title: Utility of digital camera-derived intraoperative images in the planning of epilepsy surgery for children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to assess the utility of digital camera-derived intraoperative images in the planning of neurosurgery for children with epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hand-held digital camera was used to capture the exposed surgical field at the time of craniotomy for 11 children with medically intractable seizure disorders. Intraoperative somatosensory evoked potential recordings of phase reversals and direct cortical stimulation were used to map areas of eloquent brain tissue. Digital camera images were obtained to mark regions of functional brain tissue with respect to cortical surface landmarks and subdural grid placement. The digital camera images were then immediately downloaded, in the operating room, to a laptop computer, which was placed next to the electroencephalographic recording device. Using computer software, the epileptologist highlighted the primary and secondary zones of epileptogenesis, as well as the functional brain areas identified during the monitoring period, on the digital camera images on the computer screen. A neurosurgical map was thus created to aid the neurosurgeon and the epileptologist with the proposed cortical resections and multiple subpial transections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the images obtained using the digital camera, the epilepsy team was able to observe the contacts of the grid electrodes with the brain during the procedure. Color printouts of the images served as references during the period of invasive monitoring. Zones of primary and secondary epileptogenesis, as well as areas of functional brain tissue, were identified and plotted on the digital camera images. Other benefits of the digital camera-derived images included the ability to accurately reposition the grids or letters marking eloquent brain tissue if they were inadvertently shifted during the procedure, the ease with which the images could be obtained and manipulated, the ability to assess postresection epileptiform activity of the surrounding brain tissue with images obtained while an electrocorticographic array was in place, the ability to provide the entire epilepsy team with updated information on the neurosurgical field while minimizing movement in the operating room, and facilitation, with neurosurgical maps, of discussions with the patients and their families concerning proposed cortical resections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Digital camera images have become essential components for the planning of cortical resections for children with intractable epilepsy at our institution. We envision widespread application of this technology to other neurosurgical fields.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, USA.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rutka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Otsubo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shirasawa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ochi
authors.forename: O C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Snead
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008838:Microcomputers; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012984:Software