title: Contour tracking using a knowledge-based snake algorithm to construct three-dimensional pharyngeal bolus movement.
abstract: Videofluorography (VFG) using a barium-mixed bolus is in wide clinical use for assessing patients with swallowing disorders. VFG is usually done with both lateral (LA) and anterior-posterior (AP) views, most commonly in two separate sittings. A real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) representation of the evolution of a pharyngeal bolus and its volumetric information can potentially help clinicians analyze and visualize the kinematics of swallowing, dysphagia, and compensatory therapeutic strategies. Active contour models, also known as "Snakes," have been used to solve various image analysis and computer vision problems. We applied a Snake algorithm to automate in part the contour tracking and reconstruction of VFG images to visualize and quantitatively analyze the 3-D evolution of a pharyngeal bolus. To improve the accuracy of the Snake search, we provided the additional "knowledge" of the pharyngeal image itself, which served as an extra constraint to push the Snake curve toward the desired contour. VFG of pharyngeal bolus transport in a normal subject was recorded by using barium-mixed boluses (viscosity: 185 centipoise, density: 2.84 g/cc) with volumes of 5, 10, and 20 ml. The resulting LA and AP video images were digitally captured and matched frame by frame. The knowledge-based Snake search algorithm was used to generate Snake points to satisfy both internal (i.e., smoothness) and external (i.e., boundary fitting) constraints. Using these Snake points, we traced the 3-D bolus movement at each time instant, assuming elliptic geometry in the cross-section of the pharyngeal bolus. By concentrating the 3-D images for each time instant, we developed a 3-D movie representing pharyngeal bolus movement. The efficiency, reproducibility, and accuracy of this algorithm in tracing pharyngeal bolus boundaries and estimating front/tail velocities were assessed and found satisfactory. We conclude that 3-D pharyngeal bolus movement can be traced both accurately and efficiently by using a knowledge-based Snake search algorithm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D002933:Cineradiography; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003287:Contrast Media; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D001466:Barium Sulfate