title: Experimental reproduction of viral chorioretinitis in kangaroos.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether preparations containing Wallal and/or Warrego viruses could cause disease when inoculated subcutaneously into captive kangaroos.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of two kangaroos, seronegative to both Wallal and Warrego virus, were each inoculated with wild Wallal virus, cultured Wallal virus, wild Warrego virus, or wild Warrego virus followed by wild Wallal virus after 3 weeks. A single uninoculated animal served as a control. Animals were monitored weekly under anaesthesia, examined ophthalmoscopically (including fundic photography), and samples collected for haematological and serum biochemical analysis, virus isolation, PCR and serological examination for antibodies against Wallal and Warrego viruses. Animals inoculated with cultured Wallal virus were killed at week 10, and remaining kangaroos were reinoculated with cultured Wallal virus at week 12.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virus was isolated from the blood of two kangaroos 2 weeks after inoculation with Wallal virus preparations, and from a third kangaroo 2 weeks after reinoculation. By 3 weeks after inoculation, all kangaroos given Wallal virus preparations had seroconverted to Wallal virus and one had seroconverted to Warrego virus. Fundic changes were detected in the three viraemic kangaroos 4 or more weeks after inoculation, and lesions were present in the eye and brain typical of those seen in field cases of chorioretinitis. No other kangaroos had lesions. Wallal virus was identified by PCR and immunohistochemical analysis in the retina of one affected animal and orbivirus-like particles were seen by electron microscopy in the remains of retinal cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The condition of chorioretinitis was reproduced in three of eight kangaroos by inoculation with preparations containing Wallal virus.
authors.affiliation: NSW Agriculture, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, New South Wales.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reddacliff
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kirkland
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Philbey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vogelnest
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hulst
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blyde
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deykin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hyatt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002825:Chorioretinitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000662:veterinary; D007614:Macropodidae; D008297:Male; D009500:Neutralization Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D018163:Orbivirus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012088:Reoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral