title: Early biochemical characterization of soft-tissue trauma and fracture trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The long-term outcome of trauma patients basically depends on the relation between the clearance capacity of the organism, e.g., the lungs, and the antigenic (inflammatory) load in relation to the amount of damaged and perfused tissue. It is necessary to determine quality and quantity of fracture and soft-tissue damage by clinical means as early as possible. It is unknown whether biochemical markers and the impact of soft-tissue trauma correlate and whether there is a predictive value on clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 107 trauma patients were prospectively enrolled in the study. Blood samples were collected immediately at the site of accident, at hospital admission, and every 2 hours for an interval of 24 hours, then daily. In addition to the biochemical analysis of 20 different substances, the following data were collected and correlated to the laboratory results: Injury Severity Score, polytrauma score of Hannover, modified fracture index, and soft-tissue index. These primary clinical findings as well as the laboratory data were correlated to criteria of clinical outcome such as length of stay in the intensive care unit, length of hospital stay, infections, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, multiple organ failure score according to Goris, and finally to primary (< 72 hours), secondary (> 72 hours), and overall lethality. The determination of individual extent and severity of soft-tissue trauma is based on standard partial body volumes derived from healthy volunteers. In addition, clinical estimation of the degree of soft-tissue damage according to the usual classifications was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant (p > 0.05) correlations were found between fracture as well as soft-tissue trauma and intensive care unit stay, hospital stay, infections, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, multiple organ failure score, serum concentrations/activities of serum interleukin-6 and -8 and creatine kinase during the first 24 hours after trauma. Severe soft-tissue trauma was related to secondary lethality, however, without statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amount of fracture and soft-tissue damage can be estimated early by analysis of serum interleukin-6 and creatine kinase and is of great importance with regard to long-term outcome after trauma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Traumatology, University of Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Strecker
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gebhard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rager
authors.forename: U B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Brückner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steinbach
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kinzl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000209:etiology; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D003402:Creatine Kinase