title: A history of substance abuse complicates remission from acute mania in bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Substance abuse frequently complicates the course of bipolar illness, promotes mixed states, and contributes to poor outcome in mania. Preliminary open trials suggest that anticonvulsant mood stabilizers may enhance remission rates and outcome for bipolar patients with substance abuse. This study compared remission patterns for mixed or pure manic episodes among bipolar inpatients with or without substance abuse histories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital records were retrospectively reviewed for 204 DSM-III-R bipolar I inpatients. Clinical features were compared for those with or without substance abuse/dependence histories predating the index manic episode. Time until remission was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Naturalistic treatment outcome with lithium or anticonvulsant mood stabilizers was compared for those with or without past substance abuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Past substance abuse was evident in 34% of the bipolar sample and comprised most often alcoholism (82%), followed by cocaine (30%), marijuana (29%), sedative-hypnotic or amphetamine (21%), and opiate (13%) abuse. Substance abuse was more common among men (p < .05) and those with mixed rather than pure mania (p < .05). Remission during hospitalization was less likely among patients with prior substance abuse (p < .05), especially alcohol or marijuana abuse, and among mixed manic patients with past substance abuse (p < .05). Bipolar patients with substance abuse histories who received divalproex or carbamazepine remitted during hospitalization more often than did those who received lithium as the sole mood stabilizer (p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support previous reports suggesting that bipolar patients with past substance abuse have poorer naturalistic treatment outcomes, but may show a better response to anticonvulsant mood stabilizers than lithium.
authors.affiliation: Payne Whitney Clinic, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Garno
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kocsis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Portera
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002220:Carbamazepine; D014635:Valproic Acid; D008094:Lithium