title: Hemodiafiltration--a new treatment option for hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemodiafiltration is used to increase the convective transport and thereby the elimination of small and middle molecules, mainly beta2-microglobulin (beta2-M) across the dialysis membranes. There is little information concerning urea, creatinine, beta2-M and principally phosphate kinetics during hemodiafiltration in vivo. In this prospective study, we evaluated the transmembrane solute mass removal (TSR) and clearance (Kd) of urea, creatinine and phosphate as well as serum beta2-M reduction rate (beta2-MRR) and collected beta2-M in dialysate plus ultrafiltrate during high-flux hemodialysis (HD) and post-dilutional hemodiafiltration (HDF).
  
  
  METHODS
  16 patients were studied using a polysulfone capillary filter (1.6 m2 surface area, 40 microm fiber internal diameter and 200 microm, wall thickness) during 2 one-week periods: first week HD 1.6 m2 and second week HDF 1.6 m2. Treatment time was 4 hours, blood flow rate 300 ml/min with constant dialysate and ultrafiltration rates for HD and HDF periods. TSR, Kd, beta2-MRR and beta2-M collection were assessed during the mid-week treatment. In a second part of the study, we repeated the same protocol using a second high-flux polysulfone capillary filter (2.4 m2 surface area, 30 microm fiber diameter and 150 microm wall thickness).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TSR and Kd of urea and creatinine were not improved by HDF, however, HDF increased TSR and Kd of phosphate. Phosphate clearance rose from 120 (HD 1.6 m2) to 159 (HDF 1.6 m2) (p < 0.005) and from 146 (HD 2.4 m2) to 206 (HDF 2.4 m2) (p < 0.005) ml/min. Beta2-MRR increased from 64.1 +/- 8.6 to 77.7 +/- 8.2% (p < 0.005) and from 75.0 +/- 5.1 to 82.9 +/- 8.5% (p < 0.005) during HDF 1.6 m2 and HDF 2.4 m2, respectively. Collected beta2-M remained unchanged. This discrepancy seems to be due to an enhanced beta2-M adsorption to the polysulfone membrane during HDF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide a strong evidence that HDF has no advantage over HD with respect to urea and creatinine removal in vivo. However, HDF did improve the elimination of phosphate and should be considered as an additional treatment option for hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients. HDF improves significantly the elimination of beta2-M.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital, Aarau, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zehnder
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gutzwiller
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Renggli
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D017583:Hemodiafiltration; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008875:Middle Aged; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood*; D011108:Polymers; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013450:Sulfones; D014462:Ultrafiltration; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010710:Phosphates; D011108:Polymers; D013450:Sulfones; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; C017662:polysulfone P 1700; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine