title: Phase III comparison of twice-daily split-course irradiation versus once-daily irradiation for patients with limited stage small-cell lung carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because small-cell lung cancer is a rapidly proliferating tumor, it was hypothesized that it may be more responsive to thoracic irradiation (TI) given twice-daily than once-daily. This hypothesis was tested in a phase III trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer were entered onto a phase III trial, and all patients initially received three cycles of etoposide (130 mg/m(2) x 3) and cisplatin (30 mg/m(2) x 3). Subsequently, patients who did not have progression to a distant site (other than brain) were randomized to twice-daily thoracic irradiation (TDTI) versus once-daily thoracic irradiation (ODTI) given concomitantly with two additional cycles of etoposide (100 mg/m(2) x 3) and cisplatin (30 mg/m(2) x 3). The irradiation doses were TDTI, 48 Gy in 32 fractions, with a 2.5-week break after the initial 24 Gy, and ODTI, 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions. After thoracic irradiation, the patients received a sixth cycle of etoposide/cisplatin, followed by prophylactic cranial irradiation (30 Gy/15 fractions) if they had a complete response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 311 assessable patients enrolled in the trial, 262 underwent randomization to TDTI or ODTI. There were no differences between the two treatments with respect to local-only progression rates, overall progression rates, or overall survival. The patients who received TDTI had greater esophagitis (> or = grade 3) than those who received ODTI (12.3% v 5.3%; P =.05). Although patients received thoracic irradiation encompassing the postchemotherapy volumes, only seven of 90 local failures were out of the portal of irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When TI is delayed until the fourth cycle of chemotherapy, TDTI does not result in improvement in local control or survival compared with ODTI.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, and Duluth Community Clinical Oncology Program, Duluth, MN, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bonner
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Shanahan
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Krook
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Gerstner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maksymiuk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mailliard
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Tazelaar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hillman
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jett
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D005047:Etoposide; D002945:Cisplatin