title: Racial differences in the significance of coronary calcium in asymptomatic black and white subjects with coronary risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the significance of a specific feature of coronary atherosclerosis--coronary calcium--in asymptomatic black and white subjects with coronary risk factors.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The natural history and clinical evolution of coronary atherosclerosis differs between blacks and whites. Differences in the underlying pathobiology of atherosclerosis may be one determinant of the ethnic variability in the clinical manifestation of coronary atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1,375 high-risk but asymptomatic subjects (93 blacks [6.8%] and 1,282 whites [93.2%]) with at least one risk factor but no prior evidence of coronary disease, we assessed coronary risk factors, calculated Framingham risk of a coronary event and evaluated coronary calcium with digital subtraction fluoroscopy. We then followed these subjects clinically for 70 +/- 13 months, noting the occurrence of the following coronary events: death due to coronary heart disease (CHD); myocardial infarction (MI); angina pectoris; and performance of coronary bypass or angioplasty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk factor profiles were similar in black and white subjects (6-year Framingham risk 15 +/- 7% in blacks, 14 +/- 8% in whites [NS]). Coronary calcium was present in 59.9% of white subjects but only 35.5% of black subjects (p = 0.0001). Nevertheless, after 70 months of follow-up, more blacks than whites (22 blacks [23.7%] vs. 190 whites [14.8%]; p = 0.04) suffered one of the following end points: CHD death, MI, angina or revascularization. The age, gender and coronary risk-adjusted odds ratio of black race for at least one event was 2.16 (95% CI 1.34 to 3.48).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite having a lowered prevalence of coronary calcium than high risk whites, high risk blacks suffer more CHD events. Coronary calcium therefore does not carry the same pathobiologic significance in blacks that it does in whites, consistent with the concept that there are specific racial differences in the natural history of CHD and its evolution into clinically manifest events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Saint John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Detrano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D044465:White People