title: Urinary cotinine concentration in flight attendants, in relation to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during intercontinental flights.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure and compare the urinary cotinine concentration (U-cotinine) in non-smoking cabin attendants (C/A) working with the Scandinavian Airlines System, before and after work on intercontinental flights with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study material consisted of 24 cabin attendants and one pilot, all volunteers and all without exposure to ETS in the home, working on 15 intercontinental flights. Information on age, gender and occupation was gathered, as well as possible sources of ETS exposure in other places, outside work and during previous flights, during a 3-day period prior to the investigation. Urine samples were taken before departure and after landing, on board, and were kept frozen (-20 degrees C) until analysis. Cotinine was analyzed by a previously developed gas chromatographic method, using mass spectrometry (MS) with selected-ion monitoring (SIM). The difference in U-cotinine before and after the flight was compared. Moreover, the change in U-cotinine during the flight was related to occupation (work in the forward or aft galley) and observed degree of smoking during each flight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median U-cotinine was 3. 71 microg/g crea; 2.4 microg/l (unadjusted) (interquartile range 2. 08-8.67 microg/g crea) before departure, and 6.37 microg/g crea; 7.1 microg/l (interquartile range 3.98-19 microg/g crea) after landing, a significant difference (P < 0.003). C/A in the aft galley had a significantly higher concentration of U-cotinine after landing than subjects working in the front of the aircraft (P=0.01). In C/A working in the aft galley, the median increase of U-cotinine was 3. 67 microg/g crea; 3.2 microg/l (interquartile range 0.04-13.8 microg/g crea) during flight. In contrast, those seven subjects working in the forward part of the aircraft had no increase in U-cotinine during the flight (median increase 0.97 microg/g crea; 0. 5 microg/l interquartile range 0.27-2.65 microg/g crea).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tobacco smoking in commercial aircraft may cause significant exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among C/A working in the aft galley, despite high air exchange rates and spatial separation between smokers and non-smokers. This agrees with earlier studies, as well as measurements on the aircraft, showing a higher degree of ETS-related air pollution in the aft galley than in the forward galley. The average cotinine concentration in urine was similar to that in other groups with occupational exposure to ETS, e.g., restaurant staff, police interrogators and office workers. Since smoking in commercial aircraft may result in an involuntary exposure to ETS among non-smokers, it should be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences/Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. torsten.lindgren@sas.se
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Willers
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skarping
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Norbäck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D015415:Biomarkers; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013548:Sweden; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine