title: Vitamin A deficiency and other nutritional indices during pregnancy in human immunodeficiency virus infection: prevalence, clinical correlates, and outcome. Women and Infants Transmission Study Group.
abstract: Vitamin A levels in plasma and other nutritional indices were measured during pregnancy for 449 women enrolled in a multicenter cohort study of mother-to-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). During the third trimester, 29.6% of the women had low (20 to <30 microg/dL) and 11.1% had very low (<20 microg/dL) vitamin A levels. Vitamin A and body mass index, serum albumin levels, and hemoglobin levels were weakly correlated. After adjustment for other covariates, women with low and very low vitamin A levels before the third trimester were more likely to deliver infants with low birth weight (<2500 g) than were those with higher levels (odds ratio [OR], 4.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57-13.4; and OR, 6.99; 95% CI, 1.09-45.0, respectively). However, there was no statistically significant association between vitamin A level and mother-to-infant transmission of HIV-1. Anemia and low body mass index before the third trimester were associated with an increased risk of transmission in univariate analyses but not in multivariate analyses.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS Branch, Center for Research for Mothers and Children, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7510, USA. db98d@nih.gov
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: FitzGerald
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Semba
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hershow
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zorrilla
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pitt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hammill
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Landesman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D015995:Prevalence; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology