title: Comparative injury rates of uninjured, anterior cruciate ligament-deficient, and reconstructed knees in a skiing population.
abstract: To evaluate the risks of skiing after anterior cruciate ligament injury with or without reconstruction, we performed a 3-year study of 5646 skiers employed by a large ski resort. All skiers underwent knee ligament examinations before entering the study. The participants were divided into three groups based on whether they had never had an anterior cruciate ligament injury (N = 4748), were unilaterally deficient of the ligament (N = 138), or had undergone a unilateral reconstruction of the ligament at least 1 year before (N = 274). The rates of knee injuries requiring evaluation by a physician or time off work were calculated. The results of the reconstructed knees were further evaluated to determine whether ligament repair with semitendinosus/gracilis or patellar tendon autograft had a higher injury rate. Compared with knees with intact anterior cruciate ligaments, ligament-deficient knees had a 6.2-times higher rate of injuries, and knees in which the ligament had been reconstructed had a 3.1-times higher rate. The differences between each of the three groups were significant. Injuries to ligament-intact knees were less severe, with 13% requiring surgery, while 39% of the injuries in the ligament-deficient and 41% of the injuries in the reconstructed-ligament knees required surgery. The rates of injury for the graft types were not significantly different, but skiers with a semitendinosus/gracilis tendon autograft were significantly more likely to rupture their graft than skiers with a patellar tendon autograft.
authors.affiliation: Steadman Hawkins Sports Medicine Foundation, Vail, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Oates
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Van Eenenaam
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Homa
authors.forename: W I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Sterett
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003288:Contusions / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000209:etiology; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D017888:Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee / Q000293:injuries; D017847:Patellar Ligament / Q000637:transplantation; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012421:Rupture; D012865:Skiing / Q000293:injuries*; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000209:etiology; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000209:etiology; D013710:Tendons / Q000637:transplantation; D000070600:Tibial Meniscus Injuries; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous