title: The dominant hemimelia mutation uncouples epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and disrupts anterior mesenchyme formation in mouse hindlimbs.
abstract: Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are essential for both limb outgrowth and pattern formation in the limb. Molecules capable of communication between these two tissues are known and include the signaling molecules SHH and FGF4, FGF8 and FGF10. Evidence suggests that the pattern and maintenance of expression of these genes are dependent on a number of factors including regulatory loops between genes expressed in the AER and those in the underlying mesenchyme. We show here that the mouse mutation dominant hemimelia (Dh) alters the pattern of gene expression in the AER such that Fgf4, which is normally expressed in a posterior domain, and Fgf8, which is expressed throughout are expressed in anterior patterns. We show that maintenance of Shh expression in the posterior mesenchyme is not dependent on either expression of Fgf4 or normal levels of Fgf8 in the overlying AER. Conversely, AER expression of Fgf4 is not directly dependent on Shh expression. Also the reciprocal regulatory loop proposed for Fgf8 in the AER and Fgf10 in the underlying mesenchyme is also uncoupled by this mutation. Early during the process of limb initiation, Dh is involved in regulating the width of the limb bud, the mutation resulting in selective loss of anterior mesenchyme. The Dh gene functions in the initial stages of limb development and we suggest that these initial roles are linked to mechanisms that pattern gene expression in the AER.
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Rd, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK. bobh@hgu.mrc.ac.uk.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lettice
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hecksher-Sørensen
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000502:physiology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D051526:Fibroblast Growth Factor 10; D051519:Fibroblast Growth Factor 4; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D006579:Heterozygote; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology*; D018878:Limb Buds / Q000002:abnormalities; D008297:Male; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009154:Mutation; D017689:Polydactyly / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015534:Trans-Activators
chemical_list: C525810:Bmp4 protein, mouse; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; C496464:Fgf10 protein, mouse; C496446:Fgf4 protein, mouse; C496457:Fgf8 protein, mouse; D051526:Fibroblast Growth Factor 10; D051519:Fibroblast Growth Factor 4; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors