title: Transforming growth factor-beta levels in human allograft chronic fibrosis correlate with rate of decline in renal function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term renal transplant function is limited primarily by a progressive scarring process loosely termed "chronic rejection, chronic allograft nephropathy, or allograft fibrosis." Although the etiology of transplant fibrosis is uncertain, several possible factors including chronic cyclosporin A (CsA) exposure may contribute to its pathogenesis. CsA stimulates renal fibrosis perhaps through the induction of the potent pro-sclerotic growth factor, transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta). Previously, we demonstrated that, in human transplant biopsies, acute CsA toxicity but not acute tubular necrosis is associated with elevated levels of renal TGFbeta protein. We now examine whether long-term CsA treatment (>1 year) is associated with elevated levels of intra-allograft TGFbeta and whether heightened expression of TGFbeta is clinically significant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using immunohistochemical techniques, we determined the relative level of expression of intrarenal TGFbeta protein in transplant biopsies. We studied biopsies obtained from 40 CsA-treated patients that were diagnosed as having chronic allograft fibrosis. Biopsies were scored as having minimal or high levels of TGFbeta.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-two percent of patients expressed high levels of intra-allograft TGFbeta. This group of patients lost renal function at an average rate of -19.5+/-17.3 ml/min/year. In contrast, patients with minimal or no TGFbeta expression experienced a decline of only -6.2+/-4.1 ml/min/year (P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the majority of CsA-treated patients with biopsy proven chronic fibrosis have elevated levels of intra-graft TGFbeta that correlates with an increased rate of decline in renal function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, MCP/Hahnemann University, Hahnemann and St. Christopher's Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cuhaci
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haussman
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Laskow
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alidoost
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grotkowski
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Butani
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Sturgill
authors.forename: O G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Pankewycz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016572:Cyclosporine