title: Oesophageal motility defects associated with nocturnal gastro-oesophageal reflux on proton pump inhibitors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies from our laboratory reveal that 70% of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) on proton pump inhibitors twice daily (b.d.) have nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough (gastric pH < 4 > 1 h) which is often accompanied by oesophageal acid exposure. The pathogenesis of GER during gastric acid breakthrough is not clear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of oesophageal motility abnormalities in patients with nocturnal GER associated with nocturnal acid breakthrough on proton pump inhibitor b.d.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the pH-metry and manometric studies of 100 consecutive patients with GERD who were on proton pump inhibitor b.d. pH tracings were analysed for the nocturnal period (10.00 hours until 06.00 hours). Nocturnal GER was defined as> 0.5% time distal oesophageal pH < 4. Manometric tracings were reviewed for lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and oesophageal body motility. Chi-squared and Fischer's test were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 100 patients, 74 (74%) had nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough. Thirty-one (42%) had concurrent abnormal nocturnal GER (refluxers) and 43 out of 74 (58%) had no GER (non-refluxers). The prevalence of ineffective oesophageal motility, and low LES pressure was significantly higher in refluxers than in non-refluxers (P < 0. 05, P < 0.001, respectively). Ineffective-oesophageal motility has a high specificity (91%), but low sensitivity (45%) as a diagnostic predictor for patients who are more likely to develop nocturnal GER on proton pump inhibitor b.d.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ineffective oesophageal motility is a risk factor for proton pump inhibitor refractory GER.
authors.affiliation: Oesophageal Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Graduate Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19146, USA.
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Fouad
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Castell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015154:Esophageal Motility Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004947:Esophagus / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005745:Gastric Acidity Determination; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors