title: Intravenous ketoprofen and epidural sufentanil analgesia in children after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidural opioid analgesia has become more popular for postoperative pain treatment in children. Epidural opioids are associated with adverse effects such as respiratory depression, excessive sedation, protracted vomiting, urinary retention and pruritus. Following minor surgery, ketoprofen has a synergistic effect with opioids, resulting in an improved analgesia without increase in incidence of adverse effects. To see whether this is also true following major surgery, we compared the effect of i.v. ketoprofen and placebo as an adjuvant to epidural sufentanil analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study design was used in 58 children, aged 1-15 years, receiving a standardised combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia. Intravenous ketoprofen or saline was provided as a bolus and a continuous infusion in addition to epidural sufentanil infusion, which was adjusted as clinically required. Epidural bupivacaine was used for rescue analgesia. The study drug infusion was discontinued when pain scores were <3 on a 0-10 scale for 6 h with an epidural sufentanil infusion rate of 0.03 microg kg(-1) h(-1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children in the ketoprofen group received less rescue analgesia (none/29 vs. 8/29 children in the placebo group). In the ketoprofen group, criteria to discontinue epidural sufentanil were achieved more often (14 vs. 6 children) before the end of the 72 h study period. Less children in the ketoprofen group suffered pruritus (13 vs. 4). The incidence of nausea/retching and vomiting was similar (11 vs. 12) in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, ketoprofen as a background analgesic to epidural sufentanil provided improved postoperative analgesia and reduced incidence of adverse effects of the epidural opioid.
authors.affiliation: Department of anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kokki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tuovinen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hendolin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010919:Placebos; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011537:Pruritus / Q000139:chemically induced; D017409:Sufentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010919:Placebos; D007660:Ketoprofen; D017409:Sufentanil; D002045:Bupivacaine