title: Hemodynamic function at rest, during acute stress, and in the field: predictors of cardiac structure and function 2 years later in youth.
abstract: Left ventricular hypertrophy is an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, predictors of cardiac structure and function in youth are not completely understood. On 2 occasions (2.3 years apart), we examined 146 youth aged initially 10 to 19 years (mean age, 14.2+/-1.8 years). On the initial visit, hemodynamic function was assessed at rest, during laboratory stress (ie, orthostasis, car-driving simulation, video game, and forehead cold), and in the field (ie, ambulatory blood pressure). Quantitative M-mode echocardiograms were obtained on both visits. On both visits, black compared with white youth had higher resting laboratory systolic blood pressure (P<0.02), greater relative wall thickness (P<0.003), greater left ventricular mass indexed by either body surface area or height(2.7) (P<0.01 for both), and lower midwall fractional shortening ratio (P<0.05). Hierarchical stepwise regression analysis indicated that significant independent predictors of follow-up left ventricular mass/height(2. 7) were the initial evaluation of left ventricular mass/height(2.7), body mass index, gender (males more than females), and supine resting total peripheral resistance (final model R(2)=0.53). Left ventricular mass/body surface area was predicted by initial left ventricular mass/body surface area, weight, gender, mean supine resting total peripheral resistance, and systolic pressure response to car-driving simulation (final model R(2)=0.48). Midwall fractional shortening was predicted by initial midwall fractional shortening, race (white more than black), and lower mean supine total peripheral resistance (final model R(2)=0.13). The clinical significance of these findings and their implications for improved prevention of cardiovascular diseases are yet to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-3710, USA.
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Kapuku
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Treiber
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Harshfield
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mensah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left