title: Cohort mortality study of 57,000 painters and other union members: a 15 year update.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study mortality patterns in the largest existing cohort of painters.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 years of follow up were added to a study of 42,170 painters and 14,316 non-painters based on union records. There were 23,458 deaths, compared with 5313 in the earlier follow up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparisons with the United States population showed significantly increased rates in painters for lung cancer (standardised mortality ratio (SMR) 1.23, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.17 to 1.29), bladder cancer (SMR 1.23, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.43), liver cancer (SMR 1.25, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.50), and stomach cancer (SMR 1.39, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.59). However, in direct comparisons with non-painters only the excesses for lung cancer (SRR 1.23, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.35, increasing to 1.32, 95% CI 16 to 1.93 with 20 years latency) and bladder cancer (SRR 1.77, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.77) were confirmed. Some confounding by smoking may affect these two outcomes, particularly with external referents. Cirrhosis of the liver was increased for both painters and non-painters (SMRs 1.21, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.35, and 1.26, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.51, respectively), possibly indicating high alcohol consumption. Suicide (SMR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.38) and homicide (SMR 1.36, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.75) were increased for painters but not for non-painters; neuropsychiatric diseases have been associated with painters in earlier studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest modest occupational risks for lung and bladder cancer; these results are consistent with existing publications. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified painting as an occupation definitely associated with cancer.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, OH 45208, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steenland
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006708:Homicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000401:mortality; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D009790:Occupations; D010150:Paint; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*