title: Surgeon-tool force/torque signatures--evaluation of surgical skills in minimally invasive surgery.
abstract: The best method of training for laparoscopic surgical skills is controversial. Some advocate observation in the operating room, while others promote animal and simulated models or a combination of surgical related tasks. The mode of proficiency evaluation common to all of these methods has been subjective evaluation by a skilled surgeon. In order to define an objective means of evaluating performance, an instrumented laparoscopic grasper was developed measuring the force/torque at the surgeon hand/tool interface. The measured database demonstrated substantial differences between experienced and novice surgeon groups. Analyzing forces and torques combined with the state transition during surgical procedures allows an objective measurement of skill in MIS. Teaching the novice surgeon to limit excessive loads and improve movement efficiency during surgical procedures can potentially result in less injury to soft tissues and less wasted time during laparoscopic surgery. Moreover the force/torque database measured in this study may be used for developing realistic virtual reality simulators and optimization of medical robots performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: MacFarlane
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hannaford
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sinanan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D010535:Laparoscopy; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013552:Swine; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D019415:Torque; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014743:Videotape Recording