title: Tardive dyskinesia: a review and current treatment options.
abstract: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a source of great concern in psychiatric practice because of the iatrogenic nature of the disorder. It is a serious adverse reaction associated with neuroleptic drug therapy and is characterized by abnormal, involuntary, irregular, repetitive movements of the face and limbs that are purposeless in nature. It develops during exposure to or withdrawal from neuroleptics in patients with a history of neuroleptic use for at least 3 months, or 1 month in patients 60 years or older. To date, the structural or chemical pathology, etiology, and pathophysiology are not well understood, and no consistently effective pharmacological treatment is available. Numerous agents have been used in the management of TD; however, at the present time there are no safe and effective treatments for TD. A review of various agents used in managing TD is presented. Improvements in research design and methodology have been applied to clinical trials, and as a result, the stage has been set for advancement in this area of clinical psychiatry.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacy Practice, Arnold & Marie College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Najib
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents