title: The impact of economic sanctions on health and human rights in Haiti, 1991-1994.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This report examines the impact of an economic embargo from 1991 to 1994 on health, well-being, and human rights in Haiti.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from surveillance systems for nutrition, reportable diseases, and hospital diagnoses were combined with survey data and interviews with affected women, governmental representatives, diplomats, and staff of nongovernmental organizations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes included declining income, rising unemployment, poorer nutrition, declining infant mortality, rising mortality among 1- to 4-year-olds, decreased attention to children's well-being and education, and family breakdown. Survival strategies among poor Haitians included changed dietary habits, informal-sector economic activity, moving in with relatives, selling domestic goods, increased informal unions among couples, decreased school attendance, and indentured servitude among children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implementation of economic sanctions in Haiti resulted in extensive violations of rights; the impact was greatest on the most disadvantaged Haitians. Many Haitian and international supporters of democracy were unaware of the extensive negative impact that sanctions could have. The impact continues now, 5 years after sanctions ended. Modified policies reduced some of the burden of sanctions, and international assistance prevented what otherwise might have become a humanitarian disaster during sanctions.
authors.affiliation: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garfield
mesh_terms: D002662:Child Health Services; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004467:Economics; D004493:Education; D005260:Female; D006205:Haiti; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007391:International Cooperation; D008427:Maternal Health Services; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011247:Pregnancy; D011634:Public Health; D011640:Public Policy; D012066:Relief Work; D012499:Sanitation