title: The radiological exposure of man from radioactivity in the Baltic Sea.
abstract: A radiological assessment has been carried out considering discharges of radioactivity to the Baltic Sea marine environment since 1950. The sources of radioactivity that have been evaluated are atmospheric nuclear-weapons fallout, fallout from the Chernobyl accident in 1986, discharges of radionuclides from Sellafield and La Hague transported into the Baltic Sea, and discharges of radionuclides from nuclear installations located in the Baltic Sea area. Dose rates from man-made radioactivity to individual members of the public (critical groups) have been calculated based on annual intake of seafood and beach occupancy time. The dose rates to individuals from the regions of the Bothnian Sea and Gulf of Finland are predicted to be larger than from any other area in the Baltic Sea due to the pattern of Chernobyl fallout. The dose rates are predicted to have peaked in 1986 at a value of 0.2 mSv year-1. Collective committed doses to members of the public have been calculated based on fishery statistics and predicted concentrations of radionuclides in biota and coastal sediments. The total collective dose from man-made radioactivity in the Baltic Sea is estimated at 2600 manSv, of which approximately two-thirds originate from Chernobyl fallout, approximately one-quarter from atmospheric nuclear-weapons fallout, approximately 8% from European reprocessing facilities, and approximately 0.04% from nuclear installations bordering the Baltic Sea area. An assessment of small-scale dumping of low-level radioactive waste in the Baltic Sea in the 1960s by Sweden and the Soviet Union has showed that doses to man from these activities are negligible. Dose rates and doses from natural radioactivity dominate except for the year 1986 where dose rates to individuals from Chernobyl fallout in some regions of the Baltic Sea approached those from natural radioactivity.
authors.affiliation: Risø National Laboratory, Nuclear Safety Research Department, Roskilde, Denmark. sven.nielsen@risoe.dk
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bengtson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bojanowsky
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hagel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ilus
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jakobson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Motiejunas
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Panteleev
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skujina
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suplinska
mesh_terms: D001454:Baltic States; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011847:Radioactive Fallout / Q000032:analysis*; D018788:Radioactive Hazard Release; D011868:Radioisotopes; D014455:Ukraine; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D014878:Water Pollution, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011847:Radioactive Fallout; D011868:Radioisotopes; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive