title: Reperfusion injury of the liver: role of mitochondria and protection by glutathione ester.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reperfusion injury of the liver is characterized by intravascular oxidative stress and GSH consumption. Whether mitochondria contribute to hepatocellular damage has never been elucidated. Therefore, we assessed mitochondrial function and redox state during reperfusion and the effect of glutathione monoethyl ester (GSHE) administration, which may replenish the GSH pool.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were subjected to partial hepatic ischemia (90 min) followed by reperfusion. Mitochondrial function was assessed in vivo and in vitro by the KICA breath test and the ATP synthase activity. Just prior to the start of reperfusion, rats received 5 mmol/kg of GSHE or saline iv. ALT, total and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, GSHE, and CYS were measured in plasma and liver. GSH, GSSG, malondialdehyde (MDA), and carbonyl proteins were measured in mitochondria. The extent of necrosis was also estimated. Sham-operated rats served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reperfusion markedly increased ALT (>1500 U/L) and doubled the liver content of MDA and carbonyl proteins. Mitochondrial GSH decreased approximately 30%, without increase of GSSG. The in vivo KICA breath test was not significantly impaired by reperfusion. In contrast, both KICA decarboxylation and ATP synthase activity were both reduced by approximately 50% in mitochondria isolated from reperfused livers. GSHE administration significantly decreased ALT ( approximately 40%), protected ATP synthase activity, and reduced the extent of necrosis. Compared to controls, plasma GSHE and plasma GSH at 1 h were lower in rats subjected to ischemia. GSHE was higher in reperfused lobes than in continuously perfused ones and the concentration of GSH was significantly higher in ischemic liver than in untreated animals, indicating that the uptake of GSHE is increased in postischemic liver. GSHE prevented the reperfusion-associated increase of oxidized products in liver and mitochondria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reperfusion of ischemic liver is associated with oxidative modifications and functional impairment of mitochondria. GSHE protects against reperfusion injury, possibly by providing intra- and extracellular GSH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grattagliano
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vendemiale
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Lauterburg
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D003653:Decarboxylation; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D007651:Keto Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D008102:Liver Circulation; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D007651:Keto Acids; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C042431:S-ethyl glutathione; C013082:alpha-ketoisocaproic acid; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide