title: Nucleoside analogues achieve high concentrations in seminal plasma: relationship between drug concentration and virus burden.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can be transmitted in semen from a man to his sexual partners. Antiretroviral drugs are likely to affect the amount of HIV-1 in semen and perhaps transmission of the virus. The concentrations of zidovudine, lamivudine, and HIV-1 RNA in blood and seminal plasma were measured in 9 HIV-positive men over </=2 years. Median (25th-75th percentiles) zidovudine blood and seminal plasma concentrations were 64.2 (range, 48.4-206.9; n=82) and 292.5 (range, 194.3-438.4; n=79) ng/mL, respectively. Median lamivudine blood and seminal plasma concentrations were 391.3 (range, 175.3-793.8; n=82) and 2701.8 (range, 1460.5-4320.2; n=79) ng/mL, respectively. The concentration of HIV-1 RNA in seminal plasma was monitored as a potential surrogate marker for infectiousness. RNA became undetectable (<400 copies/mL) in the blood and seminal plasma of 8/9 subjects after initiation of therapy and remained undetectable in 6/9 subjects. These data show that zidovudine and lamivudine achieve high concentrations in seminal plasma and significantly reduce HIV-1 RNA. The effects of antiviral therapy on HIV-1 in semen and on the sexual transmission of HIV-1 require further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kashuba
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fiscus
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Tidwell
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Troiani
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Eron
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D012661:Semen / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology*; D019562:Viral Load; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019259:Lamivudine; D015215:Zidovudine