title: Characteristics of ischemic and peri-ischemic regions during ventricular fibrillation in the canine heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although premature beats originating in areas of ischemia have been shown to be important in initiating ventricular fibrillation (VF), the participation of the ischemic zone in maintenance of VF has not been investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten normal dogs underwent induction of two separate episodes of VF, before and 10 minutes after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Ischemic VF was allowed to occur spontaneously or was induced by burst pacing after 10 minutes of ischemia. Unipolar epicardial electrograms were recorded using an 8 x 14 plaque electrode array (interelectrode distance 2.5 mm) placed over the anterior wall. Activation during VF was characterized by VF cycle length (CL) and wavefront organization based on linking analysis of epicardial activation directions at adjacent sites. Individual plaque sites were separated into regions based on electrogram morphology during ischemia: R1 = no ischemia; R2 = mild-to-moderate ischemia (minor ST elevation and QRS widening); and R3 = severe ischemia (marked ST elevation and QRS widening). Percent conduction block was calculated based on the percent of cycles during which sites were not activated during VF. There were no significant differences noted in mean CL or mean percent conduction block in the peri-ischemic region R1 compared to the same region under nonischemic (control) conditions. During ischemia, the mean CL was noted to increase in R2 from 111+/-14 msec (control) to 128+/-29 msec (ischemia) and in R3 from 113+/-14 msec (control) to 150+/-42 msec (ischemia) (P < 0.05). The percentage conduction block in R2 increased from 6%+/-11% (control) to 14%+/-16% (ischemia) and in R3 from 4%+/-6% (control) to 44%+/-21% (ischemia) (P < 0.05). Linking analysis revealed no significant changes in VF organization at distances of 2.5 mm in regions R1 and R2 under both control and ischemic conditions. Premature beats initiating fibrillation originated at the border between the normal and mildly ischemic zones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Some VF characteristics are altered in ischemic regions including a longer VFCL and greater percentage of functional block. (2) VF characteristics are unchanged in immediately adjacent nonischemic myocardium. (3) Although the ischemic zone may be involved in the initiation of VF and has unique activation characteristics during VF, it does not affect VF characteristics in the adjacent nonischemic zone, suggesting that it may not play a major role in VF maintenance.
authors.affiliation: Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rankovic
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldberger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kadish
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000601:surgery; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006327:Heart Block / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate; D008026:Ligation; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology