title: Induction of esophageal carcinogenesis by diethylnitrosamine and assessment of the promoting effect of ethanol and N-nitrosonornicotine: experimental model in mice.
abstract: It is known that some nitrosamines preferably affect particular organs because of their organospecificity. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is one of the most powerful nitrosamines for experimentally inducing esophagus cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the rate and type of epithelial lesions induced by DEN in mice. We also assessed the role of alcohol and N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) as promoters of this carcinogenesis. A total of 208 female mice (Mus musculus) were allocated to five experimental groups: group 1, water only (controls); group 2, DEN + water; group 3, DEN + NNN; group 4, DEN + 6% alcohol solution; group 5, DEN + NNN + 6% alcohol solution. Animals in groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 received DEN (0.04 ml/l) three times per week, and during the following 4 days they received the other solutions. NNN was provided at a final concentration of 30 mg/l. The overall experimental period was 180 days. At the end of this time, the animals were killed and their esophagus was dissected for macro- and microscopic analysis. There was no significant difference in relation to the size of the esophagus and to the average DEN intake by the animals (p > 0.05). A statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001) was observed between controls and all other experimental groups. There was no significant difference among experimental groups treated with carcinogens (p > 0.05). The average incidence of cancer was 85.4%. The experimental model used in the present study is a very potent indicator of esophagus cancer. Owing to the high incidence for cancer observed in the present study, it was not possible to assess the effect of alcohol and NNN as inducers for the development of esophageal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul State, Brazil.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Gurski
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Schirmer
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Kruel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Komlos
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kruel
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Edelweiss
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology; D000431:Ethanol; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D009602:Nitrosamines; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D009602:Nitrosamines; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine; D000431:Ethanol; C008655:N'-nitrosonornicotine