title: Modulation of the pacemaker current If by beta-adrenoceptor subtypes in ventricular myocytes isolated from hypertensive and normotensive rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors (beta 1-AR and beta 2-AR) are functionally present in human and rat ventricular myocytes. The two receptor subtypes are differently regulated during the development of myocardial hypertrophy and failure. I(f) is expressed in human and rat ventricular myocytes. In hypertrophied myocytes isolated from old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) the density is much larger than in age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY). Due to the possible relevance of I(f) as an arrhythmogenic mechanism in the rat and human ventricle, we studied and compared the effects of beta 1-AR and beta 2-AR stimulation on I(f) in both hypertrophied and normal left ventricular myocytes of 18-month old SHR and WKY.
  
  
  METHODS
  The whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique was employed. Noradrenaline (NA, 1 microM) was used to stimulate beta 1-AR and isoprenaline (ISO, 1 microM) in the presence of the beta 1-AR antagonist CGP 20712A (0.1 microM) to stimulate beta 2-AR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In SHR, NA increased I(f) by causing a 10.8 +/- 0.9 mV (n = 10) positive shift in the voltage of maximal activation (V1/2); this effect was completely reversed by CGP 20712A. beta 2-AR stimulation was effective in seven out of 13 cells tested, where it caused a small positive shift in V1/2 (4.0 +/- 1.7 mV). Cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), a selective A1-receptor agonist, reversed the effect of NA; the antiadrenergic action of CPA was abolished in cells pre-incubated with pertussis toxin (PTX) to block inhibitory G proteins (Gi). In PTX-treated cells the shift in V1/2 caused by both beta 2-AR (9.6 +/- 1.7 mV, n = 6, p < 0.05) and beta 1-AR (17.6 +/- 1.9 mV, n =7, p < 0.05) was significantly greater than in control cells. Both beta-AR subtypes modulated I(f) activation also in WKY: beta 1-AR shifted V1/2 by 16.0 +/- 1.4 mV (n = 15) and beta 2-AR by 4.2 +/- 1.1 mV (n = 7). However, in PTX-treated WKY cells only the beta 2-AR effect was potentiated (shift in V1/2: 11.4 +/- 1.4 mV, n = 9, p < 0.01), while the beta 1-AR response was unchanged (18.9 +/- 4.2 mV, n = 5, n.s.).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  I(f) expressed in SHR hypertrophied ventricular myocytes is modulated by catecholamines mainly through the stimulation of the beta 1-AR subtype. The beta 1-AR response is, however, significantly lower than that observed in myocytes from normotensive rats, probably as a consequence of the presence of an increased inhibitory activity of Gi proteins. This post-receptorial control may be seen as a mechanism to limit the arrhythmogenicity of beta-AR stimulation in myocardial hypertrophy and failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cerbai
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pino
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mugelli
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects*; D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D058646:Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists; D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019206:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go / Q000378:metabolism; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000187:drug effects*; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000187:drug effects; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D058646:Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists; D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D002395:Catecholamines; D007093:Imidazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella; C048599:N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine; C026777:ICI 118551; C049763:CGP 20712A; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D019206:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go; D000241:Adenosine; D007545:Isoproterenol; D009638:Norepinephrine