title: Identification of a phosphoinositide binding motif that mediates activation of mammalian and yeast phospholipase D isoenzymes.
abstract: Phosphoinositides are both substrates for second messenger-generating enzymes and spatially localized membrane signals that mediate vital steps in signal transduction, cytoskeletal regulation and membrane trafficking. Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D (PLD) activity is stimulated by phosphoinositides, but the mechanism and physiological requirement for such stimulation to promote PLD-dependent cellular processes is not known. To address these issues, we have identified a site at which phosphoinositides interact with PLD and have assessed the role of this region in PLD function. This interacting motif contains critical basic amino acid residues that are required for stimulation of PLD activity by phosphoinositides. Although PLD alleles mutated at this site fail to bind to phosphoinositides in vitro, they are membrane-associated and properly localized within the cell but are inactive against cellular lipid substrates. Analogous mutations of this site in yeast PLD, Spo14p, result in enzymes that localize normally, but with catalytic activity that has dramatically reduced responsiveness to phosphoinositides. The level of responsiveness to phosphoinositides in vitro correlated with the ability of PLD to function in vivo. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that phosphoinositide regulation of PLD activity observed in vitro is physiologically important in cellular processes in vivo including membrane trafficking and secretion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, Stony Brook Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Sciorra
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rudge
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Prestwich
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Frohman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engebrecht
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002460:Cell Line; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008081:Liposomes / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D019269:Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008081:Liposomes; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019269:Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D010739:Phospholipase D