title: Cardiac tamponade caused by serous pericardial effusion in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been successful in the treatment of critically ill children; however, its use has been accompanied by a broad range of complications. The authors describe the presentation, clinical course, treatment, and outcome of 4 patients on ECMO in whom pericardial tamponade developed caused by a serous effusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of patients placed on ECMO at our institution from 1993 to 1997 was performed. The case histories of 4 patients in whom pericardial tamponade developed caused by a serous effusion were reviewed in detail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first patient presented with hypotension while on venovenous (VV) ECMO. The hypotension improved with fluid resuscitation. The patient was converted from (VV) to venoarterial (VA) ECMO when hypotension recurred. After a third episode of hypotension, a narrow pulse pressure was noted, and echocardiography results confirmed a pericardial effusion. The diagnosis was recognized earlier in the course of the subsequent 3 patients. All 4 patients were treated with aspiration of serous fluid from the pericardium with an over-the-needle plastic catheter that was left in place. More than 1 aspiration was required in all cases. All 4 patients survived.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors have identified a group of ECMO patients with pericardial tamponade caused by serous effusion with good response to treatment. A high index of suspicion and early echocardiography is warranted to confirm the diagnosis in a patient with hypotension on ECMO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine and the Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center 48201, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kurian
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Humes
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D002305:Cardiac Tamponade / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010490:Pericardial Effusion / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D020519:Pericardiocentesis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography