title: Biochemical and physiological aspects of brown blotch disease of Agaricus bisporus.
abstract: Pseudomonas tolaasii is a bacterium endemic to the compost beds where common mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is cultivated. Under some environmental conditions still not well-determined, but influenced by temperature and relative humidity, the bacterium can become pathogenic and provoke the brown blotch disease. This review describes the interaction between P. tolaasii and A. bisporus that results in the appearance of brown spots on the mushroom caps, typical symptoms of the disease. Firstly, P. tolaasii is studied, the changes in pathogenicity are explained, the compounds that provoke the damage are enumerated as well as various experimental methods to identify the pathogenic form of the bacteria. Secondly, mechanisms involved in the formation of the brown colour on the A. bisporus caps upon infection are briefly mentioned, taking into account the enzymes that catalyse the reaction, their mechanism, substrates and reaction products. Afterwards, a detailed description of the infection process is presented step by step, starting by the chemotactical attraction, fixation, secretion of the toxins, membrane breakdown, effect of the toxin on mushroom polyphenol oxidases and on the discolouration reaction. A possible mechanism of infection is hypothesised at the molecular level. Finally, the strategies tested until now to control the disease are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Agrotechnological Research Institute (ATO-DLO), Bornsesteeg 59, 6708 PD, Wageningen, The Netherlands. c.soler@ato.dlo.nl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soler-Rivas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jolivet
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arpin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Olivier
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wichers
mesh_terms: D000364:Agaricus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism; D047630:Depsipeptides; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D008049:Lipase / Q000378:metabolism; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D019800:Phenol / Q000378:metabolism; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000201:enzymology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D017262:Siderophores / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D047630:Depsipeptides; D008543:Melanins; D017262:Siderophores; C067241:tolaasin protein, Pseudomonas tolaasii; D019800:Phenol; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D008049:Lipase; D010450:Endopeptidases