title: Distal external iliac lymph nodes in early cervical cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the utility of the deep circumflex iliac vein as a landmark for the caudal limit of external iliac lymphadenectomy for early cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  During dissection of the distal (caudal), anterior (ventral) aspect of the external iliac vessels in conjunction with radical hysterectomy for carcinoma of the cervix, a careful search was made for the deep circumflex iliac vein. Lymph nodes immediately above this vein were sent as adjacent and lymph nodes caudal to the vein were sent as distal. The distance from the vein to the femoral canal was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-one women were studied over 40 months. Fifty-five had squamous cell carcinoma, 15 had adenocarcinoma, and one had adenosquamous carcinoma. The mean distance from the deep circumflex iliac vein to the femoral canal was 16 mm. Sixty-three patients had dissections distal to identified deep circumflex iliac veins and 49 (77%) of these had distal lymph nodes removed. The median number of pelvic lymph nodes removed was 24 (range nine to 68), and the median number of distal lymph nodes removed was 1.0 from each side. Lymph node metastases were found in 13 women (18%). One subject with multiple macroscopically positive nodes had a single positive distal lymph node. Thus, a small number of distal lymph nodes were found in most women with early invasive cervical cancer, and 8% of those with positive nodes had involvement of this nodal group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The deep circumflex iliac vein was an appropriate landmark for the caudal limit of external iliac lymphadenectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, University of South Florida, Tampa 33606, USA. shood@com1.med.usf.edu
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gunasekaran
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cavanagh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007084:Iliac Vein; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*