title: Total thoracic oesophagectomy for oesophageal carcinoma: has it been worth it?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anastomotic recurrence is a major cause of late mortality following oesophago-gastrectomy (OG) for carcinoma of the oesophagus and oesophago-gastric junction using either the Ivor Lewis or left thoraco-abdominal approach with intra-thoracic anastomosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether the more extensive total thoracic oesophagectomy (TTO) with cervical anastomosis would reduce the anastomotic recurrence rate while maintaining acceptable operative morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1988 to December 1996, 108 total thoracic oesophagectomies and 66 oesophago-gastrectomies were performed with curative intent in 174 patients (125 males, mean age 62.4 years) with carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma in 34 and adenocarcinoma in 140) of the middle (31 patients) and lower (44 patients) oesophagus and oesophago-gastric junction (99 patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Minor complications occurred in 37 (34%) total thoracic oesophagectomy and 18 (27%) oesophago-gastrectomy patients, major complications in 15 (14%) and 5 (8%) and peri-operative death in 5 (4.6%) and 7 (11%) patients, respectively. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 10 (9%) total thoracic oesophagectomy and 5 (8%) oesophago-gastrectomy patients, and was fatal in 1 (1%) and 4 (6%). There was no incidence of tumour at or within 5 mm of the proximal limit in the total thoracic oesophagectomy group and this was reflected in the complete absence of anastomotic recurrence. In the oesophago-gastrectomy group there was a positive proximal resection margin in 13 (20%) and 13 anastomotic recurrences (22% of peri-operative survivors). The 5-year survival (including operative mortality) was 29% for total thoracic oesophagectomy compared with 21% for the other techniques (P = 0.028 log rank test). Median survival was 25.2 months after total thoracic oesophagectomy and 15.8 after oesophago-gastrectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total thoracic oesophagectomy can be performed in oesophageal cancer patients with comparable morbidity to that of lesser resections. Incomplete proximal resection and anastomotic recurrence did not occur in this series of 108 total thoracic oesophagectomies and this is reflected in an increased medium term survival. The improved survival is most apparent for tumours of the oesophago-gastric junction.
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Regional Thoracic Surgical Department, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McManus
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Anikin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGuigan
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005743:Gastrectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate