title: Drinking to cope with negative affect and DSM-IV alcohol use disorders: a test of three alternative explanations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies of drinking motives have demonstrated greater levels of drinking to cope with negative affect among problem drinkers relative to nonproblem drinkers. These findings suggest that the use of alcohol to cope with negative affect may place individuals at greater risk for the development of alcohol problems. However, several alternative explanations exist, each with different intervention implications. This study evaluated three alternative explanations or models: risk-factor, generalizing, and epiphenomena. A cross-sectional design was used to compare levels of self-reported drinking to cope with negative affect between individuals who had current DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and those who did not.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants consisted of a sample of community residents (N = 777, 55% men). All participants completed an in-person structured psychiatric interview and a self-report questionnaire assessing alcohol use, drinking motives, depressive affect, and negative alcohol consequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear regression models yielded significant differences in mean drinking to cope with negative affect scores between participants with a DSM-IV alcohol dependence diagnosis and participants with no diagnosis. These differences remained after controlling for depressive affect and frequency of negative alcohol consequences in three of the four adjusted comparisons. No significant differences in adjusted mean drinking to cope with negative affect scores were demonstrated between subjects with a DSM-IV alcohol abuse diagnosis and those with no diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DSM-IV alcohol dependence and no-diagnosis comparisons were most consistent with the predictions of a risk-factor model. These results provide further evidence that drinking to cope with negative affect may have an etiological role in development of alcohol dependence.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Psychiatry, & New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hasin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires