title: Codeine concentration in hair after oral administration is dependent on melanin content.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Analysis of drugs in hair has been used on a qualitative basis to estimate earlier exposure to drugs. Clinical applications are rare because of the lack of dose-response relationships in the studies performed to date, and questions remain regarding the mechanisms of drug incorporation into hair. Several human studies have shown differences in drug accumulation between pigmented and nonpigmented hair. However, the melanin concentration in hair was not determined and correlated to the amount of drug incorporated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine human subjects were given codeine as a single oral dose, and plasma codeine concentrations were determined for 24 h, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hair samples were obtained weekly for a month. Total melanin, eumelanin, and codeine were measured quantitatively in hair samples by spectrophotometry, HPLC, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an exponential relationship between codeine and melanin concentrations in hair, (r(2) = 0.95 with total melanin and r(2) = 0.83 with eumelanin). After normalizing the results by the area under the curve for codeine in plasma, we obtained r(2) = 0.86 for codeine vs total melanin and r(2) = 0.90 vs eumelanin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results stress the importance of melanin determination when measuring drugs in hair. We postulate that analysis of drug concentration in hair may be worthwhile in the monitoring of drug compliance if the results are normalized for melanin content.
authors.affiliation: National Board of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Chemistry, University Hospital, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden. kronstrand@rk.rmv.se
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kronstrand
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Förstberg-Peterson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kågedal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahlner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003061:Codeine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009020:Morphine / Q000032:analysis; D009294:Narcotics / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000032:analysis; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins; D009294:Narcotics; D011758:Pyrroles; D009020:Morphine; C071226:pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid; D003061:Codeine