title: Mixing intensity modulated electron and photon beams: combining a steep dose fall-off at depth with sharp and depth-independent penumbras and flat beam profiles.
abstract: For application in radiotherapy, intensity modulated high-energy electron and photon beams were mixed to create dose distributions that feature: (a) a steep dose fall-off at larger depths, similar to pure electron beams, (b) flat beam profiles and sharp and depth-independent beam penumbras, as in photon beams, and (c) a selectable skin dose that is lower than for pure electron beams. To determine the required electron and photon beam fluence profiles, an inverse treatment planning algorithm was used. Mixed beams were realized at a MM50 racetrack microtron (Scanditronix Medical AB, Sweden), and evaluated by the dose distributions measured in a water phantom. The multileaf collimator of the MM50 was used in a static mode to shape overlapping electron beam segments, and the dynamic multileaf collimation mode was used to realize the intensity modulated photon beam profiles. Examples of mixed beams were generated at electron energies of up to 40 MeV. The intensity modulated electron beam component consists of two overlapping concentric fields with optimized field sizes, yielding broad, fairly depth-independent overall beam penumbras. The matched intensity modulated photon beam component has high fluence peaks at the field edges to sharpen this penumbra. The combination of the electron and the photon beams yields dose distributions with the characteristics (a)-(c) mentioned above.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physics, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands. korevaar@kfih.azr.nl
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Korevaar
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Heijmen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Woudstra
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huizenga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brahme
mesh_terms: D004583:Electrons; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons; D011874:Radiometry; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage