title: The incidence of occult nipple-areola complex involvement in breast cancer patients receiving a skin-sparing mastectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical treatment of breast cancer traditionally has included resection of the nipple-areola complex (NAC), in the belief that this area had a significant probability of containing occult tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the true incidence of NAC involvement in patients who underwent a skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and to determine associated risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was conducted of 326 patients who had a SSM at our institution from 1990 to 1993. NAC involvement was reviewed in 286 mastectomy specimens. The charts were analyzed for tumor size, site, histology, grade, nodal status, recurrence, survival, and NAC involvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Occult tumor involvement in the NAC was found in 5.6% of mastectomy specimens (16 patients). Four patients would have had NAC involvement identified on frozen section if they had been undergoing a skin-sparing mastectomy with preservation of the NAC. There were no significant differences between NAC-positive (NAC+) and NAC-negative (NAC-) patients in median tumor size, nuclear grade, histologic subtype of the primary tumor, or receptor status. There were significant differences in location of the primary tumor (subareolar or multicentric vs. peripheral) and positive axillary lymph node status. NAC involvement was not a marker for increased recurrence or decreased survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occult NAC involvement occurred in only a small percentage of patients undergoing skin-sparing mastectomies. NAC preservation would be appropriate in axillary node-negative patients with small, solitary tumors located on the periphery of the breast.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laronga
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Robb
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Singletary
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015414:Mastectomy, Subcutaneous / Q000379:methods; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009382:Neoplasms, Unknown Primary / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D009558:Nipples / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology