title: Bioavailability of norethisterone acetate alone and in combination with estradiol administered in single or multiple oral doses to postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Twenty-four postmenopausal women were randomly allocated to a cross-over trial for an investigation of the pharmacokinetics of norethisterone acetate (NETA; 0.5 mg), administered alone or in combination with estradiol (E2; 1 mg), both after a single oral dose. In a second trial, the above combination of 0.5 mg NETA with 1 mg E2 was administered daily for 28 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma levels of NET, E2, estrone (E1) and estrone sulphate fraction containing an admixture of estrone glucuronide (E1S/E1G) were measured by radioimmunoassay at various intervals up to 72 h in the first trial and at the same intervals after the 28th day in the second trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first, single-dose trial, pharmacokinetic parameters of NET were similar for NETA administered alone and its combination with E2. There was no statistically significant difference in the area under curve values AUC0-24 and AUC0-infinity and no apparent major differences were observed for other pharmacokinetic parameters. No carry-over effects due to the cross-over design were seen. The multiple dosage in the second trial did not cause any major changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of NET, except for the AUC0-24 and AUC0-infinity values which were significantly higher than those seen in the first trial. The levels of E2 exhibited, shortly after the intake of E2, a rapid burst. The levels gradually decreased to a nadir followed by an increase to the main peak and by the subsequent elimination phase. The difference between the peak and nadir levels was significant (P < 0.05) in the second, multiple-dose trial. This bimodal pattern was not observed in earlier studies. The main metabolite of E2 was E1S/E1G, followed by E1, as could be seen from the AUC0-infinity values. These were, in both trials, approximately 300 and 7-times higher for the E1S/E1G and E1, respectively, than those for E2. For all analytes, the AUC0-24 values were significantly higher in the second trial than those found in the first trial, indicating accumulation upon repeated administration. Pharmacokinetics of all analytes remained linear in the second trial, as follows from the statistically established equality of AUC0-24 found in the second, multiple-dose trial with AUC0-infinity in the first, single-dose trial. The absorption half-life and t-max values of E1S/E1G appeared to be considerably shorter than those of E1 in both trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bioavailability of NET was not influenced by its combination with 1 mg E2. The most abundant metabolite of E2 was the E1S/E1G fraction, which may have served as the main source of E2 and other estrogens due to metabolic interconversions during the absorption and elimination phases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stadberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Westlund
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Landgren
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Aedo
authors.forename: S Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Cekan
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mattsson
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol; D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate; D009640:Norethindrone