title: The anatomic relation of lateral mass screws to the spinal nerves. A comparison of the Magerl, Anderson, and An techniques.
abstract: METHODS
  Analysis of the anatomic relation of the Magerl, Anderson, and An screws to the spinal nerve.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the potential incidence of nerve root (ventral and dorsal ramus) injury caused by the Magerl, Anderson, and An techniques.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Posterior plating with lateral mass screw fixation is a common procedure for managing an unstable cervical spine. Comparative study of the Roy-Camille and Magerl techniques has been reported. However, the risk of nerve root injury for the Anderson and An techniques is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three lateral mass screw insertion techniques were performed in this study: Magerl, Anderson, and An. Each technique involved two specimens and 20 screws inserted from C3 through C7. A 20-mm-long screw was used to overpenetrate the ventral cortex. The anterolateral aspect of the cervical spine was carefully dissected to allow observation of the screw-ramus relationship.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall percentage of nerve violation was significantly higher with the Magerl (95%) and Anderson (90%) techniques than with the An (60%) technique (P < 0.05). The largest percentages of nerve violation for the Magerl, Anderson, and An screws were found at the dorsal ramus (50%), the bifurcation of the ventral dorsal ramus (45%), and the ventral ramus (55%), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that the potential risk of nerve root violation is higher with the Magerl and Anderson techniques than with the An technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Haman
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ebraheim
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yeasting
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery