[Persecution in Nazi everyday life. The pathological aspects of extreme stress].
The extensive literature on persecution during the Third Reich lacks a first person account of the psychological distress induced by public Nazi harassments in everyday life--with the only exception of Victor Klemperer's diary. His records are outstanding in their unusual authenticity. They have gained widespread publicity and have been extensively reviewed, but almost exclusively from historical or political perspectives. The following is focused on his personal view. Taking his diaries as a starting point three subjects are treated: It is first discussed what kind of persecutional measures had to be faced by a Jewish person who was neither imprisoned nor had gone underground, but seemed to lead a normal life. Klemperer's records reveal an extreme kind of distress with permanent fear of death very close to that described by psychiatrists as victims of the Nazi persecution. It is then discussed how Klemperer experienced himself under these circumstances. Severe depression, distorted perception of time, stupefaction, egoism, and retreat from his compassion for fellow-sufferers may be understood from a psychodynamic point of view but were of course perceived as demoralization by Klemperer himself. Finally the present paper pursues the potentials of coming through and coping with persecution. Klemperer describes various ways and means of compensating and coping which were subsequently taken away from him with growing persecution. His non-Jewish wife was his only personal supporter. Writing was a constantly effective coping measure to him, initially as an essayist. After he had been banned from the academic community his diary remained his only opportunity for writing. In spite of being under constant fear for his life, he kept on writing. The subjective experiences of this situation are discussed. His recording of everyday life under persecution enabled him to survive it. Hence his diaries had a life-preserving function.
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Klinik für Psychiatrie, Universität Münster.
D005858:Germany; D049673:History, 20th Century; D007585:Jews; D011056:Political Systems / Q000266:history*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000266:history* / Q000523:psychology*