Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy.
Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy is a well established technique for the treatment of the stones resistant to ESWL. Simultaneous bilateral procedures, supracostal approach and the 'mini-perc' technique are interesting technical improvements. Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy could in future be the primary treatment not only of large burden stones, but also for lower caliceal stones larger than 1 cm.
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Urology Unit, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000628:therapy*