title: Comparison of procalcitonin with C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and interferon-alpha for differentiation of bacterial vs. viral infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Procalcitonin (PCT) concentration increases in bacterial infections but remains low in viral infections and inflammatory diseases. The change is rapid and the molecule is stable, making it a potentially useful marker for distinguishing between bacterial and viral infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  PCT concentration was determined with an immunoluminometric assay on plasma collected at admission in 360 infants and children hospitalized for bacterial or viral infection. It was compared with C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 and interferon-alpha measured on the same sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean PCT concentration was 46 microg/l (median, 17.8) in 46 children with septicemia or bacterial meningitis. PCT concentration was > 1 microg/l in 44 of 46 in this group and in 59 of 78 children with a localized bacterial infection who had a negative blood culture (sensitivity, 83%). PCT concentration was > 1 microg/l in 16 of 236 children with a viral infection (specificity, 93%). PCT concentration was low in 9 of 10 patients with inflammatory disease and fever. A CRP value > or =20 mg/l was observed in 61 of 236 patients (26%) with viral infection and in 105 of 124 patients (86%) with bacterial infection. IL-6 was > 100 pg/ml in 14% of patients infected with virus and in 53% with bacteria. A secretion of interferon-alpha was found in serum in 77% of viral infected patients and in 8.6% of bacterial infected patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study a PCT value of 1 microg/l or greater had better specificity, sensitivity and predictive value than CRP, interleukin 6 and interferon-alpha in children for distinguishing between viral and bacterial infections. PCT values are higher in invasive bacterial infections, but the cutoff value of 1 microg/l indicates the severity of the disease in localized bacterial infection and helps to decide antibiotic treatment in emergency room. PCT may be useful in an emergency room for differentiation of bacterial vs. viral infections in children and for making decisions about antibiotic treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris, France. dominique.gendrel@svp.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gendrel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coste
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moulin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lorrot
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guérin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravilly
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lefèvre
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Royer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lacombe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bohuon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000097:blood*; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D007223:Infant; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C000606589:CALCA protein, human; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011498:Protein Precursors; D002116:Calcitonin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide