title: Treatment for human immunodeficiency virus with indinavir may cause relevant urological side-effects, effectively treatable by rehydration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the occurrence of, and diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for urological side-effects (e.g. micro- and macrohaematuria, and kidney stone formation) in individuals treated with indinavir for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised a retrospective follow-up of 74 individuals infected with HIV-1 and who were treated with indinavir orally at a daily dose of 2.4 g. Data were collected at the outpatient department of our institution between March 1996 and November 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 74 individuals treated with indinavir, 15 (20%) had indinavir-related urological side-effects (19 episodes), most commonly dull flank pain and dysuria. Microhaematuria occurred in 16 of the 19 episodes. Four patients showed urinary tract distension ultrasonographically as a possible indirect sign of urolithiasis and one patient passed a kidney stone. In four patients treatment had to be stopped permanently, but in the remaining 11 patients treatment was continued. Some patients required dose reduction and/or interruption of treatment; only conservative therapeutic measures were required, consisting of rehydration (fluid intake >1.5 L/day) and analgesics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urological side-effects of indinavir may be apparent in 20% of patients so treated; some (5%) may require permanent withdrawal. In addition to a history and clinical examination, urine analysis and ultrasonography were the only diagnostic procedures required. Therapy is mainly conservative, using rehydration, analgesics and a brief discontinuation of therapy, according to the severity of the symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hug
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naef
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Bucher
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sponagel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battegay
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D019469:Indinavir