title: Meperidine and lidocaine block of recombinant voltage-dependent Na+ channels: evidence that meperidine is a local anesthetic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The opioid meperidine induces spinal anesthesia and blocks nerve action potentials, suggesting it is a local anesthetic. However, whether it produces effective clinical local anesthesia in peripheral nerves remains unclear. Classification as a local anesthetic requires clinical local anesthesia but also blockade of voltage-dependent Na+ channels with characteristic features (tonic and phasic blockade and a negative shift in the voltage-dependence of steady-state inactivation) involving an intrapore receptor. The authors tested for these molecular pharmacologic features to explore whether meperidine is a local anesthetic.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied rat skeletal muscle mu1 (RSkM1) voltage-dependent Na+ channels or a mutant form heterologously coexpressed with rat brain Na+ channel accessory beta1, subunit in Xenopus oocytes. Polymerase chain reaction was used for mutagenesis, and mutations were confirmed by sequencing. Na+ currents were measured using a two-microelectrode voltage clamp. Meperidine and the commonly used local anesthetic lidocaine were applied to oocytes in saline solution at room temperature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Meperidine and lidocaine produced tonic current inhibition with comparable concentration dependence. Meperidine caused phasic current inhibition in which the concentration-response relationship was shifted to fivefold greater concentration relative to lidocaine. Meperidine and lidocaine negatively shifted the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation. Mutation of a putative local anesthetic receptor reduced phasic inhibition by meperidine and lidocaine and tonic inhibition by lidocaine, but not meperidine tonic inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Meperidine blocks Na+ channels with molecular pharmacologic features of a local anesthetic. The findings support classification of meperidine as a local anesthetic but with less overall potency than lidocaine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sabnis
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Gingrich
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004594:Electrophysiology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008614:Meperidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009865:Oocytes; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000235:genetics; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D015222:Sodium Channels; D008012:Lidocaine; D008614:Meperidine