title: Positive end-expiratory pressure improves respiratory function in obese but not in normal subjects during anesthesia and paralysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morbidly obese patients, during anesthesia and paralysis, experience more severe impairment of respiratory mechanics and gas exchange than normal subjects. The authors hypothesized that positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) induces different responses in normal subjects (n = 9; body mass index < 25 kg/m2) versus obese patients (n = 9; body mass index > 40 kg/m2).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors measured lung volumes (helium technique), the elastances of the respiratory system, lung, and chest wall, the pressure-volume curves (occlusion technique and esophageal balloon), and the intraabdominal pressure (intrabladder catheter) at PEEP 0 and 10 cm H2O in paralyzed, anesthetized postoperative patients in the intensive care unit or operating room after abdominal surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At PEEP 0 cm H2O, obese patients had lower lung volume (0.59 +/- 0.17 vs. 2.15 +/- 0.58 l [mean +/- SD], P < 0.01); higher elastances of the respiratory system (26.8 +/- 4.2 vs. 16.4 +/- 3.6 cm H2O/l, P < 0.01), lung (17.4 +/- 4.5 vs. 10.3 +/- 3.2 cm H2O/l, P < 0.01), and chest wall (9.4 +/- 3.0 vs. 6.1 +/- 1.4 cm H2O/l, P < 0.01); and higher intraabdominal pressure (18.8 +/-7.8 vs. 9.0 +/- 2.4 cm H2O, P < 0.01) than normal subjects. The arterial oxygen tension was significantly lower (110 +/- 30 vs. 218 +/- 47 mmHg, P < 0.01; inspired oxygen fraction = 50%), and the arterial carbon dioxide tension significantly higher (37.8 +/- 6.8 vs. 28.4 +/- 3.1, P < 0.01) in obese patients compared with normal subjects. Increasing PEEP to 10 cm H2O significantly reduced elastances of the respiratory system, lung, and chest wall in obese patients but not in normal subjects. The pressure-volume curves were shifted upward and to the left in obese patients but were unchanged in normal subjects. The oxygenation increased with PEEP in obese patients (from 110 +/-30 to 130 +/- 28 mmHg, P < 0.01) but was unchanged in normal subjects. The oxygenation changes were significantly correlated with alveolar recruitment (r = 0.81, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During anesthesia and paralysis, PEEP improves respiratory function in morbidly obese patients but not in normal subjects.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Anestesia e Rianimazione, Università di Milano, Ospedale Magiore, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pelosi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ravagnan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giurati
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Panigada
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bottino
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tredici
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eccher
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gattinoni
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D000758:Anesthesia; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000502:physiology; D001261:Pulmonary Atelectasis / Q000517:prevention & control; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen