title: Comparison of tilidine/naloxone, tramadol and bromfenac in experimental pain: a double-blind randomized crossover study in healthy human volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The analgesic efficacy and safety of single oral doses of two centrally acting compounds, the combination of 50 mg tilidine and 4 mg naloxone (Valoron N) and 50 mg tramadol (Tramal), were compared to 25, 50 and 75 mg of the non-steroidal antiinflammatory bromfenac in experimental pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  It was a placebo-controlled double-blind 6-way crossover study design with 12 human volunteers. Acute pain was generated by electrical tooth pulp stimulation. Treatment effects were determined by recording somatosensory-evoked potentials and by subjective pain rating.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tilidine/naloxone combination clearly was the most potent medication in this study, followed by bromfenac 75 mg, which produced an early pain relief. Tramadol produced poor analgesia, as did bromfenac 25 and 50 mg. There was no dose-response relationship for bromfenac. Control of plasma levels revealed pronounced interindividual differences in peak plasma concentrations for bromfenac, but not for tramadol. Tilidine/naloxone exerted adverse effects in 9, tramadol in 3 volunteers. Under medication with 25 and 50 mg bromfenac, respectively, only one subject reported adverse effects. No adverse effects were experienced with 75 mg bromfenac or placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support previous conclusions about the analgesic efficacy of tilidine/naloxone and tramadol in experimental pain. Moreover, the findings suggest that 75 mg bromfenac might be suitable for fast but short relief of pain of non-inflammatory genesis.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Högger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rohdewald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001969:Bromobenzenes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009270:Naloxone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D013993:Tilidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D001577:Benzophenones; D001969:Bromobenzenes; D004338:Drug Combinations; C026862:Valoron N; D009270:Naloxone; D014147:Tramadol; C053083:bromfenac; D013993:Tilidine