title: Renal effects of low-level environmental cadmium exposure: 5-year follow-up of a subcohort from the Cadmibel study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical relevance of renal effects of cadmium in people exposed in the environment remains uncertain. This study examined the evolution of renal effects observed in a population exposed to cadmium in the environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  208 men and 385 women surveyed in 1985-89 (Cadmium in Belgium study [Cadmibel]; baseline) were re-examined on average 5 years later (Public health and environmental exposure to cadmium study [PheeCad]; follow-up). Urinary and blood cadmium and markers of renal tubular dysfunction and glomerular effects were measured. The association between cadmium body burden and renal factors was examined by multivariate logistic and linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, mean urinary cadmium excretion and blood cadmium concentration measured at follow-up were 7.5 nmol/24 h (SD 1.9) and 6.1 nmol/L (2.2), reductions of 16% and 35% from baseline, respectively. In women, the corresponding values were 7.6 nmol/24 h (1.9) and 7.8 nmol/L (2.1), reductions of 14% and 28% from baseline. No indication of progressive renal damage was found and the overall results suggest that the effects of low environmental exposure to cadmium on the kidney are weak, stable, or reversible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subclinical renal effects that have been reported in Belgium in patients with increased cadmium body burden are not associated with progressive renal dysfunction and most likely represent non-adverse manifestations.
authors.affiliation: Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hotz
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Buchet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lison
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lauwerys
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D001822:Body Burden; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000187:drug effects; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000187:drug effects; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium