title: The role of positively charged residues in CXCR4 recognition probed with synthetic peptides.
abstract: A high positive charge is the common characteristic shared by the beta-sheet region of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and CXCR4 antagonists such as ALX40-4C consisting of nine D-arginines. This raises the question that the positively charged residues may play a role in recognition of CXCR4. To test this hypothesis, two studies were carried out using synthetic peptides. In the first study, peptide analogs possessing amino acid sequences from both the N-terminus and the beta-sheet region of SDF-1 were used as models to study the functional role of the beta-sheet region of SDF-1. The attachment of positively charged residues to the N-terminal peptide sequence of SDF-1 was found to enhance the ability of the peptides in CXCR4 binding and inhibiting CXCR4-mediated T-tropic HIV-1 entry. In the second study, two peptides containing nine arginines and the N-terminal signal sequence of SDF-1 were used as models to study the receptor binding mechanism of CXCR4 antagonists of high positive charges such as ALX40-4C. One peptide did not show signaling activity as indicated by the lack of calcium influx while another peptide induced unusual calcium influx distinct from that induced by the SDF-1 N-terminal peptide. In addition, the signal induced by the SDF-1 N-terminal peptide was inhibited by ALX40-4C. Therefore, the first study provides experimental support for the role of the highly positive beta-sheet region of SDF-1 in CXCR4 binding. The second study suggests that the binding site of ALX40-4C in CXCR4 may partially overlap with that of the SDF-1 N-terminal peptide. Both findings should be valuable for the design of SDF-1 agonists and antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Kimmel Cancer Institute, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; C515255:CXCL12 protein, human; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D002118:Calcium