title: A multi-institutional study of factors associated with fetal death in injured pregnant patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Factors associated with fetal death in injured pregnant patients are related to increasing injury severity and abnormal maternal physiologic profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-institutional retrospective study of 13 level I and level II trauma centers from 1992 to 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 27,715 female admissions, there were 372 injured pregnant patients (1.3%); 84% had blunt injuries and 16% had penetrating injuries. There were 14 maternal deaths (3.8%) and 35 fetal deaths (9.4%). The population suffering fetal death had higher injury severity scores (P<.001), lower Glascow Coma Scale scores (P<.001), and lower admitting maternal pH (P = .002). Most women who lost their fetus arrived in shock (P = .005) or had a fetal heart rate of less than 110 beats/min at some time during their hospitalization (P<.001). An Injury Severity Score greater than 25 was associated with a 50% incidence of fetal death. Placental abruption was the most frequent complication, occurring in 3.5% of patients and associated with 54% mortality. Cardiotrophic monitoring to detect potentially threatening fetal heart rates was performed on only 61% of pregnant women in their third trimester. Of these patients, 7 had abnormalities on cardiotrophic monitoring and underwent successful cesarean delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal death was more likely with greater severity of injury. Cardiotrophic monitoring is underused in injured pregnant patients in their third trimester even after admission to major trauma centers. Increased use of cardiotrophic monitoring may decrease the mortality caused by placental abruption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, VT 05401, USA. frederick.rogers@vtmednet.org
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Rozycki
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Osler
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shackford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jalbert
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kirton
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scalea
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cipolle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fildes
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cogbill
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergstein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gens
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cullinane
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kauder
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bynoe
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*