title: Effects of current and former cigarette smoking on the clinical course of Crohn's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking is associated with a more severe course of Crohn's disease, but individual factors determining this effect are poorly known and it is not clear whether smoking cessation is associated with an improvement in the disease activity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the factors determining the harmful effect of smoking in individuals with Crohn's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 622 consecutive patients with Crohn's disease and Crohn's disease activity index <200 were enrolled in a prospective 12-18 month cohort study. Patients were classified as current smokers, former smokers, or non-smokers. Alcohol consumption, oral contraceptive use, body mass index, and blood lipid levels were also recorded. The main outcome measure was the rate of flare-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 139 current smokers (46%) developed a flare-up, vs. 79 non-smokers (30%) and 13 former smokers (23%). The relative risk of flare-up adjusted for confounding factors was 1.35 (1.03-1.76) in current smokers. This risk was increased in patients with previously inactive disease and in those who had no colonic lesions. It became significant above a threshold of 15 cigarettes per day. Former smokers behaved like non-smokers. Obesity, dyslipidaemia, and alcohol consumption had no significant effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current smoking, particularly heavy smoking, markedly increases the risk of flare-up in Crohn's disease. Former smokers have a risk similar to that of non-smokers.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Hépatogastroentérologie et Nutrition, Hôpital Rothschild, Paris, France. jacques.cosnes@rth.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cosnes
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carbonnel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carrat
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beaugerie
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cattan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gendre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015993:Life Tables; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012459:Salicylates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012907:Smoking / Q000473:pathology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D012459:Salicylates