title: Binocular depth-from-motion in infantile and late-onset esotropia patients with poor stereopsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are at least two possible ways to detect motion-in-depth binocular without monocular cues: the binocular disparities at different times and a mechanism that detects interocular velocity differences. The perception of interocular velocity differences (Binocular depth-from-motion [BDFM]) depends on the relative velocity of the images on the retina of the left and right eyes, and this information can be experienced by normal and some strabismic patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of esotropic patients who have BDFM but have poor stereopsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one infantile and 28 late-onset esotropia patients with poor stereopsis were studied. Dynamic stereopsis and BDFM were tested with computer-generated random dot stereograms and kinematograms. The correlations between BDFM and other binocular functional tests were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 31 (44.9%) patients, 15 (36.5%) of the infantile and 16 (57.1%) of the late-onset esotropia group, passed the BDFM test. None of these patients passed the random dot stereo test under static or dynamic conditions. Fusion of the Worth four dot test at near 0.3 m was correlated with the presence of BDFM. Three of the 15 infantile and 10 of the 16 late-onset esotropic patients with positive BDFM showed gross stereopsis as measured by the Titmus Fly. The angle of strabismus was significantly smaller in the patients with positive BDFM for the infantile and the late-onset esotropia groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BDFM was present in about half of the esotropic patients who do not have fine stereopsis. Ocular alignment within 10 to 15 prism diopters is an important factor in obtaining BDFM. Strabismus surgery still provides some binocular benefit for infantile esotropia patients who were bypassed for early surgery. Separate mechanisms may underlie static stereopsis and BDFM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University, School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohmura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Awaya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003867:Depth Perception; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D004948:Esotropia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D015357:Vision Disparity; D015348:Vision, Binocular