title: Long-term outcomes after carotid stent placement treatment of carotid artery dissection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the long-term outcomes after stent placement for the treatment of carotid artery dissections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1992 and 1998, seven patients underwent stenting procedures for treatment of extracranial carotid artery dissections resulting from various causes, including trauma (n = 2), iatrogenesis (n = 2), spontaneous development (n = 2), and fibromuscular dysplasia (n = 1). Stenting procedures were performed for large, nonhealing, dissection-induced pseudoaneurysms (four cases) or severe preocclusive stenosis (three cases). A total of 11 stents were placed (Palmaz stents, n = 8; Wallstents, n = 3). Radiological follow-up examinations were performed after a mean period of 17.7 months (range, 1-67 mo), using conventional or computed tomographic angiography. Clinical follow-up data were obtained after a mean period of 42.9 months (range, 13-72 mo).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All stent placements resulted in complete resolution of dissection-induced stenosis. For two of the four patients with aneurysms, the lesions occluded spontaneously at the time of the procedure. The third patient required coil embolization of the pseudoaneurysm. One patient exhibited progressive shrinkage of the aneurysm in serial follow-up examinations, with healing after 18 months. No clinical complications were associated with the procedures. One patient exhibited progression to asymptomatic occlusion 3 months after stenting. The remaining six patients exhibited no significant changes in luminal diameters. All patients remained in clinically stable condition, with no ischemic symptoms, during more than 3.5 years (mean period) of follow-up monitoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experience suggests that stents placed for treatment of extracranial carotid artery dissections remain patent and patients remain free of symptoms on a long-term basis. Additional studies will be required to determine the optimal types of stents and intervals for follow-up monitoring using imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA.
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Marcellus
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D020215:Carotid Artery, Internal, Dissection / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019233:Retreatment; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome