title: Clinical and radiological determinants of prestroke cognitive decline in a stroke cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke seems to be related to dementia more often than previously assumed and vascular factors are also related to Alzheimer's disease. The pathophysiology of poststroke dementia includes ischaemic changes in the brain, a combination of degenerative and vascular changes, and changes only related to Alzheimer's disease. Some cognitive decline recognised after a stroke may be due to pre-existing cognitive decline. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and radiological determinants of prestroke cognitive decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group comprised 337 of 486 consecutive patients aged 55 to 85 years who 3 months after ischaemic stroke completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery; structured medical, neurological, and mental status examination; interview of a knowledgeable informant containing structured questions on abnormality in the cognitive functions; assessment of social functions before the index stroke; and MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Frequency of prestroke cognitive decline including that of dementia was 9.2% (31/337). The patients with prestroke cognitive decline were older, more often had less than 6 years of education, and had history of previous stroke. Vascular risk factors did not differ significantly between these two groups. White matter changes (p=0.004), cortical entorhinal, hippocampal, and medial temporal atrophy (p<0.001), cortical frontal atrophy (p=0.008); and any central atrophy (p<0.01), but not the frequencies or volumes of old, silent, or all infarcts on MRI differentiated those with and without prestroke cognitive decline. The correlates of prestroke cognitive decline in logistic regression analysis were medial temporal cortical atrophy (odds ratio (OR) 7.5, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 3.2-18.2), history of previous ischaemic stroke (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.8-10.6), and education (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.8-0.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  History of previous stroke, but not volumes or frequencies was found to correlate with prestroke cognitive decline. Other associating factors were rather those usually associated with degenerative dementia: white matter changes and cerebral atrophy; and in multiple models medial temporal cortical atrophy and education. The possible overlap between two or more underlying diseases must be remembered in diagnosis and treatment of patients with vascular cognitive impairment.
authors.affiliation: Memory Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pohjasvaara
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mäntylä
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Aronen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leskelä
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Salonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaste
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Erkinjuntti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis; D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D013997:Time Factors