title: Induction and suppression of murine CYP-mediated biotransformation by dithianon: organ- and sex-related differences.
abstract: With the aim of evaluating the co-carcinogenic properties of dithianon, the regio- and stereo-selective hydroxylation of testosterone was used as a multibiomarker of effect for cytochrome P450 (CYP) changes. CYP-catalysed reactions have been studied in liver, kidney and lung microsomes from male and female Swiss albino CD1 mice treated i.p. with single (3 or 6 mg/kg body wt.) or repeated (3 mg/kg body wt. daily for 3 days) doses of this fungicide. Induction or suppression was recorded under various situations in different organs and sexes. In liver, all testosterone hydroxylase (TH) activities were increased in the single treatment from 2.8- (6beta-, 16alpha- and 16beta-TH activities) to 16-fold (2beta-TH activity) in males at the lower dose. In contrast, activities were reduced from 33.3% (16beta- and 17-TH activities, lower dose) to 66.4% (16beta-TH activity, higher dose) in females. In kidney, a similar pattern of modulation was achieved: induction from 2.9- to 5-fold (6beta- and 2alpha-TH activities, higher and lower doses, respectively) in males; suppression from 47.4 to 50.2% (2alpha- and 2beta-TH activities, either at lower or higher doses) in females. In lung, a significant induction ranging from 7.1- to 29.3-fold (16alpha- and 2alpha-TH activities, respectively, lower dose) in males, and up to a 7-fold increase (2beta-TH activity, higher dose) in females was obtained. After repeated treatment, hepatic 6beta-, 16beta-, 2alpha- and 2beta-TH activities were reduced up to approximately 60% in males, whereas no effect was seen in females. In extrahepatic tissues, a generalized increase of different THs was observed. The increase of 6beta-TH activity (CYP3A-linked), one of the most representative isoforms in humans, was sustained in liver and kidney by means of Western immunoblotting, using rabbit polyclonal antibodies anti CYP3A1/2. On the whole, a complex pattern of induction/suppression of CYP-dependent reactions was achieved depending on sex and tissue. The data are consistent with co-toxic, co-carcinogenic and promoting potentials of this fungicide and provide information of interest in evaluating the risk associated with human exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Biochemical Toxicology Unit, University of Bologna, Italy. paolini@biocfarm.unibo.it
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pozzetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paolini
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barillari
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cantelli-Forti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D001711:Biotransformation; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; C018529:dithianone; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C022724:testosterone 7-alpha-hydroxylase, hamster