title: Lumbar coupling during lateral translations of the thoracic cage relative to a fixed pelvis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine lumbar coupling during lateral postural translations (lumbosacral list) of the thoracic cage relative to a fixed pelvis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Digitized measurements from anteroposterior lumbar radiographs of 17 volunteers were obtained in neutral, maximal left lateral translation and maximal right lateral translation posture of the thoracic cage compared to a fixed pelvis. Subjects were constrained with two sets of clamps at the lateral borders of the pelvis and lower ribs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Data. Clinically, lumbosacral list is a common posture. Range of motion and spinal coupling results have not been reported for the lumbosacral list movement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four vertebral body corners, mid narrow-waisted body margins, superior and inferior pedicle margins, and spinous-lamina junction of T12-L5 were digitized on 51 anterior-posterior lumbar radiographs. Using the orthogonal axes of positive x-direction to the left, vertical as positive y, and anterior as positive z, digitized points were used to measure projected segmental z-axis rotation, y-axis rotation, and segmental lateral translations of each vertebra.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the displacement of T12, subjects could translate 35-70 mm left or right along the x-axis with an average of 53.2 mm to the left and 52.1 mm to the right. Using superior endplates to superior sacral base, lateral flexion was largest at L1 and decreased from L1 to L5, but the segmental rotation angles for lateral flexion were largest at L2-L3 (3.9 degrees ), L3-L4 (6.2 degrees ) and L4-L5 (5.7 degrees ) and were in the same direction as the main motion translation. The relative z-axis rotation of T12 was opposite to the direction of L1-L5. The coupled y-axis rotations were less than 1 degrees and coupled segmental lateral translations were averaging less than 1 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thoracic cage x-axis translations compared to a fixed pelvis are significant, between 35 and 70 mm. The z-axis lumbar coupled rotation was largest at L2-L3, L3-L4 and L4-L5 and to the same side of the main motion translation in L1-L5, but opposite the main motion direction for T12. All other movements were small, averaging less than 1 degrees or 1 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinically common posture of lateral translation of the thoracic cage (lumbosacral list) is often associated with disc herniation. Yet normal lumbar coupling patterns and total range of motion of this movement have not been established in the literature. Normal values for lumbar segmental coupling on anterior-posterior lumbo-pelvic radiographs during trunk list might be important for an analysis of segmental instability since segmental translations were determined to be 1 mm or less.
authors.affiliation: Private Practice Elko, Nevada, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cailliet
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Janik
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Troyanovich
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Coleman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D010388:Pelvis / Q000502:physiology*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology; D013909:Thorax / Q000502:physiology*