title: Cadmium and iron accumulation in rat lens after cigarette smoke exposure and the effect of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cadmium accumulation in the lens has been implicated in cataractogenesis of chronic smokers. This study was planned to evaluate whether or not in vivo cigarette smoke exposure causes cadmium accumulation in rat lens, and possible protective effect and mechanism of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) treatment on cataractogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  28 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups. Group 3 and 4 rats were exposed to cigarette smoke over ninety consecutive days, and Group 1 and 2 rats were treated in a similar fashion but exposed only to room air. Additionally, vitamin E was given to Group 2 and 4 rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher iron levels were observed in the lenses of Group 3 rats compared to other groups. With respect to cadmium, Group 3 and 4 rats had significantly higher levels compared to Group 1 and 2 rats. Although vitamin E treatment prevented iron accumulation in Group 4 rats, it had no effect on cadmium concentrations. Distinct histopathological changes observed in Group 3 rats were not present in Group 4 rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that in vivo cigarette smoke exposure causes accumulation of cadmium in rat lens and IM vitamin E treatment does not affect this accumulation. The protective effect of vitamin E treatment on smoke exposed rat lens seems to be mediated by blockage of iron accumulation in the lens.
authors.affiliation: Karadeniz Technical University, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Trabzon, Turkey. avunduk@meds.ktu.edu.tr
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Avunduk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yardimci
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Avunduk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kurnaz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007501:Iron / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012906:Smoke; D014026:Nicotiana; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke; D002104:Cadmium; D014810:Vitamin E; D007501:Iron