title: Objective and subjective effects of treatment for testicular cancer on sexual function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the treatment of patients with testicular cancer, using cisplatin combined with etoposide and bleomycin (BEP) after orchidectomy in those with disseminated disease, causes changes in sex hormones and penile vascularization, possibly related to sexual dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients treated with BEP were compared with 11 undergoing orchidectomy alone followed by surveillance. Sex hormone levels were analysed and cavernosal artery duplex ultrasonography performed before orchidectomy and at 6 and 12 months afterward. Patients were questioned about their sexual function. After 1 year, a visual erotic stimulation (VES) test was performed to assess penile rigidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast to the surveillance group, BEP-treated patients had higher follicle-stimulating hormone (4.6 vs 26.5 U/L) and luteinizing hormone (1.4 vs 8.2 U/L) levels, and lower testosterone levels (21.1 vs 14.7 nmol/L) at 6 months than at baseline. At 1 year, most patients had compensated hypergonadotrophic eugonadism, but Leydig cell function had recovered. Changes in cavernosal artery peak flow velocities induced by local injection with papaverine/phentolamine showed no difference between the groups before and 6 months after orchidectomy. Loss of libido and erectile dysfunction were reported more frequently by BEP-treated patients. However, 1 year after treatment, most reported a satisfying sex life and VES resulted in a rigid erection in nearly all patients. The reported erectile dysfunction could not be explained by changes in plasma testosterone levels or diminished blood flow velocities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After being diagnosed with testicular cancer, sexual morbidity is considerable, but within 1 year some improvement may be expected. BEP induces transient testicular dysfunction but this recovers. Although BEP is related to symptoms of angiopathy, cavernosal blood flow seems to be unaffected. These findings and the normal VES-evoked penile rigidity suggest that sexual dysfunction is more psychological than organically induced by BEP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Groningen University Hospital, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Basten
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: van Driel
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Sleijfer
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: van de Wiel
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Droste
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schraffordt Koops
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Mensink
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018237:Germinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone