title: Association between bone mineral density and cognitive decline in older women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that bone mineral density (BMD), a marker of cumulative estrogen exposure, is associated with cognitive function in nondemented older women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical centers in Baltimore, Maryland, Minneapolis, Minnesota, the Monongahela Valley near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Portland, Oregon.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 8333 older community-dwelling women enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures who were not taking estrogen replacement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Calcaneal and hip BMD were measured at baseline and at follow-up (4-6 years later); vertebral fractures were ascertained radiologically at year 6. Women were administered a modified Mini-Mental State Exam, Trails B, and Digit Symbol at baseline and at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with women with higher bone mineral density, women with low baseline BMD had up to 8% worse baseline cognitive scores (P = .001) and up to 6% worse repeat cognitive scores (P = .001), even after multivariate adjustments. For 1 SD decrease in baseline hip BMD or calcaneal BMD, women had a 32% (95% CI, 19-47%) or a 33% (95% CI, 20-48%) greater odds of cognitive deterioration (worst 10th percentile of change). Women with vertebral fractures had lower cognitive test scores and a greater odds of cognitive deterioration than those without fractures (OR = 1.29; 95% CI, 1.03-1.60).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with osteoporosis, whether measured by baseline BMD, reductions in BMD, or vertebral fractures, have poorer cognitive function and greater risk of cognitive deterioration. Our findings suggest a link between two of the most common conditions affecting older women. Further understanding of this association may be important for new treatment and prevention directions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center 94121, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yaffe
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Browner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cauley
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Launer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015519:Bone Density; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging