title: Cysteine, glutathione (GSH) and zinc and copper ions together are effective, natural, intracellular inhibitors of (AIDS) viruses.
abstract: Sufficient essential nutrients such as methionine, cysteine, copper, selenium, zinc and vitamins C and E are indispensable for the maintenance of optimal (immune) cell functions. Parasitic organisms such as protozoa, fungi, bacteria and viruses also depend on these essential nutrients for their multiplication and functioning. An evolutionarily developed optimal distribution of available nutrients between host (cells) and parasitic organisms normally prevents diseases, the nature of which will depend on genetic and environmental factors. The way in which the right amount of cysteine, glutathione (GSH), and copper and zinc ions made available in the right place at the right time and in the right form can prevent an unchecked multiplication of (AIDS) viruses in a more passive or active way forms the basis for the AIDS zinc-deficiency hypothesis (A-Z hypothesis) presented in this article. Zinc and copper ions stimulate/inhibit/block in a concentration-dependent way the (intracellular) activation of essential protein-splitting enzymes such as HIV proteases. Zinc and copper ions as 'passive' virus inhibitors. Apart from this, zinc ions directly or indirectly regulate, via zinc finger protein molecular structures, the activities of virus-combating Th-1 cells such as cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs). Zinc ions as regulators of the active, virus-combating Th-1 cells. Zinc and copper ions that remain available in sufficient amounts via cysteine/GSH are effective natural inhibitors/combaters of (AIDS) viruses and thereby prevent the development of chronic virus diseases that can lead to AIDS, autoimmune diseases, (food) allergies and/or cancer. A safe, relatively inexpensive and extensively tested medicine such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) can help in supplying extra cysteine. The anti-HIV peptide T22, synthesized on the basis of two natural peptides from the Tachypleus tridentatus and Limnus polyphemus crabs, appears to be able to serve as supplier/carrier molecule of cysteine and zinc and/or to hinder the entry of HIVs into cells by way of the CD4 receptor.
authors.affiliation: Sprietsma MBS, Bennekom, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sprietsma
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D003300:Copper / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003545:Cysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D010455:Peptides; C076963:T22 protein, synthetic; D003300:Copper; D005978:Glutathione; D015032:Zinc; D003545:Cysteine