title: The complexed structure and antimicrobial activity of a non-beta-lactam inhibitor of AmpC beta-lactamase.
abstract: Beta-lactamases are the major resistance mechanism to beta-lactam antibiotics and pose a growing threat to public health. Recently, bacteria have become resistant to beta-lactamase inhibitors, making this problem pressing. In an effort to overcome this resistance, non-beta-lactam inhibitors of beta-lactamases were investigated for complementarity to the structure of AmpC beta-lactamase from Escherichia coli. This led to the discovery of an inhibitor, benzo(b)thiophene-2-boronic acid (BZBTH2B), which inhibited AmpC with a Ki of 27 nM. This inhibitor is chemically dissimilar to beta-lactams, raising the question of what specific interactions are responsible for its activity. To answer this question, the X-ray crystallographic structure of BZBTH2B in complex with AmpC was determined to 2.25 A resolution. The structure reveals several unexpected interactions. The inhibitor appears to complement the conserved, R1-amide binding region of AmpC, despite lacking an amide group. Interactions between one of the boronic acid oxygen atoms, Tyr150, and an ordered water molecule suggest a mechanism for acid/base catalysis and a direction for hydrolytic attack in the enzyme catalyzed reaction. To investigate how a non-beta-lactam inhibitor would perform against resistant bacteria, BZBTH2B was tested in antimicrobial assays. BZBTH2B significantly potentiated the activity of a third-generation cephalosporin against AmpC-producing resistant bacteria. This inhibitor was unaffected by two common resistance mechanisms that often arise against beta-lactams in conjunction with beta-lactamases. Porin channel mutations did not decrease the efficacy of BZBTH2B against cells expressing AmpC. Also, this inhibitor did not induce expression of AmpC, a problem with many beta-lactams. The structure of the BZBTH2B/AmpC complex provides a starting point for the structure-based elaboration of this class of non-beta-lactam inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blázquez
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Weston
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Morosini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baquero
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Shoichet
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016971:Citrobacter freundii / Q000187:drug effects; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D016972:Enterobacter cloacae / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D065093:beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001897:Boronic Acids; D013876:Thiophenes; C115588:benzo(b)thiophene-2-boronic acid; D065093:beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; C048795:AmpC beta-lactamases; D001618:beta-Lactamases