title: Alterations within the quinolone resistance-determining regions of GyrA and ParC of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in the Far East and the United States.
abstract: The genetic mutations within the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC of 234 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in the Far East and the United States, which exhibited either clinically significant ciprofloxacin resistance (CipR) or intermediate ciprofloxacin resistance (CipI) were characterized. A number of GyrA/ParC amino acid alteration patterns were identified, the most prevalent alteration pattern among CipR isolates being GyrA-91,95/ParC-Asp-86- > Asn (91,95/Asp-86- > Asn). Isolates containing 91,95/Asp-86- > Asn belonged to a number of A/S classes, penicillin/tetracycline resistance phenotypes, and plasmid profiles. These results strongly suggest that the continuing emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant gonococci is not due to the spread of a single or a few strains but to numerous factors such as 'spread of existing strains, importation of new strains and, possibly, de novo development of ciprofloxacin resistance in previously susceptible strains.
authors.affiliation: Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. dlt1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Trees
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sandul
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Peto-Mesola
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Aplasca
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Leng
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Whittington
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Knapp
mesh_terms: D027081:DNA Gyrase; D027101:DNA Topoisomerase IV; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / Q000235:genetics*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D027101:DNA Topoisomerase IV; D027081:DNA Gyrase; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II