title: The steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of indinavir alone and in combination with a low dose of ritonavir in twice daily dosing regimens in HIV-1-infected individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of indinavir in twice daily dosing regimens with and without the co-administration of 100 mg ritonavir.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational pharmacokinetic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-1-infected individuals who use indinavir alone (1200 mg twice daily, n = 6), or the combination of 100 mg ritonavir twice daily plus either 800 mg (n = 6), or 1200 mg indinavir twice daily (n = 2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Steady-state pharmacokinetics of indinavir and ritonavir were assessed by drawing 12 blood samples during an 8-h period after ingestion of the medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were observed for indinavir pharmacokinetics between the dosing regimens indinavir 1200 mg twice daily alone and indinavir/ ritonavir 800/100 mg twice daily with respect to the mean trough concentration (0.21 and 0.99 microg/ml, respectively, P = 0.002), the mean maximum concentration (13.79 and 8.74 microg/ml, respectively, P = 0.028), and for the mean plasma elimination half-life (1.6 and 3.2 h, respectively, P = 0.001). The combination indinavir/ritonavir 1200/100 mg twice daily led to very high exposure to indinavir and was not well tolerated. However, the combination indinavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg twice daily was well tolerated and resulted in therapeutic concentrations of indinavir with improved trough concentrations and similar maximum concentrations as observed with the licensed dosage of 800 mg three times daily.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination of indinavir and 100 mg ritonavir in twice daily dosing regimens significantly affects the pharmacokinetic profile of indinavir. The results of this observational study provide a pharmacologic basis for the combination of indinavir (800 mg) and ritonavir (100 mg) in twice daily dosing regimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: van Heeswijk
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Veldkamp
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoetelmans
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schreij
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Beijnen
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Meenhorst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D019469:Indinavir; D019438:Ritonavir