title: Epidemiological characteristics of women with high grade CIN who do and do not have human papillomavirus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human papillomavirus infection is an important aetiological agent associated with the development of cervical neoplasia. However, even with the most sensitive methods of detection, human papillomavirus DNA has been detected in only 90% of cases of cervical cancer and between 80%-90% of cases of dysplasia. This study aimed to determine if there are epidemiological differences between women who are positive or negative for human papillomavirus, with high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and sixty women with CIN II and III lesions were studied. To ensure optimal detection of human papillomavirus DNA, two specimens (i.e. tampon and cervical biopsy) were collected from each woman and tested by three techniques: L1-polymerase chain reaction, E6-PCR and low stringency Southern blotting. A detailed questionnaire was completed and blood sample collected for determination of serum levels of beta-carotene, vitamin A and E from each patient. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DQB 1 alleles were also compared between the groups of women who were positive or negative for human papillomavirus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, human papillomavirus DNA analysis was positive in 411 women (89%). Age, number of sexual partners in the last 12 months, past pregnancy and marital status were associated with human papillomavirus detection in the crude analysis. However, in the adjusted analysis no epidemiological features remained significantly different between the human papillomavirus positive and negative patients. Moreover, examination of vitamin A, E and beta-carotene levels did not show a significant difference between the two groups of patients. However, in the HLA-DQB1 allele profile a significantly higher proportion of women who were negative for human papillomavirus had DQB1 *0201, *0603 and *0604 (P = 0.05, 0.001, 0.03, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We did not find a significant difference in epidemiological factors between women with human papillomavirus positive and negative high grade CIN. However differences between the frequency of three HLA DQB1 alleles suggest that women with these allele profiles have a higher chance of clearing human papillomavirus, without affecting their chance of developing dysplasia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Tabrizi
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Fairley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Borg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baghurst
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Garland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen