title: Changes in cytokine mRNA levels in experimental corneal allografts after local clodronate-liposome treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Corneal allograft rejection in rats can be prevented by subconjunctival injections of liposomes containing dichloromethylene diphosphonate (clodronate-LIP), which selectively eliminate macrophages. In this study, the effect of clodronate-LIP treatment on cytokine mRNA levels in corneal allografts was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  AO rats received corneal grafts of PVG rats. Rats were either not treated or injected subconjunctivally with clodronate-LIP on the day of transplantation and on postoperative days (PODs) 2, 4, 6, and 8. RNA was isolated from the graft and rim of corneas at different times after transplantation and from normal controls. Interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, TNF-beta/lymphotoxin (LT), interferon (IFN)-gamma, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) mRNA levels were analyzed by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Corneal rejection, observed in all untreated rats by POD 12, was associated with increased mRNA levels of all cytokines investigated in grafts and rims. Clodronate-LIP treatment prevented allograft rejection and strongly decreased the levels of IL-1beta, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gamma, TNF-beta/LT, MCP-1, and MIP-2 mRNA in grafts and IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-gamma mRNA in rims. Interleukin-12p40 mRNA levels were unaltered in clodronate-treated rats, except for a transient increase in grafts at POD 3. TNF-alpha mRNA levels were increased by clodronate-LIP in grafts and rims early after transplantation (PODs 3 and 7). Despite a normal appearance, long-term accepted corneal grafts (POD 100) contained mRNA for IL-10, IL-12p40, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and MIP-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clodronate-liposome treatment markedly altered the mRNA levels of all cytokines investigated in corneal allografts. These results may explain in part the mechanism by which clodronate-LIP treatment prevents corneal allograft rejection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Geral de Santo António, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Slegers
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peek
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Rooijen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van der Gaag
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kijlstra
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: de Vos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D004002:Clodronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016039:Corneal Transplantation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006085:Graft Survival; D008081:Liposomes; D015846:Monokines / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D016207:Cytokines; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes; D015846:Monokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004002:Clodronic Acid