title: [Haldane's rule and somatic mutations].
abstract: Haldane's rule stating that viability and fertility in the heterogametic sex of hybrids are lower than in the homogametic sex is explained on the basis of the assumption that diploidy is aimed at protecting individuals having large body size and large genomes from somatic mutations. The presence of hemizygous sex chromosomes, which are effectively haploid in the heterogametic sex, results in the phenotypic expression of all deleterious somatic mutations arising in them. In the homogametic sex, somatic mutations that affect one out of two identical sex chromosomes are not expressed because the unaffected chromosome functions normally. Thus, the heterogametic sex is more sensitive to the harmful effect of somatic mutations. In hybrids, this difference may be critical. Consequently, when genetic distance between hybridizing species increases, the heterogametic sex of hybrids loses viability and fertility earlier than the homogametic sex, which agrees with Haldane's rule. On the basis of Haldane's rule and data on the small size of natural hybrid zones, restrictions on maximum heterozygosity compatible with viability were established.
authors.affiliation: Konstantinov Institute of Nuclear Physics, Gatchina, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Gorshkov
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Makar'eva
mesh_terms: D006579:Heterozygote; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009154:Mutation; D019849:Sex Determination Processes; D014960:X Chromosome