title: A prospective evaluation of the cost effectiveness of adding lamivudine to zidovudine-containing antiretroviral treatment regimens in HIV infection. European perspective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A prospective cost-effectiveness analysis undertaken as part of the CAESAR (Canada, Australia, Europe, South Africa) placebo-controlled clinical trial showed that adding lamivudine to zidovudine-containing regimens for 1 year reduced progression to AIDS or death and, in addition, significantly reduced the number of hospitalisations, unscheduled outpatient visits and the requirement for medications for HIV-related illness. Data from all 1840 patients included in the intent-to-treat population of the CAESAR trial were used in the analysis reported in this paper. Because a third-party payer perspective was adopted, possible savings associated with increased productivity (indirect costs) were not taken into account. All costs were adjusted to 1997 prices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The savings associated with reduced healthcare resource use in the CAESAR study were estimated to be 3045 Deutschmarks (DM) [German analysis] or 432 pounds sterling (Pound) [UK analysis] per patient for the 1-year time period. These savings partly offset the cost of lamivudine in the 2 countries. The German analysis showed that the addition of lamivudine to zidovudine-containing regimens resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of DM22,405 [95% confidence interval (CI): -DM2199 to DM59,154] for progression to AIDS/death avoided and of DM8869 (95% CI: -DM1047 to DM23,365) for HIV-related illness avoided. The corresponding ratios for the UK analysis were 12,030 Pounds (95% CI: 6752 Pounds to 21,888 Pounds) for progressions avoided and 4762 Pounds (95% CI: 2796 Pounds to 9484 Pounds) for new and recurrent HIV-related illness avoided.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that treatments that slow the progression of HIV infection to AIDS or death have the potential to facilitate healthcare savings during the period that the treatment is effective. The results also demonstrate that it is possible to undertake economic evaluations in parallel with a major clinical end-point study.
authors.affiliation: Global Health Outcomes, Glaxo Wellcome, Greenford, Middlesex, England.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lacey
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Youle
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trueman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Staszewski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schrappe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behrens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D016527:Drug Costs; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D019259:Lamivudine; D015215:Zidovudine