title: Efficient patient identification strategies for women with osteoporosis.
abstract: The purpose of this analysis was to identify efficient (highest sensitivity at each level of cost) strategies to detect osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Our study sample consisted of 392 women (age >/=50 yr) who were retirees or active employees of a corporation. The Simple Calculated Osteoporosis Risk Estimation (SCORE) questionnaire was completed, and bone mineral density levels were collected at the forearm using peripheral dual X-ray absorptiometry (pDXA), and at the femoral neck and lumbar spine using central DXA. Osteoporotic women were those with a T-score of -2.5 or less at any one of the three skeletal sites tested. Assumed costs were $5 for SCORE, $35 for pDXA, $120 for DXA at either the hip or spine, and $200 for DXA at both the hip and spine. The analysis indicated that the current "gold standard" is inefficient relative to other strategies investigated. By comparison, a tiered strategy consisting of SCORE, pDXA, and then selective use of DXA at both the hip and spine identified 90% of the women with osteoporosis at a cost of only $106 per woman tested. In choosing among the efficient strategies, decision makers must determine the extent to which they are willing to trade off higher program cost for greater sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Outcomes Research & Management, Merk & Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA. thomas_abbott@merck.com
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mucha
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Manfredonia
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000191:economics; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005542:Forearm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires