title: A novel, simple method of functional spleen volume calculation by liver-spleen scan.
abstract: Spleen enlargement is commonly associated with portal hypertension from cirrhosis and may cause thrombocytopenia. Thus, accurate assessment of spleen size may be helpful in the clinical evaluation. Spleen length is not a precise estimate of spleen size because of the variation in spleen configuration, and spleen volumes measured by edging techniques can be tedious. We present a new method of measuring the functional spleen volume by liver-spleen scan (LSSs), validation experiments and some clinical data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method involves measurement of the total spleen counts by SPECT and dividing by a representative voxel concentration on a single frame to obtain the organ volume. Validation included phantom studies and clinical evaluation in 443 consecutive patients, including 216 with histologic assessments of chronic liver disease (CLD) and 11 healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A calibration factor determined from phantoms was used to convert the calculated volume (CV) to the "true" volume (V): V = CV (0.956) - 66.5 (r = 0.9991; P < 0.001). The volume calculations were validated in a second group of phantoms (r= 0.981; P < 0.0001). Spleen volumes were expressed as volume (cm3) and as volume per pound ideal body weight (IBW) (cm3/lb) (the conversion factor to convert cm3/lb IBW to cm3/kg IBW is 2.2). Clinical studies of reproducibility included demonstration of a significant (P < 0.0001) linear correlation between volumes calculated from repeat LSSs within 9 mo of the initial LSS in 11 healthy volunteers and 32 patients with CLD: y = 1.02x - 25; r = 0.968. The correlation with spleen volumes from autopsy or splenectomy was significant: y = 0.766x + 57; r = 0.845; P < 0.001. The normal spleen volume in 11 patients was 201 +/- 77 cm3 and 1.43 +/- 0.68 cm3/lb IBW (upper limits of normal: 335 cm3 or 2.5 cm3/lb IBW). In 443 consecutive LSSs over 15 mo, half of the patients had spleen volumes above the upper limits of healthy volunteers, and CLD was present in 90.9% of these patients. In 216 patients with histologically proven liver disease, a progressive increase in the percentage of spleen volumes above the upper limits of normal was noted from no fibrosis (10%) to mild to moderate fibrosis (36.7%) to early cirrhosis (52%) to advanced liver disease (75%). The correlation of spleen volume with platelet count was excellent (r = 0.7635; P < 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This novel spleen volume measurement detects serious liver disease and correlates with splenic hyperfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine/Medical Center, Orange 92868, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hoefs
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Lilien
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kanel
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009929:Organ Size; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010976:Platelet Count; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013154:Spleen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid