title: Physiological and psychometric variables for monitoring recovery during tapering for major competition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study attempted to identify variables that are useful in monitoring recovery during tapering.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in physiological variables, tethered swimming force, mood states, and self-ratings of well-being were measured in 10 elite swimmers from before to after 2 wk of tapering for national championships. Physiological measures included resting heart rate (HR); blood pressure (BP); blood lactate concentration; red blood cell, white blood cell, and differential counts; and plasma cortisol, free testosterone, and catecholamine concentrations. Measures taken after 100-m maximal and 200-m standardized submaximal swims included HR, BP, and blood lactate concentration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Step-down regression analysis showed that changes in plasma norepinephrine concentration, heart rate after maximal effort swimming and confusion as measured by the Profile of Mood States (POMS) predicted the change in swimming time with tapering (r2 = 0.98); the change in plasma norepinephrine concentration predicted the change in swim time with tapering (r2 = 0.82) by itself.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that recovery after intense training can be monitored during tapering and that an accurate prediction of performance changes may be possible if the changes in a range of physiological and psychological variables are measured.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. sueh@hms.uq.edu.au
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Mackinnon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011594:Psychometrics; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine