title: Male infertility and erectile dysfunction in spinal cord injury: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of erectile dysfunction and infertility in spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies that covered various treatment options and their contraindications, complications, or side effects, including sildenafil (Viagra), intracavernosal injection therapy, topical medications and a urethral delivery system, a vacuum erection device, and penile prostheses. Other studies covered the effects of SCI on reproduction: spermatogenesis and testicular function, and seminal constituents. In addition, assisted reproductive techniques were compared: external vibratory stimulation, electroejaculation, testicular sperm aspiration, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Goal-directed therapy is the mainstay of treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with or without SCI. The choice of therapy is often defined more by the needs of the patient's sexual relationship than by his erectile dysfunction. The majority of men with SCI are infertile because of a combination of ejaculatory dysfunction, impaired spermatogenesis, and poor semen quality. Although many technological advances have evolved to overcome ejaculatory dysfunction, the sperm density, motility, and function remain poor. Until these parameters are improved, men with SCI will have to pursue more financially and emotionally taxing procedures. Further studies to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of diminished sperm quality are needed. Addressing the issues of erectile dysfunction and male infertility may help to preserve the relationship between the patient and his partner.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, University of California, San Diego, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monga
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernie
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajasekaran
mesh_terms: D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D015917:Penile Prosthesis; D010413:Penis / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012099:Reproductive Techniques; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors