title: Experience with a urine opiate screening and confirmation cutoff of 2000 ng/mL.
abstract: Until recently, most laboratories used an opiate immunoassay screening and confirmation cutoff value of 300 ng/mL for codeine and morphine detection by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The cutoff value for opiates was increased to 2000 ng/mL or higher in various laboratories because of concerns that small doses of codeine and foods containing poppy seeds would give a positive opiate-screening result. Workplace drug-testing programs in the U.S. raised the opiate cutoff value to 2000 ng/mL on 30 November 1998. The objective of this study is to describe the results of opiate testing of 8600 urine specimens collected over 24 months with a 2000-ng/mL screening and confirmation (codeine and morphine) cutoff value. Specimens were screened by the EMITdau opiate assay using an in-house 2000-ng/mL morphine calibrator. Presumptive positive findings (N = 621) were analyzed quantitatively by GC-MS for codeine and morphine. One hundred and eighty six urine specimens were positive for codeine and morphine (> 2000 ng/mL), 298 specimens were positive for codeine only (> 2000 ng/mL) and 26 specimens were positive for morphine only (> 2000 ng/mL). All remaining specimens had codeine and morphine values < 2000 ng/mL. The codeine and morphine confirmation rate in this program reduced from 7.1% in 1994-1996 (300-ng/mL cutoff) to 2.1% in 1997-1998 with a 2000-ng/mL cutoff value. The codeine-only confirmation rate lowered from 6.6% (300-ng/mL cutoff) to 3.4% (2000-ng/mL cutoff). It was concluded that increasing opiate screening and codeine and morphine confirmation cutoff values led to > 300% reduction in the confirmed-positive rate for codeine and morphine and a 47% reduction in codeine-only confirmations in a urine drug-testing program where codeine was the major opiate used.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Laboratory, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. adfraser@is.dal.ca
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Worth
mesh_terms: D003061:Codeine / Q000652:urine*; D017248:Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000652:urine*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine; D003061:Codeine