title: Laparoscopic implant instrument for the placement of intramuscular electrodes in the diaphragm.
abstract: We have developed an endoscopic instrument that will allow a surgeon to safely, dependably and accurately place intramuscular (IM) electrodes in the diaphragm. This instrument has been used to implant 28 IM electrodes in the diaphragms of eleven acute and four chronic dogs. All electrodes achieved full activation of the diaphragm muscle, producing tidal volumes up to 130% V(TCRIT), the critical volume necessary for basal ventilatory support, with unilateral stimulation. The surgeon is able to control the angle of the IM electrode insertion needle, which enables the needle to approach the diaphragm at an angle that is parallel to the surface of the muscle. This insures good control over the depth of needle penetration into the muscle, which greatly reduces the risk of accidentally passing the needle through the diaphragm and entering the thorax. Endoscopic placement of IM electrodes into the diaphragm opens opportunities to provide cost effective negative pressure ventilation to patients who are unable to effect sufficient ventilation by central nervous system (CNS) control of respiration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aiyar
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Stellato
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Onders
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Mortimer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004724:Endoscopy; D004867:Equipment Design; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D020706:Laparoscopes; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009339:Needles; D013990:Tidal Volume