title: Cross-validation of a short form of the CES-D in Chinese elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the reliability and validity of a 10-item short form of the CES-D (CESD-10).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional and longitudinal follow-up over 3 years. Standardized questionnaire and face-to-face interview were conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community and psychogeriatric assessment clinic of a voluntary organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and fifty-four elderly in the general community, 30 elderly from a community centre and 31 elderly patients with depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Instruments other than the CESD-10 included Activities of Daily Living (ADL), the Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS), the Lubben Social Network Scale, a single-item measure of self-rated health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliability of the CESD-10 in terms of internal consistency was satisfactory (Cronbach alpha = 0.78-0.79). Moderate consistency over a period of 3 years was also found to be significant (r = 0.44, p < 0.01). The CESD-10 showed comparable accuracy to the original CES-D in classifying cases with depressive symptoms (kappa = 0.84, p < 0.01). Significant relationships of the CESD-10 with impairments of daily functioning, life satisfaction, social support, and self-rated health were established. The CESD-10 also differentiated significantly between groups of 'normal' and clinically depressed elderly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CESD-10 attained satisfactory content and temporal reliability. Its construct and concurrent validity were established. With its brevity, it should prove a useful mental health measure for the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Work, University of Hong Kong, P.R. China. kwboey@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Boey
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results