title: Hyperlipidemia associated with protease inhibitor therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a case of extreme hyperlipidemia associated with protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy and review the relevant literature concerning lipid abnormalities with HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 35-year-old HIV-infected man developed a serum cholesterol of 1472 mg/dL and fasting serum triglycerides of 8660 mg/dL after initiation of antiretroviral therapy consisting of ritonavir, saquinavir, nevirapine, and didanosine. All other medications had been stable during this time period and the abnormality resolved after discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy and initiation of lipid-lowering therapy. The elevated cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations did not recur when therapy was reinstituted with nelfinavir, saquinavir, nevirapine, and didanosine. The hyperlipidemia then was attributed to ritonavir.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lipid abnormalities are common in patients with HIV infection and usually consist of hypocholesterolemia and moderate hypertriglyceridemia. Hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia have been reported with ritonavir and, less commonly, with other currently available protease inhibitors. Some cases of ritonavir-associated hyperlipidemia have been extreme. Although an association between hyperlipidemia and clinical consequences such as pancreatitis and atherosclerotic disease has not been well described with protease inhibitor therapy, pancreatitis is common in HIV-infected patients. It is possible that in some cases, protease inhibitor-induced hypertriglyceridemia may contribute to the development of pancreatitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimal management of lipid abnormalities in HIV-infected patients is controversial. The potential benefit of reducing the incidence of pancreatitis and atherosclerotic events must be weighed against the risk of intolerance, toxicity, and drug interactions.
authors.affiliation: South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, USA. kechev@parknet.pmh.org
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Echevarria
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hardin
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004338:Drug Combinations; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol