title: Bladder exstrophy: psychological impact during childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe the impact of bladder exstrophy on the behavior, self-esteem and quality of life of children as well as on the parents, and analyze the need for psychological intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 7 boys and 8 girls 3 to 18 years old (median age 11) under treatment at a tertiary pediatric surgery clinic were included in our followup study. Medical and psychological evaluations were performed. Behavior was assessed using the semistructured Höök-Cederblad Child Behavior Interview and the Child Behavior Checklist questionnaire. Self-esteem was assessed by the self-rating I Think I Am questionnaire. Children and parents were interviewed separately. Quality of life was estimated using the Multiattribute Health Status Mark II classification system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After repeat operations and hospitalization 10 children were dry, although 9 required catheterization. Four children had some behavioral problems, which were manifest in 2. All but 1 male adolescent had good or very good self-esteem. Quality of life was decreased in most cases due to limited self-care, although emotional problems were few. All mothers had experienced the birth as a traumatic event and 5 parents had had psychiatric symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-esteem may be maintained despite multiple operations, urinary leakage and deviant genitalia but the abnormality had a great impact on children and on the lives of the families. Parents and children required individual intervention from a multidisciplinary team during different stages of childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Lund, University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stjernqvist
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kockum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001519:Behavior; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D012649:Self Concept