Identification of four variants in the tryptophan hydroxylase promoter and association to behavior.
One of the most replicated findings in biological psychiatry is the observation of lower 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations, the major metabolite of serotonin, in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of subjects with impulsive aggression. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin, however functional variants have not been reported from the coding sequence of this gene. Therefore, we screened the human TPH promoter (TPH-P) for genetic variants which could modulate TPH gene transcription. The TPH-P (2093 nucleotides) was screened for sequence variation by SSCP analysis of 260 individuals from Finnish, Italian, American Caucasian, and American Indian populations. Four common polymorphisms were identified: -7180T>G, -7065C>T, -6526A>G, and -5806G>T (designated as nucleotides upstream of the translation start site). In the Finns, the four polymorphisms had a minor allele frequency of 0.40 and in this population linkage disequilibrium between the four loci was complete. In the other populations the minor allele frequencies ranged from 0.40 to 0.45. TPH -6526A>G genotype was determined in 167 unrelated Finnish offenders and 153 controls previously studied for the TPH IVS7+779C>A polymorphism. A significant association was observed between -6526A>G and suicidality in the offenders. TPH -6526A>G and the previously reported intron seven polymorphism, TPH IVS7+779C>A, exhibited a normalised linkage disequilibrium of 0.89 in Finns. Normalized linkage disequilibrium was reduced in other populations, being 0.49 and 0.21 in Italians and American Indians, respectively. In conclusion, four TPH-P variants were identified which can be used for haplotype-based analysis to localize functional TPH alleles influencing behavior.
Rotondo
A
A
Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biotechnologies, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy. a.rotondo@psico.med.unipi.it
Schuebel
K
K
Bergen
A
A
Aragon
R
R
Virkkunen
M
M
Linnoila
M
M
Goldman
D
D
Nielsen
D
D
D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression; D001483:Base Sequence; D005387:Finland; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000235:genetics; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D013406:Suicide, Attempted; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014365:Tryptophan Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics*; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
D014365:Tryptophan Hydroxylase