title: Functional and molecular diversity of PACAP/VIP receptors in cortical neurons and type I astrocytes.
abstract: In the present study we determined the mRNA-expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP)/vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons and type I astrocytes, and investigated the effects of PACAP38 on adenylyl cyclase, inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and intracellular calcium homeostasis. PACAP38 elicited a concentration-dependent (1 nM-100 nM) increase in inositol phosphate levels and [Ca2+]i in neurons but not in type I astrocytes. The PACAP-induced increase of intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, was characterized by a spike, compatible with inositol trisphosphate (IP3) -induced calcium mobilization from intracellular stores, and a plateau phase, sustained by activation of capacitative calcium entry triggered by depletion of IP3-sensitive calcium stores. In the absence of extracellular calcium, only the spike phase was present while the plateau phase was clearly reduced. In addition, thapsigargin pretreatment abolished the PACAP38-induced [Ca2+]i rise. Treatment with 1 microM VIP did not affect [Ca2+]i in either neurons or type I astrocytes, clearly indicating the coupling of PAC1-HOP subtype to phospholipase-C in neurons. In addition, as previously reported, PACAP38 stimulated cAMP formation in both neurons and type I astrocytes. Using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we found mRNA-expression of PAC1 (PACAP - HOP variant) and VPAC2 in neurons, PAC1 (PACAP - R variant), VPAC1 and VPAC2 in astrocytes. These data indicate both a functional and molecular diversity of PACAP and VIP receptors in these cell types and support the view that the PAC1-HOP variant may be responsible for phospholipase-C activation and [Ca2+]i elevation in cortical neurons.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Adaptive Systems, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. maurizio@codon.nih.gov
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cavallaro
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D051236:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051237:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I; D011979:Receptors, Pituitary Hormone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018005:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051239:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II; D051238:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C495403:Adcyap1 protein, rat; C495505:Adcyap1r1 protein, rat; D009479:Neuropeptides; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051236:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051237:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I; D011979:Receptors, Pituitary Hormone; D018005:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D051239:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II; D051238:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I; C495508:Vipr1 protein, rat; C495511:Vipr2 protein, rat; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D002118:Calcium