title: Changed pattern in the use of episiotomy in Sweden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study changes in the use of episiotomy since 1989, controlling for variables such as severe tears, epidural anaesthesia, duration of the second stage of labour, instrumental deliveries, birthweight and maternal position at delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study. Data were obtained from original birth records and questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  Huddinge University Hospital and all labour wards (n = 62) in Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  10,661 women who were delivered vaginally (4575 nulliparae, 6086 multiparae) between 1992 and 1994, and 3366 nulliparae delivered in all Swedish hospitals during the month of March 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  Episiotomy rates, severe tears and instrumental deliveries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of episiotomy was 1% and of severe tears 0.6% among multiparae delivered vaginally (including instrumental deliveries) at Huddinge University Hospital between 1992 and 1994. The rate of episiotomy was 6.6% and of severe tears 2.3% among nulliparae. Vacuum extraction and epidural anaesthesia were more commonly associated with episiotomy. Factors significantly associated with severe tears were infant birthweight > or = 4000 g, vacuum extraction and episiotomy. In all Swedish labour wards in 1995 the mean incidence of episiotomy in nulliparae was 24.5%, a significant decrease from 33.7% in 1989. Wide variations occurred between hospitals (4%-50%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of episiotomy was much reduced at Huddinge University Hospital, with a consistently low rate of severe tears. This supports the growing evidence for individualised and restrictive use of episiotomy at childbirth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Röckner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fianu-Jonasson
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D001724:Birth Weight; D004841:Episiotomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010298:Parity; D010502:Perineum / Q000293:injuries; D011247:Pregnancy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden; D014620:Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical