title: Etiology of pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis in infants younger than three months of age in Ethiopia.
abstract: METHODS
  Within a multicenter study coordinated by WHO, an investigation of the etiologic agents of pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis was performed among infants younger than 3 months of age seen at the Ethio-Swedish Children's Hospital in Addis Ababa for a period of 2 years. Of the 816 infants enrolled 405 had clinical indications for investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were a total of 41 isolates from blood cultures from 40 infants. The study showed that the traditionally known acute respiratory infection pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae was most common in this extended neonatal age group, found in 10 of 41 blood isolates. Streptococcus pyogenes was a common pathogen in this setting (9 of 41 blood isolates), whereas Salmonella group B was found in 5 of 41 isolates. Streptococcus agalactiae, which is a common pathogen in developed countries, was absent. A study of the susceptibility pattern of these organisms suggests that a combination of ampicillin with an aminoglycoside is adequate for initial treatment of these serious bacterial infections, but the combination is not optimal for the treatment of Salmonella infections. Among 202 infants on whom immunofluorescent antibody studies for viruses were performed based on nasopharyngeal aspirates, respiratory syncytial virus was found in 57 (28%) infants, and Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated in 32 (15.8%) of 203 infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muhe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tilahun
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lulseged
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kebede
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Enaro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ringertz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kronvall
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gove
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Mulholland
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000382:microbiology; D003906:Developing Countries; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008581:Meningitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014780:Viruses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014944:World Health Organization