title: Radionuclides in seals and porpoises in the coastal waters around the UK.
abstract: It has been suggested that marine predators be assessed for biologically relevant contamination levels because of their trophic position. Accordingly, in studying radioactive contamination in the marine environment around the UK, tissues from seals and porpoises have been chosen. Liver and muscle tissue from dead seals and porpoises found stranded around the UK coast have been analysed for the following radionuclides: 134Cs, 137Cs, 238Pu, 239Pu + 240Pu. Multifactor analysis of variance indicated that, for radiocaesium, there was no significant difference for harbour seals, grey seals or porpoises in terms of species or gender; however, the tissue activity concentration increased with body weight and decreased with distance from Sellafield, the major nuclear reprocessing plant in the UK. The levels of radiocaesium in muscle were higher than those in liver, while there appeared to be a concentration factor of approximately 3-4 for muscle radiocaesium when compared to radiocaesium levels reported for fish, the main food source of the marine mammals under study. Approximate radiation dose calculations indicated that the average dose from radiocaesium was less than 10% of the dose from the naturally occurring radioisotope of potassium, 40K. The highest tissue activity concentration for plutonium of 0.037 Bq/kg (239Pu + 240Pu) was detected in a grey seal stranded at Rathlin Island in Northern Ireland. Calculation of approximate radiation doses from plutonium contamination showed that, as with radiocaesium, the average dose was small compared with that from 40K. In summary, the radiocaesium contamination in seals and porpoises decreased with distance from Sellafield indicating that the BNF plc processing plant was the major source of the contamination. The marine mammals concentrated radiocaesium from their environment by a factor of 300 relative to the concentration in seawater indicating the value of using marine mammal tissue to measure radiocaesium contamination in the marine environment. The maximum radiation dose to the marine mammals from radiocaesium was higher than doses previously assessed for critical groups of humans living near Sellafield, while the maximum dose from plutonium was comparable to the doses for humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southern General Hospital NHS Trust, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. wswatson@netscape.net
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sumner
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D020387:Food Chain; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D011005:Plutonium; D019576:Porpoises / Q000378:metabolism*; D011197:Potassium Radioisotopes; D011210:Power Plants; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D046048:Seals, Earless / Q000378:metabolism*; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis; D006113:United Kingdom; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D011197:Potassium Radioisotopes; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D011005:Plutonium