title: Costs of coronary heart disease and stroke: the case of Sweden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the annual costs in Sweden of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, and the potential cost savings if these clinical 'events' are avoided. The analysis is undertaken from a societal perspective, including both direct and indirect costs. Costs are calculated for five clinical conditions: (i) acute myocardial infarction (AMI), (ii) angina pectoris (AP), (iii) unstable angina (UA), (iv) congestive heart failure (CHF), and (v) stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study including patients admitted to the Department of Medicine at Södertälje Hospital during the period January 1993 to March 1995 with CHD or a stroke. Each patient was followed for 1 year after admission to the hospital. To estimate potential cost savings, the patient was used as his or her own control. The potential savings in direct costs if CHD or a stroke is avoided were estimated as the difference between costs for 1 year after and 1 year before the event. The indirect costs were calculated as the difference between the values of market production of goods and services the year before the event and the year after.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Department of Medicine at Södertälje Hospital, Södertälje, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients included in the study were patients at the Department of Medicine at Södertälje Hospital in Sweden. The inclusion criterion was that the patients should have been admitted for the first time for CHD or stroke during the year 1994. To obtain 25 patients for each clinical category we first had to expand the inclusion period to cover January 1993 to March 1995. Secondly, we also had to include 36 patients with an earlier established uncomplicated CHD or stroke. Despite this, no more than 22 patients with UA were found.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were followed in medical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Costs, direct and indirect costs, and potential savings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean direct costs during the year after a clinical event range between Swedish kronor (SEK) 41 000 for CHF and SEK 96 000 for stroke, whereas the mean potential savings in direct costs range from SEK 36 000 for CHF to SEK 91 000 for UA. The potential mean savings in indirect costs range between SEK 24 000 for CHF and SEK 102 000 for AMI. The direct costs for first-time patients are lower than those for patients with an earlier established CHD or stroke. No systematic differences have been found in potential direct cost savings and indirect costs between the two patient groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CHD and stroke are associated with high costs during the year after admission to the Department of Medicine. There are also large potential cost savings from the prevention of CHD and stroke. However, further studies, including more patients and costs arising in the municipality, are needed to establish more precise and complete estimates of the costs related to CHD and stroke.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zethraeus
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Molin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Henriksson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jönsson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000191:economics; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000191:economics; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000191:economics*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000191:economics*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000191:economics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013548:Sweden