title: Analytical characterization of electrochemical biosensor test strips for measurement of glucose in low-volume interstitial fluid samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minimally invasive interstitial fluid (ISF) sampling and glucose measurement technologies were integrated into a hand-held device for diabetic glucose monitoring investigations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conventional electrochemical test strip technology (Bayer Glucometer Elite) was adapted to measure glucose in small (0.5-2.0 microL) samples of ISF. Test strip glucose measurements were performed on a commercial potentiostat and were compared to various reference glucose methodologies (YSI 2300 analyzer, microhexokinase procedure, Bayer Glucometer Elite). Characterizations of the integrated ISF sampling-glucose test strip design included accuracy and precision in various sample media (saline, ISF surrogates, diabetic ISF samples), sample volume dependence, test strip sterilization studies (electron beam, gamma irradiation), and diabetic ISF sampling and glucose measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glucose measurements were free from significant media effects. Sample volume variations (0.6-3.2 microL) revealed only modest dependence of glucose measurement bias on sample volume (-1.5% per microliter). Sterilization treatments had only a minor impact on glucose response and test strip aging and no significant impact on interferent responses of the glucose test strips. Diabetic subject testing under minimum fasting conditions of at least 2 h with integrated ISF sampling and glucose measurement gave low ISF glucose measurement imprecision (CV, 4%) and mean glucose results that were indistinguishable from reference (microhexokinase) ISF glucose measurements and from capillary blood glucose measurements (Glucometer Elite).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conventional single-use, electrochemical glucose test strip and ISF collection technologies can be readily integrated to provide real-time ISF sampling and glucose measurements for diabetic monitoring applications.
authors.affiliation: Integ, Inc., 2800 Patton Rd., St. Paul, MN 55113, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Collison
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Glushko
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Pokela
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mullins-Hirte
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Racchini
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Mecca
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rundquist
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hilgers
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Hoegh
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000737:chemistry*; D012015:Reference Standards; D013242:Sterilization
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose