title: Randomized trial testing the effect of vitamin A supplementation on pregnancy outcomes and early mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in Durban, South Africa. South African Vitamin A Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Poor vitamin A status has been associated with a higher risk for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 and there is contradictory evidence on the impact of vitamin A on perinatal outcome. We therefore assessed the effect of vitamin A supplementation to mothers on birth outcome and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Durban, South Africa 728 pregnant HIV infected women received either vitamin A (368) or placebo (360) in a randomized, double-blind trial. The vitamin A treatment consisted of a daily dose of 5000 IU retinyl palmitate and 30 mg beta-carotene during the third trimester of pregnancy and 200000 IU retinyl palmitate at delivery. HIV infection results were available on 632 children who were included in the Kaplan-Meier transmission analysis. Results are reported on mother-to-child transmission rates up to 3 months of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in the risk of HIV infection by 3 months of age between the vitamin A [20.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 15.7-24.9] and placebo groups (22.3%; 95% CI, 17.5-27.1), nor were there differences in foetal or infant mortality rates between the two groups. Women receiving vitamin A supplement were, however, less likely to have a preterm delivery (11.4% in the vitamin A and 17.4% in the placebo group; P = 0.03) and among the 80 preterm deliveries, those assigned to the vitamin A group were less likely to be infected (17.9%; 95% CI, 3.5-32.2) than those assigned to the placebo group (33.8%; 95% CI, 19.8-47.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin A supplementation, a low-cost intervention, does not appear to be effective in reducing overall mother-to-child transmission of HIV; however, its potential for reducing the incidence of preterm births, and the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in these infants needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Natal, Africa Centre for Population Studies and Reproductive Health, South Africa.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coutsoudis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pillay
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spooner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Coovadia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004224:Diterpenes; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D013019:South Africa; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A; C014794:retinol palmitate