title: Zolpidem for persistent insomnia in SSRI-treated depressed patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depressed individuals effectively treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) often report persistent insomnia and require adjunctive sleep-promoting therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men (N = 40) and women (N = 150) with a mean age of 41.6 years who had persistent insomnia in the presence of effective and stable treatment (at least 2 weeks) with fluoxetine (< or =40 mg/day), sertraline (< or =100 mg/day), or paroxetine (< or =40 mg/day) for DSM-IV major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, or minor depressive disorder of mild-to-moderate severity (and score of < or =2 on item 3 of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression [HAM-D]) participated in this randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. At study entry, patients were required to score < or =12 on the HAM-D. During a 1-week single-blind placebo period, patients had to report on at least 3 nights a latency of > or =30 minutes or a sleep time of <6.5 hours and clinically significant daytime impairment. Patients received either placebo (N = 96) or zolpidem, 10 mg (N = 94) nightly, for 4 weeks and single-blind placebo for 1 week thereafter. Sleep was measured with daily questionnaires and during weekly physician visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with placebo, zolpidem was associated with improved sleep: longer sleep times (weeks 1 through 4, p<.05), greater sleep quality (weeks 1 through 4, p<.01), and reduced number of awakenings (weeks 1, 2, and 4; p<.05), together with feeling significantly more refreshed, less sleepy, and more able to concentrate. After placebo substitution, the zolpidem group showed significant worsening relative to pretreatment sleep on the first posttreatment night in total sleep time and sleep quality, reverted to pretreatment insomnia levels on the other hypnotic efficacy measures, or maintained improvement (fewer number of awakenings). There was no evidence of dependence or withdrawal from zolpidem (DSM-IV criteria). Incidence rates of adverse events were similar in both treatment groups (74% and 83% for placebo and zolpidem, respectively), but 7 zolpidem patients discontinued compared with 2 placebo patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this defined patient population, zolpidem, 10 mg, was effectively and safely co-administered with an SSRI, resulting in improved self-rated sleep, daytime functioning, and well-being.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Asnis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakraburtty
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: DuBoff
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krystal
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Londborg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roth-Schechter
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Scharf
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010919:Placebos; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010919:Placebos; D011725:Pyridines; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D000077334:Zolpidem