title: Genetic evolutionary staging of early non-small cell lung cancer: the P53 --> HER-2/NEU --> ras sequence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sequence of genetic evolutionary abnormalities that have occurred in a given lung cancer tumor before tumor sampling can be inferred from patterns of intracellular co-occurrence of these abnormalities in tumor cell subpopulations at the time of sampling. The same evolutionary sequences that are present within each lung cancer were evident in intertumor comparisons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Correlated cell by cell measurements of cell DNA content, p53, Her-2/neu, and ras proteins were obtained by multiparameter flow cytometry on 46 surgically resected stage I-III primary non-small cell lung cancers. Early evolutionary changes were identified by the fact that they could appear alone in individual cells. Later appearing abnormalities were identified by the fact that they were accompanied by early abnormalities in the same cells. Patients were followed prospectively. Evolutionary patterns observed in individual tumors were correlated with subsequent clinical outcome of patients undergoing surgical resection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three common patterns were identified: (I) a diploid DNA pathway consisting of the sequence p53 overexpression --> Her-2/neu overexpression --> ras overexpression, (II) an aneuploid DNA pathway with the same p53 --> Her-2/neu --> ras sequence, and (III) a pathway in which none of the intracellular protein measurements made here were abnormal. Fourteen tumors recurred after 11.5 months' median study time. Nine of 12 recurrences in pathways I and II occurred in patients whose tumors were far advanced along these molecular genetic pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiparameter cell-based genetic evolutionary studies may be a promising approach for identifying patients with stage I-III non-small cell lung cancer at high risk for recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Human Oncology, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Shackney
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pollice
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Magovern
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wiechmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Landreneau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000782:Aneuploidy; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015870:Gene Expression; D018734:Genes, erbB-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D016158:Genes, p53 / Q000235:genetics*; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods*; D011003:Ploidies; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm