title: Autologous blood use in percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preoperative autologous blood (AUB) donation has decreased patient exposure to allogenic blood (ALB) products and associated infectious risk. The risk of contracting hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus is 1 in 103,000 and 1 in 678,000, respectively, after receiving 1 U ALB. Elective surgical procedures require surgeons to offer preoperative AUB donation in California. Unused AUB is discarded. We report our use of AUB obtained for percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 144 consecutive patients who underwent 193 percutaneous nephrolithotomies between January 1994 and April 1998 at one of four teaching hospitals at the University of California, San Francisco was performed. Preoperative AUB donation, transfusion rates, hemoglobin levels, blood use, and costs were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-six units of blood were collected from 63 patients (44%) and were available for 70 procedures (36%). The overall transfusion rate per procedure was 7%, with 13 patients receiving a total of 24 U, 7 AUB and 17 ALB. Eighty-nine units (92.7%) of AUB were discarded, and the transfusion rate in donors and nondonors was similar. There was no significant difference in preoperative hemoglobin or operative blood loss between donors and nondonors. The 13 transfused patients had a lower preoperative hemoglobin ( 11.5 versus 12.8 g/dL; P = 0.029) and higher operative blood loss as measured by hemoglobin level (3.2 versus 1.6 g/dL; P <0.001). Blood bank charges for ALB and AUB were $ 119/U and $244 to $498/U, respectively, depending on transportation and thawing charges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine preoperative blood donation adds substantial cost for minimal benefit, given the low infectious risk of ALB and the two- to fourfold higher cost of AUB. In our series, women had an increased incidence of blood transfusion compared with men. AUB donation may provide peace of mind but is rarely used and is discarded 93% of the time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0738, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stoller
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Viele
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001804:Blood Transfusion, Autologous / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies