title: [Intraoperative radiotherapy with accelerated electrons for urinary bladder carcinoma: principles and results].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe intraoperative radiotherapy with accelerated electrons, a highly selective method of administering irradiation for radical treatment of bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the experience reported in the literature since this treatment modality was utilized in Japan and its application extended to the western countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animal experiments have shown an acceptable clinicopathological tolerance to 20 Gy intraoperative irradiation of partial bladder volume. The local recurrence rate was 9% for early solitary tumor (> T2) and 27% for early multicentric tumor, according to the Japanese clinical experience. In the western countries, intraoperative radiotherapy plus external irradiation with or without systemic chemotherapy achieves a pT0 of about 65% (in total cystectomy specimens) and an intravesical tumor control rate of 88% in organ-sparing protocols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results achieved by the groups with wider experience demonstrate that highly selective intraoperative radiotherapy is feasible, well-tolerated and effective in terms of inducing complete pathological remissions and definitive control of intravesical tumor. These selected clinical experiences must be corroborated by multicenter studies.
authors.affiliation: Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aristu
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Azinovic
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ortiz de Urbina
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Berián
mesh_terms: D004583:Electrons; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*