title: Breastfeeding patterns in relation to thumb sucking and pacifier use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the influence of thumb sucking and pacifier use on breastfeeding patterns in exclusively breastfed infants, on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and on the total breastfeeding duration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive, longitudinal, prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were recruited from a population of 15 189 infants born in the maternity ward at the University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden between May 1989 and December 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  506 mother-infant pairs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily recordings by the mothers on infant feeding from the first week after delivery through the duration of the study. Fortnightly home visits with structured interviews by a research assistant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pacifier use was associated with fewer feeds and shorter suckling duration per 24 hours, shorter duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and shorter total breastfeeding duration compared with no pacifier use. These associations were not found for thumb sucking. The possible negative effects of pacifiers on breastfeeding seemed to be related to the frequency of their use. Maternal age and education only slightly modified the association between pacifier use and breastfeeding duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More frequent use of a pacifier was associated with shorter breastfeeding duration, even among a group of mothers who were highly motivated to breastfeed. breastfeeding duration, breastfeeding pattern, exclusive breastfeeding, pacifier use, thumb sucking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Section for International Maternal and Child Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. clara.aarts@ich.uu.se
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aarts
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hörnell
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kylberg
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hofvander
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gebre-Medhin
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005386:Fingersucking; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007224:Infant Care; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015993:Life Tables; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D013391:Sucking Behavior; D013997:Time Factors