title: Hyperglycaemia is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the Hoorn population: the Hoorn Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The degree of glycaemia has been shown to be associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetic subjects. Whether this association also exists in the general population is still controversial. We studied the predictive value of fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour post-load glucose and HbA1c in a population-based cohort of 2363 older (50-75 years) subjects, without known diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relative risks (RR) of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were estimated by Cox proportional hazards model, adjusting for age and sex, and additionally for known cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 8 years of follow-up, 185 subjects died; 98 of cardiovascular causes. Fasting plasma glucose was only predictive in the diabetic range, although the risks started to increase at about 6.1 mmol/l. Post-load glucose and HbA1c values were, even within the non-diabetic range, associated with an increased risk (p for linear trend < 0.05). These increased risks were mostly, but not completely, attributable to known cardiovascular risk factors. After exclusion of subjects with newly diagnosed diabetes or with pre-existent cardiovascular disease (n = 551), a 5.8 mmol/l increase of post-load glucose (corresponding to two standard deviations of the population distribution) was associated with a higher age-adjusted and sex-adjusted risk of all-cause (RR 2.24) and cardiovascular mortality (RR 3.40) (p < 0.05). After additional adjustment for known cardiovascular risk factors, these relative risks were still statistically significant, with values of 2.20 and 3.00 respectively (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High glycaemic variables, especially 2-h post-load glucose concentrations and to a lesser extent HbA1c values, indicate a risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a general population without known diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Vegt
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Ruhé
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nijpels
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bouter
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D014505:Urban Population; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin