title: Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C. MULTIVIRC Group. Multidepartment Virus C.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of clinical and biologic extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and to identify associations between clinical and biologic manifestations.
  
  
  METHODS
  To analyze the natural history of extrahepatic manifestations of HCV infection, we reviewed only the data recorded prospectively during the first visit of 1,614 patients with chronic HCV infection, coming from a single monocenter cohort. Exclusion criteria were positivity for hepatitis B surface antigen or human immunodeficiency virus. The prevalence of dermatologic, rheumatologic, neurologic, and nephrologic manifestations; diabetes; arterial hypertension; autoantibodies; and cryoglobulins were assessed. Then, using multivariate analysis, we identified demographic, biochemical, immunologic, virologic, and liver histologic factors associated with the presence of extrahepatic manifestations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At least 1 clinical extrahepatic manifestation was observed in each of 1,202 patients (74%). Five manifestations had a prevalence >10%: arthralgia (23%), paresthesia (17%), myalgia (15%), pruritus (15%), and sicca syndrome (11%). Four biologic abnormalities had a prevalence >5%: cryoglobulins (40%), antinuclear antibodies (10%), low thyroxine level (10%), and anti-smooth muscle antibodies (7%). Only vasculitis, arterial hypertension, purpura, lichen planus, arthralgia, and low thyroxine level were associated with cryoglobulin positivity. By univariate and multivariate analyses, the most frequent risk factors for the presence of clinical and biologic extrahepatic manifestations were age, female sex, and extensive liver fibrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extrahepatic clinical manifestations are frequently observed in HCV patients and involve primarily the joints, muscles, and skin. The most frequent immunologic abnormalities include mixed cryoglobulins, antinuclear antibodies, and anti-smooth muscle antibodies. The most frequent risk factors for the presence of clinical and biologic extrahepatic manifestations are advanced age, female sex, and extensive liver fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cacoub
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Poynard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghillani
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Charlotte
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olivi
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Piette
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Opolon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies