title: Non-adherence with ACE inhibitor treatment is common in heart failure and can be detected by routine serum ACE activity assays.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity during routine clinical practice accurately reflects patient adherence to ACE inhibitor treatment for chronic heart failure (CHF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective assessment of ACE inhibitor adherence and serum ACE activity measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Teaching hospital outpatient department
  
  
  METHODS
  During 1994-95, serum ACE was measured in 73 CHF patients who were routinely attending the heart failure clinic at Ninewells Hospital. At the same time, the medicines monitoring unit collected data on whether and when prescriptions for ACE inhibitors were redeemed at community pharmacies, which enabled each patient's adherence over a prolonged period to be assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Routine collected serum ACE measurements were correlated with measured adherence with ACE inhibitor treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 18% of CHF patients appeared to exhibit < 70% adherence with their ACE inhibitor treatment with 34% exhibiting less than 85% adherence and 58% exhibiting < 100% adherence. A serum ACE activity of > 12 u/l gave 91% positive predictive accuracy that the patient was < 100% adherent with their ACE inhibitor treatment. At the other extreme, a serum ACE < 6.5 u/l gave 81% positive predictive accuracy that the patient was > 85% adherent with ACE inhibitor treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-adherence with ACE inhibitor treatment was found to be common in patients with CHF. The simple, inexpensive test of serum ACE activity can be used in CHF patients to identify many, although not all, non-adherent patients so that adherence enhancing strategies can be targeted towards them. Further work is clearly required to explore the precise clinical use of this promising test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Struthers
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: MacFadyen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000097:blood*; D016312:Treatment Refusal
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D015415:Biomarkers; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A