title: Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of sunscreens on the skin can prevent sunburn but whether long-term use can prevent skin cancer is not known. Also, there is evidence that oral betacarotene supplementation lowers skin-cancer rates in animals, but there is limited evidence of its effect in human beings.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a community-based randomised trial with a 2 by 2 factorial design, individuals were assigned to four treatment groups: daily application of a sun protection factor 15-plus sunscreen to the head, neck, arms, and hands, and betacarotene supplementation (30 mg per day); sunscreen plus placebo tablets; betacarotene only; or placebo only. Participants were 1621 residents of Nambour in southeast Queensland, Australia. The endpoints after 4.5 years of follow-up were the incidence of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas both in terms of people treated for newly diagnosed disease and in terms of the numbers of tumours that occurred. Analysis of the effect of sunscreen was based only on skin cancers that developed on sites of daily application. All analyses were by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1383 participants underwent full skin examination by a dermatologist in the follow-up period. 250 of them developed 758 new skin cancers during the follow-up period. There were no significant differences in the incidence of first new skin cancers between groups randomly assigned daily sunscreen and no daily sunscreen (basal-cell carcinoma 2588 vs 2509 per 100,000; rate ratio 1.03 [95% CI 0.73-1.46]; squamous-cell carcinoma 876 vs 996 per 100,000; rate ratio 0.88 [0.50-1.56]). Similarly, there was no significant difference between the betacarotene and placebo groups in incidence of either cancer (basal-cell carcinoma 3954 vs 3806 per 100,000; 1.04 [0.73-1.27]; squamous-cell carcinoma 1508 vs 1146 per 100,000; 1.35 [0.84-2.19]). In terms of the number of tumours, there was no effect on incidence of basal-cell carcinoma by sunscreen use or by betacarotene but the incidence of squamous-cell carcinoma was significantly lower in the sunscreen group than in the no daily sunscreen group (1115 vs 1832 per 100,000; 0.61 [0.46-0.81]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no harmful effect of daily use of sunscreen in this medium-term study. Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma, but not basal-cell carcinoma seems to be amenable to prevention through the routine use of sunscreen by adults for 4.5 years. There was no beneficial or harmful effect on the rates of either type of skin cancer, as a result of betacarotene supplementation.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Population Health Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, University of Queensland, Australia. adeleG@qimr.edu.au
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neale
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gaffney
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Battistutta
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011793:Queensland; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D019207:beta Carotene