title: Amphiregulin is coordinately expressed with heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor in the interstitial smooth muscle of the human prostate.
abstract: Peptide growth factors have been proposed as mediators of smooth muscle-epithelial cell interactions in the human prostate; however, the identity of these molecules has not been established. In this study, we compared expression levels of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor-related receptor tyrosine kinases (ErbB1 through 4), the six EGF receptor ligands, EGF, transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha, amphiregulin (ARG), HB-EGF, betacellulin, and epiregulin, and the related molecule heregulin-alpha, in a series of 10 prostate tissue specimens. Only EGF showed a disease-specific association, with increased mRNA levels in four of five PCa specimens in comparison to matched normal tissue from the same subject. In contrast, ARG and HB-EGF mRNAs showed a coordinate pattern of expression in 7/10 specimens that was distinct from all other growth factor or receptor genes examined and from mRNAs for prostate specific antigen, the androgen receptor and GAPDH, a house-keeping enzyme. Analysis of an additional series of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer specimens from 60 individuals confirmed that ARG and HB-EGF mRNA levels varied in a highly coordinate manner (r = 0.93; P < 0.0001) but showed no association with disease. ARG was immunolocalized largely to interstitial smooth muscle cells (SMC), previously identified as the site of synthesis of HB-EGF in the prostate, while the cognate ARG and HB-EGF receptor, ErbB1, was localized exclusively to ductal epithelial cells and carcinoma cells. Although ARG was a relatively poor mitogen for Balb/c3T3 cells in comparison to HB-EGF, it was similar in potency to HB-EGF in stimulating human prostate epithelial cell growth, suggesting that prostate epithelia may be a physiologic target for ARG in vivo. Expression of both ARG and HB-EGF mRNAs was induced in cultured prostate SMC by fibroblast growth factor-2, a human prostate SMC mitogen linked to prostate disease. These findings indicate that ARG and HB-EGF are likely to be key mediators of directional signaling between SMC and epithelial cells in the human prostate and appear to be coordinately regulated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Borer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eastham
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Loughlin
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D066258:Amphiregulin; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D066257:Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018739:Oncogene Proteins v-erbB / Q000235:genetics; D011467:Prostate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: C587848:AREG protein, human; D066258:Amphiregulin; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006133:Growth Substances; C587883:HBEGF protein, human; D066257:Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D018739:Oncogene Proteins v-erbB; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor