title: Background exposure of general women populations in Japan to cadmium in the environment and possible health effects.
abstract: 1. The surveys were conducted in 1990s on 470 non-smoking adult women [with no specific exposure to cadmium (Cd)] in 22 sites in six regions in Japan. 2. It was found that the dietary Cd intake (as a grand geometric mean) was 25.9 microg/day, the Cd level in blood was 2.1 microg/l, and Cd level in urine was 2.1 microg/g creat. 3. Cd in rice contributed about 30% of total dietary Cd intake. 4. There was a substantial reduction in Cd burden when compared with observation in 1980s. 5. Effects on kidney functions were essentially negative when evaluated in terms of beta2-microglobulin (beta2-MG), but might be positive when alpha1-microglobulin (alpha1-MG) was evaluated; further studies are apparently necessary. 6. No effects on liver functions were detected.
authors.affiliation: Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Z W
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higashikawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimbo
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakatsuka
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuda-Inoguchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000510:Alpha-Globulins / Q000652:urine; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry; D014930:Women; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000510:Alpha-Globulins; C016001:alpha-1-microglobulin; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D002104:Cadmium