title: High-grade extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: a high-grade epithelioid malignancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma is typically a low-to-intermediate grade sarcoma that is associated with a prolonged clinical course. High-grade forms are rare and not well characterized. In this series we report the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings in four cases of high-grade extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were three men and one woman (ages 34-73 years) with tumours located in the thigh (two cases), paraspinal soft tissue and perineum. Three patients had metastases, one at 12 weeks, one at 10 months, and one at presentation of recurrent tumour. In the latter case the original tumour was low grade and became high grade when it recurred 3.5 years later. All three patients died of disease. One patient was lost to follow-up. The most striking histological feature in all four tumours was the presence of numerous large epithelioid cells. These cells were arranged in cords within myxoid matrix and in sheets devoid of matrix. Two tumours had areas of conventional extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma intermixed with the high-grade areas. One tumour showed transition to high-grade spindle cell sarcoma. One tumour had cells with rhabdoid features. Immunohistochemically, two tumours focally expressed S100 protein, and one focally expressed EMA. All were negative with cytokeratin, desmin, smooth muscle actin, HMB45, CD31 and CD34. Ultrastructural features in three cases were compatible with chondrosarcoma; one tumour had aggregates of microtubules within rough endoplasmic reticulum, a characteristic feature of this tumour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-grade extraskeletal myxoid chondrosaroma is a rare and aggressive soft tissue sarcoma, and should be included in the differential diagnosis of other epithelioid malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Harper Hopspital and Karmanos Cancer Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Adsay
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Zalupski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D002813:Chondrosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor