title: Costs, charges, and reimbursements for persons with sickle cell disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to describe health care costs and charges for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and identify predictors of high use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with SCD were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes from a university hospital's administrative databases from January 1, 1996, to September 30, 1997. Clinical and administrative data were gathered on each patient for all hospital admissions and ambulatory clinic visits. Logistic regression models were used to determine predictors of high health care use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 947 patients with SCD were identified, 73% of whom resided within three South Carolina counties. On average, there were 0.9 admissions per patient per year and 8.0 outpatient visits per patient per year. Mean inpatient hospital charges, physician charges, and direct hospital costs per admission were $7290, $1589, and $5405, respectively, and the average length of stay was 4.5 days. Mean hospital charges, physician charges, and direct hospital costs per outpatient visit were $305, $169, and $688, respectively. Forty percent of the inpatient hospital charges were accounted for by only 4.2% of the patients. Residing in a distant county and being admitted with a diagnosis of painful respiration were found to be predictors of excessive charges and expenses beyond expected reimbursements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with SCD are frequent users of health care services. Charges and costs are distributed disproportionately across these patients. Predictors of excessive hospital charges include living geographically distant from the hospital and being admitted with a diagnosis of painful respiration.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Care Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Nietert
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Abboud
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Zoller
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Silverstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000191:economics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D019992:Databases as Topic; D005251:Fees, Medical; D005260:Female; D017722:Hospital Charges; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms; D013022:South Carolina