title: Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis of intravenous ganciclovir versus oral ganciclovir in the maintenance treatment of newly diagnosed cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cost effectiveness of a new product, oral ganciclovir, in comparison to a current therapy, intravenous (i.v.) ganciclovir, in the maintenance treatment of newly diagnosed cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective economic study of a prospective non-blinded randomised clinical trial. The model included i.v. ganciclovir induction, i.v. or oral ganciclovir maintenance and i.v. ganciclovir reinduction for patients whose CMV retinitis progressed. Safety and efficacy data were derived from the trial. A panel of Canadian infectious disease physicians and family physicians estimated the following in relation to i.v. ganciclovir treatment for CMV retinitis and related adverse events: healthcare resource utilisation, clinical practice patterns, patient out-of-pocket expenses and time loss from work. The incremental cost-effectiveness analysis is reported from a societal and a Ministry of Health perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  The trial was conducted in Canada (2 centres) and the US (13 centres) between March 1991 and November 1992. The model assumed that patients received either inpatient or outpatient care, or both. The model provided an analysis in a Canadian setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were patients with AIDS and newly diagnosed CMV retinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients received induction therapy with i.v. ganciclovir 5 mg/kg, twice daily for 14 days then once daily for 7 days. Patients whose CMV retinitis stabilised were randomised to maintenance therapy with either i.v. ganciclovir (5 mg/kg/day; n = 57) or oral ganciclovir (3000 mg/day; n = 60) and were followed for up to 140 days after the start of maintenance therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The trial demonstrated that the mean time to progression of CMV retinitis was 57 days for oral ganciclovir compared with 62 days for i.v. ganciclovir maintenance therapy, as measured by masked fundus photography, and 96 days with i.v. ganciclovir compared with 68 days with oral ganciclovir according to the funduscopy results. There were more adverse events in the i.v. ganciclovir group compared with the oral ganciclovir group. The cost-effectiveness results provide the dollar amount expended in order to continue to provide additional benefit using i.v. ganciclovir compared with oral ganciclovir. The incremental cost-effectiveness (C/E) ratio was 482 Canadian dollars ($Can: 1993 to 1995 values) per progression-free day gained with i.v. ganciclovir. Sensitivity analysis using funduscopy, rather than fundus photography, to document progression of CMV retinitis resulted in a C/E ratio of $Can42.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis found that i.v. ganciclovir provided additional days free of progression of CMV retinitis when compared with oral ganciclovir, but the costs were higher.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rachlis
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Smaill
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hotchkies
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002170:Canada; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017726:Cytomegalovirus Retinitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D015774:Ganciclovir