title: Synthesis, in vitro antiproliferative activity, and DNA-binding properties of hybrid molecules containing pyrrolo[2,1-c][1, 4]benzodiazepine and minor-groove-binding oligopyrrole carriers.
abstract: The synthesis, biological activity, and DNA-binding properties of a series of four hybrids prepared by combining polypyrrole minor groove binders and pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) 13, related to the naturally occurring anthramycin (3) and DC-81 (4), have been described, and structure-activity relationships have been discussed. These hybrids 22-25 contain from one to four pyrrole units, respectively. To investigate sequence selectivity and stability of drug/DNA complexes, DNase I footprinting and arrested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed on human c-myc oncogene, estrogen receptor gene, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat (HIV-1 LTR) gene sequences. The antiproliferative activity of the hybrids has been tested in vitro on human myeloid leukemia K562 and T-lymphoid Jurkat cell lines and compared to antiproliferative effects of the natural product distamycin A 1, its tetrapyrrole homologue 17, DC 81 (4), and the PBD methyl ester 12. The results obtained demonstrate that the hybrids 22-25 exhibit different DNA-binding activity with respect to both distamycin A 1 and PBD 12. In addition, a direct relationship was found between number of pyrrole rings present in the hybrids 22-25 and stability of drug/DNA complexes. With respect to antiproliferative effects, it was found that the increase in the length of the polypyrrole backbone leads to an increase of in vitro antiproliferative effects, i.e., the hybrid 25 containing the four pyrroles is more active than 22, 23, and 24 both against K562 and Jurkat cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy. pgb@ifeuniv.unife.it
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Baraldi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balboni
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cacciari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guiotto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manfredini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romagnoli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spalluto
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Thurston
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rutigliano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mischiati
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gambari
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001570:Benzodiazepinones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D018983:DNA Footprinting; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D020014:K562 Cells; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001570:Benzodiazepinones; D011758:Pyrroles; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D004247:DNA