title: Extravasation of radiographic contrast is an independent predictor of death in primary intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hematomas that enlarge following presentation with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are associated with increased mortality, but the mechanisms of hematoma enlargement are poorly understood. We interpreted the presence of contrast extravasation into the hematoma after CT angiography (CTA) as evidence of ongoing hemorrhage and sought to identify the clinical significance of contrast extravasation as well as factors associated with the risk of extravasation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the clinical records and radiographic studies of all patients with intracranial hemorrhage undergoing CTA from 1994 to 1997. Only patients with primary ICH were included in this study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the associations between clinical and radiological variables and the risk of hospital death or contrast extravasation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were available for 113 patients. Contrast extravasation was seen in 46% of patients at the time of CTA, and the presence of contrast extravasation was associated with increased fatality: 63.5% versus 16.4% in patients without extravasation (P=0.011). There was a trend toward a shorter time (median+/-SD) from symptom onset to CTA in patients with extravasation (4.6+/-19 hours) than in patients with no evidence of extravasation (6.6+/-28 hours; P=0.065). Multivariate analysis revealed that hematoma size (P=0.022), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (P=0.016), extravasation of contrast (P=0.006), infratentorial ICH (P=0.014), and lack of surgery (P<0.001) were independently associated with hospital death. Variables independently associated with contrast extravasation were hematoma size (P=0.024), MABP >120 mm Hg (P=0.012), and GCS score of </=8 (P<0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast extravasation into the hematoma after ICH is associated with increased fatality. The risk of contrast extravasation is increased with extreme hypertension, depressed consciousness, and large hemorrhages. If contrast extravasation represents ongoing hemorrhage, the findings in this study may have implications for therapy of ICH, particularly with regard to blood pressure management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology University of Washington School of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. kjb@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Bybee
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Tirschwell
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abouelsaad
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality*; D002648:Child; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome