title: Vitamin D deficiency rickets: socio-demographic and clinical risk factors in children seen at a referral hospital in Addis Ababa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the association between vitamin D deficiency rickets and protein-energy malnutrition in Ethiopian children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ethio-Swedish Children's Hospital, a tertiary health facility catering for children coming from Addis Ababa and the surrounding districts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty seven children under three years of age who had vitamin D deficiency rickets constituted the cases. Controls were the same number of children matched with cases for sex and age within one month and were seen within a week of case recruitment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases and controls were similar (p < 0.5) in terms of maternal education, paternal age, paternal education and family size. Factors strongly and independently associated with rickets were underweight, nutritional status [OR = 12.7 (95% CI 4.47-11.08)], marasmus [OR = 6.3 (95% CI 2.81-19.66)], lack of exposure to sunshine [OR = 3.5 (95% CI 1.33-5.84)] and non-married maternal marital status [OR = 5.1 (95% CI 2.90-10.62)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protein-energy-malnutrition is strongly associated with vitamin D deficiency rickets. Intervention strategies targeting vitamin D deficiency rickets should give emphasis to children with protein energy malnutrition. Further work will be required to define the causal links between rickets and the risk factors identified in the present study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lulseged
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fitwi
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005002:Ethiopia; D005260:Female; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000150:complications*; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012279:Rickets / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications*