title: Modification of the nutrition questionnaire for elderly to increase its ability to detect elderly people with inadequate intake of energy, calcium, vitamin C and vitamin D.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate the Nutrition Questionnaire for Elderly (NQE) aimed at health care personnel -and develop and validate a modified version of the questionnaire (MNQE) to improve its sensitivity in detecting elderly people with inadequate intake of specific nutrients and energy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The NQE was used to rank the nutrient intake of participants as 'acceptable' (OK-->) or 'at risk' (OBS-->) with respect to energy, calcium, vitamin C and vitamin D--nutrients with a high risk of deficiency, especially among the homebound or institutionalised elderly. The sensitivity, specificity and predictive capacity were calculated by means of a 4 d estimated record (study 1). Based on the results minor adjustments of the NQE was made, and the already obtained information was used to assess the theoretical validity of the MNQE (study 2). Finally the MNQE was validated in a new population (study 3).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five old people ( > 65 y) living in nursing-homes (Bagsvaerd or Havdrup), or at home in the same home-care district (Valby) or in the same preventive home-visit district (Rødovre) were recruited. Excluded were those who declined to participate or who were in a terminal condition (n = 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity of the NQE regarding the intakes of energy, calcium, vitamin C and vitamin D was quite low (respectively 0.46, 0.08, 0.05 and 0.38) (study 1). However minor adjustments of the NQE increased the sensitivity both in theory (energy: 0.64, calcium: 0.95, vitamin C: 1.00 and vitamin D: 0.84) (study 2) and in practice (energy: 1.00, calcium: 0.40, vitamin C: 0.86 and vitamin D: 0.85) (study 3). Modification of the NQE did not reduce the high specificity and predictive capacity of the original version.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modifications of the NQE resulted in a questionnaire with a high sensitivity, specificity and predictive capacity for detecting inadequate intake of energy, calcium, vitamin C and vitamin D in elderly people.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Soeborg.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ovesen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003718:Denmark; D004032:Diet / Q000145:classification*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015588:Observer Variation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D002118:Calcium