title: The first case report of the use of a zoom videoendoscope for the evaluation of small bowel graft mucosa in a human after intestinal transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Control of allograft rejection remains the most difficult dilemma in intestinal transplantation. Standard endoscopic surveillance to date has not been always accurate in the diagnosis of rejection. We describe the first application of a zoom video endoscope in monitoring graft mucosa in humans after intestinal transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A zoom video endoscope, which can magnify the image up to 100-fold, was used in this study. The patient was a 31-year-old man who received an isolated intestinal transplant. Surveillance endoscopy with the zoom video endoscope was performed through the ileostomy. Endoscopic biopsies were done at the same time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The zoom video endoscope showed the microscopic architecture of the graft mucosa such as villi and crypts with outstanding quality. We found that an enlargement of the crypt areas appeared to correlate with morphologic changes of early rejection. This finding was reversed with the treatment of rejection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The zoom video endoscope successfully showed the detailed information of intestinal mucosa. The ability to visualize a more representative view of the graft mucosa could lead to better detection of early rejection. A greater experience with this unique method will provide more accurate assessment of the intestinal allograft.
authors.affiliation: Division of Transplantation, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gasser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berho
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Tzakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy / Q000295:instrumentation; D019723:Endoscopes; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005736:Gardner Syndrome / Q000601:surgery*; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007081:Ileostomy; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000601:surgery*; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation*