title: Hospital acquired pneumonia in the medical intensive care unit--a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to define the prevalence, risk factors, spectrum of organisms and sensitivity patterns, and the outcome in patients with severe hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) in the Medical Intensive Care Unit (SCU) in a hospital in Singapore.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients admitted to the MICU over a 6-month period were studied and assessed daily to determine whether patients had developed HAP based on defined clinical criteria. Sputum or endotracheal aspirate was obtained and results recorded from each patient on admission and every subsequent three days throughout the stay in the MICU. Mortality during hospital stay was the main outcome measure recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 136 patients (150 admissions) were studied; 24 patients were identified as having HAP. The prevalence of HAP was 17% [both ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and pneumonia acquired from the ward (WAP)]. Cerebral disease was the main risk factor for VAP (OR 4.94, 95% CI 1.33-18.4). The spectrum of organisms which caused HAP were polymicrobial, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus. The mortality of patients with VAP and WAP were 72.7% and 76.9% respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study concludes that HAP in the MICU is common with a high mortality. The spectrum of organisms was comparable to previous studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Stebbings
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Ti
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D015996:Survival Rate