title: Prevalence of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the general population: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A systematic review was undertaken of all studies published as of December 1997, on the population prevalence of upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies excluded from consideration were those conducted on subjects attending hospital or primary care clinics, or who were hospitalized or institutionalized; or where studies were conducted in the workplace or on occupational groups. Studies meeting the following criteria were included in the comparative analysis: period studied, sample size and response rate all reported; vague terms such as 'dyspepsia' or 'indigestion' defined if enquired about; abdominal pain or discomfort enquired about; patients with a history, or evidence, of organic disease not excluded from the results. Follow-up studies on groups of patients previously studied were also not included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 10 selected studies, the reported prevalence of upper abdominal symptoms (mostly upper abdominal pain or discomfort) ranged from approximately 8% to 54%, while the prevalence of heartburn and/or regurgitation ranged from 10% to 48% for heartburn, from 9% to 45% for regurgitation and 21% to 59% for both/either.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the case of upper abdominal symptoms, the most likely explanation for the broad range of prevalence reported is variation in the definition of symptoms. In the case of heartburn and regurgitation, different understandings of these terms by different investigators and subjects may have contributed to the range of results. Symptom definitions and what is understood by them should be among the most important considerations when undertaking population prevalence studies on upper GI symptoms, to allow comparisons to be made between studies.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Heading
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003625:Data Collection; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014943:Global Health; D006356:Heartburn / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries / Q000453:epidemiology; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014839:Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology