title: The effect of sedation on gastric emptying of a liquid marker in ponies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of sedation on gastric emptying was evaluated in six ponies by monitoring serum concentrations of acetaminophen (AP) after intragastric administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six adult ponies, 135 to 275 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen minutes after the intravenous administration of xylazine (1 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg), acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) or saline, ponies were given AP (20 mg/kg in 350 mL water) by stomach tube. Blood for AP analysis was collected at baseline and 15, 30, 45, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes after AP administration. The time (Tmax) to reach peak serum concentration (Cmax), and the area under the AP serum concentration versus time curve (AUC) were determined for each treatment group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tmax was 31 mins in the control group, and this increased significantly (P<.05) after sedation. Cmax decreased (P<.05) after xylazine administration, and AUC decreased (P<.05) after acepromazine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicated that sedation has a significant effect on the gastric emptying rate of a liquid in ponies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville 37901-1071, USA.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Provenza
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Frazier
mesh_terms: D000075:Acepromazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects*; D006736:Horses / Q000378:metabolism*; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000662:veterinary; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014991:Xylazine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D014991:Xylazine; D000082:Acetaminophen; D000075:Acepromazine; D002077:Butorphanol