title: Do routinely measured delivery variables predict anal sphincter outcome?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Trauma to the anal sphincter is a recognized complication of primiparous childbirth. This damage may be compounded during subsequent deliveries leading to symptoms. Earlier work is inconclusive as to which delivery variables are associated with such damage and may prove useful in predicting its occurrence, thereby allowing the potential for intervention in these later deliveries to protect the traumatized anal sphincter. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether routinely recorded obstetric variables can be correlated to anal sphincter damage in a consecutive series of females.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was undertaken in a single maternity unit. Patients delivering were assessed before discharge using a symptom questionnaire and endoanal ultrasound. Delivery data were collected prospectively and analyzed statistically to see if a significant difference existed in the presence of an anal sphincter defect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 159 patients were assessed. Endosonography revealed sphincter injuries in 8.7 percent of the normal vaginal delivery group and 83 percent of the forceps delivery group. No correlation was found between head circumference, baby weight, maternal body mass index, epidurals, episiotomy, length of each stage of labor, and duration of active pushing. Forceps delivery was the only factor to be significantly associated with sphincter trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Besides forceps delivery, commonly measured delivery variables are not useful predictors of anal sphincter trauma. Normal vaginal deliveries do not warrant routine postnatal anorectal assessment, but this should be routine for all instrument deliveries.
authors.affiliation: Academic Surgical Unit, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, East Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lindow
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Duthie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009772:Obstetrical Forceps; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography