title: Depressed taste and smell in geriatric patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Geriatric patients have a number of dental care problems that younger patients do not encounter. The oral changes associated with aging can have a significant effect on the efficacy of dental treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed studies dealing with the causes of depressed sense of taste and smell; the causes included aging, disease, medications and dental problems. Based on their findings, the authors described the location and anatomy of taste buds and receptor cells for smell and explored appetite, saliva, food seasonings, nutrition and dietary recommendations. They also discussed the relationship of smoking and tongue cleaning to taste sensations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors found that considerable differences exist between elderly people and young people in regards to sensory perception and pleasantness of food flavors. Salt and bitter taste acuity declines with age, but sweet and sour perceptivity does not. Olfactory acuity also declines with age. The authors found that most of the studies reviewed suggested that the sense of smell is more impaired by aging compared with the sense of taste. Smoking diminishes the taste of food and makes flavorful foods taste flat, while tongue brushing can increase taste sensation for geriatric patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Food can become tasteless and unappetizing for geriatric patients as the result of declining taste and smell perception. Geriatric patients should be encouraged to add seasonings to their food instead of relying on excessive consumption of salt and sugar to give their food flavor. Adequate nutrition, tongue cleaning and smoking cessation are recommended for geriatric dental patients.
authors.affiliation: Temple University School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Philadelphia, Pa. 19140, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mekayarajjananonth
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Bakaeen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001066:Appetite; D016321:Dental Care for Aged; D006801:Humans; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology*; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology*; D013650:Taste Buds / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013652:Taste Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D019147:Vomeronasal Organ / Q000033:anatomy & histology