title: Apocynin, a plant-derived, cartilage-saving drug, might be useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether apocynin, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanone, is able to diminish inflammation-induced cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), studied in a human in vitro model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apocynin was added to cultures of RA peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC). Cartilage-destructive activity was determined by addition of culture supernatant to tissue samples of human articular cartilage. In addition, the proliferation of PBMNC, their production of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TN-Falpha), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-10, and T-cell production of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-4, as measures for T1 and T2 cell activity, were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apocynin was able to counteract RA PBMNC-induced inhibition of cartilage matrix proteoglycan synthesis, while no effect on inflammation-enhanced proteoglycan release was found. The effect was accompanied by a decrease in IL-1 and TNF-alpha production by the MNC. No effect on T-cell proliferation was found, but the production of IFN-gamma, IL-4 and T-cell-derived IL-10 was strongly diminished. Most important, apocynin did not show any direct adverse effects on chondrocyte metabolism; on the contrary, it diminished the release of proteoglycans from the cartilage matrix.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apocynin in vitro inhibits inflammation-mediated cartilage destruction without having adverse effects on cartilage. The latter may be an advantage of apocynin over many other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Therefore, apocynin might have an added beneficial effect in protecting RA patients from joint destruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Lafeber
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Beukelman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van den Worm
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: van Roy
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Vianen
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van Roon
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bijlsma
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002356:Cartilage / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016207:Cytokines; C056165:acetovanillone