title: Production of tumor necrosis factor alpha in human T lymphocytes by staphylococcal enterotoxin B correlates with toxin-induced proliferation and is regulated through protein kinase C.
abstract: The superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) simultaneously binds both the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II receptor on monocytes and the T-cell receptor (TCR) on T lymphocytes, resulting in a range of cell responses including induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). In this study, we have used mixed cultures of human peripheral blood monocytes and lymphocytes to investigate biochemical events controlling SEB induction of TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha production induced by SEB in mixed cultures is more closely associated with T cells than with monocytes: (i) a TCR-binding-site mutant of SEB (N23F) is less active in TNF-alpha induction than an MHC class II receptor-binding-site mutant (F44R), and (ii) flow cytometric analysis indicated that SEB induced TNF-alpha production in T cells but not in monocytes. Pretreatment of cells with inhibitors of signal transduction pathways was employed to further define events in SEB-induced TNF-alpha production. Neither protein kinase A inhibitors nor two protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors altered SEB-induced TNF-alpha production. In contrast, SEB induced protein kinase C (PKC) translocation, and pretreatment of cultures with inhibitors of PKC blocked TNF-alpha induction. Alteration of levels of diacylglycerol (DAG), an activator of PKC, by treatment with inhibitors of phospholipase C or DAG kinase also altered SEB-induced TNF-alpha production. These data suggest that PKC activation plays a critical role in SEB-induced TNF-alpha production in human T cells.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20056, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neill
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jett
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D004768:Enterotoxins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal; D011493:Protein Kinase C