title: Continuous, hyperfractionated, accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) versus conventional radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: mature data from the randomised multicentre trial. CHART Steering committee.
abstract: METHODS
  A randomised controlled trial in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), compared CHART which employs 36 fractions of 1.5 Gy 3 times per day to give 54 Gy in 12 consecutive days with conventional radiotherapy-30 fractions of 2 Gy to a total dose of 60 Gy in 6 weeks. A total of 563 patients were entered between April 1990 and April 1995. This report is based upon the data updated to 1 April 1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis of the mature data shows that the benefits previously reported have been maintained. Overall there was a 22% reduction in the relative risk of death, which is equivalent to an absolute improvement in 2 year survival of 9% from 20 to 29% (P = 0.008) and a 21% reduction in the relative risk of local progression (P = 0.033). In the large subgroup of patients with squamous cell cancer which accounted for 81% of the cases, there was a 30% reduction in the relative risk of death, which is equivalent to an absolute improvement in 2 year survival of 13% from 20 to 33% (P = 0.0007) and a 27% reduction in the relative risk of local progression (P = 0.012). Furthermore, in squamous carcinoma there was a 25% reduction in the relative risk of local and/or distant progression (P = 0.025) and 24% reduction in the relative risk of metastasis (P = 0.043). There was no evidence that CHART gave more or less benefit in any other subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis of mature data confirms that CHART is superior to conventional radiotherapy in achieving local tumour control and survival in locally advanced NSCLC. This demonstrates the importance of cellular repopulation as a cause of failure in the radiotherapy of NSCLC. The reduction in the risk of metastasis confirms that improved local tumour control, even in lung cancer, can reduce the incidence of metastasis. This trial shows that control of local tumour can lead to an improvement in long term survival.
authors.affiliation: Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dische
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palmar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate