title: The effect of increasing blood pressure with dopamine on systemic, splanchnic, and lower extremity hemodynamics in patients with acute liver failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arterial hypotension occurs frequently in patients with acute liver failure (ALF). Treatment with epinephrine and norepinephrine in patients with ALF has been associated with a decrease in whole-body (systemic) oxygen consumption. We aimed to investigate the effect of increasing blood pressure with dopamine on whole-body (systemic), splanchnic, and lower extremity hemodynamics and oxygen consumption in patients with acute liver failure and hepatic encephalopathy grade III or IV.
  
  
  METHODS
  In seven patients with ALF cardiac output (CO) was measured with the thermodilution technique, and hepatic blood flow (HBF) was estimated with infusion of sorbitol as test compound, liver vein catheterization, and calculations on the basis of Fick's principle. Lower-extremity blood flow was measured with strain-gauge plethysmography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During infusion of dopamine (5 +/- 2 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased from 68 +/- 5 to 85 +/- 8 mmHg. CO increased from 6.8 +/- 0.8 to 9.0 +/- 2.4 l/min (P < 0.05), systemic oxygen delivery from 45 +/- 7 to 63 +/- 19 mmol/min (P < 0.05), systemic oxygen consumption from 10.2 +/- 2.0 to 11.5 +/- 3.3 mmol/min (NS). HBF increased from 2.2 +/- 0.7 to 2.7 +/- 1.0 l/ min (P < 0.05), splanchnic oxygen delivery from 14.4 +/- 5.3 to 18.5 +/- 7.2 mmol/min (P < 0.01), and splanchnic oxygen consumption decreased from 3.9 +/- 1.1 to 2.9 +/- 0.6 mmol/min (P < 0.05). No significant changes in lower extremity flow and oxygenation variables were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of dopamine in patients with ALF to increase MAP was associated with increases in systemic and splanchnic oxygen delivery. A concomitant decrease in splanchnic oxygen consumption was observed.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Hepatology, Cardiology, and Anesthesiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Clemmesen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galatius
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Skak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dalgaard
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ott
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D004298:Dopamine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine