title: The effect of insecticides on learning in the Africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera L.).
abstract: The present study was designed to examine the effects of endosulfan, decis, baytroid, and sevin on the learning ability of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Although these insecticides were recommended by the government of Brazil to control the cotton boll weevil, the effects on bees have been unknown. Results of the present research show that: (1) bees readily consume each of the pesticides when placed in a sucrose solution; (2) the odors of the pesticides are not repellent to bees, and such odors can serve as conditioned stimuli; (3) learning occurs to various degrees when the insecticides are combined with the sucrose solution and used as an unconditioned stimulus; and (4) feeding the insecticides to the bees 1 h prior to conditioning leads to differing mortality. Because of the importance of bees for honey production, as well as pollination of cotton and other crops, recommendations are made for the use of decis and other measures for boll weevil control.http://link. springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00244/bibs/37n4p529.++ +html</HEA
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychology and Zoology, Laboratory of Comparative Psychology and Behavioral Biology, Oklahoma State University, 215 North Murray, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA.
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Aquino
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Ramalho
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012721:Carbaryl / Q000633:toxicity; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000633:toxicity; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; D004726:Endosulfan; D012721:Carbaryl