title: Frequency analysis of echo texture in tendon.
abstract: A texture discriminant based on spatial frequencies is proposed for characterizing B-scans of Achilles' tendon. The anisotropic echo texture of normal tendon has an ellipsoidal spatial spectrum that can be quantified by the ratio of the major-to-minor axis and by the direction of the major axis. Applying a moving window to the B-scan, a corresponding tissue elliptical axis ratio (TEAR) image is derived that segments out tendon. The algorithm was applied to B-scan images taken from 13 volunteers, 6 of whom had tendon abnormalities: tendon rupture (n = 3) or cholesterol deposits (xanthomas) in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (n = 3). The average TEAR value was 1.75 +/- 0.17 for normal tendon, 1.04 +/- 0.06 for torn tendon, and 1.31 +/- 0.16 for tendons with xanthomas. The dispersion of the directionality vectors was used to further differentiate tendons with xanthomas from normal tendons. This technique appears to be useful for characterizing both diffuse and focal tendon abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, USA. tuthill@umich.edu
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Tuthill
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fowlkes
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Jamadar
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Bude
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D006938:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012421:Rupture; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014973:Xanthomatosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*