title: Influenza A among community-dwelling elderly persons in Leicestershire during winter 1993-4; cigarette smoking as a risk factor and the efficacy of influenza vaccination.
abstract: In a prospective study of community-dwelling people 60-90 years of age, we examined the coverage of influenza vaccine during 1992-3 and 1993-4, the efficacy of vaccination in reducing serologically-confirmed clinical episodes of influenza A during 1993, and the effect of cigarette smoking. During 1992 and 1993, influenza vaccine was given to 106/215 (49%) and 120/204 (59%) people with risk conditions, and 84/225 (37%) and 103/235 (44%) without risk conditions. Influenza vaccination and general practitioner consultations during 1992 were independent predictors of vaccination in 1993, but current smoking was a negative predictor. Of 209 unimmunized people, 8/35 (23%) smokers had clinical influenza as compared with 11/174 (6%) non-smokers (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.6 to 11.9). Of 371 non-smokers, 1/197 (0.5%) vaccinees had influenza as compared with 11/174 (6%) non-vaccinees (OR 0.075, 95% CI 0.587 to 0.009). No cases of influenza occurred among 21 current smokers who were vaccinated.
authors.affiliation: Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK.
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hammersley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D016852:Housing for the Elderly; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000592:standards; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines