title: Functional biochemical and nutrient indices in frail elderly people are partly affected by dietary supplements but not by exercise.
abstract: A decline in dietary intake due to inactivity and, consequently, development of a suboptimal nutritional status is a major problem in frail elderly people. However, benefits of micronutrient supplementation, all-round physical exercise or a combination of both on functional biochemical and hematologic indicators of nutritional and health status in frail elderly subjects have not been tested thoroughly. A 17-wk randomized controlled trial was performed in 145 free-living frail elderly people (43 men, 102 women, mean age, 78 +/- 5.7 y). Based on a 2 x 2 factorial design, subjects were assigned to one of the following: 1) nutrient-dense foods, 2) exercise, 3) both (1) and (2) or 4) a control group. Foods were enriched with micronutrients, frequently characterized as deficient [25-100% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA)] in elderly people. Exercises focused on skill training, including strength, endurance, coordination and flexibility. Dietary intake, blood vitamin levels and nutritional and health indicators, including (pre)albumin, ferritin, transferrin, C-reactive protein, hemoglobin and lymphocytes were measured. At baseline, 28% of the total population had an energy intake below 6.3 MJ, up to a maximum of 93% having vitamin intakes below two thirds of the Dutch RDA. Individual deficiencies in blood at baseline ranged from 3% for erythrocyte glutathione reductase-alpha to 39% for 25-hydroxy vitamin D and 42% for vitamin B-12. These were corrected after 17 wk in the two groups receiving the nutrient-dense foods, whereas no significant changes were observed in the control or exercise group. Biochemical and hematologic indicators at baseline were within the reference ranges (mean albumin, 46 g/L; prealbumin, 0.25 g/L; hemoglobin, 8.6 mmol/L) and were not affected by any of the interventions. The long-term protective effects of nutrient supplementation and exercise, by maintaining optimal nutrient levels and thereby reducing the initial chance of developing critical biochemical values, require further investigation. Other indicative functional variables for suboptimal nutritional status, in addition to those currently selected, should also be explored.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Dreÿenlaan 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chin A Paw
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: van Staveren
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000886:Anthropometry; D001361:Avitaminosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012016:Reference Values; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D014815:Vitamins