title: Aldosterone activates Na+/H+ exchange in vascular smooth muscle cells by nongenomic and genomic mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) plays an important role in intracellular pH (pHi) regulation. Recently, nongenomic effect of aldosterone (ALDO) on NHE activity has been suggested in VSMCs. However, the nongenomic and genomic effects of ALDO on NHE and the intracellular signaling mechanisms for these effects have not fully been determined in VSMCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of short- (3 hr) and long- (24 hr) term exposure to ALDO on NHE activity were examined in cultured VSMCs from rat thoracic aortae by using single-cell pHi measurement with the pH-sensitive dye 2'7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein. The NHE activity was calculated from the initial rate of Na+-dependent pHi recovery after acid load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NHE activity significantly increased after short- and long-term exposure of VSMCs to ALDO (10(-6) M). The inhibitors of gene transcription (actinomycin D) and of protein synthesis (cycloheximide) had no effect on the short-term ALDO effect, but inhibited the long-term ALDO effect. The antagonists of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) (spironolactone) and of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) (RU38486) caused no effect on the short-term ALDO effect, but inhibited the long-term ALDO effect. Two protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (staurosporine A and calphostin C) and PKC down-regulation (24 hr pre-exposure to phobol 12-myristate 13-acetate, PMA) inhibited both the short- and long-term ALDO effects. Exposure of VSMCs to PMA for 3 hours mimicked the short-term effect of ALDO on NHE activity. ALDO significantly increased PKC activity in VSMCs. The short-term ALDO effect was inhibited by disruptors of microtubule (colchicine) and of filamentous-actin (cytochalasin B). Long-term exposure of ALDO caused a threefold increase in NHE (NHE-1) mRNA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short-term effect of ALDO on NHE activity is not mediated through either MR or GR, occurs independent of gene transcription and protein synthesis, and occurs through a mechanism involving the structural elements of cytoskeleton. The long-term effect of ALDO on NHE activity occurs through both MR and GR and requires gene transcription and protein synthesis. Both short- and long-term effects of ALDO are mediated through PKC activation. Therefore, ALDO activates NHE by nongenomic and genomic mechanisms in VSMCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebata
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nemoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amemiya
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asano
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000166:cytology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000502:physiology; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D015735:Mifepristone / Q000494:pharmacology; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000494:pharmacology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006727:Hormone Antagonists; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D003609:Dactinomycin; D013148:Spironolactone; D015735:Mifepristone; D000450:Aldosterone; D003513:Cycloheximide; D011493:Protein Kinase C