title: Hydroxyl radical scavenging by carnosine and Cu(II)-carnosine complexes: a pulse-radiolysis and spectroscopic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain a wider insight into the general properties of carnosine and to provide support to its anti-oxidative role. This property is hypothesized to be linked to various mechanisms including free-radical scavenging and metal chelation (i.e. Cu(II)).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pulse-radiolysis experiments were performed by a 12 MeV electron linear accelerator (LINAC) on carnosine/copper(II) (2:1) and carnosine aqueous solutions at different pH. Raman spectra of solid samples were obtained by a Bruker IFS 66 spectrometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As well as for free carnosine, in the presence of copper ions the interaction of carnosine with *OH radicals involves the imidazole group of the molecule. The oxidation of copper (II)-carnosine system by *OH radicals is related to the pH-dependent structure of the copper(II)-carnosine complex. Raman spectra indicate that at alkaline pH the formation of a dimeric species containing two carnosine molecules complexed to two Cu2+ ions takes place. This structure can address the *OH attack more selectively than carnosine itself to different sites of the imidazole ring. The formation of at least two different *OH-radical adducts occurs and positions C(2) and C(5) of the imidazole ring are the preferential sites for the *OH attack, as the heterocyclic ring is mainly present as its N(1)-protonated tautomeric form.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies provide further evidence about the formation of carnosine-copper complexes and the predominance of a dimeric structure at slightly basic pH. The chelation of Cu(II) is not detrimental to the scavenging ability of carnosine. Raman spectra are helpful in identifying the structure of the copper(II)-carnosine complexes and in predicting the preferential sites for the *OH attack to the carnosine-copper system.
authors.affiliation: Istituto FRAE and Istituto Nazionale-MTCI (CNR), Bologna, Italy. Tamba@frae.bo.cnr.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamba
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torreggiani
mesh_terms: D002336:Carnosine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003300:Copper / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011675:Pulse Radiolysis; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D003300:Copper; D002336:Carnosine; D005978:Glutathione