title: Electrokinetic lithotripsy: safety, efficacy and limitations of a new form of ballistic lithotripsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the safety and efficacy of electrokinetic lithotripsy (EKL), a ballistic lithotripter which uses high-energy magnetic fields to propel an impactor to fragment calculi.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records and radiographs of 121 patients who underwent ureteroscopy using the EKL for stones in the upper (26), mid (28) or lower (67) ureter were reviewed retrospectively. Ureteroscopy was performed with an 8.5 F semi-rigid ureteroscope, through which a 3 F EKL probe was passed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 148 stones (mean stone size 11.5 mm, range 6-40) in 121 patients were treated using the EKL. One patient was lost to follow-up. Of 148 stones, 147 (99.3%) were fragmented, including five that had resisted fragmentation with either pulsed-dye laser or electrohydraulic lithotripsy. Despite this, only 45 of 56 patients (80%) with a single stone in the lower ureter were rendered stone-free after a single ureteroscopic procedure. Seven patients in this group (12%) required shock-wave lithotripsy for fragments that had been propelled into the kidney, while four patients (7%) required repeat ureteroscopy for retained ureteric fragments. Complications were limited to minor ureteric perforations in two patients, both of which were treated with a stent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EKL is an inexpensive and reliable endoscopic method which fragments nearly all urinary calculi. Its limitations include the propulsion of fragments and the need to use an offset, semi-rigid ureteroscope. We recommend the use of a basket or graspers to remove fragments of >/=4 mm after EKL.
authors.affiliation: Scottish Lithotriptor Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: F X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Keeley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pillai
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chrisofos
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Tolley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D018666:Ureteroscopy