title: Posttraumatic stress disorder after injury: impact on general health outcome and early risk assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate prospectively components of general health outcome after trauma and to report on the further validation of the Michigan Critical Events Perception Scale (MCEPS), an instrument that predicts increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults without neurologic injury admitted to a Level I trauma center in 1997 were interviewed during hospitalization. Baseline data included demographics, injury mechanism, Injury Severity Score, the Short Form 36 (SF36), and the MCEPS, which measures peri-traumatic dissociation (the sense of depersonalization or derealization during an injury event). Surveys sent by mail and completed 6 months later included the SF36 and civilian Mississippi Scale for PTSD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 140 patients were interviewed; the 70% (n = 100 patients) who completed the 6-month assessment form the study group. Injuries were categorized as 71% blunt, 13% penetrating, and 16% burn. Mean Injury Severity Score was 13.7+/-0.52. PTSD at 6 months occurred in 42% of the patients and was directly related to MCEPS dissociation (p = 0.001; odds ratio = 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.6, 5.9). A stepwise linear regression explains 40% of the variance in 6-month SF36 general health outcome (adjusted R2 = 0.402). The model controls for individual factors related to dissociation, PTSD, and general health outcome. Development of PTSD was independently and inversely related to general health outcome as measured by the SF36 at 6 months (p < 0.001, beta = -0.404). The R2 change of 0.132 for PTSD (vs. 0.082 for 6-month physical function) illustrates that PTSD contributes more to the patient's perceived general health at 6 months than the degree of physical function or injury severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within hours of injury, the MCEPS identifies patients who are three times more likely to develop PTSD. PTSD compromises self-reported general health outcome in injured adults independent of baseline status, Injury Severity Score, or degree of physical recovery. These data suggest that psychological morbidity is an important part of the patient's perceived general health.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Services, Legacy/Emanuel Hospital, Portland, Oregon 97227, USA. amichael@lhs.org
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Michaels
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Michaels
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Taheri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008016:Life Change Events; D016014:Linear Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology