title: Diaphragmatic activity after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is presumed to induce a reduction in diaphragmatic activity. Indirect indices of diaphragmatic function based on tidal changes in pressures and cross-section area measurements can be unreliable in the postoperative phase. The present study evaluates diaphragmatic activity by directly recording diaphragmatic EMG (EMGdia) data, along with indirect indices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen adult patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II) undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were examined preoperatively for inspiratory tidal changes in gastric (Pgas-insp) and esophageal (Peso-insp) pressures, and tidal changes in ribcage (Vthor) and abdominal (Vabd) cross-section areas and then again at 1, 6, and 24 h postoperatively combined with EMGdia recordings. Variations in inspiratory gastric (deltaPgas-insp) and inspiratory transdiaphragmatic (deltaPdi-insp) pressures were derived from the above.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy induced a significant reduction in mean deltaPgas-insp, mean deltaPdi-insp, and mean Vabd indicating a reduction of diaphragmatic activity postoperatively. DeltaPdi-insp decreased from 11.8+/-4.0 cm H2O preoperatively to 5.7+/-5.7 cm H2O at 1 h and 6.6+/-5.1 cm H2O at 6 h postoperatively (mean +/- SD; P < 0.05). Vabd decreased from 327.0+/-113.0 ml preoperatively to 174.0+/-65.0 ml at 1 h and 175.0+/-98.0 ml at 6 h postoperatively (mean +/- SD; P < 0.05). These values had partially recovered at 24 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The direct and indirect indices of diaphragmatic activity taken together confirm the presence of reduction in diaphragmatic activity after laparoscopic cholecystectomy followed by its partial recovery at 24 h.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Sweden. rajivrattna@hotmail.com
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Axelsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oberg
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Clergue
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reiz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004576:Electromyography; D004947:Esophagus / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D012119:Respiration; D012272:Ribs / Q000473:pathology; D013270:Stomach / Q000503:physiopathology