title: Use of multiple methods to determine factors affecting quality of care of patients with diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The process of care of patients with diabetes is complex; however, GPs are playing a greater role in its management. Despite the research evidence, the quality of care of patients with diabetes is variable. In order to improve care, information is required on the obstacles faced by practices in improving care. Qualitative and quantitative methods can be used for formation of hypotheses and the development of survey procedures. However, to date few examples exist in general practice research on the use of multiple methods using both quantitative and qualitative techniques for hypothesis generation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine information on all factors that may be associated with delivery of care to patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Factors for consideration on delivery of diabetes care were generated by multiple qualitative methods including brainstorming with health professionals and patients, a focus group and interviews with key informants which included GPs and practice nurses. Audit data showing variations in care of patients with diabetes were used to stimulate the brainstorming session. A systematic literature search focusing on quality of care of patients with diabetes in primary care was also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four potential factors were identified by multiple methods. Twenty (37.0%) were practice-related factors, 14 (25.9%) were patient-related factors and 20 (37.0%) were organizational factors. A combination of brainstorming and the literature review identified 51 (94.4%) factors. Patients did not identify factors in addition to those identified by other methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The complexity of delivery of care to patients with diabetes is reflected in the large number of potential factors identified in this study. This study shows the feasibility of using multiple methods for hypothesis generation. Each evaluation method provided unique data which could not otherwise be easily obtained. This study highlights a way of combining various traditional methods in an attempt to overcome the deficiencies and bias that may occur when using a single method. Similar methods can also be used to generate hypotheses for other exploratory research. An important responsibility of health authorities and primary care groups will be to assess the health needs of their local populations. Multiple methods could also be used to identify and commission services to meet these needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khunti
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000628:therapy*; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008485:Medical Audit / Q000379:methods; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D011787:Quality of Health Care