title: Diffusion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the Veterans Affairs health care system, 1991-1995.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the most widely used treatment for gallbladder disease. In HMO, Medicare, and fee-for-service settings, cholecystectomy rates increased 28% to 59% after introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on cholecystectomy rates and the operative mortality rate in Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sequential cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients who underwent cholecystectomy from 1991 (before introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy) to 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  133 VA hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cholecystectomy rates, use of laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy, and operative mortality rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual number of cholecystectomies in the VA system increased by 10% from 1991 to 1995; the laparoscopic procedure accounted for 25% of the caseload in 1992 and 52% in 1995. Compared with patients having laparoscopic cholecystectomy, those having open cholecystectomy were more likely to be older, be male, and have acute cholecystitis or comorbid illnesses (P < 0.001). The operative mortality rate of open cholecystectomy increased by 46% during this 4-year period (from 2.4% to 3.4%) and was constant for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (about 0.5%). Given the increasing use of the laparoscopic procedure, however, the overall mortality rate of cholecystectomy during surgery decreased by 22% (from 2.4% to 1.8%). Despite increased use of the surgery, the absolute number of deaths decreased by 9%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the VA system was not accompanied by a large increase in cholecystectomy rates, as it was in fee-for-service, Medicare, and HMO systems. Because the rate of operations has changed only slightly, the total number of cholecystectomy-related deaths has decreased.
authors.affiliation: Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, University of Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gilman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mathewson
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006302:Health Services Research; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D014481:United States