title: Representational abilities and the hearing status of child/mother dyads.
abstract: Two representational abilities, expressive and receptive language and symbolic play, were assessed in multiple formats in hearing and deaf 2-year-old children of hearing and deaf mothers. Based on maternal report, hearing children of hearing and deaf mothers produced more words than deaf children of hearing mothers, hearing children of hearing mothers more words than deaf children of deaf mothers, and deaf children of deaf mothers more words than deaf children of hearing mothers. Based on experimenter assessments, hearing children in both groups produced and comprehended more words than deaf children in both groups. By contrast, no differences emerged among these groups in child solitary symbolic play or in child-initiated or mother-initiated child collaborative symbolic play; all groups also increased equivalently in symbolic play between solitary and collaborative play. Representational language and symbolic play were unrelated in hearing children of hearing mothers and in deaf children of deaf mothers, but the 2 abilities were associated in children in the 2 child/mother mismatched hearing status groups. These findings are placed in the context of a proposed developing modularity of verbal and nonverbal symbol systems, and the implications of hearing status in communicative exchanges between children and their mothers in diverse hearing and deaf dyads are explored.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2030, USA. Marc_H_Bornstein@nih.gov
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bornstein
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Selmi
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Painter
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Marx
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003638:Deafness / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D010988:Play and Playthings; D012813:Sign Language; D012928:Social Desirability; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013561:Symbolism; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology