Oocyte apoptosis: like sand through an hourglass.
Although the study of germ cell death is arguably still in its infancy as a field, several recent breakthroughs have provided the fodder for a story, replete with episodes of apparent mass cellular suicide if not murder, that will undoubtedly serve as a research base for many laboratories over the next several years. Death is known to strike the male and female germlines with roughly equal intensity, but the innate feature of male germ cells being self-renewing while those of the female are not places the death of oocytes in a completely different light. Indeed, the functional life span of the female gonads is defined in most species, including humans, by the size and rate of depletion of the precious endowment of oocytes enclosed within follicles in the ovaries at birth. This continuous loss of oocytes throughout life, referred to by many as the female biological clock, appears to be driven by a genetic program of cell death that is composed of players and pathways conserved from worms to humans. It is on this genetic pathway, and the role of its constituent molecules in regulating female germ cell fate, that this review will focus. Emphasis will be placed on those studies using genetic-null or transgenic models to explore the functional requirement of proteins, such as Bcl-2 family members, Apaf-1, and caspases in vertebrates to CED-9, CED-4, and CED-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans, in oocyte survival and death. Furthermore, hypotheses regarding the potential impact of translating what is now known of the oocyte death pathway into new approaches for the clinical diagnosis and management of female infertility and the menopause will be offered as a means to stimulate further research in this new and exciting field.
Morita
Y
Y
Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
Tilly
J L
JL
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D001683:Biological Clocks; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000166:cytology; D006728:Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D009866:Oogenesis; D016649:Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction
D006728:Hormones; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2