title: Effect of dietary inducer dimethylfumarate on glutathione in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of dimethylfumarate (DMF), an inducer of glutathione (GSH)-dependent detoxification, on intracellular GSH levels in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) cells, its mechanism of action, and its effect on hRPE cells subjected to oxidative injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Established hRPE cell lines were treated with DMF and assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography for intracellular and extracellular GSH levels. Quantification of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GLCL) was determined through northern and western blot analyses, and activity was measured. Effects of pretreatment with DMF on GSH redox status of hRPE cells was determined. Sensitivity of hRPE cells to oxidative stress was determined using tert-butylhydroperoxide as the oxidative agent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dimethylfumarate caused a transient decrease followed by a significant increase in intracellular GSH. Glutathione increased maximally at 24 hours with 100 to 200 microM DMF. The initial decrease could be accounted for by the formation of a DMF-GSH conjugate. Dimethylfumarate treatment increased the steady state mRNA expression of the regulatory subunit of GLCL, but no increase was seen for the catalytic subunit. However, protein levels were increased for both, and the catalytic activity of GLCL was also increased. Whereas the initial decrease in GSH made hRPE cells more susceptible to oxidative damage, pretreatment with DMF under conditions that increased intracellular GSH protected hRPE cells against oxidative damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest a means by which the antioxidant capability of hRPE may be augmented without direct antioxidant supplementation. Specifically, a dietary compound that conjugates with GSH can induce GSH synthesis, increase GSH concentration, and improve protection by GSH-dependent detoxification pathways in hRPE. However, the early depletion of GSH before stimulated synthesis necessitates caution in prevention strategies using dietary inducers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sternberg
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D019881:Aminoacyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D000069462:Dimethyl Fumarate; D005650:Fumarates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005650:Fumarates; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide; D019881:Aminoacyltransferases; C093784:glutathione gamma-glutamylcysteinyltransferase; D000069462:Dimethyl Fumarate; D005978:Glutathione