title: Sensory impairment: a feature of chronic venous insufficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical and microscopic evidence suggests the existence of sensory neuropathy in patients with severe chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). A clinical evaluation was conducted to determine whether a sensory neuropathy was present and, if so, to determine its extent and distribution.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed in a university-affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Twenty-three limbs were studied in 14 male veterans with mild or moderate CVI. The exclusions included diabetes, previous ipsilateral extremity surgery, or other diseases associated with neuropathy. Sensory thresholds in the limbs with CEAP class 2 disease (n = 11) were compared with the thresholds in the limbs with CEAP class 5 disease (n = 12) at nine different sites on the foot, ankle, calf, thigh, and palm. Thenar and hypothenar thresholds were measured as internal controls. Thresholds were determined by a pressure aesthesiometer consisting of 20 graduated filaments that ranged from 1.65 to 6.65 (log(10)mg)(10) of pressure. A complete, sensory motor assessment of the limb was performed by an experienced neurosurgeon who specialized in peripheral nerve evaluation. The clinical variables assessed were deep tendon reflexes, vibration, proprioception, and light touch. Venous reflux was determined with duplex ultrasound scanning and air plethysmography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensory thresholds at the most common site of venous ulceration-just proximal to the medial malleolus--were significantly (P <.05) different between mild (class 2) and severe (class 5) CVI. Sensory abnormalities coincided with the extent of trophic changes and did not reflect specific dermatomal or cutaneous nerve distributions. In addition to light touch or pinprick, vibration sense and deep tendon reflexes were also significantly worse in those with severe CVI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sensory neuropathy is a feature of severe CVI, and its distribution is coincident with trophic changes. Because this is often unappreciated by the patient, it probably contributes to the propensity for deterioration from minor trauma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Padberg
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Maniker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carmel
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hobson
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000294:innervation; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D010991:Plethysmography; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation*; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology