title: Frequency of cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 variants in a Turkish population and functional relevance for phenytoin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The genetically polymorphic cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2C9 metabolizes many important drugs. We studied the frequency of the amino acid variants cysteine144 (CYP2C9*2 ) and leucine359 (CYP2C9*3 ) in a Turkish population and the correlation between genotype and phenotype using phenytoin as probe drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  CYP2C9 alleles *2 and *3 were measured in 499 unrelated Turkish subjects by PCR and restriction fragment length pattern analysis. Phenotyping was performed in a subgroup of 101 volunteers with a single oral dose of 300 mg phenytoin and concentration analysis in serum drawn 12 h after dosage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CYP2C9 allele frequencies in 499 unrelated Turkish subjects were 0.794 for CYP2C9*1, 0.106 for CYP2C9*2 and 0. 100 for CYP2C9*3. Mean phenytoin serum concentrations at 12 h after dosage were 4.16 mg l-1 (95% CI 3.86-4.46) in carriers of the genotype CYP2C9*1/1, 5.52 mg l-1 (4.66-6.39) in CYP2C9*1/2, and 5.65 mg l-1 (4.86-6.43) in CYP2C9*1/3. These differences were significant and accounted for 31% of total variability in phenytoin trough levels. Mean 12 h concentration ratios of 5-(para-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin/phenytoin (p-HPPH/P) were 0. 43 (0.39-0.47) for CYP2C9*1/1 compared with 0.26 (0.21-0.31) for CYP2C9*1/2, 0.14 (0.13-0.14) for CYP2C9*2/2, 0.21 (0.18-0.24) for CYP2C9*1/3, and 0.02 for CYP2C9*3/3; all mutant genotypes were significantly different compared with CYP2C9*1/1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequency of the two CYP2C9 variants in Turkish subjects was in a similar range as in other Caucasian populations. A significant proportion of the interindividual variability in phenytoin trough levels is explained by the genotypes. The 12 h serum concentrations after a single phenytoin dose may be used for routine phenotyping of CYP2C9 mediated metabolic clearance and the p-HPPH/P ratios may be even more sensitive indicators of CYP2C9 activity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinic Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Aynacioglu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brockmöller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sachse
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Güzelbey
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ongen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nacak
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roots
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000378:metabolism*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D010672:Phenytoin; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase