title: Dose escalation of chart in non-small cell lung cancer: is three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy really necessary?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate, preclinically, the potential for dose escalation of continuous, hyperfractionated, accelerated radiation therapy (CHART) for non small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we examined the strategy of omission of elective nodal irradiation with and without the application of three-dimensional conformal radiation technology (3DCRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  2D, conventional therapy plans were designed according to the specifications of CHART for 18 patients with NSCLC (Stages Ib, IIb, IIIa, and IIIb). Further plans were generated with the omission of elective nodal irradiation (ENI) from the treatment portals (2D minus ENI plans [2D-ENI plans]). Both sets were inserted in the patient's planning computed tomographies (CTs). These reconstructed plans were then compared to alternative, three-dimensional treatment plans which had been generated de novo, with the omission of ENI: 3D minus elective nodal irradiation (3D-ENI plans). Dose delivery to the planning target volumes (PTVs) and to the organs at risk were compared between the 3 sets of corresponding plans. The potential for dose escalation of each patient's 2D-ENI and 3D-ENI plan beyond 54 Gy, standard to CHART, was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTV coverage was suboptimal in the 2D CHART and the 2D-ENI plans. Only in the 3D-ENI plans did 100% of the PTV get > or = 95% of the dose prescribed (i.e., 51.5 Gy [51.3-52.2]). Using 3D-ENI plans significantly reduced the dose received by the spinal cord, the mean and median doses to the esophagus and the heart. It did not significantly reduce the lung dose when compared to 2D-ENI plans. Escalation of the dose (minimum > or = 1 Gy) with optimal PTV coverage was possible in 55.5% of patients using 3D-ENI, but was possible only in 16.6% when using the 2D-ENI planning strategy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3DCRT is fundamental to achieving optimal PTV coverage in NSCLC. A policy of omission of elective nodal irradiation alone (and using 2D technology) will not achieve optimal PTV coverage or dose escalation. 3DCRT with omission of ENI can achieve true escalation of CHART in 55.5% of tumors, depending on their site and N-stage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Luke's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. bapierce@indigo.ie
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McGibney
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McClean
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCrea
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004947:Esophagus; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D013116:Spinal Cord