title: The effect of smoking and periodontal treatment on salivary composition in patients with established periodontitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on the periodontal status and the salivary composition in subjects with established periodontitis before and after periodontal therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study group included 26 healthy subjects, 12 smokers and 14 non-smokers with established periodontitis. Clinical measurements and non-stimulated whole saliva were obtained and analyzed at baseline and after scaling and root planing. Smokers presented at baseline with significantly greater probing depth (4.16+/-0.26) compared to non-smokers (3.52+/-0.32) which was statistically significant (P = 0.0268); likewise, baseline clinical attachment level was greater in smokers (4.49+/-0.31 compared to non-smokers 3.87+/-0.13; P = 0.0620). Mean plaque index was also greater in smokers compared to non-smokers (0.86 and 0.65, respectively; P = 0.0834). Baseline pretreatment sodium values were significantly greater in non-smokers (14.36 mEq/l compared to 9.31 mEq/l in smokers; P = 0.0662); likewise non-smokers exhibited 50% greater salivary calcium levels (6.04 mg/100 ml compared to 4.32 mg/100 ml in smokers; P = 0.0133).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-treatment probing depth and clinical attachment level were not different between smokers and non-smokers; this in spite of significant difference in plaque index in smokers (0.35 compared to 0.13 in non-smokers; P = 0.0135). Post-treatment, smokers had reduced calcium concentration (3.58 mg/100 ml compared to 5.11 mg/100 ml in non-smokers; P = 0.0438). Treatment affected albumin level in smokers only, consequently non-smokers had significantly greater salivary albumin concentration (1.1 mg/100 ml compared to 0.38 mg/100 ml in smokers; P = 0.0274).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with established periodontitis exhibited elevated concentrations of salivary electrolytes and proteins. Within this study group, smokers exhibited greater disease level but reduced sodium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations. Smokers responded favorably to treatment. The clinical improvement eliminated the differences in salivary composition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zuabi
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Machtei
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ben-Aryeh
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ardekian
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peled
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laufer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000418:Albumins / Q000032:analysis; D000681:Amylases / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000032:analysis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D000681:Amylases