title: Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous observational and interventional studies have suggested that regular physical exercise may be associated with reduced symptoms of depression. However, the extent to which exercise training may reduce depressive symptoms in older patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) has not been systematically evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of an aerobic exercise program compared with standard medication (ie, antidepressants) for treatment of MDD in older patients, we conducted a 16-week randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-six men and women with MDD (age, > or = 50 years) were assigned randomly to a program of aerobic exercise, antidepressants (sertraline hydrochloride), or combined exercise and medication. Subjects underwent comprehensive evaluations of depression, including the presence and severity of MDD using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores before and after treatment. Secondary outcome measures included aerobic capacity, life satisfaction, self-esteem, anxiety, and dysfunctional cognitions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 16 weeks of treatment, the groups did not differ statistically on HAM-D or BDI scores (P = .67); adjustment for baseline levels of depression yielded an essentially identical result. Growth curve models revealed that all groups exhibited statistically and clinically significant reductions on HAM-D and BDI scores. However, patients receiving medication alone exhibited the fastest initial response; among patients receiving combination therapy, those with less severe depressive symptoms initially showed a more rapid response than those with initially more severe depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An exercise training program may be considered an alternative to antidepressants for treatment of depression in older persons. Although antidepressants may facilitate a more rapid initial therapeutic response than exercise, after 16 weeks of treatment exercise was equally effective in reducing depression among patients with MDD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. blume003@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Babyak
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Craighead
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Khatri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waugh
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Napolitano
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Appelbaum
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Doraiswamy
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Krishnan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001007:Anxiety; D003071:Cognition; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011788:Quality of Life; D012649:Self Concept; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents