title: Possible influences of Staphylococcus aureus on atopic dermatitis-- the colonizing features and the effects of staphylococcal enterotoxins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heavy colonization of atopic dermatitis (AD) with Staphylococcus aureus is well documented. This phenomenon suggests that S. aureus in AD lesions influences the disease processes of AD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We describe the importance of the presence of S. aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B (SEA, SEB) in AD lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the colonizing features of S. aureus in AD lesions using electron microscopy, the distribution of SEB in the eczematous skin of AD using immunofluorescence, the effects of SEA and SEB on normal human epidermal keratinocytes in organ culture, and the presence of specific IgE antibodies to SEA and/or SEB in serum of AD patients by enzyme immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S. aureus in AD lesions colonized on and in the horny layers of the eczematous skin. SEB produced by S. aureus was distributed mainly on the dermal-infiltrated cells, especially on eosinophils. SEA and SEB stimulated expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR in normal human keratinocytes. More than half of the AD patients in the present study had specific IgE antibodies to SEA and/or SEB in their serum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. aureus and SEs have important roles in the exacerbation and prolongation of AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morishita
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tada
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Toi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanzaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arata
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D013207:Staphylococcal Skin Infections / Q000276:immunology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D004768:Enterotoxins; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; C026066:enterotoxin A, Staphylococcal; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal; D007371:Interferon-gamma