title: Thoracic epidural anesthesia reduces infarct size in a canine model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia on myocardial infarct size, regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF), and plasma norepinephrine in an anesthetized canine model of ischemia reperfusion injury with infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were performed in the cardiothoracic research laboratory at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthetized, open-chest mongrel dogs were used in these studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were instrumented for measurement of aortic pressure (AP) and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), dP/dt, and RMBF Epidural catheters were inserted at thoracic segment T5. Three groups received epidural 0.5% bupivacaine: low-dose (n = 7; 0.3 mg/kg bolus, 0.15 mg/kg/ h), mid-dose (n = 7; 0.6 mg/kg bolus, 0.3 mg/kg/h), high-dose (n = 7; 1.2 mg/kg bolus, 0.6 mg/kg/h). The vehicle (VEH) group received epidural saline. Bolus followed by maintenance infusions began 30 minutes before the onset of ischemia (60 min) and continued through reperfusion (180 min).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial infarct size was significantly reduced in the high-dose group versus the VEH and low-dose groups (p < 0.05). After initiation of the mid and high dose, AP, LVSP, and dP/dt decreased 7% to 16% (high vVEH; p < 0.05). VEH dogs showed a 130% increase from control in early postischemic RMBF. There was a dose-dependent attenuation in this reflow response: 72%, 31%, and 6% increase in RMBF in the low, mid, and high groups, relative to controls (p < 0.05 high v VEH). Although there was no significant difference in plasma norepinephrine, fewer surges occurred in the high-dose group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thoracic epidural anesthesia reduces infarct size and postischemic hyperemia in a model of ischemia reperfusion injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1009, USA. lgroban@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groban
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Zvara
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Deal
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Vernon
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Carpenter
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D013909:Thorax
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D009638:Norepinephrine; D002045:Bupivacaine