title: Serum nitrite sensitively reflects endothelial NO formation in human forearm vasculature: evidence for biochemical assessment of the endothelial L-arginine-NO pathway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A reduced bioactivity of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In humans, the endothelial L-arginine-NO pathway has been indirectly assessed via the flow response to endothelium-dependent vasodilators locally administered into the coronary, pulmonary or forearm circulation. However, biochemical quantification of endothelial NO formation in these organ circulations has been hampered so far because of the rapid metabolism of NO. Therefore, we aimed to work out a reliable biochemical index to assess endothelial NO formation in human circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 33 healthy volunteers, forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by standard techniques of venous occlusion plethysmography at rest, after local application of the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine (ACH), the endothelium-independent vasodilator papaverine (PAP), the stereospecific inhibitor of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) L-NMMA, and L-arginine (ARG), the natural substrate of eNOS. In parallel, nitrite and nitrate concentrations in blood samples taken from the antecubital vein were measured by HPLC using anion-exchange chromatography in combination with electrochemical and ultraviolet detection following a specific sample preparation method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ACH dose-dependently increased resting FBF (from 3.0 +/- 0.3 to 10.4 +/- 0.9 ml/min per 100 ml tissue) and serum nitrite concentration (from 402 +/- 59 to 977 +/- 82 nmol/l, both p < 0.05, n = 12). A significant correlation was observed between the changes in FBF and the serum nitrite concentration (r = 0.61, p < 0.0001). L-NMMA reduced resting FBF and endothelium-dependent vasodilation by 30% and this was paralleled by a significant reduction in serum nitrite concentration at the highest dose of ACH (n = 9, p < 0.001). PAP increased FBF more than fourfold, but did not affect serum nitrite concentration (n = 11), whereas ARG significantly increased both FBF and nitrite. Basal serum nitrate amounted to 25 +/- 4 mumol/l and remained constant during the application of ACH, PAP and L-NMMA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concentration of serum nitrite sensitively reflects changes in endothelial NO formation in human forearm circulation. This biochemical measure may help to characterize the L-arginine-NO pathway in disease states associated with endothelial dysfunction and to further elucidate its pathophysiological significance for the development of atherosclerosis in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany. kelm@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelm
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Preik-Steinhoff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Preik
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Strauer
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009573:Nitrites / Q000097:blood*; D010208:Papaverine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009573:Nitrites; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D010208:Papaverine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000109:Acetylcholine