title: Human eosinophils release matrix metalloproteinase-9 on stimulation with TNF-alpha.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The eosinophil is a prominent cell in allergic lung inflammation and is exposed to a range of cytokines, including TNF-alpha, at the site of allergen challenge. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) produced by inflammatory cells are thought to play a crucial role in interstitial matrix turnover and tissue remodeling in acute and chronic lung diseases. In addition, protein kinase C is known to be important in MMP-9 expression and secretion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the regulation of eosinophil-derived MMP-9 and TIMP proteins by TNF-alpha.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using RT-PCR and gelatin zymography, we investigated the ability of human eosinophils to produce and secrete active MMP-9 on stimulation with TNF-alpha. We also studied the production of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in eosinophils by using Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9 in unstimulated eosinophils was low, but it increased by 95% after TNF-alpha stimulation. This increase was regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels. The transcription inhibitor actinomycin D, the nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) inhibitor N-CBZ-Leu-Leu-Leu-AL, the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, and the protein kinase C inhibitor H7 significantly decreased MMP-9 activity in TNF-alpha-treated cells. TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 gene expression and protein production varied significantly among different cell donors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eosinophils, on stimulation with TNF-alpha, may play a major role in asthmatic airway remodeling through increased MMP-9 production at the inflammatory site.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Research Group, the Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwingshackl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duszyk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moqbel
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9