title: Ischemic colitis associated with pseudoephedrine: four cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is one previously reported case linking ischemic colitis and orally administered nasal decongestants containing pseudoephedrine (MEDLINE 1974-1998). We aimed to document an association between pseudoephedrine ingestion and ischemic colitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the cases of four women (ages, 37-50 yr) who presented with the sudden onset of colicky abdominal pain followed by hematochezia. Three patients had used medicine containing pseudoephedrine daily for approximately 1 wk before admission. The fourth patient had used pseudoephedrine chronically for 6 months. Two patients had no significant past medical history. One woman had presented 6 months earlier with ischemic colitis while taking both pseudoephedrine and hormone replacement therapy. This time she presented with ischemic colitis while not taking hormone replacement therapy, but still taking decongestants. Another woman had a history of ulcerative colitis, which had been quiescent for 10 yr. One patient had been a smoker; however, like the other patients she had no evidence of systemic vascular disease. On colonoscopy, all four patients had colitis, primarily affecting the splenic flexure in the anatomical watershed area. Other causes of segmental colitis, including infectious colitides, pseudomembranous colitis, and Crohn's disease, were not evident. Colonoscopic biopsies were consistent with ischemic injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All cases responded to abstinence from pseudoephedrine and medical supportive therapy. None has had a relapse since discontinuing the pseudoephedrine (8-12 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vasoconstrictive action of pseudoephedrine may predispose susceptible patients to develop ischemic colitis in the watershed area of the splenic flexure. Perimenopausal women may be especially susceptible because of irregular ovulation. This may result in relative vasoconstriction when estrogen levels are low or a hypercoagulable state when estrogen levels are excessive.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine/Norwalk Hospital, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dowd
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moussa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Culpepper-Morgan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017091:Colitis, Ischemic / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004809:Ephedrine