title: Human glandular kallikrein in breast milk, amniotic fluid, and breast cyst fluid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human glandular kallikrein (hK2) belongs to the serine protease family of enzymes and has high sequence homology with prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The physiological role of hK2 has not as yet been determined, but there is evidence that it can regulate the proteolytic activity of PSA through processing and activating pro-PSA, an inactive precursor. Thus, it is conceivable that these two secreted proteins may coexist in biological fluids. Currently, hK2 is considered an androgen-regulated and prostate-specific protein. Recently, it has been demonstrated that hK2 is expressed in the breast cancer cell line T-47D after stimulation by steroid hormones, and we reported that hK2 can be detected in a subset of breast tumor extracts. These data suggest that hK2 may be expressed in tissues other than the prostate, such as those in which PSA has already been detected. Because hK2 is a secreted protein, it may be present in various biological fluids.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed milk samples from lactating women, amniotic fluid from pregnant women, and breast cyst fluid from patients with gross breast cystic disease, using a highly sensitive and specific immunoassay for hK2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  hK2 was present in all three biological fluids. We suggest that the female breast may produce hK2 and provide evidence that hK2 may have value as an additional marker for the discrimination between type I and type II breast cysts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The female breast produces hK2 in addition to PSA. More studies are necessary to establish the role of this kallikrein in nondiseased breast, gross breast cystic disease, and breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5. Canada M5G 1L5.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magklara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scorilas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López-Otín
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vizoso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruibal
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Diamandis
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005348:Fibrocystic Breast Disease / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000032:analysis*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D011247:Pregnancy; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020840:Tissue Kallikreins
chemical_list: D007610:Kallikreins; D020840:Tissue Kallikreins; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen