title: Cysteine-scanning mutagenesis of an eukaryotic pore-forming toxin from sea anemone: topology in lipid membranes.
abstract: Equinatoxin II is a cysteineless pore-forming protein from the sea anemone Actinia equina. It readily creates pores in membranes containing sphingomyelin. Its topology when bound in lipid membranes has been studied using cysteine-scanning mutagenesis. At approximately every tenth residue, a cysteine was introduced. Nineteen single cysteine mutants were produced in Escherichia coli and purified. The accessibility of the thiol groups in lipid-embedded cysteine mutants was studied by reaction with biotin maleimide. Most of the mutants were modified, except those with cysteines at positions 105 and 114. Mutants R144C and S160C were modified only at high concentrations of the probe. Similar results were obtained if membrane-bound biotinylated mutants were tested for avidin binding, but in this case three more mutants gave a negative result: S1C, S13C and K43C. Furthermore, mutants S1C, S13C, K20C, K43C and S95C reacted with biotin only after insertion into the lipid, suggesting that they were involved in major conformational changes occurring upon membrane binding. These results were further confirmed by labeling the mutants with acrylodan, a polarity-sensitive fluorescent probe. When labeled mutants were combined with vesicles, the following mutants exhibited blue-shifts, indicating the transfer of acrylodan into a hydrophobic environment: S13C, K20C, S105C, S114C, R120C, R144C and S160C. The overall results suggest that at least two regions are embedded within the lipid membrane: the N-terminal 13-20 region, probably forming an amphiphilic helix, and the tryptophan-rich 105-120 region. Arg144, Ser160 and residues nearby could be involved in making contacts with lipid headgroups. The association with the membrane appears to be unique and different from that of bacterial pore-forming proteins and therefore equinatoxin II may serve as a model for eukaryotic channel-forming toxins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Lijubljana, Slovenia. gregor.anderluh@uni-lj.si
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anderluh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barlic
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Podlesek
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Macek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pungercar
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gubensek
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Zecchini
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Menestrina
mesh_terms: D015081:2-Naphthylamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D001360:Avidin; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D001710:Biotin; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry; D008081:Liposomes; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015335:Molecular Probes; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012615:Sea Anemones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D003064:Cnidarian Venoms; D008081:Liposomes; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D015335:Molecular Probes; D012996:Solutions; D001360:Avidin; C012307:equinatoxin; D001710:Biotin; C038518:acrylodan; D015081:2-Naphthylamine; D003545:Cysteine