title: The hepatitis B virus X protein transactivates viral core gene expression in vivo.
abstract: The function of the X protein in the life cycle of mammalian hepadnaviruses is unclear. Based on tissue culture experiments it has been suggested that this protein represents a transcriptional transactivator which might be essential for the expression of the viral core gene. Here we have examined whether the activity of the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) core gene in vivo depends on X coexpression. To this end we compared core gene expression between four lineages of transgenic mice carrying the HBV core gene in cis arrangement with the X gene (cex lineage) and six lineages containing a modified construct in which the start codon of the X gene had been deleted (ce lineage). Whereas all cex lineages consistently exhibited a high-level hepatic core gene expression, the liver-specific core gene expression pattern of the ce lineages was heterogenous with four lineages virtually not expressing the core gene. This defect was due to a strongly reduced transcription since no core mRNA could be detected by Northern blotting. To test whether core gene expression could be restored by providing an intact X gene in trans, we crossbred mice of two lines which expressed no core mRNA or core protein with transgenic mice expressing the X-gene product under the transcriptional regulation of the liver-specific major-urinary-protein promoter/enhancer (MUP-X mice). The introduction of the MUP-X transgene induced core mRNA expression and core protein biosynthesis in the livers of the double-transgenic mice. This demonstrates that the X-gene product has the capacity to transactivate HBV core gene expression in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Research Unit, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reifenberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wilts
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Löhler
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nusser
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hanano
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Guidotti
authors.forename: F V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Chisari
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schlicht
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D019076:Transgenes; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
chemical_list: D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015534:Trans-Activators; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C057628:hepatitis B virus X protein