title: Current results with pediatric heart transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac transplantation is an accepted treatment for children with end-stage heart failure or complex or inoperable congenital defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1988, 95 transplants have been performed in 89 children aged 4 days to 18 years (median 6.9 years, 42 patients 0-5 years). Fifty-eight (61%) had congenital or acquired heart disease, 31 (33%) had idiopathic cardiomyopathy, and 6 (6%) were retransplants. Fifty-seven of the patients had prior cardiac surgery with a range of one to eight procedures (mean 3.4 procedures/patient). At the time of transplantation, 53 (56%) were United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) status I, including 23 children on mechanical ventilation and 4 with mechanical circulatory support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-day survival in this group was 96%. Posttransplant results showed a median time of ventilation of 1 day (mean 3.0+/-5.7 days), median duration of inotropic support of 2 days (mean 2.7+/-2.3 days), median intensive care unit (ICU) stay of 4 days (mean 6.9+/-9.6 days), and median hospitalization of 9 days (mean 14.3+/-13.9 days). Follow-up from 1 month to 10.3 years (mean 3.1 years) has demonstrated a 1-year actuarial survival of 79% and a 5-year actuarial survival of 69%. Rejection, both acute and chronic, accounted for the vast majority of deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric heart transplantation can be accomplished with excellent early survival despite multiple prior cardiac operations and relative severity of illness. Parameters such as postoperative ventilation, inotropic support, ICU stay, and hospitalization can be kept at reasonable levels with acceptable long-term results, although rejection remains a serious problem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. kkanter@emory.org
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kanter
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cuadrado
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Raviele
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000401:mortality; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D012086:Reoperation; D015996:Survival Rate