title: Microcirculatory investigations to determine the effect of spinal cord stimulation for critical leg ischemia: the Dutch multicenter randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with non-reconstructable critical limb ischemia generally undergo medical treatment only to prevent or postpone amputation. There is some evidence that spinal cord stimulation (SCS) stimulates ischemic wound healing. Thus, this could benefit limb survival through improved skin perfusion. We investigated the effect of SCS versus conservative treatment on skin microcirculation in relation to treatment outcome in patients with non-reconstructable critical limb ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard medical treatment plus SCS was compared with only standard medical treatment in a multicenter randomized controlled trial comprised of 120 patients with surgically non-reconstructable chronic rest pain or ulceration. We investigated skin microcirculation by means of capillary microscopy, laser Doppler perfusion, and transcutaneous oxygen measurements in the foot. The microcirculatory status just before treatment was classified in three categories (poor, intermediate, and good) and was related to limb survival after a minimum follow-up period of 18 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical parameters, peripheral blood pressures, and limb survival rates showed no significant differences between the SCS and standard groups during the follow-up period. In both treatment groups, amputation frequency after 18 months was high in patients with an initially poor microcirculatory skin perfusion (SCS 80% vs standard treatment 71%; NS) and low in those with a good skin perfusion (29% vs 11 %, respectively; NS). In patients with an intermediate skin microcirculation amputation, frequency was twice as low in patients additionally treated with SCS as in the standard treatment group (48% vs 24%; P =.08). In these patients, microcirculatory reactive hyperemia during the follow-up period reduced in the standard group but not in the SCS group (P <.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selection on the basis of the initial microcirculatory skin perfusion identifies patients in whom SCS can improve local skin perfusion and limb survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Ubbink
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Spincemaille
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Reneman
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002637:Chest Pain; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016523:Foot Ulcer / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia; D007511:Ischemia / Q000628:therapy*; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010092:Oximetry; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler