title: Impaired duodenal bicarbonate secretion and mucosal integrity in mice lacking prostaglandin E-receptor subtype EP(3).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the involvement of EP(3) receptors in physiological regulation of duodenal HCO(3)(-) secretion, we disrupted the gene encoding EP receptors in mice by homologous recombination and evaluated acid-induced HCO(3)(-) secretion, which is physiologically important in the mucosal defense against acid injury, using EP(1)- and EP(3)-receptor knockout mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiments were performed in the following 3 groups of mice after 18 hours of fasting: wild-type [WT (+/+)] mice, EP(1)-receptor knockout [EP(1) (-/-)] mice, and EP(3)-receptor knockout [EP(3) (-/-)] mice. Under urethane anesthesia, the proximal duodenal loop was perfused with saline that was gassed with 100% O(2), heated at 37 degrees C, and kept in a reservoir, and HCO(3)(-) secretion was measured at pH 7.0 using a pH-stat method and by adding 5 mmol/L HCl.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The duodenum of WT (+/+) mice increased HCO(3)(-) secretion in response to luminal perfusion of prostaglandin E(2) and forskolin as well as mucosal acidification. The latter effect was significantly inhibited by prior administration of indomethacin. HCO(3)(-) response to acid was observed in EP(1) (-/-) mice but disappeared totally in EP(3) (-/-) animals, although the acidification increased mucosal PGE(2) generation by similar degrees in all groups. The HCO(3)(-) stimulatory action of PGE(2) was also absent in EP(3) (-/-) but not EP(1) (-/-) mice, but forskolin effect was observed in both groups of animals, similar to WT (+/+) mice. Perfusion of the duodenum with 20 mmol/L HCl for 4 hours caused severe damage in EP(3) (-/-) mice and WT (+/+) animals pretreated with indomethacin, but not in EP(1) (-/-) mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of EP(3)-receptors is essential for maintaining duodenal HCO(3)(-) secretion and mucosal integrity against luminal acid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Kyoto, Japan. takeuchi@mb.kyoto-phu.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ukawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ushikubi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narumiya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000378:metabolism*; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced; D004386:Duodenum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout / Q000235:genetics; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D058306:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype; D058308:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; C545636:Ptger1 protein, mouse; C545648:Ptger3 protein, mouse; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058306:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype; D058308:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype; D005576:Colforsin; D015232:Dinoprostone; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid