title: Circadian rhythms in the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of beta-agonist, theophylline, and anticholinergic medications in the treatment of nocturnal asthma.
abstract: Published asthma consensus reports now acknowledge that asthma is a nocturnal disease in as many as 75% of those afflicted by this medical condition. Nonetheless, the treatment of this chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the clinic continues to be based primarily on homeostatic considerations in that it relies on long-acting bronchodilator and other therapies formulated and scheduled to ensure constant or near-constant levels of medication during the 24h. The need of asthma patients prone to nighttime attacks is not the same during the day and night; the therapeutic requirements of patients who experience nocturnal asthma, especially ones with the more severe forms of the disease, are often not satisfied by conventional medications. The therapeutic response and patient tolerance to bronchodilator medications can be improved markedly when the medications are proportioned during the 24h as a chronotherapy, that is, when more medication is delivered during nighttime sleep than daytime activity, as verified by numerous studies. This article reviews how the body's circadian rhythms influence the pharmacokinetics and effects of commonly prescribed asthma therapies and addresses why and how they must be taken into consideration to increase the effectiveness of asthma treatment.
authors.affiliation: Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: D'Alonzo
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Crocetti
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Smolensky
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D013806:Theophylline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D013806:Theophylline