title: Lack of association between early childhood immunizations and beta-cell autoimmunity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether early childhood immunization history affects the risk of developing the beta-cell autoimmunity that precedes type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article describes a case-control study whose participants were 317 children aged < or = 12 years who have a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes. The children were enrolled in a prospective cohort study of the etiology of beta-cell autoimmunity, the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young, in Denver, Colorado. The main outcome measure was beta-cell autoimmunity as determined by persistent autoantibodies against insulin, GAD, or islet cell antibody (IA-2) 512. The number of cases with beta-cell autoimmunity was 25, and the number of control subjects (the remainder of the cohort) was 292.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference between cases and control subjects in the proportion receiving hepatitis B (HBV), Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib), polio, or diphtheria tetanus pertussis (DTP) vaccines before 9 months of age; in the proportion receiving HBV at birth rather than later; or in the median age at first HBV, Hib, polio, or DTP vaccination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that changing the early childhood immunization schedule would not affect the risk of developing beta-cell autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA. patricia.graves@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Barriga
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Eisenbarth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rewers
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine / Q000276:immunology; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D019741:Haemophilus influenzae type b / Q000276:immunology; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000009:adverse effects; D007223:Infant; D007330:Insulin Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D007330:Insulin Antibodies; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; C024211:islet cell antibody; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase