title: Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay with an internal standard for the detection of prostate-specific antigen mRNA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circulating prostate cells can be detected with a reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA. We have developed a new quantitative RT-PCR method for measuring PSA mRNA.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method uses a PSA-like internal standard (IS) mRNA that is added into the sample at the beginning of the RNA extraction and coamplified by RT-PCR with the PSA in the sample. After PCR amplification, the IS and PSA products are selectively detected by hybridization in a microtitration plate using probes labeled with fluorescent europium chelates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The method was validated with PSA and IS mRNAs and PSA-expressing cells to obtain a detection limit of 50 PSA mRNA copies (i.e., signal 2 times the mean of zero signal), linearity up to 10(6) copies, and detection of a single PSA-expressing cell. In preliminary evaluations, 60% (n = 10) of the prostate cancer patients with skeletal metastases gave results above the detection limit (500 PSA mRNA copies in 5 mL of blood). The total number of PSA copies ranged from 900 +/- 200 to 44 100 +/- 4900 (mean +/- SD) in the samples, corresponding to approximately 1-100 PSA-expressing cells in 5 mL of blood. In the controls (n = 34), none of the healthy females and 2 of 19 healthy males had detectable PSA mRNA [700 +/- 100 and 2000 +/- 900 (mean +/- SD) PSA mRNA copies in 5 mL of blood for the 2 males].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assay provides sensitive and quantitative detection of PSA mRNA expression from blood samples and can be used to establish the clinically significant number of PSA mRNA copies in prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 6th Floor, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland. alice.ylikoski@utu.fi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ylikoski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjöroos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lundwall
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lövgren
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lilja
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iitiä
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen