title: High-dose-rate brachytherapy for primary carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Local control for patients treated with primary radiation therapy for tumors of the oral cavity is improved using low-dose-rate brachytherapy. Oropharyngeal carcinomas have also been treated with brachytherapy. The few reports in the literature regarding high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDRBT) for head and neck cancer involve small numbers of patients and often contain a mix of palliative and curative cases. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of HDRBT in the largest reported cohort of primary head and neck cancer patients treated with primary radiation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective nonrandomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five patients with primary untreated squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx were analyzed. There were 16 patients with T1, 26 with T2, 8 with T3, and 5 with T4 tumors. All patients received external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) followed by HDRBT. Thirty-eight patients received hyperfractionated (twice daily) EBRT followed by HDRBT two or three times daily. Patients with cervical adenopathy also received hyperthermia and an electron boost to the site(s) of positive nodes. Median follow-up was 2.7 years. Toxicity and local control were analyzed. Data were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier life-table method with statistical significance determined by the X2 and log-rank tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-dose-rate brachytherapy was extremely well tolerated. Only 9 patients (16%) developed a complication. Four patients developed osteoradionecrosis, and five developed soft tissue necrosis, all of which healed with conservative medical management. No complication required surgical intervention or hospitalization. Actuarial 2-year local control for the entire cohort was 79%. Local control was 87% for patients with T1 (15/16) and T2 (22/26) tumors versus 47% for T3 (5/8) and T4 (2/5) tumors (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-dose-rate brachytherapy is feasible as a boost for patients with primary squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Patients with T1 and T2 tumors fared exceptionally well; those with advanced tumors may require more aggressive treatment, such as higher radiation doses, surgical resection, or systemic chemotherapy. The use of HDRBT both shortens the overall treatment time and limits the volume of tissue exposed to high doses of radiation therapy. In the future, as more patients treated with HDRBT are evaluable, we hope to identify potential factors that predict for local control so that we may select patients optimally for this treatment.
authors.affiliation: Section of Radiation Oncology, St. Vincent's Medical Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rudoltz
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Luthmann
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Fracke
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moye
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wludyka
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Ackerman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010025:Osteoradionecrosis / Q000209:etiology; D010166:Palliative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011855:Radiodermatitis / Q000209:etiology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy