title: Neuronavigation in intraoperative MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe the development and implementation of an image-guided surgical system combining the best features of conventional frameless stereotactic systems and the recently developed superconductive vertically configured intraoperative magnetic resonance scanner. The incorporation of intraoperatively updated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data sets into the neuronavigation computer overcomes one of the main disadvantages of these systems, i.e., intraoperative brain shift.
  
  
  METHODS
  The integrated system consists of a 0.5-T MRI scanner (Signa SP General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI), a neuronavigation computer with associated software (OTS Radionics, Burlington, MA), and an emulation program linking the two. The scanner has a 60-cm-wide vertical gap where both imaging and surgery are conducted, in-bore infrared linear cameras and monitors for interactive surgical neuronavigation, and flexible surface coils specially designed for surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phantom studies showed navigational accuracy to be better than that obtained using conventional preoperative images and surface markers for patient registration. Our initial 17 cases using this integrated system comprised 16 craniotomies and one biopsy, and demonstrated decreased operative duration, greater frequency of interactive image guidance utilization, and better assessment of the progress of surgery compared to the cases previously done in the intraoperative MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This initial study of the addition of frameless stereotactic systems to the basic intraoperative MRI concept has demonstrated its clinical usefulness. The use of the intraoperative MRI greatly reduces the basic weakness of neuronavigation inaccuracy due to target shift. The surgical procedure performed in the imaging volume of the MRI scanner eliminates the problems of patient or scanner transport during the procedure. Immobilization of the patient throughout the procedure eliminated the need for reregistration of the patient, by taking advantage of the fixed camera system in the bore of the MRI system.
authors.affiliation: Interventional Center, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Norway. eigil.samset@klinmed.uio.no
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Samset
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirschberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012984:Software; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013523:Surgical Equipment