title: Markers of inappropriate placement in acute psychiatric inpatient care: a five hospital study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous researchers in the UK have measured the prevalence of the 'inappropriateness' of acute adult psychiatric inpatient placements by eliciting the judgements of health professionals. We extended the methodology by identifying inpatient sub-groups with stable characteristics that were associated with elevated risk of inappropriate placement, and by calculating the level of that risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 1-day census was taken in five hospitals. Using a structured instrument, consultant psychiatrists recorded judgements on current placements, recommended alternative placements and stated why alternatives had not been used. Judgements were obtained for 100% of the 261 inpatients. Risk ratios and adjusted odds ratios were calculated to identify sub-groups that were at high risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-eight inpatients were inappropriately placed, a point prevalence of 34% (95% CI 28-40%). Consultants recorded that services outside hospital, if available, could have supported most of these inpatients as an alternative to at least part of their hospital stay. Diagnostic rather than socio-demographic or administrative characteristics, in particular primary diagnoses of substance-related disorder, personality disorder, anxiety/stress, and schizophrenia with co-morbid substance misuse, were the strongest markers of elevated risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The point prevalence of inappropriate placement within the British mental health-care system is considerable. Diagnostic categories are reasonable pragmatic markers. Further research should aim to identify a strong marker of risk within the numerically large sub-group of schizophrenia without substance misuse.
authors.affiliation: Section of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Health-Care Evaluation, University of Bristol, UK. C.J.Bartlett@Bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital; D012306:Risk; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014600:Utilization Review