title: Ocular toxocariasis: a rare presentation of a posterior pole granuloma with an associated choroidal neovascular membrane.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ocular toxocariasis is a rare infection caused by the nematode larvae of toxocara canis, which is commonly found in dogs. Human transmission is usually via geophagia, the ingestion of food contaminated with the toxocara eggs, or contact with infected puppies, often resulting in devastating ocular and/or systemic effects. Distribution is worldwide; however, a higher incidence is demonstrated in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 17-year-old black woman sought treatment at a neighborhood health center with a report of gradual decrease in vision from her left eye over a 3-month period. Her ocular and systemic histories were unremarkable. Anterior segment evaluation revealed no signs of anterior uveitis. The posterior pole showed a 1.5 DD, round, raised, white, subretinal lesion adjacent to the fovea with an overlying serous retinal detachment and retinal hemorrhage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  She was referred to a retinologist who performed both fluorescein and indocyanine green (ICG) angiographies. A serum toxocara ELISA test was also ordered. Fluorescein angiography revealed hyperfluorescence consistent with the granuloma. The ICG demonstrated an occult choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV) underlying the area of hemorrhage inferotemporal to the granuloma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper illustrates the case presentation and includes an extensive review of the ocular and systemic manifestations of toxocariases. A description of ICG videoangiography, therapeutic approaches, and management will also be discussed.
authors.affiliation: New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lampariello
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Primo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000601:surgery; D015822:Eye Infections, Parasitic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006099:Granuloma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D053685:Laser Therapy; D012160:Retina / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000601:surgery; D017166:Toxocara canis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014120:Toxocariasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D007208:Indocyanine Green