title: Effects of NO synthase inhibitors on the synovial microcirculation in the mouse knee joint.
abstract: Production of nitric oxide by the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is known to be enhanced in chronic joint inflammation and osteoarthritis as well as aseptic loosening of joint prostheses. Initial studies yielded promising results after inhibition of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS). However, the effect of NOS inhibition has not been studied at the site of the primary function of NO, the microcirculation of the synovium in vivo. Using our recently developed model for the in vivo study of synovial microcirculation in the mouse knee joint, the effects of selective versus nonselective inhibition of iNOS were investigated by means of intravital fluorescence microscopy. After resection of the patella tendon, the synovial fatty tissue was exposed for intravital microscopy. Diameter of arterioles, functional capillary density (FCD), diameter of venules, venular red blood cell velocity and leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction were quantitatively analyzed before, and 10 and 60 min after intravenous injection of NOS inhibitors [selective iNOS inhibitor N-iminoethyl-L-lysine (L-NIL), and nonselective NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)]. Our results demonstrate that L-NAME causes a significant decrease in the arteriolar diameter and FCD associated with an increase in the leukocyte accumulation in the synovium in vivo. In contrast, L-NIL neither altered the microhemodynamics nor the leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction in the synovium, indicating its potential use for selective inhibition of iNOS in joint inflammation. Using our method, further studies will provide new insights into the unknown effect of NOS inhibition on the synovial microvasculature in inflammatory joint disease in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Germany. andyvei@lrz-muenchen.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Veihelmann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Krombach
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Refior
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Messmer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001160:Arterioles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000098:blood supply*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008833:Microcirculation; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000098:blood supply; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C090663:N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)lysine; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D008239:Lysine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester