title: Evaluation of pedicle screw position in thoracic and lumbar spine fixation using plain radiographs and computed tomography. A prospective study of 35 patients.
abstract: METHODS
  This was a prospective study of 35 consecutive patients in whom pedicle screw position was assessed after surgery, using lateral radiographs and computed tomography.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy of plain radiographs and computed tomography in assessment of pedicle screw position.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Imaging techniques, such as postoperative anteroposterior and lateral plain radiographs and computed tomography, are currently the primary means of assessing pedicle screw placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postoperative radiographs and computed tomographic scans were used to evaluate the position of 220 pedicle screws inserted in the spines of 35 consecutive patients who underwent thoracic and lumbar spine fusion and instrumentation. No recognized neurologic complication resulted from pedicle screw placement. Screw position was graded as in, out, or questionable. All observations were performed independently by three observers. The authors also analyzed the position of the screws according to the underlying spinal disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More misplaced screws were clearly seen on computed tomographic scans than on plain radiographs; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Interobserver differences were not statistically significant. Intraobserver differences approached statistical significance when the results of the two test were compared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the accuracy of computed tomographic imaging is better than that of plain radiographs, the difference does not reach statistical significance. Postoperative use of plain radiographs remains a reliable method for evaluation of pedicle screw insertion in the absence of neurologic deficit.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department, Athens University Medical School, Greece.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sapkas
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Papadakis
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Stathakopoulos
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Papagelopoulos
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Badekas
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kaiser
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed