title: Occupational exposures to blood among emergency medicine residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the epidemiologic characteristics of potentially infectious occupational exposures to blood among emergency medicine (EM) residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A SAEM-sponsored multiple-choice survey was administered anonymously to all EM residents participating in the 1998 American Board of Emergency Medicine in-service examination. Survey questions included resident demographics, use of universal precautions, frequency and types of exposures to blood, and exposure reporting. Residents who experienced at least one exposure were then asked to complete an additional set of questions referring only to their latest exposure. Mean values were calculated for each variable and differences between groups were compared by chi-square analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three thousand one hundred sixty-two surveys were distributed to the resident participants, and 2,985 surveys (94.4%) were returned. Of the participants, 56.1% reported at least one exposure to blood during their EM training. The frequency of this self-reported exposure increased with advancing EM level of training (43% EM-1, 58% EM-2, 64% EM-3, 76% EM-4, p<0.001). Of these residents, 36.6% always followed universal precautions, 54% frequently, and 9.4% sometimes, rarely, or never. Those individuals who "always" followed universal precautions reported significantly fewer exposures than those who did not (p<0.005). The latest exposures were most commonly caused by a solid needle or sharp object (39.4%), by a hollow-bore needle (30.6%), or by eye splashes (17.2%). Of these exposures, 71.7% occurred in the ED setting, and only 46.7% of these exposures were reported to health care providers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emergency medicine residents are frequently exposed to blood, most commonly due to puncture injuries by sharp objects. The rate of exposure reporting is low, which may compromise appropriate postexposure counseling and prophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU Medical Center/Bellevue Hospital Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Asimos
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Goldfrank
mesh_terms: D001769:Blood; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000193:education; D005123:Eye; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D016602:Needlestick Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology