title: Determination of inter-spinous process distance in the lumbar spine. Evaluation of reference population to facilitate detection of severe trauma.
abstract: Fracture of a spinal segment with minimal or no compression of the vertebral body can be highly unstable. Screening for such an injury in the lumbar spine is often obstructed in a multi-injured patient, because of difficulty in obtaining adequate sagittal radiographs. The position of the spinous processes in relation to each other is the key for proper evaluation of the status of the posterior stabilising structures. The amount of separation or axial rotation of the posterior part of the vertebra that can occur before failure of the posterior structures has not been unambiguously defined. Despite this, it can be assumed that severe separation of the spinous processes indicates a more or less pronounced loss of mechanical support. An analysis of how the posterior spinous processes relate to each other on an anteroposterior (AP) radiograph could obviate this problem. A new, simple and reproducible radiographic tool is presented for screening of an eventual rupture of posterior structures of the lumbar spine. This method is based on measurements of the variation in interspinal process distance between adjacent levels in lumbar spine in a normal population. Two hundred normal AP radiographs of non-injured thoracolumbar spine were studied. The interspinal process distance was measured as the distance between the cranial ends of the adjacent projections of spinous processes on AP radiographs. The mean values and 99% confidence limits for changes in the interspinal process distances between adjacent spinal levels were determined and analysed in relation to age, gender and spinal segment level. An upper limit of a normal difference in distance between the spinous processes at two adjacent levels was determined to be 7-10 mm, depending on age and location in the lumbar spine. A difference in interspinal process distance exceeding 7 mm between two adjacent lumbar levels should alert a surgeon to severe and unstable injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kärrholm
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Malchau
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nordwall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012016:Reference Values; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*