title: Slapping and spanking in childhood and its association with lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a general population sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little information is available in Canada about the prevalence of and outcomes associated with a history of slapping and spanking in childhood. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of a history of slapping or spanking in a general population sample and to assess the relation between such a history and the lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this general population survey, a probability sample of 9953 residents of Ontario aged 15 years and older who participated in the Ontario Health Supplement was used to examine the prevalence of a history of slapping and spanking. A subgroup of this sample (n = 4888), which comprised people aged 15 to 64 years who did not report a history of physical or sexual abuse during childhood, was used to assess the relation between a history of slapping or spanking and the lifetime prevalence of 4 categories of psychiatric disorder. The measures included a self-administered questionnaire with a question about frequency of slapping and spanking during childhood, as well as an interviewer-administered questionnaire to measure psychiatric disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of respondents indicated that they had been slapped or spanked, or both, by an adult during childhood "sometimes" (33.4%) or "rarely" (40.9%); 5.5% reported that this occurred "often." The remainder (20.2%) reported "never" experiencing these behaviours. Among the respondents without a history of physical or sexual abuse during childhood, those who reported being slapped or spanked "often" or "sometimes" had significantly higher lifetime rates of anxiety disorders (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.96), alcohol abuse or dependence (adjusted OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.27-3.21) and one or more externalizing problems (adjusted OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.36-3.16), compared with those who reported "never" being slapped or spanked. There was also an association between a history of slapping or spanking and major depression, but it was not statistically significant (adjusted OR 1.64, 95% CI 0.96-2.80).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appears to be a linear association between the frequency of slapping and spanking during childhood and a lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorder, alcohol abuse or dependence and externalizing problems.
authors.affiliation: Canadian Centre for Studies of Children at Risk, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences and Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Ont. macmilnh@fhs.mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: MacMillan
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Duku
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology