title: Local complement genes expression in the mammary gland: effect of gestation and inflammation.
abstract: Complement components in breast milk may enhance the local immune response in the gut of infants. In this study, we investigated the expression of complement genes in the mammary gland and attempted to determine possible regulatory mechanisms. We have studied the expression of C3, C4, factor B, and HLA-DRalpha mRNA by in situ hybridization in gestational mammary gland specimens and compared these findings to those in breast tissue affected with an inflammatory process, lactating adenoma or idiopathic gynecomastia. In normal resting breast, only C4 mRNA was noted in some ductal epithelium. In gestational mammary gland, there was a diffuse expression of C4, C3, and factor B mRNA in the epithelial cells of the acini. A similar pattern of complement gene expression was found in localized areas of an infectious inflammatory process. In addition, in the inflammatory specimens, there was also expression of C3 mRNA in infiltrating macrophages (CD 68 positive cells). In gynecomastia, C4 mRNA was noted in ductal epithelium, and there was a marked increased expression of C3 mRNA in the proliferating epithelium of the lactating adenoma. HLA-DRalpha was observed only in macrophages involved in the inflammatory response. Our findings, which reflect the hormonal and inflammatory events in vivo, provide new insights as to in situ complement gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Samuel Jared Kushnick Pediatric Immunology Laboratory, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laufer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oren
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kopolovic
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Passwell
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000235:genetics; D003181:Complement C4 / Q000235:genetics; D011415:Complement Factor B / Q000235:genetics; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006177:Gynecomastia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008413:Mastitis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic
chemical_list: D003176:Complement C3; D003181:Complement C4; D003165:Complement System Proteins; D011415:Complement Factor B