title: Rabbit versus rat urinary bladder: effects of in vitro hypoxia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies indicate that bladder hypoxia may be an etiological factor for lower urinary tract dysfunction. Rat and rabbit are two species of experimental animals used frequently to study lower urinary tract function and dysfunction. The objective of this study was to compare directly effects of in vitro hypoxia on contractile responses of rat and rabbit urinary bladder to different forms of stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sexually mature male New Zealand White rabbits and Sprague-Dawley rats were compared. Each bladder was excised while the animal was anesthetized, and longitudinal bladder strips were cut, then mounted in organ baths. A tension of 2 g was placed on all strips. Effects of 1, 2, 3 and 4 h hypoxia followed by 1 h of reoxygenation on contractile responses of bladder strips to field stimulation (FS), carbachol (100 micromol/l), ATP (1 mmol/l) and KCl (120 mmol/l) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contractility, per unit tissue mass, of rat bladder strips was significantly greater than that of rabbit bladder strips in response to FS (all frequencies), carbachol, KCl and ATP. Hypoxia (followed by reoxygenation) resulted in time-dependent progressive reduction in contractile responses of bladder strips to all stimuli. Rat bladder was significantly more sensitive to hypoxia than rabbit bladder in response to FS and carbachol. Hypoxia induced similar effects on rat and rabbit bladder responses to ATP and KCl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rat bladder neurogenic and cholinergic responses are significantly more sensitive to hypoxia than are those of rabbit bladder, which may be due to the rat bladder's greater contractile force generation and previously reported higher Ca2+-ATPase activity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whitbeck
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Horan
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013045:Species Specificity; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D011189:Potassium Chloride