title: Laminitis as a systemic disease.
abstract: This article presents the clinical pathology and the involvement of the cardiovascular, renal, endocrine, and immunologic systems in laminitis. The data available on these systems are presented with respect to the disease phase and severity. The nutritional and metabolic alterations realized in the chronically affected horse are also presented. In this discussion, the origins and clinical implications of these systemic findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hood
mesh_terms: D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary*; D006724:Hoof and Claw; D006734:Horse Diseases; D006736:Horses; D007107:Immune System / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary