title: Administration of crushed extended-release pentoxifylline tablets: bioavailability and adverse effects.
abstract: The pharmacokinetics of crushed and intact pentoxifylline tablets were compared, and the frequency of adverse effects was evaluated. Intact 400-mg extended-release pentoxifylline tablets, crushed 400-mg tablets, intact 600-mg tablets, and crushed 600-mg tablets were given sequentially to 10 healthy male volunteers. Blood samples were collected at time 0, at 30-minute intervals for the first three hours, and at 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after the dose and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography for pentoxifylline and three major metabolites. The bioavailability of the crushed tablets relative to the intact tablets was 156% for the 400-mg strength and 137% for the 600-mg strength. The area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 hours (AUC0-24) for the 400-mg tablets (crushed and intact) differed significantly from that for the 600-mg tablets; there was no significant difference between intact 400-mg and intact 600-mg tablets or crushed 400-mg and crushed 600-mg tablets. The maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) was significantly greater and the time to maximum concentration (t(max)) significantly shorter for crushed tablets than intact tablets. The 400-mg crushed tablet caused mild nausea in three subjects. The 600-mg crushed tablet caused both moderate nausea and dizziness in seven subjects and diaphoresis, headache, and vomiting in one subject each. Cmax was higher and tmax shorter when pentoxifylline tablets were administered crushed rather than intact, and the increase in maximum plasma concentrations appeared to cause dose-related adverse effects; crushing the tablets did not decrease the relative bioavailability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Jackson 39216, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cleary
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hikal
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006401:Hematologic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013607:Tablets; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006401:Hematologic Agents; D013607:Tablets; D010431:Pentoxifylline