title: Second-trimester maternal serum marker screening: maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, estriol, and their various combinations as predictors of pregnancy outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the value of all 3 common biochemical serum markers, maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, and unconjugated estriol, and combinations thereof as predictors of pregnancy outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60,040 patients underwent maternal serum screening. All patients had maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein measurements; beta-human chorionic gonadotropin was measured in 45,565 patients, and 24,504 patients had determination of all 3 markers, including unconjugated estriol. The incidences of various pregnancy outcomes were evaluated according to the serum marker levels by using clinically applied cutoff points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In confirmation of previous observations, increased maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels (>2.5 multiples of the median) were found to be significantly associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension, miscarriage, preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, intrauterine fetal death, oligohydramnios, and abruptio placentae. Increased beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels (>2.5 multiples of the median [MoM]) were significantly associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension, miscarriage, preterm delivery, and intrauterine fetal death. Finally, decreased unconjugated estriol levels (<0.5 MoM) were found to be significantly associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and intrauterine fetal death. As with increased second-trimester maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels, increased serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and low unconjugated estriol levels are significantly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. These are most likely attributed to placental dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple-marker screening can be used not only for the detection of fetal anomalies and aneu-ploidy but also for detection of high-risk pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Genetics, Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy, Hutzel Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yaron
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cherry
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallak
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000037:Abruptio Placentae / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000097:blood*; D004964:Estriol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000097:blood; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood; D016104:Oligohydramnios / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000097:blood; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D004964:Estriol