title: Rationale for time-qualified reference standards for 24-hour blood pressure values and their circadian rhythms in Japanese normotensive adults: a study by the Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Research Group.
abstract: The aim of this study was to demonstrate that blood pressure (BP) has to be standardized according to its circadian variability, including the properties shown in its circadian rhythm. The BP time-qualified standards were derived from a sample of 644 clinically healthy normotensive Japanese subjects (320 males, 324 females; age range, 18-93 years), stratified by age-group and gender, who underwent noninvasive ambulatory monitoring according to a fixed protocol. The monitored data series shows that BP exhibits a within-day variability at any age of life in both males and females. Additionally, the monitored data series shows that BP exhibits a significant circadian rhythm at any age of life in both males and females. The age- and sex-related reference limits for the BP within-day variability constitute the time-qualified standards against which both the casual and monitored BP measurements can be compared in order to detect whether or not they are compatible with normotension. The reference limits for the BP circadian rhythm represent the rhythmometric standards against which the BP oscillatory curve can be compared in order to detect whether or not they are compatible with a physiological circadian rhythm.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Science, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uezono
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cugini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ashida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebihara
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogihara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otsuka
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimamoto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012015:Reference Standards