title: Initial experience in a community hospital with sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy for evaluation of axillary lymph node status in palpable invasive breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the sentinel node detection rate and the accuracy with which the sentinel node histology reflects that of the axilla in a series of patients with palpable invasive breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four patients with clinically node-negative palpable invasive T1 or T2 breast tumors underwent sentinel node biopsy using isosulfan blue dye, followed immediately by either local excision of the primary lesion with standard axillary lymph node dissection or modified radical mastectomy. All surgeries were performed at Northwest Hospital, Seattle, Washington, between January 1996 and October 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sentinel node was successfully identified in 73% of the patients (32/44). The frequency of sentinel node detection was greater for tumors in the outer quadrants than the inner quadrants (z-test, P < 0.001). Of the 32 patients in whom a sentinel node was identified, 10 (31%) had histologically positive sentinel nodes: 5 (16%) by frozen section, 2 additional patients (6%) after permanent hematoxalin-eosin (H&E) stained sections, and the remaining 3 (9%) after immunohistochemical stains for cytokeratins when the FS and permanent H&E-stained sections were benign. Twenty patients had benign axilla. The sentinel node was falsely negative in 2 patients, yielding an accuracy of 93.8%, sensitivity of 83.3%, and negative predictive value of 91%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymphatic mapping is technically feasible for patients with small (T1 or T2) palpable invasive breast tumors. The sentinel node can be reliably identified in the majority of these patients, and its histology reflects that of the axilla with a high degree of accuracy. Immunohistochemical stains and permanent H&E-stained sections of the sentinel node increased the test's ability to correctly identify axillary metastases. Improving this sensitivity remains a primary goal, however, if benign sentinel node histology is to be used as a criterion to preclude axillary dissection.
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Team at the Seattle Breast Center, Northwest Hospital, Seattle, Washington 98133, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Howisey
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Aldape
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Rowbotham
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Simrell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D001706:Biopsy; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006764:Hospitals, Community; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D015411:Mastectomy, Modified Radical; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D008875:Middle Aged; D010173:Palpation; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C025484:iso-sulfan blue