title: Effect of transdermal iontophoresis codelivery of hydrocortisone on metoclopramide pharmacokinetics and skin-induced reactions in human subjects.
abstract: The effects of transdermal iontophoresis (IP) codelivery of hydrocortisone (HC) on metoclopramide hydrochloride (MCP) pharmacokinetics and on skin-induced reactions were evaluated in a randomized, crossover clinical study. MCP, an antiemetic, low molecular weight, cationic drug intended for systemic delivery, was delivered from the anode of IP systems at a constant current of 100 microA/cm(2). HC, a neutral endogenous antiinflammatory agent, was codelivered from the same electrode, primarily by electroosmotic processes. Each subject (n = 7) wore two identical IP systems (MCP alone or MCP plus HC), each supplying 500 microA, one on each upper arm for 4 h. One week later, each subject repeated the procedure with the alternate type of MCP system. HC did not change the pharmacokinetics of MCP: There were no statistically significant differences in MCP plasma concentrations, half-life, area under the curve (AUC), or rate of absorption between the two treatment groups. However, HC significantly decreased erythema and edema scores produced by the IP of MCP. In both groups, a steady-state MCP flux of about 100 microg/(cm(2) x h) was achieved after only 1 h of transport, and input rate dropped dramatically immediately after removal of the system. In vitro, HC flux through human epidermis from an MCP plus HC formulation was 2.8 +/- 1.1 microg/(cm(2) x h) after 4 h transport at 100 microA/cm(2), suggesting negligible systemic exposure to hydrocortisone. These data indicate that MCP input rate and its clearance from the skin are unaltered by HC and that the codelivery of HC by IP is an effective strategy for inhibition of local reactions resulting from the transdermal delivery of drugs.
authors.affiliation: ALZA Corporation, 950 Page Mill Road, P.O. Box 10950, Palo Alto, California 94303-0802, USA. michael.cormier@alza.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cormier
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haak
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003875:Drug Eruptions / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008297:Male; D008787:Metoclopramide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000932:Antiemetics; D008787:Metoclopramide; D006854:Hydrocortisone