title: Review of objective topographic facial nerve evaluation methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study is a critical review of the described methods for objective topographic evaluation of facial nerve function to identify areas of consensus and point to future research topics. SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: Original research articles on the subject were identified through the Medline database and reference cross-checking.
  
  
  METHODS
  The articles were grouped according to the methodology used for topographic facial nerve evaluation. The advantages and shortcomings of each method are evaluated. The results obtained in each publication are presented in light of the method used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurements localized around the facial area under investigation show maximal displacement, whereas other sites exhibit much smaller displacements. Large displacements in these locations can be used to assess synkinesis and contractures. Large intersubject variability of the same measure is found. Both linear measurement and image-subtracting techniques hold promise. but until comparative studies are performed, the best method will remain controversial. Simple systems, accurately evaluating facial motor function, are yet to be developed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dulguerov
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marchal
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gysin
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity; D015588:Observer Variation; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014743:Videotape Recording / Q000379:methods