title: Shape of the face and tongue in obstructive sleep apnea patients--statistical analysis of coordinate data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the shape difference of the face and tongue of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients, in comparison to those of non-apneic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of observational data on a cohort of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university teaching hospital and sleep referral center. SAMPLE POPULATION AND METHOD: Eighty patients referred for overnight polysomnography and lateral cephalometry and who met the selection criteria were included. Upright and supine cephalograms were obtained and subgrouped based on the severity of clinical symptoms. Shape differences between the groups were assessed by a multiple analysis of variance and a Hotelling's T2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A set of anatomical landmarks were selected for outlines of the face and the tongue on cephalograms. X and Y coordinates of each landmark were utilized as variables. As symptoms become severe, the hyoid bone and the submental area positioned inferiorly and the fourth vertebra relocated posteriorly with respect to the lower mandibular border. When subjects changed their body position from the upright to the supine, the posterior part of the tongue appeared to sink down. The hyoid bone position to epiglottis-retrognathion line in the supine position distinguishes OSA patients from non-apneic subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite many limitations, we demonstrate that the supine cepahlometrics during wakefulness can be a useful adjunctive diagnostic tool for OSA, when cephalograms are analyzed in a coordinate data form.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA.
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Pae
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fleetham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002508:Cephalometry; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000473:pathology*; D014059:Tongue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*