title: Treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma with intensive chemotherapy, radiotherapy, autologous bone marrow transplantation, and 13-cis-retinoic acid. Children's Cancer Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with high-risk neuroblastoma have a poor outcome. In this study, we assessed whether myeloablative therapy in conjunction with transplantation of autologous bone marrow improved event-free survival as compared with chemotherapy alone, and whether subsequent treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin) further improves event-free survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients were treated with the same initial regimen of chemotherapy, and those without disease progression were then randomly assigned to receive continued treatment with myeloablative chemotherapy, total-body irradiation, and transplantation of autologous bone marrow purged of neuroblastoma cells or to receive three cycles of intensive chemotherapy alone. All patients who completed cytotoxic therapy without disease progression were then randomly assigned to receive no further therapy or treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid for six months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (+/-SE) event-free survival rate three years after the first randomization was significantly better among the 189 patients who were assigned to undergo transplantation than among the 190 patients assigned to receive continuation chemotherapy (34+/-4 percent vs. 22+/-4 percent, P=0.034). The event-free survival rate three years after the second randomization was significantly better among the 130 patients who were assigned to receive 13-cis-retinoic acid than among the 128 patients assigned to receive no further therapy (46+/-6 percent vs. 29+/-5 percent, P=0.027).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with myeloablative therapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation improved event-free survival among children with high-risk neuroblastoma. In addition, treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid was beneficial for patients without progressive disease when it was administered after chemotherapy or transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Matthay
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Villablanca
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Seeger
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Stram
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Brodeur
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Gerbing
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015474:Isotretinoin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015993:Life Tables; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D015474:Isotretinoin