title: c-Abl-induced apoptosis, but not cell cycle arrest, requires mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 activation.
abstract: c-Abl is a ubiquitously expressed protein tyrosine kinase activated by DNA damage and implicated in two responses: cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The downstream pathways by which c-Abl induces these responses remain unclear. We examined the effect of overexpression of c-Abl on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and found that overexpression of c-Abl selectively stimulated p38, while having no effect on c-Jun N-terminal kinase or on extracellular signal-regulated kinase. c-Abl-induced p38 activation was primarily mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK)6. A C-terminal truncation mutant of c-Abl showed no activity for stimulating p38 and MKK6, while a kinase-deficient c-Abl mutant still retained a residual activity. We tested different forms of c-Abl for their ability to induce apoptosis and found that apoptosis induction correlated with the activation of the MKK6-p38 kinase pathway. Importantly, dominant-negative MKK6, but not dominant-negative MKK3 or p38, blocked c-Abl-induced apoptosis. Because overexpression of p38 blocks cell cycle G(1)/S transition, we also tested whether the MKK6-p38 pathway is required for c-Abl-induced cell cycle arrest, and we found that neither MKK6 nor p38 dominant-negative mutants could relieve c-Abl-induced cell cycle arrest. Finally, DNA damage-induced MKK6 and p38 activation was diminished in c-Abl null fibroblasts. Our study suggests that c-Abl is required for DNA damage-induced MKK6 and p38 activation, and that activation of MKK6 by c-Abl is required for c-Abl-induced apoptosis but not c-Abl-induced cell cycle arrest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cong
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Goff
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D019556:COS Cells; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D004249:DNA Damage; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048669:MAP Kinase Kinase 6; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D051379:Mice; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016315:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D016315:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048669:MAP Kinase Kinase 6; C482566:MAP2K6 protein, human; C482567:Map2k6 protein, mouse; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases