title: Whole blood production of monocytic cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, sIL-6R, IL-1Ra) in haemodialysed patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The production of monocytic cytokines by isolated mononuclear cells after stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is generally increased in haemodialysed (HD) patients. We performed whole blood (WB) cultures to evaluate cytokine production by blood cells inside their complex cellular and humoral network.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diluted whole blood from HD patients (collected before dialysis) and controls was cultured alone with PHA (2.5 microg/ml) or LPS (1 and 3 microg/ml). Supernatants were collected after 24 and 48 h of culture, and concentrations of IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, sIL-6R and IL-1Ra were determined by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The low spontaneous production of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in both patients and controls was not significantly modified by PHA. The lower dose of LPS (1 microg/ml) induced a significant but lower increase in production of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in patients than in controls. In contrast, while it did not further increase their production in controls, the higher concentration of LPS (3 microg/ml) still increased their production in patients to the same level than in controls. The plasma concentrations of sIL-6R were higher in patients than in controls. In both groups, the sIL-6R concentration did not vary during the culture period whether the cells were stimulated or not with LPS or PHA. This suggests that the increased plasma levels of sIL-6R were not produced by blood cells. Despite a similar significant LPS and PHA induced production of IL-1Ra, the IL-1Ra/IL-1beta ratio was always higher in patients than in controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monocytes from HD patients in WB cultures are hyporesponsive to PHA and LPS for their IL-1beta, TNFalpha and IL-6 production in contrast to isolated monocytes that demonstrate signs of activation. If it reflects the in vivo situation it could partly explain the immune defect in uraemic and haemodialysed patients. Higher sIL-6R/IL-6 and IL-1Ra/IL-1beta ratios could also participate to the complex immune disturbances of HD patients by reducing the biological activity of two cytokines playing a major role in the immune and inflammatory network.
authors.affiliation: Service de Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, France.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Meur
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lorgeot
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Aldigier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wijdenes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leroux-Robert
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Praloran
mesh_terms: D001773:Blood Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha