title: Physician enthusiasm as an explanation for area variation in the utilization of knee replacement surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Explanations for regional variation in the use of many medical and surgical treatments is controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify factors that might be amenable to intervention, we investigated the determinants of regional variation in the use of knee replacement surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effect of the following factors: characteristics and opinions of surgeons; family physicians and rheumatologists; patients' severity of disease before knee replacement; access to knee-replacement surgery; surgeons' use of other surgical treatment; and county population characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  County utilization rates of knee replacement in Ontario, Canada.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Counties that had higher rates of knee replacement had older patients (P = 0.0001), higher percentage of medical school affiliated hospital beds (P = 0.04), with more male (P = 0.02) non-North American trained referring physicians (P = 0.002) and orthopedic surgeons who had higher propensities to operate and better perceptions of outcome (P = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After controlling for population characteristics and access to care (including the number of hospital beds, and the density of orthopaedic and referring physicians), orthopaedic surgeons' opinions or enthusiasm for the procedure was the dominant modifiable determinant of area variation. Thus, research needs to focus on the opinions of surgeons which may be important in reducing regional variation for knee replacement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Public Health Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. jgwright@sickkids.on.ca
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hawker
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bombardier
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Croxford
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Dittus
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Coyte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017062:Small-Area Analysis