title: Occupation and bladder cancer in European women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the importance of occupational exposures for bladder cancer in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We combined data from 11 case-control studies conducted between 1976 and 1996 in six European countries. The pooled data comprised 700 incident female cases and 2425 population or hospital controls, aged 30-79 years. Lifetime occupational and smoking history were examined using common coding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excess risks were found in only a few of the occupations previously identified at high risk for bladder cancer. Statistically significant excess risks were observed for metal workers, particularly blacksmiths, toolmakers and machine tool operators (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1-3.6), tobacco workers (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.1-9.3), field crop and vegetable farm workers (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.0-3.1), tailors and dress makers (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0-2.1), saleswomen (OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.0-6.9), and mail sorting clerks (OR: 4.4, 95% CI: 1.0-19.5). About 8% (95% CI: 3.1 19.9) of all bladder cancers in women could be attributed to occupation after adjusting for smoking. The attributable risk was higher in women aged less than 65 years (12%), compared to older women (4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The calculation of the attributable risk on the basis of results from this analysis may have caused some overestimation of the proportion of occupational bladder cancer in women. A significant proportion, however, of bladder cancer cases among European women less than 65 years is likely to be attributed to occupation. This link between bladder cancer in women and occupational factors has received little recognition, probably because studies addressing these issues have predominantly been done in men.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory and Environmental Health Research Unit, Insitut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mannetje
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kogevinas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang-Claude
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cordier
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hours
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jöckel
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bolm-Audorff
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lynge
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Porru
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Donato
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ranft
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tzonou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vineis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wahrendorf
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology