title: Effects of smoking, CYP2D6 genotype, and concomitant drug intake on the steady state plasma concentrations of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol in schizophrenic inpatients.
abstract: The effects of smoking, CYP2D6 genotype, and concomitant use of enzyme inducers or inhibitors on the steady state plasma concentrations of haloperidol (HAL) and reduced haloperidol (RHAL) were evaluated in 92 schizophrenic inpatients. All but three of these patients received concomitant medication, in many cases with drugs potentially interacting with HAL. Of the 92 patients, 63 were treated orally with HAL in a daily dose of 0.4 to 50 mg; 29 patients were treated intramuscularly with a daily equivalent dose of HAL decanoate (expressed as HAL) of 1.8 to 17.9 mg. A wide interindividual variation in HAL dose and in steady state plasma concentrations of HAL and RHAL was observed. In the patients treated orally, the daily oral dose was about 4 times higher and the dose-normalized HAL (but not RHAL) plasma concentrations were significantly lower in smokers (n = 40) than in nonsmokers (n = 23) (p < 0.01). The dose-normalized RHAL (but not HAL) plasma concentrations and the RHAL/HAL ratio were significantly higher in poor metabolizers (PMs) than in extensive metabolizers (EMs). There was a trend toward an effect of potentially interacting drugs (inducers or inhibitors) on dose, dose-normalized HAL and RHAL plasma concentrations, and the RHAL/HAL ratio. In the patients treated intramuscularly, the dose-normalized HAL (but not RHAL) plasma concentrations were significantly lower in smokers than in nonsmokers, but no differences in doses were observed. This naturalistic study of modest sample size in a polymedicated population shows an effect of smoking and CYP2D6 genotype (and to a lesser extent, of interacting drugs) on the kinetics of HAL.
authors.affiliation: Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, University of Gent, Medical School, Belgium.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vander Stichele
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rosseel
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Berlo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Schepper
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Belpaire
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005838:Genotype; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D019338:Polypharmacy; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000378:metabolism*; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C040692:4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanol; C033563:haloperidol decanoate; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; D006220:Haloperidol