title: Using practical quality improvement approaches and tools in reproductive health services in east Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A nonprofit, nongovernment organization, AVSC International provides technical assistance worldwide, including a range of reproductive health services and quality improvement (QI) approaches and tools. Current activities in East Africa involve several hundred sites, including referral hospitals, district-level hospitals, and individual family planning clinics. THE QI PACKAGE: AVSC and its local partners developed Client-Oriented, Provider-Efficient Services (COPE), a problem-solving process and set of tools to involve all levels of site staff members in assessing and improving the services. The COPE tools--self-assessment guides, client interview guides, client flow analyses, and action plans--promote involvement, ownership, and commitment to the QI process. Facilitative supervision and whole-site training complemented AVSC's traditional approaches of medical monitoring and informed choice. Facilitative supervision encourages supervisors and managers to consider staff members as internal customers, whose needs they must meet for staff to be able to meet the needs of external customers (clients). Whole-site training was developed to meet the needs of staff members and providers, who needed to function as a team responsible for providing high-quality services.
  
  
  METHODS
  A government hospital that has adopted the entire package of QI approaches, has used the Quality Improvement Quotient self-assessment surveys to track its progress in several elements of high-quality care, including management and supervision, safety, and information and client--provider interactions. For example, maternity ward staff learned how to pass on to their clients information about clients' rights and family planning methods through posters, pamphlets, sample contraceptives, and health talks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AVSC's work with local organizations suggests a number of lessons learned, including the following: easy-to-use tools that promote staff involvement and ownership are essential in the QI process, QI requires considerable staff development and capacity building at all levels, and although the QI approaches were initially introduced for a relatively narrow field of services, they are applicable to and have increasingly been used in other departments and wards. (It is difficult, may be impossible, and certainly undesirable, to limit QI activities to one ward or service.)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activities in East Africa have shown that QI is possible even in very resource-poor settings. The same principles have guided the process in all the different programs, with some adaptation of the tools used. AVSC program activities are to continue to disseminate the experiences of sites implementing the package of tools and approaches, to advocate for investment in supervision and management capacity building as a means to support continuous quality improvement, and to further study the impact of the QI approaches on service quality.
authors.affiliation: Quality Improvement Program, AVSC International, New York, NY 10001, USA. mdohlie@avsc.org
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dohlie
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mielke
authors.forename: F K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Mumba
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Wambwa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rukonge
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mongo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000351:Africa, Eastern; D000368:Aged; D003267:Contraception; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D018166:Health Care Reform; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D011340:Problem Solving; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014837:Voluntary Health Agencies / Q000458:organization & administration*