title: Celiac disease in relation to immunologic serum markers, trace elements, and HLA-DR and DQ antigens in Swedish children with Down syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An association between Down syndrome and celiac disease has been reported. This study was conducted to determine the association between childhood celiac disease and Down syndrome in the county of Uppsala, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 76 children with Down syndrome (1-18 years) were screened for the occurrence of anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) and anti-endomysium antibodies (EMA). Twelve children with suspected celiac disease were investigated further.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased levels of both IgA and IgG AGA were found in 26% of the children and of EMA in and 5 of 76. Celiac disease was diagnosed in at least three of the children (3.9%; 95% confidence interval 0%-8.3%), and it could have been present in as many as eight. Three of the five EMA-positive children with suspected celiac disease had the HLA phenotype DR3, DQ2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that determination of EMA is more useful as a screening test for celiac disease and for follow-up than is AGA in children with Down syndrome. The present study also confirms that celiac disease is overrepresented among Swedish children with Down syndrome and that celiac disease should be considered in all persons with Down syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Annerén
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sjöberg
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klareskog
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dannaeus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D001706:Biopsy; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005903:Gliadin / Q000276:immunology; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D013548:Sweden; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D014131:Trace Elements; D005903:Gliadin