title: Imported malaria in a Singapore hospital: clinical presentation and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical presentation and outcome of imported malaria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients with imported malaria admitted to the Communicable Disease Centre (CDC), Singapore (a 130-bed tertiary referral center) from January 1992 to December 1993. An imported case was defined as a smear-positive infection that was acquired in another country.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 200 malaria patients hospitalized at CDC, 168 imported cases (137 males and 31 females, 131 nonresidents and 37 residents) were studied. The mean age was 31.6 6 10.5 years. The countries visited were India (49.4%), Indonesia (16.7%), and Bangladesh (13%). Five patients had chemoprophylaxis and 36 patients had experienced previous malaria infection. The predominant symptoms were fever (97.6%), chills (79.2%), and rigors (67.9%). Hepatomegaly was detected in 56 (33.3%) and splenomegaly in 49 patients (29.2%). Plasmodium vivax was present in 132 patients, Plasmodium falciparum in 29, and mixed P. vivax and P. falciparum in 7 patients. Parasitemia ranged from 0.1% to 8.0%. Of the vivax cases, 130 were treated with chloroquine, followed by primaquine in 123 patients. Quinine was given to 36 patients (29 falciparum malaria and 7 mixed infections). Median time to fever defervescence was 2 days. Complications occurred in three patients (2 with shock and 1 with pulmonary edema). According to World Health Organization gravity criteria, body temperature over 40 degrees C was detected in six patients, bilirubinemia higher than 50 mmol/L in nine, parasitemia over 5% in five, glycemia less than 2.2 mmol/L in two patients. There were five relapses. No death was recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasmodium vivax is the most common cause of imported malaria, with the majority acquired from the Indian subcontinent. Only a few patients presented with severe malaria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Snodgrass
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D014195:Travel