title: Nucleic acid immunization: concepts and techniques associated with third generation vaccines.
abstract: A radical change in vaccine methodology arrived nine years ago with the advent of nucleic acid immunization. Aspects such as plasmid design, gene selection, the use of immunostimulatory complexes and clinical trials are discussed in this review. Furthermore, concepts and protocols involved in the construction, evaluation and immunization of a DNA vaccine have been examined as new strategies to enhance this technology continues to grow.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunology and Infection Research Group, Department of Immunology, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 38 Little Britain, London, UK.
authors.forename: U A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abai
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Wren
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Morrow
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D019444:Vaccines, DNA