title: EROD induction and biliary metabolite excretion following exposure to the water accommodated fraction of crude oil and to chemically dispersed crude oil.
abstract: Immature Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were exposed to water accommodated fraction (WAF) of Bass Strait crude oil or to Corexit 9527-dispersed crude oil for 6 days, followed by a depuration period of 29 days. Serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) levels, indicator of liver damages, remained low during the experiment. Hepatic EROD activity was induced within 2 days following the onset of the exposure in both treatments, and persisted for 2-4 and 4-6 days after transfer to clean sea water in the WAF and dispersed oil treatment, respectively. Naphthalene-type metabolites, determined by fixed-wavelength fluorescence detection, appeared in the bile of the fish with 2 days' delay compared to EROD induction. In both treatments, EROD activity induction and levels of naphthalene-type metabolites in the bile were significantly related. The biliary levels of naphthalene-type metabolites were over 15 times higher in fish exposed to dispersed crude oil relative to fish exposed to the WAF of Bass Strait crude oil. BaP-type metabolites appeared only in the bile of the fish exposed to the WAF, possibly due to BaP-type compounds remaining associated with the dispersant in the water column or to an inhibition of Phase II detoxification enzymes by the dispersant. Bile metabolites as determined by fixed-wavelength fluorescence and EROD induction appear to be sensitive and complementary biomarkers of exposure to PAH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, City Campus, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Holdway
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007064:L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D012474:Salmon / Q000378:metabolism; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009281:Naphthalenes; D010578:Petroleum; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C031721:naphthalene; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; D007064:L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1