title: Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for Tourette disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify pre- and perinatal risk factors for Tourette disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case control study. We matched names of patients who met DSM criteria for Tourette disorder with their birth certificates. For each case five controls were selected. The controls were matched by sex, year and month of birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate analysis of the 92 cases and the 460 matched controls identified 4 risk factors; one categorical variable--trimester prenatal care begun and 3 continuous variables--apgar score at 5 minutes, month prenatal began and number of prenatal visits. Logistic modeling to control for confounding produced a three variable model (apgar score at 5 minutes (OR = 1.31), number of prenatal visits (OR = .904) and fathers age (OR = .909). The model parameters were: chi 2 = 19.76; df = 3; p < .001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is an inexpensive methodology to identify potential risk factors of patients with Tourette disorder and other mental illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA. laburd@mail.med.und.nodak.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burd
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Severud
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Klug
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kerbeshian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001034:Apgar Score; D001719:Birth Certificates; D001724:Birth Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009658:North Dakota; D010331:Paternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*