title: Mortality from nonmalignant diseases of the respiratory, genitourinary and nervous systems among workers exposed to styrene in the reinforced plastics and composites industry in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mortality from diseases of the nervous system and nonmalignant diseases of the respiratory and genitourinary systems was examined for workers exposed to styrene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Altogether 15,826 styrene-exposed workers in 30 plants in the reinforced plastics and composites industry were included. Vital status was ascertained through 31 December 1989. Individual exposure estimates were developed based on job functions, existing industrial hygiene data, process changes, engineering controls, work practices, and the use of personal protective equipment. Analyses were based on cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and the Cox proportional hazards model. Mortality data were analyzed by latency, duration of exposure, average exposure, cumulative exposure, and process category.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For diseases of the nervous system, the SMR was 0.56 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.31-0.95]. Mortality from nonmalignant genitourinary diseases was not increased (SMR 0.87, 95% CI 0.46-1.50). Latency, duration of exposure, average exposure, cumulative exposure, and process category showed no association between styrene exposure and these 2 types of disease. A small increase in mortality from nonmalignant respiratory diseases was found (SMR 1.21, 95% CI 0.98-1.47), mainly due to "other nonmalignant respiratory diseases" (SMR 1.40, 95% CI 1.04-1.84). The highest increase occurred for short exposure duration (SMR 1.79 for <1 year's exposure) or low exposure (SMR 2.15 for <10 ppm-years); there were no increased risks in the high exposure categories. The Cox proportional hazard model revealed no association between styrene exposure and the diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No relationship was found between mortality from any of the diseases examined and any of the styrene exposure indices. The findings were compared with those reported in a European study of styrene-exposed workers.
authors.affiliation: Applied Health Sciences, Inc, San Mateo, California 94401, United States. ottowong@aol.com
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Trent
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010969:Plastics; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D020058:Styrene; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics; D020058:Styrene