title: Evaluations of metabolic activities as biocompatibility tools: a study of individual ions' effects on fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nickel-based dental alloys have been in use since 1930. However, there are concerns regarding the release of metal ions from these alloys to surrounding tissues. Cell culture evaluations can be used to address these concerns and to develop a biocompatibility model by providing a more basic understanding of the metabolic response to individual ions released from dental alloys. This study evaluates the metabolic as well as the morphological response of cultured human gingival fibroblasts to salt solutions of ions which may be released from these alloys; beryllium (Be2+), chromium (Cr6+ and Cr3+), nickel (Ni2+), molybdenum (Mo6+).
  
  
  METHODS
  These evaluations include viability, lysosomal activity, oxygen consumption, membrane integrity, DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, intracellular ATP levels, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. The results of all cell culture evaluations are reported as the concentration (ppm) required to cause a significant change from the controls, as determined by Duncan's multiple comparison test at 0.05 significance level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While Ni2+ ion solutions altered metabolic functions at 3-30 ppm and Cr3+ and Mo6+ both at 10 and 100 ppm, Cr6+ and Be2+ were the most toxic causing cellular alterations at 0.04-12 ppm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies indicated that monitoring metabolic activities may be better than the normally used morphology and viability assays for evaluating biocompatibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-4440, USA. messer52@eng.uab.edu
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Messer
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lucas
mesh_terms: D001608:Beryllium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D002468:Cell Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002857:Chromium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008660:Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D009532:Nickel / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003722:Dental Alloys; D007477:Ions; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D002857:Chromium; D009532:Nickel; D008982:Molybdenum; D001608:Beryllium