title: Induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate in combination with metoclopramide in patients with amenorrhea of hypothalamic origin.
abstract: Literature data have demonstrated that the chronic use of metoclopramide (MCP), a dopamine antagonist, causes increased gonadotropin secretion in patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea but without triggering ovulation. It has also been observed that women with hypothalamic amenorrhea respond poorly to ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate (CC). On this basis, the objective of the present study was to determine the effect of MCP on the response to CC in patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea in order to evaluate the validity of the simultaneous use of these drugs as ovulation inducers in this type of chronic anovulation. Twenty-two patients with amenorrhea of hypothalamic origin were submitted to a randomized double blind study in which one tablet of 5 mg MCP or placebo was administered every 8 hours for 2 months. After the 30th day of medication (MCP or placebo), CC, 100 mg orally, was additionally administered to both groups for 5 days. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 15 and 30 during the first month of the study and on days 7, 14 and 21 after the last CC tablet during the second month, for later measurement of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, estradiol and progesterone by radioimmunoassay. The group that received MCP showed a significant increase in LH and FSH during the first month of the study, as well as a slighter increase in estradiol. Prolactin increased only during the second stage of treatment. No significant increases in gonadotropins, prolactin or estradiol occurred in the placebo group. In the group treated with MCP, 40% of the patients ovulated after CC, with menstruation occurring in 60% of them. In the placebo group, 33.3% of the women ovulated after CC and 44.4% menstruated at the end of the study. We conclude that MCP increases the circulating levels of LH, FSH, estradiol and prolactin in patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea and low estrogen levels, supporting the hypothesis that an increase in hypothalamic dopaminergic tonus occurs in these patients. On the other hand, the combination of MCP and CC does not improve the rate of ovulation compared to placebo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ferriani
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sala
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Moura
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: de Sá
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005300:Fertility Agents, Female / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007027:Hypothalamic Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D008787:Metoclopramide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010060:Ovulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010062:Ovulation Induction; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D005300:Fertility Agents, Female; D002996:Clomiphene; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D011388:Prolactin; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D008787:Metoclopramide