Mental health service utilization by African Americans and Whites: the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Follow-Up.
OBJECTIVE
To compare mental health service utilization and its associated factors between African Americans and whites in the 1980s and 1990s.


METHODS
Household-based longitudinal study with baseline interviews in 1981 and follow-up interviews from 1993 to 1996.


METHODS
The Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Follow-Up.


METHODS
Subjects included 1,662 adults (590 African Americans and 1,072 whites).


METHODS
Use of mental health services, defined as talking to any health professional about emotional or nervous problems or alcohol or drug-related problems within the 6 months preceding each interview.


RESULTS
In 1981, crude rates of mental health service use in general medical (GM) settings and specialty mental health settings were similar for African Americans and whites (11.7%). However, after adjustment for predisposing, need, and enabling factors, individuals receiving mental health services were less likely to be African American. Mental health service use increased by 6.5% over follow-up, and African Americans were no longer less likely to report receiving any mental health services in the 1990s. African Americans were more likely than whites to report discussing mental health problems in GM settings without having seen a mental health specialist. They were less likely than whites to report use of specialty mental health services, but this finding was not statistically significant, possibly because of low rates of specialty mental health use by both race groups. Psychiatric distress was the strongest predictor of mental health service use. Attitudes positively associated with use of mental health services were more prevalent among African Americans than whites.


CONCLUSIONS
Mental health service use increased in the past decade, with the greatest increase among African Americans in GM settings. Although it is possible that the racial disparity in use of specialty mental health services remains, the GM setting may offer a safety net for some mental health concerns of African Americans.
Cooper-Patrick
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Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. lcooper@welch.jhu.edu
Gallo
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Powe
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Steinwachs
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Eaton
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Ford
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D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D044383:Black People; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007358:Insurance, Psychiatric; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*