title: Developmental changes in response to subatmospheric pressure loading of the upper airway.
abstract: Children snore less than adults and have fewer obstructive apneas, suggesting a less collapsible upper airway. We therefore hypothesized that the compensatory upper airway responses to subatmospheric pressure loading decrease with age because of changes in upper airway structure and ventilatory drive. We measured upper airway upstream pressure-flow relationships during sleep in 20 nonsnoring, nonobese children and adults. Measurements were made by correlating maximal inspiratory airflow with the level of nasal pressure applied via a mask. The slope of the upstream pressure-flow curve (S(PF)) was used to characterize upper airway function. We found that S(PF) was flatter in children than in adults (8 +/- 5 vs. 30 +/- 18 ml x s(-1). cmH(2)O(-1), P < 0.002) and that S(PF) correlated with age (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) and body mass index (r = 0. 63, P < 0.01). The occlusion pressure in 100 ms during sleep was measured in six children and two adults; it correlated inversely with S(PF) (r = -0.80, P < 0.02). We conclude that the upper airway compensatory responses to subatmospheric pressure loading decrease with age. This is associated with increased body mass index, even in nonsnoring, nonobese subjects. Ventilatory drive during sleep plays a role in modulating upper airway responses.
authors.affiliation: Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-2533, USA. cmarcus@welchlink.welch.jhu.edu
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology; D017286:Polysomnography; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D011312:Pressure; D012737:Sex Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*