title: MR evaluation of subscapularis tears.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to describe the MR appearance of tears of the subscapularis tendon and compare the usefulness of different imaging planes as well as note the association of subscapularis tears with other rotator cuff tears and biceps tendon dislocations.
  
  
  METHODS
  MR studies at 1.5 T over an 8 year interval were retrospectively assessed for the presence of a rotator cuff tear and/or tear of the subscapularis tendon. Images that showed a subscapularis tear were reviewed for the presence of a visible tear separately on the axial, coronal, and sagittal images. The MR studies were also evaluated for associated tears of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles as well as biceps tendon dislocation and the "naked humerus sign" on coronal images. Last, clinical records and surgical reports were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five (2%) of 2,167 rotator cuff tears involved the subscapularis; 27% were partial and 73% were complete tears. Tears were best seen in the sagittal oblique plane. Almost all subscapularis tears were an extension of typical rotator cuff tears: supraspinatus in 35 patients (79%), extending into infraspinatus tears in 25 (56%) and into teres minor tears in 2 patients (4%). Bicipital dislocations were seen in 22 patients (49%), and three complete tears of the biceps (7%) were noted as well. The naked humerus sign was demonstrated in 31 patients (69%). Surgical reports that confirmed the MR findings were available for 15 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  About 2% of rotator cuff tears involve the subscapularis tendon. Most subscapularis tears are extensions of supraspinatus tears and frequently involve the biceps tendon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: X X
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Schweitzer
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bifano
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Manton
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: El-Noueam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000473:pathology*; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D012782:Shoulder / Q000473:pathology; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology