title: Comparative effects of three cytokine regimens after high-dose cyclophosphamide: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and sequential interleukin-3 and GM-CSF.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the toxicity and effects on hematologic recovery and circulating progenitor cell mobilization of three cytokine regimens administered after high-dose cyclophosphamide (HD-CTX; 6 g/m(2)), given as the first step of a high-dose sequential chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight patients with breast cancer or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were randomized to receive granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone (arm 1), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) alone (arm 2), or sequential interleukin-3 (IL-3) and GM-CSF (arm 3). Cytokines were administered as a single daily subcutaneous injection at a dose of 5 to 6 microg/kg/d. Progenitor cells were evaluated in peripheral blood as well as in apheretic product as both CD34(+) cells and granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neutrophil recovery was faster in arm 1 as compared with arms 2 and 3 (P <.0001); no significant differences were observed between arms 2 and 3. In arm 3, a moderate acceleration of platelet recovery was observed, but it was statistically significant only as compared with arm 1 (P =.028). The peak of CD34(+) cells was hastened in a median of 2 days in arm 1 compared with arms 2 and 3 (P =.0002), whereas the median peak value of CD34(+) cells and CFU-GM was similar in the three patient groups. Administration of IL-3 and GM-CSF resulted in more significant toxicity requiring pharmacologic treatment in 90% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three cytokine regimens administered after HD-CTX are comparably effective in reducing hematologic toxicity and mobilizing the hematopoietic progenitor cells. G-CSF accelerates leukocyte recovery and progenitor mobilization. Although G-CSF-treated patients have somewhat slower platelet recovery, they definitely have fewer side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ballestrero
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferrando
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garuti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Basta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gonella
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stura
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Mela
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sessarego
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gobbi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Patrone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007377:Interleukin-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D007377:Interleukin-3; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D003520:Cyclophosphamide