title: High prevalence of sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections amongst the inmates of a district jail in Northern India.
abstract: Two hundred and forty male and 9 female jail inmates confined for various crimes in a district jail near Delhi were screened for sexually transmitted and blood-borne diseases including HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B and C viral infections, skin diseases etc. The inmates were aged 15-50 years with a mean of 24.8+/-0.11. Their alleged criminal background, period of stay in the jail, drug addiction, education, birth place, marital status, sexual activity, and clinical complaints were recorded by an anonymous questionnaire. Serum samples were tested for antibodies against HIV (1+2), hepatitis C (HCV), Treponema pallidum and for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Sputum examination was done for acid-fast bacilli. Out of the 240 men, 115 were married and 125 unmarried. One hundred and eighty-four (76.6%) men gave history of penetrative sex. Of the 184, 53 (28.8%) were homosexuals or bisexuals and 131 (71.2%) had sex with women only. Sixty of the 131 (45.8%) were faithful to their partners while 124 gave a history of having multiple sexual partners and 100 of them (80.6%) had unprotected sex. Eighty-three of these 100 also had had sex with commercial sex workers (CSWs). One hundred and twenty-six were addicted for alcohol, 44 for smack/charas and 8 had a history of intravenous drug abuse. One hundred and seventy-four were not aware of AIDS. On examination 28 of the 240 (11.6%) had active hepatitis with or without a history of jaundice in the last 2 years, 25 (10.4%) active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and 11 (4.6%) had syphilitic ulcers on the penis. Four-fifths of the teenagers confined to a particular barrack had moderate to severe scabies. Three males (1.3%) were found to be Western blot confirmed HIV-1 positive while 28 (11.1%) men and 2 (22.2%) women were positive for HBsAg. Twelve (5.0%) men but no women, were found to be positive for anti-HCV antibodies. Out of the 3 HIV-positive persons, one was an intravenous drug user (IVDU), second was a drug addict and frequent CSW visitor while the third was a homosexual. This pilot study gives an indication that sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections are highly prevalent in jail premises and pose a threat of rapid spread of these infections through IVDU and homosexuality.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. ssingh@medinst.ernet.in
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohanty
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017848:Blood-Borne Pathogens; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011330:Prisons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012532:Scabies / Q000453:epidemiology; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013587:Syphilis / Q000453:epidemiology