Ozone effects on airway responsiveness, lung injury, and inflammation. Comparative rat strain and in vivo/in vitro investigations.
Asthmatic individuals appear to be particularly sensitive to the effects of certain air pollutants-including ozone (O(3)), an oxidant ambient air pollutant-for reasons that are poorly understood. The general purpose of these studies, therefore, was to expand and improve upon toxicologic methods for assessing ozone-induced effects on the airways of the rat by (1) developing an in vivo testing procedure that allows detection of airway responsiveness changes in rats exposed to ozone; (2) identifying a strain of rat that may be inherently more sensitive to the effects of ozone; and (3) validation of an in vitro epithelial culture system to more directly assess airway cellular/subcellular effects of ozone. Using methacholine inhalation challenges, we detected increased airway responsiveness in senescent F344 rats acutely after ozone exposure (2 ppm x 2 h). We also determined that acutely after ozone exposure (0.5 ppm x 8 h), Wistar rats developed significantly greater lung injury, neutrophilic inflammation, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid concentrations of IL-6 than either Sprague-Dawley (SD) or F344 rats. SD rats had greater BAL fluid concentrations of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), while F344 rats consistently exhibited the least effect. Wistar rat-derived tracheal epithelial (RTE) cultures were exposed in vitro to air or ozone (0.1-1.0 ppm x 1 h), and examined for analogous effects. In a concentration-dependent manner, ozone exposure resulted in acute but minor cytotoxicity. RT polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of RNA isolated from ozone-exposed cells demonstrated variable increases in steady-state gene expression of IL-6 at 4 h postexposure, while at 24 h cellular fibronectin expression (EIIIA domain) was decreased. Exposure was without effect on macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) or gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase expression. At 6 h postexposure, IL-6 synthesis and apical release appeared increased in ozone-exposed cells (1 ppm x 1 h). MIP-2 release was not significantly increased in ozone-exposed cells. At 2 h postexposure, ozone exposure resulted in minor increases in apical fibronectin, but exposure was without effect on basolateral accumulation of fibronectin. Exposure to 1.0, but not 0.1 ppm (x 1 h), increased production of cyclooxygenase (i.e., PGE(2)) and noncyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid. Results demonstrate that multiple inflammatory mediator pathways are affected by ozone exposure. Such effects could exacerbate morbidity in individuals with preexisting airway inflammation such as asthmatics.
Dye
J A
JA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, ETD, PTB, MD-82, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Dye.Janice@epamail.epa.gov
Madden
M C
MC
Richards
J H
JH
Lehmann
J R
JR
Devlin
R B
RB
Costa
D L
DL
D000818:Animals; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D010126:Ozone / Q000633:toxicity*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014132:Trachea / Q000473:pathology
D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical; D010126:Ozone