title: Review article: pharmacological options in achalasia.
abstract: Achalasia is a common primary oesophageal motor disorder. Treatment has been based traditionally on a surgical approach; however, there is new evidence that some medical strategies may be of benefit. The purpose of the present article was to review the current medical management of achalasia. A Medline search identified original articles and reviews published in the English-language literature between 1966 and 1998. This search has revealed that the pharmacological treatment of achalasia is limited to some subgroups of patients (for example, early stages of the disease and elderly patients), and that nitrates, nifedipine, and botulinum toxin are the best studied and most effective compounds.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Motility Laboratory, GI & Hepatology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Italy. gabassot@tin.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bassotti
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Annese
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009566:Nitrates / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D009566:Nitrates; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D009543:Nifedipine