title: Behavioral evaluation of the neurotoxicity produced by dichloroacetic acid in rats.
abstract: Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is commonly found in drinking water as a by-product of chlorination disinfection. It is a known neurotoxicant in rats, dogs, and humans. We have characterized DCA neurotoxicity in rats using a neurobehavioral screening battery under varying exposure durations (acute, subchronic, and chronic) and routes of administration (oral gavage and drinking water). Studies were conducted in both weanling and adult rats, and comparisons were made between Long-Evans and Fischer-344 rats. DCA produced neuromuscular toxicity comprised of limb weakness and deficits in gait and righting reflex; altered gait and decreased hindlimb grip strength were the earliest indicators of toxicity. Other effects included mild tremors, ocular abnormalities, and a unique chest-clasping response (seen in Fischer-344 rats only). Neurotoxicity was permanent (i.e., through 2 years) following a 6-month exposure to high dose levels, whereas the effects of intermediate dose levels with exposures of 3 months or less were slowly reversible. The severity, specificity, and recovery of neurological changes were route, duration, and strain dependent. Fischer-344 rats were more sensitive than Long-Evans rats, and weanling rats may be somewhat more sensitive than adults. Oral gavage produced significantly less toxicity compared to the same intake level received in drinking water. Neurotoxicity was progressive with continued exposure, and was observed at exposure levels as low as 16 mg/kg/day (lowest dose level tested) when administered via drinking water in subchronic studies. The data from these studies characterize the neurotoxicity produced by DCA, and show it to be more pronounced, persistent, and occurring at lower exposures than has been previously reported. Further research should take into account these marked route, age, and strain differences.
authors.affiliation: Neurotoxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA. moser.ginger@epamail.epa.gov
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: McDaniel
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: MacPhail
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004285:Dogs; D005684:Gait / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D011187:Posture; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects; D013045:Species Specificity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D009498:Neurotoxins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid