title: Evaluation of apomorphine HCl effects on reproductive endpoints: studies in male rats and dogs.
abstract: Apomorphine HCl is currently in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The potential for reproductive toxicity in males was assessed based on a 13-week rat study--a fertility study in male rats--and a 6-month study in dogs. The subcutaneous (s.c.) route was selected to simulate the sublingual route in humans. Dosages of apomorphine were 0.0 (vehicle), 0.8, 2, and 8 mg/kg/day in the 13-week study in rats (20/group), with 8 mg/kg/day used for only 9 weeks. In the fertility study, 24 males/group were cohabited with females, and doses were 0.0, 0.2, 0.8, and 2 mg/kg/day. Males were treated for 4 weeks prior to cohabitation and for 5 weeks throughout cohabitation. Organ weights, including testis and left epididymis, sperm count and morphology in the epididymis, and sperm motility in the vas deferens were evaluated. Male fertility index, and in females, the numbers of fetuses, implantation sites, and corpora lutea were counted. Male dogs (five/group) were dosed with 0.04, 0.1, or 0.4 mg/kg/day for 6 months. Epididymal and prostate weight, and testicular and epididymal histology were evaluated. Daily morbidity/mortality, weekly clinical observations, body weight, and food consumption were evaluated in all studies. No adverse effect was observed in any of the reproductive parameters in the studies. The NOEL for reproductive toxicity was approximately equal to 0.4 mg/kg/day in dogs and > or = 2 mg/kg/day in rats. These doses in rats and dogs correlated with plasma levels of approximately 240 and 130 ng/mL, and AUCs of 200 and 100 ng.h/mL, respectively. These levels suggest a safety margin for the evaluated male reproductive endpoints of at least 104 times based on the Cmax, and 44 times based on AUC of the clinical dose.
authors.affiliation: TAP Holdings, Inc., Deerfield, Illinois 60015, USA. ashraf.youssef@tappharma.com
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Fort
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ronsen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Auletta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000633:toxicity*; D004285:Dogs; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D004822:Epididymis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D012661:Semen / Q000187:drug effects; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000187:drug effects; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D013737:Testis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D001058:Apomorphine