title: [Correlation between clinical-instrumental pattern in venous pathology (capillaroscopic classification of the medial peri-malleolar area)].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The high incidence of chronic venous insufficiency makes it quite an ordinary topic in the outpatients departments of vascular units. Furthermore, due to the discrepancy between symptoms and Doppler c.w reports, it is necessary to face this problem with the help of very sensitive instrumental methods. Therefore, the main aim of this article is to find out which method, among those used in the outpatients department of phlebology, is sensitive enough to establish a relationship between clinical and instrumental patterns in venous diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one subjects were studied: 44 affected by venous disease and 7 healthy subjects. All patients underwent clinical examination followed by classification by Widmer criteria, Doppler c.w., infrared photoplethysmography and capillaroscopy of the medial malleolus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Capillaroscopy demonstrated to have the highest sensitivity, allowing to find out pathological alterations in subjects complaining of symptoms and with normal Doppler c.w. findings. Furthermore, the findings of venular networks (pathological) in the malleoli of healthy subjects, made it necessary to modify the current capillaroscopic classification (based upon three types of pictures: normal, reticular and halo formations), into a new extended version based on five steps, with three types of reticular sub-classes, in which the different gauge of the venules is satisfactorily related to the symptoms referred by the patients.
authors.affiliation: Cattedra e Scuola di Specializzazione in Chirurgia Vascolare, Ospedale Garibaldi, Università degli Studi, Catania.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luca
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nicolosi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romeo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002196:Capillaries / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D010992:Plethysmography, Impedance; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis*