title: Implementation of new surgical technology: outcome measures for lymphatic mapping of breast carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent advances in technology and the subsequent development of minimally invasive surgical techniques have heralded a new era in the surgical treatment of breast cancer. The dilemma of how to train surgeons in new technologies requires teaching, certification, and outcomes reporting in a non-threatening and non-economically damaging manner. This study examines 700 cases of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for breast cancer and documents surgeon-specific and institution-specific learning curves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven hundred cases of lymphatic mapping and SLN biopsy were examined. All procedures were performed using a combination of vital blue dye and radiolabeled sulfur colloid. Learning curves were generated for each surgeon as a plot of failure rate versus number of cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Examination of the learning curves in this study demonstrates similar characteristics. Following a high initial failure rate, there is a rapid decrease after the first twenty cases. The learning curve, representing the mean of the five surgeons' experience, indicates that 23 cases and 53 cases are required to achieve success rates of 90% and 95%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The initial reports regarding lymphatic mapping combined with this experience of 700 cases confirm the presence of a significant learning curve. Although this procedure may have an inherent failure rate, it is important to identify those factors that are under the control of the surgeon and, therefore, subject to improvement. We believe that these data provide surgeons performing lymphatic mapping and SLN biopsy with a new paradigm for assessing their skill and adequacy of training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, USA. coxce@moffitt.usf.edu
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boulware
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Reintgen
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D001706:Biopsy / Q000592:standards; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000592:standards*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes
chemical_list: D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C025484:iso-sulfan blue