title: Patterns of potassium wasting in response to stepwise combinations of diuretics in nephrotic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the urinary potassium wasting patterns when the decreasing effectiveness of diuretics during repeated administrations are counterbalanced by stepwise increases of doses and combinations of them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients with renal edema. Seven patients suffered from advanced nephrotic syndrome and 4 patients were "forme fruste".
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinary excretions and serum levels of potassium, sodium, creatinine, osmoles were determined; specific renal functions, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) fractional excretion of potassium (FE(K)), transtubular potassium gradient (TTKG) and free water reabsorption (TcH2O) were calculated. Nine different intervention-induced changes were followed daily: furosemide (FSD) alone, FSD with chlorthalidone (CTN), "low dose" and "high dose" potassium sparing drugs (PSD), FSD with CTN and "low dose" or "high dose" PSD, and "no drug" as well as "postdiuretic" periods with or without PSD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TTKG significantly decreased in response to FSD. It elevated during FSD with CTN, but remained lower than the baseline. The normal correlation between urinary potassium excretion (UKV) and TTKG became distorted under FSD. UKV and FE(K) were slightly increased by FSD and more markedly when given FSD together with CTN, probably because "distal volume flow" was elevated. In the "postdiuretic" periods TTKG increased, but this was reversed by PSD. In response to PSD, TTKG and UKV decreased, but both were elevated when combining with FSD + CTN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FSD caused relatively small potassium loss, because the enhanced "distal volume flow" was counterbalanced by a decrease of TTKG. FSD may have had a potassium secretion inhibitory influence as well. Potassium loss and TTKG were enhanced during coadministration of CTN, and decreased by PSD. "Postdiuretic rebound" increase of TTKG was reversed by PSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Uzsoki Hospital, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haris
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Radó
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000584:Amiloride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001835:Body Weight; D002752:Chlorthalidone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004231:Diuresis; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005665:Furosemide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014223:Triamterene / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D013148:Spironolactone; D000584:Amiloride; D005665:Furosemide; D012964:Sodium; D002752:Chlorthalidone; D011188:Potassium; D014223:Triamterene