title: Effectiveness of primary level antenatal care in decreasing anemia at term in Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Tanzania the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy is high inspite of a high antenatal attendance and an established national policy of routine hematinic supplementation and malaria chemosuppression to all pregnant women, free of cost in all antenatal clinics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of reinforcing existing antenatal clinic routines for prevention and treatment of anemia in pregnancy, combined with individual and community health education.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective controlled intervention study in two antenatal clinics at primary level. At booking (median 24 weeks), 1045 women were screened for anemia and followed-up to late pregnancy (gestational age > or =34 weeks). In addition to hematinic and malaria prophylaxis, extra interventions at the study clinic included retraining of staff, group and individual counselling of women and community health education in the area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant overall increase in median Hb from 10.1 g/dl at booking to 10.6 g/dl in late pregnancy, and prevalence of anemia (Hb < or =10.5 g/dl) was reduced from 60% at booking to 47%, at both clinics, with 57% reduction in the proportion with severe anemia (Hb <7.0 g/dl). Severely anemic women increased their median Hb by 3.2 g/dl during antenatal care. No additional effect was observed from an individual and community information program.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ensuring an adequate supply of drugs seems to be the most important activity to achieve safe hemoglobin levels in pregnant women, but even an active antenatal program has a limited effect when anemia is highly prevalent and booking is late.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Muhimbili College of Health Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Massawe
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Urassa
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nyström
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lindmark
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005865:Gestational Age; D006452:Hemoglobinometry; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011250:Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011295:Prenatal Care; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D005296:Ferrous Compounds; C020748:ferrous sulfate; D005492:Folic Acid