title: Effects of the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX on outcome of newborn pigs after asphyxic cardiac arrest.
abstract: In neonates, asphyxia is a common cause of neuronal injury and often results in seizures. The authors evaluated whether blockade of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors during asphyxia and early recovery with 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo-(F)-quinoxaline (NBQX) ameliorates neurologic deficit and histopathology in 1-week-old piglets. Anesthetized piglets were exposed to a sequence of 30 minutes of hypoxia, 5 minutes of room air ventilation, 7 minutes of airway occlusion, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Vehicle or NBQX was administered intravenously before asphyxia (30 mg/kg) and during the first 4 hours of recovery (15 mg/kg/h). Neuropathologic findings were evaluated at 96 hours of recovery by light microscopic and cytochrome oxidase histochemical study. Cardiac arrest occurred at 5 to 6 minutes of airway occlusion, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation restored spontaneous circulation independent of treatment modalities in about 2 to 3 minutes. Neurologic deficit over the 96-hour recovery period was not ameliorated by NBQX. Seizure activity began after 24 to 48 hours in 7 of 10 animals with vehicle and in 9 of 10 of animals with NBQX. In each group, four animals died in status epilepticus. Neuropathologic outcomes were not improved by NBQX. The density of remaining viable neurons was decreased in parietal cortex and putamen by NBQX treatment. Metabolic defects in cytochrome oxidase activity were worsened by NBQX treatment. Seizure activity during recovery was associated with reduced neuronal viability in neocortex and striatum in piglets from both groups that survived for 96 hours. This neonatal model of asphyxic cardiac arrest and resuscitation generates neurologic deficits, clinical seizure activity, and selective damage in regions of basal ganglia and sensorimotor cortex. In contrast to other studies in mature brain, AMPA receptor blockade with NBQX failed to protect against neurologic damage in the immature piglet and worsened postasphyxic histopathologic outcome in neocortex and putamen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-4961, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brambrink
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Koehler
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Traystman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001238:Asphyxia Neonatorum / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000503:physiopathology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D003243:Consciousness; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000378:metabolism; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011689:Purkinje Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D011810:Quinoxalines; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; C062865:2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D010100:Oxygen; D004837:Epinephrine