title: Contribution of D-Dimer determination in the exclusion of deep venous thrombosis in spinal cord injury patients.
abstract: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common complication of paraplegia despite prophylactic anticoagulant therapy. The diagnosis relies primarily on ultrasonography or phlebography; these investigations are difficult, expensive and can be time-consuming in paraplegic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the usefulness of coagulation activation markers in excluding a diagnosis of DVT, D-Dimers, thrombin-antithrombin complexes, prothrombin fragments (F1+2) and activated factor VIIa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To improve the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis in paraplegic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This collaborative work was done at Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the usefulness of coagulation activation markers in excluding a diagnosis of DVT, D-Dimers (D-Di), thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes, prothrombin fragments (F1+2) and activated factor VIIa (FVIIa), were determined in a prospective study of 67 consecutive patients with paraplegia or tetraplegia. Doppler ultrasonography and/or phlebography of the lower limbs and D-Di, TAT, F1+2 level determination were systematically done in each patient at admission to our rehabilitation unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite prophylactic low molecular weight heparin therapy, six of the 67 patients developed DVT diagnosed by radiologic explorations. D-Di levels measured by a reference ELISA (Asserachrom D-Di, Diagnostica Stago) or a new rapid automated turbidimetric test (STA-Liatest D-Di) were greater than 500 ng/ml in all DVT patients and in 40 non-DVT patients, of whom most had urinary tract infections, osteomas, or pressure sores. D-Di values were normal in only 21/67 patients (31%). The negative predictive value of D-Di in our study was 100% since all DVT patients had D-Di values greater than 500 ng/ml. TAT and F1+2 levels were not correlated with D-Di levels but also had a negative predictive value of 100%. Comparison of D-Di levels obtained using the two tests showed that results of the reference ELISA were closely correlated to those of the new rapid automated turbidimetric. TAT, F1+2, and factor VIIa are not useful for measuring hypercoagulability in paraplegic or tetraplegic patients since no rapid tests for determining these parameters are available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  D-Di levels determined using an ELISA or a new rapid automated turbidimetric test have a good negative predictive value for DVT in paraplegic or tetraplegic patients and may reduce the need for Doppler ultrasonography and/or phlebography by 31%.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hematology, Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital and Paris V University, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roussi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bentolila
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boudaoud
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Casadevall
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vallée
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carlier
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lortat-Jacob
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dizien
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bussel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D