Weight support and balance during perturbed stance in the chronic spinal cat.
The intact cat maintains balance during unexpected disturbances of stance through automatic postural responses that are stereotyped and rapid. The extent to which the chronic spinal cat can maintain balance during stance is unclear, and there have been no quantitative studies that examined this question directly. This study examined whether the isolated lumbosacral cord of the chronic spinal cat can generate automatic postural responses in the hindlimbs during translation of the support surface. Responses to 16 directions of linear translation in the horizontal plane were quantified before and after spinalization at the T(6) level in terms of forces exerted by each paw against the support, motion of the body segments (kinematics), and electromyographic (EMG) activity. After spinalization, the cats were trained on a daily basis to stand on the force platform, and all four cats were able to support their full body weight. The cats usually required assistance for balance or stability in the horizontal plane, which was provided by an experimenter exerting gentle lateral force at the level of the hips. Three of the four animals could maintain independent stance for a brief period (10 s) after the experimenter stabilized them. The fourth cat maintained weight support but always required assistance with balance. Perturbations were delivered during the periods of independent stance in three cats and during assisted stance in the fourth. A response to translation in the spinal cats was observed only in those muscles that were tonically active to maintain stance and never in the flexors. Moreover, latencies were increased and amplitudes of activation were diminished compared with control. Nevertheless, flexors and extensors were recruited easily during behaviors such as paw shake and stepping. It is concluded that centers above the lumbosacral cord are required for the full elaboration of automatic postural responses. Although the spinal cat can achieve good weight support, it cannot maintain balance during stance except for brief periods and within narrow limits. This limited stability is probably achieved through spinal reflex mechanisms and the stiffness characteristics of the tonically active extensors.
Macpherson
J M
JM
Neurological Sciences Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97209, USA.
Fung
J
J
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002415:Cats; D003655:Decerebrate State / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004576:Electromyography; D005552:Forelimb / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D007596:Joints / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009129:Muscle Tonus / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology