title: Selective COX-2 inhibitors and human inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Much recent effort has been made to produce selective inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the belief that these will lack the gastrointestinal damaging effects of traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with increased local production of prostanoids. These prostanoids, particularly PGE2 and PGI2, may well be protective as inflammatory bowel disease is aggravated by NSAID use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of a traditional NSAID and a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor on the production of these prostanoids in human inflammatory bowel disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Colonic mucosal biopsies were obtained from patients undergoing routine colonoscopy and biopsy for diagnostic or surveillance purposes. Biopsies were incubated in culture medium containing 10% foetal calf serum and antibiotics, plus test drugs or vehicle for 24 h, after which time the medium was removed and the content of PGE2, PGI2 (measured as 6 keto-PGF1alpha) and thromboxane (Tx) A2 (measured as TxB2) determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biopsies obtained from diseased colonic mucosa produced significantly more PGE2, PGI2 and thromboxane A2 than did controls (for example, PGE2: ulcerative colitis, 4.17+/-1.06; Crohn's disease, 3.97+/-1.66; control, 0.12 +/-0.13 ng/mL, n = 8-12). These increases were inhibited to a similar extent by either a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor (L-745,337) or a traditional non-selective NSAID (indomethacin).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Until selective COX-2 inhibitors have been assessed adequately in human inflammatory bowel disease, these compounds should not be assumed to be safe for the gastrointestinal tract in inflammatory bowel disease.
authors.affiliation: Digestive Diseases Research Centre, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McCartney
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Fairclough
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Farthing
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Warner
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007189:Indans / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007189:Indans; D007527:Isoenzymes; C093700:L 745337; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011453:Prostaglandins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D007213:Indomethacin