title: Quality, cost, and outcome of intensive care in a public hospital in Bombay, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the quality, cost, and benefits of intensive care in a public hospital in Bombay, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective collection of data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen-bed medical-neurology-neurosurgery intensive care unit (ICU) of a municipal teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 993 consecutive ICU patients during a 16-month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 993 patients aged 36.5 +/- 16 yrs (mean +/- SD) had a day-1 Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score of 14.9 +/- 9.6 (mean +/- SD), with a predicted mortality of 21.7%; the observed mortality was 36.2% (standardized mortality ratio = 1.67). The day-1 Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) points were 17.7 +/- 6.2 (mean +/- SD), and total TISS points per patient were 87.6 +/- 110 (mean +/- SD). Nurse-to-patient ratio in the ICU was 3:17 and the average workload per nurse was 64.2 TISS points. The average length of stay was 5.5 days (SD = 7.1 days). The overall cost of treating 993 patients was, in Indian rupees (Rs), Rs 107,79,209 (U.S. $307,997), and cost per patient per day was Rs 1,973 (U.S. $57). The cost per survivor was Rs 17,029 (U.S. $487) and cost per TISS point was Rs 90.14 (U.S. $2.57). The low cost per TISS point was attributable to the reuse of disposable equipment and lower cost of drugs and salaries for medical and paramedical staff.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intensive care in India is cheaper than in the West; however, mortality is 1.67 times that for patients with similar APACHE II scores in ICUs in the United States. This finding may be attributable to the lesser intensity of care per patient (lower day-1 TISS points), lower nurse-to-patient ratio because of shortage of trained personnel and budgetary constraints, and higher workload per nurse (64.2 TISS points per nurse, compared with 40 points per nurse in the West). In addition, the APACHE II scores may underestimate mortality for Indian patients because of differences in case mix, higher lead time between onset of admission and treatment before ICU admission, and possible inappropriateness of age points derived from American patients for Indian subjects because of a higher burden of diseases at lower ages in Indian patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver CO, USA.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Karnad
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011787:Quality of Health Care