title: JNK is a volume-sensitive kinase that phosphorylates the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in vitro.
abstract: Cell shrinkage phosphorylates and activates the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC1), indicating the presence of a volume-sensitive protein kinase. To identify this kinase, extracts of normal and shrunken aortic endothelial cells were screened for phosphorylation of NKCC1 fusion proteins in an in-the-gel kinase assay. Hypertonic shrinkage activated a 46-kDa kinase that phosphorylated an NH2-terminal fusion protein, with weaker phosphorylation of a COOH-terminal fusion protein. This cytosolic kinase was activated by both hypertonic and isosmotic shrinkage, indicating regulation by cell volume rather than osmolarity. Subsequent studies identified this kinase as c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). Immunoblotting revealed increased JNK activity in shrunken cells; there was volume-sensitive phosphorylation of NH2-terminal c-Jun fusion protein; immunoprecipitation of JNK from shrunken cells but not normal cells phosphorylated NKCC1 in gel kinase assays; and treatment of cells with tumor necrosis factor, a known activator of JNK, mimicked the effect of hypertonicity. We conclude that JNK is a volume-sensitive kinase in endothelial cells that phosphorylates NKCC1 in vitro. This is the first demonstration of a volume-sensitive protein kinase capable of phosphorylating a volume-regulatory transporter.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lamitina
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: O'Neill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D015151:Immunoblotting; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D028021:Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D028021:Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases