title: Evolution of envelope sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in cellular reservoirs in the setting of potent antiviral therapy.
abstract: In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients treated with potent antiretroviral therapy, the persistence of latently infected cells may reflect the long decay half-life of this cellular reservoir or ongoing viral replication at low levels with continuous replenishment of the population or both. To address these possibilities, sequences encompassing the C2 and V3 domains of HIV-1 env were analyzed from virus present in baseline plasma and from viral isolates obtained after 2 years of suppressive therapy in six patients. The presence of sequence changes consistent with evolution was demonstrated for three subjects and correlated with less complete suppression of viral replication, as indicated by the rapidity of the initial virus load decline or the intermittent reappearance of even low levels of detectable viremia. Together, these results provide evidence for ongoing replication. In the remaining three patients, virus recovered after 2 years of therapy was either genotypically contemporary with or ancestral to virus present in plasma 2 years before, indicating that virus recovery had indeed resulted from activation of latently infected cells.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, USA.
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Günthard
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Leigh-Brown
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ignacio
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kee
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Perelson
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Spina
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Havlir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hezareh
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Looney
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Richman
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000821:virology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D019562:Viral Load; D017735:Virus Latency; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D012367:RNA, Viral