title: The T-superfamily of conotoxins.
abstract: We report the discovery and initial characterization of the T-superfamily of conotoxins. Eight different T-superfamily peptides from five Conus species were identified; they share a consensus signal sequence, and a conserved arrangement of cysteine residues (- -CC- -CC-). T-superfamily peptides were found expressed in venom ducts of all major feeding types of Conus; the results suggest that the T-superfamily will be a large and diverse group of peptides, widely distributed in the 500 different Conus species. These peptides are likely to be functionally diverse; although the peptides are small (11-17 amino acids), their sequences are strikingly divergent, with different peptides of the superfamily exhibiting varying extents of post-translational modification. Of the three peptides tested for in vivo biological activity, only one was active on mice but all three had effects on fish. The peptides that have been extensively characterized are as follows: p5a, GCCPKQMRCCTL*; tx5a, gammaCCgammaDGW(+)CCT( section sign)AAO; and au5a, FCCPFIRYCCW (where gamma = gamma-carboxyglutamate, W(+) = bromotryptophan, O = hydroxyproline, T( section sign) = glycosylated threonine, and * = COOH-terminal amidation). We also demonstrate that the precursor of tx5a contains a functional gamma-carboxylation recognition signal in the -1 to -20 propeptide region, consistent with the presence of gamma-carboxyglutamate residues in this peptide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steel
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Lirazan
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: DelaCruz
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Olivera
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D020916:Conotoxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D003545:Cysteine; D005399:Fishes; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals / Q000737:chemistry; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012908:Snails / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020916:Conotoxins; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D003545:Cysteine