title: The external frame function in the control of pitch, register, and singing mode: radiographic observations of a female singer.
abstract: This study investigates pitch control, register, and singing mode related movements of the laryngo-pharyngeal structures by radiographic methods. One trained female singer served as the subject. The results show that singing voice production involves complex movements in the laryngeal structures. Pitch related increase in the thyro-arytenoid distance (vocal fold length) is nonlinear, slowing down as pitch rises. Similar observations have been made earlier. At the highest pitches, a shortening of the distance can be seen, suggesting the use of alternative pitch control mechanisms. The various observations made support the existence of three registers in this trained female singing voice. Open and covered modes of singing seemed to be distinguishable on the basis of different amounts of inner and outer forces acting on the larynx. Therefore, caution must be exercised when generalizing from the results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication, University of Jyväskylä, Finland. asonnine@jyu.fi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sonninen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hurme
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Laukkanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001193:Arytenoid Cartilage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007830:Larynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010614:Pharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D010700:Phonetics; D011859:Radiography; D013957:Thyroid Cartilage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014833:Voice Quality