title: Hepatic changes in benign obstruction of the hepatic inferior vena cava: CT findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to describe CT findings of changes in the liver associated with benign obstruction of the hepatic inferior vena cava (IVC).
  
  
  METHODS
  For a 10-year period, 35 patients with benign obstruction of the hepatic IVC underwent contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen. These patients were included in this retrospective study. CT scans were analyzed for morphologic changes and abnormal enhancement of the liver, changes in intrahepatic vessels, and additional findings that might be related to obstruction of the IVC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphologic changes of the liver included hypertrophy of the caudate lobe (91%) and the left lobe (57%), atrophy of the right lobe (49%), and a nodular surface (74%). The most common pattern of attenuation change was areas of linear, irregular, or wedge-shaped hypoattenuation predominantly located in the peripheral portion of the liver (63%). Diffuse hypoattenuation was seen in six patients (19%) and was frequently found in areas in which hepatic veins filled with hypoattenuated thrombosis (67%). On CT, segmental IVC obstruction (80%) was seen as an obliterated segment of the hepatic IVC. However, membranous IVC obstruction (20%) was not seen on CT. The IVC below the level of obstruction was often revealed as rounded (89%) and occasionally contained thrombus (37%) or calcification (26%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT shows a broad spectrum of morphologic and attenuation changes of the liver and of the hepatic vessels in benign obstruction of the hepatic IVC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and the Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Chongno-gu, Korea.
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001284:Atrophy; D006502:Budd-Chiari Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006503:Hepatic Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006504:Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*