title: Overview of telemedicine applications for otolaryngology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As we evolve into the managed care era, telemedicine technologies can help to provide efficiencies for the entire health care system. Our practice is centered around a residency training program in a federal facility. Our goal was to lay the groundwork for an entire service being on-line.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective.
  
  
  METHODS
  The stepwise process is as follows: needs assessment to examine what part of the practice would lend itself to telemedicine deployment; usability studies to select the best equipment; study in-house to normalize the technology to the current standard of care comparing control subjects with experimental subjects; and deploying remote units to study remote referral.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Video-otoscopy captures the image of an eardrum that can be sent from a remote site in a store-forward mode. After normalizing the standard of care, the potential for diagnosing and treating certain ear conditions such as hearing loss is readily apparent. An audiogram, pertinent laboratory data, and history and physical performed by the referring primary care provider would allow the patient to be seen and triaged virtually. Time savings for the patient and the otolaryngologist would be gained. Initial data indicate a greater than 90% correlation with handheld otoscopy and binocular microscopy. In speech sciences, a need existed to evaluate and treat patients from remote sites where speech therapists are unavailable. The use of live video teleconferencing to evaluate and treat patients in-house has preliminary results that show no difference in outcomes. Studying the proctoring of remote surgeons is also a need, as one of our military missions. Initial data show no difference in outcomes when residents are proctored by attending physicians from a physically separated control room in the hospital. We also participate with the Internet Tumor Board, which links four remote sites with our medical center. Different sites scroll through the slides that are listed on a Web site while linking each site with audio teleconferencing. We are initiating Internet Grand Rounds using the same technology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These efforts performed in a stepwise approach will lead to an otolaryngology--head and neck surgery service that is on-line for the next millennium, with telemedicine advances normalized to the standard of care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Tripler Army Medical Center, Hawaii, HI 96859-5000, USA.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Holtel
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Syms
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Birkmire-Peters
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mashima
mesh_terms: D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008889:Military Personnel; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000193:education; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019114:Remote Consultation; D017216:Telemedicine