title: Carbohydrate metabolism in gestational diabetes: effect of chronic hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether the coexistence of chronic hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by a greater impairment of carbohydrate metabolism than GDM alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Carbohydrate metabolism of eight women with chronic hypertensive GDM and 15 normotensive women with GDM was evaluated in the third trimester using the oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique. Controls were ten normotensive, glucose-tolerant, pregnant women in the third trimester.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin sensitivity of women with chronic hypertension and GDM was approximately twofold lower than those with GDM only (1.54+/-0.35 versus 4.15+/-0.31, P < .001) and approximately fivefold lower than controls (1.54+/-0.35 versus 7.65+/-0.66, P < .001). Women with chronic hypertension and concomitant GDM had higher insulin levels in response to GTT than controls (P < .001 repeated measures analysis of variance). In all subjects, mean arterial pressure (MAP) had a strong negative correlation with maternal insulin sensitivity (r = -0.62, P < .001). Significant correlation was also found between percent of body fat and insulin sensitivity (r = -0.53, P < .002). Those regressions were still significant when adjusted for percent of body fat and MAP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gravidas with chronic hypertension and GDM are more insulin resistant than those with GDM alone. Blood pressure, in a population of pregnant women with normal and abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, is a stronger predictor of insulin resistance than adiposity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrazzani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Carolis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lucchese
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanzone
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paradisi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin