title: The cost-effectiveness of varicella vaccine programs for Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to examine the cost-effectiveness of three different varicella vaccination programs compared with no vaccination program.
  
  
  METHODS
  cost-effectiveness study. Simulations of the costs and consequences of chickenpox and the vaccination programs over a 30-year period. Direct (health-care) costs only were used in the simulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Australia.Participants/subjects: annual birth cohorts of infants (12-months old) and adolescents (12 years old).
  
  
  METHODS
  strategy I (no vaccination) was compared with three different varicella vaccination programs: strategy II - all infants; strategy III - adolescents without a history of varicella; and strategy IV ('catch-up')- all infants plus, for the first 11 years, adolescents without a history.
  
  
  METHODS
  fatalities and hospitalisations for varicella and its complications (encephalitis, pneumonitis, long-term disability).
  
  
  RESULTS
  the average cost per case of chickenpox averted was $64, $530 and $418 in the infant, adolescent and catch-up programs, respectively. The infant program was the most cost-effective of the three. This program could avert 4. 4 million cases, 13,500 hospitalisations and 30 fatalities for chickenpox over a 30-year period. RESULTS were sensitive to the price of the vaccine and the discount rate, but relatively insensitive to changes in vaccine efficacy, coverage rates or vaccine complication rates. Improved accuracy of a negative varicella history in adolescents would substantially reduce the costs of the adolescent and catch-up programs making these programs feasible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the infant vaccine program is the preferred program, but the direct costs of any of the vaccination programs considered here are greater than the direct costs of no vaccination program.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. p.scuffham@qut.edu.au
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Scuffham
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Lowin
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Burgess
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D002644:Chickenpox / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019433:Chickenpox Vaccine / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D019433:Chickenpox Vaccine