title: Spectral analysis of graft flow for anastomotic error detection in off-pump CABG.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Flow probes have been introduced as a non-invasive means of anastomotic quality assessment in off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Flow waveform morphology cannot reliably be assessed visually unless severe anastomotic stenosis is present ( > 90%). We applied spectral analysis techniques to determine whether the frequency content of graft flow can improve the surgeon's ability to detect anastomotic errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six mammary to left anterior descending artery (LAD) anastomoses were created in mongrel dogs during off-pump CABG surgery. Graft flow was measured using transit-time flow probes with the LAD closed, and the mammary graft patent and with varying degrees of stenosis. The degree of anastomotic stenosis was created by an artificial stitch and verified by random postoperative angiography. Spectral analysis of the graft flow waveforms was performed. Differences in the magnitude and phase components of the graft flow for the first five harmonics were determined for the varying anastomosis test conditions. Differences were determined using analysis of variance and least square means techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The magnitude of the fundamental (zeroth) harmonic was statistically different in the internal mammary artery (IMA) with 0-25% stenosis compared to IMA with 50-75% stenosis (P < 0.01 ). Further, the magnitude of the first, second, and fourth harmonics were statistically different in IMA with 0-25% compared to IMA with 75% (P < 0.01). The phase of the first harmonic was statistically different in IMA with 25% stenosis than IMA with 50% stenosis (P < 0.01 ). No differences in interaction between the LAD and IMA for all ranges of stenosis were detected (P > 0.50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spectral analysis of graft flow waveforms may be beneficial in detecting lesser degrees of anastomotic stenosis (i.e. < 90%) compared to traditional visual assessment of mean graft flow and/or graft flow waveform morphology.
authors.affiliation: Jewish Hospital Cardiothoracic Surgical Research Institute at the University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: VanHimbergen
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Jaber
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ewert
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cerrito
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Spence
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012212:Rheology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014654:Vascular Patency / Q000502:physiology