title: High dose rate transperineal interstitial brachytherapy for cervical cancer: high pelvic control and low complication rates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the clinical outcome for cervical carcinoma treated with external beam pelvic radiotherapy and interstitial high dose rate (IS-HDR) brachytherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 1991 and June 1996, 62 patients with locally advanced stage cervical carcinoma or early stage carcinoma that precluded satisfactory tandem and ovoid insertion were treated. Most patients received 36 Gy (range: 25 Gy-45 Gy) external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) to the pelvis prior to brachytherapy implant. EBRT was continued, with central shielding, to a dose of 50 Gy to the pelvic sidewalls. HDR Iridium-192 brachytherapy was given in 6 fractions of 5.5 to 6.0 Gy. The mean follow-up was 40 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stage distribution was: Stage IB (12), Stage IIA (1), Stage IIB (26), Stage IIIA (6), Stage IIIB (13), and Stage IVA (4). The overall local tumor control was 94%. Local control rates by FIGO stage were Stage I (12/12) 100%, Stage II (25/27) 93%, Stage III (18/19) 95%, and Stage IV (3/4) 75%. The regional pelvic control rates were overall 81%, Stage I (12/12) 100%, Stage II (22/27) 81%, Stage III (15/19) 79%, and Stage IV (1/4) 25%. Distant metastasis developed in 20 patients (32%). The actuarial 5-year disease-free survival was for all patients 48%, Stage I 81%, Stage II 47%, Stage III 39%, and Stage IV O%. Grade 3-4 delayed morbidity resulting from treatment, occurred in 6.5% (4/62) of patients. A fistula without local recurrence occurred in 1.6% (1/62) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report excellent local and regional pelvic control results using a 6 fraction IS-HDR brachytherapy protocol for cervical carcinoma. The incidence of severe complications is low and suggests that a consistent brachytherapy technique and multiple HDR fractions are therapeutically advantageous to patients treated for cervical carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: California Endocurietherapy Cancer Center, Oakland 94609, USA. jdemanes@cetmc.com
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Demanes
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bendre
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Ewing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals