title: Safety and efficacy of fixed-dose heparin in carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although fixed dosage of heparin is frequently used during vascular surgery, there are very few studies that document the appropriateness of this type of dosing. We have undertaken a prospective study to determine the physiological response to a fixed dose of heparin, using a conventional measure of anticoagulation, and have correlated this measure with complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 140 consecutive patients undergoing elective carotid endarterectomy. Serial activated clotting times (ACT values) were obtained in duplicate before administration of heparin, 15 minutes after application of a carotid artery cross-clamp, and 1 hour after administration of 5000 U of heparin by intravenous bolus. Postoperatively, patients were assessed for new neurological deficits (transient ischemic attack and stroke) and neck hematomas. A battery of neuropsychometric tests was performed in 49 patients at baseline and on the day after carotid endarterectomy to identify subtle new neurological deficits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ACT values were found to be highly reproducible, with less than a 1.5% difference between duplicate baseline samples. Although all patients received 5000 U of heparin, the dose received per kilogram of body weight varied considerably (44-116 U/kg), as did ACT values at both 15 minutes (178-423 s) and 1 hour (173-390 s). Nevertheless, there was a significant correlation between heparin dose per kilogram and ACT values at 15 minutes (r = 0.45) and at 1 hour (r = 0.38) postinfusion, as well as ACT ratios (final ACT/initial ACT) at 15 minutes (r = 0.43) and at 1 hour (r = 0.34) after heparin bolus. Eight patients (5.7%) developed postoperative wound hematomas, one of which (0.7%) required reoperation. No patient had a stroke, but one patient had a transient ischemic attack, and 19 (39%) of 49 patients demonstrated significant early postoperative neuropsychometric deficits. Although the incidence of neck hematoma was not influenced by the heparin dose (P = 0.23), the ACT value at 15 minutes (P = 0.71) or 1 hour (P = 0.61), or the ACT ratio (P = 0.68), the only severe hematoma requiring reoperation occurred when the maximal ACT value was more than 400 seconds. Although performance on neuropsychometric tests did not appear to be statistically influenced by heparin dosing, the ACT value, or the degree of ACT elevation, there was a trend for deficits to be associated with lower heparin doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fixed heparin dosing achieves safe and efficacious anticoagulation in the great majority of patients having carotid endarterectomy, with 5000 U expected to result in 15-minute and 1-hour ACT values of 175 to 425 seconds and 170 to 390 seconds, respectively. Although weight-based heparin dosing may reduce the incidence of subtle complications (hematoma formation or decline on neuropsychometric tests) and may result in more predictable 15-minute and 1-hour ACT values (85 U/kg; 225-375 and 200-340 s, respectively), no statistically compelling clinical advantage could be demonstrated. Therefore, either weight-based or fixed dosing is acceptable, with both obviating the need for routine pre-clamp ACT confirmation, thereby saving operative time and expense.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poisik
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Heyer
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Quest
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Baldasserini
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Choudhri
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012449:Safety
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin