title: Cryptorchidism, open processus vaginalis, and associated hernia: laparoscopic approach to the internal inguinal ring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A nonpalpable testis was the first indication for laparoscopy in urology. This primarily diagnostic procedure has evolved to complete laparoscopic orchidopexy. An associated inguinal hernia due to an open processus vaginalis is reported in 26% of cryptorchidism cases. Simultaneous laparoscopic orchidopexy and herniorrhaphy are therefore the next logical step.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1992 and 1998, 61 children underwent laparoscopy for pathology of the internal inguinal ring. In 48 boys the operation was performed for a nonpalpable testis and in 13 boys laparoscopic transection of the processus vaginalis was performed because of clinical hydrocele.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 25 of the 48 cases an intra-abdominal location was found with 18 existing and 7 vanishing testicles. Laparoscopic orchidopexy was performed either as a two-stage Fowler-Stephens technique (n = 6) or as a direct one-stage repair (n = 12). In 6 boys with cryptorchidism a direct inguinal hernia was associated, which received simultaneous laparoscopic herniorrhaphy. In 23 cases of cryptorchidism with an inguinal location of the testis, 3 vanishing testicles were found. In 20 cases with normal testicular vessels, an inguinal exploration followed. In 4 of the hydrocele cases additional herniorrhaphy had to be performed. In all cases the operation could be performed as planned without complications. After orchidopexy all testicles were in the normal position and well perfused as revealed by flow Doppler sonography. All hydroceles disappeared within several days. There was no inguinal hernia recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic dissection of the internal inguinal ring allows perfect delineation of the anatomic structures and their relationship. Transection of the processus vaginalis can be performed without disturbance of the inguinal canal. Hernias can be closed with essentially the same technique as used in open surgery. Morbidity was minimal in all patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, Austria. christian.radmayr@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Radmayr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Corvin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Studen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Janetschek
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007264:Inguinal Canal / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000379:methods; D006848:Testicular Hydrocele / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome