title: An experimental pain model based on electric stimulations of the colon mucosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain intensity and distribution related to diseases of the gut are important diagnostic indicators in gastroenterology. Experimental pain models provide a unique possibility for standardized activation of the nociceptive system, but only few human models exist.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental pain model based on electric stimuli in the human colon was developed and applied. Eleven patients who were referred for surveillance colonoscopy due to earlier polyps in the colon were included. None had any abdominal pain complaints. The following areas were stimulated with 'single', 'repeated', or 'continuous' electric current: the cecum, the hepatic and splenic flexures, and the rectosigmoid junction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects felt deep, diffuse pain during the stimulation, with referral to localized somatic structures. The pain detection thresholds after repeated stimuli were similar in the four areas. The threshold for single stimulation was higher than the threshold for repeated stimulation. Most reported pain in the lower and left site of the abdominal wall during stimuli at the splenic flexure and rectosigmoid junction. Stimuli at the right colon, however, resulted mostly in pain at the contralateral site of the abdomen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented model was robust and suitable for eliciting pain in different regions of the large intestine. The importance of temporal summation in visceral pain was shown. Mapping of the referred pain areas mimics clinical observations and has ontogenetic and anatomic consistency. The model may therefore improve the evaluation of pain in patients with diseases of the colon.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Gastroenterology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg University, Denmark.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Drewes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Qvist
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arendt-Nielsen
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003106:Colon / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric