title: Vasodilation to bradykinin is mediated by an ouabain-sensitive pathway as a compensatory mechanism for impaired nitric oxide availability in essential hypertensive patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In essential hypertension, endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired because of reduced nitric oxide (NO) availability, which is mainly caused by oxidative stress. The present study was designed to identify the mechanism(s) responsible for NO-independent vasodilation to bradykinin in patients with essential hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 16 healthy subjects (49.5+/-5.8 years; 118.6+/-3.5/78.9+/-2.9 mm Hg) and 16 patients with essential hypertension (47.9+/-4.8 years; 154.6+/-4.5/102.9+/-3.2 mm Hg), we measured modifications in forearm blood flow (strain-gauge plethysmography) during intrabrachial infusion of bradykinin (5, 15, or 50 ng/100 mL of forearm tissue per minute) in the presence of saline, N(omega)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; used to inhibit NO synthase; 100 microg/100 mL of forearm tissue per minute), and ouabain (to block Na(+)K(+)/ATPase and prevent hyperpolarization; 0.7 microg/100 mL of forearm tissue per minute). In healthy subjects, vasodilatation to bradykinin was significantly blunted by L-NMMA and unaffected by ouabain. In hypertensive patients, vasodilatation to bradykinin was not modified by L-NMMA, but it was significantly reduced by ouabain. In an adjunctive group of 8 hypertensive patients (49.9+/-3.8 years; 155.9+/-5.5/103.7+/-3.9 mm Hg), the response to bradykinin was repeated during the administration of intrabrachial vitamin C (a scavenger for oxygen free radicals; 8 mg/100 mL of forearm tissue per minute). In these patients, L-NMMA-induced inhibition of vasodilation to bradykinin was restored, and ouabain was no longer effective. In a final group of 6 normotensive controls (45.9+/-4.1 years; 115.1+/-2.9/79.3+/-2.1 mm Hg), vasodilation to bradykinin residual to L-NMMA blockade was further inhibited by simultaneous ouabain infusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vasodilation to bradykinin is impaired in essential hypertensive patients because of an NO-system alteration caused by oxidative stress, and it is mediated by an alternative pathway, possibly involving endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy. s.taddei@int.med.unipi.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taddei
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ghiadoni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Virdis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buralli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salvetti
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D001682:Biological Availability; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010042:Ouabain / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012016:Reference Values; D014664:Vasodilation; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010042:Ouabain; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D001920:Bradykinin