title: Usefulness of diagnostic criteria for aspiration cytology of hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish new criteria for cytodiagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma by comparing cytologic findings of hepatocellular carcinoma with those of liver cirrhosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of cytologic findings of hepatocellular carcinoma on preoperative aspiration biopsy of 31 lesions from 27 patients who underwent surgical resection and comparison of these findings with those of liver cirrhosis in 17 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 11 lesions of moderately and poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, significant cytologic findings included monotonous and abundant cytoplasm, thick cytoplasm, increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, irregular nuclear contours, increased chromatin density, intranuclear vacuoles and naked nuclei. In the 20 lesions demonstrating well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, significant cytologic findings included monotonous and scant cytoplasm, well-defined cytoplasmic borders, thick cytoplasm, eccentric nuclei, increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, thick nuclear membranes and increased chromatin density. We established the criteria for moderately and poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma as including three cytologic parameters: increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, irregular nuclear contours and increased chromatin density. We also established the criteria for well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma as including six cytologic parameters: monotonous cytoplasm, scant cytoplasm, well-defined cytoplasmic borders, thick cytoplasm, eccentric nuclei and increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. For all 31 hepatocellular carcinoma lesions, including 27 lesions that were < or = 2 cm in diameter, both sensitivity and specificity were 100% by concurrently employing both criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new criteria for cytodiagnosis we established were useful for differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from liver cirrhosis. In particular, our criteria ensured appropriate diagnostic accuracy for well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takenaka
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kaji
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kasugai
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies