title: Development of the EURO-D scale--a European, Union initiative to compare symptoms of depression in 14 European centres.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In an 11-country European collaboration, 14 population-based surveys included 21,724 subjects aged > or = 65 years. Most participating centres used the Geriatric Mental State (GMS), but other measures were also used.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To derive from these instruments a common depression symptoms scale, the EURO-D, to allow comparison of risk factor profiles between centres.
  
  
  METHODS
  Common items were identified from the instruments. Algorithms for fitting items to GMS were derived by observation of item correspondence or expert opinion. The resulting 12-item scale was checked for internal consistency, criterion validity and uniformity of factor-analytic profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The EURO-D is internally consistent, capturing the essence of its parent instrument. A two-factor solution seemed appropriate: depression, tearfulness and wishing to die loaded on the first factor (affective suffering), and loss of interest, poor concentration and lack of enjoyment on the second (motivation).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The EURO-D scale should permit valid comparison of risk-factor associations between centres, even if between-centre variation remains difficult to attribute.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reischies
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fuhrer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jonker
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kivela
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fichter
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Oyen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roelands
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skoog
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Turrina
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Copeland
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017678:Sex Distribution