title: Modified continuous femoral three-in-one block for postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty.
abstract: We prospectively studied the continuous "modified" femoral three-in-one block for postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty. Sixty-two patients undergoing elective knee arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine (B) and fentanyl were randomized to receive 0.2% B, 0.1% B, or placebo at 10 mL/h for 48 h after an initial bolus of 30 mL of the same solution via the femoral block catheter. The catheters were inserted under the fascia iliaca using a "double pop" technique and a peripheral nerve stimulator and were advanced 15-20 cm cranially. Venous plasma levels of B, desbutylbupivacaine, and 4-hydroxy B were measured daily for 3 days. All patients received patient-controlled analgesia with morphine and indomethacin suppositories for 48 h. Using computed tomography, we evaluated the catheter location for 20 patients. The catheter tips, located superior to the upper third of the sacroiliac joint in the psoas sheath, were labeled as ideally located. The group receiving 0.2% B had a larger block success rate, smaller morphine consumption in the immediate postoperative period (15 vs 22 mg) and during the first postoperative day (9 vs 18 mg), and achieved a greater range of motion in the immediate postoperative period (91 degrees +/- 10 degrees vs 80 degrees + 13 degrees ). Visual analog scores for pain during both rest and activity were low but similar between the groups. Forty percent of the catheters evaluated were ideally located. Ideal location and use of 0.2% B resulted in 100% success of blockade of all three nerves. The S1 root was blocked in up to 76% of patients. The plasma levels of B, 4-hydroxy B, and desbutylbupivacaine were below the toxic range during the infusion. We conclude that continuous fascia iliaca block with 0.2% B results in opioid-sparing and improved range of motion during the immediate postoperative period. Larger doses of bupivacaine may safely be used in the immediate postoperative period if needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous fascia iliaca block with 0.2% bupivacaine reduces opioid requirements and improves range of motion in the immediate postoperative period compared with a placebo and 0.1% bupivacaine. Plasma levels are below the toxic range with this dose. Only 40% of the catheters are positioned in the ideal location. With the smaller dose of bupivacaine, the success rate with this block is small.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, London Health Sciences Center, University of Western Ontario, Canada. sganapat@julian.uwo.ca
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganapathy
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wasserman
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stockall
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Chess
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; C025149:2',6'-pipecoloxylidide; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine