title: Preliminary study of the reliability of assessment procedures for indications for chiropractic adjustments of the lumbar spine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability of clinicians trained in flexion-distraction technique to determine the need for chiropractic adjustment of each segment of the lumbar spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability study of commonly used chiropractic assessment procedures, including static and motion palpation and visual observation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chiropractic college; by four licensed chiropractors trained in flexion-distraction technique, two with more than 20 years' experience and two with 3 or fewer years' experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 18 volunteers; 16 were symptom free, and 2 had low back pain at the time the study was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  The kappa statistic was computed for all comparisons and interpreted in categories ranging from "poor" (<0.00) to "almost perfect" (>0.80).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraexaminer reliability was greater than interexaminer reliability. For intraexaminer reliability there was considerable variation by segment and among the four examiners, but intraexaminer reliability appeared generally higher than interexaminer reliability. Overall, more subluxations were identified on the second examination than on the first. For interexaminer reliability, kappa scores were generally in the "poor" to "slight" categories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study, similar to those of other studies, indicate that even chiropractors trained in the same technique seem to show little consensus on the indications for the necessity to adjust specific segments of the spine. A more standardized assessment approach might be helpful in improving the reliability of diagnostic assessments.
authors.affiliation: Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, Iowa 52803, USA. hawk_c@palmer.edu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hawk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Phongphua
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bleecker
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Swank
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rubley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D020393:Manipulation, Spinal / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D010173:Palpation / Q000592:standards; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results