title: Radiolabeled alpha(v)beta3 integrin antagonists: a new class of tracers for tumor targeting.
abstract: The alpha(v)beta3 integrins play an important role during tumor metastasis and tumor-induced angiogenesis. Targeting of this receptor may provide information about the receptor status of the tumor and enable specific therapeutic planning. Cyclo(-Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Val-) has been shown to be a selective alpha(v)beta3 integrin antagonist with high affinity. In this study we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of [125I]-3-iodo-D-Tyr4-cyclo(-Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Val-) ([125I]P2), [125I]-3-iodo-Tyr5-cyclo(-Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Tyr-) ([125I]P4) and the negative control peptide [1251]-3-iodo-D-Tyr4-cyclo(-Arg-D-Ala-Asp-Tyr-Val-) ([125I]P6).
  
  
  METHODS
  Peptides were assembled on a solid support using fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl amino acid coupling protocols. Radioiodination was performed using the iodogen method. The in vitro binding assays were performed using isolated, immobilized alphaIIbeta3 and alpha(v)beta3 integrins. Expression of the alphaVbeta3 receptor on the different tumors was validated by immunohistochemical methods using alpha(v) and alpha(v)beta3 specific antibodies. For biodistribution studies, nude mice with melanoma M21 or mammary carcinoma MaCaF and BALB/c mice with osteosarcoma were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The in vitro binding assays demonstrate that the introduction of tyrosine and subsequent iodination have no influence on the high affinity and selectivity for alpha(v)beta3. Immunohistochemical staining clearly indicates the presence of the alpha(v)beta3 integrins on the tumor tissue of the melanoma and the osteosarcoma. Pretreatment and displacement studies show specific binding of [125I]P2 on melanoma M21-bearing nude mice and osteosarcoma-bearing BALB/c mice but less specific binding on mammary carcinomas. [125I]P2 exhibits fast elimination kinetics. The accumulation in the tumor 10 min postinjection is 2.07 +/- 0.32 %ID/g for the melanoma M21 and 3.50 +/- 0.49 %ID/g for the osteosarcoma and decreases to 1.30 +/- 0.13 %ID/g and 2.03 +/- 0.49 %ID/g 60 min postinjection, respectively. [125I]P4 shows even faster elimination kinetics, resulting in a tumor accumulation of 0.40 +/- 0.10 %ID/g 60 min postinjection for the osteosarcoma-bearing BALB/c mice. Both peptides reveal predominately hepatobiliary excretion. For [1251]P2, this also is confirmed by autoradiography. The negative control peptide [125I]P6 shows no specific activity accumulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  [125I]P2 exhibits high affinity and selectivity for the alpha(v)beta3 integrin in vitro and in vivo and, thus, represents the first radiolabeled alpha(v)beta3 antagonist for the investigation of angiogenesis and metastasis in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Women's Hospital, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haubner
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wester
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Reuning
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Senekowitsch-Schmidtke
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Diefenbach
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stöcklin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D001665:Binding Sites; D001681:Biological Assay; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016023:Integrins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008545:Melanoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000032:analysis; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging
chemical_list: D016023:Integrins; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D009842:Oligopeptides