title: Chemokine production by human chondrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of chondrocytes in producing CXC chemokines [interleukin 8 (IL-8), growth related gene product (GRO-alpha)] and CC chemokines [monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1alpha), RANTES] in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and subjects after traumatic injury (PT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Articular cartilage specimens were obtained from 38 patients with OA and 18 with RA undergoing joint replacement surgery. Healthy human cartilage was obtained from femoral condyles removed after trauma in 11 subjects with no history of joint pathology (PT cases). Chondrocytes were isolated from articular cartilage by sequential enzymatic digestion and cultured in vitro. Chemokine production was investigated in unstimulated condition and after 72 h incubation with proinflammatory [IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)] and antiinflammatory [transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), IL-10] mediators. Chemokine concentrations in cell supernatants were evaluated by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chondrocytes produce all these chemokines to a different extent. IL-1beta was a more potent stimulus than TNF-alpha in inducing production of all chemokines except MCP-1. We found no statistical differences among chondrocytes isolated from OA, RA, and PT for chemokine production in either basal conditions or after cytokine stimulation. IL-1beta induced chemokine production can be modulated by TGF-beta1 in different ways according to the various chemokines, while IL-10 does not affect IL-1beta induced chemokine production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chondrocytes produce IL-8, GRO-alpha, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, and RANTES. Proinflammatory factors (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha) effectively upregulate chemokine production, but production is scarcely modulated by the antiinflammatory mediators TGF-beta and IL-10. Chondrocyte derived chemokines may play a role in triggering the mechanisms involved in pathogenesis and persistence of joint diseases.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Immunologia e Genetica, Istituto Codivilla Putti-IOR; Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pulsatelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dolzani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piacentini
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruggeri
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gualtieri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meliconi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Facchini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001483:Base Sequence; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018925:Chemokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018945:Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D018925:Chemokines; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D016209:Interleukin-8; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D018945:Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins