title: Stereotactic targeting of the globus pallidus internus in Parkinson's disease: imaging versus electrophysiological mapping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The reintroduction of pallidotomy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) has generated various opinions regarding the ideal anatomic or physiological location of the target within the globus pallidus. The role of microelectrode recording guidance in pallidotomy for the treatment of advanced PD is presently under debate. The purpose of this study was twofold. The first goal was to determine the degree of accuracy in the targeting of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), by comparing these results with the final placement of the thermolytic lesions (as defined by electrophysiological assessment). The second goal was to ascertain the somatotopic arrangement of the GPi in PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis involved 50 patients with PD who underwent microrecording-guided pallidotomy. The theoretical coordinates for lesioning were calculated after definition of the intercommissural line by MRI. The actual placement of the lesions was determined after mapping of the GPi by microrecording, using stimulation to identify the sensorimotor region and its somatotopic organization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In most cases, the lesions were placed posterior and lateral to the targets chosen by MRI. Mapping by microrecording revealed differences of 2.3 +/- 1.55 mm and 3 +/- 1.9 mm in the mediolateral and anteroposterior coordinates, respectively. The actual lesion overlapped the theoretical target for only 45% of the patients. The somatotopic organization of the GPi was analyzed. Most of the units with sensorimotor activity or tremor-related activity were in the lateral portion of the nucleus. Upper limb and axial units were in the most lateral region and mainly in the ventral one-third of the nucleus. Lower limb responses were recorded mainly in the dorsal one-third of the nucleus. Tremor-related cells were found throughout the sensorimotor region of the nucleus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that lesion targeting based on MRI alone is not sufficiently accurate to guarantee placement of the lesion in the sensorimotor region of the GPi.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Neurologia y Neurocirugia Funcional, Clinica Quiron, San Sebastian, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guridi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gorospe
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Linazasoro
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Obeso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000592:standards*; D016896:Treatment Outcome