title: A novel downstream positive regulatory element mediating transcription of the human high mobility group (HMG) I-C gene.
abstract: The high mobility group (HMG) I proteins are small, non-histone chromosomal proteins that promote gene activation during development and within rapidly dividing cells. They do so by facilitating enhanceosome formation on inducible genes, via both protein/DNA and protein/protein interactions. The HMG I-C gene is tightly regulated, normally being expressed exclusively during embryonic development. However, HMG I-C expression is also observed frequently in a number of tumor types, and this expression has been shown to contribute to the malignant transformation process. With the aim of dissecting pathways that lead to aberrant expression of HMG I-C in tumor cells, we have analyzed HMG I-C gene regulation in the human hepatoma cell line PLC/PRF/5. One of the two HMG I-C transcripts detected in this cell line originates from a novel downstream initiation site at nucleotide -161 relative to the first methionine. Transcription from the downstream initiation site is mediated by a PRE located between nt -222 and -217. We show here that the Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors interact with the PRE and transactivate the HMG I-C promoter in a cooperative fashion. This study provides the first characterization of this downstream HMG I-C promoter.
authors.affiliation: The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Committee on Immunology, Harvard University, 20 Staniford St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arlotta
authors.forename: U A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crane-Robinson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manfioletti
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ono
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000166:cytology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D025743:HMGA2 Protein; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016296:Mutagenesis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D025743:HMGA2 Protein; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C497121:SP3 protein, human; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor