title: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4/stress-activated protein/Erk kinase 1 (MKK4/SEK1), a prostate cancer metastasis suppressor gene encoded by human chromosome 17.
abstract: The introduction of a discontinuous approximately 70-cM portion of human chromosome 17 significantly suppresses the metastatic ability of AT6.1 rat prostate cancer cells without affecting tumorigenicity (M. A. Chekmareva et al., Prostate, 33: 271-280, 1997). We have recently demonstrated that AT6.1 cells containing the approximately 70-cM region (AT6.1-17-4 cells) escape from the primary tumor and arrest in the lung but are growth-inhibited unless the metastasis suppressor region is lost (M. A. Chekmareva et al., Cancer Res., 58: 4963-4969, 1998). A series of in vivo studies indicated that the observed growth inhibition was due to the effect of a gene(s) at the metastatic site (M. A. Chekmareva et al., Cancer Res., 58: 4963-4969, 1998). We have now identified the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4/stress-activated protein/Erk kinase 1 (MKK4/SEK1) gene as a candidate metastasis suppressor gene encoded by the approximately 70-cM region. AT6.1 cells were transfected with a MKK4/SEK1 expression construct, and the cells were tested in standard spontaneous metastasis assays. Whereas the metastatic ability of the AT6.1-MKK4/SEK1 cells was significantly reduced as compared with that of transfection controls, the growth rate of the primary tumors was not affected; the average tumor volume at day 29 after injection was approximately 2 cm. Furthermore, histological examination of the lungs of AT6.1-MKK4/SEK1 tumor-bearing animals revealed that the suppression by MKK4/SEK1 is due to an effect at the metastatic site, consistent with the phenotype conferred by the original approximately 70-cM chromosomal region. These studies implicate MKK4/SEK1 as a metastasis suppressor gene encoded by human chromosome 17.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dubauskas
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chekmareva
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Christiano
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Rinker-Schaeffer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002886:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; C482559:MAP2K4 protein, human; C482562:Map2k4 protein, mouse; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases