title: A new surgery for congenital nystagmus: effects of tenotomy on an achiasmatic canine and the role of extraocular proprioception.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human eye-movement recordings have documented that surgical treatment of congenital nystagmus (CN) also produces a broadening of the null zone and changes in foveation that allow increased acuity. We used the achiasmatic Belgian sheepdog, a spontaneously occurring animal model of human CN and see-saw nystagmus (SSN), to test the hypothesis that changes induced by surgical interruption of the extraocular muscle afference without a change in muscle-length tension could damp both oscillations.
  
  
  METHODS
  An achiasmatic dog with CN and SSN underwent videotaping and infrared oculography in a sling apparatus and head restraints before and after all extraocular muscles (stage 1: 4 horizontal rectus muscles and stage 2 [4 months later]: 4 vertical rectus muscles and 4 oblique muscles) were surgically tenotomized and immediately reattached at their original insertions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dog had immediate and persistent visible, behavioral, and oculographic changes after each stage of this new procedure. These included damped CN and SSN, increased ability to maintain fixation, and increased periods of maintaining the target image on the area centralis over a broad range of gaze angles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severing and reattaching the tendons of the extraocular muscles affect some as-yet-unknown combination of central nervous system processes producing the above results. This new procedure may prove effective in patients with CN with either no null, a null at primary position, or a time-varying null (due to asymmetric, (a)periodic, alternating nystagmus). We infer from our results in an achiasmatic dog that tenotomy is the probable cause of the damping documented in human CN after Anderson-Kestenbaum procedures and should also damp CN and SSN in achiasma in humans. It may also prove useful in acquired nystagmus to reduce oscillopsia. The success of tenotomy in damping nystagmus in this animal suggests that the proprioceptive feedback loop has a more important role in ocular-motor control than has been appreciated. Finally, we propose a modified bimedial recession procedure, on the basis of the damping effects of tenotomy.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA. lfd@po.cwru.edu
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Dell'Osso
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hertle
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000151:congenital* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D009897:Optic Chiasm / Q000002:abnormalities*; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D011698:Pursuit, Smooth / Q000502:physiology; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D013710:Tendons / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*