title: Maternal periconceptional use of electric bed-heating devices and risk for neural tube defects and orofacial clefts.
abstract: Electric and magnetic fields are of concern as risk factors for adverse reproductive outcomes, including congenital anomalies. Among residential exposures to electric and magnetic fields, electric bed-heating devices such as electric blankets may be a substantial source of such exposures, and their use is fairly common. Two population-based case-control studies were analyzed to investigate whether the periconceptional use of electric blankets, bed warmers, or electrically heated waterbeds increased the risk of women to deliver infants or fetuses with neural tube defects (NTDs) or orofacial clefts. We obtained information on bed-heating devices from 538 NTD cases and their 539 controls in one study, and 265 NTD cases and 481 controls and 652 orofacial cleft cases and their 734 controls from another study. Our results revealed a few modestly elevated risks of certain anomaly phenotypes with maternal use of certain bed-heating devices, but risks tended to be imprecise. In general, women who reported more frequent use of a bed-heating device, or longer duration of use, did not appear to have a higher risk for delivering offspring with anomalies than were women who reported less frequent or shorter-duration use.
authors.affiliation: California Birth Defects Monitoring Program, March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Todoroff
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Wasserman
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Neutra
mesh_terms: D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors