title: Histological findings after long-term infusion of intrathecal ketamine for chronic pain: a case report.
abstract: Ketamine, a selective, noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist, is able to alter pain perception at the spinal level. Little clinical data exist on the intrathecal and epidural use of ketamine in chronic pain. Histopathologic findings after intrathecal injection of ketamine with and without preservatives are rarely reported. This outcome was evaluated in a 72-year-old woman with abdominal pain due to cancer who was treated with the intrathecal application of bupivacaine, clonidine, and morphine. We reached satisfactory pain relief with the addition of ketamine to the mixture for 7 days. On postmortem, focal lymphocytic vasculitis close to the catheter injection site was found. This finding has not been described previously after long-term application of ketamine intrathecally. The intrathecal infusion of ketamine with preservative, or the mixture of ketamine, clonidine, morphine, and bupivacaine resulted in isolated lymphocytic vasculitis of the spinal cord and leptomeninges without any clinical signs of neurological deficit.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anesthesiology, Kantonsspital, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stotz
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Oehen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gerber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D007649:Ketamine