title: Structure of the specificity domain of the Dorsal homologue Gambif1 bound to DNA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  NF-kappa B/Rel transcription factors play important roles in immunity and development in mammals and insects. Their activity is regulated by their cellular localization, homo- and heterodimerization and association with other factors on their target gene promoters. Gambif1 from Anopheles gambiae is a member of the Rel family and a close homologue of the morphogen Dorsal, which establishes dorsoventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present the crystal structure of the N-terminal specificity domain of Gambif1 bound to DNA. This first structure of an insect Rel protein-DNA complex shows that Gambif1 binds a GGG half-site element using a stack of three arginine sidechains. Differences in affinity to Dorsal binding sites in target gene promoters are predicted to arise from base changes in these GGG elements. An arginine that is conserved in class II Rel proteins (members of which contain a transcription activation domain) contacts the outermost guanines of the DNA site. This previously unseen specific contact contributes strongly to the DNA-binding affinity and might be responsible for differences in specificity between Rel proteins of class I and II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Gambif1-DNA complex structure illustrates how differences in Dorsal affinity to binding sites in developmental gene promoters are achieved. Comparison with other Rel-DNA complex structures leads to a general model for DNA recognition by Rel proteins.
authors.affiliation: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varrot
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barillas-Mury
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Kafatos
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D019281:Dimerization; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D006801:Humans; D019476:Insect Proteins; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012996:Solutions; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; C102446:Gambif1 protein, Anopheles gambiae; D019476:Insect Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012996:Solutions; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C062236:dl protein, Drosophila