title: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: anxiety phenomena in children treated with psychostimulant medication for 6 months or more.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The intermediate- to long-term use of psychostimulant medication has unclear benefits on the core symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and delayed onset affective symptom side effects which can mimic these core ADHD symptoms. 'ADHD and anxiety' has also been associated with a poor response to short-term psychostimulant medication treatment. In addition, it is unclear whether 'ADHD and anxiety' should be defined from the child's and/or the parent's perspective. We propose that anxiety will be increased in children with ADHD who are treated with psychostimulant medication in the intermediate- to long-term who are identified by clinicians as poor responders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty children with ADHD who were medicated for 6 months or more and who had ongoing core symptoms of ADHD were compared to 20 age- and IQ-matched children with ADHD who were medication-naïve. Chi-squared tests were performed on the categorical dependent variables and independent t-tests on the dependent continuous variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anxiety is significantly increased in children with ADHD treated with psychostimulant medication in the intermediate- to long-term who are noted by clinicians to have ongoing core symptoms of ADHD. This statistically significant finding is evident with both categorical and dimensional measures of anxiety from the child's perspective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recognition of anxiety and its management in children with ADHD is generally poorly understood. In this particular group of children with ADHD, anxiety may be a side effect of intermediate- to long-term psychostimulant medication and/or a potential marker for a poor response to intermediate- to long-term psychostimulant medication treatment.
authors.affiliation: Maroondah Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service, Victoria, Australia. alasdair.vance@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Vance
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Luk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Costin
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Tonge
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pantelis
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants