title: Comparison of ketamine-induced thought disorder in healthy volunteers and thought disorder in schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to determine whether thought disorder induced in healthy volunteers by the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine resembles the thought disorder found in patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Scale for the Assessment of Thought, Language, and Communication was used to assess thought disorder in healthy volunteers (N = 10) who received subanesthetic doses of ketamine and in a group of clinically stable inpatients with schizophrenia (N = 15) who did not receive ketamine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean scores on the Scale for the Assessment of Thought, Language, and Communication for patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers receiving ketamine did not differ significantly. Moreover, three of the four highest rated test items in both groups were the same.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that ketamine-induced thought disorder in healthy volunteers is not dissimilar to the thought disorder in patients with schizophrenia and provide support for the involvement of the NMDA receptor in a cardinal symptom of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Therapeutics Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md., USA. cal.adler@psychiatry.uc.edu
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Elman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pickar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Breier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D007649:Ketamine