title: Structural basis for selective inhibition of Src family kinases by PP1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Small-molecule inhibitors that can target individual kinases are powerful tools for use in signal transduction research. It is difficult to find such compounds because of the enormous number of protein kinases and the highly conserved nature of their catalytic domains. Recently, a novel, potent, Src family selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor was reported (PP1). Here, we study the structural basis for this inhibitor's specificity for Src family kinases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single residue corresponding to Ile338 (v-Src numbering; Thr338 in c-Src) in Src family tyrosine kinases largely controls PP1's ability to inhibit protein kinases. Mutation of Ile338 to a larger residue such as methionine or phenylalanine in v-Src makes this inhibitor less potent. Conversely, mutation of Ile338 to alanine or glycine increases PP1's potency. PP1 can inhibit Ser/Thr kinases if the residue corresponding to Ile338 in v-Src is mutated to glycine. We have accurately predicted several non-Src family kinases that are moderately (IC(50) approximately 1 microM) inhibited by PP1, including c-Abl and the MAP kinase p38.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our mutagenesis studies of the ATP-binding site in both tyrosine kinases and Ser/Thr kinases explain why PP1 is a specific inhibitor of Src family tyrosine kinases. Determination of the structural basis of inhibitor specificity will aid in the design of more potent and more selective protein kinase inhibitors. The ability to desensitize a particular kinase to PP1 inhibition of residue 338 or conversely to sensitize a kinase to PP1 inhibition by mutation should provide a useful basis for chemical genetic studies of kinase signal transduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Witucki
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kraybill
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsien
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ubersax
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blethrow
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Shokat
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001665:Binding Sites; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007532:Isoleucine / Q000502:physiology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000502:physiology; D009154:Mutation; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011506:Proteins; C073882:phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor 1; D007532:Isoleucine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases