title: Insulin-like growth factor II signaling in neoplastic proliferation is blocked by transgenic expression of the metalloproteinase inhibitor TIMP-1.
abstract: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) II is overexpressed in many human cancers and is reactivated by, and crucial for viral oncogene (SV40 T antigen, [TAg])-induced tumorigenesis in several tumor models. Using a double transgenic murine hepatic tumor model, we demonstrate that tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) blocks liver hyperplasia during tumor development, despite TAg-mediated reactivation of IGF-II. Because the activity of IGFs is controlled by IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), we investigated whether TIMP-1 overexpression altered the IGFBP status in the transgenic liver. Ligand blotting showed that IGFBP-3 protein levels were increased in TIMP-1-overexpressing double transgenic littermates, whereas IGFBP-3 mRNA levels were not different, suggesting that TIMP-1 affects IGFBP-3 at a posttranscriptional level. IGFBP-3 proteolysis assays demonstrated that IGFBP-3 degradation was lower in TIMP-1-overexpressing livers, and zymography showed that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were present in the liver homogenates and were capable of degrading IGFBP-3. As a consequence of reduced IGFBP-3 proteolysis and elevated IGFBP-3 protein levels, dissociable IGF-II levels were significantly lower in TIMP-1-overexpressing animals. This decrease in bioavailable IGF-II ultimately resulted in diminished IGF-I receptor signaling in vivo as evidenced by diminished receptor kinase activity and decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of the IGF-I receptor downstream effectors, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), extracellular signal regulatory kinase (Erk)-1, and Erk-2. Together, these results provide evidence that TIMP-1 inhibits liver hyperplasia, an early event in TAg-mediated tumorigenesis, by reducing the activity of the tumor-inducing mitogen, IGF-II. These data implicate the control of MMP-mediated degradation of IGFBPs as a novel therapy for controlling IGF bioavailability in cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fowlkes
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Babic
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khokha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D006965:Hyperplasia; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases