title: Repetitive, non-invasive imaging of the dopamine D2 receptor as a reporter gene in living animals.
abstract: Reporter genes (e.g. beta-galactosidase, chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase, green fluorescent protein, luciferase) play critical roles in investigating mechanisms of gene expression in transgenic animals and in developing gene delivery systems for gene therapy. However, measuring expression of these reporter genes requires biopsy or death. We now report a procedure to image reporter gene expression repetitively and non-invasively in living animals with positron emission tomography (PET), using the dopamine type 2 receptor (D2R) as a reporter gene and 3-(2'-[18F]fluoroethyl)spiperone (FESP) as a reporter probe. We use a viral delivery system to demonstrate the ability of this PET reporter gene/PET reporter probe system to image reporter gene expression following somatic gene transfer. In mice injected intravenously with replication-deficient adenovirus carrying a D2R reporter gene, PET in vivo measures of hepatic [18F] retention are proportional to in vitro measures of hepatic FESP retention, D2R ligand binding and D2R mRNA. We use tumor-forming cells carrying a stably transfected D2R gene to demonstrate imaging of this PET reporter gene/PET reporter probe system in 'tissues'. Tumors expressing the transfected D2R reporter gene retain substantially more FESP than control tumors. The D2R/FESP reporter gene/reporter probe system should be a valuable technique to monitor, in vivo, expression from both gene therapy vectors and transgenes.
authors.affiliation: Crump Institute for Biological Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: MacLaren
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gambhir
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Satyamurthy
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Barrio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharfstein
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyokuni
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cherry
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Herschman
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D015870:Gene Expression; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D013134:Spiperone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; C051175:3-N-(2-fluoroethyl)spiperone; D013134:Spiperone