title: Investigating a viral etiology for keratoconjunctivitis sicca among patients who are positive for human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Herpesvirus infection of the lacrimal gland was investigated as an etiologic factor for keratoconjunctivitis sicca in patients who were positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, we recorded the Schirmer tests and tear break-up times (TBUTs) among 30 patients who were positive for HIV. Dry-eye state was defined as a Schirmer test of <10 mm of wetting at 5 min or a TBUT of <10 s. The polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR) for herpes family viruses [Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV)] was performed on the conjunctival and tear specimens of the 30 HIV-positive patients by using virus-specific single primers. We compared the rates of virus DNA detection among dry-eye and non-dry-eye patients by calculating the odds ratio of detection for each virus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds ratio of viral DNA detection was adjusted for age, gender, race, CD4 count, and duration of HIV positivity. The adjusted odds ratios of EBV DNA detection among dry-eye to non-dry-eye patients were 1.30 (p = 0.79) and 0.97 (p = 0.98) by using Schirmer tests and TBUTs, respectively. For CMV, the adjusted odds ratios among dry-eye to non-dry-eye patients were 1.94 (p = 0.58) with Schirmer tests and 1.02 (p = 0.99) with TBUTs. HSV and VZV DNA were not detected in any samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study does not support the role of herpesvirus infection of the lacrimal gland as a causative factor in the pathogenesis of dry eyes in patients positive for HIV.
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Lee-Wing
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Diaz-Mitoma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000235:genetics; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007638:Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral