title: Allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skin tests with soluble beta-lactams can be used to diagnose immediate and delayed hypersensitivity (HS) reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics. Very few studies have been performed with children with suspected beta-lactam allergy. In these studies, immediate HS to beta-lactams was diagnosed by skin tests in 4.9% to 40% of children. The diagnostic and predictive values of immediate responses in skin tests are good, because very few children with negative skin test results have positive oral challenge (OC) test results. Delayed responses in skin tests (intradermal and patch tests) have been reported in adult patients and children suffering with urticaria, angioedema, and maculopapular rashes during treatments with beta-lactam antibiotics. However, the diagnostic and predictive values of late responses are unknown. Semi-late responses in skin tests with beta-lactams have never been studied in adults or children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to confirm or rule out the diagnosis of allergy to beta-lactams in children with histories of adverse reactions to these antibiotics, to determine whether allergic children were sensitized to one or several classes of beta-lactams, and to evaluate the frequency and diagnostic value of immediate, accelerated, and delayed responses in skin tests with beta-lactam antibiotics in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 325 children with suspected beta-lactam allergy. Skin tests (prick and intradermal) were performed with soluble forms of the suspected (or very similar) beta-lactams and with one or several beta-lactams from other classes. The reaction was assessed after 20 minutes (immediate), 8 hours (accelerated), and 48 to 72 hours (delayed). OCs with the suspected beta-lactams were performed in patients with negative skin test results, except those with severe serum sickness-like reactions and potentially harmful toxidermias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Skin tests and OCs led to the diagnosis of beta-lactam allergy in 24 (7.4%) and 15 (4.6%) of the children, respectively. Thus, only 12% of the children were diagnosed as allergic to beta-lactams by means of skin tests and OC. HS to beta-lactams was suspected from clinical history in 30 (9.2%) children reporting serum sickness-like reactions and potentially harmful toxidermias. In a few children, we diagnosed food allergy and intolerance to excipients or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. No cause was found in the other children. Based on skin tests and OC, the prevalences of immunoglobulin E-dependent and of semi-late or delayed sensitizations to beta-lactam assessed were similar (6.8% vs 5.2%, respectively). Most immunoglobulin E-dependent sensitizations were diagnosed by means of skin tests (86.4%). In contrast, most semi-late and delayed sensitizations were diagnosed by OC (70.6%). The likelihood of beta-lactam allergy was significantly higher for anaphylaxis (42.9% vs 8.3% in other reactions) and immediate reactions (25% vs 10% in accelerated and delayed reactions). Of the children diagnosed as allergic to beta-lactam by means of skin tests, OC, and clinical history, 11.7% were sensitized to several classes of beta-lactams. The risk was significantly higher in children with anaphylaxis (26. 7% vs 7.5% of the children with other reactions) and in children reporting immediate reactions (33.3% vs 8.5% of the children with accelerated and delayed reactions). Finally, age, sex, personal history of atopy, number of reactions to beta-lactams, and number of reactions to other drugs were not significant risk factors for beta-lactam allergy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The skin tests were safe, and the immediate reaction to skin tests successfully diagnosed allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics in children reporting reactions suggestive of immediate HS. In contrast, most accelerated and delayed reactions were diagnosed by OC. Thus, our results suggest that the diagnostic and predictive values of skin tests for nonimmediate HS to beta-lactams in children are low. (ABSTRACT TRU
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Sick Children Hospital, Paris V University, Paris, France. pneumo.allergo@nck.ap-hop-pari.fr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ponvert
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Le Clainche
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Blic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Le Bourgeois
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheinmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paupe
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007428:Intradermal Tests; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012882:Skin Tests; D047090:beta-Lactams
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D047090:beta-Lactams