title: Antimicrobial susceptibilities and serogroups of clinical strains of Clostridium difficile isolated in France in 1991 and 1997.
abstract: Glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin) and metronidazole are the drugs of choice for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections, but trends in susceptibility patterns have not been assessed in the past few years. The objective was to study the MICs of glycopeptides and metronidazole for unrelated C. difficile strains isolated in 1991 (n = 100) and in 1997 (n = 98) by the agar macrodilution, the E-test, and the disk diffusion methods. Strain susceptibilities to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, rifampin, and chloramphenicol were also determined by the ATB ANA gallery (bioMérieux, La Balme-les-Grottes, France). The MICs at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (MIC(50)s) and MIC(90)s of glycopeptides and metronidazole remained stable between 1991 and 1997. All the strains were inhibited by concentrations that did not exceed 2 microgram/ml for vancomycin and 1 microg/ml for teicoplanin. Comparison of MICs determined by the agar dilution method recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards and the E test showed correlations (+/-2 dilutions) of 86. 6, 95.9, and 99% for metronidazole, vancomycin, and teicoplanin, respectively. The E test always underestimated the MICs. Strains with decreased susceptibility to metronidazole (MICs, >/=8 microgram/ml) were isolated from six patients (n = 4 in 1991 and n = 2 in 1997). These strains were also detected by the disk diffusion method (zone inhibition diameter, </=21 mm); they belonged to nontoxigenic serogroup D (n = 5) and toxigenic serogroup H (n = 1). Decreased susceptibility to erythromycin (MICs, >/=1 microgram/ml), clindamycin (MICs, >/=2 microgram/ml), tetracycline (MICs, >/=8 microgram/ml), rifampin (MICs, >/=4 microgram/ml), and chloramphenicol (MICs, >/=16 microgram/ml) was observed in 64.2, 80.3, 23.7, 22.7, and 14.6% of strains, respectively. Strains isolated in 1997 were more susceptible than those isolated in 1991, and this trend was correlated to a major change in serogroup distribution. Periodic studies are needed in order to detect changes in serogroups and the emergence of strains with decreased susceptibility to therapeutic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VI, Paris 12, France. frederic.barbut@sat.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barbut
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Decré
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burghoffer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lesage
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Delisle
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lalande
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delmée
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Avesani
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coudert
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Petit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media; D004058:Diffusion; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D005602:France; D006020:Glycopeptides; D006801:Humans; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012703:Serotyping
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D003470:Culture Media; D006020:Glycopeptides; D008795:Metronidazole