title: The premature removal of tissue expanders in breast reconstruction.
abstract: The role of tissue expanders in breast reconstruction is well established. Little information exists, however, regarding the incidence and etiology of premature removal of the tissue expander before planned exchange to a permanent breast implant. The purpose of this study was to review our 10-year experience with tissue expander breast reconstruction and identify factors relating to the premature removal of the tissue expander. This study is a retrospective review of 770 consecutive patients who underwent breast reconstruction with tissue expanders over the past 10 years. Breast reconstruction was immediate in 90 percent of patients. Patients were expanded weekly, and adjuvant chemotherapy was begun during the expansion process when required. Factors potentially affecting premature expander removal (chemotherapy, diabetes, obesity, radiation therapy, and smoking) were evaluated. Fourteen patients (1.8 percent) with a mean age of 47 years (range, 38 to 62 years) required premature removal of their tissue expander. Expanders were removed a mean of 3.2 months (0.1 to 8 months) after insertion. Causes for premature removal of the tissue expander included infection (7 patients), exposure (2), skin necrosis (2), patient dissatisfaction (2), and persistent breast cancer (1). Positive wound cultures were obtained in four of the seven infected patients (57 percent), requiring expander removal for infection. Tissue expanders were removed in 11 patients for complications directly related to the expander. Among these, six (55 percent) were receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, and one was a smoker. Diabetes, obesity, other concomitant medical illnesses, and prior mantle irradiation were not associated with expander removal. Premature removal of the tissue expander was required in only 1.8 percent of the patients in this series. Infection was the most common complication necessitating an unplanned surgical procedure to remove the expander. This study demonstrates that the use of tissue expanders in breast reconstruction is reliable, with the vast majority of patients completing the expansion process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA. disaj@mskcc.org
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Disa
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Ad-El
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018427:Breast Implants; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015411:Mastectomy, Modified Radical; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015625:Tissue Expansion Devices; D017211:Treatment Failure