title: Cardiovascular malformations in experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) frequently have associated anomalies that have a major impact on survival rate independent of pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Cardiovascular malformations (CVM) represent a major group of lethal extrapulmonary abnormalities that often assume greatest prognostic significance in most CDH studies. Animal models resembling human CDH may aid knowledge of the basic embryology that leads to the coexpression of CDH and CVM. This study, therefore, analyzed the incidence and spectrum of CVM in fetal rats with CDH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Left-sided CDH (LCDH) was induced in fetal rats by the maternal administration of 100 mg of nitrofen by gavage on day 9.5 gestation (term, day 22). Control animals received olive oil (OO) and were used for comparative analysis. Fetal rats were harvested by cesarean section on day 21.5 or day 22, histologically processed and examined for CVM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant number of CVM were observed in 15 of 60 (25%) LCDH rats compared with 4 of 60 (6.7%) nitrofen non-CDH rats (P = .01). The spectrum of abnormalities in CDH included ventricular septal (VSD) defects (n = 6), vascular rings (n = 4), anomalous subclavian arteries (n = 3), atrioventricular septal defects (n = 1) and Fallot's tetralogy (n = 1). A VSD (n = 1), double-outlet right ventricle VSD (n = 1) and Fallot's tetralogy (n = 2) were noted in nitrofen non-CDH rats. Control (OO) fetal rats (n = 60) displayed no malformations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm a significant incidence and spectrum of CVM in a teratogenic CDH model similar to that seen in humans with CDH. The findings of this study reinforce the validity of the nitrofen model as a research tool to uncover the genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for the genesis of CDH and allied malformations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Institute of Child Health, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, The University of Liverpool, England.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Losty
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Connell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freese
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laval
authors.forename: B O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Okoye
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kluth
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications*; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D010647:Phenyl Ethers; C007350:nitrofen