title: Tumor size and lymph-node status in pancreatic carcinoma - is there a correlation to the preoperative immune function?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has not been clarified whether there is a correlation between the tumor size and the preoperative immune function in pancreatic carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective trial, the influence of tumor size and lymph-node status on different immune system factors [interleukins (IL)-6 and -10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, CD3-, CD4-, and CD8-lymphocytes, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR-monocytes] was analyzed in 28 patients with pancreatic carcinoma and compared with a control group (n=20). There were 3 pancreatic carcinomas of the T1-tumor type, 20 T2- and 5 T3-tumors; 14 patients were in stage N1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with the control group, tumor patients preoperatively showed a significant increase of leukocytes (P=0.02), monocytes (P=0. 04), and granulocytes (P=0.03). The total count of lymphocytes, the number of CD3-, CD4- and CD8-lymphocytes, and the expression of HLA-DR on monocytes were significantly decreased as a sign of immunosuppression in tumor patients. A multivariate analysis proved that only tumor size (T-stage) but not lymph-node status correlates with the deficiency of immune competence. Progressive tumor size correlated with decreasing expression of HLA-DR on monocytes, CD3- (P=0.04) and CD8- (P=0.02) lymphocytes. In contrast IL-6, IL-10 (P=0. 04) and TNF-alpha (P=0.02) increased with progressive tumor size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regarding the negative prognosis after resection, the preoperative immune status could be an additional help for decision between a resection or a preoperative immune stimulation in pancreatic carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité Campus Mitte, Humboldt-University Berlin, Schumannstr. 20/21, D-10098 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Jacobi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zieren
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Döcke
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D016015:Logistic Models; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens