title: Relationship between concussion and neuropsychological performance in college football players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the high prevalence and potentially serious outcomes associated with concussion in athletes, there is little systematic research examining risk factors and short- and long-term outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between concussion history and learning disability (LD) and the association of these variables with neuropsychological performance and to evaluate postconcussion recovery in a sample of college football players.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 393 athletes from 4 university football programs across the United States received preseason baseline evaluations between May 1997 and February 1999. Subjects who had subsequent football-related acute concussions (n = 16) underwent neuropsychological comparison with matched control athletes from within the sample (n = 10).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical interview, 8 neuropsychological measures, and concussion symptom scale ratings at baseline and after concussion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 393 players, 129 (34%) had experienced 1 previous concussion and 79 (20%) had experienced 2 or more concussions. Multivariate analysis of variance yielded significant main effects for both LD (P<.001) and concussion history (P=.009), resulting in lowered baseline neuropsychological performance. A significant interaction was found between LD and history of multiple concussions and LD on 2 neuropsychological measures (Trail-Making Test, Form B [P=.007] and Symbol Digit Modalities Test [P=.009]), indicating poorer performance for the group with LD and multiple concussions compared with other groups. A discriminant function analysis using neuropsychological testing of athletes 24 hours after acute in-season concussion compared with controls resulted in an overall 89.5% correct classification rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that neuropsychological assessment is a useful indicator of cognitive functioning in athletes and that both history of multiple concussions and LD are associated with reduced cognitive performance. These variables may be detrimentally synergistic and should receive further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Health, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Mich 48202, USA. mcollin1@hfhs.org
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Grindel
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lovell
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Dede
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Phalin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nogle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wasik
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cordry
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Daugherty
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Sears
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nicolette
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Indelicato
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McKeag
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003071:Cognition; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D014495:Universities