title: Patient-level estimates of the cost of complications in diabetes in a managed-care population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop incidence-based estimates of the cost of several diabetes-related complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study in a large health maintenance organisation. A total of 8905 patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and 36,520 age- and gender-matched controls without diabetes were observed from 1992 to 1995. Incidence rates of 6 major diabetes-related complications were computed for both populations. Annual health expenditures in the first and second year following diagnosis were computed for each complication. For comparison, annual costs were derived for individuals without diabetes or the complication of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 3 years of observation, incidence rates for the groups with and without diabetes were as follows: myocardial infarction 9.0 versus 3.2%; stroke 8.7 versus 3.8%; hypertension 26.2 versus 16.9%; end-stage renal disease 5.9 versus 1.4%; foot ulcer 7.9 versus 1.1%; and eye disease 44.3 versus 2.8%. Expressed as a multiple of the average annual cost of care for those without diabetes [$US3400/year (1995 dollars) for those over 65 years of age] and the related complication of interest, excess expenditures for those with diabetes were as follows for the first year following diagnosis: no complications 1.59; myocardial infarction 4.1; stroke 3.5; hypertension 2.56; end-stage renal disease 4.32; foot ulcer 4.0; and eye disease 2.46. For younger cohorts (less prevalent in the sample), incremental costs for each complication were generally greater than in the older group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high incidences and costs may support the value of aggressive early intervention for patients with diabetes. These data will be useful for pharmacoeconomic modelling of the cost effectiveness of new and existing therapies for this condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. sramsey@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blough
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: McCulloch
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies