title: Renal cyst pseudoenhancement: beam-hardening effects on CT numbers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if simple renal cysts may be accurately characterized with helical computed tomography (CT) during peak levels of renal enhancement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Water-filled "cysts" were suspended in varying concentrations of iodine solution, meant to simulate varying levels of renal enhancement, within an abdominal phantom. Volume-averaging effects were minimized by scanning cylindric 5-30-mm cysts with a helical technique (collimation, 5 mm; pitch, 1:1). Axial and helical techniques were then compared, and volume-averaging effects were evaluated by scanning 10- and 20-mm round cysts with 3-, 5-, and 7-mm collimation at background attenuation levels of 100 and 200 HU.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cylindric cyst attenuation increased consistently with increasing background attenuation. As background attenuation increased by 90 HU, attenuation increased by 11-17 HU in small (5- or 10-mm) cysts, and by 7-9 HU in large (15-30-mm) cysts. As background attenuation increased by 180 HU, attenuation increased by 18-28 HU in small cysts and by 10-15 HU in large cysts. Spherical cyst attenuation differences were maximized when smaller cysts were imaged with larger collimation, which is when volume-averaging effects became apparent. Axial and helical CT numbers did not differ substantially. Computer simulation studies showed that the observed effect could not be explained by beam hardening alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pseudoenhancement of renal cysts may occur if helical CT is performed during peak renal enhancement. CT algorithm modification may be necessary to correct for this effect, which is likely related to an inadequate algorithmic correction for beam hardening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Maki
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Herman
mesh_terms: D052177:Kidney Diseases, Cystic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed