title: Accelerated fractionated proton/photon irradiation to 90 cobalt gray equivalent for glioblastoma multiforme: results of a phase II prospective trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After conventional doses of 55 to 65 Gy of fractionated irradiation, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) usually recurs at its original location. This institutional phase II study was designed to assess whether dose escalation to 90 cobalt gray equivalent (CGE) with conformal protons and photons in accelerated fractionation would improve local tumor control and patient survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three patients were enrolled in this study. Eligibility criteria included age between 18 and 70 years, Karnofsky Performance Scale score of greater than or equal to 70, residual tumor volume of less than 60 ml, and a supratentorial, unilateral tumor. Actuarial survival rates at 2 and 3 years were 34% and 18%, respectively. The median survival time was 20 months, with four patients alive 22 to 60 months postdiagnosis. Analysis by Radiation Therapy Oncology Group prognostic criteria or Medical Research Council indices showed a 5- to 11-month increase in median survival time over those of comparable conventionally treated patients. All patients developed new areas of gadolinium enhancement during the follow-up period. Histological examination of tissues obtained at biopsy, resection, or autopsy was conducted in 15 of 23 patients. Radiation necrosis only was demonstrated in seven patients, and their survival was significantly longer than that of patients with recurrent tumor (p = 0.01). Tumor regrowth occurred most commonly in areas that received doses of 60 to 70 CGE or less; recurrent tumor was found in only one case in the 90-CGE volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A dose of 90 CGE in accelerated fractionation prevented central recurrence in almost all cases. The median survival time was extended to 20 months, likely as a result of central control. Tumors will usually recur in areas immediately peripheral to this 90-CGE volume, but attempts to extend local control by enlarging the central volume are likely to be limited by difficulties with radiation necrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. markus.fitzek@charite.de
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Fitzek
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rabinov
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lev
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Munzenrider
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Okunieff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bussière
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Hochberg
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Hedley-Whyte
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Liebsch
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Harsh
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003287:Contrast Media; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005682:Gadolinium; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015173:Supratentorial Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D003287:Contrast Media; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D005682:Gadolinium