title: Effect of enhanced prenatal and HIV-focused services for pregnant women who are infected by human immunodeficiency virus on emergency department use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines whether the receipt of enhanced prenatal or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) medical services is associated with in-pregnancy emergency department (ED) utilization by HIV-infected women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medicaid and vital statistics records were linked for 1,826 women who are infected by HIV and who were delivered from 1993 to 1995 while receiving New York State Medicaid. The authors examined two types of ambulatory care--the Prenatal Care Assistance Program (PCAP) and enhanced care focused on HIV--that offer additional services in exchange for increased Medicaid reimbursement. From logistic regression models, the authors estimated adjusted associations of these types of care with ED use during pregnancy not leading directly to hospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-three percent of pregnant women visited the ED. Women with ED use averaged 2.0 visits (SD = 1.1). After adjustment for demographic and substance use factors, enhanced care focused on HIV was not associated with any ED use (OR = 1.11, 95% CI 0.94, 1.30) or, among those using the ED at least once, with number of visits (P = 0.84). Interactions of receipt of PCAP care with the Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index (APNCU) and having a usual source of care in pregnancy improved model fit (P < 0.001 and P = 0.06, respectively). PCAP was associated with increased ED use only among women with inadequate APNCU or no usual source of prenatal care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnant women infected with HIV receiving Medicaid relied heavily on ED care. Use of the ED was not associated with services focused on HIV but was positively associated with enhanced prenatal care. The association of enhanced prenatal care with greater ED use was curbed for women with more timely and adequate prenatal care visits or a usual source of prenatal care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 61205, USA. cnewscha@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Newschaffer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hauck
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fanning
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000628:therapy*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008484:Medicaid / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009518:New York; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000628:therapy*; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013221:State Health Plans / Q000458:organization & administration; D014481:United States