title: Clostridium frigidicarnis sp. nov., a psychrotolerant bacterium associated with 'blown pack' spoilage of vacuum-packed meats.
abstract: Two strains of a psychrotolerant Clostridium, isolated from vacuum-packed, temperature-abused beef, were characterized using a multiphasic approach. The strains were Gram-positive motile rods producing elliptical subterminal spores during early stationary growth phase. The strains were psychrotolerant. At pH 7.0, they grew between 3.8 and 40.5 degrees C; their optimum growth temperature was 30.0-38.5 degrees C. At 30 degrees C, the pH range for growth was between 4.7 and 9.5; the optimum pH for growth was 6.4-7.2. The organisms were proteolytic and saccharolytic, lecithinase-positive and hydrolysed gelatin. The fermentation products formed in peptone/yeast extract/glucose/starch broth were acetate, ethanol, butyrate, isovalerate, butanol, isobutyrate, oxalacetate, lactate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The DNA G + C compositions of the two meat strains were 27.3 and 28.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the strains belong to Cluster I of the genus Clostridium (sensu Collins et al., 1994). The new strains differed from phylogenetically related clostridia in terms of cellular fatty acid composition, soluble protein profiles and phenotypic properties. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characterization data, the strains were assigned to a new species for which the name Clostridium frigidicarnis is proposed; strain SPL77AT (= DSM 12271T) is the type strain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, New Zealand. d.broda@mirinz.org.nz
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Broda
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Musgrave
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001482:Base Composition; D002417:Cattle; D003013:Clostridium / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005516:Food Microbiology; D018857:Food Packaging; D005740:Gases; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D005740:Gases; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S