title: Transfection of an inducible p16/CDKN2A construct mediates reversible growth inhibition and G1 arrest in the AtT20 pituitary tumor cell line.
abstract: Recent studies have shown that methylation of the CpG island within the p16/CDKN2A gene is associated with an absence of p16 protein in human pituitary tumors. However, the effect of restoration of p16 protein expression in this tumor type has not been investigated. In the absence of an available human pituitary cell line we first assessed the suitability of the mouse corticotroph cell line AtT20 as a model system. Initial experiments showed that the p16/CDKN2A gene was not expressed, whereas a transcript for RB1 was detected as assessed by RT-PCR. Further studies showed the p16/CDKN2A gene to be homozygously deleted. The absence of p16/CDKN2A and presence of RB1, the down-stream effector of p16-mediated cell cycle arrest confirmed the suitability of the AtT20 cell line as a model system. Stable transfectants were generated in which p16/CDKN2A is regulated by an inducible promoter. The regulatory effects of p16/CDKN2A expression on cell proliferation were assessed and complemented by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of cell cycle profile. Induced expression of p16/CDKN2A resulted in a profound inhibition of cell growth and G1 arrest (80-82%). Western blot analysis showed concomitant expression of p16 protein in arrested cells and a shift in the phosphorylation status of pRB toward its hypophosphorylated form. To further confirm that expression of p16/CDKN2A mimicked its in vivo role, reversibility was assessed using alternate cycles in the presence and absence of inducer (isopropyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside). Over three cycles the absence of induced expression of p16/CDKN2A resulted in release from G1 arrest. These results show that, in a pituitary cell line model, restoration of p16 expression is indeed sufficient to arrest cells in G1 and inhibit cell proliferation and is reversible. Thus restoration of p16 expression through novel strategies, including gene therapy or demethylating agents, may offer successful therapeutic intervention in human forms of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cell and Molecular Medicine, School of Postgraduate Medicine, Keele University, North Staffordshire Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Farrell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000235:genetics*; D007544:Isopropyl Thiogalactoside / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D007544:Isopropyl Thiogalactoside