title: Enhanced production of mineralized nodules and collagenous proteins in vitro by calcium ascorbate supplemented with vitamin C metabolites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin C or ascorbate is important in wound healing due to its essential role in collagen synthesis. To study wound healing in the periodontium, cells adherent to expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) augmentation membranes, recovered from edentulous ridge augmentation procedures, have been established in culture in our laboratories. The objective of this study was to determine whether treatment of these cells with a calcium ascorbate, which contains vitamin C metabolites (metabolite-supplemented ascorbate), would increase the production of collagenous protein and mineralized tissue in vitro, as compared to unsupplemented calcium ascorbate (ascorbate).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells derived from ePTFE membranes were cultured with beta-glycerophosphate and the test agents for 2 to 5 weeks, and the surface areas of the cell cultures occupied by mineralized nodules were measured using computerized image analysis. One experiment tested the effects of calcium threonate, one of the vitamin C metabolites in metabolite-supplemented ascorbate. Incorporation of radioactive proline and glycine was used as a measure of total protein (radioactivity precipitated by trichloracetic acid) and collagenase-digestible protein (radioactivity released by collagenase digestion.) Co-localization of collagen and fibronectin was examined by immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro treatment of these cells with metabolite-supplemented ascorbate increased the area of the cell cultures occupied by mineralized nodules after 5 weeks. Cell cultures treated with metabolite-supplemented ascorbate also exhibited significant increases in total protein. The increase in collagenous proteins in these cultures accounted for 85% of the increase in total protein. The greatest difference between treatment groups was observed in the cell-associated fraction containing the extracellular matrix. The additional collagen exhibited normal co-distribution with fibronectin. In cultures treated with ascorbate spiked with calcium threonate, the area of mineralized tissue was significantly greater than in ascorbate-treated cultures, but was less than that observed in cultures treated with metabolite-supplemented ascorbate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro treatment with ascorbate containing vitamin C metabolites enhanced the formation of mineralized nodules and collagenous proteins. Calcium threonate may be one of the metabolites influencing the mineralization process. Identifying factors which facilitate the formation of mineralized tissue has significant clinical ramifications in terms of wound healing and bone regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Public Health and Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0754, USA. djrowe@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: X M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Tom
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Silverstein
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000540:Alveolar Ridge Augmentation; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002087:Butyrates / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003470:Culture Media; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005994:Glycerophosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D005998:Glycine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007575:Jaw, Edentulous / Q000601:surgery; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010519:Periodontium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011506:Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002087:Butyrates; D003470:Culture Media; D005353:Fibronectins; D005994:Glycerophosphates; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011506:Proteins; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D003094:Collagen; D011392:Proline; C011369:threonic acid; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D002118:Calcium; D005998:Glycine; C031463:beta-glycerophosphoric acid