title: Association of HIV viral load with oral diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The measurement of HIV viral load as a predictor of disease progression has revolutionized the medical management of HIV patients. In this study, oral diseases as measured by DMFT (decayed, missing and filled teeth), periodontal assessment and oral Candidacolonization, were related to HIV viral load. Also correlated was HIV status assessments, including CD4+ count, a history of intravenous drug abuse (IVDA) and the use of protease inhibitor drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral and periodontal examination, dental radiographs, and tongue swab for fungal culture was accomplished over a 2-month period on 39 HIV positive patients attending the University of Maryland Dental School. Twenty-eight (71. 8%) of these patients had a history of IVDA. Viral load was measured by a quantitative RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the patients with high viral load (>10 000 copies ml-1), 92.3% were found to have a history of IVDA. Also, patients with high viral load demonstrated average CD4+ counts of 136 mm-3 while moderate viral load (400-10 000 copies ml-1) corresponded to average counts of 271 mm-3. Periodontal pocket depths (PPD) of >5 mm at a minimum of two oral sites were found in 76.9% of the patients with high viral load. Among the high viral load patients, 69.2% had DMFT >20, 69.2% were culture positive for Candida and 81.5% of patients on protease inhibitors demonstrated moderate or low viral loads.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrated that elevated viral load levels correlate well with oral disease prevalence in this predominantly IVDA population of HIV-infected dental patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baqui
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meiller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jabra-Rizk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Falkler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002175:Candida / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004245:DMF Index; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D019562:Viral Load