title: Measurement of surface contamination by certain antineoplastic drugs using high-performance liquid chromatography: applications in occupational hygiene investigations in hospital environments.
abstract: Within the context of continuing interest in occupational hygiene of hospitals as workplaces, the authors report the results of a preliminary study on surface contamination by certain antineoplastic drugs (ANDs), recently performed in eight cancer departments of two large general hospitals in Milan, Italy. Since reliable quantitative information on the exposure levels to individual drugs is mandatory to establish a strong interpretative framework for correctly assessing the health risks associated with manipulation of ANDs and rationally advise intervention priorities for exposure abatement, two automated analytical methods were set up using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for the measurement of contamination by 1) methotrexate (MTX) and 2) the three most important nucleoside analogue antineoplastic drugs (5-fluorouracil 5FU, Cytarabin CYA, Gemcytabin GCA) on surfaces such as those of preparation hoods and work-benches in the pharmacies of cancer wards. The methods are characterized by short analysis time (7 min) under isocratic conditions, by the use of a mobile phase with a minimal content of organic solvent and by high sensitivity, adequate to detect surface contamination in the 5-10 micrograms/m2 range. To exemplify the performance of the analytical methods in the assessment of contamination levels from the target analyte ANDs, data are reported on the contamination levels measured on various surfaces (such as on handles, floor surfaces and window panes, even far from the preparation hood). Analyte concentrations corresponding to 0.8-1.5 micrograms of 5FU were measured on telephones, 0.85-28 micrograms/m2 of CYA were measured on tables, 1.2-1150 micrograms/m2 of GCA on furniture and floors. Spillage fractions between 1-5% of the used ANDs (daily use 5FU 7-13 g; CYA 0.1-7.1 g; GCA 0.2-5 g) were measured on the disposable polythene-backed paper cover sheet of the preparation hood.
authors.affiliation: I.C.P., CEMOC Laboratorio di Tossicologia Industriale, Milano.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Rubino
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Floridia
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pietropaolo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tavazzani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colombi
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000032:analysis*; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000032:analysis*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013499:Surface Properties; D017132:Workplace / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D003561:Cytarabine; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D005472:Fluorouracil; D000093542:Gemcitabine