title: Effect of water temperature on the development, release and survival of the triactinomyxon stage of Myxobolus cerebralis in its oligochaete host.
abstract: The development of the triactinomyxon stage of Myxobolus cerebralis and release of mature spores from Tubifex tubifex were shown to be temperature dependent. In the present work, the effect of temperature over a range of 5-30 degrees C on the development and release of the triactinomyxon stages of M. cerebralis was studied. Infected T. tubifex stopped releasing triactinomyxon spores 4 days after transfer from 15 degrees C to 25 degrees C or 30 degrees C. Transmission electron microscopic examinations of the tubificids held at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C for 3 days showed that all developmental stages degenerated and transformed to electron-dense clusters between the gut epithelial cells of T. tubifex. In contrast, tubificid worms held at 5 degrees C and 10 degrees C examined at the same time were heavily infected with many early developmental stages of triactinomyxon. At 15 degrees C, the optimal temperature for development, maturing and mature stages of the parasite were evident. Infected T. tubifex transferred from 15 degrees C to 20 degrees C stopped producing triactinomyxon spores after 15 days. However, 15 days at 20 degrees C was not sufficient to destroy all developmental stages of the parasite. When the tubificid worms were returned to 15 degrees C, the one-cell stages and the binucleate-cell stages resumed normal growth. It was also demonstrated that T. tubifex cured of infection by holding at 30 degrees C for 3 weeks and shifted to 15 degrees C could be re-infected with M. cerebralis spores. The waterborne triactinomyxon spores of M. cerebralis did not appear to be as short-lived as previously reported. More than 60% of experimentally produced waterborne triactinomyxon spores survived and maintained their infectivity for rainbow trout for 15 days at water temperatures up to 15 degrees C. In natural aquatic systems, the triactinomyxon spores may survive and keep their infectivity for periods even longer than 15 days.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA. melmatbouli@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Matbouli
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: McDowell
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Antonio
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Andree
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hedrick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000469:parasitology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000469:parasitology; D011529:Protozoan Infections, Animal / Q000469:parasitology*; D013170:Spores / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors