title: Galectin-1 regulates initial axonal growth in peripheral nerves after axotomy.
abstract: The signals that prompt the axons to send out processes in peripheral nerves after axotomy are not well understood. Here, we report that galectin-1 can play an important role in this initial stage. We developed an in vitro nerve regeneration model that allows us to monitor the initial axon and support cell outgrowth from the proximal nerve stump, which is comparable to the initial stages of nerve repair. We isolated a factor secreted from COS1 cells that enhanced axonal regeneration, and we identified the factor as galectin-1. Recombinant human galectin-1 (rhGAL-1) showed the same activity at low concentrations (50 pg/ml) that are two orders of magnitude lower than those of lectin activity. A similarly low concentration was also effective in in vivo experiments of axonal regeneration with migrating reactive Schwann cells to a grafted silicone tube after transection of adult rat peripheral nerve. Moreover, the application of functional anti-rhGAL-1 antibody strongly inhibited the regeneration in vivo as well as in vitro. The same effect of rhGAL-1 was confirmed in crush/freeze experiments of the adult mouse sciatic nerve. Because galectin-1 is expressed in the regenerating sciatic nerves as well as in both sensory neurons and motor neurons, we suggest that galectin-1 may regulate initial repair after axotomy. This high activity of the factor applied under nonreducing conditions suggests that galectin-1 may work as a cytokine, not as a lectin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan. horiehd@med.yokohama-cu.ap.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sohma
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nozawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muramatsu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kowada
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kadoya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019771:Axotomy; D019556:COS Cells; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D005260:Female; D037483:Galectin 1; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000502:physiology*; D006388:Hemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009409:Nerve Crush; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012583:Schwann Cells / Q000502:physiology; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D037483:Galectin 1; D006388:Hemagglutinins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins