title: Improving the efficiency of the formalin test.
abstract: A time-sampling method that allows up to eight rats to be tested simultaneously in the formalin test is described and compared to the continuous rating method. Time sampling the behavioural response to formalin every 1 or 2 min produces scores that are essentially identical to continuous rating for both the formalin concentration effect relationship and the morphine dose effect relationship, with no loss of statistical power. The most important advantage of the method is that it allows data on other aspects of the rats' behaviour, such as behavioural state and the side effects of drugs to be scored during the formalin test. Formalin injection produces a dose-dependent decrease in locomotor and exploratory activity. The activity pattern of rats is normalized at morphine doses that produce about a 50% reduction in pain, while morphine doses high enough to completely suppress the pain response are accompanied by considerable sedation. The use of the jackknifing procedure to obtain unbiased estimates of the variability of parameters estimated from dose effect relationships is also described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Ave West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada.
authors.forename: Frances V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: Rok
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ocvirk
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Najafee
authors.forename: Keith B J
authors.initials: KBJ
authors.lastname: Franklin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D005404:Fixatives; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012984:Software; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005404:Fixatives; D005557:Formaldehyde