title: Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, a "two-hit" ischemia/reperfusion injury: evidence from an analysis of oxidative products.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (RAAA) remains a lethal condition despite improvements in perioperative care. The consequences of RAAA are hypothesized to result from a combination of two ischemia/reperfusion events: hemorrhagic shock and lower torso ischemia. Ischemia/reperfusion results in tissue injury by diverse mechanisms, which include oxygen free radical-mediated injury produced from activated neutrophils, xanthine oxidase, and mitochondria. Oxygen-free radicals attack membrane lipids, resulting in membrane and subsequently cellular dysfunction that contributes to postoperative organ injury/failure. The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the oxidative injury that occurs as a result of the ischemia/reperfusion events in RAAAs and elective AAAs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were taken from 22 patients for elective AAA repair and from 14 patients for RAAA repair during the perioperative period. Plasma F(2)-isoprostanes were extracted, purified, and measured with an enzyme immunoassay. Aldehydes and acyloins were purified and quantified. Neutrophil oxidative burst was measured in response to a receptor independent stimulus (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) with luminol-based chemiluminescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma from patients with RAAAs showed significantly elevated F(2)-isoprostane levels on arrival at hospital and were significantly elevated as compared with the levels of patients for elective repair throughout the perioperative period (two-way analysis of variance, P <.0001). Multiple regression showed a significant relationship between the phagocyte oxidative activity and F(2)-isoprostane levels (P <.013). Total acyloin levels were significantly higher in patients with RAAAs as compared with the levels in elective cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The F(2)-isoprostane levels, specific markers of lipid peroxidation, showed that patients with RAAAs had two phases of oxidative injury: before arrival at hospital and after surgery. The significant relationship between the postoperative increases in F(2)-isoprostane levels and the neutrophil oxidant production implicates neutrophils in the oxidative injury that occurs after RAAA. New therapeutic interventions that attenuate neutrophil-mediated oxidant injury during reperfusion may decrease organ failure and ultimately mortality in patients with RAAAs.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: X P
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lehotay
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Romaschin
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000097:blood; D017542:Aneurysm, Ruptured / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood*; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007511:Ischemia / Q000097:blood; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D015427:Reperfusion Injury; D016897:Respiratory Burst; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000097:blood; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D015415:Biomarkers; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; C011159:acyloin; D015237:Dinoprost; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate