title: Transhiatal esophagectomy: clinical experience and refinements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the authors' clinical experience with transhiatal esophagectomy (THE) and the refinements in this procedure that have evolved.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Increased use of THE during the past two decades has generated controversy about the merits and safety of this approach compared with transthoracic esophageal resection. The authors' large THE experience provides a valuable basis for benchmarking data regarding the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results of THE were analyzed retrospectively using the authors' prospectively established esophageal resection database and follow-up information on these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1976 to 1998, THE was performed in 1085 patients, 26% with benign disease and 74% with cancer. The procedure was possible in 98.6% of cases. Stomach was the esophageal substitute in 96%. The hospital mortality rate was 4%. Blood loss averaged 689 cc. Major complications were anastomotic leak (13%), atelectasis/pneumonia (2%), intrathoracic hemorrhage, recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, chylothorax, and tracheal laceration (<1% each). Actuarial survival of patients with carcinoma equaled or exceeded that reported after transthoracic esophagectomy. Late functional results were good or excellent in 70%. With preoperative pulmonary and physical conditioning, a side-to-side stapled cervical esophagogastric anastomosis (<3% incidence of leak), and postoperative epidural anesthesia, the need for an intensive care unit stay has been eliminated and the length of stay reduced to 7 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  THE is possible in most patients requiring esophageal resection and can be performed with greater safety and fewer complications than the traditional transthoracic approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Orringer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Iannettoni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D004947:Esophagus / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013270:Stomach / Q000637:transplantation; D015996:Survival Rate