title: Blood lead levels among children of lead-exposed workers: A meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To further assess the utility of targeted blood lead screening for children from households with members having occupational lead exposures, we conducted a meta-analysis of all available reports of take-home lead exposures. Our objective was to estimate the blood lead levels among U.S. children (ages 1-5) from households with lead-exposed workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reports considered for inclusion were cited in Medline, Toxline, Excerpta Medica, and Bio-Med plus all unpublished reports available at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health through 1994. The a priori criteria for inclusion of U.S. reports required their having data on: (1) venous blood lead levels for children, (2) children's ages, (3) data for at least five children, (4) workers' occupations, (5) workers' blood lead levels, and (6) data collection methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on a meta-analysis of 10 reports from 1987 through 1994, the children (n=139) of lead-exposed workers (n=222) had a geometric mean blood lead level of 9.3 microg/dL compared to a U.S. population geometric mean of 3.6 microg/dL (P=0.0006). Also in this group, 52% of the children had blood lead levels (BLLs) >/= 10 microg/dL compared to 8.9% in the U.S. (P=.0010), and 21% of the children had BLLs >/= 20 microg/dL compared to 1.1% in the U.S. (P=. 0258).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We estimate, based on 1981-83 survey data, that there are about 48,000 families with children under six living with household members occupationally exposed to lead. If the findings from this meta-analysis (admittedly limited by small numbers) are generalizable, about half of the young children in these families may have BLLs >/= 10 microg/dL. Data were too sparse to determine if children of workers with elevated blood leads were at greater risk than children whose parents were only known to be lead exposed. Our findings support the position that children of lead-exposed workers should be targeted for blood lead screening. Am. J. Ind. Med. 36:475-481, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinatti, OH 45226, USA. rjr1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Roscoe
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gittleman
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Deddens
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Halperin
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005192:Family Health; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D008403:Mass Screening; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009790:Occupations; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D007854:Lead