title: Drug monitoring of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection: method validation and results of a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection has become increasingly complex. The availability of new and potent drugs and progress in understanding the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection have led to the establishment of new treatment paradigms. The varying dosing regimens, associated toxicities, and the potential for drug-drug and food-drug interactions further complicate treatment. This complexity contributes to patient nonadherence. Because clinicians have no tools to monitor adherence or drug-drug interactions and because response requires that therapy exceed the known inhibiting concentration, serum monitoring of antiretroviral therapy may play a role in improving treatment of HIV-1 infection. We report methods to quantify serum concentrations of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV-1 infection, precision and interference studies of these methods, and results observed in a pilot evaluation of blood serum concentrations from 12 human subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  HPLC offers adequate sensitivity to measure peak or trough serum concentrations of delavirdine, lamivudine, nevirapine, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir and peak serum concentrations of stavudine, zidovudine, and didanosine with reasonable precision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak indinavir serum concentrations in most patients were in the range of 1-10 mg/L, and trough concentrations were in the range of 0.1-0.5 mg/L. Peak stavudine concentrations were in the range of 0.3-1.3 mg/L, and trough concentrations were in the range of 0.1-0.5 mg/L. Peak zidovudine concentrations were in the range of 0.1-1.1 mg/L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because this was a blood serum concentration-seeking pilot study to evaluate analytic performance, we do not report on the correlation of drug response to blood concentration. However, the concentrations observed in patients are generally consistent with blood concentrations reported from studies of monotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hospital Pharmacy Services, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Moyer
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Temesgen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Enger
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Charlson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004347:Drug Interactions; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004355:Drug Stability; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents