title: ACE gene polymorphism and proliferative retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: results of a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism and proliferative diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes of long duration. Based on epidemiological and pathophysiological findings, risk factors apart from glycemic control and duration of disease are likely to be involved in the development of proliferative retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this case-control study, we compared 81 patients with longstanding (> or =20 years) type 1 diabetes who had nonproliferative (mild or moderate background) retinopathy with 95 patients with diabetes of similar duration and HbA1c who had proliferative retinopathy. To avoid the confounding effect of nephropathy, patients with overt nephropathy were excluded, and microalbuminuria was introduced into the multiple logistical regression model. The polymorphic region in intron 16 of the ACE gene (17q23) was analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ACE genotype distribution in patients with proliferative retinopathy (DD 39.4%, ID 48.9%, II 11.7%) was significantly different (P < 0.001) from that of patients with nonproliferative retinopathy (DD 17.3%, ID 54.3%, II 28.4%). In a multiple logistical regression analysis, the adjusted relative risk for proliferative retinopathy in a patient with a DD genotype compared with a patient with an II genotype was 6.6 (95% CI 2.2-19.5), P = 0.0026. In addition to genotype, systolic blood pressure (odds ratio 1.027 [95% CI 1.0-1.1], P = 0.0093) but not microalbuminuria (< or =20 vs. > or =20 microg/min) reached statistical significance in the multiple regression model. Because subjects were matched regarding diabetes duration and HbA1c, we did not interpret the respective parameter estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide evidence that deletion in the ACE gene is associated with the prevalence of proliferative retinopathy in type 1 diabetes and suggest that the DD genotype confers susceptibility to proliferative retinopathy independent of diabetic nephropathy
authors.affiliation: Third Medical Department, Vienna Lainz Hospital, Austria.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rabensteiner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abrahamian
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Irsigler
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kiener
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaider
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prager
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase