title: Candesartan in heart failure--assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM): rationale and design. Charm-Programme Investigators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic heart failure (CHF) is an increasing burden to health care. Pharmacological treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta blockers improve survival and reduce hospitalizations in patients with low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Despite these therapies, morbidity and mortality remains problematic. Furthermore, 30% to 50% of patients with CHF have a preserved LVEF. It is not known if treatments are of benefit in this group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Candesartan in Heart Failure-Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) is a program designed to investigate the clinical usefulness of the long-acting angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, candesartan cilexetil, in a broad spectrum of patients with symptomatic heart failure. Patients with systolic dysfunction, tolerant or intolerant to an ACE-inhibitor, and patients with preserved systolic function are included. Specifically, the CHARM program consists of 3 independent, parallel, placebo-controlled studies in patients with (1) LVEF less than or equal to 40%, ACE-inhibitor treated (n = 2,300); (2) LVEF less than or equal to 40%, ACE-inhibitor intolerant (n = 1,700); (3) LVEF greater than 40%, not treated with ACE inhibitors (n = 2,500). The 3 studies will be combined to evaluate the effect of candesartan cilexetil on all-cause mortality in the broad spectrum of symptomatic heart failure. The primary objective in each trial is to evaluate the effects on the combined endpoint of cardiovascular mortality or CHF hospitalization. Other endpoints include the effects on myocardial infarction, all-cause hospitalization, and resource utilization. CHARM is intended to randomize 6,500 patients with symptomatic heart failure from 26 countries in Europe, the United States, Canada, South Africa, and Australia. The CHARM program started to enroll patients in March 1999. The follow-up period is a minimum of 2 years. The study is expected to end in the third quarter of 2002.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swedberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Held
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McMurray
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ohlin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olofsson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ostergren
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D012107:Research Design; D012449:Safety; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D015996:Survival Rate; D013777:Tetrazoles; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011355:Prodrugs; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D013777:Tetrazoles; C077793:candesartan cilexetil