title: Endoscopic drainage of the pancreatic pseudocyst.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatic pseudocyst is a common complication of chronic pancreatitis occurring in 20% to 40% of cases. Pseudocysts can be treated by endoscopic cystenterostomy or transpapillary drainage, percutaneously with computed tomography guidance or operatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 36 endoscopic pancreatic pseudocyst drainage procedures were performed in 29 patients with 34 pseudocysts. Eighty percent presented with chronic pain, 25% had recurrent pancreatitis, and approximately one half of the patients had either gastric outlet obstruction or a palpable abdominal mass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six endoscopic drainage procedures were performed, 27 cystenterostomies and 9 transpapillary drainages. Endoscopic treatment achieved complete resolution of the pseudocyst in 24 of 29 patients (83%), and the other 5 (17%) eventually required surgery. Two patients required distal pancreatectomy because of their pancreatic pathology, 2 cystgastrostomies for persistence of the pseudocyst, and 1 external drainage of an infected pancreatic cyst. The mean follow-up after the initial drainage was 16 months. There were no deaths attributed to the procedures and no complication that required surgery. Only 1 nonadherent pseudocyst (cystadenoma) required immediate operation after attempted endoscopic drainage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The conclude that endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts can be both safe and effective, and definitive treatment. It should be considered as an alternative option before standard surgical drainage in selected patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, and the Center for Advanced Surgical Technologies, KY 40292, USA.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lawhon
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Harrell
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: MacLeod
mesh_terms: D003537:Cystadenoma / Q000601:surgery; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods; D004724:Endoscopy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010180:Pancreatectomy; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D010192:Pancreatic Pseudocyst / Q000601:surgery*; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome