title: The clinical and economic potential of cyclosporin drug interactions.
abstract: The introduction of cyclosporin significantly improved solid organ transplantation outcomes. However, the costs associated with immunosuppressive therapy increased from approximately $US1000 to $US2000 per patient per year with azathioprine (AZA) and prednisone to $US5000 to $US8000 per patient per year with the addition of cyclosporin (1997 values). Because of the financial demands placed on medical care in the current era, research has been directed towards developing drug combinations which potentiate the therapeutic effect of cyclosporin whereby reducing the amount of drug administered and consequently the costs of long term immunosuppressive therapy. To date, many drugs that interact with cyclosporin have been recognised. Included in this list are the azole antifungal drugs, ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole; the calcium channel blockers, diltiazem, verapamil and nicardipine; and the macrolide antibacterials, erythromycin and related compounds. Although all of these drugs increase cyclosporin drug concentrations when used concomitantly, ketoconazole and diltiazem appear to be the best candidates on the basis of reducing financial pressures of chronic immunosuppressive therapy without sacrificing patients' well-being. Studies of various regimens involving the combined use of ketoconazole and cyclosporin have shown that cyclosporin dosages can be reduced by approximately 70 to 85% while maintaining therapeutic blood concentrations in renal, cardiac and liver transplant recipients. The calcium channel blocker, diltiazem, allows a decrease in cyclosporin dosage by approximately 30 to 50% in this same group of organ transplant patients. These reductions in cyclosporin dosage have been achieved with no reported severe adverse effects that would discourage the use of these agents concurrently in practice. The combined use of cyclosporin and ketoconazole or diltiazem could reduce medication costs by approximately $US915 to $US3000 per year per patient. If all patients treated with cyclosporin are considered, these combinations could reduce medication costs by hundreds of millions of dollars per year in the US alone. While these are promising approaches, further characterisation of these drug interactions is necessary before this practice is adopted as standard protocol worldwide. The objective of this paper is to review the clinical and economic potential of cyclosporin-sparing agents such as the azole antifungal drugs and calcium channel blockers in an attempt to decrease the costs associated with this expensive immunosuppressive agent.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Daoud
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: First
mesh_terms: D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine