title: Kinematic characteristics of aiming movements as a function of temporal and spatial constraints.
abstract: This study investigated, in aiming movements, the conditions needed to produce a single movement and those needed to produce secondary submovements. Using a 2x2 (Temporal Constraint x Spatial Constraint) factorial design with repeated measures on both factors, subjects moved a stylus from a starting position to a target position 12 cm away. They participated in two testing sessions on consecutive days. The first session involved two nonrestrictive target (a set of crosshairs) conditions, moving to the target either within a goal of 400 ms (temporal-accuracy procedure) or within a minimum time (time-minimization procedure). In the second session the subjects performed two strict-target (circle) conditions, moving to the target either within a goal of 400 ms or within a minimum time. The results showed that the two strict-target conditions had a greater percentage of trials containing multiple-submovements than the two nonrestrictive target conditions, regardless of temporal requirements. Therefore, whether an aiming movement contains a single movement or multiple submovements may be a function of spatial constraints regardless of temporal constraints. It appears that with respect to the nature of the speed-accuracy tradeoff, spatial constraints are an important factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of HPRC, University of Wisconsin at Whitewater, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA.
authors.forename: W X
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fischman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D014836:Volition / Q000502:physiology