title: Subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis in HIV-1 protease inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhibitors of HIV-1 protease produce a rapid decrease in plasma HIV-1 RNA, with concomitant immune reconstitution. However, severe metabolic side effects together with a previously unseen form of lipodystrophy have been associated with long-term use of protease-inhibitor therapy. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying HIV-1 protease inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy are still largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen HIV-infected patients with HIV-1 protease inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy had a biopsy of subcutaneous fat performed in the antero-lateral aspect of the right leg. The samples were submitted for standard pathologic study together with a careful search for adipocyte apoptosis. Apoptosis was assessed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labelling (TUNEL) method, using the ApopTag kit (Oncor, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA). The procedure was performed between three and five times for each sample. Appropriate positive and negative controls were used. Controls which were subcutaneous fat biopsies from patients with untreated melanoma were also examined for the presence of apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen HIV-infected patients with a mean exposure to HIV-1 protease inhibitors of 12.6 +/- 3.7 months (range: 6-21 months), developed the characteristic features of HIV-1 protease inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy. All but one patient had an abnormal waist:hip ratio, and they all exhibited an abnormal serum lipid profile. Pathologically, subcutaneous fat atrophy was a constant feature, along with focal lipogranuloma formation and vascular proliferation. One of the eleven assessable biopsy samples was negative for the presence of apoptosis, six showed focally positive apoptotic cells, and the remaining four biopsies demonstrated moderate positivity. Apoptotic changes were also detected in endothelial cells. Apoptotic changes were more pronounced in patients with higher increases in CD4 and CD8 counts, and in those with a greater decay in plasma viral load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis occurs in lipoatrophic areas of patients with HIV-1 protease inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain. pere.domingo@cc.uab.es
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Domingo
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Matias-Guiu
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pujol
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Francia
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lagarda
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sambeat
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vázquez
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008060:Lipodystrophy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors