title: Squalene: a naturally abundant mammalian skin secretion and long distance tick-attractant (Acari: Ixodidae).
abstract: Squalene is a naturally occurring lipid on mammalian skin and is an attractant to the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.). In this study, we compared squalene to the standard tick-attractants, benzaldehyde, isobutyric acid, methyl salicylate, nonanoic acid, and o-nitrophenol identified as active ingredients of tick aggregation-attachment pheromones and determined its effectiveness in field and laboratory settings at varying distances. Squalene was detected from 1/4 m greater than the standard tick attractants, attracted a greater percentage of ticks (75 compared with 0-43%) and featured a rapid response time (< 30 min). Thus, squalene contributes more to the tick's ability to locate hosts at greater distances than aggregation-attachment pheromones. These results have important implications for improving tick monitoring and control programs by adding squalene as a supplement to existing attractant baits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Illinois College, Jacksonville 62650, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yoder
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Crouch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008322:Mammals; D010675:Pheromones / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013185:Squalene; D013987:Ticks / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones; D013185:Squalene