title: Gastrointestinal involvement in patients with diabetes mellitus: Part II (second of two parts). Diagnostic procedures, pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapy.
abstract: Diagnostic work-up in patients with diabetes mellitus, in whom gastrointestinal involvement is suspected comprises the assessment of gastrointestinal transit times, endoscopy, esophageal pH-metry or manometry, sonography and lactulose- or glucose-H2-breath tests. Prokinetic agents such as metoclopramide, cisapride or erythromycin and substances like loperamide, octreotide or clonidine are used to improve gastrointestinal dysfunction. Furthermore, in recent trials which aimed for the modulation of gastrointestinal transit times, cholecystokinin, proteinase inhibitors or amylin were administered in patients with diabetes mellitus. Nonpharmacological interventions include pancreas and kidney transplantation, gastric pacemakers and biofeedback training.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Folwaczny
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riepl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tschöp
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landgraf
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents