title: Direct inhibition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel by high concentrations of opioids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electrophysiologic and receptor binding studies showed that some opioids have noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects and mechanisms of action of various opioid compounds were examined on four kinds of heteromeric NMDA receptor channels, namely the epsilon1/zeta1, epsilon2/zeta1, epsilon3/zeta1, and epsilon4/zeta1 channels, expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Furthermore, the action sites of opioids on NMDA receptor channels were investigated by site-directed mutagenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Meperidine inhibited four kinds of channels to a similar extent with inhibitor concentrations for half-control response (IC50s) of 210-270 microM. Morphine, fentanyl, codeine, and naloxone also inhibited NMDA receptor channels with affinities comparable to meperidine. Opioid inhibition exhibited voltage dependence and was quite effective at negative potentials. Opioids also shifted the inhibition curve of Mg2+ to the right. Furthermore, replacement of the conserved asparagine residue with glutamine in the channel-lining segment M2 of the zeta1 subunit, which constitutes the block sites of Mg2+ and ketamine, reduced the sensitivity to opioids, whereas that of the epsilon2 subunit barely affected the opioid sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results, together with previous findings, suggest that the low-affinity NMDA receptor antagonist activity is a common characteristic of various opioid compounds, and that the inhibition is a result of channel-block mechanisms at the site, which partially overlaps with those of Mg2+ and ketamine. This antagonist property of opioids may be clinically significant in the spinal cord following epidural or intrathecal administration, after which the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of some opioids reach the high micromolar level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Japan. yamakura@med.niigata-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamakura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakimura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimoji
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D017354:Point Mutation; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D008274:Magnesium