title: Relation of probability of causation to relative risk and doubling dose: a methodologic error that has become a social problem.
abstract: Epidemiologists, biostatisticians, and health physicists frequently serve as expert consultants to lawyers, courts, and administrators. One of the most common errors committed by experts is to equate, without qualification, the attributable fraction estimated from epidemiologic data to the probability of causation requested by courts and administrators. This error has become so pervasive that it has been incorporated into judicial precedents and legislation. This commentary provides a brief overview of the error and the context in which it arises.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles 90290-3434, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greenland
mesh_terms: D015984:Causality; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004813:Epidemiology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005104:Expert Testimony; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000150:complications; D012306:Risk; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology