title: Late complications of therapy in 213 children with localized, nonorbital soft-tissue sarcoma of the head and neck: A descriptive report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Studies (IRS)-II and - III. IRS Group of the Children's Cancer Group and the Pediatric Oncology Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This review of children and adolescents with nonorbital soft-tissue sarcoma of the head and neck was undertaken to describe late sequelae of treatment, as manifested primarily by problems with statural growth, facial and nuchal symmetry, dentition, vision and hearing, and school performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred sixty-nine patients entered the IRS-II and -III protocols with localized, nonorbital soft-tissue sarcomas of the head and neck from 1978 through 1987. Their overall survival rate was 53% (250/469) at 5 years. Two hundred thirteen patients were surviving relapse-free 5 or more years after diagnosis, for whom there were serial height measurements at 2 or more years after initiation of therapy. Their median age at diagnosis was 5 years; the median length of follow-up was 7 years. All received multiple-agent chemotherapy, and all but 3 received irradiation to the primary tumor volume. Sixty-eight percent of the tumors arose in cranial parameningeal sites, 22% in nonparameningeal sites, and 10% in the neck. We reviewed flow sheets submitted to the IRS Group Statistical Office to ascertain which late sequelae were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred sixty-four patients (77%) had one or more problems recorded. One hundred ninety of the two hundred thirteen patients (89%) were under 15 years of age at study entry, and at follow-up 92 (48%) had failed to maintain their initial height velocity, which had decreased by more than 25 percentile points from the original value. Thirty-six of the one hundred ninety patients (19%) were receiving growth hormone injections. Hypoplasia or asymmetry of tissues in the primary tumor site was reported in 74 patients, and 13 underwent reconstructive surgery. Poor dentition or malformed teeth were noted in 61 patients. Impaired vision developed in 37 patients, owing primarily to cataracts, corneal changes, and optic atrophy. Thirty-six patients had decreased hearing acuity, and 9 were fitted with hearing aids; 5 of these 9 had received cisplatin. Thirty-five patients were noted to have problems learning in school. Four patients developed a second malignancy (two sarcomas, one carcinoma, one leukemia).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Late sequelae affected the majority of these patients treated for soft-tissue sarcoma of the head and neck on IRS-II and -III. The potential impact of certain sequelae could be reduced by specific measures, such as surgical reconstruction and hormonal therapy. Late sequelae must be taken into account in designing future curative treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pediatrics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Raney
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Asmar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vassilopoulou-Sellin
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heyn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wharam
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Glicksman
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gehan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Maurer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005145:Face / Q000528:radiation effects; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006128:Growth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000209:etiology; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012512:Sarcoma, Ewing / Q000188:drug therapy; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D014070:Tooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology