title: The impact of gender, puberty and body mass on reference values for urinary growth hormone (GH) excretion in normally growing non-obese and obese children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a lack of normal reference data on urinary GH (u-GH) excretion in children. We have investigated the impact of age, gender, pubertal development and body mass on reference values for u-GH excretion in normally growing non-obese and obese children.
  
  
  METHODS
  u-GH levels were evaluated in 1153 healthy normal children (aged 5-14) and in 684 obese children (body mass index, BMI: > 75th). u-GH levels (ng/8 h) were determined by ELISA as the mean value of three consecutive first morning voidings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reference values (5-95th centile) for u-GH excretion in obese and non-obese children of both sexes are reported. In normal prepubertal children median u-GH levels were relatively stable and superimposable in the two sexes; subsequently, u-GH levels increased, reaching a peak value at 13 years in both sexes. Significant increments (P < 0.0001) in u-GH levels were shown at B2 for females and at G3 for males. A slight decline was evident at 14 years. In obese children, median u-GH concentrations were significantly lower than those recorded in normal children of prepubertal age and at all stages of puberty (except in females at B2), in spite of their comparable normal height. u-GH levels significantly increased at puberty also in obese children, although the pubertal rise was significantly (P < 0.001) lower (1.7-fold in both sexes) than that observed in normal children (2.5-fold in boys and 2.3-fold in girls). A multiple regression analysis showed that both chronological age (beta: 0.20), BMI (beta: - 0.11), gender (beta: - 0.04) and pubertal stage (beta: 0.25) contributed significantly to the physiological variation in u-GH levels (multiple R: 0.44, P < 0.00001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides reference values for u-GH in normally growing non-obese and obese children, analysing the impact of gender, puberty and body mass on this parameter. In agreement with previous studies, which demonstrate blunted GH-responses to provocative stimuli and reduced nocturnal GH concentration, obese children have significantly lower u-GH levels than age-matched normal weight children, both before and during puberty.
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Pediatria, Università di Novara, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bona
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rapa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sartorio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000652:urine*; D011627:Puberty / Q000652:urine*; D012016:Reference Values; D012723:Sex
chemical_list: D013006:Growth Hormone