title: Aggregating human platelets stimulate expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells through a synergistic effect of transforming growth factor-beta(1) and platelet-derived growth factor(AB).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an endothelial mitogen and chemoattractant, has been implicated in the recovery of the endothelium after balloon injury. The increased expression of VEGF in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) at sites of injury suggests that this cell type may be a major cellular source of VEGF. This study examined whether aggregating platelets stimulate VEGF expression in cultured SMC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ++VEGF expression in SMC was assessed by Northern blot analysis and by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction and the release of VEGF by Western blot analysis and immunoassay. Platelet-derived products (PDP) released by aggregating human platelets time-dependently and concentration-dependently enhanced VEGF mRNA levels, mainly that coding for the soluble splice variant VEGF(165/164), and stimulated the release of VEGF protein. These effects were potentiated by transient acidification of PDP, which release bioactive transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1), and mimicked by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)(AB) and TGF-beta(1) in a synergistic manner. Both a TGF-beta-neutralizing antibody and a PDGF-neutralizing antibody significantly attenuated the effect of acidified PDP on VEGF production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aggregating human platelets induce VEGF mRNA expression in cultured SMC and the subsequent release of VEGF protein. This effect can be attributed to a supra-additive action of PDGF(AB) and TGF-beta(1) and may represent a novel mechanism by which platelets contribute to the recovery of the endothelial lining at sites of balloon-injured arteries.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Klinikum der JWG-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kronemann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bouloumi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bassus
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kirchmaier
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Busse
authors.forename: V B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Schini-Kerth
mesh_terms: D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000009:adverse effects; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D053779:Latent TGF-beta Binding Proteins; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000502:physiology*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D053779:Latent TGF-beta Binding Proteins; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C095477:platelet-derived growth factor AB