title: Percutaneous penetration of local anesthetic bases: pharmacodynamic measurements.
abstract: Local anesthetics do not penetrate readily through human skin if applied in their salt form; however, if applied in their base form various effects may be observed, such as a decrease in pricking pain and a change in burning, itch, and thermal sensations. These effects occur after skin penetration and may be attributed to the action of the anesthetics on nociceptors and thermoreceptors, i.e., on C and Adelta nerve fiber respectively. As there is little known about the time course of the pharmacodynamic response of cutaneously applied local anesthetic bases, this study was conducted to characterize various local anesthetics pharmacodynamically by measuring thermal thresholds over time with a thermal sensory analyzer. The results show that the investigated local anesthetics affect thermal thresholds to a different extent, with tetracaine and lidocaine being most efficient. From the response versus time profiles of all eight study subjects various response parameters were obtained: only the cold sensation parameters proved suitable for characterization of the local anesthetics, possibly because cold receptors are located in the epidermis and can easily be reached. Lag times of onset are short and the maximum anesthetic effect is reached within 2-3 h. Cold sensation parameters correlate linearly with the solubility of the local anesthetic bases in medium chain triglycerides and with the drug flux of 50% saturation, indicating that medium chain triglycerides may have similar properties with regard to the local anesthetics solubility as the stratum corneum lipids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA. leopold@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Leopold
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maibach
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local