title: Sharing the blame: smoking experimentation and future smoking-attributable mortality due to Joe Camel and Marlboro advertising and promotions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite public denials, internal tobacco company documents indicate that adolescents have long been the target of cigarette advertising and promotional activities. Recent longitudinal evidence suggests that 34% of new experimentation occurs because of advertising and promotions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To apportion responsibility for smoking experimentation and future smoking-attributable mortality among major cigarette brands attractive to young people (Camel and Marlboro). DATA SOURCES, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Data were from confirmed never-smoking adolescents (12-17 years old) responding to the 1993 (n = 2659) and 1996 (n = 2779) population-based California Tobacco Surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents named the brand of their favourite cigarette advertisements and tobacco promotional items. Using these "market shares" and the relative importance of advertising and promotions in encouraging smoking, we estimated how many new experimenters from 1988 to 1998 in the United States can be attributed to Camel and Marlboro. From other data on the natural history of smoking, we projected how many future deaths in the United States can be attributed to each brand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although Camel advertisements were favoured more than Marlboro and other brands in 1993 and 1996, the "market share" for promotional items shifted markedly during this period from Camel and other brands towards Marlboro. We estimated that between 1988 and 1998, there will be 7.9 million new experimenters because of tobacco advertising and promotions. This will result in 4.7 million new established smokers: 2.1, 1.2, and 1.4 million due to Camel, Marlboro, and other brands' advertising and promotions, respectively. Of these, 1.2 million will eventually die from smoking-attributable diseases: 520,000 from Camel, 300,000 from Marlboro, and the remainder from other brands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analysis provides a reasonable first estimate at sharing the blame for the long-term health consequences of smoking among the major brands that encourage adolescents to start smoking.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0901, USA. jppierce@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gilpin
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000329:Advertising; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D019460:Tobacco Industry