Programmed cell death of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense is mediated by CO(2) limitation and oxidative stress.
The phytoplankton assemblage in Lake Kinneret is dominated in spring by a bloom of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense, which terminates sharply in summer [1]. The pH in Peridinium patches rises during the bloom to values higher than pH9 [2] and results in CO(2) limitation. Here we show that depletion of dissolved CO(2) (CO(2(dis))) stimulated formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced cell death in both natural and cultured Peridinium populations. In contrast, addition of CO(2) prevented ROS formation. Catalase inhibited cell death in culture, implicating hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) as the active ROS. Cell death was also blocked by a cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64, a treatment which stimulated cyst formation. Intracellular ROS accumulation induced protoplast shrinkage and DNA fragmentation prior to cell death. We propose that CO(2) limitation resulted in the generation of ROS to a level that induced programmed cell death, which resembles apoptosis in animal and plant cells. Our results also indicate that cysteine protease(s) are involved in processes that determine whether a cell is destined to die or to form a cyst.
Vardi
A
A
Department of Plant Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
Berman-Frank
I
I
Rozenberg
T
T
Hadas
O
O
Kaplan
A
A
Levine
A
A
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002374:Catalase / Q000494:pharmacology; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000502:physiology; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007930:Leucine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012621:Seasons
D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D007930:Leucine; C024974:E 64