title: Clinical, autoimmune, and genetic characteristics of very young children with type 1 diabetes. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the characteristics of type 1 diabetes in very young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical outcome, islet cell antibodies (ICA), insulin autoantibodies (IAA), antibodies against GAD (GADA), IA-2 antibodies (IA-2A), and HLA-DQB1-defined genetic risk were analyzed in 35 children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes before 2 years of age and compared with those in 146 children who were diagnosed between 2.0 and 4.9 years of age and with those in 620 children diagnosed between 5.0 and 14.9 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The youngest age-group had severer metabolic decompensation at clinical onset, and their serum C-peptide levels, compared with those of older children, were lower at the time of diagnosis and during the first 2 years after the diagnosis. The levels of ICA and IAA were highest in children < 2 years of age, but there were no differences in GADA levels among the three age-groups. The youngest age-group had the lowest IA-2A levels. The HLA DQB1*02/*0302 genotype associated with strong genetic susceptibility was more frequent in children diagnosed < 5 years of age, whereas the proportion of children carrying a genotype, which includes protective alleles, was higher among those diagnosed at > or = 5 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical presentation of type 1 diabetes at a very young age is associated with severe metabolic decompensation, poorly preserved residual beta-cell function, strong humoral autoimmunity against islet cells and insulin, and strong HLA-defined disease susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Komulainen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kulmala
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Savola
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lounamaa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reijonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Akerblom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000483:Alleles; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D005838:Genotype; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000032:analysis; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000276:immunology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D002096:C-Peptide; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen; C096322:ICA512 autoantibody; D007328:Insulin; C024211:islet cell antibody; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase