title: Expression of genes for proinflammatory cytokines in alveolar macrophages during propofol and isoflurane anesthesia.
abstract: Anesthesia and surgery induce macrophage aggregation and neutrophil influx, responses that characterize an inflammatory reaction in the distal airway. We thus evaluated the time-dependent expression of genes for proinflammatory cytokines during propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. We studied patients anesthetized with propofol (n = 20) or isoflurane (n = 20). Alveolar macrophages were harvested by bronchoalveolar lavage immediately, 2, 4, and 6 h after induction of anesthesia, and at the end of surgery. RNA was extracted from harvested cells and cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription. Expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was measured by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction using beta-actin as an internal standard. We observed two 10-fold increases in gene expression of all proinflammatory cytokines except IL-6. The increases in IL-8 and interferon gamma were 1.5-3 times greater during isoflurane than propofol anesthesia. Expression of the genes for IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was similar with each anesthetic. Our data thus indicate that the pulmonary inflammatory response accompanying anesthesia and surgery is accompanied by the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and that this expression was in some cases greater during isoflurane than propofol anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in alveolar macrophages increased significantly over time. The increases were greater during isoflurane than propofol anesthesia, suggesting that inflammatory responses at transcriptional levels in alveolar macrophages are modulated by the type and duration of anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hirosaki School of Medicine, Japan. nao@cc.hirosaki-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kotani
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sessler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ebina
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muraoka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsuki
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D007530:Isoflurane; D015742:Propofol