title: Re-treatment after Helicobacter pylori eradication failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently, highly effective Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies are used, and although eradication failures still appear in a considerable proportion of cases, the therapeutic efficacy in such refractory cases has been only exceptionally studied. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the appropriate attitude when eradication therapy fails.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 127 duodenal ulcer patients, several therapies with omeprazole (O) plus one or two antibiotics [amoxycillin (A), clarithromycin (C), metronidazole (M)] had failed to eradicate H. pylori. Re-treatment was administered depending on initial therapy; in no case was the same regimen repeated, and antibiotics with resistance risk (as C or M) were only re-administered using combination regimens with bismuth (B): O + A + C + B (when C was re-administered) and O + bismuth triple therapy (BTT) (when M was re-administered).
  
  
  RESULTS
  First therapy and eradication rates, with the corresponding second therapy, were:
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BTT re-treatment in O + A failure achieves a relatively low eradication rate, probably lower than BTT for the first time, suggesting that other regimens should be tried. The following re-treatments are recommended in H. pylori eradication failure: in O + A failure, BTT (or O + BTT, as BTT re-treatment could be less effective than the initial BTT treatment); in O + C failure, O + A + M; in O + A + C failure, O + BTT; in O + A + M failure, O + A + C; and, finally, in O + C + M failure, O + BTT (or O + A + C + B).
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. gisbert@meditex.es
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gisbert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boixeda
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bermejo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nieves Rincón
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jesús Higes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Angeles Arpa
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: García Arata
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martín de Argila
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García Plaza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000667:Ampicillin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001729:Bismuth / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D008795:Metronidazole; D000667:Ampicillin; D017291:Clarithromycin; D009853:Omeprazole; D001729:Bismuth