title: Deferiprone: a review of its clinical potential in iron overload in beta-thalassaemia major and other transfusion-dependent diseases.
abstract: Patients with beta-thalassaemia and other transfusion-dependent diseases develop iron overload from chronic blood transfusions and require regular iron chelation to prevent potentially fatal iron-related complications. The only iron chelator currently widely available is deferoxamine, which is expensive and requires prolonged subcutaneous infusion 3 to 7 times per week or daily intramuscular injections. Moreover, some patients are unable to tolerate deferoxamine and compliance with the drug is poor in many patients. Deferiprone is the most extensively studied oral iron chelator to date. Non-comparative clinical studies mostly in patients with beta-thalassaemia have demonstrated that deferiprone 75 to 100 mg/kg/day can reduce iron burden in regularly transfused iron-overloaded patients. Serum ferritin levels are generally reduced in patients with very high pretreatment levels and are frequently maintained within an acceptable range in those who are already adequately chelated. Deferiprone is not effective in all patients (some of whom show increases in serum ferritin and/or liver iron content, particularly during long term therapy). This may reflect factors such as suboptimal dosage and/or severe degree of iron overload at baseline in some instances. Although few long term comparative data are available, deferiprone at the recommended dosage of 75 mg/kg/day appears to be less effective than deferoxamine; however, compliance is superior with deferiprone, which may partly compensate for this. Deferiprone has additive, or possibly synergistic, effects on iron excretion when combined with deferoxamine. The optimum dosage and long term efficacy of deferiprone, and its effects on survival and progression of iron-related organ damage, remain to be established. The most important adverse effects in deferiprone-treated patients are arthropathy and neutropenia/agranulocytosis. Other adverse events include gastrointestinal disturbances, ALT elevation, development of antinuclear antibodies and zinc deficiency. With deferiprone, adverse effects occur mostly in heavily iron-loaded patients, whereas with deferoxamine adverse effects occur predominantly when body iron burden is lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deferiprone is the most promising oral iron chelator under development at present. Further studies are required to determine the best way to use this new drug. Although it appears to be less effective than deferoxamine at the recommended dosage and there are concerns regarding its tolerability, it may nevertheless offer a therapeutic alternative in the management of patients unable or unwilling to receive the latter drug. Deferipone also shows promise as an adjunct to deferoxamine therapy in patients with insufficient response and may prove useful as a maintenance treatment to interpose between treatments.
authors.affiliation: Adis International Limited, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, New Zealand. demail@adis.co.nz
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barman Balfour
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D000077543:Deferiprone; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011728:Pyridones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D065227:Transfusion Reaction; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D011728:Pyridones; D000077543:Deferiprone; D007501:Iron