title: Pacifier use and sudden infant death syndrome: results from the CESDI/SUDI case control study. CESDI SUDI Research Team.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relation between pacifier use and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three year population based, case control study with parental interviews for each death and four age matched controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five regions in England (population > 17 million).
  
  
  METHODS
  325 infants who had died from SIDS and 1300 control infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly fewer SIDS infants (40%) than controls (51%) used a pacifier for the last/reference sleep (univariate odds ratio (OR), 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.46 to 0.83) and the difference increased when controlled for other factors (multivariate OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0. 22 to 0.77). However, the proportion of infants who had ever used a pacifier for day (66% SIDS v 66% controls) or night sleeps (61% SIDS v 61% controls) was identical. The association of a risk for SIDS infants who routinely used a pacifier but did not do so for the last sleep became non-significant when controlled for socioeconomic status (bivariate OR, 1.39 (0.93 to 2.07)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further epidemiological evidence and physiological studies are needed before pacifier use can be recommended as a measure to reduce the risk of SIDS.
authors.affiliation: FSID Unit, Department of Child Health, Developmental Physiology, Royal Hospital for Children, St Michael's Hill, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK. peter.fleming@bris.ac.uk
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Platt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Golding
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002423:Cause of Death; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007224:Infant Care; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep; D012923:Social Class; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000209:etiology*