title: A health promotion intervention for families in a Medicaid managed care plan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether implementation of an intervention based on a model of health promotion will encourage patients to seek care from their primary care provider (PCP) and reduce visits to the pediatric ED (PED) for minor illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, controlled study in the PED of an urban children's hospital (CH). Children <13 months old, enrolled in a Medicaid managed care plan, who identified the CH as their site for primary care and presented to the PED for evaluation of minor illness were enrolled after being seen by the triage nurse, before being seen by a physician. Subjects were randomly assigned to the intervention (I) group or control (C) group. Parents of all enrollees completed a survey about health care utilization habits. Each family in the I group received health promotion teaching from a single investigator. The intervention consisted of a review of the child's medical record with the parents, an explanation of what to expect at future well-child visits, and a discussion of the role of the PCP. A follow-up appointment was also provided prior to discharge from the PED. The C group received usual care. Use of health care by all subjects was tracked for one year by medical record review and phone interviews at six and 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  102 subjects in the I group and 93 in the C group (mean +/- SD ages 6.4 months +/- 3.8 and 7.2 months +/- 3.9, respectively, p = 0.15) were enrolled from March 1996 to November 1996. The two groups were similar with respect to demographics and overall health status at enrollment. At study entry: 94 of 102 (92%) subjects in I and 87 of 93 (94%) in C had made at least one visit to the PED in the previous 12 months (p = 0.11); 95 of 102 (93%) in I and 75 of 93 (81%) in C had seen their PCP at least once for well-child care (p = 0.24). Twelve-month follow-up by medical record review was completed for all subjects; phone interviews were completed in 90 of 102 (88%) in I and 80 of 93 (86%) in C. At 12-month follow-up: 84 of 102 (82%) in I and 73 of 93 (78%) in C had made at least one visit to the PED (p = 0.59); 81 of 102 (79%) in I and 77 of 93 (83%) in C had made at least one visit to their CH PCP (p = 0.54).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no difference in health care utilization between the intervention and control groups at 12-month follow-up. The health promotion intervention did not alter utilization habits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA, USA. v-chande@nwu.edu
authors.forename: V T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Chande
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kimes
mesh_terms: D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008484:Medicaid / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014481:United States