title: Saturable metabolism of continuous high-dose ifosfamide with mesna and GM-CSF: a pharmacokinetic study in advanced sarcoma patients. Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacology, toxicity and activity of high-dose ifosfamide mesna +/- GM-CSF administered by a five-day continuous infusion at a total ifosfamide dose of 12-18 g/m2 in adult patients with advanced sarcomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1991 and October 1992 32 patients with advanced or metastatic sarcoma were entered the study. Twenty-seven patients were pretreated including twenty-three with prior ifosfamide at less than 8 g/m2 total dose/cycle. In 25 patients (27 cycles) extensive pharmacokinetic analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for ifosfamide increased linearly with dose while the AUC's of the metabolites measured in plasma by thin-layer chromatography did not increase with dose, particularly that of the active metabolite isophosphoramide mustard. Furthermore the AUC of the inactive carboxymetabolite did not increase with dose. Interpatient variability of pharmacokinetic parameters was high. Dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression at 18 g/m2 total dose with grade 4 neutropenia in five of six patients and grade 4 thrombocytopenia in four of six patients. Therefore the maximum tolerated dose was considered to be 18 g/m2 total dose. There was one CR and eleven PR in twenty-nine evaluable patients (overall response rate 41%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the activation and inactivation pathways of ifosfamide are non-linear and saturable at high-doses although the pharmacokinetics of the parent drug itself are dose linear. Ifosfamide doses greater than 14-16 g/m2 per cycle appear to result in a relative decrease of the active metabolite isophosphoramide mustard. These data suggest a dose-dependent saturation or even inhibition of ifosfamide metabolism by increasing high dose ifosfamide and suggest the need for further metabolic studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Kantonsspital, St. Gallen, Switzerland. mcca@msl.kssg.ch
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cerny
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leyvraz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: von Briel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Küpfer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schaad
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Honegger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sessa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Boddy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D015080:Mesna / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D008875:Middle Aged; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D012074:Remission Induction; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D011355:Prodrugs; D020011:Protective Agents; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D015080:Mesna; D007069:Ifosfamide