title: Psychometric validation of a constipation symptom assessment questionnaire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical management of constipation is complicated by the lack of a gold standard for evaluation of symptoms. A constipation symptom assessment instrument, the PAC-SYM, was developed to address the patient perspective on the disorder. Instrument content was based on literature review and results of focus groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and sixteen patients at nine sites participated in a 6-week psychometric evaluation of the PAC-SYM. The final instrument contained 12 items assigned to 3 subscales: stool symptoms, rectal symptoms, and abdominal symptoms. The psychometric properties of this final instrument were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the final instrument was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89; intraclass correlation = 0.75). Concurrent validity was supported by the correlation with both subject and investigator constipation severity ratings (r= 0.68 and 0.72, respectively; P < 0.0001). Scores were moderately correlated with instruments measuring quality of life. Comparison of treatment responders with nonresponders showed the ability of the instrument to differentiate between groups on the basis of clinical severity (t = -6.12, P < 0.0001 ). Scores changed significantly over time among responders, indicating instrument responsiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PAC-SYM is internally consistent, reproducible under stable conditions, valid, and responsive to change and provides a comprehensive means to assess the effectiveness of treatment for constipation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Outcomes Research, MEDTAP International, Inc., and MEDTAP Systems, LLC, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farup
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003248:Constipation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D008274:Magnesium