title: An anatomically based protocol for the description of foot segment kinematics during gait.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design a technique for the in vivo description of ankle and other foot joint rotations to be applied in routine functional evaluation using non-invasive stereophotogrammetry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Position and orientation of tibia/fibula, calcaneus, mid-foot, 1st metatarsal and hallux segments were tracked during the stance phase of walking in nine asymptomatic subjects. Rigid clusters of reflective markers were used for foot segment pose estimation. Anatomical landmark calibration was applied for the reconstruction of anatomical landmarks.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have analysed only a limited number of joints or have proposed invasive techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anatomical landmark trajectories were reconstructed in the laboratory frame using data from the anatomical calibration procedure. Anatomical co-ordinate frames were defined using the obtained landmark trajectories. Joint co-ordinate systems were used to calculate corresponding joint rotations in all three anatomical planes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patterns of the joint rotations were highly repeatable within subjects. Consistent patterns between subjects were also exhibited at most of the joints.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method proposed enables a detailed description of ankle and other foot joint rotations on an anatomical base. Joint rotations can therefore be expressed in the well-established terminology necessary for their clinical interpretation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional evaluation of patients affected by foot diseases has recently called for more detailed and non-invasive protocols for the description of foot joint rotations during gait. The proposed method can help clinicians to distinguish between normal and pathological pattern of foot joint rotations, and to quantitatively assess the restoration of normal function after treatment.
authors.affiliation: Movement Analysis Laboratory, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy. leardini@ior.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leardini
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Catani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Simoncini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giannini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010780:Photogrammetry; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013640:Tarsal Joints / Q000502:physiology