title: Evaluation of aminoalkylmethacrylate nanoparticles as colloidal drug carrier systems. Part II: characterization of antisense oligonucleotides loaded copolymer nanoparticles.
abstract: Aminoalkylmethacrylate methylmethacrylate copolymer nanoparticles were evaluated for their use as potential drug carrier systems. Their cytotoxicity, as well as the loading of antisense oligonucleotides that were employed as anionic model drugs depended on the substitution of the basic aminoalkyl copolymer. Toxic influences on the integrity of cell membranes depended on aminoalkyl groups located on the particle surfaces. Toxicity was observed either by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays using African green monkey kidney (AGMK) cells or by a hemolysis test, where the efflux of haemoglobin from disrupted erythrocytes was measured. The cytotoxic effects were increased by the elongation of the N-alkyl chain by four additional methylene groups. Lipophilic polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) homopolymer nanoparticles showed a negative surface charge and, therefore, were not suitable for the adsorption of anionic drugs. The surface charge was changed to positive values by the incorporation of basic monomers. Consequently, the loading efficacy was increased by raising the basic copolymer portion. Additionally, a pH-dependent loading behaviour of oligonucleotides was observed. Substitution of the amino nitrogen protons by methyl groups led to a decreased oligonucleotide loading and to a reduced cytotoxicity. Nanoparticles with permanent positively charged quarternary ammonium groups showed a high pH-independent loading efficacy, but also possessed a high cytotoxic potential. In this study, cationic copolymer nanoparticles containing 30% (w/w) methylaminoethyl-methacrylate (MMAEMC) were found to be optimal with regard to biocompatibility and carrier properties for hydrophilic anionic antisense oligonucleotides. A significant portion of adsorbed oligonucleotides were protected from enzymatic degradation. The cellular uptake of oligonucleotides into Vero cells was significantly enhanced by this methylaminoethyl-methacrylate derivative.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Zobel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stieneker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Atmaca-Abdel Aziz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Noe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kreuter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zimmer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003102:Colloids; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004563:Electrochemistry; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D008863:Microspheres; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D011108:Polymers; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008689:Methacrylates; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D011108:Polymers; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C022616:thiazolyl blue