title: Curative radiotherapy with high-dose-rate brachytherapy boost for localized esophageal carcinoma: dose-effect relationship of brachytherapy with the balloon type applicator system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study analyzed the feasibility, local control and toxicity in potentially curable patients with esophageal carcinoma treated with a combination of external irradiation and high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy using a balloon type applicator system to minimize hot spots on the mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the 9 years, 124 patients with esophageal carcinoma and no apparent extraesophageal spread were treated with 40-60 Gy of external irradiation followed by 8-24 Gy of HDR brachytherapy. The fraction size of brachytherapy was 4-6 Gy. We developed a new applicator with 15 mm external diameter inflatable balloons. The reference point was a point 12.5 mm depth from the mid source. The study end points were local control, late toxicity and palliative effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 124 patients completed the planned radiotherapy. Local control rate was 69/124 (56%). There was a trend toward better local control rate for T1 lesions with increasing dose via brachytherapy. Of 69 patients with local control, treatment-related ulcers occurred in 28 patients, leading to death in four. The incidence of ulcers increased with increasing brachytherapy dose; 1/6 with 12 Gy, 16/43 with 16 Gy, 6/ 12 with 20 Gy, 4/5 with 24 Gy. Esophageal benign strictures occurred in ten patients and in all cases developed from ulcers. The incidence of freedom from dysphagia was not dose-dependent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of external irradiation and HDR brachytherapy with the balloon type applicator was feasible and well tolerated. Although better local control was achieved by a higher dose of brachytherapy, the higher dose caused more severe esophageal injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, National Tokyo Medical Center, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yorozu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dokiya
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000009:adverse effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014456:Ulcer / Q000209:etiology