title: Staghorn calculi in children: treatment with monotherapy extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the effectiveness of monotherapy extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWLT) for treating children with staghorn calculi.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February 1992 to December 1997, 11 boys and 4 girls 14 months to 13 years old (median age 4 years) presented to our institution with staghorn calculi. In these patients ESWL was performed using a Siemens Lithostar-ULTRA with ultrasound stone localization and with intravenous sedation or without anesthesia. Using the Puigvert method the frequency and energy of the shock waves delivered were increased progressively to desensitize cutaneous nerve receptors, making the procedure less painful and improving stone fragmentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall stones resolved in 11 of the 15 patients (73.3%) after an average of 2 ESWL sessions. Of the 11 patients 7 were stone-free after only 1 session, 2 with fragments less than 5 mm. required no further intervention, and 2 required additional surgery, including percutaneous nephrolithotomy to remove large residual stone fragments in 1 and open renal surgery to remove a cystine staghorn calculus in 1. Ureteral stents were not required in any patients. One case of post-ESWL fever resolved promptly with antibiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESWL using the Siemens Lithostar-ULTRA is simple, effective and safe primary treatment in children with staghorn calculi.
authors.affiliation: Uropediatric and Radiology Units, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orsola
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caffaratti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alberola
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Garat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D007682:Kidney Pelvis; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male