title: PAK-family kinases regulate cell and actin polarization throughout the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: During the cell cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the actin cytoskeleton and cell surface growth are polarized, mediating bud emergence, bud growth, and cytokinesis. We have determined whether p21-activated kinase (PAK)-family kinases regulate cell and actin polarization at one or several points during the yeast cell cycle. Inactivation of the PAK homologues Ste20 and Cla4 at various points in the cell cycle resulted in loss of cell and actin cytoskeletal polarity, but not in depolymerization of F-actin. Loss of PAK function in G1 depolarized the cortical actin cytoskeleton and blocked bud emergence, but allowed isotropic growth and led to defects in septin assembly, indicating that PAKs are effectors of the Rho-guanosine triphosphatase Cdc42. PAK inactivation in S/G2 resulted in depolarized growth of the mother and bud and a loss of actin polarity. Loss of PAK function in mitosis caused a defect in cytokinesis and a failure to polarize the cortical actin cytoskeleton to the mother-bud neck. Cla4-green fluorescent protein localized to sites where the cortical actin cytoskeleton and cell surface growth are polarized, independently of an intact actin cytoskeleton. Thus, PAK family kinases are primary regulators of cell and actin cytoskeletal polarity throughout most or all of the yeast cell cycle. PAK-family kinases in higher organisms may have similar functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Holly
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Blumer
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000502:physiology*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005838:Genotype; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007700:Kinetics; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D008938:Mitosis; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; C095212:CLA4 protein, S cerevisiae; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; C078754:STE20 protein, S cerevisiae; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein