title: Microscopic evidence against HIV-1 infection of germ cells or attachment to sperm.
abstract: For a number of years we have intensively investigated the localization of HIV-1 in male genital tract tissues and secretions using a variety of microscopy techniques including immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, in situ PCR and electron microscopy. Our studies have failed to demonstrate an association between HIV-1 and either testicular germ cells or spermatozoa. In this article we present our results in the context of other related studies, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques that have been used to address this important research question.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pudney
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007120:Immunochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D020401:Primed In Situ Labeling; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000821:virology*