title: The use of TWH catheters in CAPD patients: fourteen-year experience in technique, survival, and complication rates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the technique of insertion, complication rates, and survival rates of Toronto-Western Hospital (TWH) peritoneal catheters in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 222 TWH catheters were inserted into 203 CAPD patients (113 males and 90 females) with end-stage chronic renal failure during a period of 14 years (1 January 1982 to 31 August 1995). The mean age of the patients was 58.5 years (range 18-86 years). For the first 6 years, the peritoneal cavity approach was performed via a lower midline incision (45 insertions), various other approaches (17 insertions), and, finally, for the last 160 insertions (for approximately 8 years) the transverse paraumbilical incision was exclusively employed. The duration of CAPD ranged between 1 to 151 months (mean time 33.2 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding early and late complications (namely leakages, obstructions, eviscerations, tunnel infections, herniation, and others), as well as catheter survival, the transverse paraumbilical insertion, compared to other approaches, had the smallest number of complications. Thus, early leakage occurred in 5/222 (2.25%) versus 10/222 (4.5%), obstruction nil versus 2/222 (0.9%), and evisceration nil versus 1/222 (0.45%). In addition, as far as the late complications are concerned: tunnel infections 5/222 (2.22%) versus 13/222 (5.85%), herniations 1/222 (0.45%) versus 16/222 (7.3%), and cuff protrusion nil versus 7/222 (3.1%). Finally, overall peritonitis occurred with a rate of one episode every 21.2 months. Actuarial survival for 1 and 3 years was 75% and 37%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transverse paraumbilical incision seems to be the most advantageous approach in inserting (by "surgical method") theTWH catheters. We found it to be a safe, simple, versatile procedure, giving good results in all parameters concerned.
authors.affiliation: The First Propaedeutic Surgical Clinic, Athens University Medical School, Greece.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Apostolidis
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Panoussopoulos
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Manouras
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Pararas
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Voudiklari
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Zirogiannis
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001424:Bacterial Infections; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006555:Hernia, Ventral / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000209:etiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors