title: Factors affecting morbidity, mortality and survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is to reevaluate the factors responsible for hospital morbidity, mortality and post-operative survival following pancreaticoduodenectomy for ampullary cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peri-operative data on 132 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for ampullary cancer were correlated with post-operative morbidity, mortality and long-term survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three factors were found to correlate well with post-operative morbidity; however, only intraabdominal or wound sepsis was an independently significant variable. Four parameters correlated well with hospital mortality, while multivariate analysis revealed age > 75 y/o, positive blood culture and albumin < or = 3.0 g% to be independently significant in predicting post-operative mortality. Univariate analysis identified seven significant factors: 1) age < or = 75 y/o, 2) hematocrit > 30%, 3) blood urea nitrogen < 20 mg%, 4) earlier TNM staging, 5) smaller tumor size, 6) negative nodal status and 7) well-differentiated tumors, which were associated with longer survival. However, multivariate analysis disclosed nodal status and hematocrit to be the two most significant independent variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although radical resection for ampullary cancer can be performed with a low mortality in recent years, the justification for performing this major operation in a patient over 75 years of age should be reevaluated for prohibitively high mortality (10x) and shorter survival (median 6.0 months). Pre-operative nutritional support and careful surgical technique to prevent post-operative sepsis are mandatory to reduce operative morbidity and mortality. Correction of anemia and adequate lymph node dissection will clarify the patient's survival benefit following this operation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, National Yang Ming University, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Shyr
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.forename: F K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: P'eng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014670:Ampulla of Vater / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003138:Common Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006400:Hematocrit; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate