title: Respiratory viruses in adult liver transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The contribution of respiratory viruses to respiratory disease in adult liver transplant (LT) recipients has not been studied. We performed a prospective audit to document the incidence of respiratory syncytial viruses ([RSVs], parainfluenza virus, influenza virus, and adenovirus) after LT, and to determine their contribution to respiratory disease in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive adult recipients were followed for 8 months after LT. Throat swabs were collected weekly for up to 12 weeks after LT, and virological surveillance was performed using conventional techniques (direct immunofluorescence and cell culture). A polymerase chain reaction assay for RSV was subsequently performed on selected specimens. Clinical data, including episodes of respiratory disease, were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 51 patients received 53 LT. Five patients died, but no viruses were isolated from these patients at any stage. A total of 323 swabs were examined by conventional techniques and yielded 35 viral isolates (10.8%). Herpes simplex virus (type 1) accounted for 33 isolates, none of which were associated with respiratory disease. Two of 323 swabs (0.62%), in 2 patients, yielded respiratory viruses (both RSV); both patients had self-limiting, mild, upper respiratory tract symptoms. In these 2 patients, the polymerase chain reaction assay was more sensitive than conventional techniques and was able to detect extended RSV excretion. Of 51 recipients, 31 (61%) were always negative for viruses. Of 51 recipients, 10 developed respiratory failure, but no respiratory viruses were isolated from any of these patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Respiratory viruses are rarely isolated from adult recipients after LT and are not associated with serious morbidity or with mortality. Routine surveillance for respiratory viruses in this patient population is not justified on the basis of this study.
authors.affiliation: Liver and Hepatobiliary Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgaston, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singhal
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shirley
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cane
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hastings
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pillay
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mutimer
mesh_terms: D000257:Adenoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009980:Influenza A virus; D009981:Influenza B virus; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D018184:Paramyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D018113:Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D014709:Vero Cells; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology