title: Quantitative determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in sewage sludges using supercritical fluid extraction and mass spectrometric detection.
abstract: Supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE) proved to be a valuable, fast, quantitative and partly selective extraction technique for determining polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides (OCPs) in sewage sludges of different catchment areas based on a comparison study with certified reference materials (CRMs) and on recovery data. Most PCB extracts could be measured directly after SFE whereas for PAHs a short clean-up improved the final separation by high-resolution capillary gas chromatography. Due to the amount of coextracted compounds and the low levels of OCPs, extracts obtained by SFE had to be submitted to a multistep clean-up for final measurement. Average concentrations of 6.9 mg/kg dry mass (dm) for the sum of the 16 Environmental Protection Agency PAHs, 0.1 mg/kg dm for the sum of the seven PCB congeners and 0.002-0.072 mg/kg dm for the OCPs were found in the sewage sludges. Compared to studies performed earlier in our laboratory PAHs are still present in similar concentrations whereas PCB levels have decreased significantly. OCPs could be detected in only low amounts. A correlation between sludge type and degree of contamination could only be found for PAHs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Protection and Agricultural (IUL), Department of Soil Protection and Ecotoxicology, Berne, Switzerland. jean-daniel.berset@iul.admin.ch
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Berset
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holzer
mesh_terms: D002845:Chromatography / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D012015:Reference Standards; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds; D012722:Sewage; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls