title: Correcting static intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure for expiratory muscle contraction. Validation of a new method.
abstract: We have recently shown (Eur. Respir. J. 1997;10:522-529) that in spontaneously breathing and actively expiring patients, static intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi,st) can be corrected for expiratory muscle contraction by subtracting the average expiratory rise in gastric pressure (Pga,exp rise), calculated from three breaths just prior to an airway occlusion, from the end-expiratory airway pressure (Paw) of the first occluded inspiratory effort (PEEPi,st avg). However, since in some patients there is substantial variability in the intensity of expiratory muscle activity and hence in Pga,exp rise, this method may be inaccurate because the Pga,exp rise of breaths preceding airway occlusion may differ from that of the first postocclusion breath. In the present study, we introduced a new method consisting of synchronous subtraction of Pga,exp rise from Paw, both occurring during airway occlusion (PEEPi,st sub). PEEPi,st sub and PEEPi,st avg were each compared with the reference PEEPi,st (PEEPi,st ref), which was obtained during muscular paralysis and simulation of the spontaneous breathing pattern by the ventilator. We found that, in 25 critically ill patients, PEEPi,st sub (mean +/- SD, 5.3 +/- 2.6 cm H(2)O) was nearly identical to PEEPi,st ref (5.4 +/- 2.4 cm H(2)O). Their mean difference was -0.06 cm H(2)O with limits of agreement -0.96 to 0.84 cm H(2)O, indicating a strong agreement between these methods. In contrast, mean difference of PEEPi,st avg and PEEPi,st ref was 0.73 cm H(2)O with limits of agreement -3.97 to 5.43 cm H(2)O, indicating lack of agreement. Coefficient of variation of Pga,exp rise was 14.3 +/- 7.2% (range, 5.2 to 28.3%). There was a good correlation between the coefficient of variation of Pga,exp rise and the difference between PEEPi,st avg and PEEPi,st ref (r = 0.909; p < 0.001). We conclude that PEEPi,st can be accurately measured in spontaneously breathing patients by synchronous subtraction of Pga,exp rise from Paw during airway occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, University of Athens, Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Zakynthinos
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vassilakopoulos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zakynthinos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roussos
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Tzelepis
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000368:Aged; D016638:Critical Illness; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018467:Positive-Pressure Respiration, Intrinsic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*