title: Neurogenic hypertension. A new MRI protocol for the evaluation of neurovascular compression of the cranial nerves IX and X root-entry zone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neurovascular compression of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Although MRI has been widely used to evaluate the morphologic relation of structures in this region, spatial resolution of the previously used techniques was limited. This article describes the use of a new MRI protocol that combines two sequences with improved spatial resolution and complementary image information as well as a set of defined criteria for image analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  MRI of the brain stem was performed in 60 hypertensive and 50 normotensive subjects using a 3D-CISS and a 3D-FISP-MRA sequence. Neurovascular contact in the RVLM was independently assessed by four readers using predefined criteria and compared with a consensus finding. Agreement was expressed by kappa statistics on a 0 to 1 scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left-sided neurovascular contact within the RVLM was found in 13 (22%) hypertensive and 6 (12%) control subjects. The inter-reader agreement for positive and negative findings ranged from 0.47 to 0.79; agreement to the consensus finding ranged from 0.65 to 0.90.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of 3D-CISS and arterial flow-sensitive 3D-FISP, together with the evaluation criteria defined in this study, can be used for describing the finer anatomic features of the brain stem, and in particular for investigation of neurovascular contact of the IX/X cranial nerve root-entry zone. The high quality of images and the substantial or almost perfect reader-consensus agreement should make this protocol useful for future investigations of the neurovascular compression syndrome in patients with essential hypertension and possibly in other neurovascular compression syndromes, such as trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hohenbleicher
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Koennecke
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Offermann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Offermann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Branding
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Distler
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005930:Glossopharyngeal Nerve / Q000473:pathology; D020435:Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009408:Nerve Compression Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015588:Observer Variation; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000473:pathology*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000473:pathology; D020421:Vagus Nerve Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology