title: Familial paragangliomas: the emerging impact of molecular genetics on evaluation and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Advancements in molecular genetics has direct impact on the evaluation and management of patients and family members with familial paragangliomas (FP).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Familial paragangliomas. in contrast to sporadic cases, are commonly multiple, bilateral, and present at an earlier age. Familial tumors are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with genomic imprinting of the paternal allele. Mapping studies have identified regions on chromosome 11q as harboring the genetic defect responsible for paraganglioma formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multigenerational family with five affected females with head and neck paragangliomas underwent clinical and genetic evaluation. Genetic mapping was performed with microsatellite markers froin chromosome 11q13 and q23. Nonaffected individuals were screened for carrying the affected haplotype. In addition, by using DNA obtained from an amniotic fluid sample. in utero screening of a fetus was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common complaints were hearing loss and neck masses that usually manifested by age 25. Genetic mapping identified loci 11q13 and q23 as sites likely responsible for tumorogenesis. Three unaffected family members, including a fetus, were identified as carriers of the affected haplotype. The genetic findings were used to design a screening protocol for family members at risk for developing glomus tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic screening of unaffected family members can identify individuals harboring the mutated allele. Identification of family members at risk for developing FP by molecular genetic techniques may lead to early detection of head and neck paragangliomas and may directly impact morbidity from glomus tumors and their treatment.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Otology, Epstein Laboratories, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Bikhazi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roeder
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Attaie
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lalwani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / Q000235:genetics*; D003663:Decision Trees; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods; D018392:Genomic Imprinting / Q000235:genetics; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008126:Lod Score; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D008967:Molecular Biology / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D009386:Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D010235:Paraganglioma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D010375:Pedigree; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy