title: Use of limited color-flow duplex for a carotid screening project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis has been established, no cost-effective approach for identification of these patients has yet been devised. The purpose of this study was to develop a limited carotid duplex screening examination to be utilized for the detection of asymptomatic carotid stenoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Carotid screening examinations employed rapid identification of the carotid bifurcation using color-flow duplex imaging and an immediate Doppler-derived velocity of the segment of the internal carotid artery with the most turbulent flow. Complete examinations were then finished using well-established protocols in our accredited vascular laboratory. A total of 512 patients were referred for complete studies based upon standard indications. Criteria for at least a 50% internal carotid artery stenosis on the complete examination was defined as a peak systolic velocity (PSV) of at least 125 cm/sec. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were then constructed to identify the optimal screening velocity criteria as compared with the final results on the complete examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five screening examinations were technically limited yielding a total of 507 patients with 1,014 carotid arteries available for analysis. Comparison of screening examinations versus complete examinations for a PSV of 125 cm/sec yielded sensitivity 86%, specificity 98%, positive predictive value (PPV) 95%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) 93%. ROC analysis identified a "cut point" of 115 cm/sec on the screening examinations to achieve sensitivity 91%, specificity 95%, PPV 89%, and NPV 96%. Time to perform screening examinations averaged 3.2 minutes per patient. Three patients had common carotid lesions not identified on the limited internal carotid screening examinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening carotid examinations are a rapid, reliable, and relatively inexpensive method for detection of patients with asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. Limited screening examinations should be developed in each vascular laboratory and utilized in high-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: Section of Vascular Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Penn State Geisinger Health System, Danville 17822-2150, USA.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Carsten
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Elmore
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mordan
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013599:Systole; D013997:Time Factors; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex