title: Male gender is a risk factor for major infections after surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulating clinical and epidemiological evidence suggests significant gender differences in the incidence of and outcome following major infection. In a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock, investigators have shown that males manifest depressed cell-mediated immunity that is reversed by castration or pharmacologic testosterone receptor blockade. Female rats, in contrast, show enhanced immune function that is reduced to male levels by testosterone administration. This sexual dimorphism is believed responsible for the improved outcome in female mice following septic challenge.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Male gender is a risk factor for major infections following severe injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five-year prospective cohort study ending October 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban level I regional trauma center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 545 trauma patients older than 15 years with an Injury Severity Score greater than 15 and survival more than 48 hours were prospectively identified and studied. Collected data included age, injury mechanism, and Injury Severity Score. Major infections, defined as pneumonia, abdominal and pelvic abscess, wound infection requiring operative debridement, and meningitis, were tabulated. The occurrence of major infections in males and females was compared using multiple logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postinjury major infectious complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 545 patients, 135 (24.8%) were female and 410 (75.2%) were male. Major infections occurred in 219 (40.2%) patients. Logistic regression confirmed that male gender is an independent risk factor for major infections (P=.04) after controlling for age and Injury Severity Score. Males had a 58% greater risk of developing a major infection (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-2.48).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Male gender is associated with a dramatically increased risk of major infections following trauma. This effect is most significant following injuries of moderate severity (Injury Severity Score 16-25) and persists in all age groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 80204, USA. poffner@dhha.org
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Offner
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Biffl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications*