title: Evaluation of measurement sites for noninvasive blood glucose sensing with near-infrared transmission spectroscopy.
abstract: Six putative measurement sites were evaluated for noninvasive sensing of blood glucose by first-overtone near-infrared spectroscopy. The cheek, lower lip, upper lip, nasal septum, tongue, and webbing tissue between the thumb and forefinger were examined. These sites were evaluated on the basis of their chemical and physical properties as they pertain to the noninvasive measurement of glucose. Critical features included the effective optical pathlength of aqueous material within the tissue and the percentage of body fat within the optical path. Aqueous optical paths of 5 mm are required to measure clinically relevant concentrations of glucose in the first-overtone region. All of the tested sites met this requirement. The percentage of body fat affects the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement and must be minimized for reliable glucose sensing. The webbing tissue contains a considerable amount of fat tissue and is clearly the worse measurement site. All other sites possess substantially less fat, with the least amount of fat in tongue tissue. For this reason, the tongue provides spectra with the highest signal-to-noise ratio and is, therefore, the site of choice on the basis of spectral quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Burmeister
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Arnold
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D012044:Regression Analysis; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods; D014059:Tongue / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose