title: Adverse events in intensively treated children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: The main objective of this study was to examine the relation between adverse events and degree of metabolic control and multiple-dose treatment. A total of 139 children, aged between 1 and 18 y, prospectively registered severe hypoglycaemia with or without unconsciousness, as well as hospitalized ketoacidosis, during 1994-95. Treatment from onset was multiple-dose insulin (> 95% > or = 4 doses) combined with intense training and psychosocial support. Median HbA1c was 6.9% (ref. 3.6-5.4%). The incidence of severe hypoglycaemia with unconsciousness was 0.17 events per patient-year, having decreased from the 1970s to the 1990s, parallel to a change from 1-2 to > or = 4 doses per day. There was no correlation or association to the year mean HbA1c for severe hypoglycaemia. Severe hypoglycaemic episodes in 1995 correlated to severe hypoglycaemic episodes in 1994 (r=0.38; p<0.0001). Severe hypoglycaemia with unconsciousness increased during the spring season, and according to case records the assumed causes were mainly mistakes with insulin, food and exercise. Ketoacidosis was rare: 0.015 episodes per patient-year. We conclude that multiple-dose insulin therapy from the very onset of diabetes, combined with adequate self-control, active problem-based training and psycho-social support, may limit severe hypoglycaemia and ketoacidosis. Strategies aimed at minimizing severe hypoglycaemia without compromising metabolic control need to be evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Environment, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nordfeldt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin