title: Predictors of dysphagia after spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the incidence of swallowing deficits (dysphagia) and to identify factors that predict risk for dysphagia in the rehabilitation setting following acute traumatic spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Freestanding rehabilitation hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected on 187 patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury admitted for rehabilitation over a 4-year period who underwent a swallowing screen, in which 42 underwent a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS).
  
  
  METHODS
  VFSS was performed on patients with suspected swallowing problems. Possible antecedents of dysphagia were recorded from the medical record including previous history of spine surgery, surgical approach and technique, tracheostomy and ventilator status, neurologic level of injury, ASIA Impairment Classification, orthosis, etiology of injury, age, and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On admission to rehabilitation 22.5% (n = 42) of spinal cord injury patients had symptoms suggesting dysphagia. In 73.8% (n = 31) of these cases, testing confirmed dysphagia (aspiration or requiring a modified diet), while VFSS ruled out dysphagia in 26.2% (n = 11) cases. Logistic regression and other analyses revealed three significant predictors of risk for dysphagia: age (p < .028), tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation (p < .001), and spinal surgery via an anterior cervical approach (p < .016). Other variables analyzed had no relation or at best a slight relation to dysphagia. Tracheostomy at admission was the strongest predictor of dysphagia. The combination of tracheostomy at rehabilitation admission and anterior surgical approach had an extremely high rate of dysphagia (48%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Swallowing abnormalities are present in a significant percentage of patients presenting to rehabilitation with acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. Patients with a tracheostomy appear to have a substantially increased risk of development of dysphagia, although other factors are also relevant. Risk of dysphagia should be evaluated to decrease the potential for morbidity related to swallowing abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord Injury Services, Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, and Outcomes Research, West Orange, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kirshblum
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jarosz
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011379:Prognosis; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000534:rehabilitation