title: Use of hypertonic saline/acetate infusion in treatment of cerebral edema in patients with head trauma: experience at a single center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertonic saline (HS) recently has been introduced as a new form of hyperosmolar treatment in patients with brain injury from diverse causes. We reviewed our experience with the use of continuous hypertonic saline/acetate infusion in patients with cerebral edema attributable to head trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients admitted with severe head injury, defined as admission Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or less, in the neurocritical care unit of a University hospital. Intravenous infusion of 2% or 3% saline/acetate for treatment of cerebral edema was introduced in the unit in April of 1993. The clinical characteristics, interventions required, and outcomes in patients who received HS were compared with patients who received 0.9% saline infusion only. Multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the impact of HS use on in-hospital mortality and Glasgow Outcome Scale score at discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six patients with cerebral edema caused by head trauma received infusion of HS initiated within 48 hours of admission for a mean period of 72 +/- 85 hours. Compared with 46 patients who did not receive HS, there were no differences observed in age and admission Glasgow Coma Scale scores. Patients who received HS were more likely to have a penetrating injury (p = 0.07) and a mass lesion on initial computed tomographic scan (p = 0.07). There was no difference between frequency of use of hyperventilation, mannitol, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, and vasopressors between the two groups. The requirement for pentobarbital coma was higher in HS group (n = 7 patients) versus control group (n = 2,p = 0.04). After adjusting for differences between both groups, infusion of HS was associated with higher in-hospital mortality (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.1-10.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HS administration as prolonged infusion does not seem to favorably impact on requirement for other interventions and in-hospital mortality in our experience. Further efforts should be directed toward use of HS as bolus administrations or short infusions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosciences Critical Care, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Suarez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D019346:Sodium Acetate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D019346:Sodium Acetate; D012964:Sodium