title: Intraluminal pneumatic lithotripsy for the removal of encrusted urinary catheters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urologists frequently treat patients requiring long-term urinary drainage with a percutaneous nephrostomy tube or ureteral stent. When such tubes are neglected and become encrusted, removal challenges even experienced urologists. We describe a new, minimally invasive technique for safely and rapidly removing encrusted, occluded tubes using the Swiss Lithoclast pneumatic lithotriptor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients presenting with an encrusted urinary catheter were evaluated by excretory urography for renal function and obstruction. Gentle manual extraction of the tube was attempted, followed by traditional extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and/or ureteroscopy. When the tube was not extracted, patients were then treated with intraluminal insertion of a pneumatic lithotripsy probe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One patient presented with an encrusted, occluded nephrostomy tube and 2 had an encrusted, occluded, indwelling ureteral stent. None was removed by manual traction. Intraluminal encrustations prevented the pigtail portions of these tubes from uncoiling and removal. In each case a pneumatic lithotripsy probe was inserted into the lumen of the catheter and advanced in a jackhammer-like fashion. This technique resulted in disruption of the intraluminal encrustations and straightening of the tubes so that they were removed in an atraumatic manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraluminal pneumatic lithotripsy is a safe, easy and rapid technique for removing encrusted urinary catheters. It is unique in that the pneumatic lithotripsy probe functions in an aqueous and nonaqueous environment, and dislodges intraluminal calcifications. We recommend its use as first line treatment for removing encrusted urinary catheters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wilford Hall Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas 78236-5300, USA.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Canby-Hagino
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Caballero
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Harmon
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*