title: Management of sympathetic overactivity in tetanus with epidural bupivacaine and sufentanil: experience with 11 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy and safety of epidural bupivacaine and sufentanil for the management of sympathetic overactivity in tetanus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen-bed surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary care centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients referred to the unit during a 63-month period with the diagnosis of tetanus were included in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients (n = 11) had severe tetanus and developed sympathetic overactivity, which was managed by epidural blockade. Three patients died, but there were no fatalities directly attributable to sympathetic overactivity. Before epidural blockade, the average difference between the mean maximum and mean minimum systolic blood pressures was 78 +/- 28 (so) mm Hg. After blockade, this difference was reduced to 38 +/- 15 (so) mm Hg (p < .0001). Similar significant reductions in diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were observed. The mean hourly infusion doses of bupivacaine and sufentanil were 17 mg and 21 microg, respectively. Midazolam was the principal adjunctive sedative agent and was used in all patients (mean dose, 9 mg/hr). Additional pharmacologic agents were necessary in two patients in whom epidural blockade alone was insufficient to control sympathetic overactivity. One patient developed renal failure and there were no instances of pneumothorax. One patient developed an epidural abscess of probable hematogenous origin, which was successfully treated without neurologic sequelae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidural blockade is effective in controlling sympathetic overactivity and the associated complications (renal failure, cardiac injury, and sudden death). Although a serious complication occurred in one patient, the efficacy of the technique deserves further validation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care Unit, King Edward VIII Hospital, Congella, South Africa.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhagwanjee
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Bösenberg
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Muckart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017409:Sufentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013742:Tetanus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D017409:Sufentanil; D002045:Bupivacaine