title: Mechanisms of retinal arterial occlusive disease in African American and Caucasian patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to evaluate the causes of retinal arterial occlusive disease in African American patients and to compare these etiologies with those observed in Caucasian patients with retinal ischemic symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of a series of consecutive patients evaluated by both the ophthalmology department and the neurology/stroke clinic. Patients had a diagnosis of amaurosis fugax, branch retinal artery occlusion, central retinal artery occlusion, or intra-arterial retinal plaques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine African American patients and 17 Caucasian patients were evaluated. African American patients had a mean age of 61 years (range, 30 to 77 years) and Caucasian patients a mean age of 73 years (range, 56 to 94 years) (P=0.003). There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups with respect to visible emboli on funduscopy (P=0.462). After adjusting for age, there was also no difference between the 2 groups with regards to risk factors for arterial occlusive disease such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, hypercholesterolemia, tobacco use, and history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks. Caucasian patients had a 41% incidence (7/17) of high-grade ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis, measured by carotid duplex, compared with 3.4% incidence (1/29) in African American patients (P=0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are racial differences in the causes of retinal arterial occlusion. African American patients have a low prevalence of moderate to severe extracranial carotid stenosis, and a high proportion of African American patients have cryptogenic retinal ischemia. In Caucasian patients there is a stronger association between extracranial carotid artery disease and retinal arterial occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Kresge Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ahuja
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eliott
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Puklin
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Abrams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D044383:Black People; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D015356:Retinal Artery Occlusion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American