title: Prediction of stone composition from plain radiographs: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stone composition, as reflected in radiographic appearance, is important to help choose between SWL and percutaneous/endoscopic procedures. Predicting a stone's composition accurately from a plain radiograph would be a useful tool in clinical decision-making. However, the ability of physicians to predict composition has not been adequately assessed. A prospective study was designed to quantify the accuracy of a panel of physicians who routinely deal with stones in classifying stone composition solely from radiographs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A panel of six members was created to review 100 plain-film radiographs from patients with renal stones of known composition. The panel consisted of two urologists, two radiologists, and two nephrologists, all of whom have expertise in stone disease. If the composition guessed was at least 40% of the total stone composition, the response was deemed correct.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, there was an average 39% correct response score among the six panelists. When the stones were divided by size, 35% were <1 cm, and 65% were larger. The accuracy of chemical composition determination did not improve with greater stone size, nor was there a difference in accuracy for pure and mixed stones. The most frequently misclassified stone was calcium phosphate, with only 14% being correctly diagnosed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With a random sampling of plain radiographs, a panel of physicians specializing in stone disease correctly diagnosed the composition of renal calculi less than half of the time without being given clinical information.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramakumar
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: LeRoy
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Segura
mesh_terms: D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000032:analysis; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D009398:Nephrology; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D010820:Physicians; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D011871:Radiology; D000069877:Struvite; D014572:Urology
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; C485828:alpha-tricalcium phosphate; C485830:tetracalcium phosphate; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; C485838:calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous; C020243:calcium phosphate; D000069877:Struvite; C485829:calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous