title: The relationship between polymorphisms in the endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase gene and the platelet GPIIIa gene with myocardial infarction and venous thromboembolism in African Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the polymorphic dinucleotide repeats found in intron 4 of the endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) gene and the platelet GPIIIa PLA(1)/A(2) polymorphism are associated with myocardial infarction (MI) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) in African Americans. Because these two genes may interact physiologically, the third objective was to determine if there was a relationship between the polymorphisms with respect to MI and VTE.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hospital-based case-control study. After informed consent was obtained, blood used for DNA extraction was drawn from the subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in the Anticoagulant Clinic and the Cardiology Clinic at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta Georgia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were recruited from African-American patients with a reported history of MI (n = 110) or VTE (n = 91). Control subjects (n = 185) without a history of cardiovascular or venous disease were recruited from an outpatient clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 393 ecNOS allele was more common among MI cases (36%; p = 0.01) and VTE cases (35%; p = 0.04) than among control subjects (26%). There was no association between the GPIIIa genotypes and either MI or VTE. However, among the MI subjects, there was a strong association between the ecNOS 393/393 genotype and the Pl(A2) allele. It was also found that the frequency of the 393 allele was higher in African-American persons (0.26) compared with what has been reported for Australian Caucasians (0. 14) and Japanese (0.10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 393 allele but not the Pl(A2) allele was significantly associated with both MI and VTE in African Americans. Homozygosity for the 393 allele was significantly associated to the diagnosis of MI prior to the age of 45. The combination of the 393 allele and a Pl(A2) allele was also highly associated with MI. The frequency of the 393 allele was significantly higher in African Americans than what has been reported for other populations. This study furthers not only extends the association of the 393 allele to VTE but has demonstrated an interaction with the Pl(A2) allele with respect to MI.
authors.affiliation: Hematologic Disease Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. woh1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lally
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dilley
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whitsett
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rawlins
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Evatt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000483:Alleles; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics*; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018900:Dinucleotide Repeats; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology*; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D039661:Integrin beta3; D007438:Introns; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013924:Thrombophlebitis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D039661:Integrin beta3; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase