title: Methylxanthine use in anaphylaxis: what does the evidence tell us?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature examining the use of methylxanthines in the treatment of anaphylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search (January 1966-December 1998) was performed using the terms aminophylline, theophylline, and anaphylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles discussing methylxanthine use in anaphylaxis were independently examined by each author. Additional information was obtained through the references of these articles. Articles not written in English were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No human studies were identified. Limited published data were found in animal models of anaphylaxis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Safer agents with proven efficacy exist for the treatment of bronchoconstriction in anaphylaxis. Until data are available in humans, methylxanthines should not be recommended in the treatment of anaphylactic reactions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA. michael-ernst@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Graber
mesh_terms: D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D014970:Xanthines / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014970:Xanthines; C008514:methylxanthine