title: Tyramide signal amplification method in multiple-label immunofluorescence confocal microscopy.
abstract: The tyramide signal amplification (TSA) method has recently been introduced to improve the detection sensitivity of immunohistochemistry. We present three examples of applying this method to immunofluorescence confocal laser microscopy: (1) single labeling for CD54 in frozen mouse brain tissue; (2) double labeling with two unconjugated primary antibodies raised in the same host species (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24 and CD68) in paraffin-biopsied human lymphoid tissue; and (3) triple labeling for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and HLA-DR in paraffin-autopsied human brain tissue. The TSA method, when properly optimized to individual tissues and primary antibodies, is an important tool for immunofluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, the TSA method and enzyme pretreatment can be complementary to achieve a high detection sensitivity, particularly in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archival tissues. Using multiple-label immunofluorescence confocal microscopy to characterize the cellular localization of antigens, the TSA method can be critical for double labeling with unconjugated primary antibodies raised in the same host species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Achim
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Wiley
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Soontornniyomkij
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000473:pathology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015726:Giant Cells / Q000737:chemistry; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D058225:Plaque, Amyloid / Q000737:chemistry; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014439:Tyramine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D014439:Tyramine; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule