title: Higher total homocysteine concentrations and lower folate concentrations in premenopausal black women than in premenopausal white women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Premenopausal black women have a greater rate of coronary artery disease (CAD) than do premenopausal white women. Plasma total homocysteine concentrations, a risk factor for CAD, have not been reported in premenopausal black women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare plasma total homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12 concentrations in premenopausal black and white women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-nine black and 90 white, healthy, premenopausal women living in Portland, OR, were recruited. Dietary histories were obtained by using the Diet Habit Survey, a 40-item eating-behavior questionnaire. Plasma concentrations of total homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12 were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Black women had higher plasma total homocysteine (8.32 compared with 7.60 micromol/L;P = 0. 013), lower plasma folate (6.62 compared with 9.88 nmol/L;P < 0. 0001), and higher vitamin B-12 (355 compared with 283 pmol/L;P < 0. 001) concentrations than white women. White women had a greater rate of daily multivitamin supplement use (42.4% compared with 24.7%;P = 0.019) and ate more ready-to-eat cereal than did black women. After adjustment for multivitamin use and intake of ready-to-eat cereal, plasma total homocysteine concentrations did not differ significantly, but plasma folate remained significantly lower in the black women. None of the black women but 12.3% of the white women (P = 0.013) were homozygous for the cytosine to thymidine mutation at nucleotide 677 in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Black women had higher plasma total homocysteine and lower plasma folate concentrations than white women, largely because of lifestyle factors, which may contribute to the greater rate of CAD in premenopausal black than in white women.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, General Clinical Research Center, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Gerhard
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Malinow
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: DeLoughery
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wander
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Connor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D008875:Middle Aged; D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors / Q000235:genetics; D017697:Premenopause; D012016:Reference Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood*; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D014805:Vitamin B 12