title: The effectiveness of antidepressants in elderly depressed outpatients: a prospective case series study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined the effectiveness of antidepressants in a group of elderly depressed outpatients by assessing depression prevalence and recording adverse events over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective practice-based observational study (1991-1994) included consecutive outpatients at least 65 years of age with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of major affective disorder and who were prescribed antidepressant medications. Depressive symptoms were examined over time (stage 1 = 0 to 2 months; stage 2 = 2 to 6 months; stage 3 = 6 months to 2 years) with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). The cutoff scores of MADRS <18 and MADRS > or =18 were used in survival statistics. Adverse events were recorded systematically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 213 patients were seen over 2677 visits (mean +/- SD age = 75.5+/-6.1 years). MADRS scores for 85.8% of patients declined to below 18 within the first 2 months of antidepressant treatment. MADRS scores were above 18 for 37.3% of patients after 6 months and for 37.1% after 2 years. The mean time to decline in MADRS scores to below 18 in stage 1 was 36.1 days, and there was a significant difference between the antidepressant classes (log rank = 8.3, df = 3, p = .04), with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)/reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (RIMAs) having shorter times to response. The mean time to reach scores above cutoff during stage 2 was 144.3 days (log rank = 5.7, df = 3, p = .13) and during stage 3, 538.6 days (log rank = 9.8, df = 3, p = .02). Patients receiving TCAs and MAOIs/RIMAs had longer durations of MADRS scores below cutoff during stage 3 than those taking atypical antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. All antidepressant classes reported similar adverse event profiles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study systematically examined antidepressant effectiveness in a prospective design. TCAs and MAOIs/RIMAs were shown to be superior in effectiveness during 2 of the 3 treatment stages.
authors.affiliation: HOPE Research Centre, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. mittmann@srcl.sunnybrook.utoronto.ca
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mittmann
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Shulman
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: U E
authors.initials: UE
authors.lastname: Busto
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Borden
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Naranjo
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Shear
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005852:Geriatric Psychiatry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018579:Patient Selection; D017891:Pharmacoepidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012107:Research Design; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors