title: Evaluation of disinfectants with the addition of antifreezing compounds against nonpathogenic H7N2 avian influenza virus.
abstract: In the winter of 1997 and 1998, in the midst of the H7N2 avian influenza outbreak in Pennsylvania, producers added antifreeze or windshield washer fluid to disinfectant solutions in wash stations to prevent freezing. The purpose of this study was to determine if the addition of these products to the disinfectant solutions would have deleterious effects. Four disinfectants (two phenols, one quarternary ammonium, and one combination product: quarternary ammonium and formaldehyde) and one sodium hypochlorite detergent product currently used in the poultry industry were studied. Each product was diluted according to the manufacturer's recommendation in sterile distilled water and compared with dilutions of the disinfectants with the addition of antifreeze products (ethylene glycol or propylene glycol) or windshield washer fluid for their effectiveness in killing nonpathogenic H7N2 avian influenza virus. All products diluted according to the manufacturer's recommendation killed the nonpathogenic H7N2 avian influenza virus in this test system. The phenol products and the quaternary ammonium product were still efficacious with the addition of the antifreeze containing ethylene glycol. Both the combination product and the sodium hypochlorite detergent had decreased efficacy when the ethylene glycol product was added. When the propylene glycol product was added, the efficacy of all disinfectants remained unaffected, whereas the efficacy of the sodium hypochlorite detergent decreased. With the addition of the windshield washer fluid (methyl alcohol), all products remained efficacious except for the combination product.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Avian Medicine and Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square 19348, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Eckroade
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000821:virology*; D002645:Chickens; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D004202:Disinfectants; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D009980:Influenza A virus; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D019946:Propylene Glycol
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D019855:Ethylene Glycol