title: Quantification of children's hand and mouthing activities through a videotaping methodology.
abstract: A videotaping methodology has been developed for use in quantifying the types and frequencies of children's hand and mouthing activities that could lead to exposure to environmental pollutants via dermal and ingestion pathways. Twenty children in day care, ages 3-6 years and 10 children in residences, ages 2-5 years, were videotaped during their waking hours for 1 day. Parents of each child completed questionnaires for the purpose of evaluating the accuracy of parental reports of hand-to-mouth rates. Videotapes were translated as quantifiable activities by two trained observers whose reporting reliability was checked throughout the investigation. Results determined that reliability of the videotaping method was very good, even over a year post-training. From videotape data, the average hand-to-mouth frequency rate was determined to be 9.5 contacts/h. These values are considerably higher than the current default value of 1.56 contacts/h under consideration by the EPA.
authors.affiliation: Joint Program in Exposure Assessment, Rutgers University and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lioy
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth; D009515:New Jersey; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014743:Videotape Recording