title: Procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine (PCV) chemotherapy for anaplastic astrocytoma: A retrospective review of radiation therapy oncology group protocols comparing survival with carmustine or PCV adjuvant chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine any differences in outcome for patients with anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) treated with adjuvant carmustine (BCNU) versus procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine (PCV) chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) database was reviewed for patients with newly diagnosed AA treated according to protocols that included either BCNU or PCV adjuvant chemotherapy. All patients were treated with radiation therapy. The outcome analysis included overall survival, taking into account patient age, extent of resection, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), and treatment group (BCNU v PCV). Stratified and nonstratified Cox proportional hazards models were used, as well as an analysis using matched cases between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 257 patients were treated with BCNU according to RTOG protocols 70-18, 83-02, and 90-06; 175 patients were treated with PCV according to RTOG protocol 94-04. All pretreatment characteristics except KPS were well balanced by treatment group; 61% of the BCNU group had a KPS of 90 to 100 compared with 73% of the PCV group (P =.0075). No statistically significant difference in survival was observed in any age group or by KPS or extent of surgery. The stratified analysis also showed no trends for improved survival by treatment group (P =. 40). The Cox model identified only age, KPS, and extent of surgery as important variables influencing survival, not treatment group. Matching cases between groups using age, KPS, and surgery resulted in 133 matched pairs. No difference in survival was observed (P =. 41). In a Cox model in which each matched pair is a strata, there was no difference between groups (P =.20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using this retrospective analysis, there does not seem to be any survival benefit to PCV chemotherapy. Future phase III studies for patients with AA may need to consider whether BCNU or PCV is used in the control arm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0372, USA. pradosm@neuro.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Prados
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Curran
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leibel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002330:Carmustine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D008130:Lomustine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011344:Procarbazine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D011344:Procarbazine; D014750:Vincristine; D008130:Lomustine; D002330:Carmustine