title: The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398 ameliorates ischemic brain injury in wild-type mice but not in mice with deletion of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene.
abstract: The authors investigated the role of the prostaglandin-synthesizing enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the mechanisms of focal cerebral ischemia and its interaction with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Focal cerebral ischemia was produced by permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in mice. Infarct volume was measured 96 hours later by computer-assisted planimetry in thionin-stained brain sections. The highly selective COX-2 inhibitor NS398 (20 mg/kg; intraperitoneally), administered twice a day starting 6 hours after MCA occlusion, reduced total infarct volume in C57BL/6 (-23%) and 129/SVeV mice (-21%), and ameliorated the motor deficits produced by MCA occlusion (P < .05). However, NS398 did not influence infarct volume in mice with deletion of the iNOS gene (P > .05). In contrast, the neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-NI (50 mg/kg; intraperitoneally), administered once 5 minutes after MCA occlusion, reduced neocortical infarct volume by 20% in iNOS -/- mice (P < .05). NS398 did not affect arterial pressure, resting CBF or the CBF reactivity to hypercapnia in anesthetized iNOS null mice (P > .05). The data suggest that COX-2 reaction products, in mouse as in rat, contribute to ischemic brain injury. However, the failure of NS398 to reduce infarct volume in iNOS null mice suggests that iNOS-derived NO is required for the deleterious effects of COX-2 to occur. Thus, COX-2 reaction products may be another mechanism by which iNOS-derived NO contributes to ischemic brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagayama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niwa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagayama
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iadecola
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D013449:Sulfonamides; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases