title: Peroperative determination of safe superior transarticular screw trajectory through the lateral mass.
abstract: METHODS
  Computerized anatomic reconstruction of the dry axis vertebra was performed to determine radiologic guidelines for safe superior transarticular screw trajectory.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To reconstruct the transarticular screw trajectory, using computer-aided design techniques, and develop a technique that provides real-time intraoperative guidance during screw placement.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A recent osteometric study of 50 dry specimens of the axis noted significant vertebral artery groove anomalies in 22% of specimens. There are presently no anatomic or radiologic guidelines to help surgeons avoid an enlarged vertebral groove, despite the fact that a safe screw trajectory through the lateral mass is primarily dependent on the its depth and the internal height of the lateral mass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using computer-aided design techniques, we re-analyzed the vertebral grooves of 50 dry specimens and mapped minimum and corrected safe superior trajectories for any given depth of this groove. This knowledge was extrapolated to spiral computed tomographic scan data, which was used to develop the clinical method for safe superior trajectory. Real-time fluoroscopy was used to apply the method intraoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Internal height less than 2.1 mm or values less than 0.85 for the ratio of the mean internal height over the mean vertebral groove depth would result in unacceptable risk to vertebral artery injury and improper screw purchase. With every 0.5-mm increase in groove depth, the angle of trajectory increases by 1 degree at a pedicle length of 30 mm. There is an inverse linear relation between the superior angle of trajectory and the pedicle length (2 degrees = 5 +/- 0.5 mm). Screw diameter-dependent trajectory correction is required (3.5 mm = 7 degrees).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Before atlantoaxial transarticular surgery, vertebral groove depth should be evaluated and a safe screw trajectory angle should be plotted to determine anatomic suitability. This trajectory angle can be used with intraoperative real-time fluoroscopy to guide the surgeon during screw insertion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Solanki
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Crockard
mesh_terms: D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint; D001368:Axis, Cervical Vertebra / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001863:Bone Screws; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000293:injuries