title: Hormone replacement therapy and plasma homocysteine levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of 4 and 12 weeks of combined estradiol-progestogen replacement with unopposed estradiol therapy on fasting plasma total homocysteine concentrations in healthy postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective, 12-week study in healthy postmenopausal women, we randomly assigned 59 women to sequentially combined daily 2 mg estradiol (E2) plus either trimegestone 0.5 mg daily or dydrogesterone 10 mg daily (n = 28), or to unopposed daily 2 mg estradiol (n = 16), or to placebo (n = 15).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting plasma total homocysteine concentrations decreased by 9.4% in the combined estradiol-progestogen group and by 5.1% in the estradiol-only group, and they increased by 2.4% in the placebo group (analysis of covariance: combined hormone replacement therapy compared with placebo (P = .02); combined therapy compared with estradiol (P = .23); and estradiol compared with placebo (P = .26). Reductions were detectable after 4 weeks of combined estradiol-progestogen treatment. The data suggest an additional progestogen-related reduction in homocysteine levels of 0.7 micromol/L and 0.4 micromol/L after 4 and 12 weeks, respectively. Women with a baseline homocysteine concentration in the highest quartile had significantly greater reductions in homocysteine compared with women with an initial homocysteine value in the lowest quartile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fasting total homocysteine concentrations were significantly reduced by combined estradiol-progestogen replacement. Women with high homocysteine levels at baseline benefit the most. The progestogens used in this study did not have an unfavorable effect on homocysteine metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vrije Universiteit, the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: van Baal
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Smolders
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van der Mooren
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Teerlink
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kenemans
mesh_terms: D004394:Dydrogesterone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011397:Promegestone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D006710:Homocysteine; C050319:trimegestone; D004958:Estradiol; D004394:Dydrogesterone; D011397:Promegestone