title: Rapid induction of behavioral and neurochemical tolerance to cocaethylene, a model compound for agonist therapy of cocaine dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tolerance to abused drugs may impact on patterns of abuse, and in the case of agonist therapies, may be beneficial in that it reduces the reward value of a given dose of abused drug. Cocaethylene, a psychoactive metabolite resulting from concurrent alcohol and cocaine consumption, was examined because of its use in human research studies of drug reward mechanisms, and its potential as a model compound for an agonist based therapy for cocaine dependence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Comparisons were made between cocaine and cocaethylene in the acute development of tolerance to the neurochemical and behavioral effects of cocaine. With chronic exposure, tolerance to the behavioral effects of cocaine was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  In awake rats with a microdialysis probe in the nucleus accumbens and a jugular catheter, an IV bolus/3-h infusion of cocaine or cocaethylene and a subsequent cocaine challenge was administered while extracellular dopamine and locomotion were monitored. Chronic IV treatment with cocaine, cocaethylene, and a water control was accomplished for 7 days using osmotic minipumps attached to jugular catheters. Animals were then challenged with an IV bolus of cocaine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With acute treatment, the IV bolus of cocaethylene at the beginning of the infusion period resulted in an initial behavioral activation equivalent to that caused by cocaine, after which there was a striking difference in that the cocaethylene group displayed a return to predrug levels of activity, while the cocaine group showed high levels of activity throughout the 3-h period. Both cocaethylene and cocaine resulted in an initial increase in the extracellular concentration of dopamine. However, after that initial increase, levels of dopamine dropped in the cocaethylene group while the cocaine group levels remained elevated. A 1-week infusion of cocaine or cocaethylene resulted in tolerance to the behavioral activating effects of a subsequent cocaine challenge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate a rapid induction of tolerance to the behavioral and neurochemical properties of cocaethylene, resulting in a diminished behavioral response to a cocaine challenge both acutely, and after 7 days. The relevance of these data for the use of cocaethylene as a model compound for an agonist approach to therapy for cocaine dependence is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and the West Haven, CT Veteran's Administration Hospital, Box 116A2, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Bradberry
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jatlow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000032:analysis*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: C066444:cocaethylene; D003042:Cocaine; D004298:Dopamine