title: Usefulness of fructosamine for monitoring outpatients with diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measurements of total glycohemoglobin (glycoHb) or hemoglobin A1c are routinely used to evaluate intermediate-to-long term glycemic control in patients with diabetes. However, despite the recent availability of more rapid methods for glycohemoglobin determination, it remains difficult in many institutions to obtain same-day glycoHb determinations in time to assist physicians with management of outpatients with diabetes. Hence, we investigated whether fructosamine, which reflects very recent (2 to 3 weeks) glycemic control and which can be assayed more rapidly in our laboratory, could serve as a useful adjunct to glycoHb for management of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes control in outpatients managed using fructosamine, fasting serum glucose, and glycoHb (concentrations from the prior visit) was compared with that for outpatients monitored using fasting serum glucose and prior glycoHb alone. The relative usefulness of fructosamine, current and prior glycoHb, and "fasting" serum glucose for evaluation and management of outpatients with diabetes was compared. In addition, the acceptance of fructosamine by physicians was evaluated by a questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Same-day fructosamine concentrations correlated better with current glycoHb than did either prior glycoHb or current fasting serum glucose concentrations. However, the availability of same-day fructosamine results did not objectively improve diabetes control compared with that obtained using only fasting serum glucose values and prior glycoHb concentrations. Nonetheless, most examining physicians stated that same-day fructosamine concentrations helped them significantly with diabetes management, primarily because many patients do not adequately monitor home blood glucose levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fructosamine may be a useful adjunctive test for management of outpatients with diabetes in situations where it is not practical to obtain same-day glycoHb concentrations, for patients less compliant with home glucose monitoring, or where recent changes in insulin dose or clinical presentation might not be reflected in the glycoHb levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA. gaustin@emory.edu
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wheaton
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nanes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Mullins
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D019270:Fructosamine / Q000097:blood*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009819:Office Visits; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D019270:Fructosamine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin