title: Glutamine is essential for nitric oxide synthesis by murine macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies suggest an interaction between l-arginine (Arg) and l-glutamine (Gln) in the control of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Endotoxemia enhances Gln demand and NO production. This study was initiated to investigate the effects of altered Gln availability on the capacity of macrophages to produce NO and the interaction of Gln with l-citrulline (Cit) and Arg in the regulation of endotoxin-stimulated NO synthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultures of RAW 264.7 macrophages in MEM containing Gln (0 to 100 mM) or Arg (0 or 0.6 mM) and supplemented or not with Cit (0.31 to 10 mM) were exposed to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 0.001 and 1 microg/ml. After 24-h incubation, supernatants were evaluated for nitrite concentrations by Greiss reaction as a measure of NO synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS stimulated nitrite synthesis in a dose-dependent fashion. Macrophages cultured in Gln-free medium containing Arg (0.6 mM) did not produce NO when stimulated with LPS. In contrast, in the presence of Arg and 0.001 microg/ml LPS, adding as little as 0.31 mM Gln resulted in a 23-fold increase in NO production (from 0.13 +/- 0. 02 to 2.92 +/- 0.06 nmol/ml) (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, a dose-dependent increase in LPS-stimulated nitrite release was observed with increasing amounts of Gln to as much as 1 mM. LPS-stimulated macrophages cultured in Arg-free medium containing Gln (0.31-10 mM) did not produce significant amounts of nitrite. However, in the absence of Arg, increasing extracellular Gln levels to 100 mM in the culture medium resulted in nitrite synthesis (2.39 +/- 0.11 nmol/ml). Detectable levels of nitrite (2.84 +/- 0.21 nmol/ml) were also documented when stimulated macrophages were incubated in culture medium lacking Arg but containing Cit (0.31 mM) and Gln (2 mM). Increasing Cit levels (0.63 to 10 mM) significantly augmented nitrite release (P < 0.05). Once again, no detectable levels of nitrite were observed when macrophages were cultured in Gln-free medium, even when Arg and Cit were present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that Gln is an essential amino acid for NO synthesis by macrophages and raise the strong possibility that Gln acts with nitric oxide synthase to catalyze the conversion of Arg to NO. The consumption of Gln during sepsis may represent NO production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA.
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Bellows
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jaffe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002956:Citrulline / Q000378:metabolism; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D005973:Glutamine; D002956:Citrulline; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine