title: Multiple protein kinase pathways are involved in gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-regulated secretion.
abstract: Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and its amphibian homolog, bombesin, are potent secretogogues in mammals. We determined the roles of intracellular free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)), protein kinase C (PKC), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in GRP receptor (GRP-R)-regulated secretion. Bombesin induced either [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations or a biphasic elevation in [Ca(2+)](i). The biphasic response was associated with peptide secretion. Receptor-activated secretion was blocked by removal of extracellular Ca(2+), by chelation of [Ca(2+)](i), and by treatment with inhibitors of phospholipase C, conventional PKC isozymes, and MAPK kinase (MEK). Agonist-induced increases in [Ca(2+)](i) were also inhibited by dominant negative MEK-1 and the MEK inhibitor, PD89059, but not by an inhibitor of PKC. Direct activation of PKC by a phorbol ester activated MAPK and stimulated peptide secretion without a concomitant increase in [Ca(2+)](i). Inhibition of MEK blocked both bombesin- and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced secretion. GRP-R-regulated secretion is initiated by an increase in [Ca(2+)](i); however, elevated [Ca(2+)](i) is insufficient to stimulate secretion in the absence of activation of PKC and the downstream MEK/MAPK pathways. We demonstrated that the activity of MEK is important for maintaining elevated [Ca(2+)](i) levels induced by GRP-R activation, suggesting that MEK may affect receptor-regulated secretion by modulating the activity of Ca(2+)-sensitive PKC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA. mhellmic@utmb.edu
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hellmich
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ives
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Udupi
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Soloff
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Greeley
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Townsend
mesh_terms: D001839:Bombesin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D048728:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin / Q000502:physiology*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048728:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1; C482576:MAP3K1 protein, human; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D001839:Bombesin; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D002118:Calcium