title: Effect of color coding and subtraction on the accuracy of contrast echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contrast echocardiography may be used to assess myocardial perfusion. However, gray scale assessment of myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) is difficult because of variations in regional backscatter intensity, difficulties in distinguishing varying shades of gray, and artifacts or attenuation. We sought to determine whether the assessment of rest myocardial perfusion by MCE could be improved with subtraction and color coding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MCE was performed in 31 patients with previous myocardial infarction with a 2nd generation agent (NC100100, Nycomed AS), using harmonic triggered or continuous imaging and gain settings were kept constant throughout the study. Digitized images were post processed by subtraction of baseline from contrast data and colorized to reflect the intensity of myocardial contrast. Gray scale MCE alone, MCE images combined with baseline and subtracted colorized images were scored independently using a 16 segment model. The presence and severity of myocardial contrast abnormalities were compared with perfusion defined by rest MIBI-SPECT. Segments that were not visualized by continuous (17%) or triggered imaging (14%) after color processing were excluded from further analysis. The specificity of gray scale MCE alone (56%) or MCE combined with baseline 2D (47%) was significantly enhanced by subtraction and color coding (76%, p<0.001) of triggered images. The accuracy of the gray scale approaches (respectively 52% and 47%) was increased to 70% (p<0.001). Similarly, for continuous images, the specificity of gray scale MCE with and without baseline comparison was 23% and 42% respectively, compared with 60% after post processing (p<0.001). The accuracy of colorized images (59%) was also significantly greater than gray scale MCE (43% and 29%, p<0.001). The sensitivity of MCE for both acquisitions was not altered by subtraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Post-processing with subtraction and color coding significantly improves the accuracy and specificity of MCE for detection of perfusion defects.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasquet
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brunken
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Marwick
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010087:Oxides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C069727:Sonazoid; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi; D007501:Iron