title: Time use of old and very old Berliners: productive and consumptive activities as functions of resources.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to examine time use of elderly women and men and to explain age- and gender-related variance in activity levels in terms of differences in available resources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Activities reported in an elderly sample stratified for age and gender (N = 485, Age: 70-103 years) were aggregated into three classes: regenerative, productive, and consumptive activities and regressed on income, presence of a partner in the household, education, walking mobility, and labor force participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels in productive and consumptive activities were decreased in the old-old. Moreover, young-old women spent more time working in the household than any other group. Most of the age- and gender-related variance in activity levels could be explained by differences in available resources. For men, living with a partner was associated with less time spent for productive activities and enhanced leisure time, whereas for women, the reverse was observed. The expected reduction of unpaid work time as a function of income (income effect) was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elderly individuals do contribute to societal production. Allocation of time to productive and consumptive activities is a function of available resources, amounts and effects of which differ for young-old and old-old as well as for women and men.
authors.affiliation: Free University Berlin, Germany. klumb@zedat.fu-berlin.de
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Klumb
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Baltes
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D000369:Aged, 80 and over / Q000523:psychology*; D001604:Berlin; D002755:Choice Behavior; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017748:Time Management / Q000379:methods*; D014505:Urban Population; D014937:Work