title: The perceived effectiveness of total quality management as a tool for quality improvement in emergency medicine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the perceived effectiveness of using the Total Quality Management (TQM) approach to quality improvement in both academic and nonacademic EDs, and to discuss some important barriers to effectiveness of TQM programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mail survey of 100 EDs was conducted with telephone follow-up. Hospitals were randomly selected from three subgroups: university teaching hospitals, nonuniversity teaching hospitals, and private nonteaching hospitals. ED physician directors or nonphysician administrators with knowledge of departmental quality improvement initiatives were surveyed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall response rate was 60%. Of the respondents, 54 (90.0%) used TQM techniques as part of their quality improvement initiatives. TQM techniques were used more frequently and for a longer duration in academic programs. ED staff participation in TQM projects was relatively low; less than 25% in the majority (79.6%) of all EDs. TQM initiatives were ranked least effective in university settings, of which 11 of 13 (84.6%) rated their TQM programs as ineffective or having no effect. More mature programs (>5 years old) had a significantly higher ranking for effectiveness than those programs less than 2 years old.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total Quality Management is being utilized in a large number of EDs. TQM initiative is perceived as having little or no positive effect. This is particularly the case in academic EDs.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University Department of Emergency Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287-2080, USA. mvanrooy@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: VanRooyen
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Grabowski
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ghidorzi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Strange
mesh_terms: D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006302:Health Services Research; D016304:Hospitals, Private; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D008486:Physician Executives / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014481:United States