title: Glycemic control in diabetic American Indians. Longitudinal data from the Strong Heart Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe glycemic control and identify correlates of elevated HbA1c levels in diabetic American Indians participating in the Strong Heart Study, which is a longitudinal study of cardiovascular disease in American Indians in Arizona, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and North Dakota.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis is based on data from the baseline (1989-1992) and first follow-up (1994-1995) examinations of the Strong Heart Study. The 1,581 diabetic participants included in this analysis were aged 45-74 years at baseline, were diagnosed with diabetes before and at baseline, and had their HbA1c levels measured at follow-up. HbA1c was used as the index of glycemic control. Characteristics that may affect glycemic control were evaluated for cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships by analysis of covariance and multiple regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference between median HbA1c at baseline (8.4%) and at follow-up (8.5%). Sex, age (inversely), and insulin and oral hypoglycemic agent therapy were significantly related to HbA1c levels in both the cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Current smoking, prior use of alcohol, and duration of diabetes were significant only for the cross-sectional data. Baseline HbA1c significantly and positively predicted HbA1c levels at follow-up. Comparison of HbA1c by therapy type shows that insulin therapy produced a significant decrease in HbA1c between the baseline and follow-up examinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glycemic control was poor among diabetic American Indians participating in the Strong Heart Study. Women, patients taking insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, and younger individuals had the worst control of all the participants. Baseline HbA1c, and weight loss predicted worsening of control, whereas insulin therapy predicted improvement in control. Additional therapies and/or approaches are needed to improve glycemic control in this population.
authors.affiliation: MedStar Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA. dxha@mhg.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Welty
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jablonski
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Magee
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: B V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001130:Arizona; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007198:Indians, North American; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009658:North Dakota; D009825:Oklahoma; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013023:South Dakota
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin