title: A retrospective study of clozapine and urinary incontinence in Chinese in-patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the incidence of clozapine-associated urinary incontinence (UI) in schizophrenic patients, the percentage of these patients with persistent urinary incontinence (PUI), and the possible factors affecting the occurrence of UI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 61 Chinese in-patients with schizophrenia (according to DSM-IV) treated with clozapine for more than 3 months were assessed retrospectively for the occurrence of UI. Patients who still had UI at the time of assessment were classified as having PUI. Patients whose UI had resolved at the time of assessment were classified as having self-limited urinary incontinence (SUI). We compared the characteristics of UI and non-UI cases and of PUI and SUI cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that urinary incontinence developed at some time in 27 of 61 patients (44.3%), and that it was persistent in 15 of 61 patients (25%). There were no statistically significant differences in age, sex, clozapine dose, duration of clozapine use, duration of index admission, duration of illness, age at onset of schizophrenia, or concurrent treatment with other psychiatric medications between the UI and non-UI groups and between the PUI and SUI groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clozapine-associated urinary incontinence may be persistent in some patients, and it should be cautiously monitored in every patient taking clozapine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yu-Li Veterans Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology; D013624:Taiwan; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine