title: [Enteral, nutritional support for critically ill patients].
abstract: Critically ill patients are characterized by acute changes in their metabolism, which are described by the term 'hypermetabolism'. In combination with anorexia, hypermetabolism leads to a negative energy and nitrogen balance. Consequently, wound healing can be inhibited, resistance is reduced, and (multiple) organ failure can occur. With the aid of nutritional support these consequences can be counteracted. During hypermetabolism protein breakdown is increased, and it is necessary to supply extra protein in the diet of critically ill patients. The amino acid glutamine is an important source of energy for enterocytes, and extra glutamine can improve the protective function of the intestinal mucosa. Branched amino acids serve as energy source during the acute phase. Arginine can reduce symptoms of encephalopathy by improving the conversion of ammonia to urea. Extra arginine in the diet also improves resistance. Because of the increased energy demand, diets for critically ill patients should be rich in fat. Moreover, extra n-3 fatty acids can improve immune function. A diet supplemented with extra zinc seems warranted because of its beneficial effect on wound healing and its inhibitory effect on protein breakdown. The enteral route is preferred because it protects the mucosal barrier of the gut, and it is less expensive and easier than the parenteral route. An enteral diet for critically ill patients is presented. Various factors that determine the choice of technique for enteral feeding are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Hoofdafdeling Geneeskunde van Gezelschapsdieren, Intensieve Zorg Afdeling, Faculteit der Diergeneeskunde, Universiteit Utrecht.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Robben
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Zaal
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hallebeek
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Beynen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D002415:Cats; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D004285:Dogs; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D004750:Enteral Nutrition
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins