title: Effect of trimethylamine oxide and betaine in swine diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and sensory quality of pork.
abstract: Two growth experiments and one digestibility experiment were conducted to study the effect of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and betaine in swine diets. In Exp. 1, 36 limit-fed pigs averaging 19.1 kg in initial weight were used to study the effect of adding TMAO at 10 g/kg of feed or betaine at an equivalent level of methyl groups (10.5 g/kg feed) to a high-fat (11.3% ether extract) basal diet. Dietary addition of TMAO increased ADG by 61 g/d, reduced number of days to market by 8.3 d (P<.02), and tended (P<.09) to improve gain/feed (G/F) compared with the control diet. Betaine had no effect on growth performance of pigs. Adding TMAO or betaine to diets had no effect on percent carcass fat, percent carcass lean, or dressing percentage. Dietary supplementation of TMAO reduced (P<.05) plasma triacylglycerol level (TAG) compared with the control diet. There was no effect of dietary TMAO or betaine on sensory quality characteristics of pork. In Exp. 2, 48 ad libitum-fed pigs averaging 21.7 kg initial BW and 104.7 kg final BW were used to determine the effect of adding low and intermediate levels of TMAO (1, 2, or 5 g/kg) to diets. Adding 1 g of TMAO increased G/F (P<.01) compared with control pigs. When using orthogonal contrasts, adding 2 g of TMAO reduced (P<.05) P2 backfat thickness and tended to increase (P<.09) lean percentage compared with the control diet. Trimethylamine oxide gave a quadratic effect (P<.05) on plasma TAG levels. Adding 1 and 2 g of TMAO increased plasma TAG, but 5 g of TMAO decreased it compared with the control diet. In Exp. 3, 12 barrows of 42.3 kg average initial BW and 50.0 kg final BW were used to investigate the effect of supplementing diets with 1 g of TMAO and 1.27 g of betaine/kg of feed on apparent total tract nutrient digestibility. The addition of TMAO increased (P<0.03) apparent total tract digestibility of fat (HCl-EE). Betaine had no such effect. Adding TMAO to diets influenced growth performance and carcass quality in a dose-dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, As. margareth.overland@ihf.nlh.no
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Overland
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Rørvik
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skrede
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001622:Betaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects*; D004063:Digestion; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008082:Lipotropic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008461:Meat Products / Q000592:standards*; D008744:Methylamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D008082:Lipotropic Agents; D008744:Methylamines; D016877:Oxidants; D001622:Betaine; C005855:trimethyloxamine