title: Depressant effects of ambroxol on lipopolysaccharide- or fMLP-stimulated free radical production and granule enzyme release by alveolar macrophages.
abstract: In order to explore the depressant action of ambroxol, a bronchial expectorant, on the activated alveolar macrophage responses, its effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)- stimulated free radical production and granule enzyme release by rat lung alveolar macrophages was investigated. Ambroxol attenuated the 100 ng/ml LPS- or 1 microM fMLP-stimulated superoxide, H(2)O(2)and nitric oxide production and releases of acid phosphatase and lysozyme by alveolar macrophages. Ambroxol attenuated phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated superoxide and nitric oxide production that was inhibited by 100 nM staurosporine. N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS, 4.5 and 9 microM) alone stimulated superoxide production by macrophages, while 45 microM of the compound did not show a stimulatory effect. However, DMS decreased nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner. Ambroxol did not alter the DMS effect on free radical production that was affected by 10 microM genistein. A preincubation of macrophages with ambroxol (10 and 100 microM), staurosporine and genistein attenuated the elevation of [Ca(2+)](i)caused by LPS. The results suggest that ambroxol exerts a depressant effect on LPS- or fMLP-stimulated free radical production and granule enzyme release by rat alveolar macrophages, which may be attributed to its inhibitory action on the activation process, protein kinase C, but its action on protein tyrosine kinase is not suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul, 156-756, Korea.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000551:Ambroxol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005100:Expectorants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009113:Muramidase / Q000378:metabolism; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005100:Expectorants; D005609:Free Radicals; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D016877:Oxidants; D013481:Superoxides; D000551:Ambroxol; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D009113:Muramidase; D002118:Calcium