title: Acellular collagen matrix as a possible "off the shelf" biomaterial for urethral repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a naturally derived collagen-based tissue substitute developed for urethral reconstruction would be suitable for urethral repair in an animal model. Several urethral conditions often require nongenital tissues for reconstruction, such as skin grafts or mucosal grafts from the bladder or buccal regions. However, the use of these tissues for urethroplasty may be associated with additional procedures for graft retrieval, prolonged hospitalization, and morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A ventral urethral defect was created in 10 male rabbits. The acellular collagen matrix, obtained and processed from porcine bladder submucosa, was trimmed and used to replace the urethral defect in an onlay fashion. Serial urethrography was performed pre- and postoperatively at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. The animals were sacrificed 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after surgery. The retrieved implants were analyzed grossly, histologically, and with immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All animals survived until being sacrificed without any noticeable voiding dysfunction. Serial urethrograms confirmed the maintenance of a wide urethral caliber without any signs of strictures. Gross examination at retrieval showed normally appearing tissue without any evidence of fibrosis. Histologically, the implanted matrices contained host cell infiltration and generous angiogenesis by 2 weeks after surgery. The presence of a confluent transitional cell layer was confirmed by immunocytochemical analyses using pancytokeratin antibodies. Anti-alpha actin antibodies demonstrated the migration of unorganized muscle fiber bundles 2 months after implantation and organized muscle bundles 6 months after implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The acellular collagen matrix appears to be a useful material for urethral repair in the rabbit. The matrix can be processed easily, has good characteristics for tissue handling and urethral function, and has the advantage of being an "off the shelf" material.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003094:Collagen; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D014521:Urethra / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003094:Collagen