title: Effects of cytochrome P450 inducers on 17alpha-ethinyloestradiol (EE2) conjugation by primary human hepatocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to elucidate further the underlying mechanism responsible for therapeutic failures observed with concomitant administration of the oral contraceptive 17alpha-ethinyloestradiol (EE2 ) and rifampicin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated both oxidative and direct conjugative [3H]-EE2 metabolism by human liver S9 fraction and the effect of known enzyme-inducing drugs using a human hepatocyte induction model in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cofactor dependent [3H]-EE2 metabolism by human liver S9 fraction produced 2-hydroxy-[3H]-EE2, 2-methoxy-[3H]-EE2, and direct [3H]-EE2 sulphate and glucuronide conjugates. Only two detectable metabolites of [3H]-EE2 were produced by the S9 fraction in the presence of all cofactors: [3H]-EE2-3-sulphate (75.7+/-7.6% s. d.) and 2-methoxy-3H-EE2 (2.6%+/-0.5% s.d.). Human hepatocytes extensively metabolized [3H]-EE2 to its glucuronide and sulphate conjugates. Small amounts of a 2-methoxy-[3H]-EE2 3-conjugate, < or = 10%, was observed but no. 2-hydroxy-[3H]-EE2 was detected. An unexpected finding in our study was increased [3H]-EE2-3-sulphate production (1.5-3.3 fold, n=3 donor livers) by hepatocytes pretreated with rifampicin compared to control hepatocytes. No statistically significant increase in [3H]-EE2-3-sulphation was observed in hepatocytes pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene, phenobarbitone, dexamethasone, or omeprazole over nontreated hepatocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first observation of sulphotransferase induction by rifampicin in human hepatocytes in vitro resulting in increased [3H]-EE2 sulphation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that the major EE2 metabolic products formed by human hepatocytes in vitro are direct EE2 conjugates with EE2 oxidation representing minor pathways. Further studies are required to establish the mechanism of sulphotransferase induction and the clinical relevance of our findings.
authors.affiliation: In Vitro Technologies, Incorporated, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Strong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System