title: Risk of disease transmission by llama embryos.
abstract: An assessment was made of the risk of transmission of foot and mouth disease (FMD), vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue, tuberculosis and brucellosis by llama embryos. The study suggests that embryo transfer is a safe method for the international movement of llama embryos despite the special characteristics of these embryos, such as the absence of a zona pellucida, and despite the lack of data on pathogen-embryo interactions. For acute viral diseases such as FMD, vesicular stomatitis or bluetongue, embryo transfer reduces the risk of international embryo movement by a factor of 10(4). Therefore, if favourable epidemiological or ecological conditions exist in the region of origin of the embryos, the risk of contamination of a batch of llama embryos with the above agents is close to zero. The risk of contamination with Mycobacterium or Brucella depends on the incidence of these diseases, but under the most unfavourable prevalence levels, the risk does not exceed 10(-3.3), given that the results of diagnostic tests of the herd and of donor animals are negative before and after collection of the embryos. This study demonstrates that risk assessment can be a valuable tool to facilitate international movement of embryos, particularly for those species for which little or no data are available regarding embryo-pathogen interactions.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sutmoller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001819:Bluetongue / Q000635:transmission*; D002006:Brucellosis / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000196:embryology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000635:transmission*; D007391:International Cooperation; D008954:Models, Biological; D011336:Probability; D018353:Rhabdoviridae Infections / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D014721:Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus