title: Effects of mutations in Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of AIDS-associated P. carinii pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sulpha drugs are widely used for the treatment and long-term prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in HIV-1-infected individuals. Sulpha resistance in many microorganisms is caused by point mutations in dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), an enzyme that is essential for folate biosynthesis. We assessed whether mutations in the DHPS gene of P. carinii were associated with exposure to sulpha drugs and influenced outcome from PCP.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied bronchoalveolar samples collected in 1989-99 from a prospective cohort of HIV-1-infected patients who had PCP. In 144 patients with 152 episodes of PCP, we analysed portions of DHPS using PCR and direct sequencing. The relation between survival, P. carinii DHPS mutations, and other predictors of treatment failure was assessed by Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  P. carinii DHPS mutations were found in 31 (20.4%) of 152 PCP episodes. 3-month survival was significantly lower in patients infected with mutant P. carinii DHPS strains than in those with wild-type strains (p=0.002). After adjustment for other prognostic variables, presence of DHPS mutations remained the most important predictor of mortality (hazard ratio 3.1 [95% CI 1.2-8.1]). DHPS mutations were significantly more common in patients who had previous exposure to sulpha drugs (18 of 29 [62%]) than in those who had no exposure (13 of 123 [10.5%]; p<0.0001). A significant increase with time in the rate of DHPS mutations (p=0.01 for trend) was closely correlated with the rate of previous or current use of sulpha drugs as chemoprophylaxis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutations in DHPS are associated with impaired prognosis in PCP, and may develop as a result of exposure to sulpha drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark. jhelweg@inet.uni2.dk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Helweg-Larsen
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Benfield
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eugen-Olsen
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lundgren
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lundgren
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000382:microbiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005838:Genotype; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011010:Pneumocystis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole