title: Antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired pneumonia isolates in Europe: first results from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program 1997. SENTRY Participants Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program was established to monitor the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens via an international network of sentinel hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microorganisms were forwarded to the reference laboratory for testing against various antimicrobial agents using broth microdilution. Twenty European hospitals referred 286 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 309 Haemophilus influenzae, and 167 Moraxella catarrhalis isolates during the first 10 months of the study, starting in April 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven percent of the S. pneumoniae isolates were highly resistant to penicillin, and 21% showed intermediate resistance. The highly resistant pneumococcal isolates came from Coimbra, Barcelona, Athens, and London, whereas the intermediate penicillin-resistant isolates were received from all participating countries. The incidence of intermediate penicillin-resistant pneumococci was lowest in Lausanne, Freiburg and Duesseldorf, London, and Utrecht and highest in southern European countries. Fifty-five percent of the penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae were also resistant to erythromycin, and 35% to clindamycin. Sparfloxacin, trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, and vancomycin were fully active against pneumococcal isolates. Haemophilus influenzae isolates were generally highly susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested, and 92% of the M. catarrhalis isolates were resistant to penicillin. Susceptibility to cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and rifampicin was 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Penicillin may no longer be the first-choice drug for empirical treatment of pneumococcal infections. The newer fluoroquinolones may play a role in the empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.
authors.affiliation: Eijkman-Winkler Institute for Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. A.C.Fluit@lab.azu.nl
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Fluit
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Acar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verhoef
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005060:Europe; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D016870:Neisseriaceae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents