title: The use of timing behaviors in animals and humans to detect drug and/or toxicant effects.
abstract: Behavioral paradigms applicable for use in both human and nonhuman subjects for investigating aspects of timing behavior are presented with a view towards exploring their strengths, weaknesses, and utility in a variety of experimental situations. Tri-peak, peak interval, differential reinforcement of low rate responding, and temporal response differentiation procedures are highlighted. In addition, the application of timing tasks in preclinical and clinical settings is discussed: pharmacological manipulations are providing information on the neurotransmitters involved and species differences; normative data for children are being developed; and noninvasive imaging procedures are being employed in adult human subjects to explore the involvement of specific brain areas.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Toxicology Laboratory, Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079-9502, USA. mpaule@nctr.fda.gov
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Paule
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Meck
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: McMillan
authors.forename: G Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bateson
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Popke
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chelonis
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hinton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001519:Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D013998:Time Perception / Q000187:drug effects*; D018675:Toxicity Tests