title: The occurrence and persistence of mixed biofilms in automobile air conditioning systems.
abstract: Twelve automobile air conditioner systems from six manufacturers and three countries, selected mostly because of complaints of unpleasant odors in the passenger compartment, were examined for microbial growth by direct microscopy and enrichment culture. Mixed populations of fungi and bacteria (with occasional protozoa) were observed in biofilms in at least some of the components from all used units. The aluminum heat exchanger fins from ten evaporators demonstrated bacterial biofilms that yielded Methylobacterium mesophilicum. Penicillium viridicatum colonized components from four units. These bacteria and fungi were recoverable repeatedly from these units during 'dry' storage of up to 27 months. This report associates a bacterial-fungal community with disagreeable air quality in some automobiles.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research Center, Dept of Biology, PO Box 4010, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Crow
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ahearn
mesh_terms: D000389:Air Conditioning; D001336:Automobiles; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D018441:Biofilms; D005658:Fungi / Q000254:growth & development*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron