title: Congenital horizontal tarsal kink: clinical characteristics from a large series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical characteristics of congenital horizontal tarsal kink.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective clinical series derived from a literature review and mail survey. Characteristics included sex, race, association with systemic diseases, interval between birth and diagnosis, laterality, presence of corneal ulcer and causative infectious agent, treatment, and visual outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five cases were reviewed. The typical patient is a white male diagnosed at 7.2 weeks of age. Right-sided and bilateral cases were most common. Ulcers were present in 12/24 patients; most were culture negative. Various methods of surgical repair were successful. Visual outcomes, in general, were favorable although amblyopia developed in 4/15 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Congenital horizontal tarsal kink is rare and its cause is unknown. A poor visual outcome usually results from a corneal ulcer scar and a delay in diagnosis. Amblyopia not related to corneal opacification can also occur.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle 98195-6485, USA.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Sires
mesh_terms: D004774:Entropion / Q000151:congenital* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005143:Eyelids / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity