title: Measurement of the contrast agent intrinsic and native harmonic response with single transducer pulse waved ultrasound systems.
abstract: Ultrasound contrast agents, i.e., small gas filled microbubbles, enhance the echogenicity of blood and have the potential to be used for tissue perfusion assessment. The contrast agents scatter ultrasound in a nonlinear manner and thereby introduce harmonics in the ultrasound signal. This property is exploited in new ultrasound techniques like harmonic imaging, which aims to display only the contrast agent presence. Much attention has already been given to the physical properties of the contrast agent. The present study focuses on practical aspects of the measurement of the intrinsic harmonic response of ultrasound contrast agents with single transducer pulse waved ultrasound systems. Furthermore, the consequences of two other sources of harmonics are discussed. These sources are the nonlinear distortion of ultrasound in a medium generating native harmonics, and the emitted signal itself which might contain contaminating harmonics. It is demonstrated conceptually and by experiments that optimization of the contrast agent harmonic response measured with a single transducer is governed by the transducer spectral sensitivity distribution rather than the resonance properties of the contrast agent. Both native and contaminating harmonics may be of considerable strength and can be misinterpreted as intrinsic harmonics of the contrast agent. Practical difficulties to filter out the harmonic component selectively, without deteriorating the image, may cause misinterpretation of the fundamental as a harmonic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: X A
authors.initials: XA
authors.lastname: Verbeek
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Willigers
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Brands
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ledoux
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Hoeks
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008954:Models, Biological; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D011134:Polysaccharides; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011134:Polysaccharides; C059891:SHU 508