title: Flavopiridol inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro and neointimal formation In vivo after carotid injury in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation is a critical component of neointimal formation in many models of vascular injury and in human lesions as well. Cell-cycle inhibition by gene transfer techniques can block SMC proliferation and lesion formation in animal models, although these methods are not yet applicable to the treatment of human disease. Flavopiridol is a recently identified, potent, orally available cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using human aortic SMCs, we found that flavopiridol in concentrations as low as 75 nmol/L resulted in nearly complete inhibition of basic fibroblast growth factor-induced and thrombin-induced proliferation. At this dose, flavopiridol inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase activity, as measured by histone H1 phosphorylation, but had no effect on mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Induction of the cell cycle-related proteins cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein was also blocked by flavopiridol. Flavopiridol had no effect on cellular viability. To test whether flavopiridol had a similar activity in vivo when administered orally, we examined neointimal formation in rat carotid arteries after balloon injury. Flavopiridol 5 mg/kg reduced neointimal area by 35% and 39% at 7 and 14 days, respectively, after injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flavopiridol inhibits SMC growth in vitro and in vivo. Its oral availability and selectivity for cyclin-dependent kinases make it a potential therapeutic tool in the treatment of SMC-rich vascular lesions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology and Sealy Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruef
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Meshel
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Horaist
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ballinger
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: V D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Subbarao
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dumont
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patterson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008297:Male; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D010880:Piperidines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; C077990:alvocidib; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D013917:Thrombin; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one