title: Anxiety of Alzheimer's disease: prevalence, and comorbidity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anxiety may be associated with psychiatric morbidity, disability, increased health care utilization, and mortality in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients as it is in the general adult population. However, the phenomenology of anxiety symptoms in AD and its relationship to dementia progression, comorbid depression, and the presence of other problematic behaviors have not yet been examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on anxiety symptoms and their coexistence with other factors were obtained in 523 community-dwelling AD patients through interviews with their caregivers and direct physical examination. The prevalence of anxiety symptoms and their association to patient depression, other behavioral problems, gender, and age was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anxiety symptoms were common, occurring in 70% of subjects. Anxiety symptoms were significantly correlated with ADL impairment and other behavioral disturbances, including wandering, sexual misconduct, hallucinations, verbal threats, and physical abuse. Comorbidity of anxiety-depression was also prevalent: 54% of the sample had both anxiety and depression symptoms. ADL impairment and problem behaviors were significantly associated with comorbidity; however, the latter association was explained entirely by the presence of anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anxiety symptoms were common and significantly related to ADL and additional neuropsychiatric problems in this sample. These results indicate the need for additional research into the phenomenology of anxiety and comorbid anxiety-depression in AD and for the development and investigation of effective assessment and treatment of anxiety in AD clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosocial and Community Health, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle 98195-7563, USA. lteri@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Teri
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Logsdon
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McCurry
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Kukull
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence