title: Influence of dose-rate, post-irradiation incubation time and growth factors on interphase cell death by apoptosis and clonogenic survival of human peripheral lymphocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of dose-rate, post-irradiation incubation time and growth factors on radiation-induced interphase cell death by apoptosis and reproductive cell death in human peripheral lymphocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lymphocytes in G0-phase were exposed in vitro to 1-3Gy 137Cs gamma-radiation at a high- (HDR, 45Gy/h) or a low dose-rate (LDR, 0.024Gy/h). HDR exposures were performed either on day 1 (HDR1) simultaneously with the start of the 3 Gy LDR exposure, or on day 6 (HDR6) when the LDR exposures ended. Apoptosis was studied at different times after irradiation by measuring (1) cellular membrane integrity, (2) morphological changes and (3) cell size reduction. Clonogenic survival was analysed for cells plated directly after irradiation (LDR, HDR6, HDR1 day 1) or after 5 days post-irradiation incubation (HDR1 day 6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant decrease in reproductive cell death was observed after 3 Gy LDR exposure as compared with the HDR1 exposure for cells plated day 6. For the lower doses applied, the dose-rate effect could not be statistically verified. A decrease in apoptosis for all three doses applied (i.e. 1, 2 and 3Gy) was observed when the LDR exposures were compared with the HDRI analysed day 6, although not of statistical significance. Radiation-induced apoptosis was efficiently counteracted by growth factors up to 24-48 h after 3 Gy HDR exposure. The prevention of radiation-induced cell death by growth factors was dependent on dose and post-irradiation time in G0. When the growth factors were added after a prolonged post-irradiation incubation in G0 (HDR 1 cells plated day 6), a significant increase in reproductive cell death was found (3 Gy) as compared with HDR protocols where the growth factors were added directly after irradiation (HDR 1 plated day 1 and HDR6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A dose-rate effect on radiation-induced apoptosis was indicated but not statistically verified. A significant dose-rate effect on reproductive cell death was observed. This dose-rate effect was, however, inverted when growth factors were added directly after the HDR irradiations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genome Research, Stockholm University, Sweden.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Saeidi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zelenskaya
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Czene
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Granath
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harms-Ringdahl
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D006133:Growth Substances; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins