title: The effects of two rewarming strategies on heat balance and metabolism after coronary artery bypass surgery with moderate hypothermia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative hypothermia is common in cardiac surgery with hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This trial was designed to evaluate whether rewarming over the normal bladder temperature (over 37 degrees C) at the end of hypothermic CPB combined with passive heating methods after CPB might result in a better heat balance, lower energy expenditure (EE) and decrease of disturbances in oxygen balance compared to only rewarming the patients to a bladder temperature of 35-37 degrees C.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomized controlled clinical study was performed in 38 patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass surgery. Twenty patients (group C) were rewarmed to a bladder temperature of 35-37 degrees C at the end of hypothermic (28 degrees C) CPB. Eighteen patients (group W) were rewarmed to a bladder temperature of 37-38.5 degrees C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the end of CPB, the bladder temperature was 36.2+/-0.7 degrees C (mean+/-SD) in group C and 37.9+/-0.5 degrees C in group W. After half an hour's stay in the ICU, the mean body temperature (MBT) was 35.1+/-0.6 degrees C in group C and 36.6+/-0.7 degrees C in group W. During the following five hours, MBT increased to 37.4+/-0.8 degrees C in group C and to 38.0+/-0.6 degrees C in the other group. The peak value of EE in the ICU was 1.73+/-0.44 (group C) vs 1.35+/-0.29 (W/kg) (group W) (P=0.003). EE was significantly (P=0.044) higher in group C than in the other group between 1.5 and 5.5 h in the ICU. The increased energy expenditure due to heat production was associated with an increase in O2 consumption (VO2) 61.6+/-30.4% vs 25.2+/-24.1%, (peak values) compared to the basal values of the two groups measured before anesthesia (between groups P<0.001). Between 1.5 and 5.5 h in the ICU, group C had significantly higher VO2 (P=0.026), CO2 production (P=0.017), venous pCO2 (P<0.001) and minute ventilation (p=0.014) than group W. Venous pH was lower (P<0.001) in group C. The peak value of oxygen extraction was also higher (P=0.045) in group C. On the other hand, the lowest value of venous oxygen saturation was higher (P=0.04) in group W.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With rewarming the patients at the end of CPB to a bladder temperature of over 37 degrees C combined with passive heating methods after CPB, it was possible to decrease EE and VO2 compared to the control group (rewarmed to bladder temperature of 35-37 degrees C) after coronary artery bypass surgery with moderate hypothermia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hanhela
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mustonen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salomäki
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D017694:Rewarming; D001743:Urinary Bladder
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide