title: The role of environmental factors in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: an unresolved issue.
abstract: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of the insulin-secreting beta cells found in the islets of Langerhans. Reduced beta-cell mass results in overt diabetes, requiring lifelong exogenous insulin administration and the possibility of numerous sequelae. Incidence and development of IDDM depend upon a variety of genetic and nongenetic factors. Environmental factors such as chemicals, diet, and infection are suspected to influence the development of disease. This review describes the work performed to date to elucidate the role of these environmental factors in IDDM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7290, USA. krainemr@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kraine
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Tisch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000209:etiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004782:Environmental Health; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D018716:Molecular Mimicry; D018089:Superantigens; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D018089:Superantigens