title: Intramuscular vascular malformations of an extremity: findings on MR imaging and pathologic correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the findings of intramuscular vascular malformations of an extremity on MR imaging and to correlate these findings with histopathologic examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  The findings on MR imaging and the medical records of 14 patients with an intramuscular vascular malformation of the extremity were retrospectively studied. All patients underwent surgical excision. Diagnoses were based on the results of pathologic examination. Findings on MR imaging were noted and correlated with the histopathologic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intramuscular vascular malformations of an extremity showed multi-septate, honeycomb, or mixed appearance on MR imaging. Multi-septate areas correlated with dilated and communicating vascular spaces with flattened endothelium. Honeycomb areas corresponded to vascular spaces with inconspicuous small lumina and thickened vascular walls. Areas of increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images were found in all intramuscular vascular malformations. Infiltrative margins were more commonly seen in intramuscular lymphaticovenous malformations. Adherence to neurovascular structures and orientation of the lesion along the long axis of the affected muscle were more commonly seen in intramuscular venous malformations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intramuscular vascular malformations showed either a multi-septate, honeycomb, or mixed appearance, reflecting the size of the vascular spaces and the thickness of the smooth muscles of the vessel walls. Prediction of the subtype of an intramuscular vascular malformation of an extremity on MR imaging seems to be difficult, although there are associated findings that may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of each subtype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50, Ilwon-Dong, Kangnam-Ku, Seoul 135-710, Korea.
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Choo
authors.forename: I W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Choo
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005121:Extremities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology*; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies