title: Prophylactic antibiotics with intracranial pressure monitors and external ventricular drains: a review of the evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of prophylactic antibiotics (PABs) in preventing infections associated with intracranial pressure (ICP) monitors and external ventricular drains (EVD) is not well defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study includes an analysis of published reports and a survey of current practices regarding the use of PABs with ICP monitors and EVDs. A computerized data search and a review of the abstracts from two major national neurosurgical meetings over the past decade yielded 85 related articles. Three independent investigators, blinded to the title, author(s), institution(s), results, and conclusions of the articles used predetermined inclusion criteria to select studies for meta-analysis. Thirty-six responses were returned from 98 questionnaires (37%) mailed to university neurosurgical programs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the articles reviewed, only two studies met the predetermined inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, and they were of insufficient size to produce statistically significant results. Among the 36 programs that responded to the survey, 26 (72%) used PABs, mainly cephalosporins (46%) and semisynthetic penicillins (38%), with ICP monitors and EVDs. Twenty-two (85%) used one drug, and 4 (15%) used two drugs. Twenty-two (61%) of the total group reported intra-institutional variation in practices among individual staff neurosurgeons. Nineteen (53%) expressed interest in a retrospective study, and 27 (75%) expressed interest in a prospective study on the role of PABs in minor neurosurgical procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No consensus regarding the use of PABs with ICP monitors and EVDs is noted. Randomized controlled trials of sufficiently large size with appropriate blinding are needed to address this issue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA.
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Voelker
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Aronoff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niewiadomska-Bugaj
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mascaro
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hobbs
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles; D004322:Drainage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents