title: Antiviral chemokines: intracellular life of recombinant C-C chemokine RANTES.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Select C-C and C-X-C chemokines can suppress HIV infection. This is because their receptors are the gateways for HIV-1 entry, determinants of viral tropism and sensitivity. C-C chemokines are most effective against macrophage-tropic viruses, and C-X-C chemokines are most effective against T-tropic viruses. The epitopes on the chemokine molecule responsible for virus inhibition and for chemokines' specificities are not known. The objective of this study was to map the functional domains of prototypic antiviral chemokine, namely, RANTES (regulated-on-activation normal T-expressed and secreted).
  
  
  METHODS
  Optimal folding of the chemokine molecule is thought to be important for its biologic activity. Anticipating that it will provide a native milieu for folding, we expressed recombinant RANTES molecules in an HIV-2-derived lentivirus mammalian expression system. We focused on the structural landmarks of RANTES to determine their role in its life and function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the flexible amino-terminal region of RANTES was not important for its structural integrity or antiviral activity, either positively or negatively. It was also not important for binding to the CCR5 receptor. Modification of all other domains was detrimental, implying a functional role. However, a more careful analysis revealed that these domains were crucial for controlling stability, transport, and secretion of the molecule. Although all recombinant clones contained signal sequence and were transcriptionally active, they presented three different phenotypes: normal synthesis and secretion, normal synthesis but blocked secretion, and presumed normal synthesis but rapid degradation. Structural considerations and preliminary experiments showing a lack of effect of proteasome inhibitors suggested that the signal recognition particle pathway of translocation and proteasomal pathway of destruction may not be the major determinant of the life of the chemokine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amino-terminal domain of RANTES was not essential for its antiviral activity or for its binding to the CCR5 receptor. Although the 1-domain of the core and carboxy-terminal domain may contribute to the antiviral activity of RANTES, they were more important for its intracellular life.
authors.affiliation: Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Owais
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Arya
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000254:growth & development; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D011994:Recombinant Proteins