title: Ketamine suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production in human whole blood in vitro.
abstract: The production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) a, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8, increases in patients with sepsis; marked production causes organ failure and septic shock. We previously reported that ketamine suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-alpha production in mice. However, there are no reports on the effect of ketamine on cytokine production in human whole blood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the efficacy of ketamine on LPS-induced TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 production and recombinant human (rh) TNF-a-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production in human whole blood. After adding different doses of ketamine to whole blood, the blood was stimulated with LPS or rhTNF. After incubation, the plasma TNF-alpha activity and IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations were measured using the L929 cell cytotoxic assay or an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Ketamine significantly suppressed LPS-induced TNF-alpha production at concentrations >20 microg/mL. At concentrations >100 microg/mL, ketamine also significantly suppressed both LPS-induced and rhTNF-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production. In this study, we demonstrated that ketamine directly inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 in human whole blood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that ketamine suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 production and recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production in human whole blood. Ketamine directly suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shigematsu
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D004926:Escherichia coli; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D016207:Cytokines; D004731:Endotoxins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C044101:endotoxin, Escherichia coli; D007649:Ketamine