title: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone activates the equine luteinizing hormone beta promoter through a protein kinase C/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
abstract: GnRH regulation of LH secretion is well understood and involves Ca(2+) mobilization. However, the mechanism by which GnRH activates transcription of the LHbeta gene is controversial. GnRH is known to elevate intracellular calcium and activate the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. The present study evaluated the pathway(s) involved in GnRH induction of LHbeta transcription. We have previously reported that the equine LHbeta (eLHbeta -448/+60) promoter is active in alphaT3-1 cells. Therefore, we created a clonal, stably transfected alphaT3-1 gonadotroph cell line harboring the eLHbeta promoter (-448/+60) fused to the luciferase reporter gene. Administration of a GnRH agonist resulted in induction of promoter activity that was completely inhibited by the antagonist antide. Various calcium-affecting drugs had no effect on the promoter. Administration of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) elicited an activation similar to, albeit lower than, that with GnRH. Down-regulation or pharmacological inhibition of PKC completely blocked PMA's induction of the promoter, while GnRH induction was only partly attenuated. Treatment with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase inhibitor, PD98059, completely inhibited the activation of eLHbeta by PMA but only partly diminished GnRH's induction. Expression of the transcription factor, early growth response protein 1 (Egr1), correlated completely with activation of MAPK, suggesting that Egr1 is the factor through which PKC/MAPK acts. Our data suggest that GnRH induces activity of the eLHbeta promoter by activating a signal transduction cascade involving PKC-MAPK-Egr1 but that has no significant requirement for calcium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7401, USA.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Call
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D007700:Kinetics; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497325:EGR1 protein, human; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; C486109:Egr1 protein, mouse; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D002118:Calcium