title: The design, construction and calibration of a carefully controlled source for exposure of mammalian cells to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields.
abstract: Despite some epidemiological evidence for an association between increased risk of cancer and exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs), cancer causation by such exposure remains unproven. Furthermore, for reasons such as biological unresponsiveness of the chosen system, poor equipment design and experimental confounders, no reproducible effects on animals or mammalian cells in culture have been demonstrated following exposure to power frequency EMFs at levels normally encountered in residential settings (<10 to 1000 microT). The apparatus described here, designed specifically to perform large, well-controlled cell biology experiments, reduces extraneous variables to the absolute minimum, so that small effects cannot be ascribed to some cause unrelated to the experimental protocol. Our novel apparatus consists of two identical solenoids which, in use, only differ by whether the field-producing current is flowing or not; they do not influence one another in any way. They are supplied with conditioned air from a common tissue culture incubator, are completely screened from environmental a.c. fields with Mumetal shielding and can be operated under normal laboratory conditions. Furthermore, the arrangement is such that the investigator is unaware whether cells have, or have not, been exposed until after the results have been evaluated. We report the design, construction, calibration and potential uses of this source.
authors.affiliation: Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gamble
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barkley
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Janaway
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jowett
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Halls
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Arrand
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006283:Health Physics / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008322:Mammals; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000528:radiation effects*