title: A pilot study of low-dose fludarabine in membranous nephropathy refractory to therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lymphocytes are believed to play a role in the induction and perpetuation of membranous nephropathy. Fludarabine is a purine nucleoside analog with selective activity against both dividing and resting lymphocytes. We evaluated the tolerance, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, immunologic, and clinical effects of fludarabine in patients with membranous nephropathy in an single arm pilot study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients with idiopathic (n = 7) or lupus (n = 1) membranous nephropathy who had failed high-dose prednisone (n = 8) and/or alkylating agents (n = 2), or cyclosporine (n = 1) were treated with 6-monthly cycles of fludarabine (cycles 1-2, 20 mg/m2/day x 2 days, cycles 3-6, 20 mg/m2/day x 3 days). Mean proteinuria was 9 g/day with a mean duration of disease of 25 months (range 12-48). Proteinuria, GFR and effective renal plasma flow were compared before and after completing the treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients completed the protocol. CD3, CD4, CD8 and B cell counts decreased by 53%, 46%, 61% and 84%, respectively, at the end of treatment and remained at lower than pretreatment levels 6 months after completing the trial. Despite lymphopenia, serum immunoglobulin levels remained unchanged. Both naive (CD45RA+) and memory CD4+ T cells (CD45RO+) were reduced (naive > memory). Proteinuria decreased by > or = 50% in 5 out of 7 patients (p = 0.11). Filtration fraction improved in all patients with decreased filtration fraction at baseline. The only side-effect observed was one episode of acute bacterial sinusitis that responded promptly to antibiotic therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that low-dose fludarabine treatment in patients with membranous nephropathy is well tolerated and results in significant lymphopenia involving B more than T cells. In this pilot study improvement in proteinuria and filtration rate were observed. Additional studies are required to determine the optimal dose and clinical efficacy of fludarabine.
authors.affiliation: Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Boumpas
authors.forename: I O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Tassiulas
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Fleisher
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piscitelli
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pucino
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Balow
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Austin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D015433:Glomerulonephritis, Membranous / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis; D018655:Lymphocyte Count / Q000187:drug effects; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine; D017596:Renal Plasma Flow, Effective / Q000187:drug effects; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000382:microbiology; D014740:Vidarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000477:Alkylating Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D014740:Vidarabine; C024352:fludarabine; D011241:Prednisone