title: Accommodation responses and ageing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the impact of age on accommodation dynamics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monocular accommodation responses were measured continuously using a modified Canon Auto Ref R1 infrared optometer. The stimulus was a single letter oscillating sinusoidally between 2.38 and 1.33 D providing a stimulus amplitude of 0.52 D, about a mean level of 1.86 D. Response characteristics were used to quantify gain and phase. Step responses were also recorded between these stimulus vergence levels for calibration purposes and to measure reaction and response times. Nineteen visually normal subjects 18 to 49 years of age participated, and 11 frequencies were used in the range 0.05 to 1.0 Hz. A key feature of the experimental design was to use a stimulus vergence range that lay within the amplitude of accommodation of all the observers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accommodation gain reduced and phase lag increased with age, particularly at the higher frequencies used. No strongly significant change with age was found for reaction and response times or accommodation velocity, and results were similar for both far-to-near and near-to-far responses. Response amplitude for the step change in target vergence declined with age, and substantial differences were found between the measured and predicted (from reaction time) phase lags at 1.0 Hz as a function of age. Young observers showed a phase lag that was shorter than predicted, whereas older observers' measured phase lags were considerably larger than predicted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results show that for a target oscillating sinusoidally in a predictable manner at a modest amplitude, the main ageing effects occur in phase lag, which is appreciably longer than predicted from reaction times in the older observers. The effects of ageing on gain were not as marked. Although responses to small step changes do reduce with age, there is no evidence of increased response times with ageing. In general, accommodation function in the middle-aged eye is quite robust despite a dwindling amplitude of accommodation. These results provide evidence of accommodative vigor in youth and a slowing of accommodation with ageing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland, United Kingdom. ghe@gcal.ac.uk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heron
authors.forename: W N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Charman
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged