title: Low-oestrogen oral contraceptives as a major risk factor for cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis: evidence from a clinical series.
abstract: Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVST) is still considered a severe clinical problem that is difficult to diagnose and manage and is linked to a poor prognosis. Nonetheless, conventional cerebral angiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or more recently, MR angiography allow a more rapid and precise diagnosis, and prognosis has improved with the use of anticoagulant treatment. We report 23 cases of CVST consecutively admitted to the Institute of Neurology of the University of Parma during the period 1990-1997. In all cases diagnosis was confirmed by means of MRI or conventional angiography of brain vessels. Among the patients, 22 were female and 1 was male. In all patients, plasma levels of protein C, protein S, antithrombin III (ATIII) and antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) were evaluated. In 15 of 23 patients, the presence of factor V Leiden mutation was also determined, and found positive in 3 patients (20%). Of the 22 female patients, 15 (68%) were on low-oestrogen (containing less than 50 microg oestrogen) oral contraceptive (OC) treatment. This percentage of OC use by patients with CVST is much higher than that of the rest of the female Italian population. OC use was associated with the presence of factor V Leiden mutation in two cases, with a deficiency of protein C in 1 case and a deficiency of protein S in another.Whether low-oestrogen Ocs may induce cerebral thromboembolic events is an open matter. According to our data, it may be argued that Ocs, even if at low oestrogen content, represent a major risk factor for CVST. The use of Ocs, as is the case for systemic venous thromboembolic events, may further increase the risk of CVST in women carrying the factor V Leiden mutation or other inherited hyperthrombotic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buccino
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Scoditti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pini
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Tagliaferri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manotti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mancia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002550:Cerebral Veins; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005165:Factor V / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012851:Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D004967:Estrogens; C095381:factor V Leiden; D005165:Factor V