title: Prognostic factors in children with localized malignant nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prognostic factors were studied in children older than 1 year who were treated with chemotherapy for extracranial localized malignant non seminomatous germ cell tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from two consecutive protocols were pooled. The TGM 85 (1985-1989) protocol consisted of alternating courses of cyclophosphamide, dactinomycin and vinblastine, bleomycin, and cisplatin at a dose of 100 mg/m(2) per course. The TGM 90 (1990-1994) protocol was initiated with carboplatin 400 mg/m(2) substituted for cisplatin as the only modification to the previous protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, disease stage, and primary site and identified three prognostic groups. Patients with a poor prognosis had either an AFP level >/= 10,000 ng/mL or stage III disease and a sacrococcygeal or mediastinal primary site; such patients represented 46% of the patient population and experienced a 43% 3-year failure-free survival rate and a 77% overall survival rate. Patients with a good prognosis had an AFP level less than 10,000 ng/mL, stage I or II disease, and a testicular, ovarian, perineal, or retroperitoneal primary site; such patients represented 22% of the patient population and experienced no treatment failures. The other patients were classified in the intermediate prognosis group and represented 37% of the patient population, with an 81% 3-year failure-free survival rate and a 92% overall survival rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial AFP level, disease stage, and primary site are the most important prognostic factors in this analysis. Prognostic models for pediatric germ cell tumors should allow the stratification of patients for a risk-adapted approach to treatment.
authors.affiliation: CRLC Oscar Lambret, Lille, France. mc-baranzelli@o-lambret.fr
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Baranzelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kramar
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bouffet
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quintana
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rubie
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Edan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patte
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000032:analysis; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D018237:Germinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins