title: Physostigmine antagonizes ketamine-induced noradrenaline release from the medial prefrontal cortex in rats.
abstract: Physostigmine is known to antagonize ketamine anesthesia. In this study, effects of physostigmine (0.1 mg kg(-1) i.p.) on ketamine (100 mg kg(-1) i.p.)-induced anesthesia time and noradrenaline release from the medial prefrontal cortex in rats were examined. Ketamine produced anesthesia for 27+/-1 min and increased noradrenaline release to 405% of the basal. Physostigmine significantly reduced anesthesia time to 23+/-1 min (p<0.05), and noradrenaline to 248% (p<0.05). Therefore, noradrenaline release may play an important role in ketamine anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hirosaki School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Anzawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kushikata
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsuki
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D010830:Physostigmine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007649:Ketamine; D010830:Physostigmine; D009638:Norepinephrine