title: Methadone maintenance treatment modalities in relation to incidence of HIV: results of the Amsterdam cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate methadone maintenance treatment modalities, prescribed within the concept of harm reduction, in relation to incidence of HIV infection among drug users with a history of methadone treatment in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational cohort study among 582 HIV-negative drug users. To ensure valid and detailed assessment of methadone treatment, data from the Central Methadone Register in Amsterdam were linked to the Amsterdam cohort study among drug users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Poisson regression analysis was used to identify independent and significant predictors of incidence of HIV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 1906 person years, 58 drug users seroconverted, the overall incidence of HIV being 3.0 per 100 person years with a declining trend for current injectors. An increase in frequency of methadone programme attendance [relative risk (RR), 2.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-4.6, compared with no change] and increase in methadone dosage (RR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.6-1.0, per category of change of 10 mg/day) were significantly associated with incidence of HIV in multivariate analysis. Methadone dosage and frequency of programme attendance in itself were not significant predictors. Other multivariate significant risk factors were homelessness, current injecting and in-patient hospital care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among drug users who receive methadone maintenance treatment in a harm-reduction setting, which includes ancillary services such as needle-exchange programmes and HIV testing and counselling, prescription of high methadone dosages is not sufficient to stop the spread of HIV. However, an individual increase of the methadone dosage and measures to achieve high treatment retention could contribute to the prevention of HIV among drug users.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health and Environment, Municipal Health Service, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. mlangendam@gggd.amsterdam.nl
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Langendam
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: van Brussel
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: van Ameijden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000821:virology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone