title: Characterization of a pig-to-goat orthotopic lung xenotransplantation model to study beyond hyperacute rejection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A pig-to-goat orthotopic lung xenograft model was developed to test whether depletion of goat xenoreactive antibodies against pig red blood cells would prolong pig lung xenograft survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult goats with anti-pig xenoreactive antibodies underwent left pneumonectomy followed by orthotopic transplantation of pig left lung (group 1) or immunodepletion of their xenoreactive antibodies by extracorporeal right pig lung perfusion before transplantation without (group 2) or with (group 3) complete clampage of the right pulmonary artery. In group 4, goat left lungs were orthotopically transplanted into pigs and served as negative controls (pig serum does not have anti-goat xenoreactive antibodies). Each study group included 5 animals. Immunosuppression in surviving recipients included cyclosporine and azathioprine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 1 recipients died 7 +/- 3 hours after xenograft reimplantation of severe pulmonary hypertension and dysfunction and vasogenic shock, with little evidence of histologic xenograft injury. Group 2 xenografts had a stable circulatory and respiratory function on reperfusion and survived 9 +/- 4 days. Group 3 animals also tolerated complete occlusion of the right pulmonary artery, and xenografts assured the total respiratory support for 4 +/- 1 days. After immunodepletion, goat serum showed no detectable titers of xenoreactive antibodies, which began to reappear by postoperative day 2, where xenografts showed histologic stigmata of acute (humoral and cellular-mediated) rejection that evolved to a complete xenograft necrose at death. Group 4 xenografts showed scattered features of acute rejection 5 +/- 1 days after the operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pig left lung xenografts can provide prolonged and complete respiratory support after depletion of goat xenoreactive antibodies, but they ultimately necrose once recipient xenoreactive antibodies return to pretransplantation values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, and Heart-Lung Transplantation and Experimental Surgical Laboratory, Hôpital Marie-Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, Paris-Sud University, France. pmacchiarini@compuserve.com
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Macchiarini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oriol
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azimzadeh
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de Montpreville
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dartevelle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000910:Antibodies, Heterophile / Q000276:immunology*; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology; D006041:Goats; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D014312:Trisaccharides / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000910:Antibodies, Heterophile; D000939:Epitopes; D014312:Trisaccharides; C076569:alpha-galactosyl epitope