title: Is antegrade ureteroscopy better than retrograde ureteroscopy for impacted large upper ureteral calculi?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was planned to compare the risks and advantages of antegrade and retrograde ureteroscopy for impacted large upper ureteral calculi.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 1996 to February 1998, ureteroscopy was offered to 43 patients. Of these, retrograde ureteroscopy was done in 20 patients, while antegrade ureteroscopy was performed in 23 patients. All these patients were followed up to evaluate the immediate and long-term success of the procedure. The incidence and nature of complications were also noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During retrograde ureteroscopy, complete stone clearance was achieved in 11 patients (55%), while pushback of the whole or fragmented calculus was seen in the rest. These patients with residual calculi were later treated by extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL). The stone-free rate at the end of 3 months was 85%. Three patients developed minor ureteroscopy-related complications. Complete stone clearance was achieved in all patients with antegrade ureteroscopy. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were encountered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series, antegrade ureteroscopy was found to be a safe and effective option for impacted upper ureteral calculi and assured better results than retrograde ureteroscopy.
authors.affiliation: R.G. Stone Urological Research Institute, Khar, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Maheshwari
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Oswal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andankar
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Nanjappa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bansal
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*