title: Fetal alcohol syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) describes the systemic and ocular anomalies resulting from the teratogenic effect of maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy. It is a leading cause of preventable birth defects in the U.S.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two case reports illustrate the characteristic findings in FAS. These include growth retardation, cognitive impairment, and facial dysmorphism. Ocular signs are prevalent, including small palpebral fissure, microcornea, strabismus, myopia, astigmatism, and optic nerve hypoplasia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal alcohol exposure can lead to a wide spectrum of systemic defects and vision deficits. The increasing frequency of drinking among pregnant women in recent years should call more public attention to this detrimental yet preventable syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high frequency of ocular manifestations aids in making a diagnosis of FAS, which can be challenging. Eye-care professionals can play an important role in patient management and the educational process.
authors.affiliation: Illinois Eye Institute, Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago 60616, USA. dchan@eyecare.ico.edu
authors.forename: D Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014794:Visual Fields