title: Optimal dose of nalbuphine for treatment of intrathecal-morphine induced pruritus after caesarean section.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To search for the optimal dosage of nalbuphine relief of intrathecal-morphine induced pruritus after caesarean section.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety parturients who developed moderate to severe pruritus caused by intrathecal morphine after caesarean section were randomly allocated into 3 groups receiving 2, 3 and 4 mg of intravenous nalbuphine respectively. The improvement of pruritus and adverse effects of nalbuphine such as increasing pain scores, nausea, vomiting, sedation and respiratory depression were evaluated at 15 minutes after nalbuphine administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percentage of successful treatment of pruritus with 2, 3 and 4 mg, nalbuphine were 86.7, 96.7 and 100, respectively (p = 0.12). There was no statistically significant difference in adverse effects. No evidence of respiratory depression was detected. However, there was significant increase in pain scores in group of 4 mg nalbuphine (p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nalbuphine of 2 to 3 mg was considered to be adequate in treatment of intrathecal morphine induced pruritus after caesarean section without increasing pain scores or causing other side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Somrat
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oranuch
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ketchada
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siriprapa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thipawan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects; D000982:Antipruritics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects; D009266:Nalbuphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011537:Pruritus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000982:Antipruritics; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009020:Morphine; D009266:Nalbuphine