title: Patterns of flap loss related to arterial and venous insufficiency in the rat pedicled TRAM flap.
abstract: Vascular supply to the contralateral portion of the conventional transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap (zone IV) may become compromised, resulting in partial flap loss and requiring segmental excision. The etiology of this necrosis is not clear. This study determines skin necrosis patterns on a superiorly pedicled caudal TRAM flap during conditions of venous and arterial insufficiency, and determines whether cutaneous venous outflow can sustain a flap with venous insufficiency. Twenty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent superior pedicled TRAM flap elevation, and the zones were marked on the skin paddle. The animals were divided into four groups: control (group A, N = 6), arterial ligation (group B, N = 6), venous ligation (group C, N = 8), and venous ligation with cutaneous venous outflow (group D, N = 8). After 10 days, the skin paddle was photographed and the areas of necrotic skin were measured. Results showed that group B (selective arterial ligation) had 51.7 +/- 2.8% and 40.0 +/- 2.0% skin necrosis in zones I and II respectively. Zone I necrosis was significantly greater in group B compared with the control (p < 0.05). Group C (selective venous ligation) resulted in 73.8 +/- 16.4% and 93.8 +/- 33.4% skin necrosis in zones III and IV respectively. This necrosis was significantly greater compared with the control (p < 0.001). Group D rats' lateral skin necrosis compared significantly less with group C (p < 0.001). These results demonstrate that the patterns of flap necrosis in rat TRAM flaps with poor arterial inflow differ from those with venous stasis. Necrosis of the contralateral portion (zone IV) of human TRAM flaps may be related to problems with venous stasis; thus, a cutaneous venous outflow may prevent this problem.
authors.affiliation: Microsurgical Replantation and Transplantation Service, Davies Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kunda
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lineaweaver
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Buncke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017568:Rectus Abdominis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology