title: Growth factors in critical illness: regulation and therapeutic aspects.
abstract: The erosion of lean body mass observed during catabolic illness is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The known anabolic actions of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I have stimulated interest in the use of these agents to mitigate the loss of muscle protein after injury. This review summarizes advances in our understanding of how nutrition, hormones and proinflammatory cytokines regulate the somatotropic axis in health and disease, and recent studies involving the use of growth hormone or insulin-like growth factor-I in the treatment of critically ill patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey 17033-0850, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006728:Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006133:Growth Substances; D006728:Hormones; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I