title: Comparative effects of oral clonidine and intravenous esmolol in attenuating the hemodynamic response to epinephrine injection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate oral clonidine and intravenous esmolol in blunting hemodynamic changes associated with intranasal injection of an epinephrine-containing local anesthetic solution during general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University Medical Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  61 consenting ASA physical status I and II outpatients undergoing endoscopic sinus and septoplasty surgery with general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients were assigned to receive either a placebo (P) tablet or a similar-appearing tablet containing either clonidine 0.2 mg (C2) or 0.4 mg (C4) orally 1 hour prior to entering the operating room. Prior to the intranasal injection of epinephrine, patients were administered either saline, 0.03 ml.kg-1 followed by an infusion of 0.016 ml.kg-1.min-1, or esmolol (E) 300 micrograms.kg-1 followed by a continuous infusion of 160 micrograms.kg-1.min-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arterial blood pressure and heart rate (HR) values were recorded preoperatively, immediately before induction of anesthesia, and at 1-minute intervals after induction of anesthesia until 15 minutes after injection of an epinephrine-containing solution. Level of sedation was assessed using a linear visual analog scale (VAS) prior to oral premedication, immediately before induction of anesthesia, and 30 minutes after anesthesia. There were no significant differences in sedation scores among the four treatment groups. HR following injection of epinephrine-containing solution was significantly less in the C2, C4, and E groups than the placebo group. Compared to P and E treatment groups, MAP values were significantly lower in the C4 treatment group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this healthy, young, nonsmoking outpatient population, premedication with oral clonidine, 0.2 to 0.4 mg, was effective in blunting the acute hemodynamic changes associated with injection of an epinephrine-containing local anesthetic solution during endoscopic sinus or septoplasty surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus 43210-1228, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Campagni
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Howie
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: McSweeney
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003000:Clonidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D011412:Propanolamines; C036604:esmolol; D003000:Clonidine; D004837:Epinephrine