title: Synchronization of the G1/S transition in response to corneal debridement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study's intention was to examine the progression of ocular surface epithelium through the G1/S transition of the cell cycle after corneal epithelial debridement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-millimeter debridements were made in central rat cornea and allowed to heal 4 to 48 hours in vivo. Unwounded contralateral eyes served as controls. Two hours before the animals were killed, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected to detect S-phase cells. Incorporated BrdU was visualized by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, and expression of G1 cell-cycle markers cyclins D and E was examined by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of BrdU-labeled cells in conjunctival, limbal, and peripheral epithelium peaked at 28 hours after wounding (3.9-, 4.5-, and 3.2-fold increases, respectively). In unwounded eyes, cyclin D showed diffuse cytoplasmic localization with occasional basal cells exhibiting a nuclear localization, while anti-cyclin E showed intense localization in limbal and conjunctival basal cells but only minimal labeling in corneal epithelium. Within 8 to 12 hours after wounding, the nuclei of most corneal basal cells outside the wound area were bound intensely by anti-cyclins D and E. Immunoblotting revealed that cyclin D and E protein levels increased 4.5- and 12.1-fold after wounding, respectively. Epithelium migrating into the wound area did not incorporate BrdU and did not exhibit nuclear localization of cyclins D and E.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Corneal epithelial debridement stimulates basal cells outside the wound area to synchronously enter the cell cycle. However, cells migrating to cover the wound area do not progress through the cell cycle. These data suggest a compartmentalization of the proliferative and migratory phases of wound repair.
authors.affiliation: Schepens Eye Research Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hutcheon
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Zieske
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002455:Cell Division; D002465:Cell Movement; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D056741:Cyclin D; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D004261:DNA Replication; D003646:Debridement; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016196:S Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D056741:Cyclin D; D019927:Cyclin E; D016213:Cyclins