title: Xenon suppresses the hypnotic arousal in response to surgical stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the suppressive effects of xenon (Xe) on hypnotic arousal at skin incision.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Operating rooms at a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  35 ASA physical status I and II patients presenting for elective lower abdominal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the following regimens: 1.3 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) isoflurane, 1.3 MAC sevoflurane, 0.7 MAC Xe with 0.6 MAC sevoflurane, 1 MAC Xe with 0.3 MAC sevoflurane, or 0.7 MAC nitrous oxide (N2O) with 0.6 MAC sevoflurane (n = 7 each group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bispectral index (BIS) was measured at baseline, during anesthesia, and after skin incision. BIS increased significantly at skin incision from the values noted during anesthesia in the sevoflurane and N2O groups, whereas it remained stable at incision in the other three groups (mean change in BIS: 0 +/- 9 for isoflurane, 15 +/- 8 for sevoflurane, 5 +/- 6 for 0.7 MAC Xe, 4 +/- 11 for 1 MAC Xe, and 9 +/- 5 for N2O).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike N2O, Xe was able to suppress hypnotic arousal in response to surgical stimulation when administered with sevoflurane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Ichihara Hospital, Chiba, Japan. ynakata@med.teikyo-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Terui
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niimi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morita
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001364:Awareness / Q000187:drug effects; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014978:Xenon / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014978:Xenon; D007530:Isoflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide