title: Cremophor reduces paclitaxel penetration into bladder wall during intravesical treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have previously shown that paclitaxel, when dissolved in water and instilled into the bladder, readily penetrates the urothelium. The FDA-approved formulation uses Cremophor and ethanol to dissolve paclitaxel. In the present study, the effects of this solvent system on the urine, bladder tissue, and plasma pharmacokinetics of intravesical paclitaxel were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma, urine, and tissue pharmacokinetics were determined in five dogs treated for 120 min with paclitaxel (500 microg per 20 ml of 0.22% w/v Cremophor and 0.21% v/v ethanol) by intravesical instillation. Equilibrium dialysis was used to determine the free fraction of paclitaxel and the presence of Cremophor micelles was verified using a fluorescent probe method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average bladder tissue concentration was > 1600-fold higher than the plasma concentration. Comparison of the results for paclitaxel dissolved in Cremophor/ethanol with our previous results of paclitaxel dissolved in water (500 microg per 20 ml) indicates that Cremophor/ethanol decreased the paclitaxel partition across the urothelium and reduced the average bladder tissue concentration by 75%, but did not alter the rate of paclitaxel penetration across the bladder wall, the urine pharmacokinetics or the plasma pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel. For Cremophor, the urine concentrations during the 120-min treatment ranged from 0.12% to 0.22%, and the concentration in bladder tissue from 0.00004% to 0.0009%. The threshold Cremophor concentration for micelle formation was 0.008%. We found that ethanol at concentrations up to 1% and Cremophor at concentrations below 0.01% did not alter the free fraction of paclitaxel, whereas Cremophor at higher concentrations, i.e. 0.065% and 0.25%, significantly reduced the free fraction by two- to six-fold, respectively. These results indicate that during intravesical instillation of the FDA-approved paclitaxel formulation, the concentration of Cremophor in urine was sufficient to form micelles, resulting in sequestration of paclitaxel into micelles, reduction in the free fraction of paclitaxel and consequently a reduction in paclitaxel penetration across the urothelium. In contrast, the Cremophor concentrations in bladder tissue were inadequate to form micelles and thus did not alter the drug penetration through the bladder tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that intravesical paclitaxel treatment using the FDA-approved formulation provides a significant bladder tissue targeting advantage, although the advantage is lower than when paclitaxel is dissolved in water.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Knemeyer
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Wientjes
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Au
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; C022131:cremophor; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017239:Paclitaxel