title: Holmium:YAG lithotripsy in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the safety and efficacy of holmium:YAG lithotripsy in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of all holmium:YAG lithotripsy done in patients 17 years old or younger. Demographic, preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 9 boys and 10 girls (26 stones) with a mean age of 11 years (range 1 to 17) were treated with holmium:YAG lithotripsy, which was chosen as initial therapy in 10 (53%). Retrograde ureteroscopy was performed in 15 patients to treat 13 ureteral and 6 renal calculi, and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy was done in 4 to treat 3 ureteral and 4 renal calculi. A complete stone-free outcome after 1 procedure was achieved in 16 children (84%) and 3 patients were rendered stone-free after 2 procedures. No patient had an intraoperative injury. Followup ranged from 0.5 to 12 months (mean 3). Followup imaging has shown no evidence of stricture or hydronephrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Holmium:YAG lithotripsy is safe and effective in children. It is a reasonable option for failed shock wave lithotripsy, or in children with a known durile stone composition or contraindications to shock wave lithotripsy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wollin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Teichman
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Rogenes
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Razvi
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Denstedt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grasso
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy*