title: Podocyte number predicts long-term urinary albumin excretion in Pima Indians with Type II diabetes and microalbuminuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The predictive value of glomerular structure on progression of renal disease was examined in patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes and microalbuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio = 30-299 mg/g).
  
  
  METHODS
  Kidney biopsy specimens were obtained from 16 diabetic Pima Indians (6 men, 10 women). Progression of renal disease was assessed by measuring urinary albumin excretion 4 years after the biopsy (UAE(4 years)) and by computing the change in urinary albumin excretion during the study (Delta UAE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, the duration of diabetes averaged 13.3 years (range = 4.0-23.8 years) and the mean glomerular filtration rate was 159 ml x min(-1) x 1.73 m(-2) (range = 98 - 239 ml x min(-1) x 1.73 m(-2)). Median urinary albumin excretion was 67 mg/g (range = 25-136 mg/g) and it increased to 625 mg/g (range = 9-13471 mg/g) after 4 years; 10 subjects (63 %; 4 men, 6 women) developed macroalbuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >/= 300 mg/g). Neither mean arterial pressure nor HbA(1 c) changed substantially during follow-up. Among the glomerular morphologic characteristics, the number of visceral epithelial cells, or podocytes, per glomerulus was the strongest predictor of renal disease progression (UAE(4 years), r = -0.49, p = 0.05; DeltaUAE, r = -0.57, p = 0.02), with fewer cells predicting more rapid progression. Glomerular basement membrane thickness did not predict progression (UAE(4 years), r = 0.11, p = 0.67; DeltaUAE, r = 0.09, p = 0.73) and mesangial volume fraction had only a modest effect (UAE(4 years,) r = 0.42, p = 0.11; DeltaUAE, r = 0.48, p = 0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whether lower epithelial cell number per glomerulus among those that progressed was due to cellular destruction, a reduced complement of epithelial cells, or both is uncertain. Nevertheless, these findings suggest that podocytes play an important part in the development and progression of diabetic renal disease. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 1341-1344]
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000652:urine*; D002452:Cell Count; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000473:pathology* / Q000652:urine*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000473:pathology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors