title: The effects of roll vs. pitch rotation in humans under orthostatic stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been known since 1953 that pre-exposure to less than +1 Gz will reduce subsequent +Gz-tolerance. With few exceptions, during operational flying, the transition from hypogravity to hypergravity involves roll as well as pitch rotation. We examined the effect of roll vs. pitch rotation while undergoing transition from hypogravity to +1 Gz on a tilt table.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve subjects (28-47 yr old) were rotated at 45 degrees x s(-1) from head-up (HU) at 15 degrees relative to gravitational vertical to 135 degrees head-down (HD) and back to the HU position after different HD dwell times. HD dwell times were set at 7, 15, and 30 s. The subject was rotated about the interaural axis (pitch) and about the naso-occipital axis (roll). Both the HD dwell times and axes of rotation were randomized within and across subjects. BP and heart rate were recorded during the HU-HD-HU maneuver.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of variance, repeated measure design revealed that the rate and magnitude of BP decrease induced by the HD to HU maneuver is significantly higher (p < 0.01) in roll than in pitch during all HD dwell times. The decrease of BP at 7s is significantly (p < 0.01) higher than at 15s and 30s. Heart rate increases significantly higher (p < 0.01) in pitch than in roll at 7s-dwell time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the compensatory mechanism to orthostatic stress is more efficient in response to pitch than roll rotation. This is reflected from the findings that the mean magnitude of OH (orthostatic hypotension) and the rate of BP decrease induced by the HD-HU maneuver is significantly greater in roll rotation than pitch rotation. The mean HR increase post HD-HU rotation is significantly higher in the pitch than the roll rotation. The significant rate of BP decrease during HD-HU roll rotation could have important implications for maintaining G-tolerance and spatial orientation during subsequent exposure to hypergravity.
authors.affiliation: Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada. bob.cheung@dciem.dnd.ca
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goodman
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure; D005260:Female; D019416:Head Movements; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D018471:Hypergravity / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018472:Hypogravity / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007024:Hypotension, Orthostatic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009949:Orientation; D012399:Rotation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013028:Space Perception; D018667:Tilt-Table Test / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000503:physiopathology