title: A human prolactin antagonist, hPRL-G129R, inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation through induction of apoptosis.
abstract: Human breast cancer is the predominant malignancy and the leading cause of cancer death in women from Western societies. The cause of breast cancer is still unknown. Recently, the association between human prolactin (hPRL) activity and breast cancer has been reemphasized. Biologically active hPRL has been found to be produced locally by breast cancer cells that contain high levels of PRL receptor. A high incidence of mammary tumor growth has also been found in transgenic mice overexpressing lactogenic hormones. More importantly, it has been demonstrated that the receptors for sex steroids and PRL are coexpressed and cross-regulated. In this study, we report that we have designed and produced a hPRL antagonist, hPRL-G129R. By using cell proliferation assays, we have demonstrated that: (a) hPRL and E2 exhibited an additive stimulatory effect on human breast cancer cell (T-47D) proliferation; (b) hPRL-G129R possessed an inhibitory effect on T-47D cell proliferation; and (c) when antiestrogen (4-OH-tamoxifen) and anti-PRL (hPRL-G129R) agents were added together, an additive inhibitory effect was observed. We further investigated the mechanism of the inhibitory effects of hPRL-G129R in four hPRLR positive breast cancer cell lines. We report that hPRL-G129R is able to induce apoptosis in all four cell lines in a dose-dependent manner as determined by the Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. The apoptosis is induced within 2 h of treatment at a dose as low as 50 ng/ml. We hope that the hPRL antagonist could be used to improve the outcome of human breast cancer therapy in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Research Institute, Cancer Center, Greenville Hospital System, South Carolina 29605, USA. wchen@ghs.org
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramamoorthy
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sticca
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004347:Drug Interactions; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007739:L Cells; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011388:Prolactin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014714:Vertebrates
chemical_list: D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D006727:Hormone Antagonists; C402398:prolactin, Arg(129)-; D013629:Tamoxifen; C016601:afimoxifene; D011388:Prolactin