title: Rational inhibitor design, synthesis and NMR spectroscopic study by transferred nuclear overhauser spectroscopy of novel inhibitors of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, a critical enzyme in lignification.
abstract: Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase is one of the enzymes controlling the first two committed steps of lignification. Using a 3-dimensional similarity model of this enzyme, a series of novel phosphonates (1-5) was designed as potential inhibitors. Phosphonates 1-5 were synthesized in good yield by reaction of the corresponding cinnamaldehydes with tetraethylmethylene diphosphonate. Monophosphonic acids 6 and 7 were obtained by basic hydrolysis of the corresponding phosphonates while phosphonamidate 8 was synthesized by reacting benzylamine with the iminium salt intermediate of the monophosphonic acid. Using recombinant cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD, EC 1.1.1.195) the inhibitory activity of these compounds was evaluated and compared with that of the carbonyl analogues. Inhibition kinetic studies showed compounds 2 and 3 to be mixed type linear inhibitors while compound 4 was uncompetitive. 1H NMR studies of inhibitor 2, for which Ki and Ki' were 20 and 86 microM, respectively, in the presence of CAD based on selective line-broadening showed an increased interaction of the 3-OMe group of the aromatic ring of the inhibitor with the active site of the CAD. A transferred nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy (TRNOESY) experiment for inhibitor 2 with CAD was used to determine the conformation of this compound bound to CAD. These results were found to be consistent with the 3-dimensional structural model of the enzyme.
authors.affiliation: Université Paul-Sabatier, ESA CNRS 5068, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baltas
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Duran
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Embrey
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Giraudon
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: McKie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grima-Pettenati
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gorrichon
mesh_terms: D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D015195:Drug Design; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005052:Eucalyptus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D008031:Lignin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D020005:Propanols / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D063065:Organophosphonates; D020005:Propanols; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; D008031:Lignin; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C018656:cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; C020722:cinnamyl alcohol