title: A retrospective study of dental conditions of captive brown bears (Ursus arctos spp.) compared with free-ranging Alaskan grizzlies (Ursus arctos horribilis).
abstract: The teeth of 63 skulls of brown bears (Ursus arctos spp.) that had lived in the Bernese bear pit between 1850 and 1995 were examined and radiographed for occlusion, loss of teeth, calcified dental plaque and calculus, attrition, and caries. Dental pathology and periodontal status were evaluated with respect to age and location in the dentition. Further techniques such as computed tomography, microhardness testing, histologic sectioning, and scanning electron microscopy were used in selected cases to verify the macroscopic and radiographic diagnoses. Fourteen skulls originating from free-ranging wild Alaskan brown bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) were examined as a control group. For zoo bears over 10 yr old, severe enamel and dentinal attrition has been observed in canine teeth, with exposed pulp and proximal lesions in molar teeth. Deposits of calcified dental calculus were found in various locations and increased with age. A much lower degree of calculus deposition was found in the Alaskan grizzlies, whose average caries frequency was higher but with large individual variation and different locations in canine teeth and occlusal lesions in molar and premolar teeth. Radiographic evaluation of perialveolar osteolytic processes revealed a greater frequency of apical and combined apical-marginal lesions of the alveoli in zoo bears over 10 yr old. Stereotypical behavior like cage chewing is a suspected cause of canine tooth and secondary alveolar lesions, whereas a nutritionally inappropriate diet and inadequate opportunities for tooth-cleaning activities are responsible for the lack of natural cleaning and the extensive calculus formation that results. The methods used in this study are useful in assessing and comparing the dental health status of free-ranging bears, and those living in zoological gardens, by evaluating anesthetized bears or bear skull collections representing both groups.
authors.affiliation: Section of Zoo Animal Pathology, Institute for Animal Pathology, University of Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wenker
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lussi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000413:Alaska / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D003817:Dentition; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D019217:Tooth Attrition / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D014076:Tooth Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D001503:Ursidae