title: Extracellular lactate and glucose alterations in the brain after head injury measured by microdialysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study cerebral glucose and lactate metabolism in head-injured patients using microdialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, nonrandomized, clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurosurgical intensive care unit in a university-affiliated county hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-six head-injured patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cerebral cortical neurochemical monitoring using microdialysis coupled with systemic hemodynamic and oxygenation monitoring, measurement of cerebral perfusion pressure and intracranial pressure, and measurement of global cerebral oxygenation using jugular venous oxygen saturation in all 126 patients. In selected cases, cerebral blood flow was also measured using cortical thermodilution probes in 33 patients, and regional cerebral oxygenation was measured using PO2 probes in 65 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated extracellular lactate, reduced glucose, and an elevated lactate/glucose ratio were observed with cerebral hypoxia and ischemia. Elevated lactate and an increased lactate/glucose ratio strongly correlated with death. Other more subtle alterations of lactate and glucose were seen early after injury that may reflect compensatory alterations in cerebral metabolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical neurochemical monitoring of glucose and lactate levels in the extracellular space of the cerebral cortex is technically feasible and provides insight into the bioenergetic status of the brain. Increased lactate and decreased glucose, indicating accelerated glycolysis, commonly occurred with cerebral ischemia or hypoxia, and increased anaerobic glycolysis in this setting is associated with a poor outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. jgoodman@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Valadka
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Gopinath
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uzura
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006019:Glycolysis; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D005947:Glucose