title: Seasonal affective symptoms in adults with residual attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: There is evidence from clinical, epidemiological, and neuroimaging studies that attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may have several features in common. To assess seasonal affective symptoms in adults with ADHD, 115 individuals attending an adult ADHD clinic in Toronto, Ontario, Canada were asked to complete the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). From this clinic population of 115, a total of 56 completed SPAQs were returned. Assuming that all individuals failing to complete the SPAQ were nonseasonal and depending on which case-finding criteria were used, the rate of SAD in the overall clinic sample was estimated at either 10.4% (Terman criteria) or 19.1% (criteria of Kasper et al.). These prevalence rates are significantly greater than the rates reported in large population surveys at similar latitudes. There was an apparent relationship between female gender, impulsive-subtype ADHD, and seasonality. Future studies to examine whether core symptoms of ADHD fluctuate across the seasons and to assess the efficacy of light therapy in "seasonal" ADHD patients would be of great theoretical and clinical interest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Levitan
authors.forename: U R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Katzman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires