title: Point mutations throughout the GLI3 gene cause Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome.
abstract: Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome, characterized by craniofacial and limb anomalies (GCPS; MIM 175700), previously has been demonstrated to be associated with translocations as well as point mutations affecting one allele of the zinc finger gene GLI3. In addition to GCPS, Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS; MIM 146510) and post-axial polydactyly type A (PAP-A; MIM 174200), two other disorders of human development, are caused by GLI3 mutations. In order to gain more insight into the mutational spectrum associated with a single phenotype, we report here the extension of the GLI3 mutation analysis to 24 new GCPS cases. We report the identification of 15 novel mutations present in one of the patient's GLI3 alleles. The mutations map throughout the coding gene regions. The majority are truncating mutations (nine of 15) that engender prematurely terminated protein products mostly but not exclusively N-terminally to or within the central region encoding the DNA-binding domain. Two missense and two splicing mutations mapping within the zinc finger motifs presumably also interfere with DNA binding. The five mutations identified within the protein regions C-terminal to the zinc fingers putatively affect additional functional properties of GLI3. In cell transfection experiments using fusions of the DNA-binding domain of yeast GAL4 to different segments of GLI3, transactivating capacity was assigned to two adjacent independent domains (TA(1)and TA(2)) in the C-terminal third of GLI3. Since these are the only functional domains affected by three C-terminally truncating mutations, we postulate that GCPS may be due either to haploinsufficiency resulting from the complete loss of one gene copy or to functional haploinsufficiency related to compromised properties of this transcription factor such as DNA binding and transactivation.
authors.affiliation: Medizinisches Zentrum für Humangenetik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35037 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalff-Suske
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Topp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wessling
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bornholdt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heuer
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Aalfs
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ausems
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barone
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heutink
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Homfray
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gillessen-Kaesbach
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kunze
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meinecke
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strenge
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Superti-Furga
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Grzeschik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004330:Drosophila; D006801:Humans; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D013577:Syndrome; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D000074290:Zinc Finger Protein Gli3; D016335:Zinc Fingers / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C108003:GLI3 protein, Xenopus; C065683:GLI3 protein, human; C465571:Gli3 protein, mouse; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D000074290:Zinc Finger Protein Gli3