title: Depression, negative symptoms, social stagnation and social decline in the early course of schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate when social consequences in schizophrenia emerge, and what conditions give rise to the social disadvantage evident in people suffering from schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Early course in schizophrenia was studied in a population-based sample of 232 first illness-episode cases retrospectively from onset to first admission, and in a representative subsample of 115 patients prospectively at six cross-sections over a period of 5 years. Data on non-specific and negative symptomatology and social development was compared with data from an age- and sex-matched control group drawn from the normal population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 73% of the patients showed a prodromal phase of several years. First signs were depressive and negative symptoms. In 57% of cases social disability emerged 2 to 4 years before first admission. Social consequences depended on the level of social development at onset. An early onset involved social stagnation, and a late onset was associated with social decline. Men's poorer social outcome was determined by their lower level of social development at onset and socially adverse illness behaviour. The 5-year symptom-related course showed no gender difference. At 81% the lifetime prevalence of depressive mood until first admission was several times higher in schizophrenics than in healthy controls. Early depression predicted a lower subsequent score for affective flattening. Suicide indicators were predicted by lack of self-confidence and feelings of guilt early in the illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taking into account a prodromal phase of several years on average before first hospital admission, early detection, case identification and intervention are urgently needed. The intervention must be targeted at syndromes such as early depression, negative symptoms and certain forms of cognitive and social impairment.
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Research Unit, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Häfner
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Löffler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hambrecht
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: an der Heiden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D012803:Sick Role; D012934:Social Isolation; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology; D000092864:Suicide Prevention