title: Cardiac and humoral changes induced by recreational scuba diving.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the possible clinical relevance of circulating bubbles after a recreational scuba dive. Twenty healthy subjects (18 male, 2 female; age range 25-36 yr) underwent a Doppler-echocardiographic study in basal conditions and 1.9+/-0.2 h after a recreational scuba dive. Venous blood samples were taken just before the two ultrasonic studies to obtain leukocyte and platelet counts and plasma activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE; assumed as pulmonary endothelial damage marker). Circulating bubbles were observed in the right heart chambers of 12 subjects after the dive. The echocardiographic and humoral data were evaluated before and after diving in subjects with and without circulating bubbles. At the postdive evaluation, a significant increase in right ventricular dimensions (37.4+/-3.9 vs. 40.7+/-4.0 mm; P < 0.01) and a significant reduction of early diastolic filling velocities of both right (59.1+/-16.4 vs. 48.9+/-6.9 cm x s-(-1); P < 0.05) and left (76.2+/-9.9 vs. 67.5+/-10.2 cm x s(-1); P < 0.02) ventricle were observed in the group with circulating bubbles. In the same group, significant increases in ACE activity (92.9+/-41.1 vs. 105.9+/-41.7 U x liter(-1); P < 0.05), platelets (217+/-34 vs. 232+/-35 10(3) x microl(-1); P < 0.01), and granulocytes (3,704+/-715 x microl(-1) vs. 5,212+/-1,995 x microl(-1); P < 0.001) were observed. The bubble-free group showed only a postdive significant decrease of left ventricular early diastolic filling velocity (74+/-6.8 vs. 62.6+/-4.5 cm x s(-1); P < 0.005). These data may indicate that circulating gas bubbles are associated with cardiac changes, suggesting a right ventricular overload and an impairment of ventricular diastolic performance. Postdive humoral and hematologic changes are consistent with the hypothesis that "silent" gas bubbles may damage pulmonary endothelium and activate the reactive systems of the human body.
authors.affiliation: U.O. Cardiovascolare-UTIC, Ospedale di Cecina (LI), Italy. clama@luda.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marabotti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scalzini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lari
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Franchini
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Data
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000097:blood; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A