title: Prenatal diagnosis of fetal cytomegalovirus infection after primary or recurrent maternal infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the reliability of prenatal diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection in women with primary or recurrent infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amniotic fluid (AF) samples from 117 pregnant women were evaluated for cytomegalovirus culture and cytomegalovirus-DNA detection. Neonatal and postnatal samples also were examined to confirm or exclude transmission of maternal-fetal cytomegalovirus infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 25 women with primary cytomegalovirus infection, 13 (52%) had cytomegalovirus-positive AF samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nine of which also were diagnosed by culture. All eight neonates born to mothers whose AF was cytomegalovirus-positive by PCR and culture were cytomegalovirus infected, and three were symptomatic. One aborted fetus had cytomegalovirus-DNAemia. Of four women with cytomegalovirus-positive AF samples by PCR only, two delivered asymptomatic cytomegalovirus-infected neonates and two aborted (one fetus had cytomegalovirus encephalopathy). Of 45 mothers with recurrent infection, two with AF cytomegalovirus-positive by PCR and culture, and another with cytomegalovirus-positive AF samples by PCR only, aborted cytomegalovirus-DNA-positive fetuses. Of the other seven women with cytomegalovirus-positive AF samples by PCR only, two delivered asymptomatic cytomegalovirus-infected neonates, two delivered neonates cytomegalovirus-positive by PCR only (one was symptomatic), and three delivered infants cytomegalovirus-negative by PCR and culture. All 47 mothers with nonactive cytomegalovirus infection and cytomegalovirus-negative AF samples had uninfected neonates. Polymerase chain reaction was superior to viral culture in sensitivity and negative predictive value (100% compared with 57% and 94%, respectively) but was lower in specificity and positive predictive value (97% and 83%, respectively, compared with 100%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal diagnosis of fetal cytomegalovirus infection should include PCR in addition to viral culture, particularly for congenital cytomegalovirus infections following maternal recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Institutes of 2nd Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. perinat@flashnet.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nigro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazzocco
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Anceschi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: La Torre
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Cosmi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012008:Recurrence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity