title: Simultaneous smoothing and adjusting mortality rates in U.S. counties: melanoma in white females and white males.
abstract: Detecting patterns in health-related data for geographic areas is facilitated with the use of exploratory methods, especially smoothing. In addition, these data often must be adjusted for known prognostic factors such as age and gender. The analysis in this paper focuses on mortality rates due to malignant melanoma in White males and White females; these data are adjusted for both age and latitude, separately for males and females, and then smoothed using (a) a non-linear smoother known as weighted head-banging, and (b) a new method that incorporates the adjustment and the smoothing simultaneously. Maps of the continental United States show regions of high rates, even after having adjusted for age and latitude, and suggest the possibility of other variables that may influence the rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Box 170, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217-3364, USA. kk@math.cudenver.edu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kafadar
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality*; D011379:Prognosis; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*