title: Photosensitive epilepsy studied by functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study metabolic and hemodynamic correlates of photic stimulation-triggered discharges.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simultaneous EEG, functional MRI (tMRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were performed in nine patients with photosensitive epilepsy and in 12 normal subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prominent visual cortex activation was seen in all normal subjects and patients, and no tMRI-registered hemodynamic abnormalities were correlated with the brief photoparoxysmal spike-wave activity evoked in the photosensitive patients. However, irrespective of the presence of a spike-wave response to the photic stimulation, the photosensitive patients showed four findings not seen in the normal subjects: (a) slightly, but significantly, elevated lactate levels in the occipital cortex in the resting state; (b) an increased area of visual cortical activation with photic stimulation; (c) simultaneous with the occipital cortex stimulus-induced increased fMRI signal, there were noncontiguous areas of signal attenuation most prominent in perirolandic regions; and (d) a marked decrement (undershoot) of fMRI signal intensity immediately after the photic stimulation in the occipital cortex and in the region of the posterior cingulate gyrus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest abnormal interictal metabolism and increased vascular reactivity in the photosensitive patients.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Massachuetts General Hospital, Boston 02214, USA. chiappa@helix.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chiappa
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huang-Hellinger
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006859:Hydrogen; D007773:Lactates / Q000032:analysis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000737:chemistry; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates; D006859:Hydrogen