title: The use of a remifentanil infusion for hemodynamic control during intracranial surgery.
abstract: Remifentanil is an extremely rapid and short-acting opioid analgesic which is effective in controlling acute stress responses during surgery. During neurosurgical anesthesia, laryngoscopy and intubation, application of the head holder, scalp incision, and the craniectomy can produce significant increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP). In this dose-response study, we evaluated the efficacy of a remifentanil infusion in maintaining hemodynamic stability during intracranial surgery under desflurane anesthesia. Forty-five patients were assigned randomly to one of the three remifentanil infusion groups. All patients received a standardized anesthetic induction consisting of midazolam, 2 mg IV, lidocaine 0.75 mg/kg IV, propofol 1.0 mg/kg IV, and remifentanil 0.5 microg/kg IV. Immediately after induction of anesthesia, a remifentanil infusion was started at 0.0625 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) (Group 1), 0.125 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) (Group 2), or 0.250 microg x kg (-1) x min(-1)(Group 3) according to a double-blinded study protocol. Maintenance of anesthesia consisted of desflurane 3% (end-tidal) in air/oxygen. If the MAP exceeded 80 mm Hg, a supplemental bolus of remifentanil, 0.5 microg/kg IV was administered, and when the MAP decreased below 65 mm Hg, the remifentanil infusion was discontinued temporarily. "Rescue" cardiovascular medications consisted of nitroprusside (100 microg IV) or phenylephrine (100 microg IV). Heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and MAP values, were recorded every minute for 20 min after each specific stimulus. The overall quality of the intraoperative hemodynamic control was evaluated by the attending anesthesiologist on a scale from 1 = poor to 5 = excellent. The overall quality of the hemodynamic control was superior in Group 2 compared with Group 1 (P < 0.05). Although the total dose of remifentanil administered during the study period did not differ among the three groups, Group 1 required significantly more supplemental boluses of remifentanil (66%-80%) than Groups 2 (13%-33%) and 3 (70% 13%), and the remifentanil infusion was discontinued more often in Group 3 (80%-93%) than in Groups 1 (0%-13%) and 2 (21%-40%). In conclusion, the recommended remifentanil infusion rate for controlling acute autonomic responses during neurosurgical anesthesia is 0.125 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) when administered during a desflurane-based anesthetic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with remifentanil 0.0625 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) and 0.250 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1), a remifentanil infusion rate of 0.125 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) provided more stable hemodynamic conditions during intracranial surgery under desflurane anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 75235-9068, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gesztesi
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Mootz
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000758:Anesthesia; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000601:surgery*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil