title: Improvement in hindbrain herniation demonstrated by serial fetal magnetic resonance imaging following fetal surgery for myelomeningocele.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hindbrain herniation occurs in a large percentage of children with myelomeningocele and is the leading cause of death in this population. The effect of early fetal closure of myelomeningocele on hindbrain herniation is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether early fetal closure of myelomeningocele affects hindbrain herniation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series of patients undergoing fetal myelomeningocele closure with serial measurements of hindbrain herniation and a mean follow-up of 182 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients undergoing fetal myelomeningocele closure at 22 to 25 weeks' gestation between March 1998 and February 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Need for shunt placement; degree of hindbrain herniation (grades 0-3) found on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed prior to surgery and 3 and 6 weeks after fetal surgery, as well as shortly after birth; gestational age at delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All initial fetal MRI scans performed at 19 to 24 weeks' gestation showed significant (grade 3) cerebellar herniation and absence of spinal fluid spaces around the cerebellum. Six fetuses were delivered electively at 36 weeks' gestation after lung maturity was established. The other 4 were delivered prematurely, at 25, 30, 30, and 31 weeks of gestation, and the 25-week gestation neonate died. All 9 surviving neonates showed improvement in the hindbrain hernia at the 3-week postoperative fetal scan (grade 2, n = 4; grade 1, n = 5). On the postnatal scan, all patients showed grade 1 hindbrain herniation. Only 1 patient required placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series of patients, fetal myelomeningocele closure resulted in improvement in hindbrain herniation as demonstrated by serial MRI scans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Phildelphia, 10194, USA. sutton@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Adzick
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Bilaniuk
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Crombleholme
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Flake
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012249:Rhombencephalon / Q000473:pathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome