title: The microvascular architecture of the rat vagina revealed by image analysis of vascular corrosion casts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Female sexual dysfunction is a common but poorly understood human condition. One of the aspects hindering progress in this area is the lack of appropriate animal models that can be used to study the complex factors involved in this sexual health problem. Recently, attention has focused on the probable role of vascular dynamics of the genital organs and their potential for impact on female sexuality. The objective of this study was to provide a better description of the vascular anatomy of the female rat vagina and external genital organs in an attempt to better develop this as an animal model to study female sexual dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young female (nonestrous) virgin rats were anesthetized, the abdominal aorta was cannulated, and the distal vasculature was flushed and fixed in vivo for histological studies or for subsequent infusion with Mercox resin for vascular corrosion casting. Vascular corrosion casts of the external genitalia (vagina and vulva) were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fixed tissue specimens were also embedded and sectioned for histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scanning electron microscopy imaging allowed a description of the vascular and microvascular system of the nonestrous female rat genitalia. Major feeding vessels were located laterally in the muscular and serosal layers of the vagina with a complex system of interanastomosing collaterals between these large lateral trunks. The sub-epithelial region of the vaginal wall contains a dense and rich network of capillaries that perfuse the epithelium. These data were corroborated by two- dimensional histochemistry and immunostaining for endothelial and smooth muscle cells on paraffin-embedded thin sections of the female vagina and vulva.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides the first detailed three-dimensional en bloc view of the macro- and microvascular anatomy of the female rat vagina and vulva. The findings suggest an active interaction between the microvasculature and the epithelial cells of the vaginal wall. This study will provide the basic anatomic groundwork for future experiments on perturbations of the vascular system of the rat female genitalia in response to hormonal stimuli and various disease states.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Urology, The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shabsigh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buttyan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burchardt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buchardt
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Hayek
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: D'Agati
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shabsigh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D001160:Arterioles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002196:Capillaries / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002987:Clitoris / Q000098:blood supply; D016319:Corrosion Casting; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014621:Vagina / Q000098:blood supply*; D014680:Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014699:Venules / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014844:Vulva / Q000098:blood supply