title: Stability and perfusion studies of Desmopressin (dDAVP) and prodrugs in the rat jejunum.
abstract: Three aliphatic carboxylic acid esters of the tyrosine phenolic group in Desmopressin (dDAVP) were investigated in vitro for their stability and metabolism in rat gastrointestinal media. The degradation followed strictly first-order kinetics and the prodrugs were quantitatively converted to dDAVP. The n-hexanoyl (II) and n-octanoyl (III) esters were rapidly hydrolysed in 10% rat jejunal fluid showing half-lives of 1.1+/-0.2 min and 1.4+/-0.1 min, respectively. In 5 % rat jejunal homogenate the half-lives were 3.2+/-0.2 min and <30 sec, respectively. The sterically hindered pivalate ester (I) proved to be more stable. The half-lives were 10.3+/-0.3 min in 10% rat jejunal fluid and 1.5+/-0.1 min in 10% rat jejunal homogenate, respectively. The presence of paraoxon, an inhibitor of type B esterases significantly decreased the degradation rate of the pivalate ester (I) in rat jejunal fluid (t1/2 > 5 hrs) indicating that the prodrug is converted to dDAVP by rapid luminal breakdown of the ester bond. It was shown that approximately 13 % of prodrug I disappeared from the gut lumen during a single-pass perfusion experiment in rat jejunum. Our results indicate that the disappearance from the jejunal lumen was primarily caused by degradation of the prodrug to dDAVP by esterases rather than absorption. The better stability of the sterically hindered prodrug (I) indicate that even more sterically hindered prodrugs will be a better choice for a further optimization of stability and lipophilicity, and consequently a potentially improved intestinal absorption of dDAVP.
authors.affiliation: The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen.
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Lepist
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ostergaard
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fredholt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lennernäs
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Friis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000378:metabolism; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004355:Drug Stability; D006207:Half-Life; D007583:Jejunum / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D010477:Perfusion; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D012076:Renal Agents / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011355:Prodrugs; D012076:Renal Agents; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin