title: Zinc effect on the in vitro formation of calcium phosphates: relevance to clinical inhibition of calculus formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of zinc on the in vitro formation of calcium phosphates and its relevance to calculus inhibition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different types of calcium phosphate phases (amorphous calcium phosphate, ACP; dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, DCPD; octacalcium phosphate, OCP; and carbonate hydoxyapatite, CHA) were precipitated from solutions containing increasing concentrations of zinc (Zn) ions. The precipitates were characterized using x-ray diffraction, infrared absorption spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of Zn ions affected the type and amount of calcium phosphate phases formed. Zn, even at concentrations as low as 0.1 mM/L, inhibited the crystal growth of DCPD, OCP and AP; and, at higher concentrations (0.5 mM to 2 mM/L), promoted the formation of amorphous calcium phosphate, ACP, or Zn-substituted tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) depending on the reaction pH and temperature.
authors.affiliation: NYU College of Dentistry, NY 10010, USA. Racquel.LeGeros@nyu.edu
authors.forename: R Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: LeGeros
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Bleiwas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Retino
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rohanizadeh
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: LeGeros
mesh_terms: D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012996:Solutions; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013696:Temperature; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D012996:Solutions; C519480:amorphous calcium phosphate; D015032:Zinc