title: Activation of spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors stimulates a nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine 3,5-monophosphate/glutamate release cascade in nociceptive signaling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing evidence has suggested the possibility that the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors modulates spinal nociceptive transmission via a nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. However, the existence and the role of an NO/cGMP pathway in the modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission has been unclear. The authors hypothesized that the activation of NMDA receptors stimulates an NO/cGMP pathway, and this pathway evokes glutamate release within the spinal cord, modulating spinal nociceptive transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors have examined the effects of an NO synthase inhibitor and a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor on the concentrations of NO metabolites (NO2-/NO3-) and glutamate in the cerebrospinal fluid after intrathecal perfusion of NMDA, concomitantly observing pain-related behavior (scratching, biting, and vocalization) in unanesthetized, free-moving rats using an intrathecal microdialysis method. The contents of cGMP in the dorsal horn were also measured using enzyme immunoassay method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrathecal perfusion of NMDA produced pain-related behavior and increased glutamate and NO2-/NO3-concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. A competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, completely blocked the NMDA-induced responses. An NO synthase inhibitor, N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine acetate, at a dose that completely blocked the increase in NO2-/NO3-, inhibited both the NMDA-induced pain-related behavior and the increase in glutamate concentration. In addition, a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one, also inhibited significantly NMDA-induced pain-related behavior and the increase in glutamate concentration. NMDA induced an increase in cGMP in the dorsal half of the spinal cord, which was blocked by N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine acetate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study support the hypothesis that the activation of NMDA receptors modulated pain-related behavior via an NO/cGMP/glutamate release cascade within the spinal cord.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan. kawamata@sapmed.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Omote
mesh_terms: D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010146:Pain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000819:agonists*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C095284:1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D010069:Oxadiazoles; D011810:Quinoxalines; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D006152:Cyclic GMP