title: Changes in electroencephalogram and autonomic cardiovascular activity during induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane compared with halothane in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was design to assess clinical agitation, electroencephalogram (EEG) and autonomic cardiovascular activity changes in children during induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane compared with halothane using noninvasive recording of EEG, heart rate, and finger blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 2-12 yr premedicated with midazolam were randomly assigned to one of three induction techniques: 7% sevoflurane in 100% O2 (group SevoRAPID); 2%, 4%, 6%, and 7% sevoflurane in 100% O2 (group SevoINCR); or 1%, 2%, 3%, and 3.5% halothane in 50% N2O-50% O2 (group HaloN2O). An additional group of children who received 7% sevoflurane in 50% N2O-50% O2 (group SevoN2O) was enrolled after completion of the study. Induction was videotaped. EEG, heart rate, and finger blood pressure were continuously recorded during induction until 5 min after tracheal intubation and analyzed in frequency domain using spectral analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Agitation was more frequent when anesthesia was induced with 100% O2 compared to the mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide. No seizures were recorded in any group. In the four groups, induction of anesthesia was associated with an increase in EEG total spectral power and a shift toward the low-frequency bands. Sharp slow waves were present on EEG tracings of the three sevoflurane groups, whereas slow waves and fast rhythms (spindles) were observed in the halothane group. Sevoflurane induced a greater withdrawal of parasympathetic activity than halothane and a transient relative increase in sympathetic vascular tone at loss of eyelash reflex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Agitation observed during sevoflurane induction was not associated with seizures. Sevoflurane induction induced a marked inhibition of parasympathetic control of heart rate.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Hopital d'Enfants Armand Trousseau, Paris, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Constant
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Piat
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Moutard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCue
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Murat
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006221:Halothane; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014068:Tonsillectomy
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D006221:Halothane