title: Separation anxiety and overanxious disorders: relations to age and level of psychosocial maturity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the developmental underpinnings of age trends in the prevalence of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and overanxious disorder (OAD) in children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 118 children and adolescents (aged 8-18 years) with SAD or OAD, who were referred to an outpatient psychiatric clinic. Anxiety disorders were assessed with Silverman and Nelles' Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children; level of psychosocial development was conceptualized and assessed by means of Jane Loevinger's model and measure of ego development. Logistic regression analyses were applied to study the extent to which age and level of ego development were related to the presence of SAD or OAD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Level of ego development was the strongest predictor of group membership (SAD versus OAD). Although age was a strong predictor as well, the age effect became insignificant after ego level had been entered into the regression equation. As predicted, SAD was related primarily to the Impulsive ego level, whereas OAD was related mostly to the Conformist ego level. The comorbid condition (SAD and OAD) fell squarely in between the 2 "pure" groups, both in terms of age and ego level. The results were controlled for possibly confounding variables, such as gender, IQ, and socioeconomic status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of SAD and OAD appears to be related to specific levels of psychosocial maturity, irrespective of age.
authors.affiliation: Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Curium, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. westenberg@fsw.leidenuniv.nl
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Westenberg
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Siebelink
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Warmenhoven
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Treffers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001010:Anxiety, Separation / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010553:Personality Development; D015995:Prevalence