title: Expression of the gene encoding the matrix gla protein by mature osteoblasts in human fracture non-unions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteoblast phenotypic abnormality, namely the expression of collagen type III, has been shown previously in fracture non-union woven bone.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate osteoblasts from fracture non-unions for evidence of gene expression of non-collagenous bone matrix proteins that have been implicated in mineralisation, namely matrix gla protein (MGP), osteonectin, osteopontin, and osteocalcin. MGP is a consistent component of bone matrix, but there are no reports of osteoblasts in the skeleton expressing the gene for MGP, and the site of synthesis of skeletal MGP (perhaps the liver) has yet to be determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsies from normally healing human fractures and non-unions were examined by means of in situ hybridisation, using 35S labelled probes and autoradiography to disclose levels of gene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normally healing fractures, mature osteoblasts on woven bone were negative for MGP mRNA, but positive for osteonectin, osteopontin, and osteocalcin mRNA molecules. In non-unions, osteoblasts displayed a novel phenotype: they were positive for MGP mRNA, in addition to osteonectin, osteopontin, and osteocalcin mRNA molecules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mature osteoblasts in slowly healing fractures have an unusual phenotype: they express the gene encoding MGP, which indicates that control of osteoblast gene expression in non-unions is likely to be abnormal. This might be of importance in the pathogenesis of non-uniting human fractures, and is of current interest given the emerging status of MGP as an inhibitor of mineralisation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lawton
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hoyland
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Freemont
mesh_terms: D015055:1-Carboxyglutamic Acid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008875:Middle Aged; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D000097568:Matrix Gla Protein
chemical_list: D015055:1-Carboxyglutamic Acid; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000097568:Matrix Gla Protein