title: Pediatric retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy using 2 mm. instrumentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe several modifications of the retroperitoneoscopic approach to nephrectomy for benign renal disease, including the use of 2 mm. instrumentation and prone patient positioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14 children underwent retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy in the prone position. An inflatable dissecting device was inserted into the retroperitoneum after a small muscle splitting incision was made at the lateral border of the sacrospinalis muscle approximately 1 cm. below the costovertebral angle. After inflation the dissecting device was replaced with a 5 mm. cannula and pneumoretroperitoneum was maintained with carbon dioxide insufflation. Two 2 mm. trocars were then placed under endoscopic guidance. Dissection was performed using 2 mm. instrumentation and the specimen was retrieved through the largest port site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nephrectomy was performed in 9 girls and 5 boys 3 months to 9.8 years old. The preoperative diagnosis included chronic pyelonephritis with minimal renal function, reflux with a nonfunctioning kidney, multicystic dysplastic kidney, an upper pole dysplastic moiety with an associated ureterocele and a dysplastic kidney with a vaginal ectopic ureter. Mean operative time for retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy was 142 minutes with an estimated blood loss of less than 15 ml. Contralateral ureteral reimplantation was performed after retroperitoneoscopic dissection in 5 patients. Overall average hospital stay was 2 days and there were no complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several modifications of the retroperitoneal approach, including the use of prone patient positioning and 2 mm. instrumentation for visualization and dissection, may improve the safety and efficacy of this technique in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Borer
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Cisek
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atala
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Retik
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008904:Miniaturization; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space