title: Mucosal delivery of vaccines.
abstract: Oral delivery represents one of the most pursued approaches for large-scale human vaccination. Due to the different characteristics of mucosal immune response, as compared with systemic response, oral immunization requires particular methods of antigen preparation and selective strategies of adjuvanticity. In this paper, we describe the preparation and use of genetically detoxified bacterial toxins as mucosal adjuvants and envisage the possibility of their future exploitation for human oral vaccines.
authors.affiliation: IRIS, Research Center, Chiron SpA, Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, I-53100, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Del Giudice
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pizza
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rappuoli
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D001483:Base Sequence; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007114:Immunization; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D014612:Vaccines; D002772:Cholera Toxin; C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli