title: Dynamic cardiomyoplasty: at the crossroads.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dynamic cardiomyoplasty remains a promising, but still unproven surgical treatment for patients with end-stage heart failure. Lack of a clear survival advantage and ongoing misunderstanding of its mechanism of action have hindered its acceptance as a treatment alternative for patients with end-stage heart failure. This review seeks to update current clinical results and practice of dynamic cardiomyoplasty and to present its likely mechanism of action.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method involved a literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 600 patients have undergone dynamic cardioplasty since 1985. Improvement in average New York Heart Association class was noted in 80% to 85% of hospital survivors. Operative mortality has decreased from 31% in Phase I to less than 3% in the ongoing Phase III trial. Clinical work as well as recent animal work supports the hypothesis that through a combination of long-term elastic constraint and active dynamic assist, dynamic cardiomyoplasty decreases myocardial wall stress associated with the remodeling process of progressive heart failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though dynamic cardiomyoplasty can be shown to limit the remodeling process of heart failure in animal studies and some patients, its ultimate role in the treatment of heart failure will depend on the outcome of randomized, controlled studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA. macker@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Acker
mesh_terms: D018421:Cardiomyoplasty; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D016019:Survival Analysis; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology