resulted in similar inhibition of E2-dependent MCF-7 xenograft growth compared with tamoxifen, an effect that is mediated via ER rather than through calmodulin. Sustained induction of apoptosis may contribute to prolonged antagonism of E2-dependent growth, and it occurred to a greater extent following 3 months of idoxifene, compared to tamoxifen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, London, England. stephen@icr.ac.uk
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Boeddinghaus
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riddler
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Hardcastle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rowlands
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grimshaw
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jarman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dowsett
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004958:Estradiol; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010052:Ovariectomy; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D013629:Tamoxifen; C071362:idoxifene; D004958:Estradiol