title: Cellular basis for the Brugada syndrome and other mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis associated with ST-segment elevation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Brugada syndrome is characterized by marked ST-segment elevation in the right precordial ECG leads and is associated with a high incidence of sudden and unexpected arrhythmic death. Our study examines the cellular basis for this syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using arterially perfused wedges of canine right ventricle (RV), we simultaneously recorded transmembrane action potentials from 2 epicardial and 1 endocardial sites, together with unipolar electrograms and a transmural ECG. Loss of the action potential dome in epicardium but not endocardium after exposure to pinacidil (2 to 5 micromol/L), a K(+) channel opener, or the combination of a Na(+) channel blocker (flecainide, 7 micromol/L) and acetylcholine (ACh, 2 to 3 micromol/L) resulted in an abbreviation of epicardial response and a transmural dispersion of repolarization, which caused an ST-segment elevation in the ECG. ACh facilitated loss of the action potential dome, whereas isoproterenol (0.1 to 1 micromol/L) restored the epicardial dome, thus reducing or eliminating the ST-segment elevation. Heterogeneous loss of the dome caused a marked dispersion of repolarization within the epicardium and transmurally, thus giving rise to phase 2 reentrant extrasystole, which precipitated ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Transient outward current (I(to)) block with 4-aminopyridine (1 to 2 mmol/L) or quinidine (5 micromol/L) restored the dome, normalized the ST segment, and prevented VT/VF. Conclusions-Depression or loss of the action potential dome in RV epicardium creates a transmural voltage gradient that may be responsible for the ST-segment elevation observed in the Brugada syndrome and other syndromes exhibiting similar ECG manifestations. Our results also demonstrate that extrasystolic activity due to phase 2 reentry can arise in the intact wall of the canine RV and serve as the trigger for VT/VF. Our data point to I(to) block (4-aminopyridine, quinidine) as an effective pharmacological treatment.
authors.affiliation: Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY, USA.
authors.forename: G X
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antzelevitch
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D005117:Cardiac Complexes, Premature / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology*; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D062554:NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel; D011802:Quinidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D013577:Syndrome; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D062554:NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel; C568320:SCN5A protein, human; D015222:Sodium Channels; D011802:Quinidine; D007545:Isoproterenol; D000109:Acetylcholine