title: Varicocele: a multidisciplinary approach in children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To minimize varicocele treatment in children and adolescents a multidisciplinary approach that includes surgery and operative radiology has been used at our institution since 1991. We present our results during this 7-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1991 to December 1997 we examined 477 patients 4 years 5 months to 25 years 4 months old (mean age 13 years 3 months) with varicocele, of whom 367 (396 varicoceles) required treatment. Percutaneous sclero-embolization was suggested as the primary treatment of choice in all cases, while surgery was reserved for select cases. A total of 366 cases followed at least 6 months (mean 1 year) were entered into this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 7.1% of the patients or families preferred surgery. In 47 patients sclero-embolization was not possible due to technical problems or vascular anomalies. Sclero-embolization was successful in 79.4% of 277 patients, and retroperitoneal ligation was successful in 88.7% of 124. Since 1995 ligation of the whole spermatic bundle above the vas deferens has been preferred, and only 1 recurrence has been observed in 60 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous sclero-embolization is a minimally invasive treatment of varicocele that is feasible in children and adolescents. Most patients prefer this therapy, although it is not as safe as surgery. When open surgery is required, complete ligation of the whole vascular pedicle above the vas deferens offers excellent success.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Surgery Department, S. Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzoni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fiocca
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minucci
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pieri
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paolicelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morucci
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bibbolino
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Medici
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calisti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010348:Patient Care Team; D014646:Varicocele / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*