title: Association of energy and fat intake with prostate carcinoma risk: results from The Netherlands Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The roles of energy and fat intake as risk factors for prostate carcinoma are still questionable. Therefore, these factors were evaluated in the Netherlands Cohort Study described in this article.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cohort study consisted of 58,279 men ages 55-69 years at baseline in 1986. After 6.3 years of follow-up, 642 incident prostate carcinoma cases were available for analysis. Intake of energy, fat, and separate fatty acids were measured by means of a self-administered questionnaire; fat intake was adjusted for energy by regression analysis. The case-cohort method was used to calculate rate ratios (RRs). Analyses were conducted for all prostate carcinoma cases together as well as for case subgroups (latent vs. nonlatent and localized vs. advanced).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No associations were found in multivariate analyses between prostate carcinoma and intake of energy, total fat, total saturated fatty acids, or total trans unsaturated fatty acids (RR highest vs. lowest quintile: 0.99, 1.10, 1.19, and 0.99, respectively). Oleic acid intake showed a nonsignificant positive association (RR = 1.38, 95% CI: 0.88-2.19). Positive associations were also observed for intake of oleic acid in subgroup analyses. Linoleic (RR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0. 56-1.09) and linolenic (RR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.66-1.04) acid intake were associated with nonsignificantly decreased risks; only for linolenic acid did these associations persist in subgroup analyses. No associations were found for intake of arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, or docosahexaenoic acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that certain fatty acids might be involved in prostate carcinoma occurrence, although the possibility that these were chance findings cannot be ruled out.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Schuurman
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van den Brandt
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dorant
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Brants
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Goldbohm
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated