title: Separation of sperm and vaginal cells with flow cytometry for DNA typing after sexual assault.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Successful DNA typing after rape is limited when only a few sperm and numerous vaginal cells are recovered from a swab, resulting in an extremely unfavorable ratio of male to female DNA. The goal of this study was to develop a protocol involving sperm cell sorting with flow cytometry based on differences in ploidy, major histocompatibility class I, CD45, and cytokeratin expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vaginal lavages were mixed with serially diluted ejaculate. After immunostaining and stoichiometric nuclear staining, spermatocytes were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. All sorted cells were used for DNA extraction and subsequent quantitative fluorescent multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The preferential lysis was performed for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sorting procedure was superior to the preferential lysis method within all tested conditions. In unfavorable dilutions, the male DNA could be identified only after cell sorting with flow cytometry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We were able to show that separation of sperm and vaginal cells using cell sorting with flow cytometry may be crucial when there are only microtraces of sperm detectable after rape.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karl Franzens University of Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Schoell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klintschar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mirhashemi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pertl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011902:Rape; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology; D014621:Vagina / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D004247:DNA