title: Identification of Triplet States in Carotenoids by Intracavity Absorption Spectroscopy and Measurements of Delayed Fluorescence.
abstract: Owing to the low quantum yield of phosphorescence, triplet states of carotenoids have been very difficult to identify. These states can be characterized by intracavity absorption spectroscopy, which allows the direct measurement of the spin-forbidden singlet-triplet transitions in low concentrated solutions, and by delayed fluorescence measurements.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie der Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf (Germany).
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bettermann
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Domnick
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Martin