title: Diabetes and serum ferritin concentration among U.S. adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the association between serum ferritin concentration and the risk of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the cross-sectional associations among ferritin concentration, glucose tolerance status, and concentrations of insulin, glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin in 9,486 U.S. adults aged > or = 20 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, education, BMI, alcohol consumption, alanine aminotransferase concentration, C-reactive protein concentration, and examination session attended, and after dichotomizing ferritin concentration into < 300 and > or = 300 micrograms/l for men and < 150 and > or = 150 micrograms/l for women, the odds ratios for newly diagnosed diabetes were 4.94 (95% CI 3.05-8.01) for men and 3.61 (2.01-6.48) for women. The increased risk of newly diagnosed diabetes was concentrated among participants with transferrin saturations < 45%. All multiple linear regression coefficients between ferritin concentration and concentrations of insulin, glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin were positive and significant for both men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated serum ferritin concentration was associated with an increased risk of diabetes. We were unable to eliminate conclusively the possibility that the observed association reflected inflammation rather than excess body iron stores.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. esf2@cdc.gov
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cogswell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005293:Ferritins; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin