title: Retrograde renoscopic fragmentation of moderate-size (1.5-3.0-cm) renal cystine stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present a series of cystinuric patients with renal cystine calculi between 1.5 and 3.0 cm treated with retrograde renoscopy and intracorporeal lithotripsy and report our results, complications, and inpatient utilization with this approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hospital and office charts of five consecutive patients with six treated renal units who underwent retrograde renoscopy and electrohydraulic lithotripsy for renal cystine stones between 1.5 and 3.0 cm were reviewed. Data on stone size and location, procedures performed, results, complications, and inpatient hospital days were compiled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five of the six renal units were either rendered stone free or had fragments totalling 3 mm or less. Three renal units required only a single procedure, one required repeat ureteroscopy for Steinstrasse, and one required SWL and repeat ureteroscopy for Steinstrasse. One renal unit was left with a 6-mm fragment for which the patient refused further treatment. There were no major complications. The mean hospital stay was 1 day, and the mean number of procedures per patient was 1.3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrograde renoscopy and intracorporeal lithotripsy for renal cystine stones 1.5 to 3.0 cm is safe and effective and should be considered as an alternative to percutaneous nephrolithotomy in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. david_rudnick@quickmail.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rudnick
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Dretler
mesh_terms: D003555:Cystinuria / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008096:Lithotripsy; D010316:Particle Size; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018666:Ureteroscopy