title: The fundamental and second harmonic of the photopic flicker electroretinogram: temporal frequency-dependent abnormalities in retinitis pigmentosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The flicker electroretinogram (FERG) consists mainly of a linear (fundamental, 1F) and a non linear (second harmonic, 2F) component. Previous results indicate that 2F originates more proximally in the retina than 1F, and that retinitis pigmentosa (RP) may affect 2F to a greater extent than 1F. The aim of this study was to evaluate FERG 1F and 2F abnormalities in RP as a function of the stimulus temporal frequency (TF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients with typical RP and 10 age-matched controls were examined. FERGs were recorded in response to uniform fields (18 degrees) presented in the macula on a light-adapting background. Stimuli were flickered sinusoidally at different, closely spaced TFs between 3.7 and 52 Hz. Amplitudes and phases of the Fourier analysed 1F and 2F components were measured. Components' apparent latencies were estimated from the rate at which phase lagged with TF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared to controls, mean 1F amplitudes of patients were reduced at both low (3.7-12.6 Hz) and high (14-52 Hz) TFs, with greatest losses (0.5 log units) around the peaks (3.7 and 41 Hz) of the normal TF function. Mean 2F amplitudes were reduced mainly at low TFs, with greatest losses (0.5 log units) at 5-8 Hz. On average, the shape of the 2F, but not 1F amplitude versus TF function, differed between patients and controls, showing a selective attenuation at low TFs. Mean 1F apparent latencies were delayed at both low and high TFs, with greater delays at low (85 ms) than at high (33 ms) TFs. Mean 2F apparent latencies were delayed only at low TFs (58 ms).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In RP, 1F and 2F phase delays as well as 2F amplitude losses are dependent on TF, suggesting that FERG generators' subpopulations in both distal and proximal retina are differentially affected. Analysis of the FERG TF response is potentially useful to characterize cone system dysfunction in different genetic subtypes of RP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy. md0571@mclink.it
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Falsini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iarossi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fadda
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Porrello
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Valentini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piccardi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scullica
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology