title: Experimental lead arthropathy: an animal model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously demonstrated short-term effects of intra-articular lead on joint structures in an animal model. We now present histopathologic findings in animals studied over a more extended period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve female New Zealand White rabbits had identical lead or stainless steel pellets, or a sham arthrotomy (without implant) inserted in both front knees. The rabbits were killed 4 at a time at 6, 10, and 14 weeks after implantation, and the knee joint structures were evaluated histologically for changes in the synovium, articular cartilage, and meniscus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histology of the tibial articular surface, femoral articular surface, medial meniscus, lateral meniscus, and synovium showed greater signs of degeneration in the knees with lead implants than controls at all time periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrasynovial lead, which does not undergo fibrous encapsulation, has been linked to lead intoxication. Clinical and experimental reports support removal of lead bodies from articular areas in an attempt reduce or slow the degeneration of affected joints. Nonmechanical effects of lead on intraarticular structures may lead to degenerative changes
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA.
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lipton
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Vigorita
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bryk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D007596:Joints / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000473:pathology; D008592:Menisci, Tibial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D011817:Rabbits; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D007854:Lead