title: Myocardial effects of ventricular fibrillation in the isolated rat heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is known to increase myocardial oxygen requirements and to alter coronary vascular physiology. However, the significance of these effects during cardiac arrest and resuscitation is not well understood. A model was developed in the isolated rat heart to investigate the myocardial effects of VF during a simulated episode of cardiac arrest and resuscitation. We hypothesized that VF would intensify the severity of myocardial ischemia and consequently accentuate postischemic myocardial dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective and randomized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hearts were harvested and perfused at a constant flow rate of 10 mL/min using a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution equilibrated with 95% oxygen and 5% CO2. In five hearts, VF was induced by a 0.05-mA current delivered to the right ventricular endocardium. The perfusate flow was then stopped for a 10-min interval and resumed at 20% of baseline flow for another 10 mins. After 20 mins of VF, the perfusate flow was returned to baseline and a sinus rhythm reestablished by epicardial electrical shocks. The studies were randomized and included three additional groups to control for the effects of ischemia without VF (n = 5), the effects of VF without ischemia (n = 5), and the stability of the preparation (n = 5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isovolumic indices of left ventricular function were obtained using a latex balloon advanced through the mitral valve and distended to an end-diastolic pressure of 10 mm Hg. The coronary effluent was collected from the right ventricular cavity. VF during myocardial ischemia was associated with a higher coronary effluent PCO2, increased coronary vascular resistance, and development of ischemic contracture as indicated by increases in left ventricular pressure from 9+/-3 to 33+/-6 mm Hg (p < .05). After defibrillation, contractility and relaxation rapidly returned to baseline values, whereas the isovolumic end-diastolic pressure remained elevated for 20 mins. These changes were much less prominent when ischemia was not accompanied by VF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that VF may adversely affect myocardial ischemia by hastening the development of ischemic contracture, increasing coronary vascular resistance, and favoring the development of diastolic pump failure early after resuscitation from cardiac arrest.
authors.affiliation: Medical Service, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, North Chicago VA Medical Center, IL 60064, USA. rjgazmuri@aol.com
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gazmuri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cajigas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012151:Resuscitation; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013997:Time Factors; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D017725:Ventricular Pressure