title: Increased susceptibility to light damage in an arrestin knockout mouse model of Oguchi disease (stationary night blindness)
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether constitutive signal flow arising from defective rhodopsin shut-off causes photoreceptor cell death in arrestin knockout mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The retinas of cyclic-light-reared, pigmented arrestin knockout mice and wild-type littermate control mice were examined histologically for photoreceptor cell loss from 100 days to 1 year of age. In separate experiments, to determine whether constant light would accelerate the degeneration in arrestin knockout mice, these animals and wild-type control mice were exposed for 1, 2, or 3 weeks to fluorescent light at an intensity of 115 to 150 fc. The degree of photoreceptor cell loss was quantified histologically by obtaining a mean outer nuclear layer thickness for each animal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In arrestin knockout mice maintained in cyclic light, photoreceptor loss was evident at 100 days of age, and it became progressively more severe, with less than 50% of photoreceptors surviving at 1 year of age. The photoreceptor degeneration appeared to be caused by light, because when these mice were reared in the dark, the retinal structure was indistinguishable from normal. When exposed to constant light, the retinas of wild-type pigmented mice showed no light-induced damage, regardless of exposure duration. By contrast, the retinas of arrestin knockout mice showed rapid degeneration in constant light, with a loss of 30% of photoreceptors after 1 week of exposure and greater than 60% after 3 weeks of exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that constitutive signal flow due to arrestin knockout leads to photoreceptor degeneration. Excessive light accelerates the cell death process in pigmented arrestin knockout mice. Human patients with naturally occurring mutations that lead to nonfunctional arrestin and rhodopsin kinase have Oguchi disease, a form of stationary night blindness. The present findings suggest that such patients may be at greater risk of the damaging effects of light than those with other forms of retinal degeneration, and they provide an impetus to restrict excessive light exposure as a protective measure in patients with constitutive signal flow in phototransduction.
authors.affiliation: Mary D. Allen Laboratory for Vision Research, Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Matthes
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yasumura
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: LaVail
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019393:Arrestin / Q000502:physiology*; D003623:Dark Adaptation; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009755:Night Blindness / Q000235:genetics*; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019393:Arrestin; D012243:Rhodopsin