title: Bioequivalence of two tablet formulations of capecitabine and exploration of age, gender, body surface area, and creatinine clearance as factors influencing systemic exposure in cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to assess the bioequivalence of two tablet formulations of capecitabine and to explore the effect of age, gender, body surface area and creatinine clearance on the systemic exposure to capecitabine and its metabolites.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was designed as an open, randomized two-way crossover trial. A single oral dose of 2000 mg capecitabine was administered on two separate days to 25 patients with solid tumors. On one day, the patients received four 500-mg tablets of formulation B (test formulation) and on the other day, four 500-mg tablets of formulation A (reference formulation). The washout period between the two administrations was between 2 and 8 days. After each administration, serial blood and urine samples were collected for up to 12 and 24 h, respectively. Unchanged capecitabine and its metabolites were determined in plasma using LC/MS-MS and in urine by NMRS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the primary pharmacokinetic parameter, AUC(0-infinity) of 5'-DFUR, equivalence was concluded for the two formulations, since the 90% confidence interval of the estimate of formulation B relative to formulation A of 97% to 107% was within the acceptance region 80% to 125%. There was no clinically significant difference between the t(max) for the two formulations (median 2.1 versus 2.0 h). The estimate for C(max) was 111% for formulation B compared to formulation A and the 90% confidence interval of 95% to 136% was within the reference region 70% to 143%. Overall, these results suggest no relevant difference between the two formulations regarding the extent to which 5'-DFUR reached the systemic circulation and the rate at which 5'-DFUR appeared in the systemic circulation. The overall urinary excretions were 86.0% and 86.5% of the dose, respectively, and the proportion recovered as each metabolite was similar for the two formulations. The majority of the dose was excreted as FBAL (61.5% and 60.3%), all other chemical species making a minor contribution. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis to explore the influence of age, gender, body surface area and creatinine clearance on the log-transformed pharmacokinetic parameters AUC(0-infinity) and C(max) of capecitabine and its metabolites revealed no clinically significant effects. The only statistically significant results were obtained for AUC(0-infinity) and C(max) of intact drug and for C(max) of FBAL, which were higher in females than in males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bioavailability of 5'-DFUR in the systemic circulation was practically identical after administration of the two tablet formulations. Therefore, the two formulations can be regarded as bioequivalent. The variables investigated (age, gender, body surface area, and creatinine clearance) had no clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of capecitabine or its metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Twelves
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Steward
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Byrne
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jodrell
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Banken
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goggin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weidekamm
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reigner
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001711:Biotransformation; D001830:Body Surface Area; D000069287:Capecitabine; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013607:Tablets; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D013607:Tablets; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000069287:Capecitabine; D003404:Creatinine; D005472:Fluorouracil