title: Development of a hepatocyte-specific prostaglandin E(1) polymeric prodrug and its potential for preventing carbon tetrachloride-induced fulminant hepatitis in mice.
abstract: A polymeric prodrug of prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)) was synthesized using galactosylated poly(L-glutamic acid hydrazide) (Gal-HZ-PLGA) as a biodegradable and targetable carrier to hepatocytes. Poly(L-glutamic acid hydrazide) was prepared by reacting poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) with hydrazine monohydrate, followed by reaction with 2-imino-2-methoxyethyl-1-thiogalactosides to obtain Gal-HZ-PLGA after i.v. injection. (111)In-labeled galactosylated poly(L-glutamic acid hydrazide) ((111)In-Gal-HZ-PLGA) rapidly accumulated in the liver in a dose-dependent manner, whereas (111)In-poly(L-glutamic acid hydrazide) did not, indicating the involvement of a galactose-specific mechanism in the uptake of (111)In-Gal-HZ-PLGA. Fractionation of liver cells revealed that (111)In-Gal-HZ-PLGA was preferentially taken up by liver parenchymal cells. After being taken up by the liver, (111)In-Gal-HZ-PLGA was gradually degraded, and radioactive metabolites with low molecular weight were detected within 10 min after injection. Then, PGE(1) or [(3)H]PGE(1) was coupled to Gal-HZ-PLGA via a hydrazone bond under mild conditions to obtain PGE(1) conjugate. After i.v. injection, [(3)H]PGE(1) conjugate was rapidly taken up by the liver (more than 80% of the dose). After injection of the conjugate, (3)H radioactivity remained in the liver, representing about 70% of the dose, even at 24 h, whereas little radioactivity remained in the organ at 1 h after the injection of free [(3)H]PGE(1). Finally, its pharmacological activity was examined in mice with fulminant hepatitis induced by peritoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride. The i.v. injection of PGE(1) conjugate at a dose of 1 mg (0.074 mg PGE(1))/kg effectively inhibited the increase of plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity, whereas twice this dose (0.15 mg/kg) of free PGE(1) had little effect. These results suggest that the PGE(1) conjugate is an excellent polymeric prodrug of PGE(1) for hepatitis therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akamatsu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takakura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashida
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010120:Oxytocics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D010120:Oxytocics; D011355:Prodrugs; C003172:poly-gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D015232:Dinoprostone