title: Discriminative stimulus effects of flumazenil in untreated and in diazepam-treated rhesus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term use of benzodiazepine agonists can have adverse effects (e.g., development of dependence), thereby limiting their clinical usefulness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the current study was to examine the discriminative stimulus effects of flumazenil in untreated and diazepam-treated monkeys to determine whether this type of procedure could be used to examine benzodiazepine dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flumazenil (0.32 mg/kg s.c.) was established as a discriminative stimulus in eight monkeys receiving 5.6 mg/kg/day of diazepam (p.o.); four responded under a fixed ratio (FR)5 schedule of stimulus-shock termination (SST) and four responded under a FR5 schedule of food presentation. For comparison, 1.0 mg/kg flumazenil (s.c.) was established as a discriminative stimulus in four untreated monkeys responding under a FR5 schedule of SST.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flumazenil dose-dependently increased responding on the flumazenil-appropriate lever in all monkeys. In diazepam-treated monkeys, Ro 15-4513, ethyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate and bretazenil substituted for flumazenil with pentylenetetrazole substituting in some monkeys; other drugs failed to substitute for flumazenil. Acute administration of 10.0 mg/kg diazepam (s.c.) shifted the flumazenil dose-effect curve threefold to the right of the control dose-effect curve. Temporary suspension of diazepam treatment produced a time-related increase in flumazenil-lever responding that was reversed by diazepam. In untreated monkeys, midazolam substituted for flumazenil, with other drugs, including those with primary mechanisms of action at non-gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptors, substituting in some monkeys. Ro 15-4513 did not substitute in any untreated monkey.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The flumazenil discriminative stimulus appears to be pharmacologically selective in treated monkeys with only negative and low efficacy positive modulators substituting for flumazenil; in contrast, a variety of drugs substitute for flumazenil in untreated monkeys. This apparent difference in selectivity suggests that diazepam treatment modifies the flumazenil discriminative stimulus perhaps due to the development of dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112-1393, USA.
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Gerak
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: France
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001386:Azides / Q000494:pharmacology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D002243:Carbolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D003975:Diazepam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001386:Azides; D002243:Carbolines; D018757:GABA Modulators; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D005442:Flumazenil; C024915:beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester; C042957:Ro 15-4513; D003975:Diazepam