title: A demonstration of the concentration and second gas effects in humans anesthetized with nitrous oxide and desflurane.
abstract: In the present study, we explored both the existence of and the basis for the concentration and second gas effects. Groups of six normocapnic patients were given one of three gas mixtures via a nonrebreathing system: 65% nitrous oxide (N2O) plus 4% desflurane; 5% N2O plus 4% desflurane; or 65% N2O plus 0.5% desflurane plus 2% xenon (Xe). End-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2) was held constant by adjustments in ventilation. Confirming the existence of the concentration effect, the end-tidal (F(A)) concentration of N2O increased toward the inspired (F(I)) concentration more rapidly (i.e., F(A)/F(I) increased more rapidly) when the inspired concentration was 65% than when it was 5%. The F(A)/F(I) for desflurane also increased more rapidly when desflurane was given with 65% rather than 5% N2O, confirming the existence of the second gas effect. The small uptake of the second gas (desflurane) did not influence its own F(A)/F(I) or that of N2O; that is, the administration of 4%, rather than 0.5%, desflurane did not increase the rate of rise of F(A)/F(I) of either N2O or desflurane. One of the bases of the concentration and second gas effects, a concentrating of residual gases, was confirmed: administration of Xe with 65% N2O produced an F(A)/F(I) for Xe that exceeded 1.0. Patient sex did not seem to influence the rate of rise of F(A)/F(I) of either N2O or desflurane. Finally, we unexpectedly found that, despite an equal solubility in blood, the rise in F(A)/F(I) for N2O exceeded that for desflurane, perhaps because of differences in tissue solubilities and intertissue diffusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As predicted by the concentration and second gas effects, increasing the inspired concentration of nitrous oxide accelerated its rate of rise and the rate of rise of concurrently administered desflurane in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0464, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taheri
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Eger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019540:Area Under Curve; D000077335:Desflurane; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D005410:Flame Ionization; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide