title: Assessment of sodium status in large ruminants by measuring the sodium-to-potassium ratio in muzzle secretions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a simple diagnostic test to assess sodium status in large ruminants on the basis of the sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na:K) and to determine its relevance.
  
  
  METHODS
  7 buffalo heifers and 21 lactating, pregnant, and nonpregnant dairy cows and heifers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Buffalo heifers were subjected in 2 experiments to variable dietary sodium intake or sodium depletion and changes in sodium and potassium concentrations; Na:K was simultaneously monitored in various body fluids to study its value for indicating sodium status. Validity of the muzzle secretion test was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Muzzle secretion and urinary Na:K and sodium concentration, but not serum electrolyte concentrations, reflected the sodium status of buffalo heifers in response to the widely variable intake of sodium (0.03 to 0.16% of dry matter [DM]). Progressive sodium depletion during an 11-day period, using saliva deprivation caused reciprocal changes in sodium and potassium concentrations in saliva and muzzle secretion, but not in urine. Decreasing urine sodium concentration was associated with decreasing urine potassium concentration. Saliva, urine, and muzzle secretion Na:K closely reflected the degree of sodium deficit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Buffaloes or dairy cows maintained on optimal sodium intake had muzzle secretion and urine Na:K > 0.30. Muzzle secretion or urine Na:K < 0.20 or < 0.10, respectively, was indicative of sodium deficiency. Analysis of muzzle secretion Na:K, and to a large extent urine Na:K, may be used as a convenient diagnostic tool to assess sodium status in large ruminants. It has accuracy similar to that of saliva Na:K.
authors.affiliation: Project Directorate on Cattle, Phase II, Modipuram, India.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002020:Buffaloes / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011247:Pregnancy; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000662:veterinary; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium