title: Pulmonary epithelial cells are a source of IL-8 in the response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: essential role of IL-1 from infected monocytes in a NF-kappa B-dependent network.
abstract: Pulmonary epithelial cells, covering a 70-m2 surface area, have not previously been considered an important source of chemokines in pulmonary tuberculosis. We analyzed IL-8 secretion from A549 cells and primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Direct infection of A549 cells by M. tuberculosis caused IL-8 secretion of 7720 +/- 1610 pg/106 cells, but no IL-8 secretion from NHBE after 24 h. In contrast, conditioned media from M. tuberculosis-infected human monocytes (CoMTB) induced a much greater IL-8 secretion of 92,635 +/- 13,180 pg/106 A549 cells and 13,416 +/- 3,529 pg/106 NHBE after 24 h. CoMTB induced rapid IL-8 mRNA accumulation, which was stable over 24 h, compared with TNF-alpha-induced transcripts. CoMTB stimulated nuclear binding of p65, p50, and c-Rel subunits of NF-kappa B to IL-8 promoter sequences. Transient transfections with IL-8 promoter reporter constructs showed NF-kappa B binding-site mutations abolished IL-8 promoter activity while NF-IL-6 binding-site mutations decreased promoter activity to 50.2 +/- 6.3% of wild-type activity. IL-1R antagonist but not neutralizing anti-TNF-alpha inhibited epithelial cell IL-8 secretion, mRNA accumulation, and NF-kappa B binding. Recombinant IL-1 beta (2 ng/ml) induced similar levels of IL-8 secretion to CoMTB in both A549 cells and NHBE. Pulmonary epithelial cells are a major source of IL-8 in the initial host response to pulmonary tuberculosis. Such IL-8 secretion is NF-kappa B dependent, NF-IL-6 requiring, and activated by an IL-1-mediated pathway as a consequence of phagocytosis of M. tuberculosis by monocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Wickremasinghe
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Friedland
mesh_terms: D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000276:immunology; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000276:immunology; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger