title: Preliminary safety evaluation of a cyclotron facility for positron emission tomography imaging.
abstract: This work describes the design characteristics of a medical imaging centre which uses positron emission tomography, with a cyclotron for fluorine-18 and nitrogen-13 production, and which has provided experimental information on operational data recorded by area dosimetry since 1995. Doses to radiopharmacy and medical staff have been measured both in normal work and in some handling incidents. Data on radiation levels in the installation have also been obtained and related to design details and shielding. Area dosimetry was carried out using a five-stationary detector network, with a sampling rate of 2 min(-1), and by thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD). Staff were also monitored by TLD, using extra chips for finger dosimetry and to duplicate individual whole-body dosimetry in order to measure doses in certain single operations. For normal work, average whole-body doses to radiopharmacy staff were between 0.03 and 0.28 mSv/month, wrist doses were between 0.42 and 2.67 mSv/month, and finger doses were between 1.4 and 7.7 mSv/day for the left hand and 0.8 and 2.4 mSv/day for the right hand; such variation reflects the differing expertise of staff and the role played by optimisation. Finger doses between 16 and 131 mSv were measured in handling incidents, and finger doses of 20.2 and 20.7 mSv for the left hand and 22.0 and 22.3 mSv for the right hand were measured during handling of a syringe without shielding, containing 3 GBq. For medical staff, contributions to the whole-body dose of 2.0 and 1.9 microSv/procedure were measured for injection and placing the patient on the examination couch, respectively. Dose measurement on the middle finger of the right hand gives an average of 70 microSv during the injection. The provisions regarding the shielding design have proved to be adequate and effective during a 3-year operational period. Operational doses to medical staff are comparatively low, while radiopharmacy staff are the most exposed. The finger doses in these professionals may exceed the annual limit, unless operational restrictions in daily practice are adopted. On-line area dosimetry records based on dose rate probes have proved to be effective both for monitoring radiation levels during the operation and for detecting changes in the behaviour of the facility in the irradiation process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vañó
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Carreras
mesh_terms: D017357:Cyclotrons; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D006801:Humans; D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011835:Radiation Protection; D017751:Safety Management; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes