title: Dual pH probe monitoring versus single pH probe monitoring in infants on milk feeds: the impact on diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oesophageal pH monitoring is the gold standard technique for the detection of gastro-oesophageal reflux in adults and children. A standard parameter used to define "abnormal" reflux is the percentage of recording time for which the gastric pH is < 4. This study investigated the relevance of this measure in infants on regular milk feeds whose gastric contents and refluxate will be neutral for most of the recording time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simultaneous oesophageal and gastric pH monitoring was carried out on all infants who were milk fed exclusively and admitted to hospital for suspected gastro-oesophageal reflux. In vitro studies were performed to establish the buffering capacities of the fruit juice, Dioralyte (a glucose electrolyte solution), breast milk, and milk formula feeds available on the paediatric wards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete sets of data were obtained from 30 babies with a mean age of 4 months. Gastric pH was </= 4 for a mean (SEM) of 42.4 (4.9)% of the recording time. The mean (SEM) percentage time that oesophageal pH was < 4 for the total recording period was 6.89 (0.92)%. Recalculation of the percentage of time that the gastric pH was > 4 increased this value to 17.81 (2. 46)%. Using a cut off point of 10%, 11 of the 30 babies would have been diagnosed positive for reflux using the conventional method; however, recalculation by ignoring the time for which gastric pH was high doubled this to 22 positive for reflux.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined oesophageal and gastric pH monitoring greatly increases the number of positive results from tests in infants on regular milk feeds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK. neena.washington@charnwood.gb.astra.com
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Washington
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Spensley
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kapila
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Washington
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D008892:Milk; D008895:Milk, Human; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation*