title: Entomologic and avian investigations of an epidemic of West Nile fever in Romania in 1996, with serologic and molecular characterization of a virus isolate from mosquitoes.
abstract: Between July and October 1996, a West Nile (WN) fever epidemic occurred in the southern plain and Danube Valley of Romania and in the capital city of Bucharest, resulting in hundreds of neurologic cases and 17 fatalities. In early October 1996, entomologic and avian investigations of the epidemic were conducted in the city of Bucharest and nearby rural areas. Thirty (41%) of 73 domestic fowl sampled had neutralizing antibody to WN virus, including 5 of 13 ducks (38%), 1 of 1 goose, 19 of 52 chickens (37%), 1 of 1 peahen, and 4 of 6 turkeys (67%). Seroprevalence in domestic fowl (27%, or 7 of 26) from the urban Bucharest site was not significantly different (P = 0.08, by Fisher's exact test) than rates at three rural sites (50%, or 23 of 46). Serum collected from one of 12 Passeriformes, an Erithacus rubecula, was positive for neutralizing antibody to WN virus. A total of 5,577 mosquitoes representing seven taxa were collected. Culex pipiens pipiens accounted for 96% of the mosquitoes collected. A single virus isolate, RO97-50, was obtained from a pool of 30 Cx. p. pipiens females aspirated from the walls and ceiling of a blockhouse located near the center of Bucharest, resulting in a minimum infection rate of 0.19 per 1,000. Antisera prepared against RO97-50 failed to distinguish among RO97-50, WN virus strain Eg101, and Kunjin (KUN) virus strain MRM16. A 2,323-basepair DNA fragment of the envelope (E) glycoprotein gene from RO97-50 and a Romanian WN virus strain obtained from a human cerebrospinal fluid sample, RO96-1030, were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of 23 WN virus strains and one KUN virus strain using the amino acid and nucleotide sequences for a small portion of the E gene suggest the existence of two large lineages of viruses. Bootstrap analysis of the nucleotide alignment indicated strong support (95%) for a lineage composed of WN virus strains from northern Africa, including isolates from Egypt and Algeria, and west, central, and east Africa, all of the European isolates, those from France and Romania, an Israeli isolate, and an isolate of KUN virus from Australia. The nucleotide sequence of RO97-50 was identical to the sequence of a WN virus isolate obtained from Cx. neavei mosquitoes from Senegal and Cx. univittatus mosquitoes from Kenya. The phylogenetic analyses were compatible with the introduction of virus into Romania by birds migrating from sub-Saharan Africa, to northern Africa, and into southern Europe.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ceianu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nicolescu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karabatsos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lanciotti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vladimirescu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laiv
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ungureanu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Romanca
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001483:Base Sequence; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002645:Chickens; D009033:Culicidae / Q000821:virology*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004372:Ducks; D005260:Female; D005777:Geese; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012383:Romania / Q000453:epidemiology; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014422:Turkeys; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral