title: Outcome of lamivudine resistant hepatitis B virus infection in the liver transplant recipient.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In many transplant centres lamivudine is an important component of prophylaxis against, and treatment of, hepatitis B virus (HBV) graft infection. Drug resistant HBV species with specific polymerase mutations may emerge during lamivudine treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the clinical consequences of graft infection by lamivudine resistant virus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical course of four liver transplant patients who developed graft infection with lamivudine resistant virus was reviewed. The response of HBV infection to reduction of immunosuppression and to manipulation of antiviral therapy was assessed. For each patient, serum viral titre was measured and the viral polymerase gene was sequenced at multiple time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High serum titres were observed following emergence of the lamivudine resistant species. Wild type HBV re-emerged as the dominant serum species after lamivudine withdrawal. All patients developed liver failure, and onset of liver dysfunction was observed when resistant virus was the dominant serum species. In three patients, liver recovery was observed when immunosuppression was stopped and when alternative antivirals were given. Wild type virus appeared to respond to ganciclovir, and to reintroduction of lamivudine. For one patient, introduction of famciclovir was associated with clinical, virological, and histological response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Failure of lamivudine prophylaxis may identify patients at special risk for the development of severe graft infection. Treatment of graft reinfection should include reduction of immunosuppression, and systematic exposure to alternative antivirals. Viral quantitation and genetic sequencing are essential components of therapeutic monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Liver and Hepatobiliary Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mutimer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pillay
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cane
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buchan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boxall
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hübscher
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Elias
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D019259:Lamivudine