title: Pharmacological evaluation of a modified conflict procedure: punished drinking in non-water-deprived rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conflict procedures used to detect anxiolytic-like activity of drugs often rely on maintaining strict schedules of water or food availability. It is ethically and practically desirable to reduce such states of deprivation in animal testing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present experiment was to develop and pharmacologically characterize a conflict drinking procedure that did not require the use of water-deprived animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were tested during daily sessions with alternating unpunished drinking (no tone: lick = sucrose solution) and signaled punished drinking (tone: lick = sucrose + shock) components, and developed individual steady baselines over a brief training period (approximately 3-4 weeks). The drugs tested i.p. were the positive allosteric modulators of gamma-amino butyric acidA (GABA)A receptors, diazepam (0.03-30 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (0.03-30 mg/kg), lorazepam (0.03-10 mg/kg), zolpidem (0.3-10 mg/kg), pentobarbital (1-30 mg/kg), pregnanolone (1-30 mg/kg), and bretazenil (0.03-10 mg/kg); the 5-hydroxy tryptamine1A (HT)1A-mediated anxiolytics, buspirone (1-10 mg/kg) and ipsapirone (1-17 mg/kg); and the negative controls D-amphetamine (0.3-3 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.01-0.3 mg/kg), morphine (0.3-17 mg/kg), and imipramine (0.3-30 mg/kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental procedure was sensitive to increases in punished drinking by the GABAA-positive modulators, consistent with their known or putative anxiolytic activity. Further, the 5-HT1A-mediated anxiolytics increased punished drinking, although to a lesser extent and over a more narrow dose range than did the GABAergic drugs. In contrast, D-amphetamine, haloperidol, morphine, and imipramine failed to increase punished drinking up to doses that decreased unpunished drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results indicate that water deprivation is not a necessary condition to engender drinking conflict behavior or to obtain pharmacological effects similar to those obtained with other classical conflict procedures.
authors.affiliation: CoCensys, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Vanover
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robledo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D044263:Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1; D014868:Water Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D018757:GABA Modulators; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin; D044263:Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1