title: Factors that predict intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in 81 patients initially treated by percutaneous ethanol injection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Japan, where liver transplantation has not been used to treat patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) has been employed for those with small HCCs that are not amenable to surgical resection. In the current study, the authors evaluated PEI as a treatment for HCC patients by studying recurrence rates and survival after treatment. They then examined the clinicopathologic factors that predicted patterns of local and distant intrahepatic recurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 81 patients who underwent PEI as initial therapy between 1990 and 1997, the cumulative recurrence and survival rates and their correlations with 16 clinicopathologic factors were studied using the Kaplan-Meier method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3-year overall cumulative rates of intrahepatic recurrence and survival were 81% and 84%, respectively. At the end of the observation period, intrahepatic recurrence was detected in 56 patients (69%). In 21 (38%) of 56 patients, local recurrences were significantly associated with earlier stages of underlying cirrhosis, decreased indocyanine green retention at 15 minutes (ICG R15), larger tumor size, and histologically advanced tumor grade. Distant intrahepatic recurrence was also significantly associated with liver function and ICG R15.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PEI is most effective as the initial treatment for patients with well-differentiated HCC when the tumor is less than 15 mm in greatest dimension. However, local recurrence depends predominantly on the biologic characteristics of the tumor, regardless of the efficacy of PEI. Surgical resection of HCC should be considered, especially for patients with mild liver dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hiwaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sako
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Komorizono
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kubozono
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arima
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000473:pathology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000032:analysis; D007564:Japan; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D007208:Indocyanine Green