title: Monochloramine directly modulates Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels in rabbit colonic muscularis mucosae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mesenteric ischemia, infection, and inflammatory bowel disease may eventuate in severe colitis, complicated by toxic megacolon with impending intestinal perforation. Monochloramine (NH(2)Cl) is a membrane-permeant oxidant generated during colitis by the large amount of ambient luminal NH(3) in the colon. Reactive oxygen metabolites can modulate smooth muscle ion channels and thereby affect colonic motility, which is markedly impaired in colitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of NH(2)Cl on ionic currents in the innermost smooth muscle layer of the colon, the tunica muscularis mucosae, were examined using the patch clamp technique. Membrane potential in whole tissue strips was measured using high-resistance microelectrodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whole cell voltage clamp experiments showed that NH(2)Cl (3-30 micromol/L) enhanced outward currents in a dose-dependent manner, increasing currents more than 8-fold at a test potential of +30 mV. Tail current analysis showed that the currents enhanced by NH(2)Cl were K(+) currents. Inhibition by tetraethylammonium and iberiotoxin suggested that these currents represented activation of large-conductance, Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels. The membrane-impermeant oxidant taurine monochloramine, however, had no effect on whole cell currents. Single-channel studies in inside-out patches showed that NH(2)Cl increased open probability of a 257-pS channel in symmetrical (140 mmol/L) K(+). In the presence of NH(2)Cl, the steady-state voltage dependence of activation was shifted by -22 mV to the left with no change in the single-channel amplitude. The sulfhydryl alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide prevented NH(2)Cl-induced channel activation. NH(2)Cl also hyperpolarized intact muscle strips, an effect blocked by iberiotoxin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NH(2)Cl, at concentrations expected to be found during colitis, may contribute to smooth muscle dysfunction by a direct oxidant effect on maxi K(+) channels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: X D
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Akbarali
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D002700:Chloramines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005033:Ethylmaleimide / Q000494:pharmacology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011817:Rabbits; D013439:Sulfhydryl Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D016877:Oxidants; D015221:Potassium Channels; D013439:Sulfhydryl Reagents; C030816:chloramine; D005033:Ethylmaleimide; D002118:Calcium