title: Physiologic stability of newborns during cup- and bottle-feeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To prevent breastfeeding problems, cup-feeding has been recommended as a method of providing medically necessary supplemental feedings to breastfed infants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare amounts ingested, administration time, and infant physiologic stability during cup-, bottle-, and breastfeeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 98 term, healthy newborns were randomized to either cup-feeding (n = 51) or bottle-feeding (n = 47). The heart (HR), respiratory (RR), and oxygen (O(2)) saturation rates were monitored on these infants and 25 breastfed newborns during 1 feeding. Differences in amounts ingested and administration times were evaluated with t tests and physiologic data with repeat measures analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in administration time, amounts ingested or overall HR, RR, and (O(2)) saturation rates, between cup and bottle groups. Breastfed infants had longer administration times and lower overall HR, RR, and higher O(2) saturation as compared with cup- and bottle-fed infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration times, amounts ingested, and infant physiologic stability do not differ with cup- and bottle-feeding. Breastfeeding takes longer than cup- or bottle-feeding, but infants experience less physiologic variability. These data support cup-feeding as an alternative to bottle-feeding for supplying supplements to breastfed infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA. cindy.howard@viahealth.org
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: de Blieck
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: ten Hoopen
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lanphear
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lawrence
mesh_terms: D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005248:Feeding Methods; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen