title: Development of a whole blood staining device for use during space shuttle flights.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to microgravity during space flight results in profound physiologic changes. Numerous studies have shown changes in circulating populations of peripheral blood immune cells immediately after space flight. It is currently unknown if these changes result from exposure to microgravity or are caused by the stress of reentry and readaptation to gravity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have developed the whole blood staining device (WBSD) as a system for the staining of whole blood collected during space flight for subsequent flow cytometric analysis. This device contains all liquids to address safety issues concerned with space flight and also moves the cells through the staining, lyse/fixation, and dilution steps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from flow cytometric analysis of samples stained in the WBSD was found to be comparable to data from samples stained by the conventional methods. Cells stained with the WBSD remain stable in the device for up to 14 days. The necessary manipulations required to use the device were tested on the KC-135 aircraft during the reduced gravity segment of parabolic flight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the WBSD immunophenotype analysis can be performed at various time points for the duration of an entire Shuttle flight. In addition, this device has significant terrestrial applications for rapid and easy immunofluorescence labeling of whole blood in remote and isolated locations where immediate access to specialized equipment and skilled laboratory personnel may not be available. The WBSD provides a simple mechanism to design specific immunophenotyping tests for use by nontechnical personnel at bedside or in field locations. Cytometry 37:74-80, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
authors.affiliation: NASA-Johnson Space Center, Life Sciences Research Laboratories, Houston, Texas 77058, USA. csams@ems.jsc.nasa.gov
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Sams
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Crucian
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Clift
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Meinelt
mesh_terms: D001773:Blood Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping / Q000379:methods*; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000379:methods; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D013026:Space Flight; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013997:Time Factors