title: The variable region-1 from tissue-type plasminogen activator confers specificity for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 to thrombin by facilitating catalysis: release of a kinetic block by a heterologous protein surface loop.
abstract: Substitution of the native variable region-1 (VR1/37-loop) of thrombin by the corresponding VR1 of tissue-type plasminogen activator (thrombin-VR1(tPA)) increases the rate of inhibition by plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) by three orders of magnitude, and is thus sufficient to confer PAI-1 specificity to a heterologous serine protease. A structural and kinetical approach to establish the function of the VR1 loop of t-PA in the context of the thrombin-VR1(tPA) variant is described. The crystal structure of thrombin-VR1(tPA) was resolved and showed a conserved overall alpha-thrombin structure, but a partially disordered VR1 loop as also reported for t-PA. The contribution of a prominent charge substitution close to the active site was studied using charge neutralization variants thrombin-E39Q(c39) and thrombin-VR1(tPA)-R304Q(c39), resulting in only fourfold changes in the PAI-1 inhibition rate. Surface plasmon resonance revealed that the affinity of initial reversible complex formation between PAI-1 and catalytically inactive Ser195-->Ala variants of thrombin and thrombin-VR1(tPA) is only increased fivefold, i.e. KD is 652 and 128 nM for thrombin-S195A and thrombin-S195A-VR1(tPA), respectively. We established that the partition ratio of the suicide substrate reaction between the proteases and PAI-1 was largely unaffected in any variant studied. Hirugen allosterically decreases the rate of thrombin inhibition by PAI-1 2.5-fold and of thrombin-VR1(tPA) 20-fold, by interfering with a unimolecular step in the reaction, not by decreasing initial complex formation or by altering the stoichiometry. Finally, kinetic modeling demonstrated that acylation is the rate-limiting step in thrombin inhibition by PAI-1 (k approximately 10(-3) s(-1)) and this kinetic block is alleviated by the introduction of the tPA-VR1 into thrombin (k>1 s(-1)). We propose that the length, flexibility and different charge architecture of the VR1 loop of t-PA invoke an induced fit of the reactive center loop of PAI-1, thereby enhancing the rate of acylation in the Michaelis complex between thrombin-VR1(t-PA) and PAI-1 by more than two orders of magnitude.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eichinger
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Stoop
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pannekoek
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Horrevoets
mesh_terms: D000215:Acylation; D000494:Allosteric Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001665:Binding Sites; D002384:Catalysis; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D006629:Hirudins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006629:Hirudins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C062510:hirugen; D013917:Thrombin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator