title: A traditional beverage prevents iron deficiency in African women of child bearing age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if a traditional item in the diet might be useful in preventing iron deficiency in African women of child-bearing age.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, the iron status of women who did and did not drink traditional beer high in iron and folic acid, was compared. Iron status was determined by a combination of haemoglobin, serum ferritin and transferrin saturation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted amongst rural villagers in the Murehwa and Zaka districts of Zimbabwe and in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  112 women aged between 12 and 50 y from a population of 425 rural people participating in on-going family genetic studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women who consumed traditional beer had significantly higher serum ferritin concentrations and transferrin saturations compared to non-drinkers (P = 0.0001 and 0.03 respectively). Iron deficiency anaemia was not present in drinkers but the prevalence in non-drinkers was 13%. Forty seven percent of the non-drinkers and only 14% of the drinkers had evidence of iron deficiency (P = 0.002). Six (21%) of the drinkers and none of the non-drinkers had evidence of iron overload (transferrin saturation > 55% and serum ferritin > 400 ug/l).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the consumption of traditional beer, rich in iron, protects women against iron deficiency. While the use of an alcoholic beverage is not ideal, our findings suggest that indigenous cultural practices might be successfully employed or adapted for promoting iron nutrition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mandishona
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Moyo
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Gordeuk
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khumalo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saungweme
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Gangaidzo
authors.forename: Z A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Gomo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rouault
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: MacPhail
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001515:Beer; D001628:Beverages; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism; D015030:Zimbabwe
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D014168:Transferrin; D005293:Ferritins