title: Factors contributing to dehydration in nursing homes: inadequate staffing and lack of professional supervision.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the factors that influenced fluid intake among nursing home residents who were not eating well.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, descriptive, anthropological study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two proprietary nursing homes with 105 and 138 beds, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty nursing home residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participant observation, event analysis, bedside dysphagia screening, mental and functional status evaluation, assessment of level of family/advocate involvement, and chart review were used to collect data. Data were gathered on the amount of liquid served and consumed over a 3- day period. Daily fluid intake was compared with three established standards: Standard 1 (30 mL/kg body weight), Standard 2 (1 mL/kcal/energy consumed), and Standard 3 (100 mL/kg for the first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg for the next 10 kg, 15 mL/kg for the remaining kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The residents' mean fluid intake was inadequate; 39 of the 40 residents consumed less than 1500 mL/day. Using three established standards, we found that the fluid intake was inadequate for nearly all of the residents. The amount of fluid consumed with and between meals was low. Some residents took no fluids for extended periods of time, which resulted in their fluid intake being erratic and inadequate even when it was resumed. Clinical (undiagnosed dysphagia, cognitive and functional impairment, lack of pain management), sociocultural (lack of social support, inability to speak English, and lack of attention to individual beverage preferences), and institutional factors (an inadequate number of knowledgeable staff and lack of supervision of certified nursing assistants by professional staff) contributed to low fluid intake. During the data collection, 25 of the 40 residents had illnesses/conditions that may have been related to dehydration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When staffing is inadequate and supervision is poor, residents with moderate to severe dysphagia, severe cognitive and functional impairment, aphasia or inability to speak English, and a lack of family or friends to assist them at mealtime are at great risk for dehydration. Adequate fluid intake can be achieved by simple interventions such as offering residents preferred liquids systematically and by having an adequate number of supervised staff help them to drink while properly positioned.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, UCSF Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kayser-Jones
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Schell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Barbaccia
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000150:complications; D003681:Dehydration / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D000078329:Workforce