title: Sensitivity and specificity of a screening test to document traumatic experiences and to diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder in ARDS patients after intensive care treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many survivors of critical illness and intensive care unit (ICU) treatment have traumatic memories such as nightmares, panic or pain which can be associated with the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In order to simplify the rapid and early detection of PTSD in such patients, we modified an existing questionnaire for diagnosis of PTSD and validated the instrument in a cohort of ARDS patients after long-term ICU therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Follow-up cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 20-bed ICU of a university teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 52 long-term survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The questionnaire was administered to the study cohort at two time points 2 years apart. At the second evaluation, the patients underwent a structured interview with two trained psychiatrists to diagnose PTSD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) criteria. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire was then estimated and its specificity, sensitivity and optimal decision threshold determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The questionnaire showed a high internal consistency (Crohnbach's alpha = 0.93) and a high test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient alpha = 0.89). There was evidence of construct validity by a linear relationship between scores and the number of traumatic memories from the ICU the patients described (Spearman's rho = 0.48, p < 0.01). Criterion validity was demonstrated by ROC curve analyses resulting in a sensitivity of 77.0% and a specificity of 97.5% for the diagnosis of PTSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The questionnaire was found to be a responsive, valid and reliable instrument to screen survivors of intensive care for PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. c.stollmd@lrz.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stoll
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kapfhammer
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Rothenhäusler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Briegel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krauseneck
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Durst
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schelling
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003422:Critical Care; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D017741:Survivors