title: Smoking before surgery predicts poor long-term survival in patients with stage I non-small-cell lung carcinomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The majority of lung carcinoma patients requiring resection have smoking habits prior to surgical treatment, and the correlation of smoking with postoperative complications is well known. However, few studies have investigated the correlation between long-term survival and cigarette smoking in patients with primary, resected lung carcinoma. We analyzed the relationship between clinical factors, including cigarette smoking before surgery, and 10-year survival in stage I non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cigarette smoking habit and other factors influencing either the overall survival or the disease-specific survival rates of patients with stage I primary, resected NSCLC were evaluated according to the Cox proportional hazards model using a total of 369 patients with stage I-NSCLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison of the cause of death in patients with 30 or more pack-years and patients with less than 30 pack-years showed significant differences in the prevalence of recurrent disease and onset of nonmalignant disease. Multivariate analysis demonstrated significant correlations between overall survival and age and pack-years. Disease-specific survival showed significant correlations with age, tumor classification, and visceral pleural invasion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking pack-years is an important clinical prognostic factor in evaluating overall long-term survival in patients with stage I primary, resected NSCLC.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Institute of Pulmonary Cancer Research, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iizasa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Motohashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasukawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hiroshima
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohwada
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D015996:Survival Rate