title: Experimental study of X-ray mammography in a fluid bath: reduced radiation dose and improved detail resolution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects on x-ray mammography of embedding the breast in a fluid bath.
  
  
  METHODS
  A plexiglass phantom in the shape of a compressed breast was x-rayed in air and water with a mammography unit, and the radiation dose was measured by 20 thermoluminescence dosimeters placed in 20 representative positions on the surface of the phantom. Udders from slaughtered sheep as an animal model and phantoms were examined by mammography in identical positions surrounded by air and different fluids. The images were evaluated for detail resolution subjectively (animal model) and objectively (phantom containing quantifiable structures) by 6 and 15 blinded readers, respectively. The readers' results were analyzed and compared for visualization of the objects in air versus fluid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mammographic examination in the fluid bath reduced the radiation dose and improved detail resolution in the rounded margin of the breast. Also, viewing conditions in the central region were improved as a result of the uniform optical density across the entire film area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Performing x-ray mammography in a fluid bath has advantages that make the technical realization of this method desirable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Charité Medical School, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bick
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Juran
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petersein
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Strilek
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hamm
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015588:Observer Variation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012756:Sheep; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water