title: Dose-rate effects of ethylene oxide exposure on developmental toxicity.
abstract: In risk assessment, evaluating a health effect at a duration of exposure that is untested involves assuming that equivalent multiples of concentration (C) and duration (T) of exposure have the same effect. The limitations of this approach (attributed to F. Haber, Zur Geschichte des Gaskrieges [On the history of gas warfare], in Funf Vortrage aus den Jahren 1920-1923 [Five lectures from the years 1920-1923], 1924, Springer, Berlin, pp. 76-92), have been noted in several studies. The study presented in this paper was designed to specifically look at dose-rate (C x T) effects, and it forms an ideal case study to implement statistical models and to examine the statistical issues in risk assessment. Pregnant female C57BL/6J mice were exposed, on gestational day 7, to ethylene oxide (EtO) via inhalation for 1.5, 3, or 6 h at exposures that result in C x T multiples of 2100 or 2700 ppm-h. EtO was selected because of its short half-life, documented developmental toxicity, and relevance to exposures that occur in occupational settings. Concurrent experiments were run with animals exposed to air for similar periods. Statistical analysis using models developed to assess dose-rate effects revealed significant effects with respect to fetal death and resorptions, malformations, crown-to-rump length, and fetal weight. Animals exposed to short, high exposures of EtO on day 7 of gestation were found to have more adverse effects than animals exposed to the same C x T multiple but at longer, lower exposures. The implication for risk assessment is that applying Haber's Law could potentially lead to an underestimation of risk at a shorter duration of exposure and an overestimation of risk at a longer duration of exposure. Further research, toxicological and statistical, are required to understand the mechanism of the dose-rate effects, and how to incorporate the mechanistic information into the risk assessment decision process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Henessey
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Skornik
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brain
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kimmel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kimmel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005027:Ethylene Oxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011247:Pregnancy; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D005027:Ethylene Oxide