title: [Retrograde ejaculation].
abstract: Antegrade ejaculation requires intact anatomy and innervation of the bladder neck. Retrograde ejaculation is an uncommon cause of infertility and can be defined as the escape of seminal fluid from the posterior urethra into the bladder. This pathological condition can result from disturbances at the bladder neck due to anatomical lesions, neuropathic disorders or pharmacological influences. Also congenital and idiophatic causes have been described. The diagnosis may be confirmed by findings sperm in post-coital specimens of urine. Pharmacological manipulation, electro-ejaculation and vibro-ejaculation can be utilized to recovery ejaculation. When anterograde ejaculation in this patients cannot be restored artificial insemination using sperm recovered from the antegrade post-coital urine is indicated. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the data of literature on aetiology and therapy of retrograde ejaculation.
authors.affiliation: Cattedra e Divisione Clinicizzata di Urologia, Università degli Studi, Verona, Italia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malossini
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ficarra
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caleffi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004542:Ejaculation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D014521:Urethra / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology
vernacular_title: L'eiaculazione retrograda.