title: Homocysteinemia: new information about an old risk factor for vascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the importance of homocysteinemia as a risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review of published studies homocysteine as risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE search from 1969 to 1998 using homocysteine and vascular disease as search terms, from which 13 articles were selected for review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Homocysteine is a sulfur containing amino acid derivative formed during methionine metabolism. Inherited deficiencies of cystathionine B synthase or MTHF reductase result in markedly elevated plasma homocysteine levels and homocystinuria. Although rare, hereditary homocystinuria results in a variety of life threatening vascular complications occurring at a young age. Lesser degrees of homocysteinemia may result from vitamin B12, folate and pyridoxine deficiencies as well as a recently described mutation of the MTHF reductase gene. Homocysteinemia from these causes has been shown to increase the risk of coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke, and venous thrombosis. Postulated mechanisms for this association are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Homocysteinemia is a risk factor for premature vascular disease. The strength of this association is similar to that due to hyperlipidemia and tobacco use. Although vitamin supplementation with folic acid, B12, and B6 is able to reduce homocysteine levels in many persons, proof of the effectiveness of vitamin treatment in preventing or halting the progression of vascular disease is not yet available.
authors.affiliation: Lincoln National Re, Fort Wayne, IN 46804, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007352:Insurance, Life / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine