title: The use of multiplane transesophageal echocardiography to evaluate residual patent ductus arteriosus during video-assisted thoracoscopy in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has emerged as an innovative and popular procedure for interruption of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), while intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has proven to be an effective monitor in the evaluation of residual patency. Previous reports on the adequacy of surgical interruption of PDA under VATS and TEE are available for pediatric patients, but only limited information is available for adults with PDA. MATEIALS AND METHODS: Between August 1995 and October 1997, we monitored 35 adult patients undergoing PDA interruption via VATS with Hewlett-Packard color Doppler multiplane TEE throughout the procedure. The average PDA diameter was 10.2 +/- 1.8 mm. All the PDA were completely ligated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two patients showed no ductal flow after double ligation. In the other three patients, residual flow was detected intraoperatively after double ligation, but it was quickly abolished by the third ligation. One patient showed faint ductal flow by transthoracic echocardiography at postoperative follow-up, but no reintervention was needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that, with the refinement of adult PDA interruption via VATS, intraoperative multiplane TEE provides higher resolution for direct evaluation of the entire course of PDA ligation without interrupting the surgical procedure and minimizes the incidence of complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fu-shin Street, Kwei-shan, Taoyuan 333, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted; D017211:Treatment Failure; D018617:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed