title: Long-term outcome of transurethral puncture of ectopic ureteroceles: initial success and late problems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the long-term outcome of transurethral puncture of ectopic ureteroceles specifically associated with duplex systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who underwent transurethral puncture of an ectopic ureterocele. Study exclusion criteria were orthotopic, bilateral and prolapsing ureteroceles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 19 girls and 2 boys, of whom 11 presented with prenatal hydronephrosis and 10 presented with urinary tract infection. Mean age at puncture was 5 months (range 0.5 to 60). Preoperatively voiding cystourethrography revealed no reflux in 7 patients, isolated ipsilateral lower pole reflux in 8, and bilateral and/or contralateral reflux in 6. Postoperatively studies initially showed no reflux in 8 cases but in 4 of the 8 reflux recurred up to 4 years after puncture. In 10 patients (48%) reflux developed into the ureterocele and upper pole segment. Repeat puncture was required 1 to 13 months after the initial procedure in 4 patients for persistent or recurrent upper pole hydroureteronephrosis. Subsequent open surgery was required in 15 of the 21 cases (71%), including ureterocele excision with ureteral reimplantation in 14. Of the children 10 and 4 underwent open surgery for recurrent urinary tract infection and progressive reflux, respectively, while 1 underwent ureteroureterostomy for progressive upper pole reflux. No patient underwent upper pole nephrectomy. Of the remaining 6 patients 4 have low grade reflux.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transurethral puncture of ectopic ureteroceles provides effective short-term correction of upper pole obstruction but it is not definitive therapy in the majority of cases. Most children still require open surgery. In patients without reflux after the puncture procedure new onset, recurrent or progressive reflux may later develop with extended followup. Repeat puncture may be required to ensure adequate decompression in a minority of cases, as in the 20% in our series.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, Columbus Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, USA.
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Jayanthi
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Koff
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011677:Punctures / Q000379:methods; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014518:Ureterocele / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D014521:Urethra; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy