title: Medical technology assessment photic stimulation--standardization of screening methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In many EEG laboratories in Europe, intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) is not performed routinely, and consequently, great variation exists in the type of photo stimulator used, the methodology employed, and the interpretation of the EEG curves, thus leading to different outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  It was decided to hold a consensus meeting with experts in the field of photic stimulation from various European countries. This meeting was held at the Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, the Netherlands. The consensus reached was presented and discussed at the 9th European Congress of Clinical Neurophysiology in Ljubjana in June 1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients should be positioned at a distance of 30 cm from the photic stimulator (nasion to lamp) with dim surrounding lights, just enough to see the patient. Flashes should be delivered in separate trains of 10 s for each frequency, with intervals of 7 s minimum. First stimulation occurs with eyes open followed after 5 s by eye closure, while starting at 1 Hz progressing to 20 Hz, unless generalised epileptiform discharges are evoked at a lower frequency. Then, frequencies should start at 60 Hz decreasing to 25 Hz. The following frequencies should be used: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 60, 50, 40, 30 and 25 Hz. The total duration is a maximum of 6 min (patients without a reaction to IPS). In interpreting the evoked responses, a clear distinction should be made between epileptiform responses confined to the occipital area (OSW), starting occipitally and spreading to frontal regions (OGSW), or generalised from the start (GSW). Other responses include generalised spikes (OR).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This standard is safe, relatively quick, simple and reliable. Comparison of data within patients and between patients of various laboratories will also be possible. This will improve the quality of the care of the individual patient and make collaborative research possible.
authors.affiliation: Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Trenité
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Binnie
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Covanis
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Eeg-Olofsson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goosens
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leyten
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Da Silva
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Da Silva
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naquet
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rubboli
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spekreijse
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waltz
mesh_terms: D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods