title: Oligogalacturonic acid and chitosan reduce stomatal aperture by inducing the evolution of reactive oxygen species from guard cells of tomato and Commelina communis.
abstract: Stomatal opening provides access to inner leaf tissues for many plant pathogens, so narrowing stomatal apertures may be advantageous for plant defense. We investigated how guard cells respond to elicitors that can be generated from cell walls of plants or pathogens during pathogen infection. The effect of oligogalacturonic acid (OGA), a degradation product of the plant cell wall, and chitosan (beta-1,4-linked glucosamine), a component of the fungal cell wall, on stomatal movements were examined in leaf epidermis of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and Commelina communis L. These elicitors reduced the size of the stomatal aperture. OGA not only inhibited light-induced stomatal opening, but also accelerated stomatal closing in both species; chitosan inhibited light-induced stomatal opening in tomato epidermis. The effects of OGA and chitosan were suppressed when EGTA, catalase, or ascorbic acid was present in the medium, suggesting that Ca(2+) and H(2)O(2) mediate the elicitor-induced decrease of stomatal apertures. We show that the H(2)O(2) that is involved in this process is produced by guard cells in response to elicitors. Our results suggest that guard cells infected by pathogens may close their stomata via a pathway involving H(2)O(2) production, thus interfering with the continuous invasion of pathogens through the stomatal pores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Doo
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Schroeder Taylor
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002686:Chitin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D048271:Chitosan; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002686:Chitin; C007819:galacturonic acid; D048271:Chitosan; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D002118:Calcium