title: The induction of distinct cytokine cascades correlates with different effects of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor on the lymphocyte compartment in the course of high-dose chemotherapy for breast cancer.
abstract: The availability of the myeloid hemopoietic growth factors (HGF) granulocyte- and granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF and GM-CSF) has enhanced the therapeutic index of high-dose chemotherapeutic antitumoral regimens (HDCT), as well as the rate of severe damage to immune competence. We investigated some immune functions before, during and after one course of HDCT for poor-risk breast cancer and compared the effects of G-CSF and GM-CSF on the immune recovery. They exerted different influences on the functions we examined and showed distinctive patterns of both qualitative and quantitative in vivo activities on the immune system. The main findings were that (a) granulocyte and lymphocyte recovery rates were faster in the patients receiving G-CSF; (b) looking at the lymphocyte compartment, this difference was restricted to the CD3(+)/CD8(+) and CD56(+) lymphocyte subsets; (c) the reconstitution rate of CD19(+) lymphocytes was slow in both groups; (d) at the end of follow-up HLA-DR expression by CD3(+) lymphocytes was higher in the GM-CSF group; (e) the lymphocyte proliferative capacity was restored at a faster rate in the GM-CSF group, whereas cytotoxic activities recovered better in the G-CSF group; (f) the early repopulating phase was characterized by higher interleukin-6 serum levels in the GM-CSF group. Overall, GM-CSF seemed to exert an earlier effect on all T lymphocyte subsets, preventing them from a complete drop during the long-lasting "nadir" of the cell count, whereas G-CSF appeared to boost them strongly, though a few days later, hastening their final recovery. The distinct pattern of the cytokine cascade induced by each factor, consistent with the different functional changes, seemed to account for the peculiarities of their immune modulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV degrees 6, I-16132 Genoa, Italy. mauriziosetti@hotmail.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Setti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bignardi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ballestrero
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferrando
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Musselli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blanchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basso
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bosco
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balleari
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Patrone
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Indiveri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D019070:Cell Lineage; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000187:drug effects; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015979:Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated / Q000276:immunology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000187:drug effects; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015409:Mastectomy, Radical; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor