title: European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To construct a scoring system for the prediction of early mortality in cardiac surgical patients in Europe on the basis of objective risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The EuroSCORE database was divided into developmental and validation subsets. In the former, risk factors deemed to be objective, credible, obtainable and difficult to falsify were weighted on the basis of regression analysis. An additive score of predicted mortality was constructed. Its calibration and discrimination characteristics were assessed in the validation dataset. Thresholds were defined to distinguish low, moderate and high risk groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The developmental dataset had 13,302 patients, calibration by Hosmer Lemeshow Chi square was (8) = 8.26 (P < 0.40) and discrimination by area under ROC curve was 0.79. The validation dataset had 1479 patients, calibration Chi square (10) = 7.5, P < 0.68 and the area under the ROC curve was 0.76. The scoring system identified three groups of risk factors with their weights (additive % predicted mortality) in brackets. Patient-related factors were age over 60 (one per 5 years or part thereof), female (1), chronic pulmonary disease (1), extracardiac arteriopathy (2), neurological dysfunction (2), previous cardiac surgery (3), serum creatinine >200 micromol/l (2), active endocarditis (3) and critical preoperative state (3). Cardiac factors were unstable angina on intravenous nitrates (2), reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (30-50%: 1, <30%: 3), recent (<90 days) myocardial infarction (2) and pulmonary systolic pressure >60 mmHg (2). Operation-related factors were emergency (2), other than isolated coronary surgery (2), thoracic aorta surgery (3) and surgery for postinfarct septal rupture (4). The scoring system was then applied to three risk groups. The low risk group (EuroSCORE 1-2) had 4529 patients with 36 deaths (0.8%), 95% confidence limits for observed mortality (0.56-1.10) and for expected mortality (1.27-1.29). The medium risk group (EuroSCORE 3-5) had 5977 patients with 182 deaths (3%), observed mortality (2.62-3.51), predicted (2.90-2.94). The high risk group (EuroSCORE 6 plus) had 4293 patients with 480 deaths (11.2%) observed mortality (10.25-12.16), predicted (10.93-11.54). Overall, there were 698 deaths in 14,799 patients (4.7%), observed mortality (4.37-5.06), predicted (4.72-4.95).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EuroSCORE is a simple, objective and up-to-date system for assessing heart surgery, soundly based on one of the largest, most complete and accurate databases in European cardiac surgical history. We recommend its widespread use.
authors.affiliation: Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK. sam.nashef@papworth-tr.anglox.nhs.uk
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nashef
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roques
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gauducheau
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lemeshow
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salamon
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012372:ROC Curve; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis