title: Two-layer film as a laser soldering biomaterial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A two-layer solder was developed to weld at low laser intensity and to provide a new method of measuring solder-tissue temperature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A film solder consisted of a white layer (bovine serum albumin (BSA) and distilled water) and a black layer (BSA, carbon black (CB), and distilled water). This two-layer solder was used with a diode laser to weld sections of dog small intestine (lambda = 810 nm, power = 200 +/- 20 mW, radiation dose = 18 +/- 1 J/mg). Sections of intestine were welded only with one-layer black solders as control group. The temperature difference between the external solder surface and the tissue-solder interface was evaluated during welding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two-layer solder performed welds as strong as the one-layer solder ( approximately 0.12 N) but with less laser intensity on the black layer. The temperature difference between the external surface of the solder and the solder-tissue interface was significantly less for the two-layer solder than for the one-layer solder ( approximately 6 degrees C and approximately 15 degrees C, respectively; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two-layer solder appeared to be more efficient at soldering biomaterials than the one-layer solder. Furthermore, the heat diffusion from the black midplane of the two-layer solder decreased the difference in temperature recorded on the solder external surface and on the solder-tissue interface.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pediatric Urology and Minimal Invasive Urologic Surgery, Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA. pisani@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lauto
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kerman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohebshalon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Felsen
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Poppas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002244:Carbon; D004285:Dogs; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000601:surgery*; D053685:Laser Therapy; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014014:Tissue Adhesives
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D002244:Carbon