title: Management of diabetic ketoacidosis.
abstract: Diabetic ketoacidosis is an emergency medical condition that can be life-threatening if not treated properly. The incidence of this condition may be increasing, and a 1 to 2 percent mortality rate has stubbornly persisted since the 1970s. Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs most often in patients with type 1 diabetes (formerly called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus); however, its occurrence in patients with type 2 diabetes (formerly called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), particularly obese black patients, is not as rare as was once thought. The management of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis includes obtaining a thorough but rapid history and performing a physical examination in an attempt to identify possible precipitating factors. The major treatment of this condition is initial rehydration (using isotonic saline) with subsequent potassium replacement and low-dose insulin therapy. The use of bicarbonate is not recommended in most patients. Cerebral edema, one of the most dire complications of diabetic ketoacidosis, occurs more commonly in children and adolescents than in adults. Continuous follow-up of patients using treatment algorithms and flow sheets can help to minimize adverse outcomes. Preventive measures include patient education and instructions for the patient to contact the physician early during an illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, College of Medicine, 38163, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kitabchi
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Wall
mesh_terms: D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010710:Phosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011188:Potassium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015985:Precipitating Factors
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D010710:Phosphates; D011188:Potassium