title: Angiotensin I-converting enzyme and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene variants: risk of mortality and fatal cardiovascular disease in an elderly population-based cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the contribution of putative risk genotypes at the angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE D/D) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1 4G/4G) loci to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a population-based cohort.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The ACE D/D and PAI-1 4G/4G genotypes have been consistently associated with elevated plasma activities of the gene products. Their role in cardiovascular disease, although explored intensively, is still equivocal.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ACE and PAI-1 genotypes were determined in 648 subjects > or =85 years old. In a cross-sectional analysis, the genotype distributions in a subset of 356 elderly subjects who were born in Leiden, The Netherlands, were compared with those in 250 young subjects whose families originated from the same geographic region. In addition, the complete cohort of elderly subjects was followed over 10 years for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and was stratified according to genotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the cross-sectional analysis, the ACE and PAI-1 genotype distributions were similar in elderly and young subjects. In the prospective follow-up study, however, the age-adjusted risk of fatal ischemic heart disease was increased threefold (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2 to 7.6) in elderly men carrying the PAI-1 4G/4G genotype. The risk of all-cause mortality was not increased among elderly subjects carrying the PAI-1 4G/4G (relative risk [RR] 0.9, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.1) or the ACE D/D genotype (RR 0.9, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.1), nor did we observe elevated risks of death from all cardiovascular diseases combined. There was no interaction between the genotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PAI 4G/4G genotype may be a risk factor for fatal ischemic heart disease in elderly men. The impact of moderately increased ACE and PAI-1 activities associated with the ACE D/D and PAI-1 4G/4G genotypes is too small to affect mortality in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Gaubius Laboratory, TNO Prevention and Health, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Heijmans
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Westendorp
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Knook
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kluft
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Slagboom
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D012306:Risk; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A