title: Molecular signals for glial activation: pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the injured brain.
abstract: Injury to the central nervous system leads to cellular changes not only in the affected neurons but also in adjacent glial cells. This neuroglial activation is a consistent feature in almost all forms of brain pathology and appears to reflect an evolutionarily-conserved program which plays an important role for the repair of the injured nervous system. Recent work in mice that are genetically-deficient for different cytokines (M-CSF, IL-6, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta 1) has begun to shed light on the molecular signals that regulate this cellular response. Here, the availability of cytokine-deficient animals with reduced or abolished neuroglial activation provides a direct approach to determine the function of the different components of the cellular response leading to repair and regeneration following neural trauma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuromorphology, Max-Planck Institute for Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raivich
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blüthmann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Doetschmann
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Kreutzberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines