title: Dysfunctional attitudes and poor problem solving skills predict hopelessness in major depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hopelessness is a significant predictor of suicidality, but not all depressed patients feel hopeless. If clinicians can predict hopelessness, they may be able to identify those patients at risk of suicide and focus interventions on factors associated with hopelessness. In this study, we examined potential predictors of hopelessness in a sample of depressed outpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we examined potential demographic, diagnostic, and symptom predictors of hopelessness in a sample of 138 medication-free outpatients (73 women and 65 men) with a primary diagnosis of major depression. The significance of predictors was evaluated in both simple and multiple regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with previous studies, we found no significant associations between demographic and diagnostic variables and greater hopelessness. Hopelessness was significantly associated with greater depression severity, poor problem solving abilities as assessed by the Problem Solving Inventory, and each of two measures of dysfunctional cognitions (the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale and the Cognitions Questionnaire). In a stepwise multiple regression equation, however, only dysfunctional cognitions and poor problem solving offered non-redundant prediction of hopelessness scores, and accounted for 20% of the variance in these scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is based on depressed patients entering into an outpatient treatment protocol. All analyses were correlational in nature, and no causal links can be concluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings, identifying clinical correlates of hopelessness, provide clinicians with potential additional targets for assessment and treatment of suicidal risk. In particular, clinical attention to dysfunctional attitudes and problem solving skills may be important for further reduction of hopelessness and perhaps suicidal risk.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mulroy
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fava
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nierenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D011340:Problem Solving; D012307:Risk Factors; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology; D000092864:Suicide Prevention