title: Medial localization of mineralization-regulating proteins in association with Mönckeberg's sclerosis: evidence for smooth muscle cell-mediated vascular calcification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcification of the media of peripheral arteries is referred to as Mönckeberg's sclerosis (MS) and occurs commonly in aged and diabetic individuals. Its pathogenesis is unknown, but its presence predicts risk of cardiovascular events and leg amputation in diabetic patients. Several studies have documented expression of bone-associated genes in association with intimal atherosclerotic calcification, leading to the suggestion that vascular calcification may be a regulated process with similarities to developmental osteogenesis. Therefore, we examined gene expression in vessels with MS to determine whether there was evidence for a regulated calcification process in the vessel media.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and semiquantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to examine the expression of mineralization-regulating proteins in human peripheral arteries with and without MS. MS occurred in direct apposition to medial vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the absence of macrophages or lipid. These VSMCs expressed the smooth muscle-specific gene SM22alpha and high levels of matrix Gla protein but little osteopontin mRNA. Compared with normal vessels, vessels with MS globally expressed lower levels of matrix Gla protein and osteonectin, whereas alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, bone Gla protein, and collagen II, all indicators of osteogenesis/chondrogenesis, were upregulated. Furthermore, VSMCs derived from MS lesions exhibited osteoblastic properties and mineralized in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that medial calcification in MS lesions is an active process potentially orchestrated by phenotypically modified VSMCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. cs131@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Shanahan
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Cary
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Salisbury
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Proudfoot
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Weissberg
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Edmonds
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001158:Arteries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D053495:Osteopontin; D012598:Sclerosis; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D000097568:Matrix Gla Protein
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002118:Calcium; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D053495:Osteopontin; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D000097568:Matrix Gla Protein; C506895:SPP1 protein, human