title: Up-regulation of retinoic acid receptor beta expression in renal cancers in vivo correlates with response to 13-cis-retinoic acid and interferon-alpha-2a.
abstract: Retinoic acid receptor-beta (RAR-beta) mRNA is not expressed by retinoid-resistant renal cancer cell lines but is present in retinoid-sensitive SK-RC-06 renal cancer cells and increases following incubation with retinoic acid (RA), suggesting that the antitumor action of RA is mediated through RAR-beta (A. D. Hoffman et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 2: 1077-1082, 2996). To determine whether RAR-beta expression correlates in vivo with major clinical response to patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who were treated with retinoid-based therapy, we used in situ hybridization to analyze RAR-beta expression in tumor specimens obtained from patients who were treated on a clinical trial with 13-cis-RA and IFN-alpha. Thirty-three tissue specimens were analyzed (23 pretreatment and 10 on-treatment). mRNA expression was based on staining intensity, with scores within tumor cells ranging from 0 to 2, where a score of 0 indicated absence of staining, a score of 1 indicated weak staining, and a score of 2 indicated strong staining. RAR-beta expression was present in 22 of 23 (96%) pretreatment and 9 of 10 (90%) on-treatment specimens. Pretreatment levels of expression did not associate with the site of biopsy and did not predict for major clinical response to RA plus IFN-alpha therapy (two-sided Fisher's exact test, P = 0.826). However, an increase in the intensity of RAR-beta mRNA expression was detected in four of five (80%) patients who achieved a major response but in none of the five patients with progressive disease in whom sequential biopsies were available (two-sided Fisher's exact test, P = 0.048). These data show that RAR-beta transcripts increase in tumor cells of RCC patients who clinically respond to retinoid-based therapy. Retinoids that potently induce RAR-beta expression should be evaluated in the treatment of advanced RCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nanus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazumdar
authors.forename: X C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lotan
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Motzer
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D004347:Drug Interactions; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015474:Isotretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D016898:Interferon-alpha; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta; D015474:Isotretinoin