title: Neutrophil maturation and the role of retinoic acid.
abstract: Neutrophil maturation occurs in well defined morphological stages that correlate with the acquisition of molecular markers associated with neutrophil function. A variety of factors are known to play a role in terminal neutrophil maturation, including the vitamin A derivative, retinoic acid. Retinoic acid can directly modulate gene expression via binding to its nuclear receptors, which can, in turn, activate transcription of target genes. A role for retinoic acid during neutrophil maturation has been suggested from a variety of sources. Here we present a review of the mechanism of retinoic acid receptor action and the major evidence showing that normal retinoid signaling is required for neutrophil maturation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. nancy.berliner@yale.edu
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Berliner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D019281:Dimerization; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018922:HL-60 Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D056971:Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1; D056985:Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 2; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C539127:NCOR1 protein, human; C539130:NCOR2 protein, human; C539128:Ncor1 protein, mouse; C539131:Ncor2 protein, mouse; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D056971:Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1; D056985:Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 2; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; C118318:PLZF-RARalpha fusion protein, human; C492209:PLZF-RARalpha fusion protein, mouse; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C093476:promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha fusion oncoprotein; D014212:Tretinoin