title: Transcriptional repression of the transforming growth factor-beta type I receptor gene by DNA methylation results in the development of TGF-beta resistance in human gastric cancer.
abstract: The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway subserves an essential tumor suppressor function in various cell types. A heteromeric complex composed of TGF-beta type I (RI) and type II (RII) receptors is required for TGF-beta signaling. We have identified a subset of human gastric cancer cell lines which are insensitive to TGF-beta and which express a low level of TGF-beta type I receptor mRNA relative to a gastric cancer cell line which is highly responsive to TGF-beta. Using these cells, we show that hypermethylation of a CpG island in the 5' region of the TGF-beta RI gene provides another potentially important mechanism of escape from negative growth control by TGF-beta. This hypermethylation was found in four of five human gastric cancer cell lines and five out of 40 (12.5%) primary tumors examined. In human gastric cancer cell lines, treatment with the demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, resulted in increased expression of the TGF-beta RI gene, but not the RII gene. Transient transfection of an RI expression vector into the TGF-beta resistant SNU-601 cell line restores TGF-beta responsiveness. These findings suggest that one of the mechanisms of escape from autocrine or paracrine growth control by TGF-beta during carcinogenesis could involve aberrant methylation of CpG islands in the 5' region of the TGF-beta RI gene.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892-5055, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Im
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta