title: Dependency, self-criticism, interpersonal behaviour and affect: evolutionary perspectives.
abstract: Evolutionary accounts of vulnerability to depression have focussed either on the attachment system (Bowlby, 1980) or the social rank system (Gilbert, 1992; Price, 1972). According to a two-factor evolutionary model, depression-prone dependent and self-critical individuals suffer from insecurities regarding both attachment and social rank, but they differ in their strategies for dealing with those insecurities. Event-contingent recording was used to assess agentic (dominant-submissive) and communal (agreeable-quarrelsome) interpersonal behaviour as well as affect in 119 employed adults over 20 days. Participants also completed questionnaire measures of agency and communion. Self-criticism predicted low levels of agency and low levels of communion. In the sample as a whole, agentic and communal behaviours were associated with pleasant affect, but highly self-critical participants experienced relatively less pleasant affect when they acted communally or agentically. Individuals with high levels of immature dependency (neediness) were low in agency, whereas those with high levels of mature dependency (connectedness) were high in communion. Implications for evolutionary theories of vulnerability to depression were discussed, and interpersonal processes that may contribute to vulnerability were identified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada. zuroff@ego.psych.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Zuroff
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Côté
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003858:Dependency, Psychological; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004291:Dominance-Subordination; D005260:Female; D006167:Guilt; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009769:Object Attachment; D010551:Personality; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012917:Social Adjustment