title: Accuracy of recall in health-related quality-of-life assessment among men treated for prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the accuracy of patient recall of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in men who have undergone radical prostatectomy for early-stage prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients enrolled onto a longitudinal, observational cohort study of HRQOL after radical prostatectomy for early-stage prostate cancer were asked to assess their baseline HRQOL before surgery. They were later asked to recall their baseline HRQOL at intervals of 7 to 37 months after surgery. The two views of baseline HRQOL (actual and recall) were compared. HRQOL was measured with established instruments (the RAND 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey and a validated short form of the University of California Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index) that addressed impairment in the physical, mental, urinary, bowel, and sexual domains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, recall was poor. Patients tended to remember their baseline HRQOL as being better than it actually was. This effect was particularly striking for urinary and sexual function. Greater education and younger age diminished this effect in some domains. The effect did not vary with time since surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men undergoing radical prostatectomy for early-stage prostate cancer do not accurately recall their pretreatment HRQOL when asked several months or years later. This recall bias is constant throughout a period of 6 months to 3 years after surgery. By collecting data before treatment and observing subjects longitudinally, investigators can ensure that HRQOL changes are analyzed in the context of any impairment that may have been present at baseline. If a longitudinal study is not feasible, then great caution must be used if patients are asked to recall their pretreatment HRQOL.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Health Services, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and RAND Health Program, Santa Monica, CA 90095-1738, USA. mlitwin@ucla.edu
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Litwin
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McGuigan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors