title: Impact of surgical staging in women with locally advanced cervical cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of surgical staging in the treatment and outcome of women with locally advanced cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-eight women with locally advanced cervical cancer treated between 1993 and 1997 were retrospectively reviewed. Survival probabilities were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier product limit method and compared with the log-rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 98 women treated over the 5-year period, 86 were surgically staged: 61 by a retroperitoneal approach, 18 by laparoscopy, and 7 by laparotomy. Median blood loss was 120 cc and median length of hospitalization was 3 days. Preoperative CT scans (n = 55), when compared with surgical findings, missed macroscopic nodal disease in 20% and microscopic disease in 15% and overcalled disease in 10% of cases. Lymph node metastases were found in 45/86 patients (52%): 12 microscopic and 33 macroscopic. The highest level of nodes found to be involved was pelvic in 23, common iliac nodes in 3, para-aortic nodes in 14, and scalene nodes in 5 cases. Of the 86 patients, 49 received pelvic radiation, 27 received extended field radiation, and 10 were identified for palliative treatment only (5 scalene node metastasis, 5 extensive intraperitoneal disease). For node-negative patients, 5-year survival was 74%; for microscopic nodal involvement it was 58%; and for macroscopic involvement it was 39% (P = 0.007). Five-year survival for women with para-aortic node involvement was 52%. Number of nodes involved was a significant prognostic variable (P = 0.008). Patients who received chemotherapy had a 5-year survival of 68% compared to 35% for those who did not (P = 0.06). Factors which did not affect survival included age, histology, type of surgery, stage, and type of radiation (pelvic vs extended).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical staging of women with locally advanced cervical cancer can be performed with acceptable morbidity and it provided more accurate information than CT scans and resulted in a modification of the standard pelvic radiation field for 43% of our patients. The information obtained from surgical staging allows better individualization of therapy, which may improve overall clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Muntz
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Paley
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Tamimi
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Greer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*