title: A syndrome of peripheral fat wasting (lipodystrophy) in patients receiving long-term nucleoside analogue therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare body composition, body fat distribution and insulin secretion in patients taking nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study in three French AIDS clinical centres.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three HIV-infected patients on long-term NRTI therapy including stavudine (n = 27) or zidovudine (n = 16) and 15 therapy-naive HIV-infected patients (control group).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fat wasting was assessed by physical examination and body composition by bioelectrical impedance. Regional fat distribution was estimated using caliper measurements of skinfold thickness at four sites and evaluated by computed tomography at abdominal and mid-thigh level. Fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide, triglyceride, cholesterol, free fatty acid, testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, cortisol levels, CD4 cell count and HIV viral load were determined. Daily total caloric and nutrient intake were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The zidovudine group and the control group had similar body composition and regional fat distribution. Stavudine therapy was associated with a significantly lower percentage of body fat (12.9% versus 15.2% in the zidovudine group; P < 0.05), markedly decreased subcutaneous to visceral fat ratio (0.90 +/- 0.63 versus 1.92 +/- 1.34, P < 0.01) and higher mean intake of fat and cholesterol (P < 0.01). Fasting plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide levels were similar among the three groups. Triglyceride levels were significantly higher in the stavudine group than in the controls (P < 0.05), but did not differ between the stavudine and the zidovudine group or between the zidovudine and the control group. Free fatty acids tended to be higher in the stavudine group but the difference did not reach statistical significance. Lipodystrophy was observed clinically in 17 (63%) patients taking stavudine, and in three (18.75%) patients taking zidovudine after a median time of 14 months. The relative risk of developing fat wasting was 1.95 in the stavudine group as compared with the zidovudine group (95% confidence interval, 1.18-3.22). Five out of 12 patients had a major or mild improvement in their lipodystrophy after stavudine was discontinued.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lipodystrophy may be related to long-term NRTI therapy, particularly that including stavudine.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation and Clinical Immunology Unit, Pavillon P, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saint-Marc
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Partisani
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Poizot-Martin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rouviere
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gastaut
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Touraine
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019247:HIV Wasting Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008060:Lipodystrophy / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D018119:Stavudine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013577:Syndrome; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D015215:Zidovudine; D018119:Stavudine