title: The direct effect of intraorbital pressure on orbital growth in the anophthalmic piglet.
abstract: Tissue expanders placed within the orbit can have a positive effect on orbital and ipsilateral midfacial growth. To date, there is no precise method for controlling and monitoring expansion to induce normal growth in the developing facial skeleton. The present study was undertaken to determine the optimal physiologic pressure required to stimulate normal orbital growth and to determine whether above-normal growth could be achieved with higher intraorbital pressures. Using a neonatal swine model, an accurate method of monitoring intraorbital pressure, precisely controlling intraorbital expansion, and achieving normal orbital growth was explored. Sixteen male, 3-week-old Yorkshire piglets were randomly divided into three surgical groups. In each group, the left orbit was the experimental side, and the contralateral right orbit served as an untreated control. Group 1 (n = 6) underwent enucleation only. Group 2 (n = 5) underwent enucleation and orbital expansion at a near-normal physiologic pressure of 20 mmHg. Group 3 (n = 5) underwent enucleation and orbital expansion at a supernormal pressure of 60 mmHg. Spherical tissue expanders (10 cc) with a separate injection port were utilized as the orbital expanders. Pressure was monitored by an electronic manometer that was calibrated daily. Morphology of the orbits was documented by photography, the dimensions of the orbits were quantitated by three-dimensional mechanical digitization, and orbital volumes were calculated. In the unexpanded, anophthalmic control group, a significant reduction in radial growth after evisceration was seen. In group 2, the orbit stimulated with a consistent pressure of 20 mmHg, just above the physiologic normal pressure of 17 mmHg, showed an increase in radial dimension of 8 percent compared with the unoperated side. In the high-pressure group of 60 mmHg, an increase of 16 percent in the radius was observed over the 4-week period. This led to a corresponding increase in orbital volumes with increased pressure. Utilizing a paired t test, these differences in the radial and volumetric growth of the orbit were statistically significant (p < 0.005). The results obtained demonstrated a direct relationship between intraorbital pressure and the growth of the bony orbit in the radial dimension. On the basis of this study, we concluded that orbital expansion maintained at normal physiologic pressure can stimulate normal orbital growth in the neonatal facial skeleton. In addition, application of above-normal pressures for expansion can induce accelerated orbital growth.
authors.affiliation: Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, and Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania Medical System, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Reedy
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Bartlett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000853:Anophthalmos / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009915:Orbit / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011312:Pressure; D013552:Swine; D015626:Tissue Expansion; D015625:Tissue Expansion Devices