title: Laryngeal movements during the respiratory cycle measured with an endoscopic imaging technique in the conscious horse at rest.
abstract: A video-laryngoscopic method, implemented with an algorithm for the correction of the deformation inherent in the endoscope optical system, has been used to measure the dorsoventral diameter (Drg) and the cross-sectional area (CSArg) of the rima glottidis in five healthy workhorses during conscious breathing at rest. Simultaneous recording of the respiratory airflow was also obtained in two horses. Drg measured 82.7 +/- 4.5 mm (mean +/- S.D.) independently of the respiratory phase, and did not differ from the measurement in post-mortem anatomical specimens of the same horses. CSArg ranged from 1130 +/- 117 mm2 (mean +/- S.D.) during the inspiratory phase to 640 +/- 242 mm2 during the expiratory phase; being always narrower than tracheal cross-sectional area, which was 1616 +/- 224 mm2, as determined from anatomical specimens. Both inspiratory and expiratory airflow waves displayed a biphasic pattern. Maximal laryngeal opening occurred in phase with the second inspiratory peak, while during expiration CSArg attained a minimum value during the first expiratory peak which was significantly smaller (P < 0.01) than the area subsequently maintained during the rest of the expiratiory phase. These quantitative measurements of equine laryngeal movements substantiate the important role played by the larynx in regulating upper airway respiratory resistance and the expiratory airflow pattern at rest.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche Avanzate del CNR, Segrate, Milano, Italy. lafo@itba.mi.cnr.it
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lafortuna
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albertini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zucca
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braghieri
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saibene
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005931:Glottis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D014741:Video Recording