title: Recurrent carotid blowout syndrome: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in a newly recognized subgroup of patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To our knowledge, recurrent carotid blowout syndrome (rCBS) has not been well described. Our purpose was to review our institution's recent experience with patients who presented with multiple episodes of carotid blowout syndrome (CBS), and who were referred for emergent diagnostic angiography and endovascular therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the last 46 consecutive patients who had a clinical diagnosis of CBS. All patients were examined and treated prospectively according to a standardized protocol. Most patients (43 of 46) had undergone extensive primary and salvage radical surgery with intraoperative brachytherapy or external beam radiation or both. The remaining three patients had either traumatic or iatrogenic CBS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients (26%) in our series had more than one episode of CBS in which a total of 32 (20 recurrent) events were observed (average 2.7, range 2-4). Intervals of rCBS ranged from 1 day to 6 years. Thirteen (65%) of 20 recurrent events were attributed to progressive disease (PD), and seven (35%) of 20 to treatment failures (TFs). In the PD group, seven (54%) of 13 had recurrent ipsilateral disease, and six (46%) of 13 had recurrent contralateral disease. Etiologies of rCBS were as follows: seven exposed carotids; seven carotid pseudoaneurysms; eight small-branch pseudoaneurysms; five tumor hemorrhages; three hyperemic/ulcerated wounds; and one aortic arch rupture. Twenty-seven of 32 events were treated with endovascular therapy, which included the following: nine carotid occlusions; 11 small-branch embolizations; three transarterial tumor embolizations; one carotid stent; and two direct-puncture embolizations. Four of six TFs were retreated successfully with endovascular therapy; the remaining two TFs were managed successfully by surgery. In the PD group, hemorrhagic complications of rCBS were managed successfully in all but one patient, who died. No permanent neurologic or ophthalmologic complications occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recurrent CBS is a frequently encountered problem in which most cases are caused by PD resulting from both multifocal iatrogenic arteriopathy and occasional wound complications that are characteristic of aggressively managed head and neck surgical patients. Initial TFs are encountered often as well. Despite the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of rCBS, most cases can be retreated effectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chaloupka
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Putman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lowlicht
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012421:Rupture / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D013577:Syndrome; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*