title: High-resolution computed tomography of the chest in children with cystic fibrosis: support for use as an outcome surrogate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Outcome surrogates are indicators that reflect, rather than directly measure, patient benefit. In order to provide useful results, however, outcome surrogates must be carefully chosen and must meet specific criteria.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To support development of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) as an outcome surrogate in cystic fibrosis (CF) by demonstrating the ability of HRCT to show short-term improvement in the appearance of the lungs in children with CF.
  
  
  METHODS
  HRCT was performed at admission and after discharge on 8 children during 15 admissions for acute pulmonary exacerbation of CF. Three radiologists scored each study separately, then compared admission and discharge pairs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HRCT scores improved in 13/15 admissions. Mean score decreased from 25 to 22. The decrease was significant (P = 0.014). Comparison of admission and discharge scans showed improvement in peribronchial thickening (P = 0.007), mucous plugging (P = 0.002), and overall appearance (P = 0.025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HRCT has the potential to be a useful outcome surrogate in CF. A necessary attribute of an outcome surrogate is that it improves rapidly with effective therapy. Despite widespread belief among radiologists and pulmonologists that HRCT meets this criterion, no previous report has demonstrated this ability in children. These findings support further development of HRCT as an outcome surrogate in children with CF.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramagopal
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Swartz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed