title: Retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors in the mature retina: subtype determination and cellular distribution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the mature retina retinoic acid (RA) biosynthesis was reported to be regulated by light. RA is of vital importance for proper function of the retina. RA activity is mediated by interaction with nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). The purpose of this study was to determine if and which RARs and RXRs are present in the mature retina, and to determine their location within the retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify cDNA fragments encoding RARalpha, RARbeta, RARgamma, RXRalpha, RXRbeta, and RXRgamma from human retinal RNA. RT-PCR products were cloned, sequenced, and used in Northern blot experiments. Antibodies directed against each receptor subtype were used for immunocytochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis indicated that all RAR and RXR subtypes are present in the mature retina. Western blot analysis, using a cytoplasmic protein fraction isolated from the bovine and human neural retina, showed the presence of RXRalpha. Immunocytochemical analysis of the human, bovine, and rat retina showed that RARalpha is highly expressed in the outer segments of cone photoreceptor cells. RXRalpha expression was observed in the rod inner segment layer. RXRgamma was detected in the nuclei and outer segments of cone photoreceptor cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The retinal expression pattern of RARs and RXRs is heterogeneous. The observation that RXRalpha is present in rods whereas RARalpha is present in cones, suggests a mechanism by which RA that is produced upon bleaching, could generate different responses in the two photoreceptor cell subtypes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nijmegen, Philips van Leydenlaan 15, 6525 EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. j.janssen@ohk.azn.nl
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kuhlmann
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: van Vugt
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Winkens
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Deutman
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Driessen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002417:Cattle; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012313:RNA / Q000302:isolation & purification; D051381:Rats; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D012313:RNA