title: A Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of temozolomide and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid malignancies.
abstract: Temozolomide (TMZ) is an oral imidazotetrazinone that is spontaneously converted to 5-(3-methyltriazen-1-yl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (MTIC) at physiological pH. MTIC methylates DNA at the O6 position of guanine, although this lesion may be repaired by the enzyme O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGAT). In this study, TMZ was combined with cisplatin (CDDP), because both agents have single-agent activity against melanoma and other tumor types. Additionally, CDDP has been shown to inactivate AGAT, and subtherapeutic concentrations of CDDP have been shown to increase the sensitivity of leukemic blasts to TMZ. This Phase I study sought to determine the toxicities, recommended dose, and pharmacological profile of the TMZ/CDDP combination. Patients were treated with oral TMZ daily for 5 consecutive days together with CDDP on day 1 (4 h after TMZ) every 4 weeks at the following TMZ (mg/m2/day)/CDDP (mg/m2) dose levels: 100/75, 150/75, 200/75, and 200/100. Plasma samples were obtained on days 1 and 2 to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of TMZ alone and in combination with CDDP. Fifteen patients received a total of 44 courses of TMZ/CDDP. The principal toxicities of the regimen consisted of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, and vomiting, which were intolerable in two of six new patients treated at the 200/100 mg/m2 dose level. Of five patients receiving 17 courses at the next lower dose level (200/75 mg/m2), none experienced dose-limiting toxicity. Antitumor activity was observed in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, and leiomyosarcoma of the uterus. Pharmacokinetic studies of TMZ revealed the following pertinent parameters (mean +/- SD): time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) = 1.1+/-0.6 h (day 1) and 1.7+/-0.9 h (day 2); elimination half-life (t1/2) = 1.74+/-0.22 h (day 1) and 2.35+/-0.70 h (day 2); and clearance (Cl(s)/F) = 115+/-27 ml/min/m2 (day 1) and 141+/-109 ml/min/m2 (day 2). TMZ drug exposure, described by the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCinfinity) and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), was similar on days 1 and 2. On the basis of these results, the recommended doses for Phase II clinical trials are TMZ 200 mg/m2/day for 5 days with 75 mg/m2 CDDP on day 1, every 4 weeks. The addition of CDDP did not affect the tolerable dose of single-agent TMZ (200 mg/m2/day x 5 days), nor did it substantially alter the pharmacokinetic behavior of TMZ.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Institute for Drug Development, and The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78229, USA.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Britten
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Rowinsky
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Agarwala
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Eckardt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barrington
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Diab
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villalona-Calero
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fraass
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Statkevich
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Von Hoff
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Eckhardt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D000077204:Temozolomide; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D003606:Dacarbazine; D002945:Cisplatin; D000077204:Temozolomide