title: Treatment of iatrogenic previable premature rupture of membranes with intra-amniotic injection of platelets and cryoprecipitate (amniopatch): preliminary experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to describe the treatment of iatrogenic previable premature rupture of membranes with the intra-amniotic injection of platelets and cryoprecipitate (amniopatch).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with iatrogenic previable premature rupture of membranes and without evidence of intra-amniotic infection underwent transabdominal intra-amniotic injection of platelets and cryoprecipitate through a 22-gauge needle. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of St Joseph's Hospital in Tampa, Florida, and all patients gave written informed consent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients with iatrogenic preterm premature rupture of membranes underwent placement of an amniopatch. Membrane sealing was verifiable in 6 of 7 patients. Three patients had iatrogenic preterm premature rupture of membranes after operative fetoscopy, 3 cases were after genetic amniocentesis, and 1 was after diagnostic fetoscopy. Three pregnancies progressed well, with restoration of the amniotic fluid volume and no further leakage. Two patients had unexplained fetal death despite successful sealing. One case of bladder outlet obstruction had no further leakage, but oligohydramnios persisted and did not allow unequivocal documentation of sealing. One patient miscarried from twin-twin transfusion, but the amniotic cavity was sealed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iatrogenic preterm premature rupture of membranes can be treated effectively with an amniopatch. The technique is simple and does not require knowledge of the exact location of the defect. Unexpected fetal death from the procedure may be attributable to vasoactive effects of platelets or indigo carmine. Although the appropriate dose of platelets and cryoprecipitate needs to be established, the amniopatch may mean that iatrogenic preterm premature rupture of membranes no longer needs to be considered a devastating complication of pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Florida Institute for Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. St. Joseph Women's Hospital, Tampa, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Quintero
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Bornick
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: LeParc
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis / Q000009:adverse effects; D000650:Amnion; D001792:Blood Platelets; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005330:Fetofetal Transfusion / Q000601:surgery; D005332:Fetoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D007267:Injections; D016104:Oligohydramnios / Q000517:prevention & control; D010949:Plasma; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal