title: Closure of bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy with a pedicled intercostal muscle flap.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The value of the pedicled intercostal muscle flap for the closure of postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistulas was studied retrospectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bronchopleural fistula was suspected in case of fever, cough, putrid or haemorrhagic expectoration, in combination with a rise of WBC and CRP. Fistula diagnosis was established bronchoscopically. Two patients underwent an initial trial of bronchoscopic sealing, the rest were reoperated immediately after fistula diagnosis. Immediately after operation antibiotic irrigation according to culture sensitivity was started via a single chest tube drainage twice a day. After instillation of antibiotics the drain was kept clamped for 3 h. Culture samples were obtained twice a week. Empyema was considered eradicated, if three subsequent cultures showed no bacterial growth. After drain removal the patients were kept in hospital for another week and observed for clinical signs of infection, WBC and CRP were controlled. Age, side, sex, histology, TNM-stage, duration of hospital stay after fistula diagnosis (days), duration of treatment (defined as the duration of chest tube drainage in days after operation), total hospital stay (including the initial hospital stay for primary resection and the hospital stay for fistula treatment in case of readmission), fistula size (mm), interval (days) between primary operation and fistula formation, and bacteriology were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients (seven male) were treated. Age ranged from 46 to 70 years (mean 57.86). Six fistulas were located on the right side. All patients had non small cell lung cancer. Interval ranged from 2 to 72 days (mean 26.9 days). Fistula size ranged from 1 to 7 mm (mean 3.43). Seven fistulas were successfully closed. Duration of treatment lasted from 15 to 28 days in those patients treated successfully (mean 17). Hospital stay ranged from 15 to 31 days (mean 24.4). In one patient the flap became necrotic, he was successfully treated with total thoracoplasty. One patient died on the 38th day after rethoracotomy due to aspiration pneumonia. At postmortem examination the bronchial stump was closed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the pedicled intercostal muscular flap is an efficient method for the closure of bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Pulmologisches Zentrum, Vienna, Austria. peter.hollaus@pul.magwien.gv.at
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hollaus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lax
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Wurnig
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Pridun
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001983:Bronchial Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000098:blood supply / Q000637:transplantation*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010995:Pleural Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome