title: Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with advanced cirrhosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most available data on screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis originate from Asia and Europe. These data may not be applicable to patients from the United States because of geographic variation in the underlying etiology and other factors. Our aim was to assess the risk of HCC in U.S. patients with cirrhosis undergoing standardized screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  All cirrhotic patients evaluated for liver transplantation at our institution from January 1, 1994-December 31, 1997 were included in this study. The screening strategy included initial screening, which was offered to all patients and consisted of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), abdominal ultrasound, and computed tomography (CT) scan, and extended screening, which was performed only on transplant-eligible patients and consisted of semiannual AFP and ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 285 patients with cirrhosis were evaluated for transplantation and underwent initial screening. Of these, 166 were eligible for transplantation and underwent extended screening during a median follow-up of 15 months (range 6-42 months). Twenty-seven HCC were found, 22 during initial screening and five during extended screening. The cancer-free proportions of the cohort who underwent extended screening at 1, 2, and 3.5 yr were 98.6% +/- 1.4%, 96.4 +/- 1.8%, and 77.1% +/- 1.7%, respectively (mean +/- SE). Hepatitis C, either alone or in part, was the etiology in 63% of patients with HCC. The sensitivity of CT scan (88%) was significantly higher than AFP >20 ng/ml (62%) and ultrasound (59%) for detecting HCC (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with established cirrhosis, the risk of detecting HCC is maximal at the baseline screening (7%). Hepatitis C was the most common etiology for cirrhosis in study. In U.S. patients with established cirrhosis, CT scan exhibited higher sensitivity for detecting HCC than ultrasound or AFP.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chalasani
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Horlander
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoen
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kopecky
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stockberger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manam
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Kwo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lumeng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins