title: Virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses select for amino-acid variation in simian immunodeficiency virus Env and Nef.
abstract: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to human immunodeficiency virus arise early after infection, but ultimately fail to prevent progression to AIDS. Human immunodeficiency virus may evade the CTL response by accumulating amino-acid replacements within CTL epitopes. We studied 10 CTL epitopes during the course of simian immunodeficiency virus disease progression in three related macaques. All 10 of these CTL epitopes accumulated amino-acid replacements and showed evidence of positive selection by the time the macaques died. Many of the amino-acid replacements in these epitopes reduced or eliminated major histocompatibility complex class I binding and/or CTL recognition. These findings strongly support the CTL 'escape' hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dzuris
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sidney
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Venham
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rudersdorf
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Pauza
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Bontrop
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DeMars
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sette
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Watkins
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D018604:Epitope Mapping; D000939:Epitopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D015686:Gene Products, env / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D015693:Gene Products, nef / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000276:immunology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000737:chemistry*; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D000939:Epitopes; D015686:Gene Products, env; D015693:Gene Products, nef; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I