title: Randomized trial of fenretinide to prevent second breast malignancy in women with early breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fenretinide, a vitamin A analogue, has been shown to inhibit breast carcinogenesis in preclinical studies. We determined the efficacy of fenretinide in preventing a second breast malignancy in women with breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 2972 women, aged 30-70 years, with surgically removed stage I breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ to receive for 5 years either fenretinide orally (200 mg/day) or no treatment. The primary end point was the incidence of contralateral breast cancer or ipsilateral breast cancer 7 years after randomization. Other end points considered post hoc were the same outcomes stratified by menopausal status, incidence of distant metastases, overall mortality, and tumors in other organs. The hazards of breast cancer occurrence were determined by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a median observation time of 97 months, there were no statistically significant differences in the occurrence of contralateral breast cancer (P =.642) or ipsilateral breast cancer (P =.177) between the two arms. However, an interaction was detected between fenretinide treatment and menopausal status in both outcomes (P for interaction in both outcomes =.045), with a possible beneficial effect in premenopausal women (contralateral breast cancer: adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.66, and 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.41-1.07; ipsilateral breast cancer: adjusted HR = 0.65, and 95% CI = 0.46-0. 92) and an opposite effect in postmenopausal women (contralateral breast cancer: adjusted HR = 1.32, and 95% CI = 0.82-2.15; ipsilateral breast cancer: adjusted HR = 1.19, and 95% CI = 0.75-1. 89). There were no statistically significant differences between the two arms in tumors in other organs, incidence of distant metastasis, and all-cause mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fenretinide treatment of women with breast cancer for 5 years appears to have no statistically significant effect on the incidence of second breast malignancies overall, although a possible benefit was detected in premenopausal women. These studies, particularly the post hoc analyses, are considered exploratory and need to be confirmed.
authors.affiliation: U. Veronesi, A. Costa, A. Decensi, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Veronesi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Palo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marubini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Formelli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Decensi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Camerini
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Del Turco
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Di Mauro
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Muraca
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Vecchio
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Aiuto
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boni
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Campa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magni
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miceli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perloff
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sporn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D017313:Fenretinide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012107:Research Design; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014801:Vitamin A; D017313:Fenretinide