title: Neuropsychological impairment in amateur soccer players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soccer players incur concussions during matches and training sessions, as well as numerous subconcussive blows to the head from impacts with the soccer ball (headers). The combination of soccer-related concussions and the number of headers may be a risk for chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether amateur soccer players have evidence of CTBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 33 amateur soccer players and 27 amateur athletes involved in swimming and track (controls) in the Netherlands who underwent interviews and neuropsychological testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Performance of soccer players vs controls on 16 neuropsychological tests having 27 outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with control athletes, amateur soccer players exhibited impaired performance on tests of planning (39% vs 13%; P=.001) and memory (27% vs 7%; P=.004). Among soccer players, 9 (27%) had incurred 1 soccer-related concussion and 7 (23%) had had 2 to 5 concussions during their career. The number of concussions incurred in soccer was inversely related to the neuropsychological performance on 6 of the neuropsychological tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that participation in amateur soccer in general and concussion specifically is associated with impaired performance in memory and planning functions. Due to the worldwide popularity of soccer, these observations may have important public health implications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychology and Sports Neurology, St Anna Hospital, Geldrop, The Netherlands. akes@aozg.azm.nl
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Matser
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kessels
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lezak
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Troost
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries*; D013550:Swimming; D014142:Track and Field