title: A novel Ras-interacting protein required for chemotaxis and cyclic adenosine monophosphate signal relay in Dictyostelium.
abstract: We have identified a novel Ras-interacting protein from Dictyostelium, RIP3, whose function is required for both chemotaxis and the synthesis and relay of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) chemoattractant signal. rip3 null cells are unable to aggregate and lack receptor activation of adenylyl cyclase but are able, in response to cAMP, to induce aggregation-stage, postaggregative, and cell-type-specific gene expression in suspension culture. In addition, rip3 null cells are unable to properly polarize in a cAMP gradient and chemotaxis is highly impaired. We demonstrate that cAMP stimulation of guanylyl cyclase, which is required for chemotaxis, is reduced approximately 60% in rip3 null cells. This reduced activation of guanylyl cyclase may account, in part, for the defect in chemotaxis. When cells are pulsed with cAMP for 5 h to mimic the endogenous cAMP oscillations that occur in wild-type strains, the cells will form aggregates, most of which, however, arrest at the mound stage. Unlike the response seen in wild-type strains, the rip3 null cell aggregates that form under these experimental conditions are very small, which is probably due to the rip3 null cell chemotaxis defect. Many of the phenotypes of the rip3 null cell, including the inability to activate adenylyl cyclase in response to cAMP and defects in chemotaxis, are very similar to those of strains carrying a disruption of the gene encoding the putative Ras exchange factor AleA. We demonstrate that aleA null cells also exhibit a defect in cAMP-mediated activation of guanylyl cyclase similar to that of rip3 null cells. A double-knockout mutant (rip3/aleA null cells) exhibits a further reduction in receptor activation of guanylyl cyclase, and these cells display almost no cell polarization or movement in cAMP gradients. As RIP3 preferentially interacts with an activated form of the Dictyostelium Ras protein RasG, which itself is important for cell movement, we propose that RIP3 and AleA are components of a Ras-regulated pathway involved in integrating chemotaxis and signal relay pathways that are essential for aggregation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0634, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Parent
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Insall
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Firtel
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002449:Cell Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D004023:Dictyostelium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D017125:Genes, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate) / Q000494:pharmacology; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D020663:ras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C121735:Ras-interacting protein 3, Dictyostelium; C104358:aimless protein, Dictyostelium; D020663:ras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate); D000242:Cyclic AMP; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D018631:ras Proteins; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase