title: Treatment of refractory chylothorax with externalized pleuroperitoneal shunts in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditional therapy for refractory chylothorax in the pediatric population has included pleurodesis and thoracic duct ligation. These procedures are associated with high morbidity and questionable success rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed our experience with 15 patients who underwent treatment for chylous effusions using pleuroperitoneal shunts with exteriorized pump chambers. Mean patient age at time of shunt placement was 2.1 (0.1 to 11.5) years and the most common indication (7 of 15) was refractory chylothorax following surgical correction of congenital heart disease. Mean chylothorax duration before shunt placement was 76 (5 to 810) days and shunts were in place for an average of 104 (12 to 365) days. A total of 19 chylous effusions (pleural or pericardial) were treated with shunts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine of 11 right-sided chylothoraces, 5 of 6 left-sided chylothoraces, and 2 of 2 chylopericardia resolved with shunt therapy (84% total). Pleuroperitoneal shunting failed to clear the effusion in 3 children. There were six episodes of shunt malfunction that were repaired and two episodes of infection. Inguinal or umbilical hernia developed in 4 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Externalized pleuroperitoneal shunting is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment for children with refractory chylous effusions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, St. Louis University Health Sciences Center, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Silen
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Kokoska
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Rodgers
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002916:Chylothorax / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity; D010994:Pleura; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies