title: Laparoscopic approach to L4-L5 for interbody fusion using BAK cages: experience in the first 58 cases.
abstract: METHODS
  Operative reports were reviewed for patients who underwent laparoscopic fusion at the L4-L5 level and information regarding the mobilization of the vessels was recorded.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to describe variations in the approach used to address anatomical variations in the location of the great vessel bifurcation in the region of the L4-L5 intervertebral disc space when performing laparoscopic interbody fusion procedures.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Recent interest in laparoscopic spine surgery using threaded cages has resulted in questions regarding the ability to safely access the L4-L5 disc using this approach. The laparoscopic transperitoneal approach to L5-S1 is below the bifurcation of the great vessels, thus requiring minimal mobilization of the iliac vessels. However, the transperitoneal approach to L4-L5 may be complicated by the bifurcation of the great vessels anterior to this disc space. Difficulty in placing two cages may occur if the vessels cannot be adequately mobilized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected for the consecutive series of the first 58 patients (40 males, 18 females; mean age 42.5 years) undergoing laparoscopic anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) at the L4-L5 level using BAK cages. Operative notes were reviewed to determine variations in the operative approach. In particular, it was recorded if the L4-L5 disc was accessed above, or below the bifurcation of the aorta and the vena cava, or between these structures. The blood loss, operative time, and length of hospitalization were compared with respect to approach variation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 30 patients, the L4-L5 disc was accessed above the great vessel bifurcation, in 18 patients below the bifurcation, and in the remaining 10 patients, by passing between the vessels. There were no statistically significant differences in the operative time, blood loss, or length of hospitalization with respect to the approach used. Three patients were converted to open procedures as a result of bleeding from segmental veins. None required transfusions and there were no postoperative sequelae. In two patients, successful endoscopic repair of segmental vein avulsion from the vena cava was performed using endoscopic loop ligatures. One patient had a secondary procedure to remove a cage that was causingnerve irritation, and one patient reported retrograde ejaculation after a two level fusion. Another patient, in whom a posterior herniation was removed, later presented with a cerebrospinal fluid leak. Most of the operative complications occurred early in the series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic transperitoneal approach to L4-L5 for insertion of threaded fusion cages is feasible. The laparoscopic L4-L5 procedure can be accomplished with few complications, provided a dedicated team of collaborative surgeons with experience in laparoscopic spine techniques is employed. Variations in vascular anatomy did not prevent successful insertion of two threaded fusion cages.
authors.affiliation: Texas Back Institute Research Foundation, Plano, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Regan
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Aronoff
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Ohnmeiss
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sengupta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome