title: Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase prevents hyporesponsiveness to inhaled nitric oxide in lungs from endotoxin-challenged rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhalation of nitric oxide (NO) selectively dilates the pulmonary circulation and improves arterial oxygenation in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In approximately 60% of patients with septic ARDS, minimal or no response to inhaled NO is observed. Because sepsis is associated with increased NO production by inducible NO synthase (NOS2), the authors investigated whether NOS inhibition alters NO responsiveness in rats exposed to gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 0.4 mg/kg Escherichia coli O111:B4 LPS with or without dexamethasone (inhibits NOS2 gene expression; 5 mg/kg), L-NAME (a nonselective NOS inhibitor; 7 mg/kg), or aminoguanidine (selective NOS2 inhibitor; 30 mg/kg). Sixteen hours after LPS treatment, lungs were isolated-perfused; a thromboxane-analog U46619 was added to increase pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) by 5 mmHg, and the pulmonary vasodilator response to inhaled NO was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ventilation with 0.4, 4, and 40 ppm NO decreased the PAP less than in lungs of LPS-treated rats (0.75+/-0.25, 1.25+/-0.25, 1.75+/-0.25 mmHg) than in lungs of control rats (3+/-0.5, 4.25+/-0.25, 4.5+/-0.25 mmHg; P < 0.01). Dexamethasone treatment preserved pulmonary vascular responsiveness to NO in LPS-treated rats (3.75+/-0.25, 4.5+/-0.25, 4.5+/-0.5 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.01 vs. LPS, alone). Responsiveness to NO in LPS-challenged rats was also preserved by treatment with L-NAME (3.0+/-1.0, 4.0+/-1.0, 4.0+/-0.75 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05 vs. LPS, alone) or aminoguanidine (1.75+/-0.25, 2.25+/-0.5, 2.75+/-0.5 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05 vs. LPS, alone). In control rats, treatment with dexamethasone, L-NAME, and aminoguanidine had no effect on inhaled NO responsiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations demonstrate that LPS-mediated increases in pulmonary NOS2 are involved in decreasing responsiveness to inhaled NO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Harvard Medical School at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holzmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manktelow
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Taut
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Zapol
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010477:Perfusion; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006146:Guanidines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D003907:Dexamethasone; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D007545:Isoproterenol; C004479:pimagedine