title: Hormone-refractory prostate cancer? Anti-androgen withdrawal and intermittent hormone therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To separate hormone-dependent from hormonally relapsed prostate cancers, a D3 category has been proposed. The term has become synonymous with a hormone-refractory state with the implication that any further hormonal treatment would not be beneficial. In this review we examine some data on androgen receptor expression, anti-androgen withdrawal syndrome and intermittent androgen deprivation (IAD) in patients with advanced prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature on the mechanism of the withdrawal phenomenon in patients with prostate cancer submitted to hormone therapy was reviewed. Experimental and clinical data are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The progression of prostate cancer in patients treated with combined androgen blockade (CAB) is associated with the activation of previously androgen-repressed genes, some of which may code for autocrine and paracrine growth factors that substitute for androgens in maintaining the viability of the tumorigenic stem cells. If androgens are replaced before progression begins, the surviving stem cells should give rise to an androgen-dependent tumor, which would be amenable to retreatment by CAB. This theory provides the rationale for intermittent androgen deprivation. We suggest that IAD could be more effective in patients with initial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression after radical prostatectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Response to withdrawal therapies or second-line treatments is an example of a "hormonal" therapy that may benefit a proportion of patients with hormone-refractory disease, suggesting that the tumor is still androgen-dependent. Whether IAD enhances progression-free survival or overall survival must be verified in randomized clinical trials. Until further studies have been completed, the therapeutic concept of IAD should be treated as experimental.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology U. Bracci, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sciarra
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Casale
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Colella
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Chiro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Silverio
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D011944:Receptors, Androgen