title: Medtronic Freestyle aortic root bioprosthesis: Implant techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Medtronic Freestyle aortic root bioprosthesis is a complete porcine aortic root to allow implantation (1) as a subcoronary valve replacement by removing graft sinus aorta, (2) as a cylinder with the sinotubular junction intact within the aorta (root inclusion), or (3) as a complete aortic root replacement. The choice among the three implant techniques depends on surgeon preference or upon the pathology encountered. The advantages and differences among the three implant techniques are examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Medtronic Freestyle bioprosthesis was implanted in 1163 patients in a Food and Drug administration (FDA) clinical trial between August 1992 and October 1997. There were 21 centers in the international trial using a single data repository. Clinical data was collected prior to and at operation, at 3 to 6 months and annually. The data were compiled and statistical analysis performed at the data center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients having subcoronary valve implants were older (80% > 65 years) and aortic occlusion time was about 20 minutes less than the other methods. Patients having aortic root replacement presented with more aortic valve insufficiency (20%). Pathology of the aortic root and ascending aorta requiring repair was 26%, and larger (27 mm) valves were used in 40% of patients. Risk of operation was lowest (5.0%) with subcoronary valve implants and highest (11.7%) with root replacement technique. Thromboembolism was higher, early and late, with root inclusion (3.0, 3.9%/patient per year) and root replacement (3.2, 3.0%/patient per year) than for subcoronary implants (1.8, 1.6%/patient per year). There were more patients taking warfarin at the 4-year point with root inclusion (20%) or root replacement techniques (24%) than among patients having subcoronary implants (14%). Explants of the valve occurred in 2% of patients, none of whom had aortic root replacement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Medtronic Freestyle bioprosthesis is an effective and versatile device for replacement of the aortic valve. It offers implant techniques that can treat the aortic root pathology encountered at surgery and allows the operation to proceed according to surgeon preference.
authors.affiliation: The Medtronic Freestyle Multicenter Clinical Trial Centers. Idddoty@ihc.com
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Doty
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cafferty
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Kon
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Huysmans
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Westaby
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D005404:Fixatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D011091:Polyesters; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D005404:Fixatives; D009829:Oleic Acids; D011091:Polyesters; C088318:2-(amino)oleic acid