title: Thermal and metabolic responses of high and low fat women to cold water immersion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At rest during cold exposure, the amount of body fat plays an important role in the maintenance of core temperature. High fat (HF) individuals would therefore have an advantage as compared with their low fat (LF) counterparts. Since females usually have a higher amount of body fat than males they are expected to maintain core temperature at a lower energy cost.
  
  
  METHODS
  The purpose of the present investigation was to dichotomize female subjects by percent fat (LF = 20.5 +/- 2%, n = 6 vs. HF = 30 +/- 3%, n = 6) to elucidate the thermal and metabolic responses during acute exposure to 17 degrees C water for 120 min. The following variables were measured: rectal temperature (Tre; degrees C), mean skin temperature (Tsk; degrees C), oxygen consumption (VO2; ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)), and tissue insulation (I; degrees C x m2 x W(-1)). The experiment-wise error rate was set a priori at p = 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unexpectedly, only one of the variables demonstrated a main effect for fat (p < 0.05). Tre demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) group by time interaction. However, Tsk and I demonstrated a main effect for time (p < 0.05). While VO2 demonstrated an increase across time, these changes were non-significant (p > 0.05). It appears that the HF group demonstrated a similar thermal (I and Tsk) and metabolic (VO2) response as compared with the LF counterparts. However, the LF groups maintained a lower Tre as compared with the HF subjects. Perhaps leaner subjects or colder water temperatures would elucidate the value of body fat in females, and demonstrate a differential response with respect to females varying in percent body fat.
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University, Department of Kinesiology, Baton Rouge 70803, USA. rprisb1@tiger.lsu.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prisby
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Glickman-Weiss
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Caine
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D013997:Time Factors