title: Quiescent S-phase cells as indicators of extreme physiological conditions in human tumor xenografts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the last 20 years, evidence has been accumulating for the existence in animal and human tumors of quiescent S-phase cells, i.e. cells with an S-phase DNA content that do not actively synthesize DNA. In cell culture studies, quiescent S-phase cells have been observed under physiological conditions typical for poorly vascularized regions of tumors such as reduced pH, hypoxia, and glucose deprivation. Therefore, we studied the possible correlation between the frequency of quiescent S-phase cells and the oxygenation status as determined polarographically in a number of human tumor xenografts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five human tumor xenografts on nude mice were used. Oxygenation was measured polarographically with an Eppendorf pO2-Histograph in 24 to 30 individual tumors for each entity. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1 mg/30 g bodyweight bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), tumors were excised 30 min later and prepared into a single-cell suspension. After immunofluorescence staining with an antibody against BrdU and staining of the DNA with propidium iodide, cells were measured in a FACScan flow cytometer and the frequency of cells in the S-phase compartment that did not incorporate BrdU was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In most cases, the frequency of measurements of an oxygen partial pressure <5 mm Hg in the tumor tissue increased with tumor volume. Likewise, the frequency of quiescent S-phase cells was generally higher in larger tumors. Taking all five tumor entities together, there was a highly significant correlation between tumor oxygenation and the occurrence of quiescent S-phase cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data confirm earlier findings that inactive S-phase cells do exist in vivo. Because their frequency seems to be dependent (directly or indirectly) on the degree of oxygenation and has been shown to increase not only with hypoxia, but also with reduced pH and glucose deprivation in vitro, the frequency of inactive S-phase cells may be considered a summary indicator for extreme physiological conditions in tumors.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Clinics, Essen, Germany. friedo.zoelzer@uni-essen.de
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zölzer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stüben
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Knühmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Streffer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sack
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis*; D011048:Polarography; D016196:S Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D010100:Oxygen