title: Aluminum, iron, lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, chromium, magnesium, strontium, and calcium content in bone of end-stage renal failure patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about trace metal alterations in the bones of dialysis patients or whether particular types of renal osteodystrophy are associated with either increased or decreased skeletal concentrations of trace elements. Because these patients are at risk for alterations of trace elements as well as for morbidity from skeletal disorders, we measured trace elements in bone of patients with end-stage renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed bone biopsies of 100 end-stage renal failure patients enrolled in a hemodialysis program. The trace metal contents of bone biopsies with histological features of either osteomalacia, adynamic bone disease, mixed lesion, normal histology, or hyperparathyroidism were compared with each other and with the trace metal contents of bone of subjects with normal renal function. Trace metals were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentrations of aluminum, chromium, and cadmium were increased in bone of end-stage renal failure patients. Comparing the trace metal/calcium ratio, significantly higher values were found for the bone chromium/calcium, aluminum/calcium, zinc/calcium, magnesium/calcium, and strontium/calcium ratios. Among types of renal osteodystrophy, increased bone aluminum, lead, and strontium concentrations and strontium/calcium and aluminum/calcium ratios were found in dialysis patients with osteomalacia vs the other types of renal osteodystrophy considered as one group. Moreover, the concentrations of several trace elements in bone were significantly correlated with each other. Bone aluminum was correlated with the time on dialysis, whereas bone iron, aluminum, magnesium, and strontium tended to be associated with patient age. Bone trace metal concentrations did not depend on vitamin D intake nor on the patients' gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concentration of several trace elements in bone of end-stage renal failure patients is disturbed, and some of the trace metals under study might share pathways of absorption, distribution, and accumulation. The clinical significance of the increased/decreased concentrations of several trace elements other than aluminum in bone of dialysis patients deserves further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of Antwerp, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: D'Haese
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Couttenye
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Lamberts
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Elseviers
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schrooten
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: De Broe
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000032:analysis; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013324:Strontium / Q000032:analysis; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D002104:Cadmium; D002857:Chromium; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D000535:Aluminum; D007501:Iron; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc; D002118:Calcium; D013324:Strontium