title: Mechanical failure of the latex condom in a cohort of women at high STD risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mechanical failure may reduce the efficacy of condoms. Little is known about frequency and determinants of condom failure in groups at high risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure condom breakage and slippage rates and evaluate potential determinants of failure among women attending a public STD clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women attending an STD clinic participated in a 6-month prospective study of barrier contraception for the prevention of STD. They completed sexual diaries that were reviewed at monthly follow-up visits. No data were collected from the male partners. Baseline characteristics of the participants and time-dependent behaviors were evaluated as potential determinants of condom failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 21,852 condoms used by 892 women, 500 broke during intercourse (2.3%) and 290 slipped (1.3%). Breakage was more common among young, black, single nulliparae who engaged in high-risk behavior. Slippage was more common among married women with children. Failure rates decreased with condom use, with coital frequency, and with use of spermicides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  User characteristics and experience are determinants of breakage and slippage, which are often regarded only as the effect of product design flaws. Attention to modifiable determinants of failure may improve user counseling and product labeling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and International Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macaluso
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kelaghan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Artz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fleenor
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Hook
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Valappil
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017280:Condoms / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011996:Records; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*