title: Comparison of fecal samples collected per rectum and off the ground for estimation of environmental contamination attributable to beef cattle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether sampling feces off the ground replicates prevalence estimates for specific pathogens obtained from fecal samples collected per rectum of adult cows, and to determine characteristics of feces on the ground (fecal pats) that are associated with subsequent identification of Campylobacter spp, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Giardia duodenalis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of adult beef cattle from 25 herds located throughout California.
  
  
  METHODS
  1,115 rectal and ground fecal samples were obtained. Samples were submitted for culture of Campylobacter spp and examined, using a direct fluorescent antibody assay, to detect C parvum oocysts and G duodenalis cysts. Characteristics of fecal pats, such as volume and consistency, were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of Campylobacter spp was 5.0% (20/401) for rectal fecal samples, which was significantly greater than prevalence determined for ground fecal samples (2/402; 0.5%). Most isolates were C jejuni subsp jejuni. Prevalence of C parvum was higher in rectal fecal samples (6/557; 1.1%) than in ground fecal samples (1/558; 0.2%), but this difference was not significant. Prevalence of G duodenalis did not differ for rectal (36/557; 6.5%) versus ground (26/558; 4.7%) fecal samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluation of ground fecal samples may not accurately indicate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp or C parvum in cattle but may reflect prevalence of G duodenalis. Differences in prevalence estimates between the 2 methods suggest inactivation of pathogens in feces after cattle have defecated. Prevalence estimates generated by evaluation of ground fecal samples, however, may more accurately estimate environmental pathogen burden.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Hoar
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Atwill
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elmi
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Utterback
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Edmondson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016123:Campylobacter jejuni / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005872:Giardia / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D012007:Rectum / Q000382:microbiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*