title: Cytokine and cytokine receptor concentrations in bone marrow supernatant from patients with HIV: correlation with hematologic parameters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, soluble TNF receptors (sTNFR), interleukin (IL)-1 beta, gamma-interferon (IFN), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, and RANTES to which hematopoietic progenitors are exposed in vivo in HIV patients and the correlation of these concentrations with hematologic parameters, cytokine and cytokine receptor concentrations were measured by ELISA in bone marrow aspirate supernatants from 19 HIV patients undergoing diagnostic evaluation and 14 healthy paid volunteer controls. IL-1 beta and gamma-IFN were rarely detectable. All cytokines/receptors detectable in marrow supernatant, except RANTES, showed mean concentrations 1.6- to 6.2-fold higher in patients with HIV compared to healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elevated TNF-alpha and MIP-1 beta were associated with marrow involvement by lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, or mycobacterial infection. Concentrations of all cytokines/receptors measured correlated with the severity of anemia. CD8+ lymphocytes were inversely correlated with concentrations of all cytokines measured other than MIP-1 alpha. To identify differences specific to HIV infection, marrow supernatant cytokine concentrations were also evaluated in 9 non-HIV patients undergoing diagnostic marrow examination. Significant differences were observed in TNF alpha, MIP-1 alpha, and IL-1 beta concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These studies demonstrate that concentrations of these cytokines and receptors are elevated in bone marrow supernatant of HIV-infected patients with hematologic abnormalities, and that these concentrations correlate with clinical parameters in these patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluation of local concentrations of cytokines may be relevant to understanding tissue-specific pathology in HIV-infected individuals.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston SC, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dallalio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: North
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Means
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000378:metabolism*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine