title: Effects of total-body irradiation on growth, thyroid and pituitary gland in rhesus monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of total-body irradiation (TBI) on growth, thyroid and pituitary gland in primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven rhesus monkeys (mean age 3.1+/-0.6 years) received either a low-dose (4-6 Gy) TBI (n = 26) or high-dose (7-12 Gy) TBI (n = 11) and were sacrificed together with 8 age-matched controls after a post-irradiation interval of 5.9+/-1.5 years. Anthropometric data were collected: thyroid and pituitary glands were examined; serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxin (FT4), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decrease in final height due to irradiation could not be demonstrated. There was a dose-dependent decrease in body weight, ponderal index, skinfold thickness and thyroid weight. The latter was not accompanied by elevation of TSH or decrease in FT4. Structural changes in the thyroid gland were found in 50% of the irradiated animals. Levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 did not differ between the dose groups, but the high-dose group had a lower IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total body irradiation had a negative effect on body fat. There was no evidence of (compensated) hypothyroidism, but dose-dependent decrease in thyroid weight and changes in follicular structure suggest some effect of TBI on the thyroid gland. The decreased IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio in the high-dose group can indicate that the somatotrophic axis was mildly affected by TBI. These results show that TBI can have an effect on the physical build and thyroid gland of primates even in the absence of cytostatic agents or immunosuppressive drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Massa
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Rijn
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mearadji
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van der Kamp
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Niemer-Tucker
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: van der Hage
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Broerse
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wit
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000378:metabolism; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D013972:Thyrotropin; D013006:Growth Hormone