title: Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide concentrations during in vitro high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to measure nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations, at various ventilatory settings and sampling sites, during in vitro inhaled NO and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation therapy [iNO-HFOV].
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a high-frequency oscillatory ventilator (model 3100A, SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA), a test lung (model VT-2A Ventilator Tester, Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT), nitric oxide delivery and NO/NO2 monitoring (Pulmonox II, Pulmonox, Tofield, Canada), and scavenging systems in this study. The ventilator frequency, amplitude, and inspired oxygen concentration were systematically changed at a fixed flow of NO. The concentrations of NO and NO2, sampled at four sites, were determined by an electrochemical method (Pulmonox II). The NO and NO2 concentrations were measured at the proximal part of the inspiratory limb (site 1), near the Y-piece (site 2), the carina of the test lung (site 3), and the bellows of the test lung (site 4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentration of NO decreased significantly (P < .001) from the proximal port (site 11 of the inspiratory circuit (86.16 +/- 0.38 ppm) through the lung bellows (site 4) (70.08 +/- 0.23 ppm). The concentration of NO2 increased significantly (P < .001) from site 1 (3.25 +/- 0.04 ppm) through site 4 (19.4 +/- 0.19 ppm). However, the total concentration of NO + NO2 (NOx) remained unchanged at both site 1 and site 4. Increasing the frequency and amplitude of the ventilator significantly altered NO and NO2 concentrations. The NO2 concentration increased significantly (P < .0001) from 5.6 ppm to 18.1 ppm at site 4 when the fraction of inspired oxygen was increased from 0.25 to 0.93. The NO2 concentration also increased significantly (P < .0001) from 0.6 ppm to 18.7 when NO concentrations were independently increased from 12 ppm to 80 ppm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During HFOV, the concentrations of NO and NO2 vary between sampling sites and also are influenced by the frequency, amplitude, and inspired oxygen concentration. NO2 concentrations in the lung were significantly increased above commonly accepted toxic concentrations during ventilation with high concentrations of NO (80 ppm) and high fractional concentrations of oxygen. The excessive increase in NO2 concentration at the "alveolar" level in our test lung model warrants confirmation in an in vivo model.
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Medicine, Miami Children's Hospital, FL 33155, USA.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Totapally
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raszynski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sussmane
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hultquist
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andreoulakis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolfsdorf
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006612:High-Frequency Ventilation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016014:Linear Models; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide