title: The BMP antagonist Gremlin regulates outgrowth, chondrogenesis and programmed cell death in the developing limb.
abstract: In this study, we have analyzed the expression and function of Gremlin in the developing avian limb. Gremlin is a member of the DAN family of BMP antagonists highly conserved through evolution able to bind and block BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7. At early stages of development, gremlin is expressed in the dorsal and ventral mesoderm in a pattern complementary to that of bmp2, bmp4 and bmp7. The maintenance of gremlin expression at these stages is under the control of the AER, ZPA, and BMPs. Exogenous administration of recombinant Gremlin indicates that this protein is involved in the control of limb outgrowth. This function appears to be mediated by the neutralization of BMP function to maintain an active AER, to restrict the extension of the areas of programmed cell death and to confine chondrogenesis to the central core mesenchyme of the bud. At the stages of digit formation, gremlin is expressed in the proximal boundary of the interdigital mesoderm of the chick autopod. The anti-apoptotic influence of exogenous Gremlin, which results in the formation of soft tissue syndactyly in the chick, together with the expression of gremlin in the duck interdigital webs, indicates that Gremlin regulates the regression of the interdigital tissue. At later stages of limb development, gremlin is expressed in association with the differentiating skeletal pieces, muscles and the feather buds. The different expression of Gremlin in relation with other BMP antagonists present in the limb bud, such as Noggin, Chordin and Follistatin indicates that the functions of BMPs are regulated specifically by the different BMP antagonists, acting in a complementary fashion rather than being redundant signals.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander 39008, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Leon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Macias
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gañan
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Economides
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hurle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002642:Chick Embryo; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D051519:Fibroblast Growth Factor 4; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D038681:Follistatin; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D018878:Limb Buds; D008648:Mesoderm; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D000099176:Noggin Protein
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051519:Fibroblast Growth Factor 4; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D038681:Follistatin; D006023:Glycoproteins; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D017570:MyoD Protein; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D000099176:Noggin Protein; C084119:MSX2 protein; C054234:chordin