title: Hepatic toxicity and persistence of ser/thr protein phosphatase inhibition by microcystin in the little skate Raja erinacea.
abstract: Microcystin-induced ser/thr protein phosphatase (PP) inhibition and toxicity were examined in the little skate (Raja erinacea), an evolutionarily primitive marine vertebrate. As in mammals, PP inhibition and toxicity were exclusively hepatocellular, but were much more persistent in the skate. A dose of 63 microg/kg given iv to adult male skates resulted in the near complete inhibition of hepatic PP activity at 24 h. PP activity was still 95% inhibited 7 days after dosing in skates given 125 microg/kg microcystin. Mortality occurred at doses of 500 microg/kg or more. Hepatic lesions were only seen in animals with fully inhibited PP activity in liver. The histological changes seen at 125 microg/kg were mild periportal inflammatory changes increasing in severity together with hepatocyte necrosis at higher doses of microcystin. Microcystin persisted and could be detected in plasma up to 7 days after dosing. This finding shows that, in the skate, as in mammals, the liver is the only organ capable of uptake of microcystin, since there was no significant inhibition of PP activity in the rectal gland and small decreases in PP activity of the kidney that were not time or dose dependent. In vitro microcystin caused dose-dependent inhibition of PP activity in isolated skate hepatocytes, while it was without effect in cultured rectal glands. Uptake of microcystin and the accompanying inhibition of PP activity in skate hepatocytes was prevented by the addition of a series of organic dyes and bile acids. The spectrum of inhibitors of microcystin uptake in skate is similar to that seen in the rat, indicating common features of the carrier(s) in these diverse species.
authors.affiliation: Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salsbury Cove, Maine, 04672, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Runnegar
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Seward
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ballatori
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Boyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002793:Cholic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D009336:Necrosis; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D012491:Salt Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D012754:Sharks; D012860:Skates, Fish
chemical_list: D002793:Cholic Acids; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010080:Oxazoles; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C078588:microcystin; C059041:calyculin A; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases