title: The use of duplex ultrasound arterial mapping as an alternative to conventional arteriography for primary and secondary infrapopliteal bypasses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For more than 1 decade, duplex ultrasonography has been investigated as a potential replacement for invasive contrast arteriography (CA) prior to lower extremity revascularization. While some authors advocate the reliability of this methodology for infrainguinal imaging, revascularizations based on duplex ultrasonography alone are seldom reported. Our initial experience with duplex ultrasound arterial mapping (DUAM) for primary and secondary infrapopliteal bypasses performed without preoperative CA is reported in this series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight infrapopliteal bypasses based on DUAM alone (26) and combined DUAM and CA (2) were performed. Indications for surgery were tissue loss in 22 cases and rest pain in 6. Eight patients (29%) had at least 1 previous ipsilateral revascularization. A schematic anatomical drawing based on DUAM helped the selection of optimal inflow and outflow bypass sites. Bypasses originated from the femoral arteries in 17 cases, external iliac in 3, and popliteal in 4, and from a previous graft in 4. The distal anastomosis was to the dorsalis pedis in 12 cases, posterior tibial in 7, anterior tibial in 6, and peroneal in 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DUAM revealed unobstructed inflow in 24 cases, significant iliac stenosis in 1, and in 3 cases imaging was not possible owing to obesity. A pressure gradient of 15 mm Hg between donor and radial artery confirmed the stenosis diagnosed by DUAM, and was successfully treated with balloon angioplasty and stent placement. A single infrapopliteal runoff artery was identified by DUAM in 22 cases, 2 in 4 cases, and 3 in 2 cases. Preoperative CA was performed in 2 instances because of severe arterial calcification. Completion arteriography matched the run-off status predicted by DUAM in 25 out of 26 cases (96%). DUAM missed a significant anterior tibial artery stenosis that required a distal graft extension. One-, 3-, and 6-month patency rates were 96%, 85%, and 62%, respectively. Limb salvage rate was 86%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This early experience shows that DUAM may be a safe alternative to invasive conventional arteriography for the majority of patients (89%) presenting with critical ischemia and in need of infrapopliteal bypasses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ascher
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mazzariol
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hingorani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salles-Cunha
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gade
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D000792:Angiography; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D001158:Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005528:Foot / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007083:Iliac Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D007511:Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011150:Popliteal Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012449:Safety; D015607:Stents; D016909:Tibial Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014654:Vascular Patency
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media