title: Tracheal allograft reconstruction: the total North American and worldwide pediatric experiences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We reviewed both the North American and the total worldwide pediatric experience with tracheal allograft reconstruction as treatment for patients with long segment and recurrent tracheal stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The stenosed tracheal segment is opened to widely patent segments. The anterior cartilage is resected and the posterior trachealis muscle or tracheal wall remains. A temporary silastic intraluminal stent is placed and absorbable sutures secure the chemically preserved cadaveric trachea. After initial success with this technique in Europe, several North American centers have now performed the procedure. The cumulative North American experience includes 6 patients (3 adults and 3 children). Worldwide, more than 100 adults and 31 children, aged 5 months to 18 years, with severe long segment tracheal stenosis have undergone tracheal allograft reconstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In North America, 5 of 6 patients have survived, with one early death due to bleeding from a tracheal-innominate artery fistula in a previously irradiated neck. Worldwide, 26 children survived (26 of 31 = 84%) with follow-up from 5 months to 14 years. Only 1 of 26 pediatric survivors (1 of 26 = 3.8%) had a tracheostomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tracheal allograft reconstruction demonstrates encouraging short- to medium-term results for patients with complex tracheal stenosis. Allograft luminal epithelialization supports the expectation of good long-term results.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, All Children's Hospital, University of South Florida School of Medicine, St. Petersburg 33701, USA. jjacobs1@compuserve.com
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Quintessenza
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Spektor
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Delius
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herberhold
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D015607:Stents; D014132:Trachea / Q000637:transplantation*; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous