title: Peptidomimetic fluoromethylketone rescues mice from lethal endotoxic shock.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Septic shock is a leading cause of mortality in intensive care units. No new interventions in the last 20 years have made a substantial impact on the outcome of patients with septic shock. Identification of inhibitable pathways that mediate death in shock is an important goal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two novel caspase inhibitors, (2-indolyl)-carbonyl-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (IDN 1529) and (1-methyl-3-methyl-2-indolyl)-carbonyl-Val-Asp-fluoromethylketone (IDN 1965), were studied in a murine model of endotoxic shock.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IDN 1529 prolonged survival when given before or up to 3 hr after high-dose LPS (p < 0.01) and increased by 2.2-fold the number of animals surviving longterm after a lower dose of LPS (p < 0.01). Despite its similar chemical structure, IDN 1965 lacked these protective effects. Both compounds inhibited caspases 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, and 9, and both afforded comparable reduction in Fas- and LPS-induced caspase 3-like activity and apoptosis. Paradoxically, administration of IDN 1529 but not IDN 1965 led to an increase in the LPS-induced elevation of serum cytokines related directly (IL-1beta, IL-18) or indirectly (IL-1alpha, IL-1Ra) to the action of caspase 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A process that appears to be distinct from both apoptosis and the release of inflammatory cytokines is a late-acting requirement for lethality in endotoxic shock. Inhibition of this process can rescue mice even when therapy is initiated after LPS has made the mice severely ill.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Grobmyer
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gabay
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Arend
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melchior
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Nathan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D015996:Survival Rate; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D016207:Cytokines; C118797:IDN 1529; D007211:Indoles; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C118798:N-((1,3-dimethylindole-2-carbonyl)-valinyl)-3-amino-4-oxo-5-fluoropentanoic acid; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019014:fas Receptor; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D020170:Caspase 1