title: Initial clinical experience with a video-based patient positioning system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report initial clinical experience with an interactive, video-based patient positioning system that is inexpensive, quick, accurate, and easy to use.
  
  
  METHODS
  System hardware includes two black-and-white CCD cameras, zoom lenses, and a PC equipped with a frame grabber. Custom software is used to acquire and archive video images, as well as to display real-time subtraction images revealing patient misalignment in multiple views. Two studies are described. In the first study, video is used to document the daily setup histories of 5 head and neck patients. Time-lapse cine loops are generated for each patient and used to diagnose and correct common setup errors. In the second study, 6 twice-daily (BID) head and neck patients are positioned according to the following protocol: at AM setups conventional treatment room lasers are used; at PM setups lasers are used initially and then video is used for 1-2 minutes to fine-tune the patient position. Lateral video images and lateral verification films are registered off-line to compare the distribution of setup errors per patient, with and without video assistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first study, video images were used to determine the accuracy of our conventional head and neck setup technique, i.e., alignment of lightcast marks and surface anatomy to treatment room lasers and the light field. For this initial cohort of patients, errors ranged from sigma = 5 to 7 mm and were patient-specific. Time-lapse cine loops of the images revealed sources of the error, and as a result, our localization techniques and immobilization device were modified to improve setup accuracy. After the improvements, conventional setup errors were reduced to sigma = 3 to 5 mm. In the second study, when a stereo pair of live subtraction images were introduced to perform daily "on-line" setup correction, errors were reduced to sigma = 1 to 3 mm. Results depended on patient health and cooperation and the length of time spent fine-tuning the position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An interactive, video-based patient positioning system was shown to reduce setup errors to within 1 to 3 mm in head and neck patients, without a significant increase in overall treatment time or labor-intensive procedures. Unlike retrospective portal image analysis, use of two live-video images provides the therapists with immediate feedback and allows for true 3-D positioning and correction of out-of-plane rotation before radiation is delivered. With significant improvement in head and neck alignment and the elimination of setup errors greater than 3 to 5 mm, margins associated with treatment volumes potentially can be reduced, thereby decreasing normal tissue irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, IL 60657, USA.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Milliken
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hadley
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pelizzari
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Haraf
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012107:Research Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014743:Videotape Recording