title: Comparison of laparoscopic performance in vivo with performance measured in a laparoscopic simulator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic skill was measured objectively through a series of seven tasks in an inanimate laparoscopic simulator. Seven analogous skills were tested in an in vivo porcine model. These skills included transferring, cutting, clipping, placement of a ligating loop, mesh placement, and suturing with an intracorporeal and extracorporeal knot. Scoring of each task rewarded precision and speed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve PGY3 residents were given a baseline evaluation in the simulator and in the animal model. They were then randomized to either five practice sessions in the simulator (group A) or no practice (group B). Each group was retested in the simulator and in the animal (final test). Scores in vivo were compared by t-test for baseline versus final evaluation for each group. Linear regression analysis was used to correlate in vivo and in vitro scores for each task and for the total score (sum of all scores).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group A showed significant improvement in performance in vivo for cutting, clipping, mesh placement, and suturing with an intracorporeal and extracorporeal knot, as well as in the total score (p < 0.05). Group B showed significant improvement in suturing with an intracorporeal and extracorporeal knot, and in the total score. The magnitude of improvement from baseline to final evaluation was significantly greater for group A (p < 0.05). There was significant correlation between in vitro and in vivo total scores and the score for each task (p < 0.05) except for placement of the ligating loop and mesh.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Performance in an in vitro laparoscopic simulator correlated significantly with performance in an in vivo animal model. Practice in the simulator resulted in improved performance in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room L 9-412, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Derossis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bothwell
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Sigman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002983:Clinical Competence; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*