title: Sleep disorders in children with congenital anophthalmia and microphthalmia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increased incidence of sleep disorders among blind patients has been documented in the sleep medicine literature. Blind patients lack the normal regulatory control of retinal input over their circadian rhythms, which can lead to abnormalities in their sleep-wake cycles. Our study was conducted to determine the incidence of sleep disorders in children with anophthalmia or microphthalmia and to offer therapeutic alternatives.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 13-question survey was distributed to families of children with anophthalmia, microphthalmia, or both identified through the Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia Registry in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The survey included questions regarding the children's medical and ocular histories and any sleep disorders they may have experienced. Questions regarding daily schedules, family history, and social history were also included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surveys were returned from 13 children with bilateral anophthalmia or microphthalmia. Ten of 13 (77%) anophthalmic/microphthalmic children were reported to have frequent early-morning waking and extensive daytime sleeping. Specific medical and social problems did not appear to be associated with the development of these sleep disorders. Strict daily schedules were often helpful in entraining the children's sleep-wake cycles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Without the contribution of retinal input to help regulate circadian rhythms, most children with bilateral anophthalmia or microphthalmia will experience sleep disorders. These children may benefit from the introduction of strict daily schedules, medical therapy (melatonin), or both. An attempt should also be made to preserve any existing light perception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: B V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Davitt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Cruz
mesh_terms: D000853:Anophthalmos / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008850:Microphthalmos / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires