title: Heterozygous germline ATM mutations do not contribute to radiation-associated malignancies after Hodgkin's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The successful treatment of Hodgkin's disease has been associated with an increased incidence of secondary malignancies. To investigate whether genetic factors contribute to the development of secondary tumors, we collected family cancer histories and performed mutational analysis of the ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) gene, ATM, in a cohort of Hodgkin's disease survivors with secondary malignancies. ATM was chosen for evaluation because of the increased radiosensitivity of cells derived from AT patients and obligate heterozygotes and the epidemiologic observation that AT carriers are at increased risk for radiation-induced breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two patients who developed one or more neoplasms after treatment for Hodgkin's disease participated in this study. Personal and family histories of cancer were obtained through patient interviews and review of medical records. ATM mutational analysis was performed using a yeast-based protein truncation assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-six secondary neoplasms were observed in this cohort of 52 Hodgkin's disease survivors, with 18 patients (35%) developing more than one secondary neoplasm. Positive family histories of cancer were present in 11 (21%) of 52 patients, compared with three (4%) of 68 Hodgkin's disease patients in a comparison cohort who did not develop secondary neoplasms (P =.008; Fisher's exact test). No germline ATM mutations were identified, resulting in an estimated AT carrier frequency in this population of 0% (90% confidence interval, 0% to 4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of the number of tumors per individual and the family history of cancer in our cohort suggests that genetic factors may contribute to development of secondary neoplasms in a subset of Hodgkin's disease survivors. Mutational analysis, however, does not support a significant role for heterozygous truncating ATM mutations. Future studies evaluating other genes involved in DNA damage response pathways are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Risk Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Levitz
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Wahrer
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hegde
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neuberg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shafman
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Tarbell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mauch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ishioka
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Haber
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001260:Ataxia Telangiectasia / Q000235:genetics*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000235:genetics; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger