title: Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by interferon gamma and transforming growth factor alpha in normal human epidermal keratinocytes and squamous carcinoma cells. Role of mitogen-activated protein kinases.
abstract: Treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) causes a 9-fold increase in the level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression. Nuclear run-off assays indicate that this induction is at least partly due to increased transcription. Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway due to the enhanced transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) expression plays an important role in the induction of COX-2 by IFN-gamma. This is supported by the ability of TGFalpha to rapidly induce COX-2 and the inhibition of the IFN-gamma-mediated COX-2 mRNA induction by an EGFR antibody and EGFR-selective kinase inhibitors. Deletion and mutation analysis indicates the importance of the proximal cAMP-response element/ATF site in the transcriptional control of this gene by TGFalpha. The increase in COX-2 mRNA by TGFalpha requires activation of both the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Inhibition of p38 MAPK decreases the stability of COX-2 mRNA, while inhibition of MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) does not. These results suggest that the p38 MAPK signaling pathway controls COX-2 at the level of mRNA stability, while the ERK signaling pathway regulates COX-2 at the level of transcription. In contrast to NHEK, IFN-gamma and TGFalpha are not very effective in inducing TGFalpha or COX-2 expression in several squamous carcinoma cell lines, indicating alterations in both IFN-gamma and TGFalpha response pathways.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Pulmonary Pathobiology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakaue
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Subbaramaiah
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamitani
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Eling
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dannenberg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arata
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jetten
mesh_terms: D066258:Amphiregulin; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015603:Keratinocytes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C587848:AREG protein, human; D066258:Amphiregulin; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; D015777:Eicosanoids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006133:Growth Substances; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015232:Dinoprostone; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one