title: Temperature measurement errors with thermocouples inside 27 MHz current source interstitial hyperthermia applicators.
abstract: The multielectrode current source (MECS) interstitial hyperthermia (IHT) system uses thermocouple thermometry. To obtain a homogeneous temperature distribution and to limit the number of traumas due to the implanted catheters, most catheters are used for both heating and thermometry. Implications of temperature measurement inside applicators are discussed. In particular, the impact of self-heating of both the applicator and the afterloading catheter were investigated. A one-dimensional cylindrical model was used to compute the difference between the temperature rise inside the applicators (deltaTin) and in the tissue just outside the afterloading catheter (deltaTout) as a function of power absorption in the afterloading catheter, self-heating of the applicator and the effective thermal conductivity of the surrounding tissue. Furthermore, the relative artefact (ERR), i.e. (deltaTin - deltaTout)/deltaTin, was measured in a muscle equivalent agar phantom at different positions in a dual-electrode applicator and for different catheter materials. A method to estimate the tissue temperature by power-off temperature decay measurement inside the applicator was investigated. Using clinical dual-electrode applicators in standard brachytherapy catheters in a muscle-equivalent phantom, deltaTin is typically twice as high as deltaTout. The main reason for this difference is self-heating of the thin feeder wires in the centre of the applicator. The measurement error caused by energy absorption in the afterloading catheter is small, i.e. even for materials with a high dielectric loss factor it is less than 5%. About 5 s after power has been switched off, Tin in the electrodes represents the maximum tissue temperature just before power-off. This delay time (t(delay)) and ERR are independent of Tin. However, they do depend on the thermal properties of the tissue. Therefore, ERR and t(delay) and their stability in perfused tissues have to be investigated to enable a reliable estimation of the tissue temperatures around electrodes in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Rotterdam--Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center/Dijkzigt Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands. kaatee@kfih.azr.nl
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kaatee
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Crezee
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Visser
mesh_terms: D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013696:Temperature; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013997:Time Factors