title: A rational algorithm for duplex scan surveillance after carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to determine the appropriate timing and frequency of duplex ultrasound scanning after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for the detection of high-grade stenosis caused by recurrent carotid stenosis or contralateral atherosclerotic disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 221 patients who underwent 242 CEAs, duplex scanning was performed before, during, and after operation (in 3-month to 6-month intervals). High-grade internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis (peak systolic velocity, >300 cm/s; diastolic velocity, >125 cm/s; ICA/common carotid artery ratio, >4) prompted the recommendation for repair. An average of four postoperative scanning procedures was performed during a mean follow-up period of 27.4 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraoperative duplex scan results prompted the immediate revision of 12 repairs (4.9%), and one perioperative stroke (<1%) occurred. Six CEAs (2.7%) had asymptomatic recurrent stenosis (>50% diameter-reduction [DR]; systolic velocity, >125 cm/s) develop. Only one of six patients had >75% DR stenosis develop and underwent reoperation (<1% yield for CEA surveillance). The yield of surveillance of the unoperated ICA was higher (P =.003), and 12% of unoperated sides had progressive stenosis (n = 21) or occlusion (n = 3) develop, which led to seven CEAs for high-grade stenosis. Disease progression to >75% DR stenosis was five times as frequent (P =.002) in patients with >50% DR stenosis initially. All patients but one who required contralateral endarterectomy for disease progression had >50% ICA stenosis when first seen. During the follow-up period, no disabling strokes ipsilateral to an operated carotid artery occurred, but three strokes occurred in the hemisphere of the contralateral unoperated ICA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The yield of duplex scan surveillance after CEA was low. Only 13 patients (5.9%) had severe disease develop to warrant additional intervention. Progression of contralateral disease rather than restenosis was the most common abnormality that was identified. Duplex scanning at 1-year to 2-year intervals after CEA is adequate when a technically precise repair is achieved and minimal contralateral disease (<50% DR) is present. A policy of duplex scan surveillance and reoperation for high-grade stenosis was associated with a 1.6% incidence rate of disabling stroke during the follow-up period.
authors.affiliation: Divisionof Vascular Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Back
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Bandyk
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Avino
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D018450:Disease Progression; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex