title: Sex biases in subject selection: a survey of articles published in American medical journals.
abstract: This study discusses the results of a survey of 1,800 articles published in American medical journals from 1985-1996. The study finds 9% of these articles reported research that uses only male subjects to examine medical conditions that affect both sexes; the ratio of research on female to male conditions among these articles was greater than 5:1; but 76.5% of the articles reported research that includes both male and female subjects. The study also discusses evidence that sex biases against women (and men) are decreasing. This study also offers some possible psychological, institutional, medical, and economic explanations of the sex biases in medical research published in American journals, and discusses some policy implications of sex biases in medical research. The study concludes by urging others to conduct more empirical research on sex biases in medical research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Humanities, East Carolina University, School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27858-4354, USA.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Resnik
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D015706:Bibliometrics; D035082:Federal Government; D005260:Female; D006805:Human Experimentation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012106:Research / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012107:Research Design; D035842:Research Subjects; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States; D016387:Women's Health