title: Effects of ketamine on the equine electroencephalogram during anesthesia with halothane in oxygen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of ketamine on the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the horse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight Welsh mountain pony geldings weighing between 280 and 330 kg, 5 to 9 years old.
  
  
  METHODS
  During halothane anesthesia at an end-tidal halothane concentration between 0.75 and 0.85%, the EEG frequency power spectrum and the auditory evoked potential were recorded while an infusion of ketamine was given. Ketamine 200 mg was infused over 5 minutes in 8 ponies. The effects of ketamine on the EEG were recorded continuously during the infusion and for a further 55 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ketamine infusion produced a plasma ketamine concentration that was significantly greater than the baseline until 7 minutes after the start of the infusion. The highest recorded ketamine concentration was 4.2+/-1.1 microg/ml recorded at 5 minutes after the start of the infusion. The spectral edge and median frequency of the EEG and the midlatency of the auditory evoked potential were compared with those recorded before the start of the infusion. The spectral edge, median frequencies and mid-latency of the auditory evoked potential were reduced by 21+/-13%, 31+/-20% and 19+/-36% respectively (mean +/- SD). Only the reduction in spectral edge frequency reached statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results compared with those from other anesthetic and sedative agents suggest that the spectral edge frequency is an indicator of general central nervous system depression whereas the median frequency may be an indicator of antinociception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bloomfield
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D006221:Halothane; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007649:Ketamine; D006221:Halothane