title: Amsorb: a new carbon dioxide absorbent for use in anesthetic breathing systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This article describes a carbon dioxide absorbent for use in anesthesia. The absorbent consists of calcium hydroxide with a compatible humectant, namely, calcium chloride. The absorbent mixture does not contain sodium or potassium hydroxide but includes two setting agents (calcium sulphate and polyvinylpyrrolidine) to improve hardness and porosity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The resultant mixture was formulated and subjected to standardized tests for hardness, porosity, and carbon dioxide absorption. Additionally, the new absorbent was exposed in vitro to sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, and enflurane to determine whether these anesthetics were degraded to either compound A or carbon monoxide. The performance data and inertness of the absorbent were compared with two currently available brands of soda lime: Intersorb (Intersurgical Ltd., Berkshire, United Kingdom) and Dragersorb (Drager, Lubeck, Germany).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The new carbon dioxide absorbent conformed to United States Pharmacopeia specifications in terms of carbon dioxide absorption, granule hardness, and porosity. When the new material was exposed to sevoflurane (2%) in oxygen at a flow rate of 1 l/min, concentrations of compound A did not increase above those found in the parent drug (1.3-3.3 ppm). In the same experiment, mean +/-SD concentrations of compound A (32.5 +/- 4.5 ppm) were observed when both traditional brands of soda lime were used. After dehydration of the traditional soda limes, immediate exposure to desflurane (60%), enflurane (2%), and isoflurane (2%) produced concentrations of carbon monoxide of 600.0 +/- 10.0 ppm, 580.0 +/- 9.8 ppm, and 620.0 +/-10.1 ppm, respectively. In contrast, concentrations of carbon monoxide were negligible (1-3 ppm) when the anhydrous new absorbent was exposed to the same anesthetics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new material is an effective carbon dioxide absorbent and is chemically unreactive with sevoflurane, enflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthetics and Intensive Care Medicine and the School of Pharmacy, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland. jmmurray@compuserve.com
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Renfrew
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bedi
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: McCrystal
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fee
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000737:chemistry*; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000737:chemistry; D000077335:Desflurane; D004737:Enflurane / Q000737:chemistry; D004987:Ethers / Q000737:chemistry; D006244:Hardness; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000737:chemistry; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D016062:Porosity; D011205:Povidone / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C400293:Amsorb; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D004987:Ethers; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C078742:fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D004737:Enflurane; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D011205:Povidone; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D002133:Calcium Sulfate