title: Field evaluation of new water-dispersible granular formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus against Culex mosquitoes in microcosms.
abstract: A variety of formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis de Barjac (B.t.i.) and Bacillus sphaericus Neide (B.s.) have been studied for mosquito control under laboratory and field conditions. High efficacy, specificity, low risk of development of resistance, long shelf-life, and transportability, as well as the safety to nontarget organisms of these 2 microbial agents have been well documented. Some of the currently available formulations of B.t.i. and B.s. have low potency per unit mass. Research and development efforts are focusing on commercializing formulations with high potency and low minimum effective dosage that are suitable for long-distance shipment. To achieve this goal, new water-dispersible granule (WDG) formulations of both microbial agents were prepared and made available by Abbott Laboratories for evaluation. The newly developed WDGs of B.t.i. and B.s. with high potency dispersed readily in water with gentle agitation. These WDGs were evaluated and the minimum effective dosages were determined in microcosms against natural populations of Culex mosquitoes. The minimum effective dosage for B.t.i. WDGs with 4,000 International Toxic Units (ITU)/mg was 0.27-0.53 lb/acre which yielded significant control for up to 7-12 days. The minimum effective dosage for B.s. WDGs with 350-630 ITU/mg was 0.05-0.10 lb/acre, which yielded significant control of immature mosquitoes for up to 14-20 days.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521-0314, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mulla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001407:Bacillus; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis; D001681:Biological Assay; D003465:Culex; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water