title: Latent and congenital nystagmus in Down syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although nystagmus has been reported in Down syndrome (DS), it has been poorly characterized, because most investigators have relied on clinical observations rather than on eye movement recordings. This study was conducted to investigate nystagmus in DS, using quantitative measurements of eye movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ocular motility and visual functions were examined in 26 unselected adults with DS and compared with those in an age-matched group of 35 subjects with other causes of mental retardation. The eye movements of those with clinically evident nystagmus were recorded with the infrared technique. We also recorded the eye movements of a child with DS and nystagmus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nystagmus was identified in six (23%) adults with DS and in none in the control group. All six patients showed latent/manifest latent nystagmus (LMLN), prominent with the covering of one eye, and esodeviations of 10 to 30 prism diopters. Eye movement recordings confirmed LMLN with its exponentially decaying waveform. Frequencies ranged from 2 to 5 Hz and amplitudes from 5 degrees to 20 degrees. While attempting to fixate straight ahead in the absence of visual cues, three subjects exhibited shifts in the mean eye position. In contrast with the findings in adults, the only child with DS examined had both congenital nystagmus and LMLN waveforms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The predominant type of nystagmus in the study subjects with DS is LMLN. The high prevalence of LMLN may reflect abnormal integration of visuospatial information that is typical of DS. The concurrent presence of congenital nystagmus in a child but only LMLN in the adults with DS raises the possibility of age-related waveform changes or could reflect sample variation.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Averbuch-Heller
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Dell'Osso
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Remler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000150:complications* / Q000151:congenital*