title: EUS analysis of collateral veins inside and outside the esophageal wall in portal hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relation between esophageal varices and venous collaterals outside the esophageal wall in patients with portal hypertension remains unclear. We investigated this relationship with endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound (US).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two patients with untreated varices were examined. The collaterals were studied with a 20 MHz US catheter probe. Collaterals were divided into two groups: (1) periesophageal collateral veins adjacent to the muscularis externa of the esophagus and (2) paraesophageal collateral veins external to the esophageal wall but without contact with the muscularis externa. Periesophageal and paraesophageal collateral veins were scored as mild or severe according to stage of development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Varix form as defined endoscopically was significantly larger in the severe periesophageal collateral veins group than in the mild periesophageal collateral veins group (p < 0. 01). In contrast, varix form did not differ significantly between the mild and severe paraesophageal collateral veins groups. Perforating veins were detected in the distal esophagus in 18 of 22 patients (81.8%) by means of US. The prevalence of perforating veins increased in relation to varix form. Two types of perforating veins were found on the basis of connection with periesophageal and paraesophageal collateral veins. The frequency with which perforating veins were connected to periesophageal collateral veins was 81.8%; the frequency of connection to paraesophageal collateral veins was 27.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periesophageal collateral veins play a more important role in the formation of esophageal varices than do paraesophageal collateral veins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan. med2fmc@po.sphere.ne.jp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Irisawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Obara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Takiguchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shishido
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kasukawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D019160:Endosonography; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods; D004947:Esophagus / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*