title: Orbital fibroblast interleukin-6 gene expression and immunomodulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orbital inflammation is common, but the mechanisms underlying leukocytic infiltration of orbital tissue are poorly understood. We studied human orbital fibroblast (OF) interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression in response to proinflammatory stimuli and the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) and cyclosporin A (CSA) on cytokine-stimulated OF IL-6 gene expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured OFs were left unstimulated or incubated with varying concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or recombinant (r) interleukin-1-beta (rIL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rTNF-alpha), or interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) for 2, 4, 8, or 24 hours. OFs were also incubated with rIL-1beta (0.2, 2.0, 20 ng/ml) alone or in the presence of DEX (10(-8), 10(-7), 10(-6) mol/l) or CSA (3, 30, 300 ng/ml) for 8 hours to determine the effects of these immunomodulating drugs on IL-6 expression. Northern blot analyses were performed to determine OF IL-6 mRNA expression in response to varying concentrations of these agents. Experiments were repeated four times on different cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OFs lacked constitutive IL-6 gene expression. Substantial time- and dose-dependent increases in steady-state IL-6 mRNA expression occurred by 4 hours of LPS or cytokine stimulation (rIL-1beta>rTNF-alpha(>LPS>rIFN-gamma), peaked at 8 hours, and were maintained at 24 hours. DEX caused dose-dependent inhibition of IL-1-induced IL-6 mRNA expression, while CSA potentiated IL-1-induced OF IL-6 mRNA expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OFs express IL-6 mRNA in response to proinflammatory stimuli. DEX is a potent inhibitor of OF IL-6 mRNA while CSA increases IL-1-induced OF IL-6 gene expression. These observations may in part explain the lack of CSA effectiveness in human orbital diseases that respond to corticosteroids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology (W. K. Kellogg Eye Center), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Burnstine
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Elner
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Strieter
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kunkel
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Elner
mesh_terms: D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009915:Orbit / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003907:Dexamethasone; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016572:Cyclosporine