title: Methodology for targeting physicians for interventions to improve breast cancer screening.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uneven increases in mammography utilization rates call for methods to efficiently target educational interventions to women who do not regularly use mammography and physicians who do not adhere to national guidelines for breast cancer screening. This paper discusses a method for identifying physicians who are nonadherers to breast cancer screening guidelines or in need of continuing medical education (CME) in this area.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 1995 community-based telephone survey of randomly selected women aged 50-80, residing in four Long Island, NY, townships was used to identify women who underuse mammography and their regular physicians. Community-based surveys of physicians permitted identification of nonadherent providers. Nonadherence to breast cancer screening recommendations was the primary criterion, but because of anticipated physician reluctance to self report nonadherence with screening guidelines, additional criteria were developed to identify physicians with educational needs relating to breast cancer screening. These criteria included lack of office reminder systems and knowledge relating to breast cancer screening, and lack of confidence in patient counseling and clinical breast examination skills.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall response rates were 77% for women's survey, and 66% for the physician survey. 3427 women were classified as underusers (38.5%) and 87% of underusers provided the name and address of their regular physicians. By physician self report, 45% of physicians were classified as nonadherers and 42% were identified as having related educational needs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A feasible method for identifying physicians who are nonadherers to breast cancer screening recommendations or in need of CME about this is described, permitting efficient targeting of educational interventions to those with patients who underuse mammography. The method is not dependent on access to a specific provider or patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 11794-8036, USA.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Messina
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008327:Mammography / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D016730:Program Development / Q000379:methods; D015397:Program Evaluation; D014481:United States