title: General practice integration in Australia. Primary health services provider and consumer perceptions of barriers and solutions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify practical examples of barriers and possible solutions to improve general practice integration with other health service providers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve focus groups, including one conducted by teleconference, were held across Australia with GPs and non GP primary health service providers between May and September, 1996. Focus groups were embedded within concept mapping sessions, which were used to conceptually explore the meaning of integration in general practice. Data coding, organising and analysis were based on the techniques documented by Huberman and Miles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Barriers to integration were perceived to be principally due to the role and territory disputes between the different levels of government and their services, the manner in which the GP's role is currently defined, and the system of GP remuneration. Suggestions on ways to improve integration involved two types of strategies. The first involves initiatives implemented 'top down' through major government reform to service structures, including the expansion of the role of divisions of general practice, and structural changes to the GP remuneration systems. The second type of strategy suggested involves initiatives implemented from the 'bottom up' involving services such as hospitals (e.g. additional GP liaison positions) and the use of information technology to link services and share appropriate patient data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the need for further research and evaluation of initiatives aimed at achieving general practice integration at a systems level. There is little evidence to suggest which types of initiatives improve integration. However, general practice has been placed in the centre of the health care debate and is likely to remain central to the success of such initiatives. Clarification of the future role and authority of general practice will therefore be required if such integrative strategies are to be successful at a wider health system level.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Public Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Appleby
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dunt
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Southern
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D003258:Consumer Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005194:Family Practice / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D018166:Health Care Reform; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D020400:Provider-Sponsored Organizations