title: Cadmium concentrations in the testes, sperm, and spermatids of mice subjected to long-term cadmium chloride exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposures to cadmium have been reported to reduce male fertility and there are several hypotheses that suggest how reduced male fertility may result from incorporation of cadmium into sperm chromatin. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mice subjected to long-term intraperitoneal cadmium exposure incorporated cadmium into their sperm chromatin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male mice were exposed to 0.1 mg/kg body weight cadmium in the form of CdCl2 via intraperitoneal injection once per week for 4, 10, 26, and 52 weeks and then sacrificed. The cadmium contents of the liver, testes, pooled sperm, and pooled spermatids from dosed and control animals were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cadmium and zinc contents in individual sperm and spermatid heads were determined by particle-induced x-ray emission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that although cadmium accumulated in the liver and testes, cadmium was not detected in pooled sperm or spermatid samples down to minimum detectable limits of 0.02 microg/g dry weight. Particle-induced x-ray emission analyses did not show the presence of cadmium in any sperm or spermatid head down to minimum detectable limits of 15 microg/g dry weight. Particle-induced x-ray emission analyses also demonstrated that phosphorus, sulfur, and zinc concentrations in individual sperm and spermatid heads were not altered by exposure to CdCl2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because cadmium was not incorporated into sperm chromatin at levels above 0.02 microg/g dry weight, the data cast doubt on hypotheses that suggest that reduced male fertility may result from incorporation of cadmium into sperm chromatin.
authors.affiliation: Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA. bench1@llnl.gov
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bench
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Corzett
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balhorn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D019256:Cadmium Chloride / Q000009:adverse effects; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013087:Spermatids / Q000737:chemistry; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000737:chemistry*; D013455:Sulfur / Q000032:analysis; D013737:Testis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D002104:Cadmium; D010758:Phosphorus; D013455:Sulfur; D015032:Zinc; D019256:Cadmium Chloride