title: 240Pu/239Pu isotopic ratios and 239 + 240Pu total measurements in surface and deep waters around Mururoa and Fangataufa atolls compared with Rangiroa atoll (French Polynesia).
abstract: The average values of 240Pu/239Pu mass isotopic ratios of plutonium deposited in Mururoa and Fangataufa atoll sediments by French atmospheric nuclear tests range from 3.5 to 5%. In order to assess the near field and far field influence of those deposits in the open ocean, two water profiles were measured for 239 + 240Pu and 240Pu/239Pu using, for the first time, an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer which was developed to achieve femtogram detection limits. One site was located at the limit of the French territorial waters, which is 22 km distant from Mururoa. The second site was located close to Rangiroa atoll, at a distance of approximately 1200-km from French nuclear test sites. The sample volumes were approximately 500 litres and plutonium was purified prior to mass spectrometry and alpha spectrometry measurements. In Rangiroa, the 239 + 240Pu profile is comparable with those already determined in world open oceans but the maximum detected activity, 9 mBq/m3 at 500-600 m is a lot lower than those measured in the northern hemisphere. 240Pu/239Pu ratios were measured between 500 and 1000 m and were not statistically different from the typical 0.18 +/- 0.01 ratio which characterises the global fallout. Consequently, any influence of plutonium from the tests in Mururoa and Fangataufa is not apparent at Rangiroa. The vertical distribution of 239 + 240Pu near Mururoa shows similar changes with depth but with a slight increase in concentration. 240Pu/239Pu mass ratios vary with depth, from 7 to 10% in the upper 500 m and in the deep waters (below 1000 m) to 15-16% between 600 and 1000 m. A contribution from plutonium deposited in the sediments at Mururoa and Fangataufa is observed at the limit of territorial waters, especially in surface and deep waters.
authors.affiliation: Direction DAM-Ile de-France, Département Analyse et Surveillance de l'Environnement, Bruyères-le-Châtel, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chiappini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pointurier
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Millies-Lacroix
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lepetit
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hemet
mesh_terms: D006207:Half-Life; D007554:Isotopes; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009689:Nuclear Warfare; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D011005:Plutonium / Q000032:analysis*; D011114:Polynesia; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011847:Radioactive Fallout; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D014878:Water Pollution, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007554:Isotopes; D011847:Radioactive Fallout; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D011005:Plutonium