title: Association of elevated levels of prothrombin fragment 1+2 and Arg506 to Gln mutation in patients with a history of ischemic stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent findings have indicated the association between APC-resistance and cerebrovascular disease. These reports prompted us to investigate whether resistance to APC could be found in patients suffering from stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therefore, we studied APC-resistance in 50 young adults (< or =45 yrs) with a history of ischemic stroke. Eleven out of fifty cerebrovascular subjects showed APC-resistance, while 2 had PC deficiency and 3 PS deficiency. No deficiencies in the anticoagulant protein AT III and in fibrinolytic proteins were found. The family history demonstrated a distribution of APC-resistance compatible with dominant autosomal inheritance. The plasma concentration of prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), which is a marker of hypercoagulable states, was also measured in patients and family members of resistant subjects (n = 38).
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA analysis showed factor V R506Q mutation (Leiden mutation) in 11 patients and their relatives with poor response to activated protein C detected by APTT tests. Of 11 investigated subjects with APC-resistance, 9 were heterozygotes and 2, with the lowest APC-ratio values, were homozygotes for factor V mutation. Among 38 relatives, 22 showed a poor response to APC and according to the APC-ratio values, 18 were heterozygotes and 4 homozygotes for FV Leiden mutation. The mutation, in heterozygous form, was also found in 2% of our normal population (n = 100). The plasma concentration of F1+2 was significantly higher both in 11 individuals carrying the FV:Q506 mutation and in 39 patients without APC-resistance compared to that found in the control group. However, the patients with FV:Q506 mutation showed the highest values in F1+2. In the studied family members F1+2 plasma levels were within normal values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate a possible involvement of APC-resistance in the pathogenesis of cerebral thrombosis in young adults and agree with the hypothesis that individuals with APC-resistance have an imbalance between pro-and anti-coagulant forces leading to increased thrombin generation and a hypercoagulable state.
authors.affiliation: Institute of General Pathology and Oncology, II University of Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Lucia
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Papa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ammendola
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pezzella
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Del Giudice
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marotta
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Renis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Mauro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maisto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nina
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schisano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001120:Arginine; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005165:Factor V / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism*; D017354:Point Mutation; D011486:Protein C / Q000494:pharmacology; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011486:Protein C; C095381:factor V Leiden; C045879:prothrombin fragment 1.2; D005973:Glutamine; D005165:Factor V; D011516:Prothrombin; D001120:Arginine