title: Oral etoposide for refractory and relapsed neuroblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the efficacy of oral etoposide against resistant stage 4 neuroblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with refractory or recurrent stage 4 neuroblastoma were treated with etoposide 50 mg/m(2) taken orally each day, in two or three divided doses, for 21 consecutive days. Treatment could be repeated after a 1-week period. Extent-of-disease studies included imaging with 131-iodine-metaiodobenzylguanidine and extensive bone marrow (BM) sampling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral etoposide was used in 20 children between the ages of 2 and 11 years (median, 6 years). Prior treatment included high doses of alkylating agents and a median of 4.5 cycles of etoposide-containing chemotherapy, with cumulative etoposide doses of 1,800 mg/m(2) to 3,935 mg/m(2) (median, 2,300 mg/m(2)). Oral etoposide produced antineuroblastoma effects in four of four children with disease refractory to intensive induction treatment; sampling variability could account for resolution (n = 3) or reduction (n = 1) of BM involvement, but improvement in other markers also occurred. Antineuroblastoma effects were also evident in five of five children with asymptomatic relapses after a long chemotherapy-free interval: BM disease resolved and all other disease markers significantly improved in two patients, and disease markers improved or stabilized in three patients on treatment for more than 6 months. In these nine patients, extramedullary toxicity was absent, neutropenia did not occur, transfusional support was not needed, and preliminary data suggested little immunosuppression (phytohemagglutinin responses). Oral etoposide was ineffective in all (11 of 11) patients with rapidly growing tumor masses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the absence of toxicity to major organs, the minimal myelosuppression or immunosuppression, and the antineoplastic activity in patients with low tumor burdens after high-dose chemotherapy, limited use of low-dose oral etoposide should be considered for inclusion in postinduction consolidative treatment programs aimed at eradicating minimal residual disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. kusherb@mskcc.org
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kushner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D019046:Bone Marrow Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D005047:Etoposide