title: Endoscopic techniques for retrieval of proximally migrated biliary stents: the Amsterdam experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopic retrieval of proximally migrated biliary plastic stents may be technically challenging and sometimes unsuccessful. Despite the widespread use of such stents, there are few reports on the technique for retrieval of migrated stents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of patients who were found to have proximally migrated biliary stents during the last 3 years at a tertiary referral center. Our study analyzed the various techniques used for endoscopic retrieval and evaluated the factors influencing the choice of a particular technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endoscopic retrieval of a proximally migrated stent was attempted in 41 patients and was successful in 37 (90%). The retrieval techniques included Dormia basket, balloon, balloon and basket, basket and ball tip catheter, forceps, and Soehendra stent retriever. The Dormia basket technique was successful in the majority of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proximally migrated biliary stents can be successfully removed endoscopically in most cases. The choice of a retrieval technique is dependent on several factors including biliary ductal dilatation, depth of stent migration, distal stent impaction and biliary stricture distal to the migrated stent. The placement of an additional stent alongside an irretrievable stent is a satisfactory alternative to retrieval.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Chaurasia
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rauws
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fockens
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huibregtse
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation; D002758:Cholangiography; D001651:Cholestasis, Extrahepatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019723:Endoscopes; D004867:Equipment Design; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome