title: The angles between the C(1)-, C(5)-, and C(9)-methyl bonds of the retinylidene chromophore and the membrane normal increase in the M intermediate of bacteriorhodopsin: direct determination with solid-state (2)H NMR.
abstract: The orientations of three methyl bonds of the retinylidene chromophore of bacteriorhodopsin were investigated in the M photointermediate using deuterium solid-state NMR ((2)H NMR). In this key intermediate, the chromophore has a 13-cis, 15-anti conformation and a deprotonated Schiff base. Purple membranes containing wild-type or mutant D96A bacteriorhodopsin were regenerated with retinals specifically deuterated in the methyl groups of either carbon C(1) or C(5) of the beta-ionone ring or carbon C(9) of the polyene chain. Oriented hydrated films were formed by drying concentrated suspensions on glass plates at 86% relative humidity. The lifetime of the M state was increased in the wild-type samples by applying a guanidine hydrochloride solution at pH 9.5 and in the D96A sample by raising the pH. (2)H NMR experiments were performed on the dark-adapted ground state (a 2:1 mixture of 13-cis, 15-syn and all-trans, 15-anti chromophores), the cryotrapped light-adapted state (all-trans, 15-anti), and the cryotrapped M intermediate (13-cis, 15-anti) at -50 degrees C. Bacteriorhodopsin was first completely converted to M under steady illumination of the hydrated films at +5 degrees C and then rapidly cooled to -50 degrees C in the dark. From a tilt series of the oriented sample in the magnetic field and an analysis of the (2)H NMR line shapes, the angles between the individual C-CD(3) bonds and the membrane normal could be determined even in the presence of a substantial degree of orientational disorder. While only minor differences were detected between dark- and light-adapted states, all three angles increase in the M state. This is consistent with an upward movement of the C(5)-C(13) part of the polyene chain toward the cytoplasmic surface or with increased torsional strain. The C(9)-CD(3) bond shows the largest orientational change of 7 degrees in M. This reorientation of the chromophore in the binding pocket provides direct structural support for previous suggestions (based on spectroscopic evidence) for a steric interaction in M between the C(9)-methyl group and Trp 182 in helix F.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moltke
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wallat
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Heyn
mesh_terms: D001436:Bacteriorhodopsins / Q000737:chemistry*; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D003903:Deuterium; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D012168:Retinal Pigments / Q000737:chemistry*; D012176:Retinoids / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012168:Retinal Pigments; D012176:Retinoids; C121835:retinylidene chromophore; D001436:Bacteriorhodopsins; D002244:Carbon; D003903:Deuterium