title: Regulation of metallothionein gene transcription. Identification of upstream regulatory elements and transcription factors responsible for cell-specific expression of the metallothionein genes from Caenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: Metallothioneins are small, cysteine-rich proteins that function in metal detoxification and homeostasis. Metallothionein transcription is controlled by cell-specific factors, as well as developmentally modulated and metal-responsive pathways. By using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system, the mechanism that controls cell-specific metallothionein transcription in vivo was investigated. The inducible expression of the C. elegans metallothionein genes, mtl-1 and mtl-2, occurs exclusively in intestinal cells. Sequence comparisons of these genes with other C. elegans intestinal cell-specific genes identified multiple repeats of GATA transcription factor-binding sites (i.e. GATA elements). In vivo deletion and site-directed mutation analyses confirm that one GATA element in mtl-1 and two in mtl-2 are required for transcription. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays show that the C. elegans GATA transcription factor ELT-2 specifically binds to these elements. Ectopic expression of ELT-2 in non-intestinal cells of C. elegans activates mtl-2 transcription in these cells. Likewise, mtl-2 is not expressed in nematodes in which elt-2 has been disrupted. These results indicate that cell-specific transcription of the C. elegans metallothionein genes is regulated by the binding of ELT-2 to GATA elements in these promoters. Furthermore, a model is proposed where ELT-2 constitutively activates metallothionein expression; however, a second metal-responsive factor prevents transcription in the absence of metals.
authors.affiliation: Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Moilanen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukushige
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Freedman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D014157:Transcription Factors; D008668:Metallothionein