title: Radiofrequency ablation of breast cancer: first report of an emerging technology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiofrequency (RF) energy applied to breast cancers will result in cancer cell death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective nonrandomized interventional trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university hospital tertiary care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five women with locally advanced invasive breast cancer, aged 38 to 66 years, who were undergoing surgical resection of their tumor. One patient underwent preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy, 3 patients received preoperative chemotherapy, and 1 had no preoperative therapy. All patients completed the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  While patients were under general anesthesia and just before surgical resection, a 15-gauge insulated multiple-needle electrode was inserted into the tumor under sonographic guidance. Radiofrequency energy was applied at a low power by a preset protocol for a period of up to 30 minutes. Only a portion of the tumor was treated to evaluate the zone of RF ablation and the margin between ablated and nonablated tissue. Immediately after RF ablation, the tumor was surgically resected (4 mastectomies, 1 lumpectomy). Pathologic analysis included hematoxylin-eosin staining and enzyme histochemical analysis of cell viability with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-diaphorase (NADH-diaphorase) staining of snap-frozen tissue to assess immediate cell death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cancer cell death as visualized on hematoxylin-eosin-stained paraffin section and NADH-diaphorase cell viability stains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was evidence of cell death in all patients. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed complete cell death in 2 patients. In 3 patients there was a heterogeneous pattern of necrotic and normal-appearing cells within the ablated tissue. The ablated zone extended around the RF electrode for a diameter of 0.8 to 1.8 cm. NADH-diaphorase cell viability stains of the ablated tissue showed complete cell death in 4 patients. The fifth patient had a single focus of viable cells (<1 mm) partially lining a cyst. There were no perioperative complications related to RF ablation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative RF ablation results in invasive breast cancer cell death. Based on this initial report of the use of RF ablation in breast cancer, this technique merits further investigation as a percutaneous minimally invasive modality for the local treatment of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Calif, USA. stefanie.jeffrey@stanford.edu
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jeffrey
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Birdwell
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Nowels
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Dirbas
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Griffey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009339:Needles; D011446:Prospective Studies