title: Circulating insulin and insulin growth factor-1 are independent determinants of left ventricular mass and geometry in essential hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unclear whether insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are independent determinants of left ventricular (LV) mass in essential hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 101 never-treated nondiabetic subjects with essential hypertension. All had 24-hour noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring and a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. We determined fasting glucose, insulin, and IGF-1 and postload glucose and insulin 2 hours after glucose. Insulin resistance was estimated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA(IR)) formula. LV mass showed an association with body mass index (BMI) (r=0.47; P<0.01), postload insulin (r=0.54; P<0.01), HOMA(IR) (r=0.39; P<0.01), and IGF-1 (r=0. 43; P<0.01) and a weaker association with average 24-hour systolic and diastolic ABPs (r=0.29 and r=0.26; P<0.05) and basal insulin (r=0.31; P<0.05). Relative wall thickness was positively related to IGF-1 (r=0.39; P<0.01) but not to fasting or 2-hour postload insulin, HOMA(IR), and glucose. In a multiple regression analysis, the final LV mass model (R(2)=0.64) included IGF-1, postload insulin, average 24-hour systolic ABP, sex, and BMI. IGF-1 and postload insulin accounted for >40% of variability of LV mass. The final model (R(2)=0.36) for relative wall thickness included IGF-1 (16% total explained variability), average 24-hour systolic ABP, sex, BMI, and age but not insulin and HOMA(IR).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that insulin and IGF-1 are powerful independent determinants of LV mass and geometry in untreated subjects with essential hypertension and normal glucose tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Ospedale Generale Regionale Raffaello Silvestrini, Unità Operativa di Malattie Cardiovascolari, Perugia, Italy. verdec@tin.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verdecchia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reboldi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schillaci
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borgioni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciucci
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Telera
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santeusanio
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Porcellati
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brunetti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I