title: Relationship between psychological profile and cardiological variables in chronic heart failure. The role of patient subjectivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the relationships between the psychological profile, the satisfaction profile and cardiological variables in patients with chronic heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty-two male patients with chronic heart failure in a stable clinical condition underwent cardiological evaluation and psychological assessment by means of two instruments: the Cognitive Behavioural Assessment 2.0 Battery and the Satisfaction Profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients scored higher than healthy subjects in terms of psychophysiological disorders and depression. Patients in NYHA class III reported higher anxiety and depression scores and had more frequent problems in daily life than patients in NYHA classes I and II. Class III patients also reported lower satisfaction levels in many aspects of psychological and physical functioning. Pulmonary resistances >2.5 Wood units, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure >0. 18 mmHg and a diagnosis of ischaemic cardiomyopathy were associated with low satisfaction levels in the Satisfaction Profile 'physical functioning' factor. To be listed for heart transplantation and a history of more than three hospitalizations were related to low satisfaction levels in many items of the Satisfaction Profile. Finally, stepwise multiple regression showed that NYHA class, depression score and pulmonary capillary resistance accounted for 32% of the variance in the Satisfaction Profile physical functioning factor score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of chronic heart failure diagnosis only, a generic pattern of psychological distress can be predicted, common to many severe chronic diseases. Shifting from objective mental health measures towards the domain of subjective satisfaction, the only link which emerges is between objective cardiological data and satisfaction with physical functioning. Satisfaction in terms of other life aspects does not seem to be related to cardiological variables. These results support the importance of subjectivity in health related quality of life, as well as objective measures.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Service, 'S. Maugeri' Foundation, IRCCS, Rehabilitation Institute of Montescano, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Majani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierobon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giardini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Callegari
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Opasich
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cobelli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tavazzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life