title: Quantitative association between a newly identified molecular variant in the endothelin-2 gene and human essential hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Essential hypertension is a multifactorial disease in which the genetic contribution is probably the result of a number of genes acting in combination. Recent work has incriminated endothelin-2 (ET2) as a candidate gene for human essential hypertension. This study sought to (i) determine the existence of any molecular variants in the ET2 gene; (ii) undertake an allelic-association study of any such variants found in a large group of well characterized hypertensive and control populations; and (iii) assess any quantitative relationship between the molecular variant and pretreatment blood presure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ET2 gene was subjected to single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis in order to identify novel molecular variants. Well-characterized subjects recruited from our local population were used in our association study. Two hundred and forty-four hypertensive patients with pre-treatment blood pressure (range 139/94-237/133 mmHg) were well matched with 228 controls from our local population of 30000 healthy subjects (range 96/62-160/85 mmHg). All subjects were Caucasian.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polymerase chain reaction-SSCP identified a single A985G base change in 3'-UTR of the ET2 gene which was confirmed by direct sequencing. A restriction site for the enzyme BsmA1 was either created (+) or removed (-) with this polymorphism. Analysis of variance showed that the ET2 genotype was an independent predictor of pre-treatment diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the hypertensive (P< 0.001) but not normotensive group with higher pressures tracking with the (-) allele. Other covariates such as age, sex, alcohol, cigarette smoking, body mass index and cholesterol showed no significant relationship with this genotype. The genotype frequencies for the hypertensive and control population were (-/-: -/+: +/+) 178 :58:8 and 168:55: 5, respectively (not significant). Subjects from the top and tail quartiles of measurement of blood pressure in both groups were selected for genotype and allele frequency comparison. Both genotype and allele differences were highly significant between the two extreme groups for DBP (genotype P< 0.001, alleles P< 0.01) distribution. A search for potential functional variants in linkage disequilibrium with A985G found one further variant in the 5'-UTR, C44T. Conditional haplotype probabilities in 214 chromosomes show that this polymorphism is not in linkage disequilibrium with the 3'-UTR. No other variants were found on a molecular screen of the transcribed portion of the ET2 gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This newly identified polymorphism of the ET2 gene tracked significantly in hypertensives when blood pressure was assessed as a quantitative trait. The difference in genotype and allele frequencies between the extremes of blood pressure suggest that the ET2 locus influences the severity rather than the initial development of hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK. ps100@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hingorani
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hopper
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003971:Diastole / Q000235:genetics; D019333:Endothelin-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D019333:Endothelin-2