title: Economic methods for measuring the quality of life associated with HIV infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Quality of life is measured as utilities for cost-effectiveness analyses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the adequacy of three common utility elicitation methods for individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-positive participants (n = 75) rated three standardized health states (symptomatic HIV infection, minor AIDS defining illness, and major AIDS defining illness) with two utility elicitation methods (Standard Gamble [SG], and Time Trade-off [TTO]) and one value method (Visual Analog [VA]). Participants also rated their own health with one utility method (Health Utilities Index [HUI]) and one conventional quality of life method (Medical Outcomes Study--HIV Health Survey [MOS-HIV]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all states, SG and TTO scores ranged from near 0.00 (equivalent to death) to 1.00 (best possible quality of life). Mean scores for symptomatic HIV were similar with the SG (0.80) and TTO (0.81) but higher than with the VA (0.70). Similar results were observed for minor AIDS defining illnesses (0.65, 0.65, 0.46 respectively) and major AIDS defining illnesses (0.42, 0.44, 0.25 respectively). Discrepant SG and TTO scores were observed in many individuals and were not explained by demographic characteristics. As expected, HUI scores of an individual's own health were related to the disease state. Four of ten MOS-HIV subscales (overall health, physical functioning, role functioning, and pain) were also related to disease state. HUI scores were correlated with the MOS-HIV score for overall health and for all MOS-HIV subscales except health transition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean utility scores for HIV-related health states elicited by the Standard Gamble and Time Trade-off were similar but a large degree of individual variation persists. Economic methods provide imprecise estimates of the quality of life associated with HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada. ahmed.bayoumi@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bayoumi
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Redelmeier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D026712:Value of Life