title: Modulation of macrophage and microglial responses to axonal injury in the peripheral and central nervous systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After axonal injury, macrophages rapidly infiltrate and become activated in the mammalian peripheral nervous system (PNS) but not the central nervous system (CNS). We used the dorsal root pathway to study factors that modulate the response of macrophages to degenerating axons in both the PNS and the CNS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lewis rats underwent transection of dorsal roots (Group 1), stab within the spinal cord (Group II), crush at the dorsal root entry zone (Group III), transection of dorsal roots combined with a CNS lesion (Group IV), or systemic administration of a known activator of macrophages, lipopolysaccharide, alone (Group V) or combined with transection of dorsal roots (Group VI). ED-1 antibody stained for macrophages and activated microglia at 7, 14, and 42 days postinjury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At early time points, Group I demonstrated ED-1 cells in the PNS but not the CNS portion of the degenerating dorsal roots. Group II revealed ED-1 cells near the stab lesion. Group III demonstrated ED-1 cells adjacent to the dorsal root entry zone crush site. Group IV revealed ED-1 cells along both the PNS and the CNS portions of the degenerating dorsal roots when the CNS lesion was placed near the transected roots. Group V demonstrated few ED-1 cells in the PNS and the CNS, whereas Group VI revealed a marked ED-1 cellular response along both the PNS and the CNS portions of the transected dorsal roots.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local CNS trauma and systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide can "prime" macrophages/microglia, resulting in an enhanced response to degenerating axons in the CNS. Such priming might prove useful in promoting axonal regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Seattle 98195-6570, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lazar
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Ellegala
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Avellino
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Dailey
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andrus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kliot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D007839:Functional Laterality; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009409:Nerve Crush; D009410:Nerve Degeneration; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014951:Wounds, Stab / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides