title: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and pharmacotherapy of patients with primary brain tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To briefly review the clinical presentation and diagnosis of patients with primary brain tumors, followed by an in-depth survey of the pertinent pharmacotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A detailed search of the neurologic, neurosurgical, and oncologic literature for basic science research, clinical studies, and review articles related to chemotherapy and pharmacotherapy of primary brain tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant studies on tissue culture systems, animals, and humans examining the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical pharmacology, and treatment results of chemotherapeutic agents for primary brain tumors. In addition, studies of pharmacologic agents administered for supportive care and symptom control are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary brain tumors derive from cells within the intracranial cavity and generally present with headache, seizure activity, cognitive changes, and weakness. They are diagnosed most efficiently with magnetic resonance imaging. After diagnosis, the most common supportive medications include corticosteroids, gastric acid inhibitors, and anticonvulsants. Chemotherapy is adjunctive treatment for patients with malignant tumors and selected recurrent or progressive benign neoplasms. In general, the most effective chemotherapeutic drugs are alkylating agents such as the nitrosoureas, procarbazine, cisplatin, and carboplatin. Other agents used include cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine, and etoposide. Angiogenesis inhibitors and gene therapy comprise some of the novel therapeutic strategies under investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy of chemotherapy for primary brain tumors remains modest. Novel agents must be discovered that are more specific and attack tumor cells at the molecular level of tumorigenesis. Furthermore, strategies must be developed to counteract the pervasive problem of brain tumor chemoresistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA. newton.12@osu.edu
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Turowski
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Stroup
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: McCoy
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents