title: Abacavir: absolute bioavailability, bioequivalence of three oral formulations, and effect of food.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Study A: to determine the absolute bioavailability of a single 300-mg abacavir hemisulfate tablet. Study B: to determine the bioequivalence of two oral abacavir formulations (300-mg hemisulfate tablet, 100-mg succinate caplet), the effect of food on the bioavailability of the 300-mg hemisulfate tablet, and the bioavailability of the hemisulfate tablet relative to the hemisulfate solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase I, randomized, open-label, balanced two- (study A) and three- or four-period (study B), crossover studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two clinical research centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six men infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), aged 27-39 years (study A), and 18 HIV-infected men and women, aged 21-50 years (study B).
  
  
  METHODS
  In study A, all subjects received a single, oral 300-mg tablet of abacavir hemisulfate or a single, intravenous infusion of abacavir hemisulfate 150 mg over 60 minutes. In study B, all subjects received each of three single-dose treatments: three 100-mg abacavir succinate caplets in a fasted state, one 300-mg abacavir hemisulfate tablet in a fasted state, and one 300-mg abacavir hemisulfate tablet with a high-fat breakfast. Twelve subjects in study B also received a fourth treatment of abacavir hemisulfate 300 mg as an oral solution in a fasted state. Plasma samples collected for 24 hours (study A) or 12 hours (study B), and urine samples collected for 12 hours (study A) were analyzed by validated high-performance liquid chromatographic methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abacavir pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using standard, noncompartmental methods. In study A, the geometric least square (GLS) mean absolute bioavailability of oral abacavir was 83% (range 65-107%). In study B, the hemisulfate tablet was bioequivalent to the succinate caplet, but its time to maximum concentration (Tmax) occurred 30 minutes earlier. Administration of the abacavir hemisulfate tablet with food had no effect on area under the curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-infinity), decreased maximum concentration (Cmax) by 26%, and delayed Tmax by 38 minutes. The relative bioavailability (GLS mean AUC0-infinity ratio) of the 300-mg abacavir hemisulfate tablet to solution was 101%, Cmax was 11% lower, and Tmax was unchanged. The most common drug-related adverse events associated with abacavir were nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and headache, all of which were mild.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our results, abacavir is safe and well tolerated and can be administered with or without meals.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology, Glaxo Wellcome Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Chittick
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gillotin
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McDowell
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D000099227:Abacavir
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides; D000099227:Abacavir