title: A comparative analysis of nephrostomy, JJ stent and urgent in situ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for obstructing ureteric stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the optimal method of treatment for ureteric stones causing complete obstruction, treated by insertion of a JJ stent or a nephrostomy tube, followed by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) or by urgent in situ ESWL if readily available.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised a retrospective analysis of 82 consecutive patients who presented with ureteric stones causing complete obstruction. Twenty-six had a percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN, group 1) and 40 had a JJ stent (group 2) placed to relieve the obstruction, and the stones were subsequently treated by ESWL. Sixteen patients underwent urgent in situ ESWL without recourse to either a JJ stent or a PCN (group 3). The choice of the procedure was not determined by stone size, site or other factors, but mainly by the attending surgeon's preference or the availability of urgent ESWL. The success rate was measured by the disintegration of the stone and spontaneous passage after ESWL; failure was defined as the need for additional procedure(s) for stone extraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urgent in situ ESWL (group 3) had a median (95% confidence interval) success rate of 81 (54-96)%, compared with 70 (53-83)% in group 2 and 54 (33-73)% in group 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If facilities are available, urgent in situ ESWL appears to be the choice of treatment for obstructing ureteric stones. If such facilities are not available, a JJ stent may offer better success than a PCN. A prospective controlled trial is necessary to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Lithotriptor Unit, South Manchester University Hospital NHS Trust, Withington Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: O O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Obadeyi
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*