title: Histologic and physiologic effects of electrocautery, CO2 laser, and radiofrequency injury in the porcine soft palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to compare the effects of electrosurgery, CO2 laser, and radiofrequency on the histological structure and physiological properties of the soft palate. These surgical techniques are used for stiffening and reducing the soft palate in the treatment of snoring and mild sleep apnea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen pigs were divided into five groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  group 1 underwent electrosurgery incision of the lateral soft palate and excision of the uvula. Group 2 underwent the same procedure with the CO2 laser. Group 3 underwent CO2 laser ablation of the midline soft palate mucosa. Group 4 underwent radiofrequency volumetric reduction. Group 5 served as control. After 5 weeks the animals were sacrificed. Soft palate mucosa and muscle were subjected to tensiometric and histological analysis. Statistical analysis of tensiometric measurements was done with an ANOVA using a Bonferroni-Dunn correction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tensiometric measurements of the mucosa were increased over normal controls when the surgical technique resulted in mucosal disruption. When the surgical technique resulted in primarily muscle disruption (radiofrequency) tensiometric measurements of the muscle were increased over controls. Histological analysis demonstrated normal remucosalization in all specimens, with fibrosis increased at the site of the primary injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The type of injury produced resulted in identifiable patterns of physiological and histological change. Understanding of the effects of available surgical techniques is important in guiding our choice of surgical approach and allows us to better counsel our patients on their surgical options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Courey
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fomin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reinisch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000293:injuries* / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide