title: Circadian rhythm of motor restlessness and sensory symptoms in the idiopathic restless legs syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if motor restlessness in the Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) shows a circadian rhythm with maximum at night, as previously found for subjective discomfort and periodic limb movements (PLMs), and to correlate RLS peak intensity with the core temperature cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects underwent two days of normally timed wakefulness and sleep followed by a night and subsequent day of sleep deprivation. Activity was standardized through modified suggested immobilization tests (mSITs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in a laboratory environment with a bedroom equipped for polysomnography during sleep and the mSITs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients (mean age 59.8+/-11.3 years [range: 33-72]; 4 males, 5 females) with clinically severe idiopathic RLS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were monitored with continuous ambulatory activity and core temperature recording. The mSITs were performed every three hours while subjects were awake. During the mSITs, subjective discomfort was measured every 15 minutes while motor restlessness was assessed through activity monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjective discomfort and motor restlessness increased from a trough in the morning to a maximum at night in the hours following midnight. Peak intensity was found on the falling phase of the core temperature cycle, whose circadian rhythm appeared to be within the normal range for age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An independent circadian factor modulates the intensity of RLS, which seems to peak on the falling phase of the core temperature cycle. Therefore, the diagnostic criteria that RLS occurs with rest and during the night have independent bases. Furthermore, RLS may be partially controlled by some process or substance whose level varies with the normal circadian rhythm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick 08901, USA. waheningmd@aol.com
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hening
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Thai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D017286:Polysomnography; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012892:Sleep Deprivation; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology