title: Roles of prostaglandin E receptors in mesangial cells under high-glucose conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High glucose reportedly stimulates prostaglandin (PG) E2 production and DNA synthesis in mesangial cells (MCs). However, the pathophysiological significance of PGE2 in MCs has remained unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of prostanoids on [3H]-thymidine uptake and cAMP production in rat MCs cultured with 5.6 mM glucose, 25 mM glucose, or 5.6 mM glucose supplemented with 19.4 mM mannitol were examined. The gene expression of PGE2 receptor (EP) subtypes in MCs was analyzed with Northern blotting techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Northern blotting indicated EP1 and EP4 gene expression in MCs. EP1 agonists and PGE2 stimulated [3H]-thymidine uptake in MCs. EP1 antagonists dose dependently attenuated high-glucose-induced [3H]-thymidine uptake, which suggests EP1 involvement, by an increase in intracellular Ca2+, in DNA synthesis of MCs. On the other hand, forskolin, db-cAMP, and 11-deoxy-PGE1, an EP4/EP3/EP2 agonist, significantly decreased DNA synthesis in MCs. These inhibitory effects are thought to be mediated via EP4 as a result of an increase in cAMP synthesis. The effects via EP4 seem to be particularly important because PGE2-induced cAMP synthesis was significantly attenuated in the high-glucose group compared with the mannitol group, in which [3H]-thymidine uptake did not increase in spite of augmented PGE2 production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in DNA synthesis in MCs under high-glucose conditions can be explained, at least in part, by the high-glucose-induced inhibition of cAMP production via EP4, which augments EP1 function in conjunction with the overproduction of PGE2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mukoyama
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narumiya
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakao
mesh_terms: D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000527:Alprostadil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005920:Glomerular Mesangium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008600:Menstruation-Inducing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011459:Prostaglandins E, Synthetic / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D058306:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype; D013936:Thymidine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014316:Tritium
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D008600:Menstruation-Inducing Agents; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D011459:Prostaglandins E, Synthetic; C545637:Ptger1 protein, rat; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058306:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype; D014316:Tritium; D005576:Colforsin; C016767:sulprostone; C032405:11-deoxy-16-phenoxy-17,18,19,20-tetranorprostaglandin E1; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D000527:Alprostadil; C048491:butaprost; D005947:Glucose; D015232:Dinoprostone; D002118:Calcium; D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine; C034008:11-deoxyprostaglandin E1; D013936:Thymidine