title: Inhalation of tobramycin in cystic fibrosis. Part 1: the choice of a nebulizer.
abstract: Forteen commercially available jet and ultrasonic nebulizers were investigated with the aim to select the most suitable type of apparatus for the inhalation of a 10% tobramycin solution. Two different techniques for measurement of particle size distribution were evaluated: laser diffraction and cascade impactor analysis. The final selection of the nebulizers is based on particle size distribution, output and stable performance during nebulization. All 14 nebulizers (eight jet and six ultrasonic) were filled with a solution of 10% m/v tobramycin (as sulphate) in water. The volume in the tested devices ranged from 4.5 to 10 ml (=450-1000 mg tobramycin) in accordance with the prescribed usage by the suppliers. The nebulizers were connected with a special designed adapter to a laser diffraction analyser in order to measure particle size distribution of the aerosol. Inhalation was simulated with a static flow of 40 l/min. The particle size distribution (expressed as X(10), X(50), and X(90)) was determined after 10 s, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 9 and 12 min of nebulization. Furthermore, the tobramycin solutions were assayed for tobramycin content before and after nebulization. For all nebulizers, the mean particle size distribution, depicted as X(50), was within the range of 1-5 mm. There were no relevant differences between the nebulizers in concentration or particle size distribution during nebulization. The output of the nebulizers is a result of both nebulization and evaporation. The output, expressed as volume of tobramycin solution, ranged from 0.06 to 0.50 ml/min. The output of tobramycin ranged from 1.2 to 39.5 mg/min. For clinical practice 300-600 mg have to be nebulized within 20-30 min. It was concluded that only three jet nebulizers [Porta-Neb Sidestream (PNS), Porta-Neb Ventstream (PNV) and Pariboy Pari LC+ (PLC)] have a reasonable output and an acceptable particle size distribution for the administration of a 10% tobramycin solution in the therapeutic dosage range.
authors.affiliation: Central Hospital Pharmacy The Hague, P.O. Box 43100, 2504 AC, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Le Brun
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gjaltema
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hagedoorn
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Heijerman
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Frijlink
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols / Q000737:chemistry; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010316:Particle Size; D011312:Pressure; D014031:Tobramycin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014031:Tobramycin