title: Biotransformation of nevirapine, a non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, monkeys, and chimpanzees.
abstract: The study objectives were to characterize the metabolism of nevirapine (NVP) in mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, monkey, and chimpanzee after oral administration of carbon-14-labeled or -unlabeled NVP. Liquid scintillation counting quantitated radioactivity and bile, plasma, urine, and feces were profiled by HPLC/UV diode array and radioactivity detection. Metabolite structures were confirmed by UV spectral and chromatographic retention time comparisons with synthetic metabolite standards, by beta-glucuronidase incubations, and in one case, by direct probe electron impact ionization/mass spectroscopy, chemical ionization/mass spectroscopy, and NMR. NVP was completely absorbed in both sexes of all species except male and female dogs. Parent compound accounted for <6% of total urinary radioactivity and <5.1% of total fecal radioactivity, except in dogs where 41 to 46% of the radioactivity was excreted as parent compound. The drug was extensively metabolized in both sexes of all animal species studied. Oxidation to hydroxylated metabolites occurred before glucuronide conjugation and excretion in urine and feces. Hydroxylated metabolites were 2-, 3-, 8-, and 12-hydroxynevirapine (2-, 3-, 8-, and 12-OHNVP). 4-carboxynevirapine, formed by secondary oxidation of 12-OHNVP, was a major urinary metabolite in all species except the female rat. Glucuronides of the hydroxylated metabolites were major or minor metabolites, depending on the species. Rat plasma profiles differed from urinary profiles with NVP and 12-OHNVP accounting for the majority of the total radioactivity. Dog plasma profiles, however, were similar to the urinary profiles with 12-OHNVP, its glucuronide conjugate, 4-carboxynevirapine, and 3-OHNVP glucuronide being the major metabolites. Overall, the same metabolites are formed in animals as are formed in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, USA.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Riska
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Dinallo
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Keirns
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hattox
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D001711:Biotransformation; D004285:Dogs; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000378:metabolism; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000882:Haplorhini; D006868:Hydrolysis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D051379:Mice; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine; D002679:Pan troglodytes; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019829:Nevirapine; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D005966:Glucuronidase