title: Evaluation of a portable fundus camera for use in the teleophthalmologic diagnosis of glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The digital images of the optic disk from a portable fundus camera were evaluated for suitability in teleophthalmologic screening for glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one eyes of 27 consecutive patients from our glaucoma clinic were dilated and photographed with a Zeiss FF retinal camera (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) and a portable Nidek NM-100 (Nidek, Tokyo, Japan) fundus camera. Digital images from the portable fundus camera were digitized, compressed and stored in a Fujix DF-10M (Fuji, Tokyo, Japan) digitizer. Lossy compressed digital images and photographs from the Zeiss camera were presented separately in random order to three ophthalmologists for estimation of vertical cup:disk ratios (VCDR) and to evaluate image quality as good, acceptable, or unacceptable for screening glaucoma. Gold standard VCDRs were measured from monoscopic photographic slides obtained using the Zeiss camera by a fourth ophthalmologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurement of agreement (Kappa values) between estimated VCDR of digital images and photographs by the three ophthalmologists were 0.52, 0.38, and 0.50 respectively. Agreement between gold standard and estimated VCDR from photographs were 0.87, 0.45, and 0.84 respectively (specificity between 79% and 97%, sensitivity between 70% and 95%). Kappa values obtained between gold standard and estimated VCDR from digital images were 0.52, 0.49, and 0.49, respectively (specificity between 68% and 79%, sensitivity between 67% and 87%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate to good agreement indicates that the digital images from the portable fundus camera may be suitable for optic disk assessment in the current configuration. This easy to use Nidek hand-held camera could be a viable instrument for teleophthalmology if a better digitizing system is incorporated to improve the quality of the images.
authors.affiliation: Lions Eye Institute Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yogesan
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Constable
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Eikelboom
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tay-Kearney
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jitskaia
mesh_terms: D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology*; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*