title: Impairment of G-protein-mediated signal transduction in the porcine coronary endothelium during rejection after heart transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endothelial dysfunction is an early event leading to atherosclerosis. It also occurs after orthotopic heart transplantation and can be used to predict the development of intimal hyperplasia in the coronary artery wall. The present study was designed to assess the time course and specific alterations underlying endothelial dysfunction due to rejection after heart transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A porcine model of heterotopic heart transplantation was used. Preoperative serum typing for the class I antigen of the swine lymphocyte alloantigen was performed to ensure compatibility for this antigen. This permitted survival of the graft with a low grade rejection without immunosuppression. Rings (with or without endothelium) of epicardial coronary arteries of native and transplanted hearts were studied in organ chambers filled with modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution and compared 1, 30 and 60 days after transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial contractility was normal in all grafts studied at 60 days after transplantation and all coronary arteries were patent. Myocardial biopsies showed the progression of rejection from day 1 to day 60 after implantation. All endothelium-dependent relaxations were normal one day after transplantation. Endothelium-dependent relaxations to serotonin and to the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist UK14304 (which both activate receptors coupled to Gi-proteins) and to sodium fluoride (a direct activator of G-proteins) were decreased 30 days after transplantation, while those to the calcium ionophore, A23187, and bradykinin were shifted to the right and those to ADP were normal. At 60 days, endothelium-dependent relaxations mediated by the Gi-protein pathway were decreased further while the concentration-relaxation curves to the other agonists were further shifted to the right. Endothelium-independent relaxations to the nitric oxide donor, Sin-1, were progressively reduced at 30 and 60 days, but maximal relaxations were maintained at 60 days. Histomorphometric studies showed a progressive increase in the percentage of coronary rings with intimal thickening from day 1 to day 60 after transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The progressive endothelial dysfunction reported in this model of accelerated coronary atherosclerosis after transplantation without immunosuppression involves preferentially the pertussis-toxin-sensitive Gi-protein-mediated pathway. Endothelium-independent relaxations are decreased at 60 days, as are all other endothelium-dependent relaxations. Decreased endothelium-dependent vasodilatation may contribute to the development of coronary graft vasculopathy.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Perrault
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bidouard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Janiak
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Villeneuve
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bruneval
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vilaine
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Vanhoutte
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006084:Graft Rejection; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013552:Swine; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D007476:Ionophores; D000001:Calcimycin; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D001920:Bradykinin