title: Cross-cultural research: trying to do it better. 2. Enhancing data quality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the dilemmas for cross-cultural research in translating study instruments and implementing quality assurance methods, drawing on strategies utilised in the Mothers in a New Country (MINC) Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  To translation of study instruments in the MINC Study included: forward and back translations, a bilingual group review process, consultation with bilingual content experts, piloting of different versions of translations, a process for exploring unresolved difficulties and caution in interpreting unusual study findings. Interview quality was assessed by: 1. An ongoing review of interviewer-prepared English coding schedules to ensure completeness of data and identify problems with interview administration. 2. Analysis of fully translated transcripts of six randomly selected early interviews to assess the accuracy and consistency with which questions were asked. 3. A comparison of data sources for 45 randomly selected interviews (original language interview schedules, English coding schedules and translated interview transcripts) to determine the rate and nature of discrepancies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Translation strategies that went beyond simple forward and back translations achieved more reliable and appropriate translations. The complexity of language and cultural differences sometimes still meant less than satisfactory results. Interview tapes played an important quality assurance role, enabling feedback to the interviewers and providing a basis of comparison for identification of data discrepancies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ensuring good data quality in cross-cultural research is both critically important and difficult. Open discussion of the problems and concerted efforts to deal with them would benefit future research.
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Study of Mothers' and Children's Health, School of Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria. r.small@latrobe.edu.au
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yelland
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lumley
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cotronei
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Warren
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003625:Data Collection / Q000592:standards*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010679:Philippines / Q000208:ethnology; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*; D014175:Translating; D014421:Turkey / Q000208:ethnology; D014739:Victoria; D014744:Vietnam / Q000208:ethnology