title: Survival and prognostic stratification of 670 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify prognostic factors and a model predictive for survival in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (RCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  The relationship between pretreatment clinical features and survival was studied in 670 patients with advanced RCC treated in 24 Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center clinical trials between 1975 and 1996. Clinical features were first examined univariately. A stepwise modeling approach based on Cox proportional hazards regression was then used to form a multivariate model. The predictive performance of the model was internally validated through a two-step nonparametric bootstrapping process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median survival time was 10 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 9 to 11 months). Fifty-seven of 670 patients remain alive, and the median follow-up time for survivors was 33 months. Pretreatment features associated with a shorter survival in the multivariate analysis were low Karnofsky performance status (<80%), high serum lactate dehydrogenase (> 1.5 times upper limit of normal), low hemoglobin (< lower limit of normal), high "corrected" serum calcium (> 10 mg/dL), and absence of prior nephrectomy. These were used as risk factors to categorize patients into three different groups. The median time to death in the 25% of patients with zero risk factors (favorable-risk) was 20 months. Fifty-three percent of the patients had one or two risk factors (intermediate-risk), and the median survival time in this group was 10 months. Patients with three or more risk factors (poor-risk), who comprised 22% of the patients, had a median survival time of 4 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Five prognostic factors for predicting survival were identified and used to categorize patients with metastatic RCC into three risk groups, for which the median survival times were separated by 6 months or more. These risk categories can be used in clinical trial design and interpretation and in patient management. The low long-term survival rate emphasizes the priority of clinical investigation to identify more effective therapy.
authors.affiliation: Genitourinary Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Motzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazumdar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bacik
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amsterdam
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferrara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000145:classification / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006801:Humans; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009392:Nephrectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase