title: Image cytometric method for quantifying the relative amount of DNA in bacterial nucleoids using Escherichia coli.
abstract: An image cytometric method for quantifying integrated fluorescence was developed to measure the relative DNA contents of bacterial nucleoids. Image analysis was performed with newly developed macros in combination with the program Object-Image, all downloadable from http://simon.bio.uva.nl/object-image.html. Four aspects of the method were investigated. (i) Good linearity was found over a ten-fold range of fluorescence intensity in a test with a calibration kit of fluorescent latex spheres. (ii) The accuracy of the method was tested with a narrowly distributed Escherichia coli population, which was obtained by growing cells into stationary phase. The width of the image cytometric distribution was approximately 6%, in good agreement with results obtained by flow cytometry. (iii) The error contribution of manual focusing could be kept below 2%, although a strong dependency between integrated fluorescence and focus position was observed. (iv) The results were verified with a flow cytometer, which gave similar distributions for the DNA contents per cell expressed in chromosome equivalents (4.8 fg of DNA). We used the presented method to evaluate whether the DNA conformation had any effect on the total fluorescence of bacterial nucleoids. Experiments using nucleoids with the same amount of DNA in either a dispersed or a compact conformation showed no significant difference in integrated fluorescence, indicating that it is possible to determine the DNA content per nucleoid independently of the actual organization of the DNA.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, BioCentrum Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 316, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Vischer
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Huls
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Ghauharali
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Brakenhoff
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nanninga
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Woldringh
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007211:Indoles; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007211:Indoles; C007293:DAPI