title: The proliferative capacity of neonatal skin fibroblasts is reduced after exposure to venous ulcer wound fluid: A potential mechanism for senescence in venous ulcers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have previously shown that fibroblasts cultured from venous ulcers display characteristics of senescence and have reduced growth rates. Susceptibility of young fibroblasts to the microcirculatory changes associated with venous ulcers, such as macrophage trapping and activation, could explain the prevalence of senescent fibroblasts in these wounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the in vitro effect of venous ulcer wound fluid (VUWF), as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines known to be present in VUWF (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and TGF-beta1), on neonatal foreskin fibroblasts (NFFs). NFF growth rates, cellular morphology, and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) activity were determined in the presence or absence of VUWF and the above cytokines. VUWF TNF-alpha concentration and the effect of anti-TNF-alpha antibody on VUWF inhibitory activity were determined in samples obtained from four patients with venous ulcers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NFF growth rates were significantly reduced by VUWF (42,727 +/- 6301 vs 3902 +/- 2191 P =. 006). TNF-alpha also significantly reduced NFF growth rates in a dose-dependent manner (P =.01). No significant growth-inhibitory activity was seen for IL-1alpha or TGF-beta. Incubation with VUWF significantly increased the percentage of SA-beta-Gal-positive fibroblasts in vitro on culture day 12 (P =.02). TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1 had similar effects. TNF-alpha was detected in all VUWF tested, with a mean of 254 +/- 19 pg/mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the venous ulcer microenvironment adversely affects young, rapidly proliferating fibroblasts such as NFFs and induces fibroblast senescence. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1 might be involved in this process. The role of other unknown inhibitory mediators, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, in venous ulcer development and impaired healing must be considered.
authors.affiliation: Boston University Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Raffetto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Menzoian
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000502:physiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology*; D014647:Varicose Ulcer / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines