title: Aqueous and vitreous penetration of levofloxacin after oral administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the penetration of levofloxacin, an optical S-(-)isomer of ofloxacin, into the aqueous and vitreous humor after oral administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, clinical trial comparing tissue levels of levofloxacin after one or two doses 12 hours apart.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five patients undergoing initial vitrectomy between February 1997 and June 1997 at the UIC Eye Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aqueous, vitreous, and serum samples were obtained and later analyzed from 45 patients after oral administration of 1 500-mg tablet (group 1, 22 patients) or 2 500-mg tablets (group 2, 23 patients) 12 hours apart before surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aqueous, vitreous, and serum concentrations of levofloxacin (micrograms/milliliter).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 1 achieved mean aqueous, vitreous, and serum levels of 0.59 +/- 0.48 microg/ml, 0.32 +/- 0.34 microg/ml, and 4.34 +/- 3.59 microg/ml, respectively. Group 2 achieved mean aqueous, vitreous, and serum levels of 1.90 +/- 0.97 microg/ml, 2.39 +/- 0.70 microg/ml, and 8.02 +/- 3.14 microg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean inhibitory aqueous and vitreous MIC90 levels were achieved against a majority of ocular pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae (vitreous), Bacillus cereus (vitreous), Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and most gram-negative aerobic organisms except Pseudomonas aeruginosa after two doses given 12 hours apart. Mean MIC90 levels were obtained in the vitreous for a majority of pathogens responsible for traumatic, postoperative, or bleb-related endophthalmitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA. fisc@uic.edu
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Fiscella
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cwik
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Phillpotts
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Alter
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gieser
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001682:Biological Availability; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D064704:Levofloxacin; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013607:Tablets; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014821:Vitrectomy; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D013607:Tablets; D064704:Levofloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin