title: Local anesthesia for prostate brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the technique and feasibility of prostate brachytherapy performed with local anesthesia only.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 5 by 5 cm patch of perineal skin and subcutaneous tissue is anesthetized by local infiltration of 10 cc of 1% lidocaine with epinephrine, using a 25-gauge 5/8-inch needle. Immediately following injection into the subcutaneous tissues, the deeper tissues, including the pelvic floor and prostate apex, are anesthetized by injecting 15 cc lidocaine solution with approximately 8 passes of a 20-gauge 1.0-inch needle. Following subcutaneous and peri-apical lidocaine injections, the patient is brought to the simulator suite and placed in leg stirrups. The transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) probe is positioned to reproduce the planning images and a 3.5- or 6.0-inch, 22-gauge spinal needle is inserted into the peripheral planned needle tracks, monitored by TRUS. When the tips of the needles reach the prostatic base, about 1 cc of lidocaine solution is injected in the intraprostatic track, as the needle is slowly withdrawn, for a total volume of 15 cc. The implants are done with a Mick Applicator, inserting and loading groups of two to four needles, so that a maximum of only about four needles are in the patient at any one time. During the implant procedure, an additional 1 cc of lidocaine solution is injected into one or more needle tracks if the patient experiences substantial discomfort. The total dose of lidocaine is generally limited to 500 mg (50 ml of 1% solution).
  
  
  RESULTS
  To date, we have implanted approximately 50 patients in our simulator suite, using local anesthesia. Patients' heart rate and diastolic blood pressure usually showed moderate changes, consistent with some discomfort. The time from first subcutaneous injection and completion of the source insertion ranged from 35 to 90 minutes. Serum lidocaine levels were below or at the low range of therapeutic. There has been only one instance of acute urinary retention in the patients treated so far, and no unplanned admissions to the hospital or need to reschedule a patient to be implanted under general or spinal anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The substitution of local anesthesia has facilitated rapid introduction of a high-volume brachytherapy program at an institution that previously had none, without requiring the allocation of significant operating room time. Although the patients reported here were implanted without conscious sedation, we are starting to try various sedatives and analgesics for patients who we anticipate will have substantial anxiety with the procedure.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA 98108-1597, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wallner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roof
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arthurs
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Korssjoen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sutlief
mesh_terms: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D004837:Epinephrine; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine