title: Inflammation of the gastro-oesophageal junction (carditis) in patients with symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent data have suggested that cardia biopsy specimens may be more reflective of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) than squamous biopsy specimens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the distribution, severity, and types of mucosal injury in GORD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with symptomatic GORD with no or minimal erosions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsies were performed at the squamocolumnar junction (Z-line) and 1-2 cm below the Z-line. Injury to the columnar mucosa was scored for inflammatory cells, epithelial cell abnormalities, and for the presence of intestinal metaplasia and Helicobacter pylori. A carditis score above 2 was considered positive (maximum score = 9).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean carditis scores and percentages of patients with a positive carditis score were higher in Z-line biopsy specimens containing both squamous and columnar mucosa than in those with just columnar mucosa or in specimens taken 1-2 cm below the Z-line. Carditis at the Z-line was focal in 49% of the specimens and was always present adjacent to the squamous epithelium. Goblet cells were present more frequently in the specimens immediately at the Z-line than in those 1-2 cm below the Z-line. H pylori was present in only four patients. The mean carditis scores of specimens 1-2 cm below the Z-line in these patients was significantly higher than in those patients without H pylori.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mucosal injury at the gastric cardia is highly localised to the region adjacent to the squamocolumnar junction in patients with GORD. Morphological studies of the cardia in GORD should focus on tissue samples that contain both squamous and columnar epithelium in order to obtain an accurate picture of the spectrum of injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Gastroenterology, UCLA Medical Centre and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lembo
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ippoliti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramers
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D002299:Cardia / Q000473:pathology; D004942:Esophagitis, Peptic / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D005756:Gastritis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies