title: Medical treatment of later-stage motor problems of Parkinson disease.
abstract: Parkinson disease progression is associated with the development of levodopa short-duration responses and dyskinesias, as well as gait freezing. Levodopa dose adjustment and adjunctive treatment with dopamine agonists form the major therapeutic strategies. Catechol O-methyltransferase inhibitors are also appropriate considerations, whereas other drugs, including selegiline, amantadine, anticholinergic agents, and propranolol, have a more minor role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minn 55905, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ahlskog
mesh_terms: D000547:Amantadine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002230:Carbidopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065098:Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors; D002396:Catechols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009570:Nitriles; D009596:Nitrophenols; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012642:Selegiline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077867:Tolcapone
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D001577:Benzophenones; D065098:Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors; D002396:Catechols; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009570:Nitriles; D009596:Nitrophenols; C009265:carbidopa, levodopa drug combination; D012642:Selegiline; D007980:Levodopa; C071192:entacapone; D011433:Propranolol; D000547:Amantadine; D000077867:Tolcapone; D002230:Carbidopa