title: The relationship between parafunctional masticatory activity and arthroscopically diagnosed temporomandibular joint pathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this investigation was to assess the relationship between parafunctional masticatory activity and arthroscopically visualized changes in patients with severe, unremitting symptoms caused by intra-articular temporomandibular joint pathology. The working hypothesis was that the presence of parafunctional activity leads to increased arthroscopically diagnosed pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Temporomandibular joint arthroscopy was performed on 124 joints in 83 patients (female:male, 5.4:1; mean age, 35 years; mean duration of symptoms, 49 months) with severe symptoms unresponsive to nonsurgical management. Preoperatively, the presence of parafunctional habits (bruxism, clenching) was assessed, and joints were classified as either with or without parafunctional influences. Joints were diagnosed arthroscopically and assessed for the presence or absence of osteoarthritis, synovitis, and adhesions. Analyses were performed to determine significant relationships between parafunctional activity and the presence of osteoarthritis, synovitis, and adhesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parafunctional influences were present in 82 of 124 joints (66%). Clinically diagnosed osteoarthritis was present in 59 of 124 joints (48%) and arthroscopically diagnosed osteoarthritis was seen in 82 of 124 joints (66%). Arthroscopically, synovitis was diagnosed in 123 of 124 joints (99%) and adhesions in 93 of 124 joints (75%). Statistical analyses showed a significant relationship between parafunction and clinically diagnosed osteoarthritis, and suggested a close relationship between parafunction and arthroscopically diagnosed osteoarthritis. A significant association between clinically and arthroscopically diagnosed osteoarthritis and adhesions was also demonstrated. There also was no significant relationship detected between parafunction and the presence of synovitis or adhesions seen arthroscopically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that parafunctional masticatory activity and its influence on joint loading contribute to osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint. Such osteoarthritis is associated with adhesions of the joint. Arthroscopically diagnosed synovitis is not specifically associated with parafunction, and it appears that numerous other causative factors may contribute to its development in the TMJ. Because abnormal joint loading is a major causative factor in cartilage degradation, biochemical and biomechanical abnormalities, and intraarticular temporomandibular pathology, clinicians must identify and address parafunctional masticatory activity during nonsurgical, surgical, and postsurgical treatment regimens.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. hail@columbia.edu
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Israel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saed-Nejad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001732:Bite Force; D002012:Bruxism / Q000150:complications*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D013585:Synovitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000473:pathology*; D019224:Temporomandibular Joint Disc / Q000473:pathology; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology