title: Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac complications are important causes of morbidity after noncardiac surgery. The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to develop and validate an index for risk of cardiac complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 4315 patients aged > or = 50 years undergoing elective major noncardiac procedures in a tertiary-care teaching hospital. The main outcome measures were major cardiac complications. Major cardiac complications occurred in 56 (2%) of 2893 patients assigned to the derivation cohort. Six independent predictors of complications were identified and included in a Revised Cardiac Risk Index: high-risk type of surgery, history of ischemic heart disease, history of congestive heart failure, history of cerebrovascular disease, preoperative treatment with insulin, and preoperative serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dL. Rates of major cardiac complication with 0, 1, 2, or > or = 3 of these factors were 0.5%, 1.3%, 4%, and 9%, respectively, in the derivation cohort and 0.4%, 0.9%, 7%, and 11%, respectively, among 1422 patients in the validation cohort. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis in the validation cohort indicated that the diagnostic performance of the Revised Cardiac Risk Index was superior to other published risk-prediction indexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In stable patients undergoing nonurgent major noncardiac surgery, this index can identify patients at higher risk for complications. This index may be useful for identification of candidates for further risk stratification with noninvasive technologies or other management strategies, as well as low-risk patients in whom additional evaluation is unlikely to be helpful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA.
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Marcantonio
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mangione
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Polanczyk
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sugarbaker
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poss
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pedan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003401:Creatine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D003401:Creatine