title: Initial experience with endoscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for pediatric urolithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Due to the unavailability of suitable pediatric instruments children have not benefited from advances in endoscopic lithotripsy. This limitation may be overcome by the holmium: YAG laser. We evaluated the indications for, and efficacy and complications of holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed all cases of laser lithotripsy. Access to the calculus was antegrade or retrograde. A solid state holmium:YAG laser was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients 4 to 14 years old underwent laser lithotripsy during the study period. Average calculous surface area was 357.13 mm.2 (range 14 to 1,645). Five patients required 1 procedure to render them stone-free, while the remaining 3 required multiple procedures. No complications were associated with laser lithotripsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability of the holmium:YAG laser to pulverize urinary calculi makes it an alternative choice for lithotripsy. In our series all patients are stone-free with stable renal function. The advantages of the holmium:YAG laser are that it may be precisely applied via small fibers, and it pulverizes calculi with minimal scattering of energy and retropulsion of the calculus, decreasing trauma to tissues at the perioperative site. There is also a lower risk of residual fragments, which is associated with a lower incidence of calculous regrowth. Holmium: YAG laser is safe and effective for treating pediatric urolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Barrieras
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bägli
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: McLorie
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Merguerian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000628:therapy*