title: Effect of novel environmental stimuli on rat behaviour and central noradrenaline function measured by in vivo microdialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although physically aversive stimuli induce functional changes in central noradrenergic neurones, little is known about the noradrenergic response to environmentally aversive stimuli.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The first aim was to characterise environmental features that are perceived as stressful by rats. The second was to investigate whether changes in the concentration of extracellular noradrenaline are induced by these environmental features.
  
  
  METHODS
  A light/dark shuttle-box was used to test rats' behavioural response to a range of stimuli (novelty, bright light, and the presence of an unfamiliar rat), either before or after microdialysis probe implantation. Changes in the concentration of extracellular noradrenaline in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus in vivo were then evaluated on exposure to these same test conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Naive rats spent less time in a brightly-lit test arena than a dark one. However, the behavioural response to the light arena was attenuated by the presence of an unfamiliar rat. Probe implantation intensified the response to the light arena but did not affect behaviour in the dark arena. In the microdialysis studies, there was no change in the concentration of extracellular noradrenaline on transfer of rats to the dark arena but there was an increase in both the frontal cortex (+45%) and hypothalamus (+75%) on exposure to the light arena. A similar increase was induced in both brain regions when the light arena contained an unfamiliar rat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implantation of a microdialysis probe modifies the behavioural responses to certain environmental stimuli. Regardless of this, the extent to which rats perceive a novel environment as aversive is not the only determinant of the noradrenergic response to such stimuli. However, differences in stimulus controllability in the microdialysis and the behavioural experiments could influence the apparent intensity of the stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McQuade
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Creton
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Stanford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D009043:Motor Activity; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine