title: Expression of the Ets-1 transcription factor in human astrocytomas is associated with Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (Flt-1)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 synthesis and neoangiogenesis.
abstract: Marked neovascularization and vascular endothelial proliferation are characteristic features of malignant gliomas. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an angiogenic protein secreted by glioma cells, appears to play a crucial role for induction of neoangiogenesis. The VEGF receptors fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (Flt-1)/VEGFR-1 and kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR)/ VEGFR-2 are up-regulated on the surface of endothelial cells (ECs) in gliomas. Both receptor genes contain an Ets-responsible element in their promoters. The proto-oncogene ets-1 encodes a transcription factor that has been associated with blood vessel formation in vivo under physiological and pathophysiological conditions including tumor neovascularization. Ets-1 is induced by VEGF in cultured ECs. In vitro data also point to a role of Ets-1 as a transcriptional activator of Flt-1. These properties prompted us to investigate Ets-1 expression in 32 human astroglial tumors of WHO grades I-IV and to correlate the data with the expression pattern of VEGF, Flt-1, and KDR. By in situ hybridization, high ets-1 mRNA levels were found in the glioma microvasculature with particularly prominent signals in glomeruloid vascular endothelial proliferations of glioblastomas (WHO grade IV). Semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR identified the full-length ets-1 transcript but none of three known splice variants encoding isoforms with different functional domains. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated Ets-1 protein preferentially in the nucleus of those ECs with an epithelioid morphology consistent with an activated state, whereas quiescent flat-shaped ECs predominantly displayed cytosolic immunoreactivity. This observation proposes nuclear translocation of Ets-1 during neoangiogenesis. VEGF synthesis by glioma cells was accompanied by Ets-1 expression in adjacent microvascular ECs. Furthermore, a highly significant correlation was observed between Ets-1 and Flt-1 (but not KDR) expression in ECs of the glioma microvasculature. Our data suggest that VEGF secreted by glioma cells induces Ets-1 in adjacent microvascular ECs, which subsequently transactivates the VEGF receptor Flt-1. This cascade may crucially promote neoangiogenesis in human gliomas.
authors.affiliation: University of Bonn Medical Center, Department of Neuropathology, Germany.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Valter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hügel
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Cavenee
authors.forename: O D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Wiestler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pietsch
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wernert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D004727:Endothelium / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: C494041:ETS1 protein, human; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1