title: Music: an intervention for pain during chest tube removal after open heart surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain associated with chest tube removal is a major problem for patients who undergo open heart surgery. Because this pain is short-lived, timing the administration of pharmacological agents for pain relief is difficult and is therefore done inconsistently.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of music as an intervention for pain relief during chest tube removal after open heart surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an experimental design, 156 subjects (mean age, 66 years; 69% men) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: control, white noise, or music. All subjects preselected the type of music they preferred hearing. Ten minutes before the chest tube was removed, the patient's heart rate and blood pressure were measured, the patient rated pain intensity by using a numeric rating scale, and the prerecorded audiotape of music was begun. The patients rated their pain again immediately after chest tube removal and 15 minutes later. Physiological variables were assessed every 5 minutes until 15 minutes after the chest tubes were removed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-reported pain intensity, physiological responses, and narcotic intake after chest tube removal did not differ significantly among the 3 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the findings were not statistically significant, most subjects enjoyed listening to the music, and therefore the use of music as an adjuvant to other therapies may be an appropriate nursing intervention.
authors.affiliation: Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Va., USA.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Broscious
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D020878:Device Removal; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007440:Intubation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013909:Thorax