title: HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections in a cohort of female sex workers in Chiang Rai, Thailand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine demographic and behavioural factors and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) associated with prevalent HIV-1 infection among brothel based and other female sex workers (FSWs) in Chiang Rai, northern Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory evaluations on Thai FSWs enrolled in a prospective cohort study in Chiang Rai, Thailand, from 1991 to the end of 1994.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV-1 seroprevalence was 32% among 500 women: 47% for 280 brothel workers and 13% for 220 other FSWs (p < 0.001); 96% of infections were due to HIV-1 subtype E. At enrolment, other STIs were common: chlamydia, 20%; gonorrhoea, 15%; active syphilis (serological diagnosis), 9%; genital ulcer, 12%; seroreactivity to Haemophilus ducreyi, 21%, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), 76%. On multiple logistic regression analysis, HIV-1 was associated with brothel work, birth in upper northern Thailand, initiation of commercial sex at < 15 years of age, syphilis, HSV-2 seropositivity, and genital ulcer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young Thai FSWs working in brothels in northern Thailand in the early phase of the HIV epidemic have been at very high risk for HIV-1 infection and several other STIs. Programmes are needed to prevent girls and young women from entering the sex industry and to reduce the risk of infection with HIV-1 and other STIs.
authors.affiliation: HIV/AIDS Collaboration, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Limpakarnjanarat
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Mastro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saisorn
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Uthaivoravit
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaewkungwal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korattana
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Weniger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nieburg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003268:Contraception Behavior; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011477:Sex Work / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology