title: Asymmetric responses in cortical visually evoked potentials to motion are not derived from eye movements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Normal neonates and many adults after abnormal visual development have directional preferences for visual stimulus motions; i.e., they give better responses for optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and visually evoked potentials (VEPs) in one direction than to those in the opposite direction. The authors tested whether the VEP responses were asymmetrical because of abnormal eye movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  VEPs were recorded from the visual cortices of five macaque monkeys: one normal, one neonate, and three reared with alternating monocular occlusion (AMO). They were lightly anesthetized, followed by paralysis to prevent eye movements. They then had "jittered" vertical grating patterns presented in their visual fields. The steady state VEPs were analyzed with discrete Fourier transforms to obtain the amplitudes and phases of the asymmetries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The normal, control monkey had small, insignificant amplitudes of its asymmetrical Fourier component and random phases that were not 180 degrees out of phase across the left and right eyes. The neonatal monkey and the AMO monkeys all had large, significant asymmetries that were approximately 180 degrees out of phase between the left and right eyes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The neonate and abnormally reared monkeys continued to have asymmetrical responses even after their eyes were paralyzed. Therefore, eye movements cannot be the source of the asymmetrical amplitudes of the VEPs, and the visual cortex is at least one source responsible for asymmetries observed in neonates and adults reared under abnormal visual inputs.
authors.affiliation: Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. wilson@rmy.emory.edu
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Noyd
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Aiyer
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Norcia
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mustari
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Boothe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D017120:Nystagmus, Optokinetic; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D014794:Visual Fields