title: Effect of different arm loads on the position of the scapula in abduction postures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to determine the relation between arm load and the three-dimensional shoulder orientations.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Analysis of a musculo-skeletal system by means of an inverse dynamical simulation requires postural data of the bony elements involved. For the shoulder, the positions of the clavicle and the scapula are difficult to record due to the skin displacement. It would therefore be useful to predict the three-dimensional relation between the orientation of the arm, the clavicula and the scapula, i.e. the three-dimensional shoulder rhythm, with respect to the thorax under different load conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The orientation of the clavicula and the scapula was determined with respect to the thorax by means of palpation of skeletal landmarks, for seven postures of arm elevation in the frontal plane at four load conditions: 0, 0.9, 1.9 and 2.9 kg at the wrist. The data were expressed by Cardan angles and analyzed by means of repeated measurements analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While the clavicular and scapular angles were significantly related to the arm elevation, no significant relation was found with the load in the hands for the seven arm postures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three-dimensional shoulder rhythm does not change under different gravitational load conditions on the arm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fact that the magnitude of the load does not affect the shoulder postures, i.e. the moment arms of the muscles, facilitates the biomechanical, ergonomical and clinical studies on the shoulder by the reduction on the number of recordings for equal task under different load conditions, and easy imitation of real life tasks in the laboratory.
authors.affiliation: The Laboratory of Man-Machine Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. degroot@rulsfb.leidenuniv.nl
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Woensel
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: van der Helm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012540:Scapula / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*