title: Cost-effective use of echocardiography in children with Kawasaki disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a third echocardiogram, performed 6 months to 1 year after the onset of Kawasaki disease (KD), as recommended by current American Heart Association guidelines, identified any case of coronary artery abnormalities when previous echocardiograms were normal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children diagnosed with KD were identified by searching our institution's database. Cases were included in the study if diagnosed between June 1988 and December 1996 and if at least two echocardiograms were documented, including at least one study between 2 weeks and 2 months from the onset of KD and another in follow-up. The patients' charts were reviewed and videotapes of the echocardiograms were reviewed if reports were unclear or contradictory. McNemar's test for discordant pairs was used for statistical analysis. Additionally, a complete review was performed in all other cases of KD in the database in which a coronary artery abnormality had been identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 203 patients diagnosed during the study period who had 2 or more echocardiograms performed, and 67 had the requisite studies in the subacute period and later follow-up. The median age at onset of KD was 3.0 years (range: 0.2-16), the median duration of follow-up was 12.5 months (range: 1.7-100), and the median number of echocardiograms performed was 3 (range: 2-8). Intravenous immunoglobulin was given in 62 cases, and high-dose aspirin was given in 63. There were 35 children with no echocardiographic abnormalities at any point, and 15 other children had early abnormalities (including coronary ectasia, perivascular brightness, pericardial effusion, and ventricular dysfunction) but had a normal echocardiogram between 2 weeks and 2 months. Of these 50 children, none were noted to have abnormalities on later studies. Three children had effusion and/or perivascular brightness after 2 weeks; follow-up studies were normal in each. Six children had coronary ectasia after 2 weeks; it persisted on follow-up in 1 child and had resolved in 5 children. Eight children had coronary aneurysms on studies after 2 weeks; in 3 children, the aneurysm resolved on later follow-up. No coronary abnormalities were demonstrated on a late follow-up echocardiogram in any child with normal coronaries between 2 weeks and 2 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All children with KD should have an echocardiogram at the time of diagnosis with a follow-up study 4 to 6 weeks after the onset of fever. In the current environment of cost-containment, additional echocardiographic studies are justified only if abnormalities are present at 4 to 6 weeks. Kawasaki disease, coronary artery aneurysm, echocardiography, coronary ectasia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. scottj@heart.chp.edu
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ettedgui
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Neches
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003323:Coronary Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009080:Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000191:economics; D012189:Retrospective Studies