title: Intrinsic limitations to unilateral parathyroid exploration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a method of limited parathyroid exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas has become sensitive enough for clinical practice, it has not achieved success as the basis for limited parathyroid exploration, because multiglandular disease is routinely underdiagnosed. The rapid intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay is sensitive for multiglandular disease, because hormone levels will not fall within 10 minutes of adenoma removal if additional abnormal tissue is present. A combination technique in which the exploration is limited according to the localization studies and the success is confirmed with the parathyroid hormone assay has promise for producing a high rate of curative limited parathyroid explorations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and indications for surgery underwent preoperative localization. After tests, 45 patients underwent unilateral parathyroid exploration and confirmation of the success of unilateral exploration during surgery using the rapid parathyroid hormone assay. The intraoperative management of these patients and their follow-up to 3 months was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two of the 48 patients (67%) had successful unilateral exploration as gauged by a marked drop in parathyroid hormone levels during the procedure and by 3-month clinical follow-up. Of the 16 patients who ultimately underwent bilateral exploration, 7 had parathyroid hormone levels that did not fall after adenoma removal. Of these seven, five were found to have a second adenoma and two had slow metabolism of hormone with no additional abnormal tissue found. In 5 of the 16 patients, bilateral exploration was performed for erroneous localization. Four additional patients underwent bilateral exploration for improved exposure or negative results on localization tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that unilateral parathyroid exploration is limited by the intrinsic 15% rate of multiglandular primary hyperparathyroidism, combined with the imperfections of preoperative localizing techniques. Although an 85% rate of unilateral exploration can theoretically be obtained for unselected cases, the other vagaries of the technique make a 70% rate a more reasonable expectation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mannting
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanasijevic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006961:Hyperparathyroidism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D011300:Preoperative Care; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi