title: Glucocorticoids potently block tumour necrosis factor-alpha- and lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptotic cell death in bovine glomerular endothelial cells upstream of caspase 3 activation.
abstract: 1. Endothelial cell damage in glomeruli and kidney arterioles appears to play a pivotal role in glomerular inflammatory diseases. Glomerular endothelial cells, a specialized microvascular cell type involved in the regulation of glomerular ultrafiltration, die by apoptosis in response to tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF-alpha/basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), TNF-alpha/cycloheximide, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Apoptotic cell death is characterized by extensive DNA cleavage, DNA ladder formation, and characteristic morphological alterations. 2. In search for apoptosis-preventing signals, we identified glucocorticoids as potent death preventing factors. Co-treatment of cells with 10 nM dexamethasone and TNF-alpha, TNF-alpha/bFGF, TNF-alpha/cycloheximide, or LPS blocked roughly 90% of apoptotic cell death in glomerular endothelial cells. 3. Similarly to dexamethasone (TNF-alpha- and LPS-induced apoptosis are prevented with IC50 values of 0.8 and 0.9 nM, respectively), other synthetic and natural forms of glucocorticoids, such as fluocinolone, prednisolone, hydrocortisone, and corticosterone potently inhibited cell death with IC50 values of 0.2, 6, 50 and 1000 nM, for TNF-alpha and 0.7, 8, 100 and 500 nM for LPS, respectively. 4. Apart from glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone also blocked TNF-alpha/LPS-induced apoptosis (IC50 approximately 500 nM for TNF-alpha and approximately 500 nM for LPS), whereas sex hormones, i. e. beta-estradiol and testosterone remained without effect. 5. The protective effect of glucocorticoids (and mineralocorticoids) required glucocorticoid receptor binding as it could be antagonized by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU-486. Concerning TNF-alpha and LPS signal transduction, we found that dexamethasone efficiently prevented TNF-alpha- and LPS-induced activation of caspase-3-like proteases. Therefore, we postulate inhibitory mechanisms upstream of terminal death pathways.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum der Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. U.Messmer@em.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: U K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Messmer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Winkel
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Briner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pfeilschifter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008901:Mineralocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008901:Mineralocorticoids; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003907:Dexamethasone; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases