title: Diameter-reflux relationship in perforating veins of patients with varicose veins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment of chronic venous valvular insufficiency requires understanding of the hemodynamics of perforating veins. To preserve normal veins or veins that can function normally once primary sources of valvular insufficiency are removed, a better understanding of the diameter-reflux relationship is desirable. We measured reflux and diameters in 500 perforating veins of patients with varicose veins (C(2)E(P)A(SP)P(R)).
  
  
  METHODS
  Color flow duplex ultrasonography scanning was performed with the patient standing. Perforating veins were mapped medially in the thigh and medially, laterally, and posteriorly in the calf. Reflux was defined as reverse flow that lasted longer than 0.5 seconds. Diameters were measured on B-mode transverse projections at the crossing of the fascia. Competent versus incompetent vein diameters were compared by means of Student t test, one-way analysis of variance, and Bonferroni t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diameters of competent and incompetent perforators averaged 2.5 +/- 0.9 mm (n = 17) and 4.7 +/- 1.9 mm (n = 17) at the medial thigh (P <.0002), 2.2 +/- 0.8 mm (n = 179) and 3.7 +/- 1.0 mm (n = 210) at the medial calf (P <.0001), 2.2 +/- 0.6 mm (n = 13) and 3.5 +/- 0.8 mm (n = 37) at the posterior calf (P <. 0001), and 2.1 +/- 0.8 mm (n = 9) and 3.3 +/- 0.7 mm (n = 18) at the lateral calf (P <.003), respectively. Perforating vein diameters of 3.5 mm or larger in the calf and thigh were associated with reflux in more than 90% of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An enlargement in the diameter of the perforating veins of 1 to 1.5 mm in the calf or 2 mm in the thigh of patients with varicose veins could be the difference between normal flow and reflux. Further studies are needed to confirm if elimination of reflux in patients with primary varicosity will transform incompetent perforators to competent ones.
authors.affiliation: Victoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sandri
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pontes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.forename: S X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Salles-Cunha
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology