title: Salvage continent vesicostomy after enterocystoplasty in the absence of the appendix.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe a surgical procedure for a select group of children who had previously undergone augmentation enterocystoplasty, following which intermittent catheterization became more and more difficult or impractical. A new access to the reservoir became necessary, and alternative conduits included the appendix, ureter and tubularized ileum or stomach. Each conduit had its advantages and disadvantages but all required transperitoneal dissection. We report a simple extraperitoneal surgical technique that involves use of the Mitrofanoff and Nissen principles.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2x6 cm. flap of the anterior wall, which is usually intestine, of the augmented bladder is raised. The base of the flap is just below the bladder dome. The flap is then tubularized over a 14F catheter and the cystostomy is closed. The bladder is plicated around the base of the tube, similar to the Nissen gastroesophageal fundoplication. The plication extends and covers the proximal 3 cm. of the tube. Intraoperative bladder distention is performed to confirm the competence of the continence mechanism. The distal part of the tube is then anastomosed to the inverted umbilical skin or to a tubularized abdominal wall skin flap.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aforementioned technique was used in 5 children 3 months to 6 years old. Earlier augmentation ileocystoplasty and bladder neck reconstruction had been performed in 4 children. The appendix was unavailable for a Mitrofanoff vesicostomy in all cases. This procedure was also performed on a 13-year-old boy with severe myogenic detrusor failure, due to posterior urethral valves, and a bladder capacity of 700 ml. There was no significant surgical morbidity and all children are dry between clean intermittent catheterizations 1 to 5 years postoperatively (mean 3.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of the Mitrofanoff and Nissen principles proved to be simple and reliable, and avoided secondary intraperitoneal exploration and use of bowel in these select cases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey-St. Barnabas Health Care System, Livingston, USA.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stock
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003559:Cystostomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D013270:Stomach / Q000601:surgery; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016476:Urinary Reservoirs, Continent