title: Hypercalcemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a review of hypercalcemia of malignancy, including the incidence, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, treatment, and nursing interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research studies, review articles, proceedings from nursing conferences, and book chapters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypercalcemia of malignancy is difficult to diagnose because the signs and symptoms are similar to those experienced by patients with end-stage cancers. Knowing the cancers and histologic cell types that are at high risk for hypercalcemia assists in early diagnosis and treatment. Treatment decisions must consider potential benefits and their risks and affect on quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypercalcemia of malignancy as a metabolic oncologic emergency requires accurate assessment and rapid intervention. Early recognition by the patient, family, and health care professionals can result in improved quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barnett
mesh_terms: D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000556:secondary; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000150:complications*; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009859:Oncology Nursing