title: Active responses decrease impact forces at the hip and shoulder in falls to the side.
abstract: Active responses, such as using the arm to break the fall, may be an effective means of decreasing likelihood of injury in a fall and may help explain why only a small percentage of falls result in a fracture. We quantified the impact force at the hip and shoulder in falls to the side from a kneeling position under three conditions: (1) attempting to break the fall by using an arm; (2) falling with the body relaxed; and (3) falling with the body tensed. Subjects fell from a kneeling position onto a force platform array covered with foam padding and impact force data were recorded. The ground reaction force-time curve was generally bimodal due to sequential impacts of the hip and shoulder. Impact forces at the hip and shoulder were 12 and 16% less for the slap condition (p < 0.05) than for the tensed condition. The impact forces for the relaxed and tensed conditions were not significantly different, although impact forces tended to be less in the relaxed condition. We concluded that active responses reduce the impact forces experienced at the hip and shoulder in falls to the side. Decreased effectiveness of protective responses, due to increases in reaction time and decreases in strength with age, may help explain why so many hip fractures occur in the elderly but so few occur in younger people.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA. michelle@brcinc.com
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sabick
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Banks
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000517:prevention & control; D025981:Hip Injuries; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000517:prevention & control; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology