title: The influence of alexithymic characteristics on the self-perception and facial expression of a physiological stress state.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In spite of the connection of alexithymic characteristics to many stress-related disorders, little is known about the effects of these characteristics on the self-perception of stress, which may have functional value in the regulation of daily behavior. The present study assessed the influence of alexithymic characteristics on the self-perception of stress in relation to the corresponding physiological/expressive responses during and while recovering from a phasic stressor.
  
  
  METHODS
  A median split of the scores on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale was used to divide 32 healthy middle-aged men into two groups, a high alexithymia (HA) and a low alexithymia (LA) group. Both groups participated in a 3-min hand-grip task, followed by a 3-min recovery period. During these periods, subjects' heart rate (HR) and facial electromyographical (EMG) activity on the corrugator supercilii and frontalis lateralis areas were measured and perceptions of exertion, unpleasantness and tension were self-rated. The perceptual style was assessed with the discrepancy scores: standardized scores of the physiological measures were subtracted from the corresponding standardized scores of the perceptions. Thus, positive scores indicated that self-reported perceptions exceeded the corresponding physiological or expressive activity (overestimation) and negative scores indicated the opposite (underestimation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HA group decreasingly underestimated exertion in relation to HR during the task and increasingly overestimated it during the recovery period. The HA group also overestimated unpleasantness in relation to the corrugator EMG response during the recovery period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High alexithymic characteristics seem to predispose to the delayed self-perception of physiological stress state so that the beginning of this state may remain subjectively unnoticed and the subjective recovery from it prolonged relative to the physical recovery. During this prolonged subjective recovery the feelings of unpleasantness are not facially expressed. The consequences of this style for health-related behavior are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Finland. petri.naatanen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Näätänen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ryynänen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keltikangas-Järvinen
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004576:Electromyography; D005149:Facial Expression; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012649:Self Concept; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000523:psychology*