title: Biphenotypic B/macrophage cells express COX-1 and up-regulate COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E(2) production in response to pro-inflammatory signals.
abstract: B/macrophage cells are biphenotypic leukocytes of unknown function that simultaneously express B lymphocyte (IgM, IgD, B220, CD5) and macrophage (phagocytosis, F4/80, Mac-1) characteristics. B/macrophage cells can be generated from purified mouse B lymphocytes incubated in fibroblast-conditioned medium. A potential role for B/macrophage cells in inflammation was shown by their ability to express prostaglandin H synthase-1 (COX-1) and prostaglandin H synthase-2 (COX-2) and by their production of prostaglandin (PG) E(2). COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA expression is not observed in the precursor B lymphocytes and is not known to be a property of B lineage cells. In contrast, COX-2 and the prostanoids PGE(2), PGF(2alpha) and PGD(2) are highly inducible in B/ macrophage cells upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, CD40 ligand, or via engagement of surface IgM, supporting a role for these cells in inflammation. PGD(2) and its metabolites are of interest because they activate the nuclear receptor PPARgamma that regulates lipid metabolism. The B/macrophage represents the first instance of a normal B-lineage cell capable of expressing COX-2. Importantly, B/macrophage cells were identified in vivo, providing evidence that they may play a significant role in immune responses. Since PGE(2) blunts IL-12 production, its synthesis by B/macrophage cells may shift the balance of an immune response towards Th2 and humoral immunity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Nazarenko
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Borrello
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palis
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Phipps
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015237:Dinoprost; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496512:Ptgs1 protein, mouse; D015232:Dinoprostone; D015230:Prostaglandin D2