title: Comparison of adjuvants with Leishmania antigens in a guinea pig model to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity responses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Guinea pigs have been a traditional model for studies of delayed-type hypersensitivity. They are the natural host of Leishmania enriettii and have been experimentally infected with other species of Leishmania. They have been used as a skin-test model to screen potential antigens for use in diagnostic tests for Leishmania. Use of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), along with whole promastigote Leishmania antigen, was necessary to sensitize guinea pigs to invoke a sufficient cell-mediated immune response. However, use of CFA has come under scrutiny by Animal Care and Use Committees due to the pathologic changes associated with its use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two specific-pathogen-free male Hartley guinea pigs were inoculated with Leishmania antigens alone or mixed with one of three adjuvants (CFA, TiterMax, and liposomes), and were skin tested 2 weeks later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the Leishmania antigens tested, guinea pigs that received liposomes as an adjuvant had skin-test responses comparable to those of guinea pigs that received CFA. TiterMax was also tested, but cellular responses at antigen test sites were poor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liposomes can be used in this model as a safe, effective adjuvant.
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Briand
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Ruble
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stiteler
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Burge
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Soranaka
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glenn
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Quance-Fitch
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Rowton
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology*; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000276:immunology*; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000276:immunology*; D007895:Leishmania tropica / Q000276:immunology*; D008081:Liposomes / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D011060:Poloxalene; D012882:Skin Tests
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D008081:Liposomes; C086752:TiterMax; D011060:Poloxalene; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant