title: Are there changes in gastric emptying during the menstrual cycle?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The questions of whether gastric emptying of solids and liquids differs in men and women and whether emptying is influenced by the action of sex hormones on gastric smooth muscle remain unresolved.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed the gastric emptying of digestible solids (GES), liquids (GEL), and radiopaque indigestible solids (GER) in three groups of healthy volunteers: 50 women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, 50 women in the luteal phase, and 100 men. [99mTc]-labelled diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) was used as the radioactive marker for digestible solids, and [111In]DTPA was used as the marker for liquids, to time gastric motility after a solid and a liquid meal. GER was evaluated on a different day in abdominal roentgenograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GES and GEL were slower in women than in men (P < 0.05), but GER was similar in the two sexes. However, there were no significant differences in GES, GEL, or GER between women in the follicular and those in the luteal phase, between plasma concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone and the variables used to characterize gastric emptying.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence of postprandial 'physiologic gastroparesis' was found in women, although no differences were found between men and women in gastric motility during fasting. The rate of emptying was not related to changes in plasma concentrations of sex hormones during the menstrual cycle.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Caballero-Plasencia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valenzuela-Barranco
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Martín-Ruiz
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Herrerías-Gutiérrez
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Esteban-Carretero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000502:physiology; D005526:Food, Formulated; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D011859:Radiography; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol