title: Cardiac memory after radiofrequency ablation of accessory pathways: the post-ablation T wave does not forget the pre-excited QRS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Normalization of the pre-excited QRS following ablation is accompanied by repolarization changes but their directional relationship to changes in ventricular activation has not been well characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Accordingly, we measured QRS and T wave vectors and QRS-T angles from 12 lead ECG recordings immediately before and after accessory pathway (AP) radiofrequency ablation in 100 consecutive patients. Patients with bundle branch block, intraventricular conduction defect or intermittent pre-excitation were excluded, leaving a study group of 45 patients: 35 with pre-excitation and 10 with concealed APs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With AP ablation, changes occurred in the QRS and T wave vectors and QRS-T angles that were essentially equal and opposite, so that the newly normalized QRS complex and QRS vector were accompanied by a T wave whose vector approximated that of the pre-ablation QRS vector. This tended to maintain a large QRS-T angle: 72 degrees +/- 50 degrees before, and 54 degrees +/- 34 degrees after QRS normalization (p = NS). A QRS-T angle >40 degrees was found before and after ablation in 22/35 patients (63%) with baseline pre-excitation; but never in patients with a concealed AP (p = 0.001). The angle between the pre-excited QRS and the post-ablation T wave was 35 degrees +/- 37 degrees, and </=40 degrees in 25/35 patients (71%). The change in T wave axis with QRS normalization correlated in magnitude with the QRS-T angle before ablation (r = 0.73, p < 0.0001). The change in QRS axis correlated with the QRS-T angle after ablation (r = 0.37, p < 0.03). Shorter AP effective refractory periods (ERPs) correlated with wider QRS-T angles after ablation (r = -0.39, p < 0.03). The ECG leads manifesting these changes depend on AP location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T-wave changes after ablation of APs (1) are dependent on anterograde AP conduction at baseline and are not observed with concealed APs; (2) correlate in magnitude directly with the change in QRS axis and inversely with the anterograde AP-ERP; (3) are related to AP location. With termination of pre-excitation secondary repolarization changes immediately disappear and the post ablation T wave axis approximates that of the pre-excited QRS. Recognition of this sequence may prevent unnecessary clinical interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Arrhythmia Service, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467-2490, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herweg
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ilercil
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ferrick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002037:Bundle-Branch Block / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D002648:Child; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011226:Pre-Excitation Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome