title: Proinflammatory or regulatory cytokines released from BALF macrophages of healthy smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic smoking influences bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell profiles in healthy subjects, which may alter profiles of inflammatory and regulatory cytokines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We focused on the evaluation of smoking-related changes in the amounts of cytokines released from BALF macrophages.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the amounts of immunoreactive culture supernatants by using ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amounts of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) were lower in smokers [n = 10, median 22.1 ng/ml, 25th and 75th percentiles (18.7-39.1)] than in nonsmokers [n = 10, 48.6 (39.2-66.1), p = 0.010]. In smokers, lipopolysaccharide stimulation revealed decreases in the amounts of interleukin-6 (IL-6) [nonsmokers: 2.1 ng/ml (0.68-5.4 vs. smokers: 0.5 (0.03-0.87), p = 0.049] as well as IL-1ra [nonsmokers: 69.2 ng/ml (48.3-83.8) vs. smokers: 27.3 (17.2-56.7), p = 0.028]. A delay in release from intracellular storage was not the cause of the reduced amounts of IL-1ra. In addition, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was positively correlated with IL-6 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in nonsmokers, but not in smokers. Furthermore, the decreases in IL-1ra and interleukin-8 were correlated with the increase in the number of BALF macrophages in smokers, but not in nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic smoking caused changes in the profiles of cytokines released from BALF macrophages in healthy subjects. Decreases in the amounts of regulatory cytokines, but not prominent changes in the amounts of inflammatory ones, were characteristic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mikuniya
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsutsumi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mio
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Satake
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Izumi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor