title: An epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan. Taiwan Enterovirus Epidemic Working Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enteroviruses can cause outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (characterized by vesicular lesions on the hands, feet, and oral mucosa) or herpangina, usually without life-threatening manifestations. In 1998 an epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection caused hand-foot-and-mouth disease and herpangina in thousands of people in Taiwan, some of whom died.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the epidemiologic aspects of this outbreak. Cases of hand-foot-and-mouth disease or herpangina in ambulatory patients were reported to the Taiwan Department of Health by a mean of 818 sentinel physicians. Severe cases in hospitalized patients were reported by 40 medical centers and regional hospitals. Viruses were isolated by 10 hospital laboratories and the department of health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sentinel physicians reported 129,106 cases of hand-foot-and-mouth disease or herpangina in two waves of the epidemic, which probably represents less than 10 percent of the estimated total number of cases. There were 405 patients with severe disease, most of whom were five years old or younger; severe disease was seen in all regions of the island. Complications included encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, pulmonary edema or hemorrhage, acute flaccid paralysis, and myocarditis. Seventy-eight patients died, 71 of whom (91 percent) were five years of age or younger. Of the patients who died, 65 (83 percent) had pulmonary edema or pulmonary hemorrhage. Among patients from whom a virus was isolated, enterovirus 71 was present in 48.7 percent of outpatients with uncomplicated hand-foot-and-mouth disease or herpangina, 75 percent of hospitalized patients who survived, and 92 percent of patients who died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although several enteroviruses were circulating in Taiwan during the 1998 epidemic, enterovirus 71 infection was associated with most of the serious clinical manifestations and with nearly all the deaths. Most of those who died were young, and the majority died of pulmonary edema and pulmonary hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan. monto@mail.nhri.org.tw
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Twu
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shih
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D006232:Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006557:Herpangina / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology