title: Exacerbation of cortical and hippocampal CA1 damage due to posttraumatic hypoxia following moderate fluid-percussion brain injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with head injuries often experience respiratory distress that results in a secondary hypoxic insult. The present experiment was designed to assess the histopathological consequences of a secondary hypoxic insult by using an established rodent model of traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Intubated anesthetized rats were subjected to moderate (1.94-2.18 atm) parasagittal fluid-percussion injury (FPI) to the brain. Following the TBI, the animals were maintained for 30 minutes by using either hypoxic (TBI-HY group, nine animals) or normoxic (TBI-NO, 10 animals) gas levels. Sham-operated animals also underwent all manipulations except for the FPI (sham-HY group, seven animals; and sham-NO group, seven animals). Three days after TBI the rats were killed, and quantitative histopathological evaluation was undertaken. Cortical contusion volumes were dramatically increased in the TBI-HY group compared with the TBI-NO group (p < 0.03). Qualitative assessment of cortical and subcortical structures demonstrated significant damage within the hippocampal areas, CA1 and CA2, of TBI-HY animals compared with the TBI-NO animals (both p < 0.03). There was also a significant increase in the frequency of damaged neuronal profiles within the middle and medial sectors of the CA1 hippocampus (p < 0.03) due to the hypoxic insult.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate that a secondary hypoxic insult following parasagittal FPI exacerbates contusion and neuronal pathological conditions. These findings emphasize the need to control for secondary hypoxic insults after experimental and human head injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, and Neurotrauma Research Center, University of Miami, Florida 33101, USA.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Bramlett
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Dietrich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications*