title: Feasibility and safety of ultrasound-aided thoracentesis in mechanically ventilated patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thoracentesis in a ventilated patient is rarely performed because of the risk of pneumothorax. We have evaluated the safety of this procedure when aided by ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical intensive care unit, university-affiliated hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  45 procedures were performed in 40 consecutive patients with ultrasound signs of pleural effusion, all mechanically ventilated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pleural effusion was defined on ultrasound as a collection of fluid between parietal and visceral pleura leading to variations in interpleural distance during breathing. When the interpleural distance was >/= 15 mm and visible over three intercostal spaces, a needle (16 or 21 G) was inserted after ultrasound localization in a patient in either dorsal or lateral decubitus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No complication occurred in the 45 thoracenteses. Fluid was obtained in 44 of 45 procedures, thus confirming the diagnosis of pleural effusion. The procedure was immediate (less than 10 s) in 40 of 45 cases. It was easy (i. e., keeping the patient supine) in 22 of 45 procedures. In 44 cases where fluid was obtained, only 27 bedside radiographs revealed signs of effusion, whereas 17 showed absence of a visible effusion. Ultrasound thus appeared more efficient than bedside X-ray in detecting pleural effusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If basic rules are followed, ultrasound localization makes thoracentesis a safe, easy and simple procedure in patients on mechanical ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Ambroise-Paré, 9 avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, F-92 100 Boulogne (Paris), France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hulot
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rabiller
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tostivint
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mezière
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019152:Paracentesis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012449:Safety; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*