title: Smoking as a risk factor for bone mineral density in the heel of Japanese men.
abstract: Bone mineral density (BMD) of the calcaneus was measured in 1736 male Japanese office workers (age 20-64 yr) using a DX-2000 (Matsushita Industrial Equipment, Toyonaka, Japan). The scanning time was 10 s, with an in vitro precision error of 0.85% and an in vivo precision error of 1.54%. A significant gradual loss of BMD was detected between 20 and 60 yr of age, with an age difference of 0. 27% per year. Significant determinants for heel BMD were body mass index, age, and smoking. A nonsignificant factor was alcohol consumption. The coefficient of determination was 30.7%. These results suggest that smoking is a risk factor for osteoporosis in middle-aged Japanese men.
authors.affiliation: Matsushita Health Care Center, Moriguchii, Japan. hagiwara@hi-ho.ne.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagiwara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsumura
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*