title: The effect of treatment regimen on the development of tolerance to the sedative and anxiolytic effects of diazepam.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic treatment with benzodiazepines results in tolerance to their sedative and anxiolytic effects and there is considerable evidence that different mechanisms underlie the development of tolerance to different behavioural effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present experiment was to compare the behavioural effects of chronic treatment with diazepam (15 mg/kg per day) given as daily subcutaneous injections or by osmotic minipump. Both regimens resulted in continual receptor occupancy, but the daily injections also provided a period of higher brain concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were tested in the holeboard, which provides measures of exploration and locomotor activity, and in the elevated plus-maze and social interaction tests of anxiety. For those in the subcutaneous injection group the tests were 2 h after injection, when brain concentrations were highest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite a higher brain concentration in the injected group, both groups showed tolerance to diazepam's sedative effects, after 7 days of treatment. In contrast, in the elevated plus-maze, there was tolerance to the anxiolytic effects in the pump group after 14 days, but a persisting anxiolytic effect in the injected group at 14 and 28 days. Whilst higher brain concentrations could explain this result in the plus-maze, they cannot account for the pattern observed in the social interaction test, where the injection group showed a significant anxiogenic effect at 28 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas the mechanism underlying tolerance to the sedative effects of diazepam was insensitive to the different treatment regimens, the results suggest that different adaptive mechanisms were triggered in the two tests of anxiety with a differential sensitivity to the treatment regimen. The adaptive mechanism predominating in the social interaction test was favoured by the injection regimen which produced intermittent peak concentrations. This mechanism seems to be an oppositional one, leading to an anxiogenic response, which was manifest despite high brain concentrations of diazepam at the time of testing.
authors.affiliation: Psychopharmacology Research Unit, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Arnot
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Bateson
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: File
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D003975:Diazepam