Acetylcholine and glutamate release during sleep-wakefulness in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and norepinephrine changes regulated by nitric oxide.
Cholinergic neurons in the pons appear to play a major role in generating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In the present study, acetylcholine and glutamate release in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) during the sleep-waking cycle were investigated by in vivo microdialysis. Acetylcholine release during slow wave sleep (SWS) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than during REM sleep and wakefulness. On the other hand, glutamate release during wakefulness was higher (P<0.05) than during REM sleep and SWS. Furthermore, the application of N-methyl-D-aspartate (1 mM) induced a significant increase of nitric oxides (NOx) for 20 min (P<0.05) and a decrease of norepinephrine for the first 15 min (P=0.01), indicating NOx regulation on norepinephrine release in PPT.
Kodama
T
T
Department of Psychology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Fuchu, Japan.
Honda
Y
Y
D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002415:Cats; D002799:Cholinergic Fibers / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D011149:Pons / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D013681:Tegmentum Mesencephali / Q000502:physiology*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*
D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D000109:Acetylcholine; D009638:Norepinephrine