title: Noradrenergic modulation of cognitive flexibility in problem solving.
abstract: Stress causes impaired performance on tests of creativity. Drugs that block beta-adrenergic receptors improve test performance in patients with test anxiety. Furthermore, catecholamine precursors (L-DOPA) reduce the flexibility of semantic networks. Our study investigated the effect of noradrenergic system modulation on cognitive flexibility in problem solving. Eighteen normal subjects undertook three problem solving tasks (number series, shape manipulation and anagrams) 45 min after propranolol, placebo and ephedrine. On the task that appeared to rely most heavily on cognitive flexibility (anagrams), subjects who were most able to solve these problems demonstrated significantly shorter solution times (logarithmic scores) after propranolol than after ephedrine. This suggested that the noradrenergic system exerts a modulatory effect on cognitive flexibility in problem solving.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus 43210, USA.
authors.forename: D Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Beversdorf
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Heilman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018663:Adrenergic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology*; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018663:Adrenergic Agents; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011433:Propranolol; D004809:Ephedrine; D009638:Norepinephrine