title: Evidence for a dynamic structure of human neuronal growth inhibitory factor and for major rearrangements of its metal-thiolate clusters.
abstract: Human neuronal growth inhibitory factor (GIF), a metallothionein-like protein classified as metallothionein-3, impairs the survival and the neurite formation of cultured neurons. Despite its approximately 70% amino acid sequence identity with those of mammalian metallothioneins (MT-1 and MT-2 isoforms), only GIF exhibits growth inhibitory activity. In this study, structural features of the metal-thiolate clusters in recombinant Zn(7)- and Cd(7)-GIF, and in part also in synthetic GIF (68 amino acids), were investigated by using circular dichroism (CD) and (113)Cd NMR. The CD and (113)Cd NMR studies of recombinant Me(7)-GIF confirmed the existence of distinct Me(4)S(11)- and Me(3)S(9)-clusters located in the alpha- and beta-domains of the protein, respectively. Moreover, a mutual structural stabilization of both domains was demonstrated. The (113)Cd NMR studies of recombinant (113)Cd(7)-GIF were conducted at different magnetic fields (66.66 and 133.33 MHz) and temperatures (298 and 323 K). At 298 K the spectra revealed seven (113)Cd signals at 676, 664, 651, 644, 624, 622, and 595 ppm. A striking feature of all resonances is the absence of resolved homonuclear [(113)Cd-(113)Cd] couplings and large apparent line widths (between 140 and 350 Hz), which account for the absence of cross-peaks in [(113)Cd, (113)Cd] COSY. On the basis of a close correspondence in chemical shift positions of the (113)Cd signals at 676, 624, 622, and 595 ppm with those obtained in our previous studies of (113)Cd(4)-GIF(32-68) [Hasler, D. W., Faller, P., and Vasák, M. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 14966], these resonances can be assigned to a Cd(4)S(11)-cluster in the alpha-domain of (113)Cd(7)-GIF. Consequently, the remaining three (113)Cd signals at 664, 651, and 644 ppm originate from a Me(3)S(9) cluster in the beta-domain. However, the latter resonances show a markedly reduced and temperature-independent intensity (approximately 20%) when compared with those of the alpha-domain, indicating that the majority of the signal intensity remained undetected. To account for the observed NMR features of (113)Cd(7)-GIF, we suggest that dynamic processes acting on two different NMR time scales are present: (i) fast exchange processes among conformational cluster substates giving rise to broad, weight-averaged resonances and (ii) additional very slow exchange processes within the beta-domain associated with the formation of configurational cluster substates. The implications of the structure fluctuation for the biological activity of GIF are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Faller
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hasler
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zerbe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klauser
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Winge
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vasák
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002104:Cadmium / Q000737:chemistry; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007554:Isotopes; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000090023:Metallothionein 3; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013816:Thermodynamics; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D007554:Isotopes; D000090023:Metallothionein 3; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D002104:Cadmium; D008668:Metallothionein; D015032:Zinc