title: Phase I clinical and pharmacological study of oral methoxymorpholinyl doxorubicin (PNU 152243).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The methoxymorpholinyl doxorubicin analogue PNU 152243 was brought into clinical studies because of preclinical observations of its non-cross-resistance in mdr tumor cells, dose-limiting neutropenia, lack of cardiotoxicity, and antitumor activity after oral administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  PNU 152243 was given orally every 4 weeks to 21 adults with a variety of solid tumors at doses ranging from 59 to 940 microg/m(2). Antiemetic prophylaxis with 5-HT3 antagonists and steroids, given i.v. on day 1 and orally on days 2-8, was required beginning with the dose of 118 microg/m(2). The plasma pharmacokinetics of PNU 152243 were determined by an HPLC method with fluorescence detection. The in vitro myelotoxic effects on granulocyte macrophage-colony forming cells (GM-CFC) of the plasma from 11 patients, obtained 4 and 6 h after treatment at all dose levels, were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neutropenia was the main hematologic toxic effect and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for myelotoxicity was 940 microg/m(2), with neutropenia grade 3-4 in two of three patients. Dose-dependent nausea and vomiting were dose-limiting and the MTD for gastrointestinal toxicity was fixed at 820 microg/m(2), with grade 4 vomiting in one of two patients. Other frequent toxic effects were diarrhea and fatigue. Peak levels of PNU 152243 were achieved 4 h after dosing. Dose-dependent Cmax and AUCExp, and significant interpatient variability of the main pharmacokinetic parameters were found. Very low levels of the 13-dihydrometabolite PNU 155051 were detected only at the highest doses. The hematotoxicity tests showed a <70% colony growth inhibition with no correlation between the growth inhibition effect and the degree of myelotoxicity in the same patient. Plasma concentrations of PNU 152243 were 1000 times lower than the concentration inhibiting the growth of 70% of colonies. No objective tumor responses were seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Owing to the occurrence of severe and prolonged nausea and vomiting, the clinical development of oral PNU 152243 was discontinued. The higher-than-expected neutropenia and its lack of relationship with plasma levels of PNU 152243 and its 13-dihydroderivative PNU 155051 might be related to the formation of potent cytotoxic metabolites present in human plasma at undetectable concentrations and with prolonged half-life, as suggested by hematotoxicity tests performed with plasma from patients in GM-CFC assays.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Oncologico della Svizzera Italiana, Division of Oncology, Ospedale San Giovanni, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland. csessa@ticino.com
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sessa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zucchetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghielmini
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Incalci
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naegele
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pacciarini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Domenigoni
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavalli
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C066998:methoxy-morpholinyl-doxorubicin; D004317:Doxorubicin