title: Studies on sulfation of synthesized metabolites from the local anesthetics ropivacaine and lidocaine using human cloned sulfotransferases.
abstract: The metabolism of the local anesthetics lidocaine and ropivacaine (ropi) involves several steps in humans. Lidocaine is mainly hydrolyzed and hydroxylated to 4-OH-2,6-xylidine (4-OH-xyl). The metabolism of ropi, involving dealkylation and hydroxylation, gives rise to 3-OH-ropi, 4-OH-ropi, 3-OH-2'6'-pipecoloxylidide (3-OH-PPX), and 2-OH-methyl-ropi. Because the metabolites are hydroxylated, they are particularly prone to subsequent Phase II conjugation reactions such as sulfation and glucuronidation. This study focused on the in vitro sulfation of these metabolites as well as another suspected metabolite of ropi, 2-carboxyl-ropi. All the metabolites were synthesized for the subsequent enzymatic studies. Five cloned human sulfotransferases (STs) were used in this study, namely, the phenol-sulfating form of ST (P-PST-1), the monoamine-sulfating form of ST (M-PST), estrogen-ST (EST), ST1B2, and dehydroepiandrosterone-ST (DHEA-ST), all of which are expressed in human liver. The results demonstrate that all of the metabolites except 2-OH-methyl-ropi and 2-carboxyl-ropi can be sulfated. It was also found that all of the STs can conjugate the remaining hydroxylated metabolites except DHEA-ST. However, there are large differences in the capacity of the individual human ST isoforms to conjugate the different metabolites. P-PST-1 sulfates 3-OH-PPX, 3-OH-ropi, and 4-OH-xyl; M-PST and EST conjugate 3-OH-PPX, 3-OH-ropi, and 4-OH-ropi whereas ST1B2 sulfates only 4-OH-xyl. The most extensively sulfated ropi metabolite is 3-OH-PPX. In conclusion, all of the hydroxylated metabolites of lidocaine and ropi can be sulfated if the hydroxyl group is attached to the aromatic ring in the metabolites. The human ST enzymes that are considered to be responsible for the sulfation of these metabolites in vivo are P-PST-1, M-PST, EST, and ST1B2. These enzymes are also found in the liver; this is the most important tissue for the metabolism of ropi in humans, demonstrated by.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0001, USA. charles.falany@ccc.uab.edu
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Falany
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Falany
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hedström
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: von Euler Chelpin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swedmark
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D013431:Sulfates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013431:Sulfates; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D008012:Lidocaine; D015238:Sulfotransferases