title: Severe pneumococcal infection at a Thai hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine clinical manifestations, prognostic factors, and therapeutic outcomes of severe pneumococcal infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitalized patients with specimens cultured positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae were identified retrospectively by reviewing hospital records from 1992 to May 1998 at Siriraj Hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 205 evaluable cases, 130 (63.4%) patients were male. Nineteen (9.3%) patients were less than 2 years old, 29 (14.1%) were between 2 and 13 years, 99 (48.3%) were between 14 and 60 years, and 58 (28.3%) were over 60 years of age. From 1992 to 1997, the average admission rate was highest (36.4%) between January and March (range = 20-45%). Average admission rates during other periods ranged from 20.0% to 23.1%. Pneumonia (50.7%) and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or infected bronchiectasis or bronchopneumonia (21.0%) were the most frequent diagnoses, followed by meningitis (14.6%) and primary sepsis without localized lesion (8. 3%). The mortality rate during the first 7 days of hospitalization was 28.8%, and thereafter, 11.7%. The odds ratios (95% CI) of old age, congestive heart failure, and alcoholism for death were 3.4 (1. 4-8.2), 8.6 (0.97-76.1), and 8.0 (3.1-20.9), respectively. For pneumonitis only, mortality rates among alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients were 76.9% and 39.6%, respectively (P = 0.025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who were alcoholic, over 60 years of age, or had congestive heart failure were vulnerable to severe pneumococcal infection with significant mortality, in spite of proper selection of empirical antimicrobials. Diabetes mellitus and multiple myeloma also contributed to late mortality after 7 days of hospitalization.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. siall@mahidol.ac.th
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leelarasamee
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dhiraputra
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hunnangkul
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology