title: Short-term crystalloid fluid resuscitation in uncontrolled intra-abdominal bleeding in swine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fluid therapy in uncontrolled bleeding is controversial. In a previously used experimental animal model of aortic injury, the outcome often was impaired by re-bleeding that began at least 20 minutes after crystalloid fluid resuscitation was initiated. Therefore, it was hypothesized that re-bleeding might be avoided if volume loading is carried out for 20 minutes and then discontinued.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten minutes after a 5 mm laceration was produced in the infra-renal aorta on eight anesthetized pigs, they received a 20-minute intravenous infusion of Ringer's solution in the ratio of 1:1 to the expected blood loss. Hemodynamics were studied for 120 minutes using arterial and pulmonary artery catheters and blood flow probes placed proximal and distal to the aortic lesion and around the left renal artery and portal vein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bleeding stopped between three and four minutes after the onset of bleeding. The blood flow rate dropped to 38% (mean) of baseline in the splanchnic region, to 31% in the upper aorta, and to 13% in the kidney. The flow rates and the oxygen consumption increased transiently during fluid resuscitation, but never reached baseline levels. Re-bleeding amounted to about 15% of the initial bleeding and occurred in only three of the animals. Four of the pigs died of shock within 90 minutes (range 47-85 minutes) after the aortic injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term crystalloid fluid therapy in uncontrolled aortic hemorrhage transiently improved the hemodynamic status and the oxygen consumption following the initial bleeding. Furthermore, the infusion did not cause re-bleeding of more than 100 ml, which occurred in previously conducted experiments when the infusion was continued for more than 20 minutes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Söder Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Louis.riddez@demc.sos.sll.se
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Riddez
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hjelmqvist
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suneson
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal / Q000293:injuries*; D001810:Blood Volume; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D000077331:Ringer's Solution; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D000077331:Ringer's Solution