title: Constructional morphology and mode of attachment of the trunk of Corynosoma cetaceum (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae).
abstract: Dead specimens of Corynosoma cetaceum were used to describe the trunk musculature of this species and to infer the use of the trunk as a secondary holdfast. Inferences were based on trunk muscle arrangement, changes in trunk shape, size and distribution of spines, and geometry of tegument thickness. The foretrunk of C. cetaceum is swollen and forms a spiny disk that is bent ventrally. The disk is flattened by several groups of muscles not described previously, which seem able to finely adjust the disk surface over the substratum. Disk attachment appears to be accomplished by two dorsal neck retractor muscles specialized in pulling the anchored proboscis into the foretrunk. This mechanism has been described in other acanthocephalans, becoming surprisingly efficient when used with a flattened, armed foretrunk. The ventrally spined hindtrunk requires force to move downwards in order to attach. A single ventral neck retractor muscle seems specialized in pulling the posterior trunk forward, inducing a downward force due to the muscle's precise points of insertion. This mechanism necessarily generates ventral wrinkling that needs to be eliminated for the spiny surface to be functional. The trunk ventral muscles are apparently arranged so as to concentrate the "excess" of the tegument into a single fold, optimizing the use of the remaining surface for attachment. The size and distribution of spines, as well as the geometry of tegumental thickness, conform to these observations. Morphological changes, seemingly simple, such as structural bending, may have triggered a cascade of subtle modifications and new functions during acanthocephalan evolution, reflecting how morphological integration and novelty interact.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology and Cavanilles Research Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain. Francisco.Aznar@uv.es
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Aznar
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Raga
mesh_terms: D000049:Acanthocephala / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000818:Animals; D004289:Dolphins / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013270:Stomach / Q000469:parasitology