title: MR imaging of the brain: findings in asymptomatic patients with thalassemia intermedia and sickle cell-thalassemia disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spectrum of MR findings of the brain in asymptomatic patients affected with thalassemia intermedia or sickle cell-thalassemia disease to prevent brain damage by identifying patients at risk for stroke so that transfusional or pharmacologic treatment could be implemented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one asymptomatic patients who were younger than 50 years and were affected by minor hemoglobinopathies underwent MR imaging of the brain. Ischemic lesions were classified as small, medium, or large and as single or multifocal. Atrophic changes were graded subjectively as mild, moderate, or severe. A grade of brain damage was assigned to every patient. The frequency and severity of brain damage were correlated with the number of sickle-cell crises per year, hemoglobin level, sickling hemoglobin level, platelet count, sex, and age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients with thalassemia intermedia, 37.5% showed asymptomatic brain damage, and 52% of those with sickle cell-thalassemia disease showed asymptomatic brain damage. In the thalassemia intermedia group, atrophy was always mild and ischemic lesions were generally small (25%) and single (25%). Among the patients with sickle cell-thalassemia disease, 24% had small, 16% had medium, and 12% had large ischemic lesions. Multifocal lesions were twice as common in the patients with sickle cell-thalassemia disease (20%) as in those with thalassemia intermedia (12.5%). Only in the patients with thalassemia intermedia did the frequency of brain damage increase with age. Moreover, brain damage inversely correlated with hemoglobin level in patients with thalassemia intermedia but not in those with sickle cell-thalassemia disease. Brain damage was more severe in patients with sickle cell-thalassemia disease who had more crises per year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that patients with thalassemia intermedia and those with sickle cell-thalassemia disease may have asymptomatic brain damage. Our results suggest that MR imaging is useful in identifying patients at risk for stroke so that they can be treated with transfusional or pharmacologic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiology P. Cignolini, University of Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manfrè
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giarratano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maggio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banco
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lagalla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D013789:Thalassemia / Q000175:diagnosis*