title: Survival of premenopausal breast carcinoma patients in relation to menstrual cycle timing of surgery and estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor status of the primary tumor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Premenopausal breast carcinoma patients who undergo tumor excision during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle may have a significantly worse prognosis than those whose tumors are excised in other phases of the menstrual cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcome was determined in a series of 112 premenopausal women with operable breast carcinoma in relation to the timing of surgery within the menstrual cycle and the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status of their primary tumors as determined by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Those patients with ER positive tumors who underwent surgery in the early and luteal phase of the cycle had a significantly better survival than women with ER negative tumors (chi-square test = 15.56; P < 0.001). This also was true for PR status (chi-square test = 18.21; P < 0.001). After follicular phase surgery, tumor receptor status had no effect on overall survival. Patients with the best prognosis had ER/PR positive tumors excised on Days 0-2 and 13-32 but even those women with ER or PR negative tumors removed during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle fared better than patients whose tumors were removed during the follicular phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a better survival rate for patients with both ER/PR positive and negative tumors treated during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This could be the result of progesterone acting on the surrounding peritumoral normal tissue, thereby exerting a straitjacket effect and improving cohesion of the primary carcinoma. Unopposed estrogen in the follicular phase of the cycle may enable more tumor emboli to escape and successfully establish micrometastases.
authors.affiliation: Hedley Atkins Breast Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gillett
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Fentiman
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D017697:Premenopause; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone