title: Expression of the myc-family proto-oncogenes and related genes max and mad in synovial tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the expression of myc proto-oncogenes; c-myc, L-myc, and N-myc, and their related genes max and mad, in the arthritic synovium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Northern and Southern hybridizations, the expression of these genes in the synovial tissue from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) was analyzed. Synovial specimens from cadavers without any joint disease and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a novel finding, synovial cells were observed to express L-myc, N-myc as well as their related genes max and mad, in addition to the previously described presence of c-myc proto-oncogene in synovium. c-myc, L-myc, N-myc, and mad were expressed in all patient samples studied, including the controls. Instead, max was detected in only 10/12 of RA patients, in 11/13 of OA patients, and in all controls (4/4 cadavers, 5/5 blood donors). Six patients with RA revealed positive signals for max only after hybridization. The same was also true of two patients with OA and of one healthy individual donating blood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The L-myc, N-myc, max, and mad genes are expressed in synovial cells, in addition to c-myc proto-oncogene. However, expression of these genes is not disease-specific, since they were equally expressed in synovial samples from patients with RA or OA as well as from cadavers representing controls without any joint disease.
authors.affiliation: Turku Immunology Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Turku University, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roivainen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pirilä
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yli-Jama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Laaksonen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Toivanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D016259:Genes, myc; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics*; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; C499330:MAX protein, human; C079439:MXD1 protein, human; C067850:Myc associated factor X; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors