title: Effects of halothane on synaptic neurotransmission to medullary expiratory neurons in the ventral respiratory group of dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The activity of canine expiratory neurons is primarily dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-receptor mediated excitatory chemodrive inputs and a powerful inhibitory gain modulatory mechanism mediated via gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABA(A)) receptors. We examined whether the depressant effect of halothane on expiratory neuronal activity is primarily caused by a reduction in glutamatergic excitation or a potentiation of the inhibitory mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were performed in halothane-anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated dogs during hypercapnic hyperoxia. The effect of a halothane dose increase from one minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) to 2 MAC on extracellularly recorded expiratory neuronal activity was studied before and during complete GABA(A) receptor blockade by localized picoejection of bicuculline close to the neuron. Complete blockade of the inhibitory mechanism allowed differentiation between the effects of halothane on overall NMDA-mediated excitation and on GABA(A)-mediated inhibition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spontaneous activity of 12 expiratory neurons was significantly depressed (18.1%) by the 1-MAC halothane dose increase. Overall glutamatergic excitation was depressed 38.3+/-12.3% (mean +/- SD) by the 1-MAC halothane increase. The prevailing GABA(A)ergic attenuation of neuronal output decreased significantly from 49.5+/-10 to 32.0+/-10.4%. Thus overall inhibition was reduced by halothane by 33.5+/-17.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the depressive effect of a 1-MAC halothane dose increase on expiratory neuronal activity in our in vivo preparation with an intact neural network was mainly caused by a reduction of synaptic excitatory mechanisms and not an enhancement of synaptic inhibitory mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Stuth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krolo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tonkovic-Capin
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Hopp
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kampine
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Zuperku
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001640:Bicuculline / Q000494:pharmacology; D004285:Dogs; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D006221:Halothane; D001640:Bicuculline