title: Persistence and desistance of oppositional defiant disorder in a community sample of children with ADHD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the developmental progression of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in a community sample of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with particular emphasis on persistence and desistance of ODD and the emergence of new cases of conduct disorder (CD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of disruptive children was identified from a multiple-gate epidemiological screen and stratified into diagnostic subgroups on the basis of a structured interview. A comparison sample of nondisruptive children was also identified. Group comparisons were performed on demographic, descriptive, family history, and clinical characteristics. Changes in rates of ODD symptoms and diagnostic subgroup membership were assessed after a 4-year longitudinal interval. Predictors of diagnostic group persistence were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Few differences distinguished diagnostic subgroups at baseline. Of the 43 children with baseline diagnoses of ADHD + ODD, only 1 (2.3%) was found to have developed CD at follow-up. Over time there was a 57% rate of ODD persistence and a 43% rate of ODD desistance. Negative parenting practices and mothers' psychiatric disorders predicted persistence of ODD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was little evidence to show that ODD acted as a precursor to CD. However, when CD was diagnosed at baseline it was always associated with or preceded by ODD (i.e., prodrome). For a subgroup of children with ADHD, comorbid ODD symptoms are relatively unstable and may represent transient developmental perturbations that have little prognostic significance. For a larger subgroup of children with ADHD, ODD symptoms persist into the adolescent years and are associated with adverse parenting practices.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: August
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Realmuto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hektner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting; D010553:Personality Development; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012075:Remission, Spontaneous; D012307:Risk Factors