title: Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha in common human cancers and their metastases.
abstract: Neovascularization and increased glycolysis, two universal characteristics of solid tumors, represent adaptations to a hypoxic microenvironment that are correlated with tumor invasion, metastasis, and lethality. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activates transcription of genes encoding glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, and vascular endothelial growth factor. HIF-1 transcriptional activity is determined by regulated expression of the HIF-1alpha subunit. In this study, HIF-1alpha expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 179 tumor specimens. HIF-1alpha was overexpressed in 13 of 19 tumor types compared with the respective normal tissues, including colon, breast, gastric, lung, skin, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, and renal carcinomas. HIF-1alpha expression was correlated with aberrant p53 accumulation and cell proliferation. Preneoplastic lesions in breast, colon, and prostate overexpressed HIF-1alpha, whereas benign tumors in breast and uterus did not. HIF-1alpha overexpression was detected in only 29% of primary breast cancers but in 69% of breast cancer metastases. In brain tumors, HIF-1alpha immunohistochemistry demarcated areas of angiogenesis. These results provide the first clinical data indicating that HIF-1alpha may play an important role in human cancer progression.
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: De Marzo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Laughner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zagzag
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Buechler
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Isaacs
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Semenza
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Simons
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53