title: Both the neuronal and inducible isoforms contribute to upregulation of retinal nitric oxide synthase activity by brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
abstract: Although neurotrophins are best known for their trophic functions, growing evidence suggests that neurotrophins can also be neurotoxic, for instance by enhancing excitotoxic insults. We have shown recently that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) limits its neuroprotective action on axotomized rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by upregulating nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity (Klöcker et al., 1998). The aim of the present study was to investigate this interaction of BDNF and NOS in the lesioned adult rat retina in more detail. We used NOS immunohistochemistry and NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) reaction to characterize morphologically retinal NOS expression and activity. Using reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analysis, we were able to identify the NOS isoforms being regulated. Six days after optic nerve lesion, we observed an increase in neuronal NOS (NOS-I) mRNA and protein expression in the inner retina. This did not lead to a marked increase in overall retinal NOS activity. Only RGC axons displayed strong de novo NADPH-d reactivity. In contrast, intraocular injection of BDNF resulted in a marked upregulation of NOS activity in NOS-I-immunoreactive structures, leaving the level of NOS-I expression unchanged. In addition, an induction of inducible NOS (NOS-II) was found after BDNF treatment. We identified microglial cells increasing in number and being activated by BDNF, which could serve as the cellular source of NOS-II. In summary, our data suggest that BDNF upregulates retinal NOS activity by both a post-translational regulation of NOS-I activity and an induction of NOS-II. These findings might be useful for developing pharmacological strategies to improve BDNF-mediated neuroprotection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klöcker
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kermer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gleichmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bähr
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019771:Axotomy; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008559:Memantine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496322:Nos1 protein, rat; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D008559:Memantine