title: German version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is a questionnaire widely used in English speaking countries for assessment of subjective daytime sleepiness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to translate and validate the ESS for use in German-speaking countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A German translation of the ESS was administered to 159 healthy German-speaking Swiss and to 174 patients with various sleep disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean +/- SD of ESS scores in normals was 5.7+/-3.0, in patients it was 13.0+/-5.1 (p<0.001). Scores were not correlated with age or gender but with the percentage of time spent at an oxygen saturation <90% (R = 0.35, p<0.001), and the respiratory disturbance index (R = 0.26, p<0.001) in primary snorers and sleep apnea patients. Item analysis confirmed internal consistency of the scale (Cronbach alpha = 0.60 in normals, and 0.83 in patients). Follow-up scores in 25 sleep apnea patients on treatment showed a reduction by 7+/-5 points (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data validate the ESS for application in German-speaking populations. The simplicity, reliability and the apparent lack of relevant influences of language and cultural background on performance of the ESS makes it a valuable tool for clinical management and research.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.forename: O D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Schoch
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Russi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012894:Sleep Stages; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards; D013557:Switzerland; D014177:Translations