Mechanism, structure-activity studies, and potential applications of glutathione S-transferase-catalyzed cleavage of sulfonamides.
The mechanism of sulfonamide cleavage of PNU-109112, a potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor, by glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was investigated in the presence of reduced GSH. GST-catalyzed sulfonamide cleavage takes place via the nucleophilic attack of GSH on the pyridine moiety of the substrate with formation of the GS-para-CN-pyridinyl conjugate, the corresponding amine, and sulfur dioxide. Structure activity studies with a variety of sulfonamides indicate that an electrophilic center alpha to the sulfonyl group is required for cleavage. Substituents that withdraw electron density from the carbon atom alpha- to the sulfonyl group facilitate nucleophilic attack by the GS(-) thiolate bound to GST. The rate of sulfonamide cleavage is markedly affected by the nature of the electrophilic group; replacement of para-CN by para-CF(3) on the pyridine ring of PNU-109112 confers stability against sulfonamide cleavage. On the other hand, stability of sulfonamides is less dependent on the nature of the amine moiety. These principles can be applied to the synthesis of sulfonamides, labile toward cellular GST, that may serve as prodrugs for release of bioactive amines. Tumors are particularly attractive targets for these sulfonamide prodrugs as GST expression is significantly up-regulated in many cancer cells. Another potential application could be in organic synthesis, where protection of amines as the corresponding activated sulfonamides can be reversed by GST/GSH under mild conditions.
Zhao
Z
Z
Drug Metabolism, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Incorporated, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA.
Koeplinger
K A
KA
Peterson
T
T
Conradi
R A
RA
Burton
P S
PS
Suarato
A
A
Heinrikson
R L
RL
Tomasselli
A G
AG
D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003124:Colorimetry; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013447:Sulfites / Q000378:metabolism; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D011355:Prodrugs; D013447:Sulfites; D013449:Sulfonamides; D005982:Glutathione Transferase