title: [Nosocomial pneumonias in a neurology intensive care unit].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nosocomial pneumonia in patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) are a great problem as a cause of increased morbidity and mortality as well as the resulting high cost of treatment. This study was aimed at determining the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia and the risk factors for its occurrence in patients with severe neurological disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1.1. and 31.12.1997, 217 patients (125 men, 92 women; average age 63.4 years) were prospectively included if they were treated for more than 48 hours in the ICU of the Neurology Department of Erlangen University. The occurrence of nosocomial pneumonia (NP) was noted, using the criteria of the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Incidence of the diseases was related to age, sex, initial state of consciousness, type of ventilation, duration of stay in the ICU and any associated medical condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NP was diagnosed in 68 patients (31.4%). Statistically significant relative risks were male sex (2.4 fold, P < 0.01), clouded consciousness with a Glasgow coma score < 8 (6.2 fold, P < 0.001), mechanical ventilation (8.4 fold, P < 0.001), time in ICU > or = 8 days (9.3 fold, P < 0.001) and associated medical condition (3.3 fold, P < 0.005). In 17.7% of cases no relevant pathogen was identified microbiologically. A mixed infection was present in 36.8% of cases. The most common Gram-positive organism was Staph, aureus (35.3%), the most common Gram-negative ones were Ps. aeruginosa (25%), Kl. pneumoniae and Kl. oxytoca (11.8%), E. Coli (10.3%) and Acinetobacter species (7.4%). There was also a high rate of infection or infestation with Candida albicans or glabrata (41.2%). NP played a clinically decisive role in the fatal course of 13 of the 47 patients who died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data (incidence, relative risk) can, by taking into consideration various aspects of specialist and hospital hygienic practices, contribute to a continuing optimization of the prevention and treatment of disease.
authors.affiliation: Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Heckmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Niedermeier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Erbguth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Druschky
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schoerner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Neundörfer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015897:Comorbidity; D003422:Critical Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009462:Neurology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors