title: Frequency of convergence insufficiency among fifth and sixth graders. The Convergence Insufficiency and Reading Study (CIRS) group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the frequency of convergence insufficiency (CI) and its related clinical characteristics among 9- to 13-year-old children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifth and sixth graders were screened in school settings at three different study sites. Eligible children with 20/30 or better visual acuity, minimal refractive error, no strabismus, and exophoria at near were evaluated according to a standardized protocol to determine the presence and severity of CI. These children were classified according to the presence and number of the following clinical signs: (1) exophoria at near > or =4delta than far, (2) insufficient fusional convergence, and (3) receded nearpoint of convergence. Also, children were classified as accommodative insufficient (AI) if they failed Hofstetter's minimum amplitude formula or had greater than a + 1.00 D lag on Monocular Estimate Method retinoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 684 children screened, 468 (68%) were eligible for further evaluation. Of these, 453 had complete data on CI measurements and were classified as: no CI (nonexophoric at near or exophoric at near and < 4delta difference between near and far) (78.6%); low suspect CI (exophoric at near and one clinical sign: exophoria at near > or =4delta than far) (8.4%); high suspect CI (exophoric at near and two clinical signs) (8.8%); and definite CI (exophoric at near and three clinical signs) (4.2%). CI status varied according to ethnicity and study site (p < 0.0005), but not gender. The frequency of AI increased with the number of CI-related signs. For CI children with three signs, 78.9% were classified as also having AI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that CI (defined as high suspect and definite) is frequent (13%) among fifth and sixth grade children. In addition, there is a high percentage of CI children with an associated AI.
authors.affiliation: Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton 92631-1699, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Rouse
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Borsting
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hyman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cotter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheiman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallaway
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: De Land
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular; D000293:Adolescent; D044383:Black People; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003290:Convergence, Ocular; D005099:Exotropia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D014505:Urban Population; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American