title: Fetal cell recycling: diagnosis of gender and RhD genotype in the same fetal cell retrieved from maternal blood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to develop a new technique, which we have termed fetal cell recycling, that combines the 2 powerful methods of fluorescence in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction to maximize the genetic information available from a small number of fetal nucleated erythrocytes obtained noninvasively from the blood of pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were obtained from 4 Rh-negative women after elective termination of pregnancy at 7 to 17 weeks' gestation. Fetal nucleated erythrocytes were separated by flow sorting with antibody to the gamma chain of fetal hemoglobin. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific probes was used to diagnose fetal gender. After fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis the fetal nucleated erythrocytes were recycled by a micromanipulation technique and deoxyribonucleic acid diagnosis was performed with polymerase chain reaction amplification of the RhD gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 4 case patients we detected a total of 101 fetal nucleated erythrocytes. All targeted cells were successfully retrieved with a micromanipulator. In each case we successfully performed both fluorescence in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction analysis. The predicted fetal gender and Rh status corresponded to the results obtained from fetal tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal cell recycling combines the powers of highly sensitive molecular methods to maximize the genetic information available from a single fetal cell. This technique will permit noninvasive diagnosis of recessively inherited single-gene disorders.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sekizawa
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Samura
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Falco
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bianchi
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D004900:Erythroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005333:Fetus / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D005838:Genotype; D005865:Gestational Age; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics*; D012730:Sex Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; C066468:RHCE protein, human; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System