Biological and chemical response of the equatorial pacific ocean to the 1997-98 El Nino
During the 1997-98 El Nino, the equatorial Pacific Ocean retained 0. 7 x 10(15) grams of carbon that normally would have been lost to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The surface ocean became impoverished in plant nutrients, and chlorophyll concentrations were the lowest on record. A dramatic recovery occurred in mid-1998, the system became highly productive, analogous to coastal environments, and carbon dioxide flux out of the ocean was again high. The spatial extent of the phytoplankton bloom that followed recovery from El Nino was the largest ever observed for the equatorial Pacific. These chemical and ecological perturbations were linked to changes in the upwelling of nutrient-enriched waters. The description and explanation of these dynamic changes would not have been possible without an observing system that combines biological, chemical, and physical sensors on moorings with remote sensing of chlorophyll.
Chavez
FP
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA. E-mail: chfr@mbari.org. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
Strutton
PG
Friederich
GE
Feely
RA
Feldman
GC
Foley
DG
McPhaden
MJ