title: Effects of sympathetic blockade on the efficiency of forced-air warming during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate if active cutaneous warming of the two upper limbs with reflex vasoconstriction is less effective in maintaining intraoperative normothermia than warming the vasodilated unoperated lower limb during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (CSE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient anesthesia at university departments of orthopedic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  48 ASA physical status I, II, and III patients, who were scheduled for elective total hip arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received CSE with intrathecal injection of 15 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. All procedures started 8 to 10 AM, and operating room temperature was maintained between 21 degrees and 23 degrees C, with relative humidity ranging between 40% and 45%. For warming therapy, patients received active forced-air warming of either the two upper limbs (Group Upper body, n = 24), or the unoperated lower limb (Group Lower extremity, n = 24). Core temperature was measured before CSE placement (baseline), and then every 30 minutes until completion of surgery. Time for fulfillment of clinical discharging criteria from the recovery area was evaluated by a blinded observer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Demographic data, duration of surgery, intraoperative blood losses, crystalloid infusion, and hemodynamic variables were similar in the two groups. Core temperature slightly decreased in both groups, but at the end of surgery the mean core temperature was 36.2 degrees +/- 0.5 degree C in Group Upper body and 36.3 +/- 0.5 in Group Lower extremity (NS). At recovery room arrival, seven patients in Group Upper body (29%) and three patients in Group Lower extremity (12.5%) had a core temperature less than 36 degrees C (NS). Shivering was observed in one patient in Group Upper body and in two patients in Group Lower extremity (NS). Clinical discharging criteria were fulfilled after 37 +/- 16 minutes in Group Upper body and 30 +/- 32 minutes in Group Lower extremity (NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Forced-air cutaneous warming allows the anesthesiologist to maintain normothermia during CSE for total hip replacement even if the convective blanket is placed on a relatively small skin surface with reflex vasoconstriction. Placing the forced-air warming system on the vasodilated unoperated lower limb may be troublesome to the surgeons and does not offer clinically relevant advantages in warming efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Milan, Italy. casati.andrea@hsr.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casati
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baroncini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pattono
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fanelli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonarelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Musto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Torri
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D001831:Body Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014661:Vasoconstriction