title: A comparison of the effect of three sedatives on esophageal sphincters in cats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children 5 years old and younger often require sedation for esophageal motility studies (EMS). At our institution, an intramuscular cocktail of meperidine, promethazine and chlorpromazine (MPC) has been used as the standard sedative for young children undergoing EMS. Administering the intramuscular sedative may, however, be more traumatic to the child than the procedure. Moreover, its effect on esophageal motility is not known and prolonged sedation is common. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of MPC and two orally-administered sedatives on esophageal sphincter function, using the cat model, with a goal to identify a potentially suitable orally-administered sedative for use in young children requiring sedation for EMS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured upper (UESP) and lower (LESP) esophageal sphincter pressures in 25 cats initially without sedation, and then following sedation with midazolam, chloral hydrate and MPC. The results were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three sedatives significantly decreased LESP compared to the control (p<0.05). Midazolam decreased LESP the most; however, the difference from the other sedatives did not reach statistical significance. All three sedatives decreased UESP, compared to control, but the differences were not statistically significant. Of the two oral sedatives, chloral hydrate had the least effect on the esophageal sphincters although its effect was not statistically different from that of midazolam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethically appropriate studies are needed to determine which oral sedative would be most beneficial for use in sedating children undergoing esophageal motility studies. Until studies can be done, the choice between chloral hydrate and midazolam should be based on the experience and comfort of the attending physician with regard to the potential side effects of the medications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Croffie
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ellett
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002415:Cats; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002697:Chloral Hydrate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000187:drug effects*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008614:Meperidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011398:Promethazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D002697:Chloral Hydrate; D008614:Meperidine; D011398:Promethazine; D008874:Midazolam; D002746:Chlorpromazine