title: Nuclear factor-kappaB and cell death after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor that, when activated, translocates to the nucleus, binds to DNA, and promotes transcription of many target genes. Its activation has been demonstrated in chronic inflammatory conditions, cerebral ischemia, and apoptotic cell death. The present study evaluated the presence and activation of NF-kappaB in relation to cell death surrounding intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Striatal ICH was induced in rats by the double blood injection method. Animals were killed 2, 8, and 24 hours and 4 days after ICH. To examine changes in NF-kappaB protein, Western blot was performed on brain extract. We determined NF-kappaB activity using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and immunohistochemistry, using an antibody that only recognizes active NF-kappaB. DNA fragmentation was detected with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Western blot analysis of the NF-kappaB p65 subunit showed that there was no difference in p65 protein levels in the control, 2-hour, 8-hour, or 24-hour groups. However, ipsilateral perilesional samples from the 4-day group revealed a 1.8- to 2.5-fold increase compared with the contralateral hemisphere. Western blotting showed no differences in the inhibitor of NF-kappaB, IkappaBalpha, in any group. EMSA showed 1.3-, 2.1-, and 3.6-fold increased NF-kappaB activation in the ipsilateral striatum from the 8-hour, 24-hour, and 4-day groups, respectively, compared with the contralateral hemisphere. Immunohistochemistry, in which an activation-dependent anti-NF-kappaB antibody was used, demonstrated perivascular NF-kappaB activation as early as 2 hours after ICH with more generalized activation at 8 hours, in agreement with the EMSA results. NF-kappaB activation colocalized to cells containing fragmented DNA measured by TUNEL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests a relationship between NF-kappaB and the pathobiology of perilesional cell death after ICH.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Program, Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hickenbottom
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Grotta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Denner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aronowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000098:blood supply; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000032:analysis; D050863:Synaptotagmin I; D050857:Synaptotagmins
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D050863:Synaptotagmin I; C093394:TONSL protein, human; D050857:Synaptotagmins