title: Transient entrainment of bundle-branch reentry by atrial and ventricular stimulation: elucidation of the tachycardia mechanism through analysis of the surface ECG.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different responses to entrainment have been reported in relation to the pacing site of a variety of tachycardias. However, transient entrainment of bundle-branch reentrant tachycardia (BBRT) has not been investigated systematically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We attempted entrainment of 13 BBRTs in 9 patients by pacing first the right ventricle and then the right atrium. The initial pacing cycle length (CL) was 10 ms faster than the tachycardia CL. Subsequent pacing sequences were performed with 5- to 10-ms CL decrements until tachycardia termination or loss of postatropine 1:1 AV conduction. Both full ventricular-paced and AV-conducted QRS complex references were obtained during sinus rhythm pacing from the same sites and with similar CL as during entrainment. Transient entrainment was achieved by ventricular and atrial stimulation in 11 and 8 tachycardias, respectively. Constant fusion was always present during entrainment by ventricular stimulation. There was no change in the QRS complex (orthodromically concealed fusion) during entrainment by atrial stimulation in 6 of 6 tachycardias with left bundle-branch block morphology and in 1 of 2 tachycardias with right bundle-branch block morphology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BBRT, especially if it has a left bundle-branch block morphology, can be differentiated from other wide-QRS-complex tachycardia mechanisms through analysis of the ECGs recorded during tachycardia entrainment by atrial and ventricular stimulation. This diagnostic approach may be especially useful when it is difficult to record a stable or sufficiently sized His bundle electrogram or when spontaneous changes in the ventricular CL precede similar changes in the His bundle CL.
authors.affiliation: Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain. jlmerino@jet.es
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peinado
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fernández-Lozano
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sobrino
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sobrino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000503:physiopathology; D002036:Bundle of His / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002037:Bundle-Branch Block / Q000503:physiopathology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011690:Purkinje Fibers / Q000503:physiopathology; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology*