title: Functional evaluation of the medtronic stentless porcine xenograft mitral valve in sheep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, renewed interest in allograft and stentless "freehand" bileaflet xenograft mitral valve replacement has arisen. The variability of human papillary tip anatomy and scarcity of donors limit allograft availability, making xenograft mitral valves an attractive alternative; however, these valves require new surgical implantation techniques, and assessment of their hemodynamics and functional geometry is lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven sheep underwent implantation of a new stentless, glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine mitral valve (Physiological Mitral Valve [PMV], Medtronic) and were studied acutely under open-chest conditions. A new method of retrograde cardioplegia was developed. Hemodynamic valve function was assessed by epicardial Doppler echocardiography. 3D motion of miniature radiopaque markers sutured to the valve leaflets, annulus, and papillary tips was measured. Six other sheep with implanted markers served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both papillary muscle tips avulsed in the first animal, leaving 6 other animals. Mitral regurgitation was not observed in any xenograft valve. The peak and mean transvalvular gradients were 4.6+/-1.8 mm Hg and 2.6+/-1.5 mm Hg, respectively. The average mitral valve area was 5.7+/-1.6 cm(2). Valve closure in the xenograft group occurred later (30+/-11 ms, P<0. 015) and at higher left-ventricular pressure (61+/-9 mm Hg, P<0.001) than in the control group; furthermore, leaflet coaptation was displaced more apically (5.6+/-2.2 mm, P<0.001) and septally (5. 8+/-1.5 mm, P<0.001), and the anterolateral papillary tip underwent greater septal-lateral displacement (2.7+/-1.5 mm, P<0.001). Annular contraction during the cardiac cycle was similar in the 2 groups (xenograft 9.2+/-4.5% versus control 10.6+/-4.5% [mean+/-SD; 2-factor ANOVA model]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful freehand stentless porcine mitral valve implantation is feasible in sheep and was associated with excellent early postoperative hemodynamics. Physiological mitral valve annular contraction and functional leaflet closure mechanics were preserved. Long-term valve durability, calcification, and hemodynamic performance remain to be determined in models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5247, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dagum
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Timek
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Daughters
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Foppiano
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Tye
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Bolger
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Ingels
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery* / Q000637:transplantation*; D012756:Sheep; D015607:Stents; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous