Herpes simplex virus inhibits apoptosis through the action of two genes, Us5 and Us3.
Apoptosis of virus-infected cells occurs either as a direct response to viral infection or upon recognition of infection by the host immune response. Apoptosis reduces production of new virus from these cells, and therefore viruses have evolved inhibitory mechanisms. We previously showed that laboratory strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) protect infected cells from apoptosis induced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes or ethanol. We have now evaluated the ability of HSV-1 and HSV-2 laboratory and clinical isolates to inhibit apoptosis induced by anti-Fas antibody or UV irradiation and explored the genetic basis for this inhibition. HSV-1 isolates inhibited apoptosis induced by UV or anti-Fas antibody. In contrast, HSV-2 clinical isolates failed to inhibit apoptosis induced by either stimulus, although the HSV-2 laboratory strain 333 had a partial inhibitory effect on UV-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of apoptosis by HSV was accompanied by marked reduction of caspase-3 and caspase-8 activity. Deletion of the HSV-1 Us3 gene markedly reduced inhibition of UV-induced apoptosis and partially abrogated inhibition of Fas-mediated apoptosis. Conversely, deletion of the HSV-1 Us5 gene markedly reduced protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis and partially abrogated protection from UV. The Us11 and Us12 genes were not necessary for protection from apoptosis induced by either stimulus. The differences between HSV-1 and HSV-2 in the ability to inhibit apoptosis may be factors in the immunobiology of HSV infections.
Jerome
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Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. kjerome@u.washington.edu
Fox
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Chen
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Sears
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Lee
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Corey
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D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005814:Genes, Viral; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014709:Vero Cells; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014764:Viral Proteins; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000276:immunology
D000906:Antibodies; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D019014:fas Receptor; C077970:glycoprotein J, herpesvirus simiae; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C095207:US3 protein, Human herpesvirus 1; D020169:Caspases