Ethanol oxidation and acetaldehyde production in vitro by human intestinal strains of Escherichia coli under aerobic, microaerobic, and anaerobic conditions.
BACKGROUND
Many human colonic facultative anaerobic and aerobic bacteria are capable of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-mediated ethanol oxidation. In this bacteriocolonic pathway for ethanol oxidation intracolonic ethanol is first oxidized by bacterial ADHs to acetaldehyde, which is further oxidized by either colonic mucosal or bacterial aldehyde dehydrogenases to acetate. The produced acetaldehyde is a highly toxic and carcinogenic agent. This study was aimed to investigate the ethanol oxidation capability and acetaldehyde formation of Escherichia coli IH 50546 and IH 50817. These intestinal E. coli strains expressed either high (IH 50546) or low (IH 50817) ADH activity.


METHODS
Strains were cultured for 48 h on agar plates supplemented with ethanol under aerobic, microaerobic (6% O2), and anaerobic conditions.


RESULTS
Under aerobic conditions both E. coli strains oxidized ethanol. The ethanol consumption rates (ECR) were 1.046+/-0.025 mM/h and 0.367+/-0.148 mM/h with IH 50546 and IH 50817, respectively. In the case of IH 50546 this was associated with significant acetaldehyde production (418+/-13 microM), suggesting ADH-mediated ethanol oxidation. Under microaerobic conditions only IH 50546 was able to oxidize ethanol (ECR, 0.498+/-0.074 mM/h) and to produce acetaldehyde (up to 440+/-76 microM) to significant extents. Under anaerobic conditions both strains fermented glucose to ethanol.


CONCLUSIONS
This study experimentally shows the potential of certain bacteria representing normal human colonic flora to produce acetaldehyde under various atmospheric conditions that may prevail in different parts of the GI tract. This bacterial adaptation may be an essential feature of the bacteriocolonic pathway to produce toxic and carcinogenic acetaldehyde from either endogenous or exogenous ethanol.
Salaspuro
V
V
Research Unit of Alcohol Diseases, University Central Hospital of Helsinki, Finland.
Nyfors
S
S
Heine
R
R
Siitonen
A
A
Salaspuro
M
M
Jousimies-Somer
H
H
D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism*; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000201:enzymology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
D000431:Ethanol; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase; D000079:Acetaldehyde