title: Microsatellite instability associated with hepatocarcinogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The biological and clinicopathological significance of microsatellite instability in hepatocellular carcinoma still remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to assess the role of microsatellite instability in hepatocarcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA extracted from 38 fresh samples of hepatocellular carcinoma was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using 29 fluorescence-labeled microsatellite markers and analyzed using a semi-automated laser scanning system. Associations between the incidence of replication error and the clinicopathological features of hepatocellular carcinoma were evaluated. Since reference DNA was extracted from corresponding fresh samples of non-cancerous liver tissue, the incidence of microsatellite instability in non-cancerous liver tissues was not assessed in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four (11%) hepatocellular carcinomas had a replication error in one or two microsatellite markers; they were all poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas. The incidence of replication error correlated significantly with the histological differentiation of the tumor (p<0.05) and with portal vein involvement (p<0.05). All four hepatocellular carcinomas with replication errors showed loss of heterozygosity in one or more of the 29 markers we examined. No replication errors were detected in six markers in the coding regions of the BAX, insulin-like growth factor II receptor, transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor, E2F-4, hMSH3 and hMSH6 genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that: (1) microsatellite instability is a rare event during hepatocarcinogenesis and may be specifically associated with progression of hepatocellular carcinoma; and (2) frame-shift mutation in the above six genes is not a common mechanism involved in progression of this cancer.
authors.affiliation: Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mizokami
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirohashi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008875:Middle Aged