title: Evaluation of stimulation parameters on aortomyoplasty, using Latissimus Dorsi muscle in a goat model: an acute study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dynamic aortomyoplasty using Latissimus Dorsi muscle (LDM) has been shown to improve myocardial function. However, systematic examination of the effects of stimulation parameters on aortic wrap function has not been done. Thus, the present study measures the direct effect of stimulation voltage, pulse train duration, frequency of the pulses, and the duration of the stimulation delay from R wave on the aortic wrap function.
  
  
  METHODS
  In eight female goats, the left LDM was wrapped around the descending aorta. The muscle was then subjected to electrical stimulation, altering frequency of stimulation pulses (16.6, 20, 25, 33 and 50 Hz), amplitude (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 V), and number of pulses (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 pulses) in a train stimulation. Left ventricular, aortic pressure, and pressure generated by LDM on aorta (wrap pressure) was measured. The changes in hemodynamic parameters mentioned above were calculated and compared for different stimulation parameters during unassisted and assisted cardiac cycles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aortomyoplasty counterpulsation using LDM provided significant improvement in wrap pressure (78 mmHg +/- 2), aortic diastolic pressure, and changes in aortic diastolic pressure from 2 to 4 V (P < 0.05). Further increase in amplitude did not make any significant improvements of the above mentioned parameters. Significant augmentation of wrap pressure (82 mmHg +/- 2), aortic diastolic pressure (79 mmHg +/- 3) and changes in aortic diastolic pressure (12 mmHg +/- 1) occurred at 6 pulses (P < 0.05). Other changes in number of pulses did not show any significant improvements. Significant improvement of wrap pressure (80 mmHg +/- 2), aortic diastolic pressure (73 mmHg +/- 3) and changes in aortic diastolic pressure (12 mmHg +/- 1) was observed with a frequency of 33 Hz. To examine a wide range of delays from the onset of the QRS complex to LDM stimulation, stimulation was delivered randomly. The exact delay was determined from the ECG signal and superimposed LDM stimulation pulses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study we present a new measurement, wrap pressure. We also present that in aortomyoplasty using LDM, the most significant improvement in wrap pressure, aortic diastolic pressure and changes in aortic diastolic pressure occurs when the stimulation consists of an amplitude of 4 V, a frequency of 33 Hz and a train stimulation of 6 pulses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, KY, USA. ardeshir.hakami@teliamail.dk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hakami
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Santamore
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Stremel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tobin
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Hjortdal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015908:Counterpulsation / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome