title: The cost of Alzheimer's disease in managed care: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is expected to grow as the US population ages. Given the increasing enrollment in managed care organizations, growth in the number of managed care patients with AD is a certainty. To our knowledge, no study to date has focused on the cost of care of community-dwelling AD patients receiving care through a health maintenance organization (HMO) system.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty patients were recruited from 4 managed care sites from July through December 1996. Staff at each site clinically confirmed patients' AD diagnosis, AD severity, and ascertained patients' comorbidities. Demographic, quality of life, and service utilization data were collected from proxy respondents. Costs of hospitalization, medications, doctor visits (formal costs), and caregiver assistance (informal costs) were analyzed separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average total (formal and informal) per-patient costs in the 4 settings in 1996 were $18,804. Costs increased with cognitive impairment. For patients with mild, moderate, and severe AD, annual total costs were $14,904, $19,272, and $25,860, respectively. Annual direct costs were $5520, $7044 and $10,992, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Across all severity levels, we calculated a total annual cost of $8.8 billion for managed care enrollees older than 65 years in the United States. We did not estimate these costs for the population younger than 65 years because of the variability in AD prevalence estimates. Due to the increased costs for patients with more severe AD, interventions that would reverse or delay progression may result in significant cost savings.
authors.affiliation: Project Hope, Center for Health Affairs, Bethesda, MD 20814-6133, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Neumann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics*; D017028:Caregivers; D015897:Comorbidity; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006278:Medicare; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D014481:United States