title: Effect of brachial plexus co-activation on phrenic nerve conduction time.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diaphragm function can be assessed by electromyography of the diaphragm during electrical phrenic nerve stimulation (ES). Whether phrenic nerve conduction time (PNCT) and diaphragm electrical activity can be reliably measured from chest wall electrodes with ES is uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The diaphragm compound muscle action potential (CMAP) was recorded using an oesophageal electrode and lower chest wall electrodes during ES in six normal subjects. Two patients with bilateral diaphragm paralysis were also studied. Stimulations were deliberately given in a manner designed to avoid or incur co-activation of the brachial plexus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the oesophageal electrode the PNCT was similar with both stimulation techniques with mean (SE) values of 7.1 (0.2) and 6.8 (0.2) ms, respectively (pooled left and right values). However, for surface electrodes the PNCT was substantially shorter when the brachial plexus was activated (4.4 (0.1) ms) than when it was not (7.4 (0.2) ms) (mean difference 3.0 ms, 95% CI 2.7 to 3.4, p<0.0001). A small short latency CMAP was recorded from the lower chest wall electrodes during stimulation of the brachial plexus alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study show that lower chest wall electrodes only accurately measure PNCT when care is taken to avoid stimulating the brachial plexus. A false positive CMAP response to phrenic stimulation could be caused by inadvertent stimulation of the brachial plexus. This finding may further explain why the diaphragm CMAP recorded from chest wall electrodes can be unreliable with cervical magnetic stimulation during which brachial plexus activation occurs.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Muscle Laboratory, King's College Hospitals, London SE5 9PJ, UK.
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Polkey
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lyall
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moxham
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000328:Adult; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000502:physiology*; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology*; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D012133:Respiratory Paralysis / Q000503:physiopathology