title: Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels following hepatic cryotherapy: association with volume and duration of freezing.
abstract: Although morbidity following cryotherapy is usually minor, a syndrome of multiorgan failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) has been described and referred to as the cryoshock phenomenon. We hypothesized that mediators similar to those in septic shock may be involved in this syndrome. In this study we aimed to assess the plasma concentrations of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) following hepatic cryotherapy and to relate them to the duration and volume of freezing and to hepatocellular injury. Between April and December 1997 blood samples were taken preoperatively and at different times postoperatively from patients undergoing hepatic artery catheter-insertion (HAC) (n = 15), cryotherapy (n = 5), liver resection (n = 9), liver resection and edge cryotherapy (n = 7), or liver resection and cryotherapy of additional lesions (n = 9). They were analyzed for serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and plasma TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels. There was a significant association (Pearson correlation) of serum AST levels 1 hour postoperatively with plasma TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels at the end of the procedure. In patients undergoing cryotherapy or resection with cryotherapy of additional lesions (n = 14), the volume and duration of hepatic freezing were significantly associated with postoperative serum AST and plasma TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels at various postoperative times. Hepatic cryotherapy is followed by cytokine release, with postoperative plasma TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels associated with the degree of hepatic cryotrauma. These mediators may be involved in the occurrence of cryoshock following large-volume hepatic freezing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of New South Wales, St. George Hospital, Short Street, 3rd Floor, Pitney Clinical Sciences Building, Kogarah, Sydney, New South Wales 2217, Australia.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Junginger
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral; D017679:Cryotherapy; D005260:Female; D005615:Freezing; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006499:Hepatic Artery; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases