title: Functional magnetic resonance imaging identifies abnormal visual cortical function in patients with occipital lobe epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can reliably identify lateralized cortical dysfunction in patients with suspected occipital lobe epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared visual cortical function of 10 patients with intractable occipital lobe epilepsy with nine control subjects' fMRI. Visual stimulation by using an alternating checkerboard pattern results in transient increases in the intensity of the proton magnetic resonance signal of water in the occipital lobes during echo-planar imaging. We used these stimulus-dependent changes in signal intensity to construct functional activation maps, which we registered onto anatomic images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After full-field stimulation, none of the patients with occipital lobe epilepsy had normal activation patterns, whereas eight of the nine control subjects had normal patterns (p = 0.001). Abnormalities consisted of either a markedly asymmetric activation pattern in six of 10 patients (p = 0.04), or a complete absence of activation in four of 10 patients (p = 0.05). The abnormal side of activation was concordant with the side of seizure onset in all six patients with asymmetric activation maps. Half-field stimulation produced less reliable results. Although more patients had abnormal activation maps than did controls with half-field stimulation (p = 0.04), the abnormal side was discordant with the side of seizure onset in three of the five patients who had markedly asymmetric activation patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that fMRI with full-field stimulation is a reliable, noninvasive method for identifying areas of abnormal visual cortical function ipsilateral to the epileptogenic region in patients with occipital lobe epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Berlex Laboratories, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Masuoka
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Novotny
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005556:Form Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology