title: Enhancement of HERG K+ currents by Cd2+ destabilization of the inactivated state.
abstract: We have studied the functional effects of extracellular Cd(2+) on human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) encoded K(+) channels. Low concentrations (10-200 microM) of extracellular Cd(2+) increased outward currents through HERG channels; 200 microM Cd(2+) more than doubled HERG currents and altered current kinetics. Cd(2+) concentrations up to 200 microM did not change the voltage dependence of channel activation, but shifted the voltage dependence of inactivation to more depolarized membrane potentials. Cd(2+) concentrations >or=500 microM shifted the voltage dependence of channel activation to more positive potentials. These results are consistent with a somewhat specific ability of Cd(2+) to destabilize the inactivated state. We tested the hypothesis that channel inactivation is essential for Cd(2+)-induced increases in HERG K(+) currents, using a double point mutation (G628C/S631C) that diminishes HERG inactivation (Smith, P. L., T. Baukrowitz, and G. Yellen. 1996. Nature (Lond.). 379:833-836). This inactivation-removed mutant is insensitive to low concentrations of Cd(2+). Thus, Cd(2+) had two distinct effects on HERG K(+) channels. Low concentrations of Cd(2+) caused relatively selective effects on inactivation, resulting in a reduction of the apparent rectification of the channel and thereby increasing HERG K(+) currents. Higher Cd(2+) concentrations affected activation gating as well, possibly by a surface charge screening mechanism or by association with a lower affinity site.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Balser
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D016466:CHO Cells; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000072237:ERG1 Potassium Channel; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects; D007700:Kinetics; D009154:Mutation; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism*; D055550:Protein Stability / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000072237:ERG1 Potassium Channel; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels; C000606913:KCNH2 protein, human; D002104:Cadmium; D011188:Potassium