title: Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) was developed as a screening instrument but its administration time has limited its clinical usefulness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the self-administered PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) has validity and utility for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care comparable to the original clinician-administered PRIME-MD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Criterion standard study undertaken between May 1997 and November 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight primary care clinics in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of a total of 3000 adult patients (selected by site-specific methods to avoid sampling bias) assessed by 62 primary care physicians (21 general internal medicine, 41 family practice), 585 patients had an interview with a mental health professional within 48 hours of completing the PHQ.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient Health Questionnaire diagnoses compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; health care use; and treatment/referral decisions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 825 (28%) of the 3000 individuals and 170 (29%) of the 585 had a PHQ diagnosis. There was good agreement between PHQ diagnoses and those of independent mental health professionals (for the diagnosis of any 1 or more PHQ disorder, kappa = 0.65; overall accuracy, 85%; sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 90%), similar to the original PRIME-MD. Patients with PHQ diagnoses had more functional impairment, disability days, and health care use than did patients without PHQ diagnoses (for all group main effects, P<.001). The average time required of the physician to review the PHQ was far less than to administer the original PRIME-MD (<3 minutes for 85% vs 16% of the cases). Although 80% of the physicians reported that routine use of the PHQ would be useful, new management actions were initiated or planned for only 117 (32%) of the 363 patients with 1 or more PHQ diagnoses not previously recognized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that the PHQ has diagnostic validity comparable to the original clinician-administered PRIME-MD, and is more efficient to use.
authors.affiliation: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Columbia University, New York 10032, USA. rls8@columbia.edu
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Spitzer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kroenke
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008603:Mental Health; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States