title: Conscious sedation: a new approach for peritonsillar abscess drainage in the pediatric population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the safety and efficacy of conscious sedation (CS) in children undergoing emergency department incision and drainage (I&D) of peritonsillar abscesses (PTAs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 33-month retrospective chart review of all children presenting to the emergency department with the diagnosis of a PTA or peritonsillar cellulitis. Children who underwent CS prior to I&D were compared with children without CS for complications and efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  St Louis Children's Hospital, an academic tertiary care pediatric hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two children were enrolled; 30 PTAs were drained with CS in 27 children (3 underwent I&D twice), and 25 PTAs were drained in 25 children without CS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CS team included an otolaryngologist, a pediatric emergency department physician, and a registered nurse. A standardized CS protocol assessing vital signs and level of consciousness was employed during each procedure. A combination of midazolam, ketamine hydrochloride, and glycopyrrolate was used in appropriately weighted calculated doses. Patients were assessed for major and minor airway complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Airway complications related to CS were reviewed. Patients who underwent I&D with and without CS were compared with regard to purulent drainage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no major airway complications in patients undergoing I&D with CS. There was 1 minor complication in this group, oxygen desaturation to 88%, which resolved with stimulation. Of the 55 procedures, 45 (82%) yielded purulence: 29 (97%) of 30 in the CS group and 16 (64%) of 25 in the non-CS group (chi2 = 9.8; P = .002). Of those children undergoing CS, 3 (10%) of 30 were admitted to the hospital from the emergency department as compared with 6 (24%) of 25 without CS (chi2 = 1.95; P = .16). In the CS group, PTAs had a low recurrence rate of 1 (3.3%) of 30 compared with 2 (8%) of 25 in the non-CS group (chi2 = 0.57; P = .45). No one in the CS group required a secondary procedure under general anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary study demonstrates CS to be a potentially safe and efficacious approach to drainage of PTAs in children. Given its efficacy and its associated lower levels of anxiety and pain for the patient, CS seems to be a promising new approach to caring for children with PTAs.
authors.affiliation: St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, MO, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Suskind
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Piccirillo
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Lusk
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Muntz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002481:Cellulitis / Q000601:surgery; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006024:Glycopyrrolate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010343:Patient Admission; D010348:Patient Care Team; D000039:Peritonsillar Abscess / Q000601:surgery*; D012008:Recurrence; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D013492:Suppuration; D014069:Tonsillitis / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam; D006024:Glycopyrrolate