title: Genetic stability of equine arteritis virus during horizontal and vertical transmission in an outbreak of equine viral arteritis.
abstract: An imported carrier stallion (A) from Europe was implicated in causing an extensive outbreak of equine viral arteritis (EVA) on a Warmblood breeding farm in Pennsylvania, USA. Strains of equine arteritis virus (EAV) present in the semen of two carrier stallions (A and G) on the farm were compared to those in tissues of foals born during the outbreak, as well as viruses present in the semen of two other stallions that became persistently infected carriers of EAV following infection during the outbreak. The 2822 bp segment encompassing ORFs 2-7 (nt 9807-12628; which encode the G(S), GP3, GP4, G(L), M and N proteins, respectively) was directly amplified by RT-PCR from semen samples and foal tissues. Nucleotide and phylogenetic analyses confirmed that virus present in the semen of stallion A initiated the outbreak. The genomes of viruses present in most foal tissues (10/11) and serum from an acutely infected mare collected during the outbreak were identical to that of virus present in the lung of the first foal that died of EVA. Virus in the placenta of one foal differed by one nucleotide (99.9% identity) from the predominant outbreak virus. The relative genetic stability of viruses that circulated during the outbreak contrasts markedly with the heterogeneous virus populations variously present in the semen of persistently infected stallions on the farm. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the carrier stallion can be a source of genetic diversity of EAV, and that outbreaks of EVA can be initiated by the horizontal aerosol transmission of specific viral variants that occur in the semen of particular carrier stallions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine1, and Department of Nematology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences2, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Udeni B R
authors.initials: UBR
authors.lastname: Balasuriya
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine1, and Department of Nematology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences2, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Jodi F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hedges
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine1, and Department of Nematology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences2, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nadler
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA3.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: McCollum
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA3.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Timoney
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine1, and Department of Nematology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences2, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: N James
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: MacLachlan
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D018174:Arterivirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D001483:Base Sequence; D002353:Carrier State; D004279:DNA, Viral; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D007240:Equartevirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D006736:Horses; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D017421:Sequence Analysis; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; C120678:GS protein, Equine arteritis virus; D006023:Glycoproteins; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; C105880:glycoprotein L, equine arteritis virus