title: Head-controlled laparoscopy: experiment, prototype, and preliminary results.
abstract: Depth perception is closely linked to the ability to explore. Previously described laboratory experiments showed the advantage of linking the motions of the laparoscope directly to the head movements of the surgeon. Additionally, it was found that the laparoscope should be mechanically supported instead of manually (by an assistant). This article describes three stages in the design and evaluation of a practical mechanism with which to link the motions of the laparoscope directly to the head movements of the surgeon. First, a description is given of the perceptual and technical considerations. Second, a laboratory experiment is described investigating the validity of the proposed suggestions. Last, a prototype was built that was tested in a practical setting.
authors.affiliation: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Institut für Hygiene und Arbeidsphysiologie, Switzerland.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Voorhorst
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Overbeeke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004867:Equipment Design; D019416:Head Movements; D020706:Laparoscopes; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012371:Robotics; D013552:Swine