title: The subcellular localization and activity of Drosophila cubitus interruptus are regulated at multiple levels.
abstract: Cubitus interruptus (Ci), a Drosophila transcription factor, mediates Hedgehog (Hh) signaling during the patterning of embryonic epidermis and larval imaginal discs. In the absence of Hh signal, Ci is cleaved to generate a truncated nuclear form capable of transcriptional repression. Hh signaling stabilizes and activates the full-length Ci protein leading to strong activation of downstream target genes including patched and decapentaplegic. A number of molecules have been implicated in the regulation of Ci. Mutations in these molecules lead to changes in Ci protein level, the extent of Ci proteolysis and the expression of Ci target genes. This paper examines the regulation of Ci subcellular localization and activity. We first characterize a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) within Ci. We propose that the subcellular distribution of Ci is affected by two opposing forces, the action of the NLS and that of at least two regions targeting Ci to the cytoplasm. Further our data show that loss of PKA or Costal-2 activity does not fully mimic Hh signaling, demonstrating that Ci proteolysis and Ci activation are two distinct events which are regulated through different paths. Finally, we propose that there are three levels of apparent Ci activity, corresponding to three zones along the AP axis with different sets of gene expression and different levels of Hh signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
authors.forename: Q T
authors.initials: QT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Holmgren
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000378:metabolism; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D016547:Kinesins / Q000235:genetics; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013347:Subcellular Fractions; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D014157:Transcription Factors; C092937:ci protein, Drosophila; C107452:cos protein, Drosophila; C077245:hh protein, Drosophila; C085770:fu protein, Drosophila; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D016547:Kinesins