title: 99mTc-ENS: a new radiopharmaceutical for aerosol lung scintigraphy. Comparison between different freeze-dried formulations.
abstract: Exogenous natural surfactant (ENS) labeled with 99mTc(99mTc-ENS) is a new radiopharmaceutical for pulmonary aerosol scintigraphy. In this study, different freeze-dried formulations were evaluated to develop a suitable and long-storage method for the ENS, the nonradioactive precursor of this radiopharmaceutical.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two freeze-dried formulations were evaluated: the sterile ENS suspension-stannous chloride altogether lyophilized (chlorlioENS) and the lyophilized sterile ENS suspension with the addition of stannous chloride as a solid drug (lioENS). These precursors were stored at room temperature for 3 mo and then labeled with 99mTc. For comparative purposes, the sterile ENS suspension with the addition of stannous chloride labeled with 99mTc(99mTc-chlorENS) was also studied. The quality controls for each radiopharmaceutical were performed by an ascending paper chromatography to determine the labeling yield percentages. The study was performed in 30 female Sprague Dawley rats, which inhaled each radiopharmaceutical by nebulization. Twenty-five minutes after the aerosol inhalation, the animals were killed to extract their organs and measure their activity in a gamma spectrometer. The data are given as the percentage of activity concentration (C%) for each organ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The physicochemical properties of lioENS were adequate for a freeze-dried product. The labeling yields for 99mTc-lioENS and for 99mTc-chlorENS were always greater than 95% even after nebulization. The results of the biologic distribution studies showed that the activity concentration found in lungs for these radiopharmaceuticals were 95.7% +/- 2.6% and 96.7% +/- 2.6% respectively, results that do not differ statistically. On the other hand, the activity concentration found in lungs for the 99mTc-chlorlioENS (31.3% +/- 11.1%) and its labeling yield percentages (<10%) are statistically different (P < 0.05) from the results obtained with the two radiopharmaceuticals mentioned above.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taking into account the lioENS physicochemical properties, its long shelf life and that 99mTc-lioENS shows the same radiochemical and radiopharmacological behavior of the 99mTc-chlorENS, it can be concluded that the 99mTc-lioENS can be used for aerosol lung scintigraphy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Calmanovici
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Boccio
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lysionek
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Salgueiro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hager
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: De Paoli
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Calcagno
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicolini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tarlati
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Caro
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zubillaga
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005612:Freeze Drying; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000592:standards; D011786:Quality Control; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism; D013667:Technetium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013667:Technetium