title: Use of the selective oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir to prevent influenza.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Safe and effective antiviral agents are needed to prevent infection with influenza A and B virus. Oseltamivir (GS4104), which can be administered orally, is the prodrug of GS4071, a potent and selective inhibitor of influenzavirus neuraminidases. We studied the use of oseltamivir for long-term prophylaxis against influenza in two placebo-controlled, double-blind trials at different U.S. sites during the winter of 1997-1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 1559 healthy, nonimmunized adults 18 to 65 years old to receive either oral oseltamivir (75 mg given once or twice daily, for a total daily dose of 75 or 150 mg) or placebo for six weeks during a peak period of local influenzavirus activity. The primary end point with respect to efficacy was laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness (defined as a temperature of at least 37.2 degrees C accompanied by at least one respiratory and at least one systemic symptom).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the two studies combined, the risk of influenza among subjects assigned to either once-daily or twice-daily oseltamivir (1.2 percent and 1.3 percent, respectively) was lower than that among subjects assigned to placebo (4.8 percent; P<0.001 and P=0.001 for the comparison with once-daily and twice-daily oseltamivir, respectively). The protective efficacy of oseltamivir in the two active-treatment groups combined was 74 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 53 to 88 percent) at all the sites combined and 82 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 60 to 93 percent) at sites in Virginia, where the rate of influenza infection was higher than the overall rate. For culture-proved influenza, the rate of protective efficacy in the two oseltamivir groups combined was 87 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 65 to 96 percent). The rate of laboratory-confirmed influenza infection was lower with oseltamivir than with placebo (5.3 percent vs. 10.6 percent, P<0.001). Oseltamivir was well tolerated but was associated with a greater frequency of nausea (12.1 percent and 14.6 percent in the once-daily and twice-daily groups, respectively) and vomiting (2.5 percent and 2.7 percent, respectively) than was placebo (nausea, 7.1 percent; vomiting, 0.8 percent). However, the frequency of premature discontinuation of drug or placebo was similar among the three groups (3.1 to 4.0 percent).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oseltamivir administered daily for six weeks by the oral route is safe and effective for the prevention of influenza.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Atmar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poretz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Mills
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000588:Amines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D053139:Oseltamivir
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D053139:Oseltamivir; D009439:Neuraminidase