title: The inability of hormone replacement therapy or chronic running to maintain bone mass in master athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have demonstrated equivocal findings on the effect of chronic running on bone mass in post-menopausal women. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of chronic running alone and in conjunction with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three women [15 premenopausal 48.1 +/- .4 yrs (Pre); 13 postmenopausal 57.3 +/- 2.3 yrs (Post); and 15 HRT-treated postmenopausal 56.8 +/- 1.5 yrs (PostE)] served as subjects. All were chronic runners (duration > 5 yrs, > 10 miles per week). BMD was determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, VO2 max on a treadmill, body composition by hydrostatic weighing, knee strength by KinCom dynamometer, and training and menstrual history by questionnaire. Analysis of covariance with Tukey post hoc tests was utilized to compare the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups were similar in body weight, VO2 max, years training, and miles run per week. Pre and PostE did not differ in total or spine BMD. However, Pre had greater hip BMD than PostE (.973 +/- .03 vs .876 +/- .03 g/cm2; p < .05). As well, Pre had greater BMD of the hip (.973 +/- .03 vs .805 +/- .03 g/cm2; p < .05), spine (1.047 +/- .04 vs .870 +/- .04 g/cm2; p < .05), and total body (1.115 +/- .02 vs .996 +/- .03 g/cm2; p < .05) than Post.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that (a) chronic running + HRT is insufficient to protect hip BMD and (b) chronic running alone provides no protection for bone mass in postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, University of Southern California, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wiswell
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Jaque
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Constantino
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Marcell
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Tarpenning
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hyslop
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D013178:Sports Medicine; D013997:Time Factors