title: Routine left atrial catheterization for the post-operative management of cardiac surgical patients: is the risk justified?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the risk/benefit ratio, including cost, associated with routine left atrial catheterization for the post-operative management of patients after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  From November 1991 to June 1998, out of 6187 open heart procedures performed at our institution, 5815 patients (94%) receive a left atrial monitoring line inserted invasively by a unique and reproducible technique. Catheters were removed on the first or second postoperative day before chest tube removal. A subgroup of 385 patients (7%) were switched to a Swan-Ganz catheter postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 14 patients suffered a complication related to the left monitoring line (0.24%). Bleeding necessitating transfusion occurred in 10 patients (0.17%), seven of whom required surgical reexploration (0.12%). Catheter retention occurred in four cases (0.07%), requiring a mediastinal reexploration in one and a minimally invasive procedures in three, for removal. No other complications related to the presence of a left atrial line emerged in this series. Apart from providing crucial hemodynamic information on a routine basis, in nine selected patients (0.15%) in a low cardiac output state with increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular failure, the left atrial line was used as a preferential route for catecholamine infusion, with significant hemodynamic improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complications of left atrial monitoring catheters in cardiac surgery do occur but at a very low and acceptable rate. No mortality was correlated to their use in our series. Complication rate can be further lowered by a meticulous management of the device. The wealth of information and therapeutic options offered by this line appears to outweigh the associated risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Verona Medical School, OCM Borgo Trento, Italy. fsant@yahoo.com
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gatti
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Borghetti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oppido
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazzucco
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D006325:Heart Atria; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors