title: Epigenetic phenotypes distinguish microsatellite-stable and -unstable colorectal cancers.
abstract: Aberrant DNA methylation is a common phenomenon in human cancer, but its patterns, causes, and consequences are poorly defined. Promoter methylation of the DNA mismatch repair gene MutL homologue (MLH1) has been implicated in the subset of colorectal cancers that shows microsatellite instability (MSI). The present analysis of four MspI/HpaII sites at the MLH1 promoter region in a series of 89 sporadic colorectal cancers revealed two main methylation patterns that closely correlated with the MSI status of the tumors. These sites were hypermethylated in tumor tissue relative to normal mucosa in most MSI(+) cases (31/51, 61%). By contrast, in the majority of MSI(-) cases (20/38, 53%) the same sites showed methylation in normal mucosa and hypomethylation in tumor tissue. Hypermethylation displayed a direct correlation with increasing age and proximal location in the bowel and was accompanied by immunohistochemically documented loss of MLH1 protein both in tumors and in normal tissue. Similar patterns of methylation were observed in the promoter region of the calcitonin gene that does not have a known functional role in tumorigenesis. We propose a model of carcinogenesis where different epigenetic phenotypes distinguish the colonic mucosa in individuals who develop MSI(+) and MSI(-) tumors. These phenotypes may underlie the different developmental pathways that are known to occur in these tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kuismanen
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salovaara
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schweizer
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Aaltonen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de La Chapelle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nyström-Lahti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peltomäki
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D017931:DNA Primers; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010641:Phenotype; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1