title: HIV-1 exposed dendritic cells show increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production but reduced IL-1ra following lipopolysaccharide stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dendritic cells (DC) are potential first target cells in sexually transmitted HIV-1 infection. They are also considered to be central in the activation of naive T cells, which thereupon can become permissive for HIV-1. In addition, activated DC express effector molecules, which likely contribute to the direction of T helper (Th1/Th2)-specific immune responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The capacity of cytokine and chemokine production in in vitro DC infected and uninfected with HIV-1 was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by in situ immunocytochemical detection at the single cell level. Fluorescent in situ 5'-nuclease assay (FISNA) was used for quantitative evaluation of HIV-1 gag-positive cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Macrophage-tropic HIV-1 effectively infected 20-40% of in vitro cultured DC. However, this activity alone did not induce detectable cytokine or chemokine protein expression in DC. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of these HIV-1-infected DC resulted in a significantly increased level of cells producing tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL) 1beta but reduced frequencies of cells producing IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) compared with the LPS-stimulated but uninfected DC cultures (P < 0.05). Furthermore, an extensive production of the beta-chemokines [RANTES, macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP) 1alpha and 1beta] was detected in DC in response to both LPS and HIV-1 plus LPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that HIV-1 infected DC may have an increased proinflammatory activity. Elevated production of cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta and reduced IL-1ra may contribute to enhanced replication of HIV-1 in bystander T cells. Gram-negative bacterial infection and gut-associated bacterial translocation in HIV-1-infected individuals may also result in endotoxin-mediated reactivation of HIV-1 in bystander CD4 CD45RO T cells caused by the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in DC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Karin.lore@impi.ki.se
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Loré
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sönnerborg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Fehniger
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perbeck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000821:virology*; D015750:Genes, gag / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D004279:DNA, Viral; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha