title: Renoprotective properties of ACE-inhibition in non-diabetic nephropathies with non-nephrotic proteinuria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stratum 2 of the Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy (REIN) study has already shown that in patients with chronic nephropathies and proteinuria of 3 g or more per 24 h, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition reduced the rate of decline in glomerular filtration and halved the combined risk of doubling of serum creatinine or end-stage renal failure (ESRF) found in controls on placebo plus conventional antihypertensives. In REIN stratum 1, reported here, 24 h proteinuria was 1 g or more but less than 3 g per 24 h.
  
  
  METHODS
  In stratum 1 of this double-blind trial 186 patients were randomised to a ramipril or a control (placebo plus conventional antihypertensive therapy) group targeted at achieving a diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg. The primary endpoints were change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and time to ESRF or overt proteinuria (> or =53 g/24 h). Median follow-up was 31 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The decline in GFR per month was not significantly different (ramipril 0.26 [SE 0.05] mL per min per 1.73m2, control 0.29 [0.06]). Progression to ESRF was significantly less common in the ramipril group (9/99 vs 18/87) for a relative risk (RR) of 2.72 (95% CI 1.22-6.08); so was progression to overt proteinuria (15/99 vs 27/87, RR 2.40 [1.27-4.52]). Patients with a baseline GFR of 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 or less and proteinuria of 1.5 g/24 h or more had more rapid progression and gained the most from ramipril treatment. Proteinuria decreased by 13% in the ramipril group and increased by 15% in the controls. Cardiovascular events were similar. As expected, the rate of decline in GFR and the frequency of ESRF were much lower in stratum 1 than they had been in stratum 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In non-diabetic nephropathies, ACE inhibition confers renoprotection even to patients with non-nephrotic proteinuria.
authors.affiliation: Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Clinical Research Centre for Rare Diseases, Aldo e Cele Dacco Villa Camozzi, Ranica, Bergamo, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruggenenti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perna
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gherardi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zoccali
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvadori
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scolari
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Schena
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Remuzzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017257:Ramipril / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D017257:Ramipril