title: An immunohistochemical study of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the rat middle ear, with reference to tympanosclerosis.
abstract: Tympanosclerosis and myringosclerosis are well-known sequelae after acute and chronic otitis media and are also often seen after treatment of secretory otitis media with ventilation tubes. They sometimes cause serious hearing disability. There is no successful treatment for these conditions. There might be factors triggering an immunological or autoimmune chain reaction, which leads to tympanosclerosis. Intervention with the aim of abolishing this type of response might be possible if an interruption of the chain reaction can be found. Nitric oxide is a radical molecule with the ability to kill pathogens and is produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was analysed immunohistochemically in a rat model of acute otitis media. In rats sacrificed at days 3 and 6 after inoculation. iNOS was also strongly expressed in the middle ear mucosa and in the tympanic membrane as well as in the inner ear. In control specimens as well as in infected ones. iNOS was expressed in the tissue of the external ear canal. In rats sacrificed at day 10 and after 3 months, iNOS was expressed at the same locations, although less frequently. These data indicate that iNOS expression is induced during acute otitis media and suggest that nitric oxide may be important in the host defence against ear infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forséni
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bagger-Sjöbäck
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hultcrantz
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004424:Ear Canal / Q000201:enzymology; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000201:enzymology; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000201:enzymology*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000378:metabolism; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation / Q000009:adverse effects; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000201:enzymology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000150:complications; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D010040:Otosclerosis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase