title: Decreased medical expenditures for care of HIV-seropositive patients. The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy at a US Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify any changes in expenditures and in morbidity and mortality with the progression of treatment of the HIV-seropositive population from monotherapy with a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) [1993] through dual NRTI therapy (1995) to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) [1997].
  
  
  METHODS
  This study retrospectively compared 3 separate years of the total expenditures encountered in the management of HIV-seropositive individuals seen at a US Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Utilising a computerised hospital database, we identified those patients with HIV-related International Classification of Diseases, version 9 (ICD-9) codes and collected all healthcare-related expenditure data. The 3 eras selected for comparison were controlled for similar utilisation of prophylaxis against opportunistic infections, access to investigational antivirals, consistency between primary care providers and distribution of new anti-HIV therapies relative to that era. Cost data for inpatient and outpatient activities (visits and admissions) were derived from actual expenditures. Major categories were then compared, including total inpatient/outpatient expenditures and utilisation, laboratory and prescription costs, and morbidity and mortality rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3 periods had similar patient populations, with 86, 86 and 82% of patients in 1993, 1995 and 1997, respectively, having some degree of immunosuppression (defined as CD4+ lymphocyte counts < 500 cells/mm3). Morbidity and mortality were not changed by the addition of dual NRTI therapy. HAART therapy produced 60 and 70% declines in relative mortality when compared with the single and dual NRTI eras. Dual NRTI or HAART therapy decreased overall expenditures as compared with NRTI monotherapy. HIV-related outpatient resource utilisation other than pharmacy and laboratory costs fell by 25 and 59% in 1997 as compared with 1993 and 1995, respectively. The greatest fall in resource utilisation was for inpatient bed-days of care, where the average cost per patient fell by $US2782 between 1993 and 1997. Pharmacy and laboratory expenditures increased by $US1825 and $US231 per patient from 1993 to 1997, respectively. Overall, the impact of HAART was a decrease of $US1193 in the average total cost per patient from 1993 to 1997.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of HAART provided a positive outcome on patient morbidity and mortality and on medical centre expenditures. The end result was a cost shift of expenditures from inpatient utilisation to outpatient pharmacy and laboratory costs. This information is important for patients and providers, who need to make clinical decisions on lifelong therapies, and for healthcare financial planners, who need to predict inpatient and outpatient healthcare utilisation during an era of limited healthcare dollars.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Department of Pharmacy, California, USA. Larry.Mole@med.va.gov
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mole
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ockrim
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holodniy
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase