title: Bladder treatment. Immunotherapy and chemotherapy.
abstract: The urinary bladder is affected by numerous treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy radiotherapy, photodynamic and laser therapy, and immunotherapy. The literature on therapy for bladder cancer is abundant but tends to offer little information concerning the tissue and cellular manifestations related to treatment. A variety of changes in urothelial cells may be seen on urinary cytology or biopsy. Therapy-associated cytologic abnormalities remain the most common cause of false-positive reports in urothelial cytology. Most pathologic changes are characterized by an exuberant inflammatory reaction, blood vessel abnormalities, and degenerative/regenerative urothelial atypia; none of these findings are diagnostic of the outcome of a specific therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Cordoba University Medical School, Spain. em1lobea@lucano.uco.es
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopez-Beltran
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003556:Cystitis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007834:Lasers / Q000009:adverse effects; D009336:Necrosis; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D013537:Sutures / Q000009:adverse effects; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000601:surgery; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents