title: Elimination of viruses, phages, bacteria and Cryptosporidium by a new generation Aquaguard point-of-use water treatment unit.
abstract: The elimination of human viruses, phages, bacteria and Cryptosporidium oocysts by a new generation commercial Aquaguard purifier for the domestic treatment of drinking water, has been evaluated. The unit basically consists of a candle prefilter, activated carbon filter and ultraviolet irradiation compartment. Drinking water seeded with selected laboratory test strains of resistant micro-organisms was passed through the unit. Similar tests were carried out with sewage-contaminated river water and secondary treated waste water containing naturally occurring organisms. Test procedures were based on internationally accepted principles for the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment units, including a standard test protocol of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Reduction in numbers of seeded test organisms at several log levels higher than those expected in water for which the unit is intended, was determined by the cultivation of viable organisms. In the case of seeded viruses and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts the qualitative absence of nucleic acid was determined by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). At the design flow rate of one litre per minute, numbers of polio, hepatitis A, adeno types 2 and 41, rota SA11, human rota and astro viruses, as well as somatic and MS2 coliphages, and Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, total coliform bacteria, enterococci, heterotrophic bacteria and C. parvum oocysts, were reduced by more than 99.999% in all waters tested. This efficiency conforms to specifications for such units. The quality of the treated water was well within microbiological limits of international specifications for drinking water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, South Africa. wgrabow@medic.up.ac.za
authors.forename: W O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Grabow
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Clay
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dhaliwal
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vrey
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000254:growth & development*; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000254:growth & development*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012722:Sewage; D014780:Viruses / Q000254:growth & development*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage