title: Outcome of posterior urethral valves: to what extent is it improved by prenatal diagnosis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of prenatal diagnosis and evaluation on the outcome of posterior urethral valves we studied all cases of valves detected prenatally, including cases of pregnancy termination due to posterior urethral valves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1989 and 1996, 30 neonates with prenatally detected posterior urethral valves were treated at our hospital. The prenatal parameters analyzed were age of gestation at diagnosis, ultrasonographic appearance of renal parenchyma and amniotic fluid volume. Fetal urine was analyzed in 9 cases. We reviewed the outcome of 10 neonates treated for posterior urethral valves which were not diagnosed prenatally during the same period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 30 neonatal survivors 6 (20%) had renal failure, including end stage renal disease in 2, after a mean followup of 4 years. Renal failure developed in 2 of 5 cases detected before 24 weeks of gestation, in 1 of 6 with oligohydramnios and in 2 of 5 with abnormal parenchymal renal ultrasound. Normal parenchymal ultrasound and amniotic volume could not predict for good outcome. Renal failure developed in 2 of 7 cases predicted by fetal urinalysis as good prognosis and in 1 of 2 cases predicted as poor prognosis. Pregnancy was terminated for posterior urethral valves in 5 cases based on prenatal criteria of severe renal impairment. Considering these cases as poor outcome, the rate of poor prognosis increased from 20 to 31%. Among the 10 neonates without a prenatal diagnosis of posterior urethral valves renal failure developed in 2 (20%), including end stage renal disease in 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When negative parameters were absent and/or fetal urine predicted good outcome there were no cases of end stage renal disease in early infancy, which was a significant help in parent counseling. The predictive value of the currently available prenatal parameters needs to be updated with larger series specifically dealing with posterior urethral valves. According to the current data, the outcome of posterior urethral valves is not yet significantly improved by prenatal diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Ghoneimi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desgrippes
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luton
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Macher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guibourdenche
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vuillard
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lottmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nessmann
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Oury
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aigrain
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*