title: The glass ceiling in academe: health administration is no exception.
abstract: This paper reviews gender issues in academe and presents findings of a limited survey of ACEHSA-accredited health administration graduate programs. The survey shows gender ratios adverse to women at the full, associate, and assistant professor levels. Men to women ratio among faculty was 1.98, among full-time faculty it was 2.24, and among tenured/tenure-track faculty it was 2.69, despite an excess of female students over male students in graduate programs, and despite equal proportions of women and men faculty holding doctoral degrees. Distribution by rank showed 48.5 percent full professors, 27.8 percent associate professors, and, 20.1 percent assistant professors among men, vs. 27.4 percent, 41.1 percent, and 31.5 percent respectively among women. In other academic fields similar gender ratios prevail, and many researchers have documented evidence of continuing gender inequities in tenure, promotion and salary, given comparable performance, despite the enactment of Title IX in 1972. Gender disparities are rooted in a complex web of gender-specific constraints interwoven with secular human capital and structural variables, and confounded by sexist discriminatory factors. In light of these issues, recommendations are made toward creating an equitable academic climate without compromising the ideal of meritocracy, through gender-sensitive initiatives and vigilance mechanisms to bring policies to fruition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Administration, School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, USA.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Stoskopf
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xirasagar
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D004500:Education, Graduate; D005178:Faculty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006298:Health Services Administration; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017145:Models, Educational; D012576:Schools, Health Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014931:Women, Working / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000078329:Workforce