title: Double component action potentials in the posterior approach to the atrioventricular node: do they reflect activation delay in the slow pathway?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to elucidate the mechanism of double component action potentials in the posterior approach to the atrioventricular (AV) junctional area.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Double component action potentials are often associated with activation delay and therefore might be a marker of the location of the so-called slow pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  The AV junction was scanned for double component action potentials in Langendorff perfused pig and dog hearts, using conventional microelectrode recordings. Characteristics of these action potentials were investigated during basic and premature stimulation and cooling of the anterior approach to the node.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During basic stimulation, double component action potentials were recorded in 19 out of 20 hearts. In 74% of these cases, the second component occurred before the His deflection. During premature stimulation this percentage was 50%, while delay between the two components always increased. In 80% of the cases, the amplitude of the two components became <20 mV during progressive shortening of the coupling interval. The first component was generated by activation in superficial layers, the second one by activation in deeper layers. Cooling of the anterior region revealed that the second component was caused by activation arriving from the anterior region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Double component action potentials in the posterior approach to the AV node are generated by the asynchronous arrival of wave fronts in different, weakly coupled layers or by the summation of asynchronously arriving wave fronts. They are not always associated with activation delay in the slow pathway.
authors.affiliation: Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of The Netherlands, Utrecht. j.m.debakker@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Bakker
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hocini
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thibault
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Janse
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000502:physiology*; D002036:Bundle of His / Q000502:physiology; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004285:Dogs; D008839:Microelectrodes; D013552:Swine