title: Electrophysiological and ultrastructural correlates of cryoinjury in sciatic nerve of the freeze-tolerant wood frog, Rana sylvatica.
abstract: We investigated function and ultrastructure of sciatic nerves isolated from wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) endemic to the Northwest Territories, Canada, following freezing at -2.5 degrees C, -5.0 degrees C, or -7.5 degrees C. All frogs frozen at -2.5 degrees C, and most frogs (71%) frozen at -5.0 degrees C, recovered within 14 h after thawing began; however, frogs did not survive exposure to -7.5 degrees C. Sciatic nerves isolated from frogs frozen at -7.5 degrees C were refractory to electrical stimulation, whereas those obtained from frogs surviving exposure to -2.5 degrees C or -5.0 degrees C generally exhibited normal characteristics of compound action potentials. Frogs responded to freezing by mobilizing hepatic glycogen reserves to synthesize the cryoprotectant glucose, which increased 20-fold in the liver and 40-fold in the blood. Ultrastructural analyses of nerves harvested from frogs in each treatment group revealed that freezing at -2.5 degrees C or -5.0 degrees C had little or no effect on tissue and cellular organization, but that (lethal) exposure to -7.5 degrees C resulted in marked shrinkage of the axon, degeneration of mitochondria within the axoplasm, and extensive delamination of myelin sheaths of the surrounding Schwann cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA. costanjp@muohio.edu
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Costanzo
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Allenspach
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005615:Freezing; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D011898:Ranidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D005947:Glucose