title: Glutaraldehyde: an occupational hazard in the hospital setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We report a series of 24 health-care workers with respiratory symptoms suggestive of occupational asthma due to glutaraldehyde exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The history of asthmatic symptoms was investigated with peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) monitoring, and in eight of the subjects, the specific bronchial provocation test (SBPT) was applied as reference standard for diagnosis of occupational asthma. Levels of glutaraldehyde were monitored in the challenge chamber during the SBPT. Work environmental levels of glutaraldehyde were measured from air samples collected at least once during the PEFR monitoring of endoscopy and theatre nurses. Specific IgE antibodies to glutaraldehyde were measured with a series of glutaraldehyde modified proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the eight workers who underwent SBPT, the diagnosis of occupational asthma was confirmed by a positive reaction (late and dual reaction in five and in three subjects, respectively). The mean level of glutaraldehyde observed during the challenge tests was 0.075 mg/m3 (range 0.065-0.084 mg/m3). In 13 out of the 16 remaining workers, the serial PEFR monitoring showed a work-related effect. In three workers, there was no physiological confirmation of occupational asthma. Levels of glutaraldehyde from the air samples collected in the workplace were as follows: personal short-term samples (mean 0.208 mg/m3; median 0.14 mg/m3; range 0.06-0.84 mg/m3), personal long-term samples (mean 0.071 mg/m3; median 0.07 mg/m3; range 0.003-0.28 mg/m3). Measurements of specific IgE antibodies to glutaraldehyde-modified proteins were positive in seven patients (29.1%) according to a cutoff value of 0.88% RAST binding. The presence of atopy to common environmental allergens and smoking was not associated with specific IgE positivity (P>0.05; Fisher's exact test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our report indicates the importance of glutaraldehyde as an occupational hazard among exposed health-care workers. Intervention in the workplace, training of personnel handling this chemical, and accurate health surveillance may reduce the risk of developing occupational asthma due to glutaraldehyde.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Stefano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siriruttanapruk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCoach
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Burge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic / Q000276:immunology; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005976:Glutaral / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D011852:Radioallergosorbent Test
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; C026408:anti-IgE antibodies; D005976:Glutaral