title: Insulin stimulates both endothelin and nitric oxide activity in the human forearm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanism of the hemodynamic effect of insulin in the skeletal muscle circulation has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the hemodynamic response to insulin involves the concurrent release of endothelin (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO), 2 substances with opposing vasoactive properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bioactivity of ET-1 and NO was assessed without insulin and during insulin infusion in the forearm circulation of healthy subjects by use of blockers of ET-1 receptors and by NO synthesis inhibition. In the absence of hyperinsulinemia, ET-1 receptor blockade did not result in any significant change in forearm blood flow from baseline (P=0.29). Intra-arterial insulin administration did not significantly modify forearm blood flow (P=0. 88). However, in the presence of hyperinsulinemia, ET-1 receptor antagonism was associated with a significant vasodilator response (P<0.001). In the presence of ET-1 receptor blockade, the vasoconstrictor response to NO inhibition by N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine was significantly higher after insulin infusion than in the absence of hyperinsulinemia (P=0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that in the skeletal muscle circulation, insulin stimulates both ET-1 and NO activity. An imbalance between the release of these 2 substances may be involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension and atherosclerosis in insulin-resistant states associated with endothelial dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Branch, Hypertension-Endocrine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cardillo
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Nambi
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kilcoyne
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Choucair
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Quon
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Panza
mesh_terms: D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin / Q000187:drug effects; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007328:Insulin; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase