title: Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with myeloma who relapse after high-dose chemotherapy have few therapeutic options. Since increased bone marrow vascularity imparts a poor prognosis in myeloma, we evaluated the efficacy of thalidomide, which has antiangiogenic properties, in patients with refractory disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four previously treated patients with refractory myeloma (76 with a relapse after high-dose chemotherapy) received oral thalidomide as a single agent for a median of 80 days (range, 2 to 465). The starting dose was 200 mg daily, and the dose was increased by 200 mg every two weeks until it reached 800 mg per day. Response was assessed on the basis of a reduction of the myeloma protein in serum or Bence Jones protein in urine that lasted for at least six weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The serum or urine levels of paraprotein were reduced by at least 90 percent in eight patients (two had a complete remission), at least 75 percent in six patients, at least 50 percent in seven patients, and at least 25 percent in six patients, for a total rate of response of 32 percent. Reductions in the paraprotein levels were apparent within two months in 78 percent of the patients with a response and were associated with decreased numbers of plasma cells in bone marrow and increased hemoglobin levels. The microvascular density of bone marrow did not change significantly in patients with a response. At least one third of the patients had mild or moderate constipation, weakness or fatigue, or somnolence. More severe adverse effects were infrequent (occurring in less than 10 percent of patients), and hematologic effects were rare. As of the most recent follow-up, 36 patients had died (30 with no response and 6 with a response). After 12 months of follow-up, Kaplan-Meier estimates of the mean (+/-SE) rates of event-free survival and overall survival for all patients were 22+/-5 percent and 58+/-5 percent, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thalidomide is active against advanced myeloma. It can induce marked and durable responses in some patients with multiple myeloma, including those who relapse after high-dose chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Myeloma and Lymphoma Program, South Carolina Cancer Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singhal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Desikan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ayers
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roberson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eddlemon
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Munshi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anaissie
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dhodapkar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeddis
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barlogie
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001536:Bence Jones Protein / Q000652:urine; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D001856:Bone Marrow Examination; D018450:Disease Progression; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009194:Myeloma Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012008:Recurrence; D012074:Remission Induction; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D009194:Myeloma Proteins; D013792:Thalidomide; D001536:Bence Jones Protein