title: Genetic prodrug activation therapy for breast cancer: A phase I clinical trial of erbB-2-directed suicide gene expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This trial was designed to test the safety and efficacy of a tumor-specific genetic prodrug activation therapy targeted by use of the human erbB-2 gene promoter. The erbB-2 oncogene is overexpressed in approximately 20% of cases of breast cancer and is associated with poor prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve breast cancer patients received transcriptionally targeted gene therapy in a phase I clinical trial using direct intratumoral injection of plasmid construct combined with systemic administration of prodrug. The genetic prodrug activation therapy is specifically targeted to erbB-2-overexpressing breast cancer cells by use of a therapeutic cassette that contains the Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase gene driven by the tumor-specific erbB-2 promoter, thus allowing activation of fluorocytosine to the active cytotoxic fluorouracil only within tumor cells that express the oncogene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The approach was shown to be safe and to result in targeted gene expression in up to 90% of cases. Using a number of different assays, we demonstrated that significant levels of expression of the suicide gene were specifically restricted to erbB-2-positive tumor cells, confirming the selectivity of the approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study, the first targeted gene therapy for breast cancer and the first to use the cytosine deaminase system in human subjects, are encouraging for the development of genetic prodrug activation therapies that exploit the transcriptional profile of cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Imperial Cancer Research Fund Molecular Oncology Unit and Departments of Cancer Medicine and Histopathology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Pandha
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rigg
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Stamp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sikora
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Lemoine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D018734:Genes, erbB-2 / Q000187:drug effects*; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009700:Nucleoside Deaminases / Q000235:genetics; D010957:Plasmids; D017698:Postmenopause; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D011355:Prodrugs; D009700:Nucleoside Deaminases; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase; D005472:Fluorouracil