title: Nitric oxide modulates spontaneous swallowing behavior in near-term ovine fetus.
abstract: Human and ovine fetuses demonstrate an enhanced rate of swallowing, an activity critical for amniotic fluid regulation. Fetal swallowing may be modulated by both systemic and central factors. Nitric oxide (NO) is a central neuromodulator that has been localized to brain regions regulating thirst and swallowing. We sought to determine if NO contributes to the regulation of spontaneous ovine fetal swallowing. Six time-dated pregnant ewes with singleton fetuses (129 +/- 1 day) were chronically prepared with fetal vascular and lateral ventricle catheters and electrocorticogram (ECoG) and esophageal electromyogram electrodes. After a 2-h control period, fetuses were given lateral ventricle injection of NO synthase inhibitor nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and monitored for 2 h. NO precursor L-arginine was then injected into the lateral ventricle, and fetuses were monitored for a final 2 h. All fetuses received an additional control study of fetal swallowing before and after lateral ventricle injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). Data were analyzed with repeated-measures ANOVA and paired t-test (P < 0.05). Suppression of a central NO with central L-NAME significantly reduced mean (+/-SE) spontaneous fetal swallowing (1.2 +/- 0.1-0.6 +/- 0.1 swallows/min low-voltage ECoG; P < 0.01). Restoration of central NO by L-arginine significantly increased fetal swallowing to pre-L-NAME levels (1.2 +/- 0.1 swallows/min low voltage). There were no changes in fetal swallowing during the control study of aCSF. Fetal ECoG activity and blood pressure did not change during the study or control aCSF injection. We conclude that NO is an important neuromodulator of fetal swallowing activity. Central NO synthase activity may contribute to the heightened level of spontaneous fetal swallowing and thus amniotic fluid regulation.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Research Laboratories, Harbor/University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: El-Haddad
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: S X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000196:embryology; D003679:Deglutition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D012756:Sheep / Q000196:embryology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester