title: Constipation in infants and children: evaluation and treatment. A medical position statement of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Constipation, defined as a delay or difficulty in defecation, present for 2 or more weeks, is a common pediatric problem encountered by both primary and specialty medical providers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Constipation Subcommittee of the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition has formulated clinical practice guidelines for the management of pediatric constipation.  The Constipation Subcommittee, consisting of two primary care pediatricians, a clinical epidemiologist, and pediatric gastroenterologists, based its recommendations on an integration of a comprehensive and systematic review of the medical literature combined with expert opinion. Consensus was achieved through Nominal Group Technique, a structured quantitative method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Subcommittee developed two algorithms to assist with medical management, one for older infants and children and the second for infants less than 1 year of age. The guidelines provide recommendations for management by the primary care provider, including evaluation, initial treatment, follow-up management, and indications for consultation by a specialist. The Constipation Subcommittee also provided recommendations for management by the pediatric gastroenterologist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report, which has been endorsed by the Executive Council of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, has been prepared as a general guideline to assist providers of medical care in the evaluation and treatment of constipation in children. It is not intended as a substitute for clinical judgment or as a protocol for the management of all patients with this problem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Liptak
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Colletti
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Croffie
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ector
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nurko
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003248:Constipation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006627:Hirschsprung Disease; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008487:Medical History Taking; D010808:Physical Examination; D011859:Radiography; D012017:Referral and Consultation