title: Phase III interlaboratory study of FETAX. Part 3. FETAX validation using 12 compounds with and without an exogenous metabolic activation system.
abstract: FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus) is a 96-h whole-embryo developmental toxicity screening assay that can be used in ecotoxicology and in detecting mammalian developmental toxicants when an in vitro metabolic activation system is employed. A standardized American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) guide for the conduct of FETAX has been published, along with a companion atlas that helps in embryo staging and in identifying malformations. As part of the ASTM process, an interlaboratory validation study was undertaken to evaluate the repeatability and reliability of FETAX and to evaluate the potential teratogenic hazard of 12 compounds. Three different laboratories participated in the study. All three participating laboratories had extensive experience with the assay. FETAX intralaboratory and interlaboratory variability, as judged by coefficients of variation, were very low. Potential teratogenic hazard was evaluated using two major criteria from FETAX experiments employing metabolic activation systems (MAS). These were the teratogenic index TI (TI = 96-h lc(50)/96-h ec(50) (malformation)) and the minimum concentration that inhibits growth (MCIG). A compound was considered teratogenic by this criterion when the MCIG was significantly different from controls at concentrations below the 30% level of the MAS 96-h lc(50). Based on the results of this and other studies, a decision table was constructed in order to evaluate additional studies. Severity of malformations caused, especially near the MAS 96-h ec(50) (malformation), were also evaluated. Four compounds were non-teratogenic but two compounds were clearly teratogenic. The remaining six compounds were ranked as equivocal teratogens. The results were discussed in light of the difficulty of producing an adequate decision table. FETAX proved to yield repeatable and reliable data as long as care was taken during range-finding and technicians were adequately trained. The MAS was essential in using FETAX to predict developmental hazard in mammals, and still requires further development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. bantle@ohio.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bantle
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Finch
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fort
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Stover
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumsher-King
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gaudet-Hull
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates; D020106:Acrylamide / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D018053:Arsenites / Q000633:toxicity; D001681:Biological Assay; D001711:Biotransformation / Q000187:drug effects; D001888:Boric Acids / Q000633:toxicity; D001959:Bromates / Q000633:toxicity; D062845:Chloroacetates; D020111:Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine) / Q000633:toxicity; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000633:toxicity; D005026:Ethylene Glycols / Q000633:toxicity; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007461:Iodoacetates / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000633:toxicity; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D018053:Arsenites; D001888:Boric Acids; D001959:Bromates; D062845:Chloroacetates; D005026:Ethylene Glycols; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D007461:Iodoacetates; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D017670:Sodium Compounds; D013723:Teratogens; D020111:Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine); D020106:Acrylamide; C053484:triglyme; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid; C013484:diethylene glycol; C032279:phthalic acid; C017766:tribromoacetic acid; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; C032688:boric acid; C060553:sodium bromate