title: The effect of proteolytic enzymes on hair follicles of transgenic mice expressing the lac Z-protein in cells of the bulge region.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of proteolytic enzymes on mice hair follicles, particularly on cells of the bulge area regarded as follicle stem cells.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous application by iontophoresis of proteolytic enzymes on guinea pig skin resulted in degenerative effects on hair follicles and the hypothesis was proposed that some of the affected cells could be stem cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  To mark putative stem cells transgenic mice were produced carrying the lac-Z gene fused to the Upstream Regulatory Region (URR) of Human Papilloma Virus 11 (HPV11), as they express this gene specifically in the cells of the bulge area. Chymotrypsin and papain were applied on skin by iontophoresis, trypsin in the form of liposomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enzyme application, both by electrophoresis and as liposomes, led to intense degenerative effects of the hair follicle, such as detachment of the inner root sheath, cystic dilation of the hair shaft and presence of epithelial cells within the lumen. Some of these cells represent hair follicle stem cells expressing beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), having been detached from the bulge area as a result of enzyme treatment, implying impairment of their function.
authors.affiliation: Technological Educational Institution, Attiki, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Protopapa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gaissert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xenakis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Avramiotis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stavrianeas
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Sekeris
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schenkel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alonso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002918:Chymotrypsin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005260:Female; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008081:Liposomes; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010206:Papain / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012016:Reference Values; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; D002918:Chymotrypsin; D010206:Papain