title: Independent and incremental prognostic value of heart rate variability in patients with chronic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decreased heart rate variability (HRV), indicating derangement in cardiac autonomic control, has been reported in patients with chronic heart failure. However, the independent and incremental prognostic value of HRV over clinical data and measures of left ventricular dysfunction has been less thoroughly investigated. This study was designed to evaluate the predictive value of HRV and Poincaré plots as assessed by 24-hour Holter recording in patients with chronic heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-seven patients, mean age 55 +/- 13 years, with radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction </=40% underwent echocardiographic examination and 24-hour Holter recording. Heart failure was caused by coronary artery disease in 57 patients (59%) and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in 40 (41%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During follow-up (39 +/- 18 months), 32 cardiac deaths occurred. By Cox multivariate analysis, significant predictors of death were left ventricular end-systolic volume (hazard ratio 1.04), low- to high-frequency ratio (hazard ratio 0.09), percentage of differences between successive normal R-R intervals >50 ms (hazard ratio 0.93), and age (hazard ratio 1.06). Furthermore, HRV analysis improved (P <. 001) the prognostic power of a model including clinical and echocardiographic data, left ventricular ejection fraction, and ventricular arrhythmias at Holter recording, whereas the inclusion of Poincaré plots did not add further predictive value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our investigation demonstrated that HRV has independent and incremental prognostic value in patients with chronic heart failure and seems useful to stratify patients at high risk of cardiac death.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Naples, Italy. bonaduce@unina.it
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonaduce
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petretta
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marciano
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Vicario
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Apicella
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nicolai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volpe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014463:Ultrasonography; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left