title: Impact of diaphragmatic paralysis after cardiothoracic surgery in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine the prevalence and clinical impact of diaphragmatic paralysis caused by phrenic nerve injury after cardiothoracic surgery in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of cardiology, radiology, and hospital databases identified 170 episodes of diaphragmatic paralysis after cardiothoracic surgery in 168 children operated on from 1985 to 1997. Medical records were reviewed to determine demographics, details of the operation and postoperative course, diagnostic features and management of diaphragmatic paralysis, and follow-up status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of diaphragmatic paralysis was 1.6% (95% confidence interval 1.4%-1.8%). Median age at operation was 6 months (range <1 day-14.4 years). Median time from the operation to the initial investigation was 5 days (range <1 day-61 days), with 57% of patients receiving mechanical ventilation at diagnosis. Diaphragmatic plication was performed in 40% of the patients at a median interval from the initial investigation of 15 days (range 3 days-11.1 months). Significant independent factors associated with increased postoperative hospital stay were lower patient weight at operation, previous cardiothoracic operations, bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis, increased interval from operation to investigation, mechanical ventilation at the time of investigation, and diaphragmatic plication. Confirmed recovery of diaphragmatic function was noted before hospital discharge in only 15 episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diaphragmatic paralysis complicating cardiothoracic surgery continues to occur in the current era, with a significant impact on morbidity. Smaller patients with bilateral hemidiaphragmatic paralysis, requiring mechanical ventilation, may represent a higher risk subgroup to target for increased diagnostic suspicion and more aggressive management; early spontaneous recovery is rare.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Leeuw
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Freedom
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Shemie
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: McCrindle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000293:injuries*; D015995:Prevalence; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012086:Reoperation; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012133:Respiratory Paralysis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome