title: Predicting extracapsular extension of prostate cancer in men treated with radical prostatectomy: results from the population based prostate cancer outcomes study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether clinical information routinely available in community practice could predict extracapsular extension of clinically localized prostate cancer in men undergoing radical prostatectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined prostate cancer outcomes in a population based sample of 3,826 patients with primary prostate cancer in 6 regions of the United States covered by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Stratified and weighted logistic regression was used to identify predictors of and probabilities for extracapsular extension of clinically localized tumors treated with radical prostatectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly 47% of men undergoing radical prostatectomy had extraprostatic extension. The strongest predictors were elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) greater than 20 versus less than 4 ng./ml. (odds ratio 5.88, 95% confidence interval 2.90 to 11.15), Gleason score greater than 8 versus less than 6 (1.73, 1.04 to 2.87) and age greater than 70 versus less than 50 years (1.91, 0.98 to 3.70). Ethnicity and region were not associated with increased risk of extraprostatic extension. A nomogram developed from our model predicts extracapsular extension ranging from 24% in men younger than 50 years with PSA less than 4 ng./ml. and a Gleason score of less than 7 to 85% in those 70 years old or older with PSA greater than 20 ng./ml. and a Gleason score of 8 or more. If prostatectomy were limited to patients with less than 60% probability of extraprostatic extension based on the nomogram, 95% of those with organ confined cancers would undergo definitive surgery and 18% of those with extracapsular extension would be spared the morbidity of surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a population based analysis of prostate cancer practice patterns PSA, Gleason score and age are clinically useful predictors of extracapsular extension. Although extracapsular extension may be an imperfect predictor of cancer outcomes, our nomogram provides more realistic probabilities for extracapsular extension than those based on institutional series.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Gilliland
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Albertsen
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Eley
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Harlan
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Potosky
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stephenson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen