title: Vitamin C and other compounds in vitamin C rich food in relation to risk of tuberculosis in male smokers.
abstract: To examine whether vitamin C rich food consumption and related vitamin C intake are associated with the risk of tuberculosis, the authors analyzed 167 incident cases of tuberculosis during a median follow-up time of 6.7 years in a clinical trial cohort of 26,975 Finnish men for whom they had baseline dietary data. A highly statistically significant inverse association between calculated vitamin C intake and the incidence of tuberculosis was found, but adjustment for non-dietary factors weakened the association to nonsignificant. Furthermore, the risk of tuberculosis decreased with increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, and berries independent of vitamin C intake. Subjects who had dietary vitamin C intake >90 mg/day and who consumed more than the average amount of fruits, vegetables, and berries had a significantly lower risk of tuberculosis (adjusted relative risk = 0.40; 95% confidence interval 0.24, 0.69). Associations between dietary vitamin C intake and occurrence of various diseases without proper control of confounding have often been interpreted as causal. These findings show that such associations can be confounded even by some other dietary components. Lower tuberculosis incidence in subjects who consumed more fruits, vegetables, and berries poor in vitamin C suggests that other compounds in such a diet may reduce the risk of tuberculosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hemilä
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaprio
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pietinen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Heinonen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D001205:Ascorbic Acid