title: Initiation of physical restraint in nursing home residents following restraint reduction efforts.
abstract: In this pilot study a one group pretest posttest design was employed to identify resident characteristics and environmental factors associated with initiation of physical restraint. Predictors of restraint initiation for older adults were examined using secondary analysis of an existing data set of nursing home residents who were subjected to a federal mandate and significant restraint reduction efforts. Lower cognitive status (OR = 1.5 [for every 7-point decrease in Mini-Mental State Examination], 95% CI = 1.0, 2.1) and a higher ratio of licensed nursing personnel (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.2, 11.9) were predictive of restraint initiation. Key findings suggest that restraint initiation occurs, despite significant restraint reduction efforts, when a nursing home resident is cognitively impaired or when more licensed nursing personnel (predominantly licensed practical nurses) are available for resident care. Achievement of restraint-free care in nursing homes requires specific and individualized approaches for residents who are cognitively impaired, as well as greater attention to staff mix of registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and nursing aides.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, 420 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6096, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Sullivan-Marx
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Strumpf
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baumgarten
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maislin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders; D004522:Educational Status; D006304:Health Status; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*