title: WR-2721 (amifostine) infusion in patients with Ewing's sarcoma receiving ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide with mesna: drug and thiol levels in plasma and blood cells, a Pediatric Oncology Group study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous WR-2721 human pharmacokinetic studies were limited to plasma levels in patients receiving platinum-based compounds, and none includes the effects of WR-2721 on endogenous thiols. In the present study (Pediatric Oncology Group study no. 9457), we measured the levels of WR-2721, its active metabolites, as well as cysteine and glutathione in whole blood, plasma, and blood cells in patients receiving high-dose alkylating agents with mesna.
  
  
  METHODS
  WR-2721 was administered (15 min intravenous infusion of 825 mg/m(2) per dose x2) to five patients with metastatic Ewing's sarcoma receiving ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide with mesna. Intracellular and extracellular blood thiols were labeled with monobromobimane (mBBr) at the time of collection, and the low molecular weight (LMW) thiols were subsequently separated by HPLC and detected by fluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The active metabolite of the drug, WR-1065, peaked at 100 microM in plasma and blood cells at the end of WR-2721 infusion and decayed with a rapid initial half-life. Detectable levels of WR-1065 and its LMW disulfides were present in plasma and blood cells at approximately 1 h after the WR-2721 infusion. By the end of the first WR-2721 infusion (prior to mesna infusion), the mean cysteine level more than doubled and the mean Cys-SS-LMW (cystine and the mixed LMW disulfides) level decreased by approximately 50% in both plasma and blood cells. In four of five patients, reduced glutathione levels in blood cells increased by the end of the first WR-2721 infusions, the average increment being approximately 36%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) WR-1065 is rapidly formed from WR-2721 and equilibrates between plasma and blood cells; (2) WR-1065 decays in plasma and blood cells with similar rapid initial half-lives of approximately 16 min; (3) WR-2721 treatment increases cysteine in plasma and blood cells, an effect similar to that of mesna; (4) WR-2721 treatment appears to increase glutathione levels in blood cells; (5) Mesna does not have a substantial effect on the fate of WR-2721 in patients.
authors.affiliation: State University of New York, Health Science Center at Syracuse, Department of Pediatrics, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. souida@hscsyr.edu
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Souid
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Fahey
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dubowy
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004999:Amifostine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003545:Cysteine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D015080:Mesna / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012512:Sarcoma, Ewing / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D003545:Cysteine; D004999:Amifostine; D015080:Mesna; D007069:Ifosfamide