title: Comparing primary and secondary generalized anxiety disorder in a long-term naturalistic study of anxiety disorders.
abstract: This study explores the potential differences in comorbidity and course between primary generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), which develops before other anxiety disorders, and secondary GAD. As part of the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Project (HARP), a naturalistic, long-term, longitudinal study of 711 subjects from a variety of clinic settings with DSM III-R defined anxiety disorders, 210 subjects with GAD were identified. Of these, 78 (37%) had primary GAD, and 84 (40%) had secondary GAD; of the remainder, 28 (13%) had no other anxiety disorder and 20 (10%) developed GAD within a month of another anxiety disorder and were excluded from the analysis. All subjects were comorbid for at least one other anxiety disorder. Primary GAD subjects were more likely to be in episode at intake (90% vs. 77%, P = .04) and less likely than secondary GAD subjects to have current or past agoraphobia without panic disorder (3% vs. 11%, P = .04), social phobia (19% v. 52%, P = .001), simple phobia (14% v. 30%, P = .02), or post traumatic stress disorder (5% vs. 20%, P = .01). Subjects with primary GAD were also less likely to have current or past alcohol use disorders (17% vs. 37%, P = .004) or major depressive disorder (60% vs. 76%, P = .03). There were no significant differences in either treatment approaches or remission rates for primary compared to secondary GAD. Whether GAD first occurs before or after another anxiety disorder, it is similar in terms of prevalence, treatment, and course. The only significant differences between primary and secondary GAD lie in the rates of comorbidity of both other anxiety disorders and non-anxiety disorders, including major depression and substance abuse. These results support the concept of GAD as a valid, separate and distinct entity, whether it occurs primarily or secondarily.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Warshaw
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Goisman
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Villa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mallya
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012074:Remission Induction; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology