title: Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with increased plasma circulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1 levels in young type 1 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to compare plasma concentrations of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (cICAM-1), a marker of endothelial dysfunction, in nondiabetic subjects and type 1 diabetic patients and to evaluate whether chronic cigarette smoking had a deleterious effect on plasma cICAM-1 levels in type 1 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma cICAM-1 concentrations were measured in 54 young type 1 diabetic patients without clinical macroangiopathy and in 20 healthy control subjects who were matched for age, sex, BMI, and smoking habit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type 1 diabetic patients had significantly higher plasma levels of cICAM-1 than control subjects (280.4 +/- 59 vs. 224 +/- 53.6 ng/ml, respectively) (P < 0.001). After stratification by smoking status, diabetic smokers had values for age, sex, BMI, lipids, blood pressure, glycemic control, diabetes duration, and chronic complications of diabetes that were super-imposable on their nonsmoking counterparts. Nevertheless, plasma cICAM-1 levels were markedly elevated in type 1 diabetic smokers (321.4 +/- 64.2 vs. 257.3 +/- 41.5 ng/ml, respectively) (P < 0.001) in a dose-dependent fashion (P < 0.001 by analysis of variance when subjects were categorized by number of cigarettes smoked per day).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic cigarette smoking has a deleterious effect on plasma cICAM-1 levels in young type 1 diabetic patients, which further supports the clinical importance of discouraging the initiation of smoking and promoting its cessation in people with type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Verona Medical School, Italy. malmetab@borgotrento.univr.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zoppini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Targher
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cacciatori
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guerriero
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muggeo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1