title: Assessment of distribution of CD34 epitope classes in fresh and cryopreserved peripheral blood progenitor cells and acute myeloid leukemic blasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  So far several reports have described changes in the expression of surface antigens in progenitor cells and blasts following cryopreservation. However, there are no data on the effects of cryopreservation on the expression of the three CD34 epitope classes, and on their relationship with the clonogenic capacity of PBPC collected by leukapheresis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to analyze the effects of freezing/thawing procedures (Eth 80C storage for 3 months) and use of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on the immunophenotype profile and colony production of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) in apheresis products derived from 20 patients with stage 0-III non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (nHL), a flow cytometry study was undertaken using different CD34 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) capable of recognizing the 3 epitope classes of CD34 molecule (class III: HPCA-2/FITC, HPCA-2/PE, 581/FITC, 581/PE; class II: Q-Bend 10/PE; class I: ICH3/PE, BI3C5-PE, Immu-133-PE). CD34 epitope expression was also analyzed in thawed CD34+ blasts obtained from 14 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), who were analyzed using a larger number (#17) of CD34 epitope class I, II, and III reactive MoAbs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under our experimental conditions it was found that class III and class II CD34 epitopes (differentially resistant to enzymatic cleavage with neuraminidase, chymopapain and glycoprotease) are better preserved than class I epitope Eth sensitive to degradation Eth after cell exposure to cryoprotectant DMSO and the freezing- thawing procedures. Results further showed a concomitant decrease in class I CD34+ counts and in BFU-E colony production. A significant increase in CD34 antigen expression levels (i.e. antibody binding capacity, ABC) by cryopreserved cells stained with CD34 epitope class III, and class II reactive MoAbs was also documented, while no changes after cryopreservation were noted using class I-reactive MoAbs. The slight increase in the percentage of CD34+ cells detected after frozen storage was correlated to a concomitant decrease in the number of more mature myeloid cells (CD15+, CD13+, CD33+). Compared to pre-cryopreservation values, a slight reduction in class I CD34 epitope expression was also found in thawed CD34+ AML blasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As far as the reduction of class I CD34 epitope is concerned, it may be hypothesized that the freezing procedure, use of DMSO, and/or lysis methodology may either damage a CD34 subset, or induce distinct alterations of the CD34 glycoprotein, possibly determining a reduction in their immunoreactivity with some CD34 MoAbs. In conclusion, this study has shown that exposure to the cryoprotectant DMSO and the freezing/thawing procedures modifies the distribution of CD34 epitopes as well as the clonogenic capacity of PBPCs from nHL patients, and CD34+ blasts from AML. These findings need to considered when selecting CD34 MoAbs for enumeration and positive selection of stem/progenitor cells for research and clinical purposes.
authors.affiliation: Hematology Section, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, St. Anna Hospital, corso Giovecca 203, 44100 Ferrara, Italy. E-mail: sse@dns.unife.it.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lanza
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Castagnari
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montanelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Latorraca
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bardi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dominici
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campioni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dabusti
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Piva
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lodi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reverberi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castoldi
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology; D000937:Antigen-Antibody Reactions; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D015925:Cryopreservation; D000939:Epitopes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018952:Antigens, CD34; D000939:Epitopes