title: Factors predicting lower extremity amputations in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based 7-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to find factors predicting lower extremity amputation in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus through a 7-year follow-up period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Follow-up study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Altogether 733 diabetic patients. aged 10-79 years, were drawn from the national drug reimbursement register.
  
  
  METHODS
  At baseline, the patients underwent a podiatric, circulatory and neurophysiological examination. Seven years later a follow-up study was performed based on clinical and register data. Patient data for those who died during the follow-up were collected from hospital records and death certificates. All amputations were recorded. The patients with amputation were compared with the other patients and also, in a case-control manner, by taking three nonamputated patients matched by sex, type of diabetes, and age for each patient with amputation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of amputations was 25 in the sample. Compared with all patients without amputation, patients with amputation differed in altogether 24 variables concerning diabetes and its complications. Compared with the matched non-amputated patients, the amputated patients had longer duration of diabetes, lower ankle/brachial pressure index (ABI), more often history of retinopathy, nephropathy, and hypertension, more often visual handicap, elevated serum creatinine level, abnormal neurophysiological indices and electrophysiological findings. In the logistic regression analysis, vibration perception threshold, low ABI, history of retinopathy, visual handicap, and male sex were independently associated with lower extremity amputation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower extremity amputations were strongly associated with retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. The presence of any of these complications should lead to intensified actions in order to prevent amputations. As far as arterial circulation is concerned, claudication or absent peripheral pulses were not good predictors of amputation, whereas low ABI, despite its known weaknesses, was a reliable indicator of future amputation.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Centre, Social Insurance Institution, Turku, Finland. helena.hamalainen@kela.memonet.fi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hämäläinen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rönnemaa
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Halonen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toikka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors