title: Search for variants of the gene-promoter and the potential phosphotyrosine encoding sequence of the insulin receptor substrate-2 gene: evaluation of their relation with alterations in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to screen part of the putative promoter sequence in addition to 14 potential phosphotyrosine residues of human IRS-2 for genetic variability which might cause changes in protein expression or function. Furthermore, the potential impact on insulin secretion and sensitivity of a previously identified IRS-2 variant (Gly1057Asp) was analysed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The screenings were carried out by the SSCP-heteroduplex technique on DNA from Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. The impact of the Gly1057Asp variant was analysed in four glucose-tolerant Scandinavian study groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed no nucleotide substitutions in the promoter sequence, however, a novel heterozygous amino acid variant was identified (Leu647Val). In an association study, the new variant was found in 3 of 413 diabetic patients and in none of 280 glucose tolerant subjects. The variant did not affect the binding of IRS-2 to the insulin receptor or p85alpha of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase when measured in the yeast two-hybrid system. Examination of the common Gly1057Asp variant in 363 young healthy subjects and in 228 glucose tolerant offspring of one diabetic parent showed no differences in insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity after an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Glucose tolerant middle-aged subjects homozygous for the polymorphism (n = 31), however, had on average a 25 % decrease in fasting serum insulin concentrations (p = 0.009) and 28 % (p = 0.01) and 34 % (p = 0.003) reductions in serum insulin concentrations at 30 and 60 min, respectively, during an OGTT compared with wildtype carriers (n = 107). In a cohort of 639 elderly Swedish men the amino acid variant did not have any detectable impact on insulin secretion after an OGTT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No genetic variability was found in the IRS-2 promoter. A rare IRS-2 variant at codon 647 has been identified in Type II diabetic patients. The prevalent codon 1057 polymorphism had no consistent effect on insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 1244-1249]
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Centre and Hagedorn Research Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Almind
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Frederiksen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ambye
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Urhammer
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ekstrøm
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reneland
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lithell
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Obberghen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001483:Base Sequence; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D005820:Genetic Testing; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010375:Pedigree; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D019000:Phosphotyrosine / Q000235:genetics*; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques
chemical_list: C526297:IRS2 protein, human; D007328:Insulin; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D019000:Phosphotyrosine