title: Altered association of transcriptionally active DNA with the nuclear-matrix after heat shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exposure of human cells to heat leads to denaturation and aggregation of proteins. Within the nucleus, it has been suggested that protein aggregation is linked to the selective inhibition by hyperthermia of nucleotide excision repair in transcriptionally active genes. In this study it was investigated in detail whether and how the inhibition of repair of transcriptionally active genes might be related to alterations in their association with the nuclear-matrix.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different protocols for nuclear-matrix isolation (high salt and lithium 3',5'-diiodosalycilate [LIS] extraction of nuclei) were used to compare DNA loop organization and positioning of transcriptionally active genes in both heated and non-heated cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNaseI digestion of total genomic DNA in Cu2+ -stabilized LIS-extracted nuclei revealed that heat shock perturbed the formation of nuclear-matrix attachment sites. Specific labelling of active genes indicated that the number of nuclear-matrix attachment sites in transcriptionally active DNA was increased due to the heat shock. At the level of individual genes, heat treatment led to stabilization of the 5' matrix attachment site (MAR) in the transcriptionally active adenosine deaminase (ADA) housekeeping gene. Moreover, heat shock resulted in the formation of an additional MAR at the 3' end of the ADA gene. The inactive 754 locus was unassociated, irrespective of a heat shock.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported changes in chromatin structure might underlie the selective inhibition of repair in transcriptionally active genes and consequently may be mechanistically linked to the sensitization of heated cells to ionizing radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Genetics and Chemical Mutagenesis-MGC, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sakkers
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Brunsting
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Filon
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kampinga
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Konings
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Mullenders
mesh_terms: D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000235:genetics; D001665:Binding Sites; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004260:DNA Repair; D018869:Heat-Shock Response / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D015530:Nuclear Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D004247:DNA; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase