Endocrine and non-endocrine activities of growth hormone secretagogues in humans.
Growth hormone (GH) secretagogues (GHS) are synthetic peptidyl and non-peptidyl molecules which possess strong, dose-dependent and reproducible GH releasing effects as well as significant prolactin (PRL) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) releasing effects. The neuroendocrine activities of GHS are mediated by specific receptors mainly present at the pituitary and hypothalamic level but also elsewhere in the central nervous system. GHS release GH via actions at the pituitary and (mainly) the hypothalamic level, probably acting on GH releasing hormone (GHRH) secreting neurons and/or as functional somatostatin antagonists. GHS release more GH than GHRH and the coadministration of these peptides has a synergistic effect but these effects need the integrity of the hypothalamo-pituitary unit. The GH releasing effect of GHS is generally gender-independent and undergoes marked age-related variations reflecting age-related changes in the neural control of anterior pituitary function. The PRL releasing activity of GHS probably comes from direct pituitary action, which indeed is slight and independent of both age and gender. The acute stimulatory effect of GHS on ACTH/cortisol secretion is similar to that of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP). In physiological conditions, the ACTH releasing activity of GHS is mediated by central mechanisms, at least partially, independent of both CRH and AVP but probably involving GABAergic mechanisms. The ACTH releasing activity of GHS is gender-independent and undergoes peculiar age-related variations showing a trend towards increase in ageing. GHS possess specific receptors also at the peripheral levels in endocrine and non-endocrine human tissues. Cardiac receptors are specific for peptidyl GHS and probably mediate GH-independent cardiotropic activities both in animals and in humans.
Ghigo
E
E
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Italy.
Arvat
E
E
Broglio
F
F
Giordano
R
R
Gianotti
L
L
Muccioli
G
G
Papotti
M
M
Graziani
A
A
Bisi
G
G
Deghenghi
R
R
Camanni
F
F
D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011388:Prolactin / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology
D007211:Indoles; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin; D013141:Spiro Compounds; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D011388:Prolactin; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; C094817:ibutamoren mesylate