title: Alcohol consumption and psychological distress in recently widowed older men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between severe adverse life events and subsequent health-related behaviour is not well established for older people. To address this issue, we studied self-reported alcohol consumption in recently widowed older men and matched married men.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a double cohort study in community-residing men aged 65 years and over. Recently widowed men (n = 57; mean age = 74.5 years) were identified from the death records of their wives and assessed at 6 weeks, 6 months and 13 months post-bereavement. Matched married men (n = 57; mean age = 75.4 years) were identified from the electoral roll and assessed at similar intervals. Self-report measures of alcohol consumption, grief and state anxiety were employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Similar proportions of older widowers and married men reported that they consumed some alcohol, although recently widowed older men reported significantly greater frequency (chi2 = 4.64, df = 1, p = 0.031) and quantity (chi2 = 7.75, df = 1, p = 0.005) of alcohol consumption than matched married men. A significant minority of subjects reported hazardous levels of alcohol consumption with 18.9% of widowers and 8.3% of married men reporting that they drank five or more standard drinks per drinking day. However, among widowers, self-reported alcohol consumption was not significantly correlated with levels of either self-reported grief or state anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hazardous alcohol consumption occurs commonly among recently widowed older men, but is not related to their levels of self-reported grief or psychological distress. Loss of spousal care and control may be an alternative explanation for this drinking behaviour. Older widowers should be regarded as a high-risk group for hazardous alcohol consumption and would be a suitable target group for preventive interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Mental Health Centre, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia. g.byrne@psychiatry.uq.edu.au
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Raphael
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arnold
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D001601:Bereavement; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D017805:Widowhood / Q000523:psychology*