title: Increased serum strontium levels in dialysis patients: an epidemiological survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously reported on increased bone strontium levels in dialysis patients with osteomalacia versus those presenting other types of renal osteodystrophy. A causal role of strontium in the development of osteomalacia was established in a chronic renal failure rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  To further elucidate the latter issue and to find out whether dialysis patients from particular centers/countries are at an increased risk for strontium accumulation, a worldwide multicenter study was established. In total, 834 patients from 34 dialysis centers in 23 countries were included. In each of the patients, a serum sample was taken for strontium determination, and water and dialysate samples were taken at the various steps of the water purification process. For each patient clinical data and for each center dialysis modalities were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strontium levels in serum of dialysis patients showed major differences between the various centers, ranging from mean values of 25 +/- 8 microgram/liter in the center with the lowest level up to 466 +/- 90 microgram/liter in the center with the highest concentration. It is of interest that these high levels were mainly found in developing countries. Furthermore, our data point toward a role of the final dialysate in the accumulation of the element, as indicated by the strong correlation (r = 0.74, P < 0.001) between mean serum and dialysate strontium levels. As the high tap water concentration of strontium was adequately reduced during the water purification process, contamination of the final dialysis fluid occurred by the addition of concentrates contaminated with strontium. Besides the dialysate, other factors, such as duration of dialysis, vitamin D supplements, or types of phosphate binders, played a less important role in the accumulation of the element.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data of this multicenter study indicate patients of particular dialysis centers to be at an increased risk for strontium accumulation, the clinical consequence of which is under current investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schrooten
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Elseviers
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Lamberts
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: De Broe
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: D'Haese
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013324:Strontium / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D013324:Strontium