title: The law, adolescents, and the APOE epsilon 4 genotype: a view from Canada.
abstract: The presence of an apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon 4 allele may be a risk factor for the severity of the consequences of head trauma, both short-term and long-term. If this proves to be true, genetic testing for APOE status might be encouraged, or required, to minimize the costs of participation in high-contact sports, such as ice hockey, soccer, rugby, and boxing, where head injury is likely to occur. Under some circumstances, testing minors for this purpose might be justifiable. This would raise complex ethical and legal questions about respective powers and rights of adolescents and parents. The wishes of the "nearly competent" adolescent not to be tested should override parental desires for testing, although such a conclusion has only limited warrant in Canadian law. If a mature adolescent wishes testing, but the parents do not, testing may be permissible--although Canadian law is again unclear. The physician should not be able to inform the parents of the test results without the adolescent's consent, nor should the adolescent be forced to disclose those results.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University Program in Genomics, Ethics, and Society, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. tcaulfld@law.ualberta.ca
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Caulfield
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D002170:Canada; D003219:Confidentiality; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D010290:Parents
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E