title: Antibodies to platelet-activating factor are associated with borderline hypertension, early atherosclerosis and the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid inflammatory mediator which is synthesized by a variety of cells, including monocytes and endothelial cells, and PAF can be retained in activated endothelial cell membranes. Furthermore, PAF-like lipids are produced in other phospholipid membranes as in oxidized LDL. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation in the artery wall, but little is known about the role of immune reactions in the early stages of development of cardiovascular disease. In the present study we investigated if there are antibodies to PAF (aPAF) that may play a role in borderline hypertension and early atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three men with borderline hypertension (BHT) and 73 age-matched normotensive (NT) men (diastolic blood pressure 85-94 and <80 mmHg, respectively) were recruited from a population screening programme. Antibody levels were determined by use of ELISA. Carotid intima-media (IM)-thickness and atherosclerosis was determined by B-mode ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BHT men had 49.3% higher aPAF levels of IgG class than NT controls (P = 0.0007). Antibodies to the biologically inactive lysoPAF did not differ between BHT and NT group. aPAF levels were associated with IM-thickness in the left (P = 0.02) and right (P = 0.009) carotid artery. Furthermore, aPAF levels were enhanced in individuals with the metabolic syndrome (n = 44) as compared to those without (n = 102; P = 0.009), and also significantly associated with insulin levels (P = 0.02) and insulin resistance (P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  aPAF antibodies may reflect early vascular changes and thus serve as novel markers for disease, and they may also be pathogenic, by eliciting an inflammatory reaction in the vascular wall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lemne
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: De Faire
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frostegârd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000906:Antibodies / Q000032:analysis*; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D019332:Endothelin-1; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D008074:Lipoproteins; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor