title: Frontiers in anthelmintic pharmacology.
abstract: Research in anthelmintic pharmacology faces a grim future. The parent field of veterinary parasitology has seemingly been devalued by governments, universities and the animal industry in general. Primarily due to the success of the macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics in cattle, problems caused by helminth infections are widely perceived to be unimportant. The market for anthelmintics in other host species that are plagued by resistance, such as sheep and horses, is thought to be too small to sustain a discovery program in the animal health pharmaceutical industry. These attitudes are both alarming and foolish. The recent history of resistance to antibiotics provides more than adequate warning that complacency about the continued efficacy of any class of drugs for the chemotherapy of an infectious disease is folly. Parasitology remains a dominant feature of veterinary medicine and of the animal health industry. Investment into research on the basic and clinical pharmacology of anthelmintics is essential to ensure chemotherapeutic control of these organisms into the 21st century. In this article, we propose a set of questions that should receive priority for research funding in order to bring this field into the modern era. While the specific questions are open for revision, we believe that organized support of a prioritized list of research objectives could stimulate a renaissance in research in veterinary helminthology. To accept the status quo is to surrender.
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Discovery Research, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI 49007-4940, USA. timothy.g.geary@am.pnu.com
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Geary
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Sangster
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001682:Biological Availability; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D047630:Depsipeptides; D054659:Diketopiperazines; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006374:Helminthiasis, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006376:Helminths / Q000187:drug effects*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018942:Macrolides; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D000871:Anthelmintics; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D047630:Depsipeptides; D054659:Diketopiperazines; D018942:Macrolides; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D010879:Piperazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C075544:PF 1022A; D007559:Ivermectin; C019264:avermectin; C027837:moxidectin; C041747:nitazoxanide