title: Anatomy of the left atrium: implications for radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The feasibility of treating atrial fibrillation with radiofrequency ablation has revived interest in the structure of the left atrium, a chamber that has been neglected in many textbooks of anatomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We reviewed the gross structure of the left atrium by examining the septum, the appendage, and insertions of the pulmonary veins in normal hearts. The limited extent of the true septal component is relevant to procedures using the transseptal approach. On gross examination, the musculature of the atrial wall is composed of overlapping bundles of aligned fibers that, in the majority of hearts, are arranged in characteristic patterns with only minor individual variations. Muscular sleeves extend into the walls of the pulmonary veins to varying distances. The longest sleeves are in the left upper veins. Bachmann's bundle anteriorly, and other smaller bundles superiorly and posteriorly, bridge the septal raphe to blend with musculature of the right atrium. Tongues of left atrial musculature from the posterior wall also extend into the wall of the coronary sinus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The left atrium is more complex than usually conceived. Understanding its structure, and the arrangement of its musculature, will help in improving strategies for linear lesions when attempting to compartmentalize the chamber, or when placing focal lesions for ablating ectopic sources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom. yen.ho@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Quintana
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004699:Endocardium / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006325:Heart Atria; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010496:Pericardium / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology