title: Alcohol sales to pseudo-intoxicated bar patrons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many establishments serve alcoholic beverages to obviously intoxicated patrons despite laws against such sales. To guide the development of interventions to reduce these illegal alcohol sales, this study used actors feigning intoxication to determine whether servers recognized obvious signs of intoxication and to assess the tactics servers used when dealing with intoxicated patrons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male actors ages 30 to 50 acted out signs of obvious intoxication as they attempted to purchase alcoholic beverages. If served during the first attempt, these pseudo-intoxicated buyers made second purchase attempts during the same visit. Observers accompanied the actors; after each visit, actors and observers recorded the servers' behavior and comments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcoholic beverages were served to actors portraying intoxicated patrons at 68% of first purchase attempts and 53% of second purchase attempts (62% of a total of 106 purchase attempts). The most common refusal technique was a direct refusal (68% of refusals), made with either no excuse or with reference to the actors' apparent intoxication level. Servers' second most commonly used refusal technique was offering alcohol-free beverages, such as coffee or water (18% of refusals).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is needed to determine why servers who recognize intoxication serve alcoholic beverages and what training, outlet policies, and external pressures are needed to reduce illegal alcohol sales to obviously intoxicated patrons.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA. toomey@epivax.epi.umn.edu
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Toomey
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wagenaar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kilian
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fitch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rothstein
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fletcher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012308:Risk Management; D012381:Role Playing; D014481:United States