title: Growth of infants prenatally exposed to cocaine/crack: comparison of a prenatal care and a no prenatal care sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has not been possible to draw firm conclusions about the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure because of methodologic problems involved in the conduct of this research. This study, designed to overcome some of these methodologic problems, is a prospective, longitudinal investigation of the effects of prenatal cocaine/crack exposure on neonatal growth in two samples, one with and one without prenatal care (PC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Women in the PC sample (n = 295) were interviewed at the end of each trimester about their use of cocaine, crack, alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and other drugs. Women in the no prenatal care (NPC) sample (n = 98) were interviewed at delivery about their drug use during each trimester of pregnancy. In both samples, information was also obtained about sociodemographic, lifestyle, psychologic, and social support characteristics. Both samples consisted of women who were predominantly low income, single, and high school educated. Of the women, 48% in the PC sample were black; 81% in the NPC sample were black. Infants were examined during the postpartum hospital stay by project nurses who were blind to maternal substance use status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women in both samples who used cocaine/crack during pregnancy were older, had lower family incomes, and used more alcohol than did women who did not use cocaine/crack during pregnancy. In addition, women in the NPC sample were more likely to be black, less educated, gained less weight during pregnancy, and used more alcohol than did women in the PC sample, regardless of cocaine use. In both samples, cocaine/crack use during early pregnancy predicted reduced gestational age, birth weight, length, and head circumference, after controlling for the significant covariates of cocaine use. In a comparison of the samples, the offspring of the NPC/cocaine group were significantly smaller than were the offspring of the PC/no cocaine group, whereas the offspring of the PC/cocaine and NPC/cocaine groups did not differ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that exposure to cocaine/crack during early pregnancy decreases the intrauterine growth of exposed offspring in women with and without PC. Each of the growth parameters was affected indicating symmetric growth retardation. The adequacy of PC was not a significant factor in determining the difference between cocaine-exposed and nonexposed infants. These samples are being followed throughout childhood to determine whether there are long-term effects of prenatal cocaine/crack exposure on growth.
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Child Development Unit, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA. gar+@pitt.edu
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hamel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goldschmidt
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Day
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001827:Body Height / Q000187:drug effects; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016578:Crack Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine; D003042:Cocaine