title: Effects of preconceptual caffeine exposure on pregnancy and progeny viability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A previous study demonstrated for the first time that a drug such as caffeine, administered prior to ovulation and genomic activation, causes a quantitative difference in growth-promoting energy utilization in a proportion of 5-day-old blastocysts. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether developmental changes induced by caffeine administered throughout the estrus cycle prior to fertilization are sustained throughout pregnancy and after birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caffeine was administered to rats throughout the estrus cycle prior to fertilization, with control and experimental groups subdivided into preimplantation and postimplantation categories. Preimplantation fertilization rate was assessed on day 4 of pregnancy by a pregnancy-induced elevation in maternal plasma progesterone concentration, or by flushing each uterine horn on day 5 of pregnancy to determine the presence or absence of a litter. Postimplantation fetuses were collected on gestational day 12 or allowed to go to term.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preconceptual caffeine exposure significantly reduced maternal fertility by the failure of a proportion of the litters to implant, rather than curtailing preimplantation development or postimplantation losses. Postnatal mortality between weeks 0 and 1 was elevated and the weekly incremental growth rate of the pups from week 3 through week 7 was significantly reduced in the preconceptually caffeine-treated offspring. Experimental females reached puberty at the same age as the controls but at a significantly lower body weight. Gestation length, hirthweight, litter size, sex ratio, and anogenital distance (a measure of prenatal androgenization) were not affected by preconceptual caffeine treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that the reduced fertility rate in preconceptually caffeine-exposed rats was due to the failure of litters to implant rather than to a reduced fertilization rate, which was normal. It was further concluded that the growth rate over the neonatal and prepubertal periods of surviving pups in the caffeine-treated group was subnormal.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ipollard@rna.bio.mq.edu.au
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hiller
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Scaramuzzi
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000187:drug effects; D047108:Embryonic Development; D004971:Estrus; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization / Q000187:drug effects*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006128:Growth / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D011374:Progesterone