title: Significance and metabolism of complexed and noncomplexed prostate specific antigen forms, and human glandular kallikrein 2 in clinically localized prostate cancer before and after radical prostatectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied plasma concentrations and elimination rates of prostate specific antigen (PSA) complexed to alpha1-antichymotrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin, free PSA, total PSA (free PSA plus PSA alpha1-antichymotrypsin) and human glandular kallikrein 2 before, during and after radical retropubic prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma was collected and frozen within 10 minutes after sampling from 18 patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer. One sample was drawn preoperatively. Subsequent sampling intervals were 5 to 20 minutes perioperatively, 2 to 4 hours during the first 12 postoperative hours and 24 to 48 hours until postoperative day 14. Free PSA, PSA alpha1-antichymotrypsin, total PSA, PSA alpha2-macroglobulin and human glandular kallikrein 2 were measured with time resolved immunofluorometric assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperatively PSA alpha2-macroglobulin was undetectable (less than 2 ng./ml.) in 17 of 18 patients. Human glandular kallikrein 2, free PSA and total PSA but not PSA alpha1-antichymotrypsin were significantly higher in patients with extraprostatic cancer (pT3a-pT4a, pN1) compared to those with organ confined cancer (pT2a/b). Surgical manipulation of the prostate caused no detectable elevation of human glandular kallikrein 2, PSA alpha1-antichymotrypsin or PSA alpha2-macroglobulin. In contrast, a mean 9.6-fold increase (range 3.4 to 22) in free PSA was noted 5 minutes after prostatectomy. Free PSA was eliminated from plasma in a biphasic exponential pattern with an early plasma half-life of 55 minutes and a late plasma half-life of 18 hours. PSA alpha1-antichymotrypsin decreased slowly, whereas human glandular kallikrein 2 was detectable only 12 hours after prostatectomy. PSA alpha2-macroglobulin remained at insignificant, nondetectable concentrations during the entire perioperative and postoperative period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Release of free PSA contributes to the elevation of plasma total PSA after prostatectomy. Free PSA is enzymatically inactive as the release does not result in subsequent elevation of PSA alpha1-antichymotrypsin or PSA alpha2-macroglobulin. Biphasic exponential elimination of free PSA may be explained by rapid extracellular redistribution (early half-life) and glomerular filtration in the kidneys (late half-life). Our data suggest rapid metabolism of human glandular kallikrein 2 but do not support suggestions of the significance in vivo of complex formations with alpha2-macroglobulin as a major means to eliminate PSA from plasma in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Clinic Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lilja
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haese
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Björk
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Piironen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Huland
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huland
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000601:surgery*; D020840:Tissue Kallikreins / Q000097:blood*; D000514:alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin / Q000097:blood; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000514:alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins; D020840:Tissue Kallikreins; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen