title: Pathomechanics and clinical relevance of disc degeneration and annular tear: a point-of-view review.
abstract: Annular tear is a major cause of intervertebral disc degeneration that results in disabling back pain. Many of the stresses resulting in this type of lesion are common in the workplace: compression, torsion, compression combined with flexion, and vibration. Age-related disc degeneration begins early in adulthood, and progresses thereafter, altering disc morphology and mechanical properties in ways that predispose to disc herniation, and should not be misconstrued as "old age." Acute trauma may produce disc herniation whether or not there are predisposing factors, such as age-related degeneration, but disc herniation in the absence of acute injury requires the presence of preexisting degenerative changes.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Kriti, Greece.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hadjipavlou
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Necessary
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Goel
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011312:Pressure; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical