title: Surface EMG of shoulder and back muscles and posture analysis in secretaries typing at visual display units.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A study was carried out to investigate temporal changes of activation of shoulder and back muscles in workers at visual display units by means of surface EMG. Moreover, postural parameters were recorded to distinguish fatigue-related from posture-related changes of the myoelectrical activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine healthy female office workers typed texts spoken from tape during three 1-h-long sessions. After the first and again after the second hour there was a break of 15 min. Sixteen-channel surface EMG was bipolarly recorded from the erector spinae, trapezius, deltoid and sternocleidomastoid muscles. Root mean square (RMS) and power spectrum median frequency of the EMG were calculated. Sitting posture was assessed using an eight-channel movement analysis system with ultrasound markers. The position of the seventh cervical spinous process and the left and the right acromion were analysed synchronously with the EMG characteristics using regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The normalised RMS of the left and right trapezius muscle increased, while the median frequency did not change. The increase of the normalised RMS was significantly lower when the linear influence of posture was excluded. On average, the distance between C7 and the left and right acromion decreased within each working an hour. C7 became lower on average by 5.5 mm within an hour, whereas the acromions became lower by only 1.7 mm (left) and 3.3 mm (right).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in trapezius muscle activity was partly related to a lifting of the shoulders to compensate a slight slumping of the back. Another part of the EMG activity increase has to be attributed to fatigue, to attention-related activity or to the combination of both. Therefore, training of the back muscles and a varied organisation of work might have a preventive effect with respect to musculoskeletal complaints in VDU workers.
authors.affiliation: Motor Research Group, Institute of Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, D-07740 Jena, Germany. bkle@moto.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: B U
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: Kleine
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Schumann
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bradl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grieshaber
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Scholle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001415:Back; D016288:Computer Terminals; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D011187:Posture; D012782:Shoulder; D013997:Time Factors