title: The secondary fungal metabolite gliotoxin targets proteolytic activities of the proteasome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fungal epipolythiodioxopiperazine metabolite gliotoxin has a variety of toxic effects such as suppression of antigen processing, induction of macrophagocytic apoptosis and inhibition of transcription factor NF-kappaB activation. How gliotoxin acts remains poorly understood except that the molecule's characteristic disulfide bridge is important for immunomodulation. As this fungal metabolite stabilizes the NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaBalpha in the cytoplasm, we decided to investigate its molecular mechanism of action.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that gliotoxin is an efficient, noncompetitive inhibitor of the chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome in vitro. Proteasome inhibition can be reversed by dithiothreitol, which reduces gliotoxin to the dithiol compound. In intact cells, gliotoxin inhibits NF-kappaB induction through inhibition of proteasome-mediated degradation of IkappaBalpha.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gliotoxin targets catalytic activities of the proteasome efficiently. Inhibition by gliotoxin may be countered by reducing agents, which are able to inactivate the disulfide bridge responsible for the inhibitory capacity of gliotoxin.
authors.affiliation: Unité d'Immunologie Virale, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arenzana-Seisdedos
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bachelerie
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Friguet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conconi
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002918:Chymotrypsin / Q000378:metabolism; D003374:Coumarins / Q000378:metabolism; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005912:Gliotoxin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D003374:Coumarins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; D009842:Oligopeptides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D005912:Gliotoxin; C046582:succinyl-leucyl-leucyl-valyl-tyrosyl-methylcoumarinamide; D002918:Chymotrypsin; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex