title: Ocular disease in children with vertically acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical reports suggest that ocular disease in infants and children vertically infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is different from that in adults. Pediatric patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HIV infection are being treated more aggressively and are living longer, but current literature on the incidence of AIDS-related ocular disease in vertically acquired HIV infection is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three children with culture-positive, vertically acquired HIV infections were prospectively followed with ophthalmic examinations between September 1991 and August 1996 at the University of Massachusetts. Patients were categorized as having symptomatic or asymptomatic HIV disease according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. Absolute CD4 counts and other measures of immune function were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average length of follow-up was 30 months, and the average number of ophthalmic examinations per patient was 4.8. Ten patients developed ophthalmic findings. Nine of 18 (50%) patients with symptomatic AIDS disease developed ophthalmic findings. One of 15 asymptomatic HIV-infected patients developed ocular findings. Two patients with absolute CD4 counts less than 10 developed cytomegalovirus retinitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that AIDS-related ophthalmic disease is less common in vertically infected children than in adult AIDS patients. It also supports intensified clinical surveillance for cytomegalovirus retinitis in children with end-stage disease and very low CD4 counts.
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Tampa, USA.
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Livingston
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000635:transmission*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015828:Eye Infections, Viral / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies