title: Smoking, blood pressure and serum albumin are major determinants of carotid atherosclerosis in dialysis patients. CREED Investigators. Cardiovascular Risk Extended Evaluation in Dialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between carotid atherosclerosis and some major cardiovascular risk factors in uremic patients on chronic dialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was carried out in 119 unselected dialysis patients (89 on hemodialysis and 30 on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, CAPD). Fasting blood sampling for serum lipids, albumin, hemoglobin, and echo-colour-Doppler evaluation of common carotid arteries were performed in all patients (during the non-dialysis day in hemodialysis patients). In hemodialysis patients BP was measured before and after dialysis; in CAPD patients home BP values were recorded during the month before the study day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-five patients had at least one plaque and 57 had at least four plaques. Thirty-eight had mild and eleven severe carotid stenosis. In multiple regression models, the mean internal diameter of carotid arteries was explained (R=0.52, P=0.0001) by systolic pressure (r=0.39), serum cholesterol (r=-0.28), age (r=0.27) and smoking (r=0.24) while the degree of carotid stenosis was predicted (R=0.39, P=0.0001) by age (r=0.36) and smoking (r=0.25). The number of atherosclerotic plaques was explained (R=0.51, P=0.0001) by age (r=0.36), smoking (r=0.25) and pulse pressure (r=0.20), serum albumin just failing to reach statistical significance (P = 0.06). However, serum albumin was a significant and independent predictor of the number of atherosclerotic plaques (r=-0.26) in hemodialysis patients (n=89). Sex, diabetes, Kt/V, duration of dialysis treatment, hemoglobin, serum calcium and phosphate did not add any predictive power to the models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In dialysis patients arterial pressure and smoking are associated with carotid atherosclerosis. Serum albumin appears to serve as an independent predictor of carotid atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Clinica Medica L. Condorelli, Reggio Calabria, Italy. dmalatin@tin.it
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Malatino
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Benedetto
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mallamaci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tripepi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zoccali
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parlongo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cutrupi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Panuccio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garozzo
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Candela
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bellanuova
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cataliotti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rapisarda
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fatuzzo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonanno
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seminara
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stancanelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tassone
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Labate
mesh_terms: D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000009:adverse effects; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D010710:Phosphates; D012709:Serum Albumin; D002118:Calcium