title: Parasympathetic inhibition of sympathetic effects on pacemaker location and rate in hearts of anesthetized dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The site of impulse origin in the right atrium generally is considered to be a single static locus within the sinoatrial (SA) node. Previous investigators showed that the pacemaker site may shift due to changes in sympathetic or parasympathetic neural activity. We investigated the interactions between sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on the site of impulse initiation in the right atrium in anesthetized dogs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We determined the site of impulse initiation and the spread of excitation over the anterior and posterior regions of the right atrium by a matrix of 48 unipolar recording electrodes. We assessed the spread of excitation at 3-msec intervals by constructing isochronal activation sequence maps. Sympathetic stimulation increased the frequency of atrial excitation (i.e., the heart rate), but also shifted the earliest activation region (EAR) from a locus in the SA node to a locus in the superior vena cava (the superior pacemaker site). Vagus stimulation decreased the heart rate and shifted the EAR to a lower site in the SA node or a site in the inferior right atrium along the sulcus terminalis (the inferior pacemaker site). A short period of vagus stimulation during a more prolonged sympathetic stimulation elicited a larger decrease in rate than did vagus stimulation alone and shifted the EAR from the superior site to the SA node or to the inferior site. After atropine, combined stimulation shifted the EAR to the superior site, but propranolol did not change EAR location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that parasympathetic activity predominates over sympathetic activity not only on heart rate, but also on the location of the EAR in the anesthetized dog.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyashita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kurogouchi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chiba
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000818:Animals; D016275:Atrial Function; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004285:Dogs; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000294:innervation; D006339:Heart Rate; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011433:Propranolol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior
chemical_list: D010276:Parasympatholytics; D013565:Sympatholytics; D001285:Atropine; D011433:Propranolol