title: Pacing-induced cardiac failure of hypertrophic hearts: effects of cyclic GMP reduction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We tested the hypothesis that pacing-induced cardiac failure of hypertrophic hearts would reduce the functional and metabolic responses of these hearts to guanylate cyclase inhibition and this was associated with alterations in cyclic GMP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methylene blue (MB, 2 mg/kg/min, guanylate cyclase inhibitor) was infused into the left anterior descending coronary artery in 5 control, 5 left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and 5 LVH pacing-induced failure dogs. Regional myocardial work was calculated as the integrated product of force and segment shortening and regional myocardial O(2) consumption (VO(2)) from coronary blood flow and O(2) extraction measurements. Cyclic GMP was determined by radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MB increased regional work (635 +/- 169 vs 1649 +/- 500, 781 +/- 184 vs 1569 +/- 203 g * mm/min) and VO(2) (8.3 +/- 1.4 vs 10.9 +/- 1.4, 7.3 +/- 0.7 vs 9.1 +/- 0.7 ml O(2)/min/100 g) in both control and LVH dogs but not in failure dogs (536 +/- 234 vs 623 +/- 193, 3.6 +/- 1.1 vs 4.7 +/- 1.9). MB also decreased cyclic GMP in control dogs (1170 +/- 142 vs 812 +/- 105 pmol/g). LVH dogs had elevated baseline cyclic GMP (5875 +/- 949) compared to control dogs but also demonstrated decreased cyclic GMP in response to MB (2820 +/- 372). In failure dogs, basal cyclic GMP was also elevated (4650 +/- 613) compared to control dogs but there was a lack of response to MB (3670 +/- 640).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the myocardial function, VO(2) and cyclic GMP responses to methylene blue are diminished in the transition from hypertrophy to cardiac failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Scholz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D004285:Dogs; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000494:pharmacology; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D006152:Cyclic GMP; D008751:Methylene Blue