title: Stereotactic radiosurgery for jugular foramen schwannomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Jugular foramen schwannomas pose difficult management problems because of the surgical risk of lower cranial neuropathy. The indications and results of stereotactic radiosurgery are not well documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed our 10-year experience in the management of 17 patients who had jugular foramen schwannomas managed with the gamma knife. Thirteen patients previously had undergone surgery (range, 1-6 resections). Four patients had multiple cranial nerve deficits before microsurgical resection; 12 developed multiple lower cranial nerve palsies after resection. Four patients underwent radiosurgery based on imaging criteria alone. Conformal dose planning (tumor margin dose of 12-18 Gy) successfully encompassed the irregular tumor volumes in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up varied from 6 to 74 months. Tumor size decreased in eight patients, remained stable in eight, and increased in one patient during the average follow-up interval of 3.5 years. Six patients improved and 10 others retained their preradiosurgery clinical status. One patient had an increase in tumor size and clinical deterioration 6 months after radiosurgery and underwent microsurgical resection. No patient developed new cranial nerve or other neurological deficits after radiosurgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that gamma knife radiosurgery is an effective alternative to microsurgical resection for patients who have small tumors and intact lower cranial nerve function. It is also effective for patients who have residual or recurrent tumors after microsurgical resection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, and the Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muthukumar
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kondziolka
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lunsford
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Flickinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020209:Cranial Nerve Injuries; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009442:Neurilemmoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*