title: Trauma-hemorrhage delays wound healing potentially by increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines at the wound site.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies indicate impaired wound healing after trauma. The underlying mechanism remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were subjected to midline laparotomy, and polyvinyl alcohol sponges were implanted subcutaneously before hemorrhage (35 +/- 5 mmHg for 90 minutes, resuscitated) or sham operation. Wound exudate cells from the sponges were harvested on the first, third, and fifth postoperative day and cultured for 24 hours. Interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta were determined in the supernatants. IL-1 beta and IL-6 were measured in the wound fluid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hemorrhage decreased collagen deposition in the wound. TGF-beta release was significantly decreased on the first and third postoperative days after hemorrhage, whereas IL-1 beta and IL-6 release was increased at 3 and 5 days after hemorrhage. Similarly, IL-1 beta and IL-6 in the wound fluid were significantly increased at 3 days after hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased amounts of TGF-beta have been reported to impair the process of wound healing, the increased release of IL-1 beta and IL-6 and the decreased release of TGF-beta after hemorrhage might contribute to the decreased collagen production in those animals. Thus, attempts to locally change the ratio of those cytokines in trauma victims might be useful for improving wound healing in those patients.
authors.affiliation: Center for Surgical Research, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Angele
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Knöferl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Albina
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Cioffi
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Bland
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chaudry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology; D014945:Wound Healing; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines