title: Nonlinear analysis of cartilage in unconfined ramp compression using a fibril reinforced poroelastic model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a biomechanical model for cartilage which is capable of capturing experimentally observed nonlinear behaviours of cartilage and to investigate effects of collagen fibril reinforcement in cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sequence of 10 or 20 steps of ramp compression/relaxation applied to cartilage disks in uniaxial unconfined geometry is simulated for comparison with experimental data.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Mechanical behaviours of cartilage, such as the compression-offset dependent stiffening of the transient response and the strong relaxation component, have been previously difficult to describe using the biphasic model in unconfined compression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cartilage is modelled as a fluid-saturated solid reinforced by an elastic fibrillar network. The latter, mainly representing collagen fibrils, is considered as a distinct constituent embedded in a biphasic component made up mainly of proteoglycan macromolecules and a fluid carrying mobile ions. The Young's modulus of the fibrillar network is taken to vary linearly with its tensile strain but to be zero for compression. Numerical computations are carried out using a finite element procedure, for which the fibrillar network is discretized into a system of spring elements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nonlinear fibril reinforced poroelastic model is capable of describing the strong relaxation behaviour and compression-offset dependent stiffening of cartilage in unconfined compression. Computational results are also presented to demonstrate unique features of the model, e.g. the matrix stress in the radial direction is changed from tensile to compressive due to presence of distinct fibrils in the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experimentally observed nonlinear behaviours of cartilage are successfully simulated, and the roles of collagen fibrils are distinguished by using the proposed model. Thus this study may lead to a better understanding of physiological responses of individual constituents of cartilage to external loads, and of the roles of mechanical loading in cartilage remodelling and pathology.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. leping@grbb.polymtl.ca
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soulhat
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Buschmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shirazi-Adl
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002356:Cartilage / Q000502:physiology*; D004548:Elasticity; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans