title: MR characteristics of malignant spinal cord astrocytomas in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Malignant spinal cord astrocytomas are rare tumors and their specific MR characteristics have not been previously described. We present a detailed MR analysis of four children with malignant astrocytoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the clinical database at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto revealed four patients with histologically-verified malignant spinal cord astrocytomas (WHO Grade 3 or 4) with pre-operative MR available for retrospective review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were three boys and one girl with a mean age at presentation of four years (range 7 months-12 years). Mean duration of symptoms prior to presentation was six weeks (range 3 days-5 months). Pre-operative MR analysis revealed that all tumors were located in the cervical or cervico-thoracic regions and expanded the cord over an average of 6.5 vertebral levels. The signal was usually hypointense on T1-weighted and hyperintense or mixed intensity on T2-weighted images. In the three cases where gadolinium was given, all demonstrated enhancement (one rim enhancement with a discrete border and two with inhomogeneous central enhancement). One tumor appeared to be exophytic, one had a significant cystic component, and none showed evidence of hemorrhage. Pre-operative leptomeningeal spread of tumor was documented in two of four cases and involved intracranial spread in both cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There did not appear to be any specific MR characteristics to help differentiate a malignant astrocytoma from a low-grade tumor, except for the high rate of leptomeningeal spread at presentation. It is recommended that full neuraxis MR imaging be performed pre-operatively in children in whom a rapidly progressive clinical course suggests a malignant lesion. This will likely have a high positive yield and provide valuable information prior to surgical intervention.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Drake
mesh_terms: D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013120:Spinal Cord Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D005682:Gadolinium