title: Relationship of psychiatric status to Gulf War veterans' health problems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A growing body of research has shown that there are important links between certain psychiatric disorders and health symptom reporting. Two disorders in particular (posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression) have been the most widely implicated to date, and this association has sometimes been used to explain the occurrence of ill-defined medical problems and increased somatic symptoms in certain groups, most recently Gulf War veterans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured psychiatric diagnostic interviews were used to examine the presence of major psychiatric (axis I) disorders and their relation to health symptom reporting in a well-characterized, stratified subset of Gulf War veterans and a non-Gulf-deployed veteran comparison group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of most psychiatric disorders were substantially lower than national comorbidity estimates, consistent with prior studies showing heightened physical and emotional well-being among active-duty military personnel. Rates of PTSD and major depression, however, were significantly elevated relative to the veteran comparison group. The diagnosis of PTSD showed a small but significant association with increased health symptom reports. However, nearly two-thirds of Gulf participants reporting moderate to high health symptoms had no axis I psychiatric diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that rates of psychiatric illness were generally low with the exception of PTSD and major depression. Although PTSD was associated with higher rates of reported health problems, this disorder did not entirely account for symptoms reported by participants. Factors other than psychiatric status may play a role in Gulf War health problems.
authors.affiliation: Boston VA Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02130, USA. jessica.wolfe@med.va.gov
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heeren
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Sutker
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Vasterling
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D019156:Indian Ocean; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*; D014857:Warfare