title: Drugs used in acquaintance rape.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), flunitrazepam, and ketamine and their purported uses to facilitate acquaintance rape. Patient presentation characteristics, treatment regimens, processes to detect the presence of the medications by toxicology screening, and methods to avoid exposure are discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE search from 1985 to 1998; additional references found within the articles; information obtained from the Internet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical trials, reviews, and press releases concerning the use of GHB, flunitrazepam, and ketamine to facilitate acquaintance rape. Trials and reviews describing clinical effects, adverse effects, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, and usage trends were evaluated. Literature judged to be pertinent by the author was included in the discussion. DATA EXTRACTION/DATA SYNTHESIS: Reports of the use of GHB, flunitrazepam, and ketamine in acquaintance rape appear in the medical literature and lay press. Many health care professionals may not be familiar with these medications, and information about caring for patients under their influence is limited. Victims lose their ability to ward off attackers, develop amnesia, and are unreliable witnesses. Because symptoms caused by these agents mimic those of alcohol, not all victims are screened for their presence. Legislative efforts to further limit the use of or access to GHB, flunitrazepam, and ketamine have been initiated at the state and federal levels. Pharmacists should know the symptoms of exposure to the three agents; they should understand treatment regimens, methods to detect the presence of these and other drugs that may have been used in a sexual assault, and techniques individuals can use to avoid becoming victims of drug-assisted acquaintance rape.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of their extensive drug knowledge and frequent access to patients, pharmacists are uniquely positioned to educate patients and other health care professionals about the dangers of acquaintance rape drugs and methods to reduce their risk of becoming victims.
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, USA. ksmit1@pop.uky.edu
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D005445:Flunitrazepam / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011902:Rape / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012978:Sodium Oxybate / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000777:Anesthetics; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D005445:Flunitrazepam; D007649:Ketamine; D012978:Sodium Oxybate