title: Quorum-sensing cross talk: isolation and chemical characterization of cyclic dipeptides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacteria.
abstract: In cell-free Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture supernatants, we identified two compounds capable of activating an N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) biosensor. Mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy revealed that these compounds were not AHLs but the diketopiperazines (DKPs), cyclo(DeltaAla-L-Val) and cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr) respectively. These compounds were also found in cell-free supernatants from Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter agglomerans [cyclo(DeltaAla-L-Val) only]. Although both DKPs were absent from Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas alcaligenes, we isolated, from both pseudomonads, a third DKP, which was chemically characterized as cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro). Dose-response curves using a LuxR-based AHL biosensor indicated that cyclo(DeltaAla-L-Val), cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr) and cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) activate the biosensor in a concentration-dependent manner, albeit at much higher concentrations than the natural activator N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C6-HSL). Competition studies showed that cyclo(DeltaAla-L-Val), cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr) and cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) antagonize the 3-oxo-C6-HSL-mediated induction of bioluminescence, suggesting that these DKPs may compete for the same LuxR-binding site. Similarly, DKPs were found to be capable of activating or antagonizing other LuxR-based quorum-sensing systems, such as the N-butanoylhomoserine lactone-dependent swarming motility of Serratia liquefaciens. Although the physiological role of these DKPs has yet to be established, their activity suggests the existence of cross talk among bacterial signalling systems.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ram Chhabra
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Nys
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stead
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Bainton
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manefield
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Labatte
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: England
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Givskov
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Salmond
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Bycroft
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kjelleberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002450:Cell Communication; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010641:Phenotype; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C088386:homoserine lactone; D015107:4-Butyrolactone