title: Intraventricular contrast medium leakage during ethanol embolization of an arteriovenous malformation.
abstract: We report the unusual phenomenon of abrupt intraventricular contrast medium leakage from the choroid plexus occurring during ethanol embolization of a periventricular arteriovenous malformation. There was no evidence of any associated intraventricular hemorrhage to suggest that leakage arose from a vessel perforation, as was first suspected. Intraventricular contrast medium leakage has been reported previously in the setting of ependymitis, and it is likely that similar pathogenetic mechanisms apply in this case. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of intraventricular contrast medium leakage occurring during an embolization procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, 94143-0528, USA.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Phatouros
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Halbach
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Dowd
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Higashida
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002831:Choroid Plexus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D003287:Contrast Media; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media