title: Specific actions of halothane, isoflurane, and desflurane on sympathetic activity and A delta and C somatosympathetic reflexes recorded in renal nerves in dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This was a study of the relative effects on directly recorded sympathetic activity of desflurane, isoflurane, and halothane.
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) was recorded with bipolar electrodes in renal nerves exposed retroperitoneally in anesthetized (alpha-chloralose), paralyzed (succinylcholine), and artificially ventilated dogs. Somatosympathetic responses were evoked by supramaximal electrical stimulation of radial nerves (0.33 Hz, 30 V, 0.5 ms). Spontaneous and evoked activity were rectified, averaged, and integrated to allow quantitative comparison of the effects of 3-12% desflurane, 0.6-2.4% isoflurane, and 0.4-1.6% halothane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing concentrations of isoflurane progressively depressed mean RSNA, Adelta, and C reflexes by 40% (P < 0.01), 50% (P < 0.01) and 70% (P < 0.001) respectively at 2.4% concentration. Halothane depressed both reflexes equally by approximately 60% (P < 0.01) at 1.6% concentration, without significant depression of spontaneous RSNA. Desflurane increased and subsequently decreased RSNA by 37% (P < 0.02) and 65% (P < 0.001) at concentrations of 6% and 12% respectively, and although somatosympathetic reflexes remained unchanged up to 9%, both were depressed equally by 70% (P < 0.01) at 12% concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After equilibration, lower concentrations of desflurane remained excitatory, but, like isoflurane, higher concentrations depressed RSNA. The effect of halothane on RSNA was insignificant. Isoflurane depressed C more than Adelta somatosympathetic reflexes, which is uncorrelated with lipid solubility because desflurane and halothane, which have the highest and lowest minimum alveolar concentration, respectively, depressed both equally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthetics and Intensive Care, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom. henpacsoo@hotmail.com
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Pac-Soo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Whitwam
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000077335:Desflurane; D004285:Dogs; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000294:innervation*; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D006221:Halothane