title: The CCK-A receptor gene possibly associated with auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia.
abstract: In this study, a PstI polymorphic site with two individual alleles, namely A1 and A2, was identified withinthe boundary between intron 1 and exon 2 of the cholecystokinin (CCK) type A receptor gene. The PstI polymorphic site was used as a genetic marker to study its association with psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. A significant difference in allelic frequency was found between schizophrenic patients with and without auditory hallucinations(chi(2) = 6.26, df = 1, P = 0.012), and the odds ratio for the allelic association was 2.21 (95% CI 1.18-4.15) with an attributable fraction of 0.1. The frequency of A1-A1 and A1-A2 genotypes showed a significant excess in schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations as compared to those without such symptoms (chi(2) = 5.45, df = 1, P = 0.02), and the odds ratio for the genotypic association was 2.27 (95% CI 1. 13-4.57) with an attributable fraction of 0.177. The haplotype-based haplotype relative risk (HHRR) test revealed a significant difference between transmitted and non-transmitted alleles in nuclear families of schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations (chi(2) = 4.54, df = 1,P = 0.033) but not in those of schizophrenic patients without them. The present study suggests that the CCK-A receptor gene may be associated with auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Association Great Britain, Bryn Hyfryd, The Crescent, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2AG UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Hemmings
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics*; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000502:physiology; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011949:Receptors, Cholecystokinin / Q000235:genetics*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D011949:Receptors, Cholecystokinin