title: Reoperation for herniated thoracic discs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this review the authors address the surgical strategies required to resect residual herniated thoracic discs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data obtained in 15 patients who had undergone prior thoracic discectomy and who harbored residual or incompletely excised symptomatic thoracic discs were reviewed retrospectively. The surgical procedures that had failed to excise the herniated discs completely included 11 posterolateral approaches, one thoracotomy, and three thoracoscopy-guided surgical procedures. Of the lesions that were incompletely resected or residual, there were 13 central calcified, two soft. 12 extradural, and three intradural discs. Indications for reoperation were often multiple in each patient and included misidentification of the level of disc disease at the initial operation (five cases), abandoning the procedure because of intraoperative spinal cord injury (three cases), inadequate visualization of the pathological entity (eight cases), migration of a soft disc fragment within the spinal canal (one case), and intradural disc extension (three cases). The symptoms at the time of reoperation included myelopathy in 13 patients and radicular pain in two patients. The mean interval before reoperation was 150 days (range 1 day-4 years). The reoperation procedures included one thoracotomy and 14 video-assisted thoracoscopic procedures performed ipsilateral (11 cases) or contralateral (four cases) to the site of the initial surgery. The herniated disc material was excised completely in all 15 cases without causing new neurological deficits. Reoperation complications included atelectasis in three patients, intercostal neuralgia in two, a loosened screw that required removal in one, residual intradural disc herniation that required a second reoperation in one patient, and a cerebrospinal fluid leak in one patient. Of the 13 patients who experienced myelopathy prior to operation, 10 recovered neurological function and three stabilized. All patients with radicular pain improved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcified, large, broad-based, centrally located, or transdural thoracic disc herniations can be difficult to resect. These lesions require a ventral operative approach to visualize the dura adequately for a safe and complete resection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013-4496, USA. neuropub@chw.edu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dickman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Regan
mesh_terms: D002114:Calcinosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000379:methods*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D016896:Treatment Outcome