title: c-Rel and p65 trans-activate the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene in interleukin-1 stimulated mesangial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is secreted by human glomerular mesangial cells in response to interleukin-1 (IL-1) and has a central role in amplifying the inflammatory response during glomerulonephritis. However, the mechanism by which IL-1 regulates its transcription is not understood. Specific members of the nuclear factor kappaB/rel (NF-kappaB) proteins may regulate MCP-1 expression in a stimulus- and tissue-specific manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and Western blot analysis characterized the members of the NF-kappaB family that bound the two NF-kappaB sites of the MCP-1 enhancer (A1 and A2) in vitro. Trans-activation of the MCP-1 gene was investigated by transfer of the MCP-1 enhancer DNA to mesangial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary human mesangial cells contained in addition to p50 (NF-kappaB1) and p65 (Rel A) NF-kappaB proteins, the oncoprotein c-rel, and Rel B, but not p52 (NF-kappaB2). IL-1 induced c-rel to form a complex with p65, which bound the MCP-1 A2 site but not the A1 or IL-6 NF-kappaB sites in vitro. IL-1 up-regulated transfected MCP-1 enhancer activity. Cotransfer of the MCP-1 enhancer together with individual members of the NF-kappaB family showed that the heterodimer c-relp65 or (p65)2 can selectively trans-activate the MCP-1 gene via its A1 and A2 sites in mesangial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates for the first time that the c-rel oncoprotein can enhance MCP-1 transcription in mesangial cells and suggests that it may have an important role in amplifying gene expression in the inflamed glomerulus.
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal and Inflammatory Disease, School of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Nottingham, England, United Kingdom. Eleni.Stylianou@Nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stylianou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005920:Glomerular Mesangium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D008025:Ligases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020569:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel; D051381:Rats; D051841:Transcription Factor RelB; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D020569:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel; C497593:RELB protein, human; C497595:Relb protein, rat; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051841:Transcription Factor RelB; D008025:Ligases; C028812:guanosine 3',5'-polyphosphate synthetases