title: Prehospital stability of diazepam and lorazepam.
abstract: Injectable benzodiazepines are commonly stocked on ambulances for use by paramedics. We evaluated the stability of lorazepam and diazepam as a function of storage temperature. Diazepam (5 mg/mL) and lorazepam (2 mg/mL) injectable solutions were stored for up to 210 days in clear glass syringes at three conditions: 4 degrees C to 10 degrees C (refrigerated); 15 degrees C to 30 degrees C (on-ambulance ambient temperature); and 37 degrees C (oven-heated). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of syringe contents were performed at 30-day intervals. After 210 days, the reduction in diazepam concentration was 7% refrigerated, 15% at ambient temperature, and 25% at 37 degrees C. The reduction in lorazepam concentration was 0% refrigerated, 10% at ambient temperature, and 75% at 37 degrees C. Whereas diazepam retained 90% of its original concentration for 30 days of on-ambulance storage, lorazepam retained 90% of its original concentration for 150 days. The decrease in lorazepam concentration correlated with an increase in the maximum ambient temperature in San Francisco. These results suggest that diazepam and lorazepam can be stored on ambulances. When ambient storage temperatures are 30 degrees C or less, ambulances carrying lorazepam and diazepam should be restocked every 30 to 60 days. When drug storage temperatures exceed 30 degrees C, more frequent stocking or refrigeration is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0622, USA.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gottwald
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Akers
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Orsulak
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Corry
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bacchetti
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lowenstein
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Alldredge
mesh_terms: D000552:Ambulances; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003975:Diazepam / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage; D005898:Glass; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012495:San Francisco; D013594:Syringes; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D008140:Lorazepam; D003975:Diazepam