title: Spinal antinociceptive effect of epidural nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on nitric oxide-induced hyperalgesia in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) suppress various hyperalgesia perhaps via inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity at the spinal cord. The present study aimed to examine whether epidural application of NSAIDs affects hyperalgesia induced by nitric oxide.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied the antinociceptive effects of epidurally administered NSAIDs in rats with a chronically in-dwelling epidural catheter by three hyperalgesic models, including nitric oxide-induced hyperalgesia by nitroglycerin (10 microg) or l-arginine (100 microg), and the biphasic response in the formalin test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epidural, but not systemic, nitroglycerin induced hyperalgesia that was completely blocked by methylene blue but not by N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Epidural l-arginine, but not d-arginine, also induced hyperalgesia that was completely blocked by L-NAME. Epidural S(+)ibuprofen (100-1,000 microg) suppressed the nitroglycerin- and l-arginine-induced thermal hyperalgesia and also the second phase response in the formalin test. Neither systemic S(+)ibuprofen nor epidural R(-)ibuprofen suppressed the hyperalgesia Epidural indomethacin (10-100 microg) or diclofenac (10-1,000 microg) dose-dependently suppressed nitroglycerin-induced thermal hyperalgesia The order of potency for this suppression (ID50 in microg) was indomethacin = didofenac > S(+)ibuprofen >> R(-)ibuprofen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antinociceptive action of epidurally administered NSAIDs could be the result of suppression of spinal sensitization, perhaps induced with nitric oxide in the spinal cord. The ID50 values for epidural indomethacin, diclofenac, and S(+)ibuprofen were about 10 times higher than those reported in other studies for intrathecal NSAIDs in hyperalgesia models. (Key words: Cyclooxygenase inhibitors; NO donor; NO precursor; optical isomers; neuroplasticity.)
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masue
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dohi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimonaka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004824:Epidural Space; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester