title: [Whiplash-associated disorders].
abstract: Whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) represent a class of clinical complaints which commonly result from rear-end car accidents. An automobile collision can generate major forces which are transferred to the neck by an acceleration-deceleration mechanism (whiplash), resulting in bony or soft-tissue injuries (whiplash injury). Incidence of WAD is estimated to be 0.1 to 3.8/1000/year; WAD cost $29 billion a year in the USA. They can be classified clinically into 5 degrees of severity, namely WAD grades 0 to IV. Signs and symptoms typically crescendo during the first few days after an accident. Pathological findings (especially of musculo-skeletal or neurological types) must often be sought actively and should be documented at the earliest stage. Prevention of possible chronicity is the most important goal in clinical management of WAD. WAD grade IV patients are treated in the way their fracture or dislocation demands. Therapy of WAD grades I to III has three main aspects: non-narcotic analgesics, early active mobilisation (to the extent possible consistent with pain) and education of the patient. Soft collars should not be used (or only temporarily and sparingly). Most patients with WAD grades I-III feel well again relatively soon. Symptoms and signs that persist for longer than two months are important warning signs for imminent chronicity, which occurs at rates of 14-42%. In such cases, an interdisciplinary approach is recommended. Risk factors are accident severity, head position at the time of accident, age and pretraumatic existence of headache. Patients with chronic complaints can develop additional psychic and cognitive problems, which are caused by--and not the cause of--their chronic disorder. Therapy of chronic whiplash-associated disorders involves all the problems inherent in therapies of chronic pain. There are many therapeutic concepts, but little evidence that anything helps. Prevention of whiplash injuries is therefore very important in view of the lack of powerful treatment options. Although there is a substantial body of scientific literature about WAD, many unanswered questions remain. In particular the most important questions (how can patients with acute and chronic disorders be helped best) have no clear answer yet. Furthermore, there are many opinions and prejudices (especially concerning psycho-social factors of WAD) which have no scientific basis. Therefore, an intensive exchange of information between health care professionals, patients and the general public appears to be very important.
authors.affiliation: Notfallzentrum, Chirurgie, Inselspital Bern. ps31415@gmx.net
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmid
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*