title: Nornicotine is self-administered intravenously by rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nicotine is a tobacco alkaloid known to be important in the acquisition and maintenance of tobacco smoking. However, other constituents in tobacco may contribute to the dependence liability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present report sought to determine whether nornicotine, a tobacco alkaloid and metabolite of nicotine, has a reinforcing effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were prepared with a jugular catheter, then were allowed to self-administer intravenously either S(-)-nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion), RS(+/-)-nornicotine (0.3 mg/kg/infusion) or saline using a two-lever operant procedure. The response requirement for each infusion was incremented gradually from a fixed ratio 1 (FR1) to FR5. When responding stabilized on the FR5, other doses of nicotine (0.01 mg/kg/infusion and 0.06 mg/kg/infusion) and nornicotine (0.075, 0.15, and 0.6 mg/kg/infusion) were tested for their ability to control responding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Similar to nicotine, rats self-administered nornicotine significantly above saline control levels. Within the dose ranges tested, both nicotine and nornicotine yielded relatively flat dose-response functions. Extinction of responding was evident when saline was substituted for nornicotine, and responding was reinstated when nornicotine again was available. The rate of nornicotine self-administration was similar between rats tested with either 24-h or 48-h inter-session intervals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that nornicotine contributes to the dependence liability associated with tobacco use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. mbardo@pop.uky.edu
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bardo
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Crooks
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Dwoskin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012646:Self Administration; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; C005311:nornicotine