title: DOSE3D: EGS4 Monte Carlo code-based software for internal radionuclide dosimetry.
abstract: MIRDOSE3 software is currently the main tool available in clinical practice to evaluate absorbed dose in nuclear medicine. Because MIRDOSE3 provides dosimetric parameters for specific anatomic models that cannot be modified by the user, it cannot be used to obtain information concerning metastases or to consider patients whose anatomy differs significantly from that of the standard models.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address some of these inconveniences, we developed an original program based on the EGS4 Monte Carlo code, DOSE3D, which calculates dosimetric parameters for anthropomorphic phantoms defined with combinatorial geometry. DOSE3D allows the user to add spheres within the phantom for simulating tumors, to change the shape of one or more organs and, for organs defined by pair, to calculate individual dosimetric parameters for each organ. The program was validated for 131I and 99mTc by calculating S values for the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) adult male phantom and comparing these results with data provided by MIRDOSE3. Moreover, two studies were performed to illustrate DOSE3D features. The first one concerned the evaluation of the individual influence of two bone metastases (located in the pelvis and in the lower spine and containing 131I) on testes in terms of S values compared with the influence on testes of other source organs (kidneys, liver, lungs, spleen, thyroid gland and urinary bladder contents). The second study determined the differences of S values between right and left lungs and right and left kidneys when 131I is contained in the liver.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DOSE3D S values were on average within 20% of the MIRDOSE3 results for both radionuclides. Regarding the bone metastases study, S(testes<--metastases) and S(testes<--any source organs) were of the same order of magnitude. In the second study, the S values ratio between right and left organs was 7.7 for the lungs and 5.2 for the kidneys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The agreement between DOSE3D and MIRDOSE3 results for most organs shows the validity of DOSE3D. The presented examples of calculation show that DOSE3D could provide additional data to dosimetric parameters given by MIRDOSE3 for a more patient-specific dosimetric approach.
authors.affiliation: Physics Department and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 494, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Clairand
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ricard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gouriou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Paola
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aubert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012984:Software