title: Role of P-glycoprotein on the CNS disposition of amprenavir (141W94), an HIV protease inhibitor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) on the CNS penetration of the HIV protease inhibitor (PI) amprenavir (141W94) and to test the hypothesis that co-administration of a second HIV PI (ritonavir) could enhance amprenavir's brain penetration in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pgp-mediated efflux was investigated in vitro with Caco-2 cells and in vivo by whole-body autoradiography (WBA). "Genetic" mdr1a/1b double knockout mice, "chemical" Pgp knockout mice generated by administration of the Pgp inhibitor GF120918, and mice pretreated with ritonavir were used in WBA studies to investigate the effects of Pgp modulation on the CNS penetration of amprenavir.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amprenavir, indinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir had 2- to 23-fold higher transport rates from the basolateral to apical direction than from the apical to basolateral direction across Caco-2 monolayers. Incubation with GF120918 negated this difference, suggesting that the efflux was Pgp-mediated. WBA studies demonstrated a 13- and 27-fold increase in the brain and a 3.3-fold increase in the CSF concentrations of amprenavir in mice pretreated with GF120918 and in mdr1a/1b double knockout mice. In contrast, pretreatment with ritonavir did not alter the CNS exposure of amprenavir.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence that amprenavir and other HIV PIs are Pgp substrates and that co-administration of a specific Pgp inhibitor will enhance amprenavir's CNS penetration in vivo. These results will have an important therapeutic impact in the treatment of AIDS dementia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioanalysis and Drug Metabolism Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. jp16063@glaxowellcome.com
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Polli
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jarrett
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Studenberg
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Humphreys
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Woolley
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D001692:Biological Transport; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002219:Carbamates; D002417:Cattle; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005663:Furans; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000494:pharmacology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D002219:Carbamates; D005663:Furans; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; C095108:amprenavir; D019438:Ritonavir