title: Effects of acute and chronic administration of olanzapine in comparison to clozapine and haloperidol on extracellular recordings of substantia nigra reticulata neurons in the rat brain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously, we have shown that the atypical antipsychotics clozapine and risperidone, unlike haloperidol, decreased the firing rate of substantia nigra reticulata (SNR) neurons. As the SNR receives substantial input from the striatum, an area where motoric side-effects of antipsychotics are thought to be mediated, the SNR might be an interesting brain structure with regard to motor side-effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The newly developed atypical antipsychotic olanzapine was studied for its effects on the firing rate of SNR cells. In addition, to gain insight in the implications of our experimental setup for clinical use, responses upon clozapine, olanzapine and haloperidol were studied after chronic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  In chloralhydrate-anaesthetized male Wistar rats, extracellular recordings were made from SNR neurons upon intravenously (i.v.) administered cumulative doses of the antipsychotics. Naive rats and rats that were subcutaneously (SC) injected for 21 days with an antipsychotic were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Olanzapine (50-1600 mg/kg; i.v.), significantly inhibited the firing rate of the SNR neurons. Upon 21 days of treatment with a daily SC injection of 20 mg/kg clozapine, the challenge on day 22 with cumulative injections of clozapine (200 6400 mg/kg; i.v.) significantly inhibited the firing rate of the SNR neurons. Olanzapine (50-1600 mg/kg; i.v.) also significantly inhibited the SNR activity when pretreated with olanzapine in an SC administered dose of 1 mg/kg, but not 5 mg/kg. Haloperidol (12.5-800 microg/kg; i.v.) did not significantly affect the SNR activity in rats pretreated with SC administered 0.5 mg/kg haloperidol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upon acute and chronic administration of clozapine and olanzapine versus haloperidol, differential effects on SNR neuronal firing could be obtained. The experimental setup seem to be valid for further studies into the mechanism of action of typical versus (relatively low doses of) atypical antipsychotics. The implications of the inhibitory effect of atypical antipsychotics on the SNR firing rate are presently unknown, but could be associated with the lower propensity to induced motoric side-effects. On the other hand, the SNR activity might also reflect non-motoric activity possibly related to negative symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinic, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Timmerman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heijmen
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Westerink
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruggeman
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: den Boer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003024:Clozapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010890:Pirenzepine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D010890:Pirenzepine; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol; D000077152:Olanzapine