title: The effect of drug-injection behavior on genetic evolution of HIV-1.
abstract: The effect of injection-drug use on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) env genetic evolution was examined in 15 seroconverting injection-drug users followed up for 4 years. After adjustment for non-drug-related independent variables significantly associated with genetic diversity (time since seroconversion and progressor status), injection frequency was positively and highly significantly associated with HIV-1 env genetic diversity (P=.003). The mutation rate in those who had injected at least once a day during the previous 6 months was estimated to be 62% greater than the rate in those who had not injected at all. If the positive effect of drug-injection frequency on env genetic diversity extends to the HIV-1 pol gene, the risk of emergence of resistance to antiretroviral drugs may be enhanced by increased drug-injection frequency, especially under the selection pressure of antiretroviral therapy.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Parasitologia-Epidemiologia, Caixa Postal-486, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carneiro
authors.forename: X F
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lyles
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Templeton
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Weisstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safaeian
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Farzadegan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Markham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D015752:Genes, env; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000821:virology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015483:HIV Antibodies