title: The ischemic penumbra: operationally defined by diffusion and perfusion MRI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identifying tissue at risk for infarction is important in deciding which patients would benefit most from potentially harmful therapies and provides a way to evaluate newer therapies with regard to the amount of ischemic tissue salvaged.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To operationally define and characterize cerebral tissue at risk for stroke progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively selected 25 patients with an acute onset of a hemispheric stroke from our database who had undergone a combination of two diffusion-weighted MRI studies and a perfusion-weighted MRI study. We applied a logistic regression model using maps of the relative mean transit time and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as well as three different maps of the relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) to predict an operationally defined penumbra (region of mismatch between the diffusion lesion on day 1 and its extension 24 to 72 hours later).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maps of the rCBF and initial rCBV were significant predictors for identifying penumbral tissue. Our operationally defined penumbral region was characterized by a reduction in the initial rCBV (47% of contralateral control region [CCR]), an increase (163% of CCR) in the total rCBV, and a reduction (37% of CCR) in the rCBF, whereas the operationally defined ischemic core showed a more severe reduction in the rCBF (12% of CCR) and in the initial rCBV (19% of CCR).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These MR indexes may allow the identification and quantification of viable but ischemically threatened cerebral tissue amenable to therapeutic interventions in the hyperacute care of stroke patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schlaug
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benfield
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Siewert
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Lövblad
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Edelman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Warach
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001810:Blood Volume; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004058:Diffusion; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010477:Perfusion; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors