title: Current status and future directions of minimally invasive cardiac surgery.
abstract: The impetus to reduce the trauma of surgery witnessed over the past decade in all fields of surgery has recently extended into the cardiac surgical arena; however, unlike other specialties, the invasiveness of cardiac surgery can be reduced by limiting the size of incisions and by avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass. This article reviews the rationale, clinical experience, and outcomes of the minimally invasive approaches to cardiac surgery that have evolved over the past 2 years and glimpses into the future of this rapidly evolving field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. djg9@columbia.edu
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Oz
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000639:trends; D012371:Robotics