title: Risk factors for injury to women from domestic violence.
abstract: Domestic violence is the most common cause of nonfatal injury to women in the United States. To identify risk factors for such injuries, we examined the socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics of women who were victims of domestic violence and the men who injured them.
  
  
  
  We conducted a case-control study at eight large, university-affiliated emergency departments. The 256 intentionally injured women had acute injuries resulting from a physical assault by a male partner. The 659 controls were women treated for other conditions in the emergency department. Information was collected with a standardized questionnaire; no information was obtained directly from the male partners.
  
  
  
  The 256 intentionally injured women had a total of 434 contusions and abrasions, 89 lacerations, and 41 fractures and dislocations. In a multivariate analysis, the characteristics of the partners that were most closely associated with an increased risk of inflicting injury as a result of domestic violence were alcohol abuse (adjusted relative risk, 3.6; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.2 to 5.9); drug use (adjusted relative risk, 3.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.0 to 6.4); intermittent employment (adjusted relative risk, 3.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 8.8); recent unemployment (adjusted relative risk, 2.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 6.5); having less than a high-school-graduate's education (adjusted relative risk, 2.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 4.4); and being a former husband, estranged husband, or former boyfriend (adjusted relative risk, 3.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 8.3).
  
  
  
  Women at greatest risk for injury from domestic violence include those with male partners who abuse alcohol or use drugs, are unemployed or intermittently employed, have less than a high-school-graduate's education, and are former husbands, estranged husbands, or former boyfriends of the women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, Calif., USA.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Kyriacou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anglin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taliaferro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tubb
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muelleman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kraus
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D014478:Unemployment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology