title: Photodynamic treatment of adenoviral vectors with visible light: an easy and convenient method for viral inactivation.
abstract: Recombinant adenovirus vectors are popular tools for gene transfer and gene therapy. However biosafety constraints require that all handling of the vectors and vector-containing samples is restricted to dedicated containment laboratories, unless they had undergone a validated virus-inactivation procedure, which decontaminates the samples from any active virus. In this study we evaluated the feasibility of photodynamic treatment (PDT) with visible light to inactivate recombinant adenovirus vectors in biological samples, with minimum associated effects on other biological activities. Several photosensitizers were tested for their capacity to inactivate a model human adenovirus vector, AdCMVLuc, upon illumination. Four photosensitizers (methylene blue (MB), rose bengal (RB), uroporphyrin (UP) and aluminum phthalocynine tetrasulphonate (AIPcS4)) could inactivate the adenovirus, as measured by expression of the luciferase reporter gene and by plaque assay. Of these, MB demonstrated to be the most effective sensitizer in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), giving > 7 log10 inactivation of the adenovirus. DNA isolated from MB- and light-treated virions was inefficient as a template for transcription. Furthermore, Southern blot analysis revealed fragmentation of the viral DNA. Based on its preference for DNA, MB is suited for adenovirus inactivation in blood plasma. Spiking experiments in which AdCMVLuc was added to plasma samples demonstrated a reduction (> 4 log10-fold) of reporter gene expression to almost background levels. In contrast to MB, photodynamic treatment with RB, UP or AIPcS4 did not lead to DNA damage. Although alterations of the viral capsid could not be detected, the binding pattern of the particles to target cells was significantly changed. Taken together, our data demonstrate that PDT is an efficient, convenient and useful method for the inactivation of adenovirus vectors in biological samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Schagen
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Moor
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cheong
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Ormondt
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van der Eb
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Dubbelman
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hoeben
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008751:Methylene Blue; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D014775:Virus Activation / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D008751:Methylene Blue