title: Development and application of endoloops for the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoloops are detachable nylon snares. The aims of this study were to develop an endoscopic method for repeated delivery of endoloops to arrest variceal bleeding, to compare efficacy of endoloop hemostasis with injection and band ligation in experimental models of bleeding, and to test the reliability and safety of endoloops in a pilot study in patients with varices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Technical modifications including ridged endcaps and alterations in angulation of endoloops were developed to speed delivery and improve efficacy. Hemostatic efficacy of endoloops was compared with sclerotherapy and band ligation in animal studies before studies in patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Modified endcap and endoloops allowed repeated applications without withdrawal of the endoscope. Right-angled endoloops ensnared more (p < 0.0001) gastric tissue and were more reliable (p < 0.05) than straight endoloops. Injection therapy and prestretched bands appeared ineffective, whereas band ligation was only effective on vessels up to 2 mm in diameter. Only endoloops achieved hemostasis on vessels of 3 to 5 mm (p < 0.05). No significant complications occurred using endoloops in animal (esophagus n = 20, stomach n = 20) or human (n = 11) studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endcap and endoloop modifications simplified repeated application to varices. Endoloops were more effective than injection or band ligation in experimental hemostasis and appeared safe and effective in patients.
authors.affiliation: Oldchurch Gastroenterology Department, Romford, Essex, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hepworth
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Burnham
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Swain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004867:Equipment Design; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000601:surgery*; D020701:Esophagoscopes; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery*; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009757:Nylons; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011897:Random Allocation; D012408:Rubber; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013270:Stomach / Q000601:surgery; D013396:Suction / Q000295:instrumentation; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D009757:Nylons; D012408:Rubber