title: Evaluation of botulinal toxin production in packaged fresh-cut cantaloupe and honeydew melons.
abstract: The ability of Clostridium botulinum to produce toxin on cubed, packaged melons was investigated relative to microbial spoilage at various incubation temperatures and in different packaging systems. Freshly cut cubes (approximately 2.5 cm3) of cantaloupe and honeydew melons were surface inoculated with a 10 strain mixture of proteolytic and nonproteolytic spores of C. botulinum (10 to 15 cubes per package; approximately 100 total spores per package). To initially evaluate toxin production and spoilage in a passively modified atmosphere, melon cubes were loosely packaged in air in polyethylene pouches, sealed, and incubated at 7 or 15 degrees C for up to 21 days. At various sampling intervals, samples were tested for headspace oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, pH, presence of botulinal toxin, aerobic and anaerobic plate counts, and counts of yeasts and molds. During incubation, headspace oxygen levels decreased, headspace carbon dioxide levels increased, aerobic and anaerobic plate counts increased, and the pH remained constant or decreased slightly. Botulinal toxin was not detected in any cantaloupe samples or in honeydew samples incubated at 7 degrees C. Botulinal toxin was detected in some honeydew samples at 15 degrees C after 9 days of incubation, but the toxic honeydews were severely spoiled and considered organoleptically unacceptable. A similar second experiment was performed in which half of the melon cubes were treated with UV light to inactivate vegetative organisms before packaging, and these were incubated at 7, 15, or 27 degrees C. In this second experiment, toxin production occurred in the UV-treated samples at 15 degrees C with gross spoilage and at 27 degrees C with only marginal spoilage. These data indicate that inhibition of spoilage organisms with UV light could result in botulinal toxin formation in packaged melons before overt spoilage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology, Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005511:Food Handling; D005516:Food Microbiology; D018857:Food Packaging; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D010100:Oxygen