title: Intestinal transplantation in children with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) often require total parenteral nutrition (TPN) which puts them at risk of liver failure and recurrent line infections. Intestinal transplantation has become a therapeutic option for TPN dependent children with intestinal failure who are failing management with TPN.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the outcome of children with CIPO referred for intestinal transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was carried out of records and diagnostic studies from 27 patients with CIPO referred for intestinal transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five children were not listed for transplantation: two because of parental decision, two because of suspicion of Munchausen syndrome by proxy, and one because he tolerated enteral nutrition. Six are still TPN dependent and awaiting transplantation. Eight children died awaiting transplantation. Eight children underwent transplantation. Three died (two months, seven months, and four years after transplant). Five children are alive with a median follow up of 2.6 years (range two months to six years). All transplanted children were able to tolerate full enteral feedings. The postoperative course was complicated by dumping syndrome, Munchausen syndrome by proxy, narcotic withdrawal, and uncovering of achalasia. Conclusion-Intestinal transplantation may be a life saving procedure in children with CIPO. Early referral and thorough pretransplant evaluation are keys to successful transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2583, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sigurdsson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kocoshis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazariegos
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Abu-Elmagd
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007418:Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D007422:Intestines / Q000637:transplantation*; D008297:Male; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome