title: Gastrointestinal abnormalities in children with autistic disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to evaluate the structure and function of the upper gastrointestinal tract in a group of patients with autism who had gastrointestinal symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six children (age: 5.7 +/- 2 years, mean +/- SD) with autistic disorder underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsies, intestinal and pancreatic enzyme analyses, and bacterial and fungal cultures. The most frequent gastrointestinal complaints were chronic diarrhea, gaseousness, and abdominal discomfort and distension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histologic examination in these 36 children revealed grade I or II reflux esophagitis in 25 (69.4%), chronic gastritis in 15, and chronic duodenitis in 24. The number of Paneth's cells in the duodenal crypts was significantly elevated in autistic children compared with non-autistic control subjects. Low intestinal carbohydrate digestive enzyme activity was reported in 21 children (58.3%), although there was no abnormality found in pancreatic function. Seventy-five percent of the autistic children (27/36) had an increased pancreatico-biliary fluid output after intravenous secretin administration. Nineteen of the 21 patients with diarrhea had significantly higher fluid output than those without diarrhea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unrecognized gastrointestinal disorders, especially reflux esophagitis and disaccharide malabsorption, may contribute to the behavioral problems of the non-verbal autistic patients. The observed increase in pancreatico-biliary secretion after secretin infusion suggests an upregulation of secretin receptors in the pancreas and liver. Further studies are required to determine the possible association between the brain and gastrointestinal dysfunctions in children with autistic disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Papadimitriou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rabsztyn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Drachenberg
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Tildon
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D004064:Digestive System / Q000378:metabolism; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D004382:Duodenitis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D004386:Duodenum / Q000473:pathology; D004942:Esophagitis, Peptic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008286:Malabsorption Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D019879:Paneth Cells / Q000473:pathology; D015995:Prevalence; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D011964:Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D012633:Secretin / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D004187:Disaccharides; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D011964:Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone; C029937:secretin receptor; D012633:Secretin