title: The Community Integration Questionnaire revisited: an assessment of factor structure and validity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the factor structure and concurrent validity of the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ), using a large sample of persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Principal components analysis with varimax rotation was performed on CIQ items completed through interview with patients at 1 year after injury. Correlational analyses compared CIQ scores to scores on other widely used outcome measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient clinics affiliated with four TBI Model System rehabilitation centers funded by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred twelve patients with medically documented TBI who were enrolled in the TBI Model Systems Project. The majority of patients were Caucasian males with severe TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  CIQ; Functional Independence Measure (FIM); Functional Assessment Measure (FAM); Disability Rating Scale (DRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three factors emerged: Home Competency, Social Integration, and Productive Activity. The financial management item was moved from Social Integration to Home Competency, and the travel item was moved from Productive Activity to Social Integration. Each CIQ scale score showed significant correlations in the expected direction with the FIM+FAM and DRS items.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide further evidence for the validity of the CIQ and improve the scoring system. The factor structure is clinically and theoretically meaningful. The subscale and total scores show significant relationships with other widely used measures of outcome. Future research should focus on increasing the range of questions, accounting for changes from preinjury functioning, and obtaining normative data on the new factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Brain Injury Research Center, Houston, TX 77025, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: High
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kreutzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000145:classification*; D004651:Employment; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D016896:Treatment Outcome