title: Localization of language-specific cortex by using magnetic source imaging and electrical stimulation mapping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this paper the authors demonstrate the concordance between magnetic source (MS) imaging and direct cortical stimulation for mapping receptive language cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 13 consecutive surgical patients, cortex specialized for receptive language functions was identified noninvasively by obtaining activation maps aided by MS imaging in the context of visual and auditory word-recognition tasks. Surgery was then performed for treatment of medically intractable seizure disorder (eight patients), and for resection of tumor (four), or angioma (one). Mapping of language areas with cortical stimulation was performed intraoperatively in 10 patients and extraoperatively in three. Cortical stimulation mapping verified the accuracy of the MS imaging-based localization in all cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Information provided by MS imaging can be especially helpful in cases of atypical language representation, including bihemispheric representation, and location of language in areas other than those expected within the dominant hemisphere, such as the anterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus, the posteroinferior portion of the middle temporal gyrus, the basal temporal cortex, and the lateral temporooccipital cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas, Houston Medical School, 77030, USA. asimos@heart.med.uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Simos
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Papanicolaou
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Breier
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wheless
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Constantinou
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Gormley
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Maggio
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001931:Brain Mapping; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D017029:Epilepsy, Complex Partial / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation