title: Mechanism of intestinal absorption of an orally active beta-lactam prodrug: uptake and transport of carindacillin in Caco-2 cells.
abstract: Absorption characteristics of carindacillin (CIPC) were investigated using Caco-2 cells, and the results were compared with those of its parent drug, carbenicillin (CBPC). Uptake of CBPC was not affected by the metabolic inhibitor or the change in extracellular pH. CBPC appeared to be taken up into Caco-2 cells by passive diffusion. In contrast, the uptake of CIPC was greater at lower extracellular pH and was inhibited in the presence of carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl hydrazone, a protonophore. Also, transport of CIPC through Caco-2 cell monolayer was energy and temperature dependent. Moreover, the uptake and transport of CIPC were significantly inhibited in the presence of various monocarboxylic acids, which are the substrates of the monocarboxylic acid transport system(s), whereas the substrates of the oligopeptide transporter had no effect on the uptake or transport of CIPC. These results suggested that the absorption of CIPC may be mediated by the monocarboxylic acid transport system(s), not by the oligopeptide transporter. Furthermore, the uptake and transport of CIPC were approximately 40-fold greater than those of CBPC. Therefore, it is likely that the participation of a carrier-mediated transport in the absorption of CIPC may significantly contribute to the improved absorption of the prodrug over the parent drug.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kohda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itoh
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000494:pharmacology; D001693:Biological Transport, Active / Q000187:drug effects; D018938:Caco-2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D002228:Carbenicillin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004355:Drug Stability; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D007700:Kinetics; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010406:Penicillins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019810:Sodium Azide / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000963:Antimetabolites; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010406:Penicillins; D011355:Prodrugs; D019344:Lactic Acid; C100244:carbenicillin indanyl; D019810:Sodium Azide; D002228:Carbenicillin