title: Confocal laser scanning microscopy of calcium dynamics in living cells.
abstract: Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is widely used to monitor intracellular calcium levels in living cells loaded with calcium-sensitive fluorophores. This review examines the basic advantages and limitations of CLSM in in vivo imaging analyses of calcium dynamics. The benefits of utilizing ratioed images and dextran-conjugated fluorophores are addressed, and practical aspects of handling confocal datasets are outlined. After considering some relatively new microscopical methods that can be used in conjunction with conventional CLSM, possible future applications of confocal techniques in analyses of intracellular calcium dynamics are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA. sstr@unm.edu
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stricker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whitaker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis*; D002138:Calibration; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003911:Dextrans; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D003911:Dextrans; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D002118:Calcium