title: Observations on the recent epizootic of bovine ephemeral fever in Saudi Arabia.
abstract: Observations of the epizootic of bovine ephemeral fever which occurred in Saudi Arabia during 1996 are presented. The investigations included the collection of epidemiological data from affected farms and the testing of sera for antibodies to the virus. The authors report a mean morbidity rate of 50% and a mean case fatality rate of 0.3%. Of the infected cattle, 4% were affected by recumbency, the majority of these recovered (89%). The clinical signs observed in affected cattle were uniform throughout the region concerned. The features of the outbreak, obtained through field investigations, were considered in relation to the ecological and meteorological conditions which were prevalent at the time. The outbreak occurred during the summer months (May to October) in the central and eastern regions of Saudi Arabia, with the initial infection reported at the Al-Ahsa oasis. Farms which were subsequently affected were all reported to possess areas of stagnant water suitable for the reproduction of the vectors of the disease (Culicoides spp. and mosquitoes). To conclude, the authors discuss precautions to prevent future outbreaks of bovine ephemeral fever in Saudi Arabia.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Abu Elzein
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gameel
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: al-Afaleq
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: al-Gundi
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: al-Bashier
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zeedan
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: al-Mageed
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abu Khadra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002417:Cattle; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D004810:Ephemeral Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D018115:Ephemeral Fever Virus, Bovine / Q000276:immunology; D009017:Morbidity; D011891:Rain; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral