title: American Society of Clinical Oncology technology assessment on breast cancer risk reduction strategies: tamoxifen and raloxifene.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct an evidence-based technology assessment to determine whether tamoxifen and raloxifene as breast cancer risk-reduction strategies are appropriate for broad-based conventional use in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tamoxifen and raloxifene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outcomes of interest include breast cancer incidence, breast cancer-specific survival, overall survival, and net health benefits.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive, formal literature review was conducted for tamoxifen and raloxifene on the following topics: breast cancer risk reduction; tamoxifen side effects and toxicity, including endometrial cancer risk; tamoxifen influences on nonmalignant diseases, including coronary heart disease and osteoporosis; and decision making by women at risk for breast cancer. Testimony was collected from invited experts and interested parties.
  
  
  METHODS
  More weight was given to publications that described randomized trials. BENEFITS/HARMS/COSTS: The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Working Group acknowledges that a woman's decision regarding breast cancer risk-reduction strategies will depend on the importance and weight attributed to the information provided regarding both cancer and non-cancer-related risks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For women with a defined 5-year projected risk of breast cancer of >/= 1.66%, tamoxifen (at 20 mg/d for up to 5 years) may be offered to reduce their risk. It is premature to recommend raloxifene use to lower the risk of developing breast cancer outside of a clinical trial setting. On the basis of available information, use of raloxifene should currently be reserved for its approved indication to prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women. Conclusions are based on single-agent use of the drugs. At the present time, the effect of using tamoxifen or raloxifene with other medications (such as hormone replacement therapy), or using tamoxifen and raloxifene in combination or sequentially, has not been studied adequately. The continuing use of placebo-controlled trials in other risk-reduction trials highlights the current unanswered issues concerning the use of such interventions, especially when the influence on net health benefit remains to be determined. Breast cancer risk reduction is a rapidly evolving area. This technology assessment represents an ongoing process with existing plans to monitor and review data and to update recommendations in a timely matter. (See
  
  
  RESULTS
  The conclusions of the Working Group were evaluated by the ASCO Health Services Research Committee and by the ASCO Board of Directors.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  American Society of Clinical Oncology.
authors.affiliation: American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA.
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Chlebowski
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Collyar
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Somerfield
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Pfister
mesh_terms: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002386:Cataract / Q000453:epidemiology; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005104:Expert Testimony; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008593:Menopause / Q000187:drug effects; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D013629:Tamoxifen; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride