title: The patient-related costs of care for sepsis patients in a United Kingdom adult general intensive care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the patient-related costs of care for critically ill patients with severe sepsis or early septic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, longitudinal, observational study during a 10-month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult general intensive care unit (ICU) in a university hospital located in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 213 patients admitted consecutively to the ICU during a 10-month period. Thirty-six patients were identified using standard definitions as having developed sepsis and analyzed by group (according to the day on which sepsis was diagnosed): Group 1 patients were septic at admission to ICU (n = 16); group 2 patients were septic on their second day in the ICU (n = 10); and group 3 patients developed sepsis after their second day in the ICU (n = 10). One hundred and seventy-seven ICU patients without sepsis were used as the comparative group (group 4).
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient-related costs of care, length of ICU stay, and ICU and hospital mortality rates were compiled. The median daily costs of care for patients in groups 1, 2, and 3 were $930.74 (interquartile range $851.59-$1,263.96); $814.47 ($650.89-$1,123.06), and $1,079.39 ($705.02-$1,295.96), respectively; these were significantly more than the group 4 patient's daily cost of $750.38 ($644.10-$908.55) (p < .01). The median total cost of treating the group 4 patients was $1,666.87 ($979.71-$2,772.03), significantly less than for the patients with sepsis (p < .01). The difference in total costs of care between the sepsis groups was also significant (p < .05), with a group 1 patient costing $3,801.55 ($1,865.28-$11,676.08), a group 2 patient costing $13,089.17 ($5,792.94-$22,235.18), and a group 3 patient costing $17,962.78 ($13,030.83-$28,546.73). Patients in groups 1, 2, and 3 stayed in the ICU for 3.3 days (1.3-11.3), 16.5 days (8.9-22), and 16.1 days (10.9-9), respectively. Significant differences were found among the three groups (p < 0.05), as well as between the patients with sepsis and those without (p < 0.001), whose median length of stay was 1.9 days (0.9-3.6). The ICU mortality rates were 50% each for groups 1 and 2, 60% for group 3, and 20% for group 4. Only one patient with sepsis and 16 patients without sepsis died in the hospital ward, producing overall mortality rates of 56% for group 1 and 29% for group 4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with severe sepsis or early septic shock had a high mortality rate, spent prolonged periods of time in the ICU, and were significantly more expensive to treat than nonsepsis ICU patients.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Central Sheffield University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Edbrooke
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hibbert
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kingsley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bright
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Quinn
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000191:economics