title: Placement of a flexible endovascular stent across the femoral joint: an in vivo study in the swine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of joint motion on the structural integrity of periarticular stents and on the development of neointimal hyperplasia within these devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  In four juvenile farm swine, Wall-stents were implanted in the common femoral arteries and contralateral common femoral veins, centered at the point of maximal conformational change during passive hip flexion. Control stents were placed in the aortae and iliac veins. Angiography and transcatheter blood pressure measurements were obtained across each stent, with periarticular stents studied in flexion and extension. Two animals underwent repeated evaluation after 1 month, the others after 3 months. Findings were correlated with gross and histopathologic findings in the harvested stents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No stent fractures occurred. One femoral vein was injured during stent placement and was occluded 1 month later at follow-up. Hemodynamically significant stenoses were identified in one arterial stent and one venous stent at 3 months. The amount of neointimal hyperplasia was greater in periarticular stents than in controls and greater in animals studied at 1 month than in those studied at 3 months. The pattern of neointimal hyperplasia within mobile arteries was circumferentially asymmetric and thicker at the distal ends of the stents. Venous neointimal hyperplasia was thicker and markedly different in character than that seen in arterial stents from the same animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periarticular Wallstents and the underlying vascular anatomy remained structurally intact despite the stresses of repetitive motion during a 3-month period. Stents deployed across joints or in venous locations may be at greater risk for neointimal hyperplasia development and eventual occlusion than those deployed in immobile vessels and arteries. Neointimal hyperplasia may decrease in thickness after an initial period of exuberant development. Additional studies are necessary to determine long-term outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Diagnostic Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA. andrewro@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Venbrux
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Magee
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bova
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000792:Angiography; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000209:etiology; D010690:Phlebography; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology