title: Anterior shear of spinal motion segments. Kinematics, kinetics, and resultant injuries observed in a porcine model.
abstract: METHODS
  A basic study of 56 porcine specimens in anterior shear loading.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine some modulators of the biomechanics of spinal motion segments exposed to acute shear loading and to identify the resultant injuries.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Most research on spinal injury mechanisms has focused on compressive loading, leaving a void in understanding of the effect of shear loading on origin of injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cervical spines (n = 56) of domestic pigs (6 months old) were loaded to failure in a specially designed jig that restricted their motion to primarily the shear plane. The specimens were tested at load rates of 100 N/sec or 10,810 N/sec and either in a flexed or neutral posture. In addition, the function of the individual structures of the motion segment were determined by serial dissection forming three groups: whole specimens, specimens with no posterior ligaments, and specimens with no posterior ligaments or facet joints. Load-deformation curves were collected using analog-to-digital sampling rates of 50 and 100 Hz. The mode of failure was then documented through systematic dissection of the specimen and/or radiology techniques. Modeling approaches were then used to gain insight into the failure mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dynamic loading (10,810 N/sec) and flexion of the specimens were found to increase the ultimate load at failure when compared with quasistatic loading (100 N/sec) and neutral postures. The disc resisted up to 70% of an applied load, with the pars interarticularis responsible for only 30% of the load. Nonetheless, the pars was the primary site of failure. Furthermore, higher load rates also caused endplate avulsion, specifically in the lateral borders of the anulus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The porcine model appears to reproduce injuries found in the data available on human lumbar material. Fractures in the pars interarticularis may not greatly weaken the joint, given the dominant role of the disc, but compromise its normal kinematics. Clinically, this may explain the occurrence of pars fractures, without total disability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Yingling
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McGill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D004548:Elasticity; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D011859:Radiography; D012399:Rotation; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013552:Swine; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology