title: Pre-operative chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness and toxicity of pre-operative chemoradiation in locally advanced rectal cancer (T3-T4).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven patients were assessed (38 T3 and nine T4 tumours). Pre-operative pelvic radiotherapy was delivered in four fields, 45 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks. Bolus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was delivered 500 mg/m2 on days 1, 2, 3 and days 22, 23, 24. Total mesorectal excision of the rectal tumour either by anterior or abdomino-perineal resection was planned at 4-6 weeks from completion of pre-operative treatment. Response to therapy was assessed by fresh macroscopic measurement of the surgical specimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients undergoing chemoradiation completed therapy as planned, with no treatment-related interruptions. The regimen had a low acute toxicity profile with an estimated 50% or greater response in 38 out of 47 patients (four patients had complete responses). Forty-three (97%) of 44 patients who underwent surgery were operable. Patients who were operated on between 4 and 7 weeks had a statistically better response then those who were operated on after 7 weeks (P = 0.013; Fisher's exact test). Eight of 10 patients who were considered to be inoperable prior to the treatment underwent total mesorectal excision with negative radial margins. Anastomotic leakage occurred in four patients (9%); one required surgical intervention. Wound infection occurred in three patients (6%); one patient required re-exploration for haemorrhage. Delayed complications occurred in three patients (6%); one requiring surgery for a stomal stricture. After a median follow-up of 20 months, two patients (4%) had developed local recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pre-operative chemoradiation regimen employed had a low acute toxicity profile and all patients completed therapy. The majority of patients considered inoperable prior to receiving this treatment underwent successful excision. Appropriately fractionated pre-operative chemoradiotherapy is a reasonable option in this disease and deserves further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elsaleh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: House
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Robbins
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D012074:Remission Induction; D012086:Reoperation; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D005472:Fluorouracil