Staging of preclinical type 1 diabetes in siblings of affected children. Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group.
OBJECTIVE
To assess whether it is clinically relevant to classify siblings of children with recent-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) into various stages of preclinical diabetes, and to compare the risk of developing clinical disease and the time to diagnosis between these stages.


METHODS
From a total of 801 families taking part in the Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study, 758 initially unaffected siblings were graded into four stages of preclinical T1DM based on the number of disease-associated autoantibodies detectable close to the time of diagnosis in the index case: no (no antibodies), early (one antibody specificity), advanced (two antibodies), and late prediabetes (more than three antibodies). Another classification system, used with 712 siblings, was based on a combination of the number of antibodies and the first-phase insulin response (FPIR) to intravenous glucose: no (no antibodies), early (one antibody specificity, normal FPIR), advanced (two or more antibodies, normal FPIR), and late prediabetes (one or more antibodies, reduced FPIR).


RESULTS
Six out of 661 siblings who initially presented no signs of prediabetes (0.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3%-2.0%) progressed to clinical T1DM. Based on the first set of criteria, 3 out of 49 individuals (6.1%; CI, 1.3%-16. 9%; odds ratio [OR], 7.1; CI, 1.7-29.4) from the early prediabetes category, 3 out of 13 with advanced prediabetes (23.1%; CI, 5.0%-53. 8%; OR, 32.8; CI, 7.2-150), and 23 out of 35 with late prediabetes (65.7%; CI, 47.8%-80.9%; OR, 209; CI, 72.2-607) presented with clinical signs of T1DM. According to the second set of criteria 1 out of 15 siblings with early prediabetes (6.7%; CI, 0.2%-32.0%; OR, 7.8; CI, 0.9-69.1), 6 out of 23 with advanced prediabetes (26.1%; CI, 10.2%-48.4%; OR, 38.5; CI, 11.3-132), and 12 out of 13 with late prediabetes (92.3%; CI, 64.0%-99.8%; OR, 1310; CI, 146-11 737) presented with clinical signs of T1DM. The time to diagnosis was significantly shorter in those with late prediabetes initially than in those with no signs of prediabetes.


CONCLUSIONS
Our observations indicate that it is possible to grade siblings of children with newly diagnosed T1DM into categories with significant differences in the subsequent risk of clinical T1DM and time to diagnosis. Such a classification will become clinically relevant as soon as effective measures are available for preventing or delaying the manifestation of overt T1DM.autoantibodies, classification, prospective, first-phase insulin response.
Mrena
S
S
Medical School, University of Tampere, Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, and Tampere Diabetes Research Center, Finland.
Savola
K
K
Kulmala
P
P
Akerblom
H K
HK
Knip
M
M
D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005387:Finland; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007330:Insulin Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology; D009679:Nuclear Family; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D007330:Insulin Antibodies; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase