title: Effect of lactitol on blood ammonia response to oral glutamine challenge in cirrhotic patients: evidence for an effect of nonabsorbable disaccharides on small intestine ammonia generation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonabsorbable disaccharides are widely used to decrease blood ammonia concentration. Their principal mode of action is the modification of pH and bacterial flora in the colon. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that these drugs may also reduce small intestine ammonia generation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight male cirrhotics without overt hepatic encephalopathy received 20 g of glutamine in 100 ml of water. Venous samples for whole blood ammonia were taken before, 30 and 60 min after the load. Immediately after the last blood sample the patients were submitted to the following psychometric tests: number connection test, Posner's attention test, and Sternberg paradigm. After the first glutamine load, patients were started on lactitol (initial dose 20 g, three times a day). Once two bowel movements/day were obtained and maintained for at least 5 days, oral glutamine challenge and psychometric tests were repeated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ammonia increased significantly after the glutamine load (from 83 +/- 13 to 164 +/- 30 microg/dl at 30 min and 210 +/- 29 microg/dl at 60 min; mean +/- SE; p = 0.006 analysis of variance) but not after glutamine load after lactitol treatment (from 77 +/- 17 to 111 +/- 21 microg/dl and 142 +/- 24 microg/dl; p = not significant). The peak increment (127 +/- 24 vs 65 +/- 18 microg/dl; p = 0.008) of ammonia elevation was significantly smaller during lactitol administration. The patients' psychometric performance after the glutamine load did not differ significantly after lactitol treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lactitol reduces the elevation in blood ammonia that follows oral glutamine challenge. Because enterally administered glutamine is efficiently absorbed in the jejunum and, in part, metabolized to ammonia we suggest that lactitol affects small intestine ammonia generation probably by shortening the residence time of intestinal contents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, University La Sapienza di Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Efrati
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merli
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Attili
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amodio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ceccanti
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Riggio
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D002400:Cathartics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003106:Colon / Q000382:microbiology; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000187:drug effects; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D007583:Jejunum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011581:Psychological Tests; D013402:Sugar Alcohols / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002400:Cathartics; D004187:Disaccharides; D013402:Sugar Alcohols; D005973:Glutamine; D000641:Ammonia; C014635:lactitol