title: Recurrence patterns of hepatocellular and fibrolamellar carcinoma after liver transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor recurrence is the major limitation of long-term survival after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC). Understanding tumor-biologic characteristics is important for selection of patients and for development of adjuvant therapeutic strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 69 patients who underwent potentially curative liver transplantation for HCC/FLC and survived for more than 150 days; minimum follow-up was 33 months. Frequency, localization, and timing of recurrence were analyzed and compared with primary tumor and patient characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor recurrence was observed in 39 patients at 67 locations. Hematogenous spread was the major route of tumor recurrence (87%), and the most frequent sites were the liver (62%), lung (56%), and bone (18%). Parameters associated with recurrence were absence of cirrhosis, tumor size greater than 5 cm, more than five nodules, vascular infiltration, and International Union Against Cancer (UICC) stage IVA. Selective intrahepatic recurrence was found in nine patients (23%); it was associated with highly differentiated tumors, lack of vascular infiltration, and male sex. Recurrence at multiple sites was found predominantly in young patients (< or = 40 years) and for multicentric (> 5) primary tumors. Recurrences were observed within a wide time range after transplantation (43 to 3,204 days; median, 441 days); late recurrences (> 1,000 days, n = 8) were associated with highly differentiated or fibrolamellar tumors and low UICC stages. Surgical treatment was the only therapeutic option associated with prolonged survival after recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In transplant recipients, hepatocellular carcinomas vary considerably in their pattern and kinetics of metastases. Tumor cells may persist in a dormant state for long time periods before giving rise to clinical metastases. Surgical treatment of recurrence should be considered whenever possible.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Abdominal-und Transplantationschirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany. schlitt@tx-amb.mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schlitt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neipp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weimann
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Oldhafer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schmoll
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boeker
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nashan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kubicka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maschek
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tusch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raab
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ringe
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Manns
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pichlmayr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D015996:Survival Rate