title: The changing pattern of glomerulonephritis in Singapore over the past two decades.
abstract: This study reviews the pattern of glomerulonephritis (GN) in Singapore over the past 2 decades. In the earlier decade the pattern was typical of most Asian countries with mesangial proliferative GN (Mes GN) (56%) as the most common form of primary GN including the nephrotic syndrome (40%). In the 2nd decade the pattern undergoes a change. Though Mes GN is the commonest primary GN (42%), the commonest form of nephrotic syndrome is now minimal change disease (30%) with Mes GN decreasing to 25% among all primary nephrotic syndromes. Both minimal change and focal global sclerosis account for 50% of steroid/cyclophosphamide responsive GN today. Membranous GN though still uncommon, has increased from 3% (1st decade) to 6% (2nd decade) (p < 0.01). IgA nephritis is still the commonest primary GN occurring in Singapore (42% of all primary GN in the 1st decade and 45% in the 2nd decade). The present pattern of GN in Singapore, though, still predominantly Asian with the preponderance of mesangial proliferative GN with a relatively low incidence of membranous GN contrasts with the pattern in the West where membranous GN is the commonest form of primary GN. Even the incidence of FSGS has not increased as in the West where there is a rising incidence. The underlying basis for most GN in Singapore as in other Asian countries and elsewhere is antigen-driven: infective antigen as well as food or other allergens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pall
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Chin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D005922:Glomerulonephritis, IGA / Q000453:epidemiology; D015432:Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative / Q000453:epidemiology; D015433:Glomerulonephritis, Membranous / Q000453:epidemiology; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009402:Nephrosis, Lipoid / Q000453:epidemiology; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D013256:Steroids; D003520:Cyclophosphamide