title: Biological monitoring of sterilizers and sterilization failures in Norwegian dental offices in 1985 and 1996.
abstract: It is essential that dental office sterilizers be regularly challenged with biological indicators (BIs) in order to prove that the test spores are being killed during sterilization. The aims of the study were to biologically monitor Norwegian dental office sterilizers and to identify factors contributing to sterilization failure. In 1985, participants received a packet containing: (i) 4 BI units; (ii) a set of instructions; (iii) a questionnaire concerning operation (including biological monitoring) of the office sterilizer(s), and (iv) a return-address envelope. In 1996, offices were sent (i) a survey which included demographic questions and inquiries concerning instrument sterilization processes; (ii) 2 sets of 3 BI units with instructions for their use on 2 different days; (iii) 1 control BI unit that was not to be processed, and (iv) a return-address envelope. Both private and public offices participated. Response rate to the 1996 study was 60%, which was 9.1% of all dental offices in Norway. Testing results indicated a 6.3% overall sterilization failure rate. Three out of 163 steam autoclaves (SAs) (1.8% of total) and 14 out of 109 dry heat (DH) ovens (12.8% of total) failed. DH ovens were over 7 times more likely to fail BI testing than were SAs (chi2, P < 0.01). Demographic or hygiene procedural factors could not be correlated to sterilization performance (chi2, P > 0.05). The failure rate for SAs (n = 216) in 1985 was almost 5 times greater than in 1996 (8.8% vs 1.8%). Improvement in sterilizer performance during the decade may be related to issuance in 1986 of Norway's 1st infection control guidelines for dentistry and greater awareness of infection control practices and/or to increases over the previous 10 years in the number of postgraduate courses offered in infection control. The current Norwegian guidelines on infection control practices in public health services, including dentistry, recommend regular biological monitoring of sterilizers without specifying how often. There is a lack of information among Norwegian dentists as to how frequently dental office sterilizers should be regularly monitored by BI.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, University of Bergen School of Dentistry, Norway. Nils.Skaug@odont.uib.no
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Skaug
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lingaas
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Palenik
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003748:Dental Equipment / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003770:Dental Offices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004868:Equipment Failure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009664:Norway; D011897:Random Allocation; D013242:Sterilization / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires