title: Effect of changing the saddle angle on the incidence of low back pain in recreational bicyclists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  According to the literature, 30-70% of cyclists suffer from cervical, dorsal, or lumbar back pain. This study was conducted to evaluate one of the possible causes of low back pain and to suggest a solution by appropriate adjustments to the bicycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serial fluoroscopic studies were performed while cyclists sat on different types of bicycle (sports, mountain, and city). Pelvic/spine angles were measured at different seat angles, and the related force vectors analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a tendency towards hyperextension of the pelvic/spine angle which resulted in an increase in tensile forces at the promontorium. These forces can easily be reduced by appropriate adjustment of the seat angle--that is, by creating an anterior inclining angle. The findings of the biomechanical analysis were then applied to a group of cyclists who were members of a cycling club and who complained of low back pain. After appropriate adjustment of the saddle angle, most of the cyclists (>70%) reported major improvement in the incidence and magnitude of their back pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence and magnitude of back pain in cyclists can be reduced by appropriate adjustment of the angle of the saddle. It is important that these findings be conveyed to cyclists, bicycle salesmen, trainers, and members of the general public who engage in cycling, in order to decrease the prevalence of back pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery A, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brosh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blankstein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oran
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chechik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture; D015995:Prevalence; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019876:Sports Equipment