title: Effect of modified ultrafiltration on plasma thromboxane B2, leukotriene B4, and endothelin-1 in infants undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plasma thromboxane B2 (TXB2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels increase on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Elevated levels of TXB2 and ET-1 have been correlated with postoperative pulmonary hypertension in infants undergoing repair of congenital heart defects. LTB4 is a potent chemotactic cytokine whose levels correlate with leukocyte-mediated injury. Modified ultrafiltration (MUF) has been associated with improved hemodynamics and pulmonary function, in addition to its beneficial effects on fluid balance and blood conservation. Recent investigations have suggested that removal of cytokines may be the cause of the improved cardiopulmonary function seen with MUF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma TXB2, ET-1, and LTB4 levels were measured in 34 infants undergoing CPB: 22 underwent MUF (group 1), and 12 did not (group 2). Samples were obtained at various time points. All patients underwent conventional ultrafiltration during the rewarming phase of cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group 1, mean end-CPB TXB2 level was 101.2 pg/mL versus 46.9 pg/mL post-MUF (p < 0.05). The mean TXB2 level 1 hour post-CPB (54.1 pg/mL) was not significantly different from the post-MUF level. In group 2, the mean end-CPB TXB2 level was 123.6 pg/mL versus 53.2 pg/mL 1 hour post-CPB. Hence, TXB2 levels decreased by similar amounts and to similar levels by 1 hour post-CPB in both groups. ET-1 levels increased after CPB and were unaffected by MUF: 1.45, 1.80, 2.55 pg/mL at end-CPB, post-MUF, and 1 hour post-CPB, respectively, in group 1; and 1.51, and 2.73 pg/mL at end-CPB and 1 hour post-CPB in group 2. LTB4 levels post-MUF were 119% of pre-MUF values, and were similar at 1 hour post-CPB in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite reduction in TXB2 by MUF, values were similar and approached baseline 1 hour post-CPB in both groups. LTB4 levels increased slightly with MUF. ET-1 levels increased during and post-CPB and were unaffected by MUF. MUF does not appear to have a significant effect on post-CPB levels of TXB2, ET-1, and LTB4. Therefore, the improved hemodynamics observed with MUF do not appear to be related to removal of these cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA. pearj0@chmcc.org
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pearl
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Saucier
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000097:blood / Q000601:surgery*; D006440:Hemofiltration; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D007223:Infant; D007975:Leukotriene B4 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000097:blood*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D007975:Leukotriene B4; D013929:Thromboxane B2