title: Estimating time and travel costs incurred in clinic based screening: flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for colorectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the characteristics of mode of travel to screening clinics; to estimate the time and travel costs incurred in attending; to investigate whether such costs are likely to bias screening compliance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve centres in the trial of flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for colorectal cancer, drawn from across Great Britain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of 3525 questionnaires completed by screening subjects while attending clinics. Information supplied included sociodemographic characteristics, modes of travel, expenses, activities foregone owing to attendance, and details of companions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 80% of subjects arrived at the clinics by car, and about two thirds were accompanied. On average, the clinic visit involved a 14.4 mile (22.8 km) round trip, requiring 130 minutes. Mean travel costs amounted to 6.10 Pounds per subject. The mean gross direct non-medical and indirect cost per subject amounted to 16.90 Pounds, and the mean overall gross cost per attendance was 22.40 Pounds. Compared with the Great Britain population as a whole, non-manual classes were more strongly represented, and the self employed less strongly represented, among the attendees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In relation to direct medical costs, the time and travel costs of clinic based screening can be substantial, may influence the overall cost effectiveness of a screening programme, and may deter potential subjects from attending.
authors.affiliation: Trent Institute for Health Services Research, University of Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frew
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wolstenholme
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Atkin
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Whynes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D012812:Sigmoidoscopy / Q000191:economics*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014187:Transportation of Patients / Q000191:economics*; D006113:United Kingdom