title: Attachments of the posterior layer of lumbar fascia.
abstract: METHODS
  Superficial and deep laminae of the posterior layer of lumbar fascia were dissected. The lumbar portion was measured for evidence of segmental thickenings. Superior attachments were dissected, documented, and photographed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To verify the existence of posterior accessory ligaments and establish the superior attachments and fiber angles of the posterior layer of lumbar fascia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There have been two small dissection studies on the posterior layer. Their findings are conflicting in several areas of clinical significance. Thickenings in the lumbar region were described in one study, but have not been verified. The superior attachments of the posterior layer have not been formally documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study 1: In 21 embalmed cadavers, the lumbar region of the posterior layer was dissected. The lumbar spinous processes and adjacent fascia were marked. The fascia was removed and examined, and its thickness measured with a manual micrometer. Results were statistically analyzed. Study 2: Superior attachments of the posterior layer in 20 cadavers were dissected and photographed. Capacity to transmit tension was estimated and documented photographically, and fiber angles measured in situ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study 1: There was no evidence of macroscopic segmental thickening in the posterior layer. Study 2: The superficial lamina was continuous superiorly with the rhomboids, and the deep lamina with the tendons of splenius cervices and capitis. These previously undocumented attachments were of variable thickness and fibrosity, and capable of transmitting tension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both superficial and deep laminae of the posterior layer are more extensive superiorly than previously thought. This may have implications for certain tests used in assessment and management of low back pain such as the slump and "nonorganic" tests. The thickness of the superior attachments is variable. Their capacity for load bearing is yet to be quantified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. p.barker@anatomy.unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Briggs
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D005206:Fascia Lata / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology