title: Phase 1 evaluation of intranasal virosomal influenza vaccine with and without Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin in adult volunteers.
abstract: Virosomal vaccines were prepared by extracting hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase from influenza virus and incorporating it in the membranes of liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine. Two intranasal spray vaccine series were prepared: one series comprised 7.5 micrograms of HA of each of three strains recommended by the World Health Organization and 1 microgram of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (HLT), and the other contained the HA without HLT. In addition, a third vaccine preparation contained 15 micrograms of HA and 2 micrograms of HLT. The parenteral virosomal vaccine contained 15 micrograms of HA without additional adjuvant. The immunogenicity of a single spray vaccination (15 micrograms of HA and 2 micrograms of HLT) was compared with that of two vaccinations (7.5 micrograms of HA with or without 1 microgram of HLT) with an interval of 1 week in 60 healthy working adults. Twenty volunteers received one parenteral virosomal vaccine. Two nasal spray vaccinations with HLT-adjuvanted virosomal influenza vaccine induced a humoral immune response which was comparable to that with a single parenteral vaccination. A significantly higher induction of influenza virus-specific immunoglobulin A was noted in the saliva after two nasal applications. The immune response after a single spray vaccination was significantly lower. It could be shown that the use of HLT as a mucosal adjuvant is necessary to obtain a humoral immune response comparable to that with parenteral vaccination. All vaccines were well tolerated.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational Medicine, SUVA Swiss National Accident Insurance Institute, CH-6002 Lucerne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Glück
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Gebbers
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Glück
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D004926:Escherichia coli; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000276:immunology; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008081:Liposomes; D008875:Middle Aged; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000276:immunology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D008081:Liposomes; C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli; D009439:Neuraminidase