title: Decreased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in failing human myocardium after mechanical circulatory support : A potential mechanism for cardiac recovery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increasing number of observations in patients with end-stage heart failure suggest that chronic ventricular unloading by mechanical circulatory support may lead to recovery of cardiac function. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a proinflammatory cytokine capable of producing pulmonary edema, dilated cardiomyopathy, and death. TNF-alpha is produced in the myocardium in response to volume overload; however, the effects of normalizing ventricular loading conditions on myocardial TNF-alpha expression are not known. We hypothesize that chronic ventricular unloading by the placement of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) may eliminate the stress responsible for persistent TNF-alpha expression in human failing myocardium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial tissue was obtained from normal hearts and from paired samples of 8 patients with nonischemic end-stage cardiomyopathy at the time of LVAD implantation and removal. Tissue sections were stained for TNF-alpha, and quantitative analysis of the stained area was performed. We found that TNF-alpha content decreased significantly after LVAD support. Furthermore, the magnitude of the changes did not correlate with the length of LVAD support, although greater reductions in myocardial TNF-alpha content were found in patients who were successfully weaned off the LVAD who did not require transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show for the first time that chronic mechanical circulatory assistance decreases TNF-alpha content in failing myocardium; furthermore, we suggest that the magnitude of the change may predict which patients will recover cardiac function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, The Winters Center for Heart Failure Research, Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Torre-Amione
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Stetson
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Youker
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Radovancevic
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: O H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Entman
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Noon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha