title: In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin II: advances in instrumentation and comparison with histology.
abstract: In 1995, we reported the construction of a video-rate scanning laser confocal microscope for imaging human skin in vivo. Since then, we have improved the resolution, contrast, depth of imaging, and field of view. Confocal images of human skin are shown with experimentally measured lateral resolution 0.5-1.0 microm and axial resolution (section thickness) 3-5 microm at near-infrared wavelengths of 830 nm and 1064 nm; this resolution compares well to that of histology which is based on typically 5 microm thin sections. Imaging is possible to maximum depth of 350 microm over field of view of 160-800 microm. A mechanical skin-contact device was developed to laterally stabilize the imaging site to within +/- 25 microm in the presence of subject motion. Based on these results, we built a small, portable, and robust confocal microscope that is capable of imaging normal and abnormal skin morphology and dynamic processes in vivo, in both laboratory and clinical settings. We report advances in confocal microscope instrumentation and methods, an optimum range of parameters, improved images of normal human skin, and comparison of confocal images with histology.
authors.affiliation: Lucid Inc., Henrietta, New York, USA. rajadmil@helix.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajadhyaksha
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zavislan
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D004817:Epidermis / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012867:Skin / Q000648:ultrastructure*