title: [Three cases of carotid cavernous sinus fistulas where the main ocular manifestation was restricted ocular motility].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some cases of carotid cavernous sinus fistulas (CCFs) have few ocular congestive signs and symptoms. These cases need to be accurately diagnosed as having CCFs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients with CCFs without ocular congestive signs or symptoms developed unilateral abducens restriction and visited our clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Color Doppler imaging revealed retrograde flow of the superior ophthalmic veins bilaterally in the three cases. The diagnose of CCF was confirmed by cerebral angiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is sometimes difficult to diagnose CCF, when a patient without ocular congestive signs or symptoms shows disturbed ocular motility as the only ocular manifestation. In such cases, color Doppler imaging may show the presence of CCF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kishi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yasuoka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002426:Cavernous Sinus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000209:etiology*