title: Oral mucosal blood flow, plasma epinephrine and haemodynamic responses after injection of lidocaine with epinephrine during midazolam sedation and isoflurane anaesthesia.
abstract: We have investigated the relationship between oral mucosal blood flow and plasma epinephrine concentration, and the effects of conscious sedation vs general anaesthesia on haemodynamic responses after submucosal epinephrine injection in 14 subjects. The same seven patients were studied both as controls and after sedation. For sedation, midazolam i.v. was used. Another seven patients underwent orthognathic surgery with isoflurane anaesthesia. All subjects received a submucosal injection of epinephrine 0.8 microgram kg-1, given as 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with epinephrine 12.5 micrograms ml-1. Baseline mucosal blood flow and peak increase in plasma epinephrine concentration in the general anaesthesia and sedation groups were approximately 2.0 and 1.5 times, respectively, higher than those in the control group. Mean plasma epinephrine concentration reached a maximum 3 min after administration of epinephrine in all groups. Overall, there was a significant correlation (r = 0.65) between baseline mucosal blood flow and the maximum increase in plasma epinephrine concentration. There were no differences in haemodynamic changes except for heart rate, between the three groups. These results suggest that plasma epinephrine concentration after submucosal injection depends on the initial mucosal blood flow in the injected area. Haemodynamic changes, except heart rate, in the sedation and general anaesthesia groups were similar despite different changes in maximum plasma epinephrine concentration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Anaesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba City, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Homma
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichinohe
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaneko
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D007530:Isoflurane; D008874:Midazolam; D004837:Epinephrine