title: Lower limb muscle dysfunction may contribute to foot ulceration in diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between in-shoe plantar foot pressure and the co-ordinated activity of five lower limb muscles of diabetic patients, who are known to have a higher risk of foot morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A portable six channel electromyographic system has been designed, developed and synchronised in real time with a 16 channel piezoelectric transducer in-shoe pressure measuring device, Gaitscan.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  So far, no one has tried to establish a relationship between in-shoe foot pressure distribution and muscle activity of the lower limb in diabetes. The measurement of phasic muscle activity has been related to foot pressure and compared to a control group of normal volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty nine diabetic subjects and 22 healthy non-diabetic volunteers have been studied by recording electromyography of lower leg muscles and in-shoe foot pressure measurements simultaneously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In diabetic subjects, the period of contact pressure was greater than in normal control subjects (P<0.003). The initial forefoot time to contact with the ground was shorter in diabetics when compared to controls, indicating a faster forefoot contact. Of the dorsiflexor muscles, the Anterior Tibialis, normally contracting eccentrically at heel strike, was subject to a measurable delay in the initiation of contraction, of mean difference of 180 ms (P<0.001), in diabetic subjects when compared to the normal controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The late firing of Tibialis Anterior means that its normal modulating role in lowering the foot to the ground after heel strike through eccentric contraction is disturbed. The result is that the foot reaches the foot flat stage in a less ordered manner, subjecting it to high plantar pressures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained may assist in planning realignment procedures of the foot and help prevent development of ulcers on the sole of the foot in high risk diabetic subjects.
authors.affiliation: Foot Pressure Analysis Laboratory, University Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, The Royal Infirmary, Dundee, UK. r.j.abboud@dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Abboud
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Rowley
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D016523:Foot Ulcer / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011312:Pressure; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014159:Transducers; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*