title: Review of therapeutically equivalent alternatives to short acting beta(2) adrenoceptor agonists delivered via chlorofluorocarbon-containing inhalers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To study the transition from metered dose inhalers using chlorofluorocarbons as propellants (CFC-MDIs) to non-CFC containing devices, a systematic review was conducted of clinical trials which compared the delivery of salbutamol and terbutaline via CFC-MDIs and non-CFC devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Papers were selected by searching electronic databases (Medline, Cochrane, and BIDS) and further information and studies were sought from pharmaceutical companies. The studies were assessed for their methodological quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty three relevant trials were identified. Most were scientifically flawed in terms of study design, comparison of inappropriate doses, and insufficient power for the determination of therapeutic equivalence. Differences between inhaler devices were categorised according to efficacy and potency. Most trials claimed to show therapeutic equivalence, usually for the same doses from the different devices. Two commercially available salbutamol metered dose inhalers using a novel hydrofluorocarbon HFC-134a as propellant were equally as potent and efficacious as conventional CFC-MDIs, as were the Rotahaler and Clickhaler dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Evidence suggests that a dose of 200 microg salbutamol via CFC-MDI may be substituted with 200 microg and 400 microg of salbutamol via Accuhaler and Diskhaler DPIs, respectively. Terbutaline delivered via a Turbohaler DPI is equally as potent and efficacious as terbutaline delivered via a conventional CFC-MDI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When substituting non-CFC containing inhalers for CFC-MDIs, attention must be given to differences in inhaler characteristics which may result in variations in pulmonary function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woodcock
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walley
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017402:Chlorofluorocarbons; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D013726:Terbutaline / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D017402:Chlorofluorocarbons; D013726:Terbutaline; D000420:Albuterol