title: Manure-related accidents: the historical perspective.
abstract: Liquid manure is an important element in modern intensive agriculture. However, its handling and storage present acute risks in the form of toxic or explosive gases and large storage containers, access to which is often inadequately secured. In recent years occupational medicine and accident prevention experts have begun the task of systematically identifying the sources of risk and formulating safety guidelines. The present paper, a byproduct of research into the epidemiology of manure-related accidents in eastern Switzerland, explores the history of this type of accident. The historical record shows that in centuries past such events were an urban rather than a rural phenomenon. The main sources of risk were the cesspits in which domestic, hospital and prison waste was collected, cemeteries and church crypts where the dead were laid to rest and even the holds of ships transporting cargos of dried excrement intended for use as agricultural fertiliser. Historical accounts indicate that then, as now, there was often inadequate awareness of the dangers of such installations, despite the many (often dramatic) contemporary reports of accidents and fatalities caused by failure to institute and observe basic safety rules.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Innere Medizin A, Pneumologische Abteilung, Kantonsspital, Freiburg.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knoblauch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mughrabi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boyle
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational; D000818:Animals; D005060:Europe; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000266:history; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008372:Manure; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000266:history*; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000266:history*
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D008372:Manure