title: Classification and management of perforations complicating endoscopic sphincterotomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of perforations after endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) is controversial. The purpose of this study was to analyze the treatments and outcome of patients with ES perforations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1994 and July 1998, in a series of 6040 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies, 2874 (48%) ESs were performed: 40 patients (0.6%) with perforation were identified and retrospectively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients (n = 14) with guidewire perforation (group I) were recognized early, managed medically, and discharged after a mean hospital stay of 3.5 days. Twenty of 22 patients with periampullary perforation (group II) were identified early; 18 patients (90%) had aggressive endoscopic drainage, and none required operation. Of the 2 patients identified late, 1 patient required operation and subsequently died. Mean hospital stay for this group was 8.5 days. Only 1 of 4 patients with duodenal perforations (group III) was identified early; all required operation; 1 patient died, and the mean hospital stay was 19.5 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ES perforation has 3 distinct types: guidewire, periampullary, and duodenal. Guidewire perforations are recognized early and resolve with medical treatment. Periampullary perforations diagnosed early respond to aggressive endoscopic drainage and medical treatment. Postsphincterotomy perforations diagnosed late (particularly duodenal) require surgical drainage, which carries a high morbidity and mortality rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lehman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Madura
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fogel
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Swack
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kopecky
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016154:Digestive System Fistula / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007416:Intestinal Perforation / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000145:classification* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome