Pyrroloquinoxaline derivatives as high-affinity and selective 5-HT(3) receptor agonists: synthesis, further structure-activity relationships, and biological studies.
The synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of a series of novel pyrroloquinoxalines and heteroaromatic-related derivatives are described. The new pyrroloquinoxaline-related ligands were tested in rat cortex, a tissue expressing high density of 5-HT(3) receptors, and on NG108-15 cells and exhibited IC(50) values in the low nanomolar or subnanomolar range, as measured by the inhibition of [(3)H]zacopride binding. The SAR studies detailed herein delineated a number of structural features required for improving affinity. Some of the ligands were employed as "molecular yardsticks" to probe the spatial dimensions of the lipophilic pockets L1, L2, and L3 in the 5-HT(3) receptor cleft, while the 7-OH pyrroloquinoxaline analogue was designed to investigate hydrogen bonding with a putative receptor site H1 possibly interacting with the serotonin hydroxy group. The most active pyrroloquinoxaline derivatives showed subnanomolar affinity for the 5-HT(3) receptor. In functional studies ([(14)C]guanidinium accumulation test in NG108-15 hybrid cells, in vitro) most of the tested compounds showed clear-cut 5-HT(3) agonist properties, while some others were found to be partial agonists. Several heteroaromatic systems, bearing N-substituted piperazine moieties, have been explored with respect to 5-HT(3) affinity, and novel structural leads for the development of potent and selective central 5-HT(3) receptor agonists have been identified. Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies indicate that these compounds easily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after systemic administration with a brain/plasma ratio between 2 and 20, unless they bear a highly hydrophilic group on the piperazine ring. None of the tested compounds showed in vivo anxiolytic-like activity, but potential analgesic-like properties have been possibly disclosed for this new class of 5-HT(3) receptor agonists.
Campiani
G
G
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Facolta' di Farmacia, Universita' degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy. campiani@unisi.it
Morelli
E
E
Gemma
S
S
Nacci
V
V
Butini
S
S
Hamon
M
M
Novellino
E
E
Greco
G
G
Cagnotto
A
A
Goegan
M
M
Cervo
L
L
Dalla Valle
F
F
Fracasso
C
C
Caccia
S
S
Mennini
T
T
D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D019791:Guanidine / Q000378:metabolism; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006822:Hybrid Cells; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000187:drug effects*; D044406:Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D008024:Ligands; D011758:Pyrroles; D011810:Quinoxalines; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin; D044406:Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D019791:Guanidine