title: Biological activities and signaling pathways of the granulin/epithelin precursor.
abstract: Growth-regulated cells, such as 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), require more than one growth factor for growth, usually the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in combination with either platelet-derived growth factor or epidermal growth factor. Singly, these growth factors cannot sustain the growth of 3T3 cells. However, if the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) is even modestly overexpressed, then IGF-I, by itself, stimulates the growth of MEFs in monolayer and makes them capable of forming colonies in soft agar. The granulin/epithelin precursor (GEP) has been identified as the only growth factor, thus far, that can stimulate by itself the growth of R- cells, a 3T3-like cell line in which the genes for the IGF-IR have been deleted. We have expressed GEP in R- cells and show that these cells can now grow in serum-free medium. GEP, however, cannot replace other functions of the IGF-IR, such as protection from apoptosis (anoikis) or transforming activity (colony formation in soft agar). GEP activates, in R- cells, the two signaling pathways that are known to be sufficient for IGF-I-mediated mitogenesis in cells overexpressing the IGF-IR, the mitogen-activated protein kinase and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways. This may explain why GEP, by itself, can replace the IGF-IR for growth in monolayer cultures. It also confirms that, for transformation, other pathways must be activated besides the two pathways that are sufficient for mitogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107-5541, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zanocco-Marani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Valentinis
authors.forename: Z H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baserga
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002455:Cell Division; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011506:Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000502:physiology*; D055765:Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000071425:Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; D006133:Growth Substances; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D055765:Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins; C528034:Shc1 protein, mouse; D000071425:Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1; D004247:DNA; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases