title: Implications and prognostic value of K-ras mutation for early-stage lung cancer in women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because there is no clear consensus as to the predictive value of K-ras gene mutation for survival in patients with lung cancer, we examined the occurrence of K-ras mutations in a large, prospective case series of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our goals were to define the patient characteristics associated with K-ras mutation and to determine whether mutation of this gene might be a biomarker of patient prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive, newly diagnosed patients with lung cancer treated with potentially curative resection over a 4-year period were recruited for study. The mutation status of K-ras codon 12 in each patient's tumor DNA was determined by means of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of archived pathology specimens. Analyses were restricted to adenocarcinoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a statistically significant association between female sex and K-ras mutation after adjustment for carcinogen exposures (odds ratio = 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3-7.9); mutations were found only in smokers. Comparison of Kaplan-Meier curves indicated a strong association between K-ras mutation and decreased patient survival (two-sided P =.009); analysis stratified by pathologic staging groups revealed that this association was statistically significant only for stage I tumors (two-sided P =.002). Cox proportional hazards modeling indicated that K-ras codon 12 mutation was a statistically significant predictor of patient survival, after adjustment for the effects of age, sex, and stage (risk ratio = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.1-3.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After adjustment for environmental exposures, non-small-cell lung tumors in women appear to be more likely than those in men to harbor K-ras mutations, suggesting a possible role of estrogen exposure in either the initiation or the selection of K-ras mutant clones in adenocarcinoma. In addition, our data suggest that K-ras codon 12 mutation is a marker of aggressive NSCLC, as evidenced by its association with decreased patient survival, particularly for early-stage disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115-6021, USA.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Christiani
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Wiencke
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wain
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kelsey
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D011905:Genes, ras; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis