title: Continuous detection of extracellular ATP on living cells by using atomic force microscopy.
abstract: Atomic force microscopy is a powerful technique used to investigate the surface of living cells under physiological conditions. The resolution of the instrument is mainly limited by the softness of living cells and the interactions with the scanning tip (cantilever). Atomic force microscopy, in combination with myosin-functionalized cantilevers, was used in the detection of ATP concentrations in solution and on living cells. Functionally active tips were used to scan the surface of cells in culture and to show that the CFTR+ cell line (S9) had a basal surface ATP concentration that could be detected with atomic force microscopy (n = 10). ATP-dependent signals were not detectable in cells scanned with noncoated or heat-inactivated enzyme-coated tips (n = 9). Enzymatically active tips may serve as a model for future development of atomic force microscopy biosensors that can simultaneously detect topographical and biologically important compounds at the surface microenvironment of living cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Jena
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Guggino
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oberleithner
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Geibel
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C505032:CFTR protein, human; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate