title: Recall of shame and favouritism in relation to psychopathology.
abstract: There is good evidence that early rearing experiences affect vulnerability to subsequent psychopathology. Recent research on memories of rearing style have been influenced by attachment theory and have focused primarily on domains of emotional warmth and control. However, early experiences of being shamed, criticized and made to feel inferior, together with believing one's sibling is favoured over oneself, are also likely to play a role in vulnerability. This study therefore explored recall of being shamed and sibling favouritism.
  
  
  
  A large community sample (N = 638) and a varied non-psychotic patient sample (N = 213) completed two recall of parent rearing scales (the PBI and EMBU). These gave measures of recall of emotional warmth, overprotection/control, being shamed and shown up, and self or sibling favouring. Participants also completed the SCL-90-R scale.
  
  
  
  Patients recalled less warmth, more control, more shame and more favouring of siblings than the community sample. The difference was greatest for shame, and following MANOVA analysis shame remained significantly different between the two groups even after controlling for emotional warmth and control. Similarly, recalling being less favoured than a sibling and shamed had robust associations with indicators of psychopathology and these were only marginally reduced when emotional warmth was controlled for. Moreover, hostility (as measured by the SCL-90-R) was specifically related to recall of being shamed but not emotional warmth.
  
  
  
  This study suggests that over and above issues of emotional warmth and control, recall of direct experiences of being shamed, feeling inferior and less favoured in a family, may be particularly pathogenic. They operate independently of warmth and may be especially important in proneness to hostile feelings. Given this, therapists may wish to specifically explore shame issues with patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Kingsway Hospital, Derby, UK. p.gilbert@derby.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gerlsma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002668:Child Rearing / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012752:Shame; D012801:Sibling Relations