The C-terminal domain of the Cdc2 inhibitory kinase Myt1 interacts with Cdc2 complexes and is required for inhibition of G(2)/M progression.
Activation of Cdc2, is the universal event controlling the onset of mitosis. In higher eukaryotes, Cdc2 activity is in part regulated by inhibitory phosphorylation of Thr14 and Tyr15, catalyzed by Wee1 and Myt1, which prevents catastrophic premature entry into mitosis. In this study we defined the function of Myt1 by overexpression studies in both S. pombe and a human osteosarcoma cell line. Similar to Wee1, overexpression of human Myt1 prevented entry into mitosis in both cell types; however, Myt1 catalytic activity was not essential for the cell cycle delay observed with human cells. Myt1 expression was restricted to proliferating cells. Furthermore, we detected no major decline in Myt1 protein abundance prior to the entry into mitosis, which coincides with the loss of Myt1 activity. We localized mitotic phosphoepitopes, recognized by the monoclonal antibody MPM-2, to the C-terminal domain of Myt1. The mitotic peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, Pin1, was able to associate with this domain in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Truncation of the C-terminal domain of Myt1 prevented its ability to induce G(2)/M phase arrest in overexpression studies in human cells and dramatically reduced its ability to phosphorylate Cdc2 in vitro. We demonstrate that the C-terminal domain of Myt1 was required for recruitment of Cdc2, and we infer that this domain lies in the cytoplasm because it can interact with and is phosphorylated by Cdc2. In conclusion, we propose that Myt1 can negatively regulate Cdc2/cyclin B1 and inhibit G(2)/M progression by two means, both of which require the C-terminal domain; first, Myt1 can bind and sequester Cdc2/cyclin B1 in the cytoplasm preventing entry into the nucleus, and, second, it can phosphorylate associated Cdc2/cyclin B1 at Thr14 and Tyr15 thus inhibiting its catalytic activity.
Wells
N J
NJ
Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
Watanabe
N
N
Tokusumi
T
T
Jiang
W
W
Verdecia
M A
MA
Hunter
T
T
D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015415:Biomarkers; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020134:Catalytic Domain / Q000235:genetics; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008938:Mitosis / Q000502:physiology; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed / Q000502:physiology; D000072340:NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000276:immunology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012568:Schizosaccharomyces / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology
D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015415:Biomarkers; D000939:Epitopes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D000072340:NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C490679:PKMYT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; C000606846:PIN1 protein, human; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase