title: Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for thyroid cancer in Los Angeles County females.
abstract: We conducted an individually matched case-control study (292 pairs) of female thyroid cancer patients to examine the role of reproductive history and exogenous hormones in this disease. Radiation treatment to the head or neck [28 cases and 2 controls exposed; odds ratio (OR), 14.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.5-121.3] and certain benign thyroid diseases (including adolescent thyroid enlargement, goiter, and nodules or tumors) were strongly associated with thyroid cancer. Irregular menstruation increased risk (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.9-3.7). Age at menarche and pregnancy history were not related to disease. Women with natural menopause and hysterectomized women without oophorectomy had no increase in risk, but disease risk was elevated in women with bilateral oophorectomy (OR, 6.5; 95% CI, 1.1-38.1). In general, use of oral contraceptives and other exogenous estrogens was not associated with thyroid cancer. However, risk increased with number of pregnancies in women using lactation suppressants (P = 0.03) and decreased with duration of breastfeeding (P = 0.04). These data provide only limited support for the hypothesis that reproductive and hormonal exposures are responsible for the marked excess of thyroid cancer risk in adult females.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, USA.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Preston-Martin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xiang
mesh_terms: D018263:Adenocarcinoma, Follicular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D018265:Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D017584:Reproductive History; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones