title: The detection of viral genomes by polymerase chain reaction in the myocardium of pediatric patients with advanced HIV disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of viral nucleic acid detection in the myocardium of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children to determine whether an association exists with the development of heart disease.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  As improved medical interventions increase the life expectancy of HIV-infected patients, increased incidences of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are becoming more apparent, even in patients without clinical symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Myocardial samples were obtained from the postmortem hearts of 32 HIV-infected children and from 32 age-matched controls consisting of patients with structural congenital heart disease and no myocardial inflammation and no cardiac or systemic viral infection. The hearts were examined histologically and analyzed for the presence of viral sequences by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or reverse transcription-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocarditis was detected histologically in 11 of the 32 HIV-infected patients, and borderline myocarditis was diagnosed in another 13 cases. Infiltrates were confined to the epicardium in two additional hearts. Virus sequences were detected by PCR in 11 of these 26 cases (42.3%); adenovirus in 6, CMV in 3 and both adenovirus and CMV in 2. Two cases without infiltrates were also positive for adenovirus: one had congestive heart failure (CHF) and the other adenoviral pneumonia. No other viruses were detected by PCR, including HIV proviral DNA. All control samples were negative for all viruses tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the presence of viral nucleic acid in the myocardium is common in HIV-infected children, and may relate to the development of myocarditis, DCM or CHF and may contribute to the rapid progression of HIV disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Bowles
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Perez-Atayde
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bricker
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ayres
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lipshultz
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Shearer
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Towbin
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D016679:Genome, Viral; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006321:Heart / Q000821:virology*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers