title: Proteasome inhibitors induce p53/p21-independent apoptosis in human glioma cells.
abstract: The proteasome is a multiprotein complex involved in the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. Three proteasome inhibitors, calpain inhibitor I, lactacystin and MG132, induced apoptosis in several human malignant glioma cell lines. Although proteasome inhibitors induced p53 accumulation in a cell line retaining wild-type p53 activity, p53 activity was dispensable for apoptosis since transdominant-negative p53 abrogated p53-dependent p21 induction but did not modulate apoptosis. Further, p21 was induced by higher concentrations of proteasome inhibitors in a p53-independent manner both in p53 wild-type and in p53 mutant cell lines. Although there was a strong G2/M arrest in response to proteasome inhibition in glioma cells, this G2/M arrest was also observed in p21(-/-) colon carcinoma cells, suggesting that p21 is dispensable for the G2/M arrest associated with proteasome inhibition. Interestingly, the p21(-/-) cells were more resistant to protease inhibitors than parental p21(+/+) cells. In summary, our data indicate that proteasome inhibition induces a p21-independent G2/M arrest and p53-independent apoptosis in human malignant glioma cells.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, School of Medicine, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wagenknecht
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hermisson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eitel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weller
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005910:Glioma; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D007976:Leupeptins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006023:Glycoproteins; D007976:Leupeptins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C039304:calpain inhibitors; C067713:lactacystin; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; C072553:benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde; D000111:Acetylcysteine