title: Attenuated stroke severity after prodromal TIA: a role for ischemic tolerance in the brain?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ischemic tolerance has been extensively studied in experimental models of heart and brain ischemia. While there is some clinical evidence of ischemic tolerance in the heart, it is not known whether the same is true for the human brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective case-control study in 148 stroke patients with and without antecedent TIA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite no significant differences in baseline characteristics, independence (Rankin scale score of 0 to 1) and favorable outcome (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 5) were significantly associated with prior TIA in univariate analysis. After correction for other cardiovascular risk factors, TIA before stroke also was an independent predictor of mild stroke (Canadian Neurological Scale score of > or= 6.5) in multivariate models (absolute difference 21.6%; P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assuming that a TIA represents an adequate stimulus to elicit ischemic tolerance, our results suggest that ischemic tolerance might occur in the human brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Charité Hospital, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. markus.weih@charite.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weih
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kallenberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergk
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dirnagl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Harms
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Wernecke
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Einhäupl
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index