title: Event-related brain potentials as indicators of smoking cue-reactivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reactivity to smoking cues, shown previously by autonomic and self-report variables, was investigated in smokers and nonsmokers using event-related brain potentials (ERPs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Average ERPs to 20 color pictures of people smoking and 20 neutral pictures depicting nonsmoking themes, randomly mixed with 4 repetitions/stimulus, were measured from 20 light-moderate smokers and 18 nonsmokers, following a stressor. Smoker status and stimulus type effects on ERPs and principal components factor scores (FS) were tested by repeated-measures ANOVAs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers' N268 showed significant medial and midline smoking cue-reactivity (ERP to smoking-related minus neutral stimuli); while a P300-like, P412, showed significant smoking cue-reactivity over medial and left hemisphere scalp. FS analyses confirmed most of the foregoing. P412 smoking cue-reactivity was correlated with unpleasantness-pleasantness cue-reactivity but not with urge-to-smoke cue-reactivity. Nonsmokers' N268 stimulus differences were not significant, but significant P412 stimulus effects (unconfirmed by FS analyses) were found in central-to-posterior and in left parietal-temporal areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smokers' N268 is identified with a process detecting stimuli incongruent with tobacco-addicted states; and P412 smoking cue-reactivity is discussed in terms of an automatic, perceptual-categorization system, consistent with Tiffany's drug-use and Johnson's P300 models. Implications of ERP smoking cue-reactivity for study of tobacco and other addictions are discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612-7260, USA. charerp@uic.edu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: McDonough
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003463:Cues; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*