title: Simultaneous determination of two human urinary metabolites of N,N-dimethylformamide using gas chromatography-thermionic sensitive detection with mass spectrometric confirmation.
abstract: Two human urinary metabolites of the industrial solvent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide (HMMF) and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine (AMCC), were assayed using a new analytical method (gas chromatography and thermionic sensitive detection). Clean-up of urine samples includes a liquid-liquid extraction step followed by a solid-phase extraction step to separate HMMF and AMCC from other urine components. During clean-up, AMCC is converted into ethyl-N-methylcarbamate (EMC), and during gas chromatography, HMMF is degraded in the injector to N-methylformamide (NMF). All the validation data necessary for a quantitative procedure are given. The method was applied to urine samples from workers exposed to DMF and from the general population. The results were confirmed by mass spectrometric determination. For this purpose a further liquid-liquid extraction step was introduced in the clean-up procedure. Background levels of AMCC in the general population were identified.
authors.affiliation: Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin der Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Käfferlein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angerer
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D004126:Dimethylformamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D016014:Linear Models; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011786:Quality Control; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D012997:Solvents; C052469:N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine; C042331:N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide; D004126:Dimethylformamide; D000111:Acetylcysteine