title: The long-term effects of placebo in patients with chronic schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been hypothesized that placebo periods may increase long-term morbidity for patients with schizophrenia. In this study, the long-term effect of a placebo period was evaluated in a group of relatively treatment-refractory patients with chronic schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study examined behavioral rating scores for 127 patients with chronic schizophrenia who were placed in a double-blind placebo study on the inpatient units of the National Institute of Mental Health Neuropsychiatric Research Hospital. Patients were rated daily with the Psychiatric Symptom Assessment Scale (PSAS), an extended and anchored version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). At the end of the placebo phase, most patients were placed on haloperidol. Pre-placebo baseline PSAS ratings were compared with, first, discharge ratings and second, post-placebo ratings. To determine expected variability in the course of illness, patients in the placebo group were compared with patients hospitalized during the same time period, but who did not enter the placebo study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By discharge, ratings for placebo patients had returned to baseline. Post-placebo ratings were quite variable. Although many of the placebo patients had returned to baseline by day 3 of the post-placebo phase, others had not returned to baseline by post-placebo day 42. PSAS Total Scores for patients who left the study early were no different at baseline, placebo, or through post-placebo day 35 compared with patients who completed the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that given a sufficiently lengthy recovery period, patients with chronic schizophrenia who go through a placebo phase return to baseline, but that the speed with which they attain that recovery is highly variable.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wyatt
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Henter
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bartko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001675:Bioethics; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015990:Placebo Effect; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents