title: Neutralizing TGF-beta1 antibody infusion in neonatal rat delays in vivo glomerular capillary formation 1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The interruption of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling with dominant negative type II TGF-beta receptors in bovine glomerular endothelial cells abrogates capillary morphogenesis in vitro, and genetic defects in the TGF-beta1 signaling cascade in mice and humans result in abnormalities of blood vessel morphology. This study sought to determine whether TGF-beta1 participates in renal glomerular capillary development in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  To inhibit TGF-beta1 action, neutralizing anti-TGF-beta1 IgG was infused intra-arterially into the suprarenal aorta of three-day-old rats, and the glomerular endothelial cell appearance was evaluated two days later by immunohistochemical detection of the endothelium-specific von Willebrand factor, in situ analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding, and morphometric study of developing glomerular structures by transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The infusion of neutralizing the TGF-beta1 antibody markedly reduced the invasion of comma- and S-shaped bodies by endothelial cells, and inhibited organization of endothelial cells into capillaries in these structures. In addition, capillary lumen formation and endothelial cell fenestration in developing cortical, but not in deep, already mature glomeruli were inhibited by neutralizing TGF-beta1 antibody. Seven days after TGF-beta1 antibody infusion, glomeruli appeared normal, and no reduction in glomerular number was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that TGF-beta1 plays a critical role in the formation of glomerular capillaries during renal development in the rat, and that flattening and fenestration of glomerular capillaries require the action of TGF-beta1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dardik
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Ballermann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001667:Binding, Competitive / Q000276:immunology; D002196:Capillaries / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000196:embryology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008845:Microinjections; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009399:Nephrons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000196:embryology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D008222:Lymphokines; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014841:von Willebrand Factor