title: d-amphetamine "cue" generalizes to social defeat stress: behavioral sensitization and attenuated accumbens dopamine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychomotor stimulant drugs engender intense euphoria as well as anxiogenic effects, both potentially involving the mesolimbic dopamine system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) Do animals that discriminate a psychomotor stimulant drug from saline generalize to a non-pharmacological stressful event such as social defeat? (2) How does the generalization from d-amphetamine to social defeat stress relate to dopamine overflow in the mesocorticolimbic system in response to this stress?
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Long-Evans rats were trained to discriminate either 1.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine or 10 mg/kg cocaine from saline in a two-lever drug discrimination task; each injection-appropriate tenth lever press was reinforced by milk presentation (fixed ratio, FR10). After confirming systematic cocaine and d-amphetamine dose-effect curves, additional discrimination tests involved exposure to several stress conditions; (1) brief confrontations with an aggressive resident rat that resulted in the intruder's defeat. Rats were administered saline, then exposed to aggressive threats behind a protective screen for 15 min, and subsequently performed the two-lever discrimination task; (2) exposure for 15 min to aggressive threats without prior defeat; (3) exposure to a novel cage for 15 min. A subgroup of rats was prepared for in vivo microdialysis after they generalized the social stress response to the d-amphetamine cue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine of 35 d-amphetamine-trained and six of 18 cocaine-trained animals responded at least 80% at the drug-appropriate lever after social defeat stress. Social defeat stress increased dopamine in nucleus accumbens, with a closely similar dopamine response in amphetamine-discriminating rats that were behaviorally sensitized versus those that were not sensitized by amphetamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Generalization from social stress to the stimulant "cue" differs among individuals, which may be relevant to the anxiety-like effects of stimulants. By contrast, mesolimbic DA activity and motor activity was increased in response to social defeat stress or a d-amphetamine challenge, regardless of the qualitatively different stimulant-stress generalization. Mesolimbic DA in response to stress or amphetamine appears significant in behavioral activation, but not in the qualitatively divergent internal stimulus properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Miczek
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Mutschler
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Erp
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Blank
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: McInerney
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003463:Cues; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D004291:Dominance-Subordination; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000661:Amphetamine; D003042:Cocaine; D004298:Dopamine