title: Antigenic characterization of pre- and post-liver transplant hepatitis B surface antigen sequences from patients treated with hepatitis B immune globulin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The success of treatment with hepatitis B hyperimmune globulin in preventing recurrence of hepatitis B virus infection in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation depends on maintaining levels of anti-HBs sufficient to neutralise hepatitis B virus and also on patient compliance. Breakthrough infections may occur, and these have been associated with the emergence of variants in HBsAg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients, two who relapsed and one who had no evidence of hepatitis B virus infection post-orthotopic liver transplantation were studied. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of pre- and post-orthotopic liver transplantation samples was followed by antigenic analysis of the in vitro expressed cloned sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In two patients who were treated with hyperimmune globulin, amino acid variation in the region of the immunodominant B cell epitopes of HBsAg occurred. Sequencing of clones revealed fluctuating variant sequences over time. One had clinical relapse and immune escape was evident on in vitro antigenic analysis. Patient two lost HBsAg reactivity post-orthotopic liver transplantation. There was loss of an antigenically critical cysteine molecule; sequencing of clones revealed that this was the dominant species. The third patient relapsed when protective levels of anti-HBs were not maintained; HBsAg showed no variation compared to a standard subtype sequence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide strong experimental evidence of immune escape. It appears that hyperimmune globulin provides the selection pressure. In these patients, HBsAg negativity does not exclude infection of the transplanted liver.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, UK. w.carman@vir.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Carman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Owsianka
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Dow
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mutimer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology*; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007116:Immunization, Passive; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens