title: Assessing gains in diagnostic utility when human papillomavirus testing is used as an adjunct to papanicolaou smear in the triage of women with cervical cytologic abnormalities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to provide simple methods for calculating expected sensitivity and specificity when an adjunctive test is added to a conventional test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Use of adjunctive methods for the triage of women with cervical abnormalities produces an apparent gain in sensitivity over Papanicolaou cytologic testing alone. This increase in sensitivity can be misleading, even if deemed significant by results of a statistical test. Combined testing prevents a loss in specificity but sometimes offers no real gain in sensitivity. A nominal increase in sensitivity always occurs by chance whenever an adjunctive test is used in parallel with a conventional one, even if the new test is totally random with respect to the disease being evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gains in sensitivity and losses in specificity have to be gauged against expected levels of these parameters when a random adjunctive test is coupled with Papanicolaou screening and not gauged against the performance of cytologic testing alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide simple formulas for calculating the expected sensitivity and specificity in conditions of combination testing to provide more realistic baselines for assessment of the screening efficacy contributed by the adjunctive test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Mcgill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferenczy
mesh_terms: D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D002577:Uterine Cervical Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears