title: Depression symptoms in late life assessed using the EURO-D scale. Effect of age, gender and marital status in 14 European centres.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data from surveys involving 21,724 subjects aged > or = 65 years were analysed using a harmonised depression symptom scale, the EURO-D.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe and compare the effects of age, gender and mental status on depressive symptoms across Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested for the effects of centre, age, gender and marital status on EURO-D score. Between-centre variance was partitioned according to centre characteristics: region, religion and survey instrument used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EURO-D scores tended to increase with age, women scored higher than men, and widowed and separated subjects scored higher than others. The EURO-D scale could be reduced into two factors: affective suffering, responsible for the gender difference, and motivation, accounting for the positive association with age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large between-centre differences in depression symptoms were not explained by demography or by the depression measure used in the survey. Consistent, small effects of age, gender and marital status were observed across Europe. Depression may be overdiagnosed in older persons because of an increase in lack of motivation that may be affectively neutral, and is possibly related to cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiological Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Deeg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fuhrer
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kivela
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Meller
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Oyen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reischies
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roelands
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skoog
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Turrina
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Copeland
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors