title: Endoscopic palliative treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer: thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy and laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy.
abstract: METHODS
  Evaluation of thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy and laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy as endoscopic palliative treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 1993 and September 1998 we performed 16 thoracoscopic splanchnicectomies and 6 laparoscopic gastrojejunostomies in patients with an advanced pancreatic cancer admitted to the Department of Surgery of University Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt. These patients either did not achieve adequate pain control with medication or presented serious problems of gastric outlet obstruction, or both.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were fourteen patients (9 men and 5 women) with mean age of 51.8 years (range 28-83), mean BMI of 21.1 (range 17.2-27.2), ASA score I in 2, II in 11, III in 1. We performed 2 left, 2 right and 4 bilateral thoracoscopic splanchnicectomies, 4 laparoscopic gastrojejunostomies and 2 combined endoscopic procedures (bilateral thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy and laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy). The overall average operation ("skin to skin") time was 86 minutes (range 75-100) for bilateral thoracoscopic splanchnicectomies, 63 minutes (range 60-65) for unilateral splanchnicectomies, 88 minutes (range 65-115) for laparoscopic gastrojejunostomies and 190 minutes (range 180-200) for the combined procedure. Blood loss was insignificant with a median of 50 ml (range 30-150). The conversion's rate to open surgery was 4.5%. There were no intraoperative complications. The overall average postoperative mobilization was in 1.9 days (range 1-4) and the overall median postoperative hospital stay was 7 days (range 2-24). There was no mortality at 30 days after endoscopic procedures and the morbidity rate was 21.4%. The postoperative analgesic requirement was considerably reduced with a successful rate was 83.3%. The resolution of gastric outlet obstruction has been complete in all laparoscopic gastrojejunostomies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show the feasibility and safety of these minimally invasive approaches such as endoscopic palliative treatment of complications of advanced pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital Dijkzigt, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giraudo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kazemier
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Van Eijck
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bonjer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005774:Gastrostomy; D006801:Humans; D007582:Jejunostomy; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D013153:Splanchnic Nerves / Q000601:surgery*; D013906:Thoracoscopy