title: Efficacy of azithromycin in prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a randomised trial. California Collaborative Treatment Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Azithromycin in combination with sulphonamides is active against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in animals. We assessed the clinical efficacy of azithromycin for PCP prophylaxis in human beings.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified HIV-1-infected patients with PCP during a prospective randomised trial comparing azithromycin, rifabutin, and the two drugs in combination for prevention of disseminated Mycobacterim avium infection. Patients had CD4-cell counts less than 100/microL at entry and received PCP prophylaxis according to the standard practice of their clinician. Analysis was by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients receiving azithromycin, either alone (n=233) or in combination with rifabutin (n=224), had a 45% lower risk of developing PCP than those receiving rifabutin alone (n=236; p=0.008). Compared with rifabutin alone, hazard ratio for azithromycin was 0.54 (95% CI 0.32-0.94), for azithromycin plus rifabutin was 0.55 (0.32-0.94), and for regimens containing azithromycin was 0.55 (0.35-0.86). The most common side-effects involved the gastrointestinal tract with dose-limiting toxicities, and were mainly seen in patients receiving combination therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Azithromycin as prophylaxis for M. avium complex disease provides additional protection against P. carinii over and above that of standard PCP prophylaxis. Use of azithromycin is beneficial only as primary prophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Central Research, Groton, CT 06340, USA. dunnem@pfizer.com
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bozzette
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCutchan
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Dubé
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Sattler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forthal
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kemper
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Havlir
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017828:Rifabutin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017828:Rifabutin; D017963:Azithromycin