title: Caught in the middle: should the World Trade Organization settle environmental disputes?
abstract: Since its inception in 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) has arbitrated trade disputes between its members in part by deciding whether unilateral actions by its 134 member nations such as trade bans or restrictions violate international free trade rules and authorizing penalties against members that are found to be noncompliant with such rules. The WTO is criticized by those who believe its emphasis on free trade undermines national environmental and public health protection efforts. Recent disputes over the importation of hormone-treated beef and genetically modified crops have focused attention on how the WTO arbitrates disputes having environmental and public health implications and sparked criticisms as to whether the organization is qualified to do so.
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D011050:Policy Making; D011640:Public Policy; D018570:Risk Assessment