title: Focal status epilepticus: clinical features and significance of different EEG patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Focal status epilepticus is typically diagnosed by the observation of continuous jerking motor activity, but many other manifestations have been described. EEG evidence of focal status may take several forms, and their interpretation is controversial. We detailed the clinical spectrum of focal status in patients diagnosed by both clinical deficit and EEG criteria and contrasted clinical manifestations in patients with different EEG patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were diagnosed with a neurologic deficit and discrete recurrent focal electrographic seizures or rapid, continuous focal epileptiform discharges on EEG. Clinical findings were determined by chart review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 41 patients with focal status, acute vascular disease was the cause in 21; 10 of 41 had exacerbations of prior epilepsy. A variety of clinical seizure types occurred, both before and after the EEG diagnosis, but the diagnosis was not expected in 28 patients before the EEG. Three had no obvious clinical seizures. Focal motor seizures and an abnormal mental status were the most common manifestations at the time of the EEG. With antiepileptic drugs, almost all had control of clinical seizures, and most improved in mental status. Patients with rapid continuous focal epileptiform discharges were nearly identical in presentation, likelihood of diagnosis, subsequent seizures, response to medication, and outcome to those with discrete seizures on EEG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Focal status epilepticus may be seen with a wide variety of clinical seizure types or without obvious clinical seizures. The diagnosis is often delayed or missed and should be considered after strokes or clinical seizures when patients do not stabilize or improve as expected. The diagnosis should be made equally whether patients have discrete electrographic seizures or continuous rapid focal epileptiform discharges on the EEG, and the same response to medications and outcome should be anticipated for the two groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. fdrislan@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Drislane
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Schomer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants