title: Frequency and significance of the A-->G (-3826) polymorphism in the promoter of the gene for uncoupling protein-1 with regard to metabolic parameters and adipocyte transcription factor binding in a large population-based Caucasian cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recently described A-->G (-3826) point mutation within the distal region of the UCP-1 promoter is possibly involved in the development of obesity, diabetes and related metabolic disorders. It was the aim of this study to examine the allelic frequency and the prevalence of the three UCP-1 genotypes in a broad caucasian cohort and to investigate the significance of this polymorphism for obesity and diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  1020 subjects were randomly chosen from 6450 participants in the Diabetomobile Study. The UCP-1 genotype was determined by genomic PCR and Bcl-I-RFLP analysis in 1020 subjects and tested for association with a variety of metabolic parameters. In addition, the influence of this mutation on adipocyte nuclear factor binding was investigated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The genotype frequencies in 1020 subjects were: AA genotype, 57.0%; AG genotype, 35.4%; GG genotype, 7.6%; with allelic frequencies of 0.75 for allele A and 0.25 for allele G. No significant differences between the genotypes and age, gender, BMI, leptin, glucose, fasting insulin, C-peptide, HbA1c, diabetes manifestation, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol were found. Analysis of the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta3-adrenergic receptor in a subgroup of 343 subjects revealed no additive effect to the UCP-1 polymorphism. An yet unknown adipocyte-specific factor of nuclear extracts from 3T3-L1 adipocytes during differentiation is able to bind specifically to the distal UCP-1 promoter region and this binding ability can not be abolished by the mutation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We determined the genotype and allelic frequency of the UCP-1 promoter polymorphism in the largest known population-based study. The results from genotyping demonstrate clearly that this polymorphism does not play a major role in the pathogenesis obesity and diabetes. A yet unknown adipocyte derived and differentiation-dependent regulated transcription factor is able to bind to the distal UCP-1 promoter surrounding -3826 bp. This binding is not affected by presence of the mutation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I; Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schäffler
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Palitzsch
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Watzlawek
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Drobnik
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schwer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schölmerich
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmitz
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics*; D017354:Point Mutation; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000235:genetics; D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3; D012737:Sex Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D000071256:Uncoupling Protein 1; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007473:Ion Channels; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3; D014157:Transcription Factors; C000604371:UCP1 protein, human; D000071256:Uncoupling Protein 1; D003404:Creatinine