title: Acute emphysematous cholecystitis. Report of twenty cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim is to present our experience with acute emphysematous cholecystitis (AEC), a severe variety of acute cholecystitis characterized by early gangrene and perforation of the gallbladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the clinical records of 20 patients with AEC, analyzing age, sex, past medical history, symptoms, laboratory tests, X-rays, ultrasounds, operative and microbiological findings, morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study included 13 men and 7 women (mean age 59 years). Associated factors were diabetes mellitus (11 cases) and gallstones (6 cases, 3 of them with common bile duct stones). Clinical symptom presentation included: right hypochondrial pain and fever in all cases, vomiting in 9, septic shock in 3, jaundice in 7, and peritonitis in 8. Hyperbilirubinemia was present in 7 cases. Plain abdominal X-rays or ultrasounds led to diagnosis in 95% of the cases. Surgical findings were AEC in all cases, pericholecystic abscess in 8, gallbladder necrosis in 7 and bile peritonitis in 3. C perfringens, E coli and B fragilis were the most frequent pathogens. Mortality rate was 25%, and morbidity 50%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AEC predominantly affects elderly diabetic men. Abdominal X-rays or ultrasounds are good diagnostic techniques, and emergency surgery is needed due to the high incidence of gangrene and perforation Despite all the efforts made, morbidity and mortality are still high.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain. luisgst@jet.es
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garcia-Sancho Tellez
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Montes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fernandez de Lis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garcia-Sancho Martin
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D004646:Emphysema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies