title: Guidelines in pulmonary medicine: a 25-year profile.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We attempted to identify clinical practice guideline and pathway articles in the area of pulmonary medicine published in peer-reviewed journals since 1974.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database, Best Evidence, and Abstracts of Clinical Care Guidelines from January 1974 to December 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  All articles contained relevant search terms for pulmonary topics and were included irrespective of setting (primary or specialty, inpatient or outpatient). Controlled and uncontrolled trials as well as observational studies and consensus opinion/statements were all identified. The articles were stratified by design as well as by pulmonary topic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Limited data on study type, study focus, year of publication, and results of study were abstracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our criteria yielded 271 articles, including 115 consensus statements and expert opinion guidelines; 30 controlled studies, meta-analyses, or systematic reviews; and 126 uncontrolled trials and observational studies. Of these, 82 articles (30.3%) related to asthma, 46 articles (17.0%) related to COPD, and 36 articles (13.3%) related to pneumonia. In addition, we tracked the increasing publication of all guideline-related pulmonary articles; randomized, controlled trials (RCTs); systematic reviews; and consensus statements by year for the past 25 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonary guidelines are increasingly published in peer-reviewed journals, but few are tested clinically in RCTs. There is continued reliance on consensus statements and expert opinion. Pulmonary guideline publications have continued to dramatically increase in number and in importance since 1974, both on the local level and internationally.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-SinaiMedical Center, University of Los Angeles California,
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hackner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weingarten
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mohsenifar
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D010380:Peer Review; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011643:Publishing / Q000639:trends*; D015272:Pulmonary Medicine / Q000639:trends*