title: Photic reflex myoclonus: a neurophysiological study in progressive myoclonus epilepsies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the neurophysiological features of photic reflex myoclonus (PRM) in patients with progressive myoclonus epilepsies (PMEs) of different types (Unverricht-Lundborg disease, Lafora's disease, cryptogenic).
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients underwent computerized video-polygraphic recordings, collecting electromyographic (EMG) activity from several cranial and limb muscles. PRM was elicited by intermittent photic stimulation (IPS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  IPS could evoke PRM with a 1:1 relation at frequencies up to 12 Hz. Back-average of the EEG, triggered from the onset of PRM at the upper limbs, showed a contralateral positive-negative transient in central region, preceded by approximately 10 ms by a similar, ipsilateral occipital wave. When IPS induced bilateral jerking, a time lag of approximately 10 ms between the homologous muscles of the two sides was observed, paralleled by a similar delay between the associated contralateral EEG transients in the two central regions, suggesting spread of cortical myoclonic activity from one hemisphere to the other via transcallosal fibers. PRM propagated in different cranial and limb muscles according to a rostrocaudal pattern, with latencies compatible with a transmission along fast-conducting corticospinal motor pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our PME patients, PRM presented uniform neurophysiological features, indicating the participation of both occipital and motor cortices, with bilateral spread presumably mediated by transcallosal connections and propagation down the spinal cord via fast-conducting corticospinal pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy. epicap@iperbole.bologna.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rubboli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meletti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gardella
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaniboni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: d'Orsi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dravet
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tassinari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004576:Electromyography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004831:Epilepsies, Myoclonic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation