title: Cephalometric soft tissue facial analysis.
abstract: My objective is to present a cephalometric-based facial analysis to correlate with an article that was published previously in the American Journal of Orthodontic and Dentofacial Orthopedics. Eighteen facial or soft tissue traits are discussed in this article. All of them are significant in successful orthodontic outcome, and none of them depend on skeletal landmarks for measurement. Orthodontic analysis most commonly relies on skeletal and dental measurement, placing far less emphasis on facial feature measurement, particularly their relationship to each other. Yet, a thorough examination of the face is critical for understanding the changes in facial appearance that result from orthodontic treatment. A cephalometric approach to facial examination can also benefit the diagnosis and treatment plan. Individual facial traits and their balance with one another should be identified before treatment. Relying solely on skeletal analysis, assuming that the face will balance if the skeletal/dental cephalometric values are normalized, may not yield the desired outcome. Good occlusion does not necessarily mean good facial balance. Orthodontic norms for facial traits can permit their measurement. Further, with a knowledge of standard facial traits and the patient's soft tissue features, an individualized norm can be established for each patient to optimize facial attractiveness. Four questions should be asked regarding each facial trait before treatment: (1) What is the quality and quantity of the trait? (2) How will future growth affect the trait? (3) How will orthodontic tooth movement affect the existing trait (positively or negatively)? (4) How will surgical bone movement to correct the bite affect the trait (positively or negatively)?
authors.affiliation: Cleft Lip and Palate Team Venture County Pediatric Diagnostic Center, Camarillo, CA 93010, USA.
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Bergman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003766:Dental Occlusion; D004954:Esthetics; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D009333:Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014716:Vertical Dimension