title: Mutated N-ras upregulates Bcl-2 in human melanoma in vitro and in SCID mice.
abstract: Activation of the N-ras gene by point mutation occurs in about 15% of all human melanomas. In recently established severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse xenotransplantation models for human melanoma, we demonstrated that mutated N-ras not only contributes to tumour growth by enhancing cellular proliferation, but also by blocking apoptosis. Mutated N-ras overexpression protected human melanomas from naturally occurring apoptosis and, in a more pronounced way, from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Given the potential clinical importance of these findings we sought to determine the underlying mechanism. We found that mutated N-ras specifically upregulates the expression of the anti-apoptosis gene bcl-2 in two human melanoma cell lines in vitro and in SCID mice. Neither the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL nor that of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bak were altered in cells expressing mutated N-Ras. The increase in Bcl-2 expression mediated by mutated ras therefore qualifies as a rational explanation for the enhanced chemoresistance of human melanoma expressing mutated N-Ras.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schlagbauer Wadl
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fellay
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Selzer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Polterauer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D017354:Point Mutation; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: C494772:BAK1 protein, human; C494826:BAX protein, human; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; C494773:Bak1 protein, mouse; C494827:Bax protein, mouse; C494812:Bcl2l1 protein, mouse; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein