title: Dynamic accommodation and myopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accommodative effort during nearwork is thought to be a causative factor in the development of myopia. It has been proposed that an anomaly in autonomic control may be a precursor to the development of myopia. In the present study the closed-loop accommodation response after variations in fixation period was investigated in emmetropes, early-onset myopes and late-onset myopes to determine characteristics of reflex accommodation for each refractive group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Closed-loop accommodation responses were measured in a group of emmetropes (n = 7), early-onset myopes (n = 7), and late-onset myopes (n = 7) by use of a dynamic tracking infrared optometer. A variation in fixation period (10 seconds, 60 seconds, and 180 seconds) before an accommodative step was used to stimulate the accommodation control mechanism differentially.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group results of accommodative response times showed that late-onset myopes were significantly affected by the duration of fixation before the change in stimulus vergence. Accommodative response times after 3 minutes of sustained near vision were significantly longer than those observed for other groups for the near-to-far condition. Reaction time appears to be independent of refractive grouping, prior fixation period, and direction of step change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Late-onset myopes showed significantly extended accommodation response times after a sustained near vision task that was demonstrable under well-controlled experimental conditions. The extended response times observed in the present study were consistent with previous reports of refractive shifts in late-onset myopes and early-onset myopes and provide a corollary between reflex and adaptive components of the accommodation response. Potential mechanisms are discussed in an attempt to explain the resultant hysteresis under closed-loop viewing conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Optometry, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Culhane
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winn
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000503:physiopathology*