title: On the stability of ascorbic acid in emulsified systems for topical and cosmetic use.
abstract: Several O/W microemulsions, O/W and W/O emulsions and a W/O/W multiple emulsion were prepared using non-ionic, non-ethoxylated, skin compatible emulsifiers. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was added to the emulsified systems and its stability against oxidation was studied at 45.0 degrees C in aerobic conditions and compared with that in aqueous solutions at different pH values. All emulsified systems provided protection to ascorbic acid, as its degradation rate, which increased with increasing pH, was slower in emulsified systems than in aqueous solutions. The highest protection of ascorbic acid was when it was dissolved in the inner aqueous phase of the W/O/W multiple emulsion, both at 45 and at 20 degrees C for long storage. A pseudo first-order mechanism was hypothesised for ascorbic acid degradation in the experimental conditions for as long as abundant dissolved oxygen was present.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallarate
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Carlotti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trotta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bovo
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D004355:Drug Stability; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D012996:Solutions; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D005079:Excipients; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; D001205:Ascorbic Acid