title: The balance between sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate is decisive for mast cell activation after Fc epsilon receptor I triggering.
abstract: Over the last few years, sphingolipids have been identified as potent second messenger molecules modulating cell growth and activation. A newly emerging facet to this class of lipids suggests a picture where the balance between two counterregulatory lipids (as shown in the particular example of ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate in T lymphocyte apoptosis) determines the cell fate by setting the stage for various protein signaling cascades. Here, we provide a further example of such a decisive balance composed of the two lipids sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate that determines the allergic responsiveness of mast cells. High intracellular concentrations of sphingosine act as a potent inhibitor of the immunoglobulin (Ig)E plus antigen-mediated leukotriene synthesis and cytokine production by preventing activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. In contrast, high intracellular levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate, also secreted by allergically stimulated mast cells, activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, resulting in hexosaminidase and leukotriene release, or in combination with ionomycin, give cytokine production. Equivalent high concentrations of sphingosine-1-phosphate are dominant over sphingosine as they counteract its inhibitory potential. Therefore, it might be inferred that sphingosine-kinase is pivotal to the activation of signaling cascades initiated at the Fc epsilon receptor I by modulating the balance of the counterregulatory lipids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Novartis Research Institute, Vienna, Austria. eva.prieschl@pharma.novartis.com
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Prieschl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Csonga
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Novotny
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baumruker
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D008246:Lysophospholipids; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017455:Receptors, IgE / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008246:Lysophospholipids; D017455:Receptors, IgE; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C060506:sphingosine 1-phosphate; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; C482127:Map2k1 protein, mouse; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D013110:Sphingosine; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate