title: The clinical and morphologic spectrum of optic nerve hypoplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to characterize the clinical and morphologic spectrum of all children referred for optic nerve hypoplasia to a tertiary referral hospital in Sweden during a 9-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was undertaken of the charts of 117 children (age range, 0.25-16 years), treated at the Children's Hospital, Göteberg between 1988 and 1996, after the diagnosis of optic nerve hypoplasia. Ocular fundus morphologic condition was evaluated by digital image analysis of fundus photographs in 50 children, and neuroimaging was performed in 57 children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 117 children with optic nerve hypoplasia, 66 (56%) were boys and 51 (44%) were girls. Preterm birth occurred in 24 (20%), and 14 (12%) were born small for gestational age. Additional diagnoses, such as fetal alcohol syndrome, septo-optic dysplasia, perinatal adverse events, and neuropsychiatric disorders, were made in 88%; 7% had unilateral optic nerve hypoplasia. Most of the children had small optic disc, cup, and neuroretinal rim areas, as well as retinal vascular abnormalities; 75% were visually impaired, and a high incidence of nystagmus and strabismus was found among these children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that optic nerve hypoplasia has a wide clinical and morphologic spectrum and is associated with a broad range of disorders of the central nervous system. It is suggested that differences in the etiology and timing of the lesion as well as associated lesions may explain this spectrum of optic nerve hypoplasia in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Göteborg, Sweden. ann.hellstrom@medfak.gu.se
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wiklund
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Svensson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology*; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000002:abnormalities; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity