title: Continuous intravenous midazolam infusion for Centruroides exilicauda scorpion envenomation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to describe the effects of continuous intravenous midazolam infusion as therapy for severe bark scorpion (Centruroides exilicauda) envenomation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review from July 1, 1993, through January 1, 1998, identified all patients treated at a university hospital with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes 989.5 (toxic effect of venom) or E905.2 (scorpion sting causing poisoning). By using standardized collection forms, data were extracted from the medical record of every patient who had a grade III or IV envenomation and was treated with a continuous intravenous midazolam infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our search identified 104 patients; 34 had grade III or IV envenomation. Of these, 33 were treated in the ICU with continuous intravenous midazolam infusion. Median patient age was 4 years (range, 1 to 68 years). Midazolam dosage was adjusted to induce a light sleep state to control agitation and involuntary motor activity. The median amount of midazolam resulting in the first recorded decrease in agitation and involuntary motor activity was 0.30 mg/kg (range, 0.03 to 1.76 mg/kg). This first evidence of clinical improvement was recorded as 1.00 hour (median), with a range of 0.00 to 3.75 hours. The initial midazolam infusion rate was 0.10 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) (median), with a range of 0.01 to 0.31 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1). The maximal midazolam infusion rate was 0.30 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) (median), with a range of 0.06 to 1.29 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1). The median time until the maximal midazolam infusion rate was 2.5 hours (range, 0.00 to 8.50 hours). The median duration of infusion was 9. 50 hours (range, 4.25 to 20.50 hours). The median length of stay in the ICU was 15.17 hours (range, 6.0 to 28.0 hours), and 85% of patients were discharged directly home. All patients had resolution of abnormal motor activity and agitation during their midazolam infusion. Transient hypoxemia without evidence of end-organ dysfunction was documented in 4 patients during midazolam therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A continuous intravenous midazolam infusion can be a safe, effective, and readily available treatment option for patients with grade III or IV C exilicauda envenomation.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Room Associates, Carondelet St. Joseph's Hospital, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gibly
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conroy
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D065008:Scorpion Stings / Q000628:therapy*; D012605:Scorpions
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam