title: Metronidazole resistance in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is associated with increased expression of iron-containing superoxide dismutase and peroxiredoxin and decreased expression of ferredoxin 1 and flavin reductase.
abstract: To obtain insight into the mechanism of metronidazole resistance in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, amoeba trophozoites were selected in vitro by stepwise exposures to increasing amounts of metronidazole, starting with sublethal doses of 4 microM. Subsequently, amoebae made resistant were able to continuously multiply in the presence of a 40 microM concentration of the drug. In contrast to mechanisms of metronidazole resistance in other protozoan parasites, resistant amoebae did not substantially down-regulate pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase or up-regulate P-glycoproteins, but exhibited increased expression of iron-containing superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD) and peroxiredoxin and decreased expression of flavin reductase and ferredoxin 1. Episomal transfection and overexpression of the various antioxidant enzymes revealed significant reduction in susceptibility to metronidazole only in those cells overexpressing Fe-SOD. Reduction was highest in transfected cells simultaneously overexpressing Fe-SOD and peroxiredoxin. Although induced overexpression of Fe-SOD did not confer metronidazole resistance to the extent found in drug-selected cells, transfected cells quickly adapted to constant exposures of otherwise lethal metronidazole concentrations. Moreover, metronidazole selection of transfected amoebae favored retention of the Fe-SOD-containing plasmid. These results strongly suggest that peroxiredoxin and, in particular, Fe-SOD together with ferredoxin 1 are important components involved in the mechanism of metronidazole resistance in E. histolytica.
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wassmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hellberg
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tannich
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bruchhaus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004748:Entamoeba histolytica / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D038181:FMN Reductase; D005288:Ferredoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D054464:Peroxiredoxins; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005288:Ferredoxins; D008795:Metronidazole; D010544:Peroxidases; D054464:Peroxiredoxins; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D038181:FMN Reductase; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases