title: Use patterns and residual levels of organophosphate pesticides on vegetables in Trinidad, West Indies.
abstract: The twin-island state of Trinidad and Tobago produces much of the fresh fruit and vegetables consumed locally, although some are exported to Europe and North America. On average, approximately 1500 tons of pesticides are imported annually, of which about 10-15% are organophosphates. A survey of local farmers revealed that a wide range of pesticides are used and that the same pesticides are used on several crops to control different pests. Application rates exceeding manufacturers' recommendations are also common, as is the disregard of recommended preharvest intervals after pesticide application. Praedial larceny and subsequent sale of freshly sprayed crops also contribute to the risks posed to consumers by pesticide residues. A market basket survey of produce conducted between October 1996 and May 1997 in Trinidad for organophosphate pesticides showed that 10% of produce exceeded the internationally acceptable maximum residue limits (MRLs) for the respective pesticides. Celery constituted 6.5% of all such samples, with over 83% of celery samples exceeding the MRL. Organophosphate pesticides detected were methamidophos, triazophos, prophenofos, diazinon, ethion, pirimiphos methyl, malathion, and dimethoate, with the first 4 being the most commonly detected. There is an urgent need for comprehensive monitoring and control of pesticides on produce by local regulatory agencies, especially because the above data relate only to one class of pesticides. The education of farmers on safe operating practices regarding pesticide application and observation of recommended preharvest intervals for applied pesticides is also required.
authors.affiliation: University of the West Indies, Department of Chemistry, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bekele
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kalloo
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D005506:Food Contamination; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D014300:Trinidad and Tobago; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010573:Pesticide Residues