title: Simulation model of an eyeball based on finite element analysis on a supercomputer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A simulation model of the human eye was developed. It was applied to the determination of the physical and mechanical conditions of impacting foreign bodies causing intraocular foreign body (IOFB) injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Modules of the Hypermesh (Altair Engineering, Tokyo, Japan) were used for solid modelling, geometric construction, and finite element mesh creation based on information obtained from cadaver eyes. The simulations were solved by a supercomputer using the finite element analysis (FEA) program PAM-CRASH (Nihon ESI, Tokyo, Japan). It was assumed that rupture occurs at a strain of 18.0% in the cornea and 6.8% in the sclera and at a stress of 9.4 MPa for both cornea and sclera. Blunt-shaped missiles were shot and set to impact on the surface of the cornea or sclera at velocities of 30 and 60 m/s, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the simulation, the sizes of missile above which corneal rupture occurred at velocities of 30 and 60 m/s were 1.95 and 0.82 mm. The missile sizes causing scleral rupture were 0.95 and 0.75 mm at velocities of 30 and 60 m/s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that this FEA model has potential usefulness as a simulation tool for ocular injury and it may provide useful information for developing protective measures against industrial and traffic ocular injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uchio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kudoh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Kisielewicz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003315:Cornea / Q000503:physiopathology; D005123:Eye / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005129:Eye Foreign Bodies / Q000150:complications; D015807:Eye Injuries, Penetrating / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D012590:Sclera / Q000503:physiopathology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical