title: The effects of oral contraceptive use on iron and copper concentrations in breast milk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of oral contraceptive (OC) treatment on maternal iron and copper metabolism during lactation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Private and public clinics in Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lactating mothers attending the family planning clinic of the University of Brasilia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The OCs used were a combination pill (0.15 mg of levonorgestrel and 0.03 mg of ethinyl estradiol) and a minipill (0.35 mg of norethidrone). Blood and breast milk samples were collected before and after a measured period of OC treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Iron and copper concentrations were studied in the serum and breast milk of 54 breast-feeding mothers who had been advised by their physicians to use an OC, and in a control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analysis was performed using a model that took into consideration socioeconomic status, number of children, duration of previous lactation, type of OC, length of treatment, and age. Repeated measurements (before and after OC treatment) showed that only copper concentrations in breast milk were significantly affected by stage of lactation. During the study period, which varied from 2-15 weeks, the decline in iron concentrations in breast milk was negligible, whereas copper concentrations decreased by 50%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of OCs does not appear to affect significantly the secretion of iron and copper in breast milk during the first 6 months of lactation.
authors.affiliation: University of Brasilia, Brazil. dorea@rudah.com.br
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Dorea
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Miazaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D007774:Lactation; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D003300:Copper; D007501:Iron