title: Contribution of single-photon emission computed tomography in the diagnosis and follow-up of CNS toxicity of a cytarabine-containing regimen in pediatric leukemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cytarabine (ara-C) is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents in patients with acute leukemia (AL), with a clear dose effect. Use of high-dose ara-C is hampered, however, by a noticeable toxicity, particularly to the CNS. We investigated the usefulness of CNS perfusion imaging with technetium-99m ((99m)Tc)-hexamethyl-propylene-amine oxime (HMPAO) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) concurrent to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to specifically assess the effects of standard- and high-dose ara-C in children with AL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six perfusion studies using (99m)Tc-HMPAO SPECT were performed in 12 children (age range, 4 to 15 years) with AL after induction therapy, which consisted of a standard-dose ara-C, immediately after consolidation with high-dose ara-C, and later during follow-up (range, 6 to 44 months). The chemotherapy-related adverse events were monitored and correlated to SPECT and MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the induction phase, all children were neurologically normal on MRI. On SPECT imaging, four children displayed a slightly heterogeneous perfusion. After high-dose ara-C (4 to 36 g/m(2)), five children had regressive neurologic signs of potential toxic origin. Of these five children, only one had an abnormal MRI scan, whereas all patients showed evidence of diffuse cerebral and/or cerebellar heterogeneous perfusion on SPECT. The seven other patients without any neurologic symptoms had normal MRI scans; SPECT was normal for three patients and abnormal for four patients. On follow-up, for four children who had presented with clinical neurologic toxicity, SPECT improved in three patients and remained unchanged in one patients. In two of these four children, delayed abnormalities (T2 white matter hypersignal and cerebellar atrophy) appeared on MRI scans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our series, diffuse heterogeneous brain hypoperfusion is often the sole early objective imaging feature identified by SPECT of high-dose ara-C neurotoxicity, where MRI still demonstrates normal pictures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charles Nicolle University Hospital, Henri Becquerel Center, Rouen, France. pierre.vera@rouen.fnclcc.fr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Véra
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rohrlich
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Stiévenart
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elmaleh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duval
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bonnin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bok
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vilmer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D003561:Cytarabine; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime