title: Teratogenic response to arsenite during neurulation: relative sensitivities of C57BL/6J and SWV/Fnn mice and impact of the splotch allele.
abstract: Arsenic is an environmental contaminant that induces congenital malformations, primarily neural tube defects, in laboratory animals, and it may contribute to human birth defects. The acute doses of arsenicals required to elicit teratogenesis in outbred strains of mice, however, are orders of magnitude higher than those to which humans are exposed environmentally. In order to examine interactions between arsenite administration during neurulation and murine genotype, the present study compares two inbred mouse strains, establishes a teratogenic dose of arsenite, and evaluates the effect of the splotch mutation on arsenic-induced teratogenesis. SWV/Fnn or C57BL/6J females were injected intraperitoneally with sodium arsenite (10 mg/kg) on days 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, or 9.0 of gestation. A dose-response study was carried out in the C57BL/6J strain, and the effect of the splotch mutation, introduced via the male (C57BL/6J Sp/+), was assessed. Fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal malformations. Fetuses from crosses of C57BL/6J females with C57BL/6J Sp/+ males were genotyped by PCR. Ten-mg/kg sodium arsenite was teratogenic in nearly 50% of C57BL/6J fetuses, and the C57BL/6J strain was significantly more sensitive to arsenite-induced embryo-lethality and teratogenicity than the SWV/Fnn strain. The spectrum of malformations produced was dependent on the gestational time point of arsenite administration. Introduction of the splotch allele significantly increased neural tube defects and other specific malformations. This result demonstrates that a mutation in a single gene can increase sensitivity to arsenic-induced birth defects. This murine study examines the interaction between arsenite-induced teratogenicity and genotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Hovland
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pilafas
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D018053:Arsenites / Q000633:toxicity*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000139:chemically induced; D005838:Genotype; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009420:Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D017678:Sex Distribution; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D013045:Species Specificity; D016137:Spina Bifida Cystica / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D018053:Arsenites; D017670:Sodium Compounds; D013723:Teratogens; C017947:sodium arsenite