title: The human antibody response to porcine xenoantigens is encoded by IGHV3-11 and IGHV3-74 IgVH germline progenitors.
abstract: Preformed and induced Ab responses present a major immunological barrier to the use of pig organs for human xenotransplantation. We generated IgM and IgG gene libraries established from lymphocytes of patients treated with a bioartificial liver (BAL) containing pig hepatocytes and used these libraries to identify IgVH genes that encode human Ab responses to pig xenoantigens. Genes encoded by the VH3 family are increased in expression in patients following BAL treatment. cDNA libraries representing the VH3 gene family were generated, and the relative frequency of expression of genes used to encode the Ab response was determined at days 0, 10, and 21. Ig genes derived from the IGHV3-11 and IGHV3-74 germline progenitors increase in frequency post-BAL. The IGHV3-11 gene encodes 12% of VH3 cDNA clones expressed as IgM Abs at day 0 and 32.4-39.0% of cDNA clones encoding IgM Abs in two patients at day 10. IGHV3-11 and IGHV3-74 genes encoding IgM Abs in these patients are expressed without evidence of somatic mutation. By day 21, an isotype switch occurs and IGHV3-11 IgVH progenitors encode IgG Abs that demonstrate somatic mutation. We cloned these genes into a phagemid vector, expressed these clones as single-chain Abs, and demonstrated that the IGHV3-11 gene encodes Abs with the ability to bind to the gal alpha (1,3) gal epitope. Our results demonstrate that the xenoantibody response in humans is encoded by IgVH genes restricted to IGHV3-11 and IGHV3-74 germline progenitors. IgM Abs are expressed in germline configuration and IgG Abs demonstrate somatic mutations by day 21.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA. mkearns@chla.usc.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kearns-Jonker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swensson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ghiuzeli
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Osame
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Starnes
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Cramer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015478:Antigens, Heterophile / Q000276:immunology*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000235:genetics; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics*; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region / Q000235:genetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000276:immunology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015478:Antigens, Heterophile; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004187:Disaccharides; D000939:Epitopes; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region; C055075:galactosyl-(1-3)galactose