title: An outbreak of multidrug-resistant, quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT104.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Food-borne salmonella infections have become a major problem in industrialized countries. The strain of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium known as definitive phage type 104 (DT104) is usually resistant to five drugs: ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline. An increasing proportion of DT104 isolates also have reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Danish salmonella surveillance program determines the phage types of all typhimurium strains from the food chain, and in the case of suspected outbreaks, five-drug-resistant strains are characterized by molecular methods. All patients infected with five-drug-resistant typhimurium are interviewed to obtain clinical and epidemiologic data. In 1998, an outbreak of salmonella occurred, in which the strain of typhimurium DT104 was new to Denmark. We investigated this outbreak and report here our findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Until 1997, DT104 infections made up less than 1 percent of all human salmonella infections. The strain isolated from patients in the first community outbreak of DT104 in Denmark, in 1998 was resistant to nalidixic acid and had reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. The outbreak included 25 culture-confirmed cases. Eleven patients were hospitalized, and two died. The molecular epidemiology and data from patients indicated that the primary source was a Danish swine herd. Furthermore, the investigation suggested reduced clinical effectiveness of treatment with fluoroquinolones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our investigation of an outbreak of DT104 documented the spread of quinolone-resistant bacteria from food animals to humans; this spread was associated with infections that were difficult to treat. Because of the increase in quinolone resistance in salmonella, the use of fluoroquinolones in food animals should be restricted.
authors.affiliation: Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mølbak
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Baggesen
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Aarestrup
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ebbesen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engberg
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frydendahl
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gerner-Smidt
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wegener
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D015363:Quinolones; D012478:Salmonella Food Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D015363:Quinolones