title: Empirical treatment of bacteraemic urinary tract infection. Evaluation of a decision support system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a Danish county with a low prevalence of antibiotic resistance to most antibiotics, we have constructed and evaluated a decision support system (DSS) for guidance of empirical antibiotic therapy in patients with bacteraemia originating from the urinary tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DSS was based upon a causal probabilistic network, and a decision theoretic approach was used to balance the costs of antibiotic therapy against the therapeutic benefit. The costs included direct cost of purchasing antibiotics, side effects, and the risk of development of antibiotic resistance. The therapeutic benefit was defined as the increase in life-expectancy caused by antibiotic therapy. Life-years were chosen as the common currency unit. Four hundred and ninety-one bacteraemias seen during 1992-1994 were used to construct the DSS (derivation set), and 426 bacteraemias during 1995-1996 were used for evaluation (validation set). The cases were identified in a regional register of bacteraemias. The study was non-interventional.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DSS suggested antibiotics which would provide coverage in 377 of the 426 episodes (88.5%) compared to 259 episodes (60.8%) for which empirical therapy actually provided coverage (p < 0.01, McNemar-test). The regimens suggested by the DSS included mecillinam as monotherapy in 240 episodes (56.3%), gentamicin as monotherapy in 81 (19.0%), and a combination of gentamicin and ampicillin in 80 (18.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A decision theoretic approach shows promise of improving empirical antibiotic treatment, and may be a measure to support an antibiotic policy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg Hospital. bkr@vision.auc.dk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leibovici
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Riekehr
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kjaer
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Schønheyder
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents