title: Leptomeningeal melanoma in childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malignant melanoma (MM) is one of the least common types of childhood cancer, accounting for less than 1% of all pediatric malignancies. Neurocutaneous melanosis (NCM) is a rare phakomatosis consisting of congenital abnormal pigmentation of the skin and meninges. The meningeal lesions are particularly prone to malignant change.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors describe 5 patients with NCM and 1 with primary leptomeningeal melanoma (LMM) seen at 2 treatment centers in the north of England over a 13-year period (1984-1997).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical features, progress, radiological findings, and treatment of these patients are discussed. All six died within eight months of their diagnosis, illustrating the difficulties faced in treating patients with these conditions. The authors reviewed the published literature on NCM, concentrating on the various therapeutic strategies that have been tried. Very little consistency in approach was found. Malignant skin lesions in NCM may be less responsive than primary malignant melanoma, but the small number of patients with primary LMM or brain metastases of MM make comparisons with NCM difficult. The authors' own series illustrates well the piecemeal nature of therapy for patients with these rare conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of incidence of MM melanoma in the U.K. is increasing, and it will represent an increasing proportion of the pediatric oncologist's workload. A consistent approach to the therapy of patients with metastatic MM and NCM is needed if we are to have any hope of offering more than palliative therapy to these children in the future.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Pediatric Oncology, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Withington, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Makin
authors.forename: O B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Eden
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Lashford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moppett
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gerrard
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frances
mesh_terms: D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D009508:Nevus, Pigmented / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology