title: Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in ICUs in southeastern Sweden. ICU Study Group of the South East of Sweden.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A study was designed to assess a computer-based program for continuous registration of antibiotic resistance, statistics concerning severity of illness, and consumption of antibacterial drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The frequency of antibiotic resistance among bacteria in eight ICUs in southeastern Sweden was investigated yearly from 1995 through 1997. The antibiotic consumption in the ICUs was registered as defined daily doses (DDD) and compared to severity of illness (APACHE-II scores).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a statistically significant increase in ampicillin resistance among Enterococcus spp. between 1996 and 1997, which was due to a shift from Enterococcus faecalis to Enterococcus faecium. A high prevalence of resistance among coagulase-negative staphylococci to oxacillin (approximately 70%), ciprofloxacin (approximately 50%), fucidic acid (approximately 50%) and netilmicin (approximately 30%) was seen in all ICUs during the whole study period. There was a statistically significant increase in ciprofloxacin resistance among Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. The resistance among Enterobacter spp. to cefotaxime decreased but this change was not statistically significant. Efforts were made to avoid betalactam antibiotics, except carbapenems, for treatment of infections caused by Enterobacter spp. and the consumption of cephalosporins decreased whereas the consumption of carbapenems increased. The total antibiotic consumption decreased by 2.5% during the study period. There was no correlation between APACHE II scores and antibiotic consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each ICU within a hospital ought to have a program for "on-line" antibiotic resistance surveillance of drugs used in that unit so that changes in empirical treatment can be made when there is an increase in antibiotic-resistant isolates within that unit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Erlandsson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hanberger
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eliasson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Isaksson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sörén
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Walther
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000668:Ampicillin Resistance; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002439:Cefotaxime / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003422:Critical Care; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004363:Drug Utilization; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005672:Fusidic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009428:Netilmicin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010068:Oxacillin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D015780:Carbapenems; D002511:Cephalosporins; D005839:Gentamicins; D010406:Penicillins; D009428:Netilmicin; D005672:Fusidic Acid; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D002439:Cefotaxime; D010068:Oxacillin