title: Combined diltiazem and lidocaine reduces cardiovascular responses to tracheal extubation and anesthesia emergence in hypertensive patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypertensive patients exhibit exaggerated cardiovascular responses to tracheal extubation. This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of combined diltiazem and lidocaine with each drug alone in suppressing the hemodynamic changes during tracheal extubation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty hypertensive patients (ASA II), defined as systolic blood pressure > 160 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure > 95 mmHg (WHO), undergoing elective orthopedic surgery received, in a randomized, double-blind manner, 0.2 mg x kg(-1) diltiazem, 1.0 mg x kg(-1) lidocaine, or 0.2 mg x kg(-1) diltiazem plus 1.0 mg x kg(-1) lidocaine (n=20 of each) i.v. before tracheal extubation. Changes in heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and rate-pressure product (RPP) were measured before and after tracheal extubation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hemodynamic changes during tracheal extubation were less in patients receiving diltiazem plus lidocaine than in those receiving diltiazem or lidocaine as a sole medicine (RPP; 10322 +/- 1674 (combined) vs 11532 +/- 1802 (diltiazem), 15388 +/- 2050 (lidocaine), mean +/- SD, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined diltiazem and lidocaine is more effective prophylaxis than diltiazem or lidocaine alone for attenuating the cardiovascular responses to tracheal extubation and emergence from anesthesia in hypertensive patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Tsukuba Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toyooka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D004110:Diltiazem