title: Metabolism of trimethoprim to a reactive iminoquinone methide by activated human neutrophils and hepatic microsomes.
abstract: The antibacterial agent, trimethoprim, is normally used synergistically with sulfonamides. Its use is associated with idiosyncratic reactions including liver toxicity and agranulocytosis. In this study, we demonstrated that trimethoprim was oxidized by activated human neutrophils, as well as a combination of myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/chloride or hypochlorous acid, to a reactive pyrimidine iminoquinone methide intermediate with a protonated molecular ion of m/z 289 as detected by mass spectrometry. In the presence of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), the pyrimidine iminoquinone methide could be trapped as three NAC adducts. The three NAC adducts were separable on HPLC, but showed the same protonated molecular ion of m/z 452. The proton NMR spectrum of the major adduct showed that the NAC group was at the 6 position of the pyrimidine ring. The mass spectra of the two minor NAC adducts indicated that they were the two diastereomers in which NAC was attached to the exo-cyclic prechiral carbon of the pyrimidine iminoquinone methide. Incubation of trimethoprim with isolated hepatic microsomes, both human and rat, in presence of NAC gave the same set of trimethoprim-NAC adducts. We propose that the formation of this pyrimidine iminoquinone methide by both hepatic microsomes and neutrophils may be responsible for trimethoprim-induced idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity and agranulocytosis.
authors.affiliation: Faculties of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zahid
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Uetrecht
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D004347:Drug Interactions; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D011809:Quinones / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014316:Tritium
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D011809:Quinones; C116897:iminoquinone; D014316:Tritium; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid; D014295:Trimethoprim; D009195:Peroxidase; D000111:Acetylcysteine