title: Continuous infusion of proinflammatory cytokines into the brain to study brain cytokine induced local and systemic immune effects.
abstract: Proinflammatory cytokines are produced in the brain after various kinds of insult (ischemia, trauma, infection). In this process interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha are most important. These cytokines are key mediators of inflammation. Furthermore, these cytokines can act as neurotransmitters and develop direct effects on the central nervous system (CNS) including fever, sleep and stimulation of the neuroendocrine as well as sympathetic nervous system. Moreover, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha may also be involved in brain repair and regenerating processes. However, most of the data about the role of cytokines in the brain have been obtained from either in vitro studies or bolus injections into the brain parenchyma or cerebroventricular system. On the other hand, it is known that cytokines are released continuously into the brain after a cerebral insult over a period of 24 to 48 h. In order to further complete the knowledge about the interactions between neural and immune cells to overcome the primary insult and initiate repair and regeneration in the CNS, a new animal model of local inflammation reaction was established using chronic intracerebral infusion of rat recombinant cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Charité-Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt University, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13444, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schöning
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elepfandt
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Lanksch
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Woiciechowsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007032:Hypothalamus, Anterior / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015918:Infusion Pumps, Implantable; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008590:Meningoencephalitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha