title: Management of the cavernous sinus in en bloc resections of malignant skull base tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cavernous sinus involvement represents the most difficult problem in en bloc resection of malignant skull base tumors. We developed three types of surgical procedures for manipulating the cavernous sinus to achieve en bloc resection of these tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a type 1 procedure, the cavernous sinus was dissected epidurally and retracted posteriorly. In a type 2 procedure, the anterolateral portion of the cavernous sinus was excised and the carotid artery preserved. In a type 3 procedure, the entire cavernous sinus including the carotid artery was resected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 25 malignant skull base tumors, type 1 procedures were used in 7, type 2 in 5, and type 3 in 3. For these 15 patients, 7 are in good condition without evidence of tumor recurrence, 2 are alive with tumor, 4 died of tumor recurrence, and 2 died of complications. Two-year survival rates were 54% for patients with a type 1 procedure, 100% for type 2, and 33% for type 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using our techniques, we could totally excise tumors impinging on the cavernous sinus. However, the advanced tumors requiring resection of the entire cavernous sinus with the carotid artery are associated with major morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tachibana
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed