title: Effect of electron contamination on scatter correction factors for photon beam dosimetry.
abstract: Physical quantities for use in megavoltage photon beam dose calculations which are defined at the depth of maximum absorbed dose are sensitive to electron contamination and are difficult to measure and to calculate. Recently, formalisms have therefore been presented to assess the dose using collimator and phantom scatter correction factors, Sc and Sp, defined at a reference depth of 10 cm. The data can be obtained from measurements at that depth in a miniphantom and in a full scatter phantom. Equations are presented that show the relation between these quantities and corresponding quantities obtained from measurements at the depth of the dose maximum. It is shown that conversion of Sc and Sp determined at a 10 cm depth to quantities defined at the dose maximum such as (normalized) peak scatter factor, (normalized) tissue-air ratio, and vice versa is not possible without quantitative knowledge of the electron contamination. The difference in Sc at dmax resulting from this electron contamination compared with Sc values obtained at a depth of 10 cm in a miniphantom has been determined as a multiplication factor, Scel, for a number of photon beams of different accelerator types. It is shown that Scel may vary up to 5%. Because in the new formalisms output factors are defined at a reference depth of 10 cm, they do not require Scel data. The use of Sc and Sp values, defined at a 10 cm depth, combined with relative depth-dose data or tissue-phantom ratios is therefore recommended. For a transition period the use of the equations provided in this article and Scel data might be required, for instance, if treatment planning systems apply Sc data normalized at d(max).
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Dr. B. Verbeetan Institute, Tilburg, The Netherlands. venselaar@bvi.nl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Venselaar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heukelom
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jager
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mijnheer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van der Laarse
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Gasteren
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Kleffens
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Westermann
mesh_terms: D004583:Electrons; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons; D011874:Radiometry; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D012542:Scattering, Radiation