title: Integration of Rac-dependent regulation of cyclin D1 transcription through a nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent pathway.
abstract: The small GTP-binding protein Rac1, a member of the Ras superfamily, plays a fundamental role in cytoskeleton reorganization, cellular transformation, the induction of DNA synthesis, and superoxide production. Cyclin D1 abundance is rate-limiting in normal G(1) phase progression, and the abundance of cyclin D1 is induced by activating mutations of both Ras and Rac1. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) proteins consist of cytoplasmic hetero- or homodimeric Rel-related proteins complexed to a member of the IkappaB family of inhibitor proteins. In the current studies, activating mutants of Rac1 (Rac(Leu-61), Rac(Val-12)) induced cyclin D1 expression and the cyclin D1 promoter in NIH 3T3 cells. Induction of cyclin D1 by Rac1 required both an NF-kappaB and an ATF-2 binding site. Inhibiting NF-kappaB by overexpression of an NF-kappaB trans-dominant inhibitor (nonphosphorylatable IkappaBalpha) reduced cyclin D1 promoter activation by the Rac1 mutants, placing NF-kappaB in a pathway of Rac1 activation of cyclin D1. Specific amino acid mutations in the amino-terminal effector domain of Rac(Leu-61) had comparable effects on NF-kappaB transcriptional activity and activation of the cyclin D1 promoter. The NF-kappaB factors Rel A (p65) and NF-kappaB(1) (p50) induced the cyclin D1 promoter, requiring both the NF-kappaB binding site and the ATF-2 site. Stable overexpression of Rac(Leu-61) increased binding of Rel A and NF-kappaB(1) to the cyclin D1 promoter NF-kappaB site. Activation of Rac1 in NIH 3T3 cells induces both NF-kappaB binding and activity and enhances expression of cyclin D1 through an NF-kappaB and ATF-2 site in the proximal promoter, suggesting a critical role for NF-kappaB in cell cycle regulation through cyclin D1 and Rac1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6907, Australia.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bouzahzah
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albanese
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steer
authors.forename: J U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Segall
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Westwick
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Der
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pestell
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D019938:Cyclin D1; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins