title: TMD in children and adolescents: prevalence of pain, gender differences, and perceived treatment need.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pain that is related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD), gender differences, and perceived treatment need in children and adolescents at a public dental clinic in Linköping, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 862 children and adolescents aged 12 to 18 years received a questionnaire and their jaw opening was measured. Those who reported pain once a week or more in the masticatory system received a more comprehensive examination, including the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD and a neurologic examination (group 1). Group 2 reported pain less than once a week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven percent of subjects (63/862) were diagnosed with TMD pain. Both genders exhibited similar distributions of TMD diagnoses, except that myofascial pain was significantly more common in girls than in boys. Prevalence of pain once a week or more was reported as: 21% in the head; 12% in the temples; and 3% in the face, temporomandibular joint, or jaws. The prevalence of TMD-related pain was significantly higher in girls than in boys. Self-reported TMD symptoms were significantly more common (P < 0.001) in group 1. No significant gender differences were found in group 1 for pain intensity, behavioral rating scale scores, medicine consumption, reported days of school absence, or perceived need for treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, TMD-related pain was more common in girls than in boys. A majority of children and adolescents who experienced pain once a week or more perceived a need for treatment. Seven percent of the examined subjects were diagnosed with TMD pain.
authors.affiliation: TMD Unit, Specialist Centre for Oral Rehabilitation, Linköping, Sweden. Thomas.List@oralrehab.ftv.lio.se
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: List
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wahlund
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wenneberg
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Dworkin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D020380:Needs Assessment; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015995:Prevalence; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012737:Sex Factors; D013016:Sound; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013706:Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000209:etiology