title: Music therapy increases serum melatonin levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Music therapy is known to have healing and relaxing effects. Although these effects appear to be mediated by release of neurotransmitters and neurohormones, the specific neurohormonal systems involved have not been fully investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of a music therapy intervention on concentrations of melatonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, and prolactin in the blood of a group of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were obtained before initiating the therapy, immediately at the end of 4 weeks of music therapy sessions, and at 6 weeks follow-up after cessation of the sessions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, Fla.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 male inpatients with Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  30- to 40-minute morning sessions of music therapy 5 times per week for 4 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in melatonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, and prolactin following music therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Melatonin concentration in serum increased significantly after music therapy and was found to increase further at 6 weeks follow-up. A significant increase was found between baseline values and data recorded after the music therapy sessions as well as at 6 weeks follow-up. Norepinephrine and epinephrine levels increased significantly after 4 weeks of music therapy, but returned to pretherapy levels at 6 weeks follow-up. Serum concentration of prolactin and platelet serotonin levels remained unchanged after 4 weeks of music therapy and at 6 weeks follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased levels of melatonin following music therapy may have contributed to patients' relaxed and calm mood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33101, USA. akumar@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tims
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Cruess
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mintzer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ironson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Loewenstein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cattan
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eisdorfer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000097:blood*; D009147:Music Therapy
chemical_list: D008550:Melatonin