title: Microvascular abnormalities in Sjögren's syndrome: nailfold capillaroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe microvascular abnormalities by nailfold capillaroscopy in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) with or without Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and those with anticentromere antibodies (ACA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients with SS (14 without RP, 16 with RP, 10 with ACA), 20 patients with scleroderma (SSc) (10 with limited and 10 with diffuse disease) (disease control group) and 40 healthy controls (control group) were evaluated by nailfold capillaroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Capillaroscopic abnormalities in SS ranged from non-specific findings (crossed capillaries) to more specific findings (confluent haemorrhages and pericapillary haemorrhages) or scleroderma-type findings. SS patients with RP presented capillary abnormalities in higher frequency than patients without RP. The majority of SS patients with ACA (80%) presented scleroderma-type findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nailfold capillaroscopy can be used as a simple non-invasive method to evaluate the microvascular abnormalities in SS patients, especially in those with RP and those with ACA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tektonidou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaskani
authors.forename: F N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Skopouli
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Moutsopoulos
mesh_terms: D002196:Capillaries / Q000473:pathology; D002503:Centromere; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009260:Nail Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D009262:Nails / Q000098:blood supply*; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000209:etiology; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*