title: Vascular permeability effect of adenovirus-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor gene transfer to the rabbit and rat skeletal muscle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular endothelial growth factor has been used in preclinical studies and phase 1 and 2 clinical trials as a potent mediator of therapeutic angiogenesis; however, its ability to enhance the vascular permeability may be a source of potential complications. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the intramuscular injection of an adenovirus vector coding for the 121-amino acid form of vascular endothelial growth factor (Ad.VEGF(121 )) on vascular permeability and edema development in rabbits and rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different concentrations of Ad.VEGF(121 ) ranging from 10(5) to 10(10) plaque-forming units/mL (3 x 10(6)-3 x 10(11) particles/mL) were injected into hind limb or forelimb muscles of Wistar rats or rabbits. The size of the scrotum, the circumferences of limbs, and the concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor in the serum were measured daily after injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The injection of different concentrations of Ad.VEGF(121 ) into the hind limb muscles of rabbits led to a dose-dependent scrotal edema in rabbits at concentrations higher than 10(7) plaque-forming units/mL (P =.002). The edema developed slowly, reached its maximum level 6 days after the injection, and spontaneously resolved thereafter. At concentrations higher than 10(9) plaque-forming units/mL the scrotal edema was accompanied by skin necrosis (P =.0001). No scrotal edema was observed in rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The massive species-specific scrotal edema accompanied by skin ulceration and necrosis was observed only in rabbits treated with Ad.VEGF(121 ) in concentrations exceeding therapeutic doses. The therapeutic doses of Ad.VEGF(121 ) resulted in only moderate transient scrotal edema in rabbits, suggesting that the potential for side effects of vascular endothelial growth factor therapy as a result of increased vascular permeability should not be very alarming for generally healthy patients and may not cause a significant clinical problem in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Gene Therapy Unit, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Poliakova
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kovesdi
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Capogrossi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Talan
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects*; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000235:genetics; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors