title: Relation between ligament of Marshall and adrenergic atrial tachyarrhythmia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanism of the adrenergic atrial tachyarrhythmia is unclear. We hypothesize that the ligament of Marshall (LOM) is sensitive to adrenergic stimulation and may serve as a source of the adrenergic atrial tachyarrhythmia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed computerized mapping studies in isolated-perfused canine left atrial tissues from normal dogs (n=9) and from dogs with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) induced by 10 to 41 weeks of rapid pacing (n=3). Before isoproterenol, spontaneous activity occurred in only one normal tissue (cycle length, CL >1300 ms). During isoproterenol infusion, automatic rhythm was induced in both normal tissues (CL=578+/-172 ms) and AF tissues (CL=255+/-29 ms, P<0.05). The origin of spontaneous activity was mapped to the LOM. In the AF tissues, but not the normal tissues, we observed the transition from rapid automatic activity to multiple wavelet AF. Ablation of the LOM terminated the spontaneous activity and prevented AF. Immunocytochemical studies of the LOM revealed muscle tracts surrounded by tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (sympathetic) nerves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the LOM is richly innervated by sympathetic nerves and serves as a source of isoproterenol-sensitive focal automatic activity in normal canine atrium. The sensitivity to isoproterenol is upregulated after long-term rapid pacing and may contribute to the development of AF in this model.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Doshi
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yashima
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yashar
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Karagueuzian
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology*; D004285:Dogs; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000294:innervation*; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D013566:Sympathomimetics; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D007545:Isoproterenol