title: Virginity examinations in Turkey: role of forensic physicians in controlling female sexuality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the Turkish Medical Association has deemed "virginity examinations" a form of gender-based violence, women in Turkey are often subjected to such examinations by forensic physicians for both legal and social reasons. Little is known about these physicians' role and attitudes in this practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess forensic physicians' experiences and attitudes regarding virginity examinations in Turkey and suggest potential solutions to the problems identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional self-administered survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys were completed during the Forensic Science Congress held in Kusadasi in April 1998 as well as in urban academic and medical practice settings between April and October 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 158 physicians who practice, are formally trained in, or are in training for forensic medicine, 118 completed the survey (response rate, 74.7%).
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequency and circumstances of conducting virginity examinations, opinions regarding beneficial and adverse consequences of these examinations, and recommendations for changing the practice, as measured by a 100-item questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, survey respondents reported conducting 5901 examinations in the previous 12 months; 4045 were conducted because of alleged sexual assault and 1856 for social reasons. Although 68% of forensic physicians indicated that they believed virginity examinations are inappropriate in the absence of an allegation of sexual assault, 45% had conducted examinations for social reasons. The majority of the respondents (93%) agreed that the examinations are psychologically traumatic for the patient. In addition, more than half (58%) reported that at least 50% of patients undergo examinations against their will.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nearly half of forensic physicians in Turkey conduct virginity examinations for social reasons despite beliefs that such examinations are inappropriate, traumatic to the patient, and often performed against the patient's will. Physicians' participation in such practices is inconsistent with principles of bioethics and international human rights.
authors.affiliation: Physicians for Human Rights, Boston, Mass 02116, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arican
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Fincanci
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Iacopino
mesh_terms: D001290:Attitude; D032763:Behavior Control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D007603:Jurisprudence; D035846:Law Enforcement; D033242:Minors; D010819:Physician's Role; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012746:Sexual Abstinence; D014421:Turkey