title: Extra-anatomic stents in ureteric obstruction: experience and complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the role of extra-anatomic stents (EAS) as a means of urinary diversion in patients with ureteric obstruction secondary to malignancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The technique for inserting EAS in patients with ureteric obstruction was described previously; to date, 13 patients (seven women and six men, mean age 45.3 years, range 22-78) have been treated. All patients had ultrasonographic evidence of hydronephrosis and/or significant biochemical evidence of renal impairment. Patients had advanced malignancy and one patient an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary diversion was successful in all patients; two survived for more than 1 year, with stent changes at 6-monthly intervals. In three patients the stents were replaced by percutaneous nephrostomies because of problems with leakage or infection. The remaining patients died with functioning EAS in situ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with ureteric obstruction secondary to malignancy or medical conditions excluding them from more invasive surgery, EAS provide a further therapeutic option instead of a permanent nephrostomy, which has associated inherent problems. This technique is not without potential problems and careful selection of patients remains vital in this difficult area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minhas
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Irving
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eardley
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Browning
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Joyce
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D015607:Stents; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014547:Urinary Diversion / Q000379:methods*