title: Percutaneous management of renal calculi: experience with percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 60 children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report our experience with percutaneous nephrolithotomy in a pediatric population in which primary as well as recurrent stone episodes are frequent and the need for less invasive procedures is imperative.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percutaneous nephrolithotomy was performed in 60 children 3 to 13 years old (average age 6), including 44 boys (73.3%) and 16 girls (26.7%). There was a single obstructing renal calculus in 43 patients, while 17 had multiple calculi. The procedure was performed in 1 stage in 49 patients, and it was staged with preliminary nephrostomy in 11 who presented with calculous anuria and elevated serum creatinine. Normal saline was used as an irrigant and perioperatively serum electrolytes were measured to monitor fluid absorption in 18 patients. Stones were extracted intact from 40 patients (66.6%) and ultrasonic lithotripsy was performed in 20 (33.3%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 60 patients 50 (83.3%) were rendered stone-free at 1 session. Incomplete stone clearance at 1 session was due to intraoperative bleeding requiring blood transfusion, extravasation, multiple stones that were inaccessible via 1 tract, displacement of stone fragments into an inaccessible calix and insignificant residual fragments less than 3 mm. in 2 cases each. During followup of 3 months to 6 years (average 1 year) no late complications were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a safe and relatively efficacious mode of managing pediatric renal calculi. Although higher success rates are achieved in adults, caution should be exercised in children, in whom diligent attempts at stone clearance in 1 session may be made at the expense of safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Children Hospital, Cairo University, Egypt.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Badawy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eissa
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kotb
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shoukri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous