title: Prognosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma after laparoscopic ethanol injection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma have underlying cirrhosis, and this impairment of liver function makes hepatectomy difficult, prompting the use of other modalities such as transcatheter arterial embolization and percutaneous ethanol injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laparoscopic ethanol injection was performed in 48 previously untreated patients with hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 2 cm in diameter. Long-term survival was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 12 patients, hepatocellular carcinoma was not detected by trans-cutaneous ultrasonography but could be demonstrated by laparoscopic ultrasonography. Laparoscopic ethanol injection did not cause serious complications in any patient. The mean hospital stay after ethanol injection was 8.6 days (4 to 15 days). The cumulative survival rate was 86.7% at 3 years and 60.0% at 5 years. According to the Child-Pugh classification, the cumulative survival rate at 5 years was 87.9% for class A, 65.7% for class B, and 28.6% for class C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long-term prognosis for patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma treated solely by laparoscopic ethanol injection is satisfactory but still dependent on underlying liver function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ido
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Isoda
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagamine
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hozumi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D020706:Laparoscopes; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015996:Survival Rate