title: Malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of malformations among infants of mothers with epilepsy treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during pregnancy is higher than that found in the general population. The aim of this study was to contribute to providing a definition of the rate of congenital anomalies in the offspring of mothers with epilepsy and to detect possible risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1977, 517 pregnancies were followed up at the San Paolo Hospital in Milan by a team of epileptologists and obstetricians. The patients received monthly obstetric and neurologic examinations, and the blood levels of AEDs were tested monthly. During pregnancy the patients underwent ultrasound investigations to evaluate fetal morphology and development. At the time of delivery, the infants were submitted to a standardized examination by a pediatrician, and a more detailed clinical examination was performed on day 5. Malformations were classified as (a) genetic and chromosomic, (b) severe and mild malformations, and (c) deformities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall rate of malformations was 9.7%: of these, 5.3% were structurally severe, 2.2% were mild, 0.4% were chromosomic-genetic, and 1.8% were deformities. No malformation was detected in the 25 untreated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risks of teratogenicity have been regarded as multifactorial, involving such factors as genetic predisposition, although most prospective studies show that AED-related factors are the primary risk factors for an increased incidence of congenital malformations.
authors.affiliation: Regional Epilepsy Center, University of Milan Medical School, San Paolo Hospital, Italy. crehsp@imiucca.csi.unimi.it
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Canger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Battino
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Canevini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fumarola
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guidolin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vignoli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mamoli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Molteni
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Granata
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hassibi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zamperini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pardi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Avanzini
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002220:Carbamazepine; D014635:Valproic Acid; D010672:Phenytoin