title: Clinical significance of TT virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The TT virus (TTV) is a novel DNA virus that has recently been identified. The clinical significance of TTV infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C has not been determined. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and possible role of TTV in a well characterized population with chronic hepatitis C infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety patients with chronic HCV and known time of HCV acquisition were selected from approximately 250 patients followed at our institution. Characteristics including age, sex, histology, and length of disease were recorded. Direct sequencing of the NS5 region was used for HCV genotyping. TTV DNA detection was based on PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TTV infection was present in 24 of 90 (27%) HCV patients. Patients were divided into four groups based on stage of disease; chronic hepatitis (CH, 29 patients), compensated cirrhosis (CC, 17 patients), decompensated cirrhosis (DC, 28 patients), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, 16 patients). TTV was present in 2/29 (7%), 2/17 (12%), 11/28 (39%), and 9/16 (56%) in those with CAH, CC, DC, and HCC respectively. TTV was significantly more prevalent among those with advanced disease (DC and HCC) compared to those with stable disease (CH and CC; p = 0.001). Mean age, sex, and the time from exposure to HCV to development of complications were similar in TTV-positive and -negative patients. TTV infection was more common in patients infected with HCV genotype 1b. Univariate analysis showed that length of HCV infection, HCV genotype 1b, and TTV infection were important in predicting the stage of liver disease in HCV patients. However, after adjusting for length of HCV infection, TTV but not HCV genotype was important in predicting the stage of liver disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that 1) TTV infection is common in patients with chronic HCV; 2) TTV infection is more prevalent among patients with advanced HCV-associated liver disease (DC and HCC) than in those with stable disease (CH and CC); and 3) TTV infection is more common in patients with HCV genotype 1b but is independent from genotype in predicting the stage of HCV-associated liver disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Zein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Charlton
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Poterucha
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Therneau
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kolbert
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Persing
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D004267:DNA Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction