title: Assessing sedation during intensive care unit mechanical ventilation with the Bispectral Index and the Sedation-Agitation Scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the level of sedation for a cohort of mechanically ventilated adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients using validated subjective and objective tools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective convenience sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multidisciplinary 34-bed ICU at Maine Medical Center, a 599-bed nonuniversity, academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three adult ICU patients were monitored during 64 episodes of ventilatory support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were prospectively evaluated by one trained investigator using the revised Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS) and were simultaneously monitored for 1 to 5 hrs using the Bispectral Index (BIS), a numeric scale from 0 to 100 derived from the electroencephalogram. BIS values were assigned to baseline, stimulated, and average conditions for each patient by a separate investigator blinded to SAS scores. Ventilator settings, medications, and the lung injury severity (LIS) score were also recorded. Sedation levels varied from very deep sedation (SAS score = 1, BIS score = 43) to mild agitation (SAS score = 5, BIS score = 100). Heavily sedated patients (SAS score = 1-2, n = 20) had higher FIO2 (0.52 vs. 0.42, p = .008), oxygenation index (9.4 vs. 5.4, p = .03), and LIS scores (1.3 vs. 0.7, p = .004) and lower baseline (66 vs. 78, p = .01), average (66 vs. 81, p < .001), and stimulated (89 vs. 96, p = .016) BIS scores compared with more awake patients. Patients with intermittent neuromuscular blockade use (n = 4) had higher FIO2 (0.65 vs. 0.44, p = .006), minute ventilation (14.6 vs. 9.9 L/min, p = .005), positive end-expiratory pressure (7.5 vs. 4.8 cm H2O, p = .05), oxygenation index (15.7 vs. 6.0, p < .001), and LIS scores (3.3 vs. 1.0, p = .036) and were more sedated, with higher suppression ratios (3.5 vs. 0.6, p = .05) and lower SAS scores (1.5 vs. 4, p = .035). The average BIS values correlated well with SAS (r2 = .21, p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SAS and BIS work well to describe the depth of sedation for ventilated ICU patients. Deeper sedation and intermittent neuromuscular blockade were used for patients with greater ventilatory requirements and more severe lung disease. The correlation between subjective and objective scales varied in medical, surgical, and trauma patients. Further research with SAS and BIS may facilitate the development of quantitative sedation guidelines for the ICU.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care, Maine Medical Center, Portland 04102, USA.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Riker
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Prato
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D003422:Critical Care; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016037:Single-Blind Method