title: Antibiotic dispensing by drug retailers in Kathmandu, Nepal.
abstract: OBJECTIVES To assess over-the-counter antimicrobial dispensing by drug retailers in Kathmandu, Nepal, for rationality, safety, and compliance with existing government regulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized cases of dysuria in a young adult male and acute watery diarrhoea in a child were presented by a mock patient to retailers at 100 randomly selected pharmacies. Questions asked by retailers and advice and medications given at their initiative were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All retailers engaged in diagnostic and therapeutic behaviour beyond their scope of training or legal mandate. Historical information obtained by retailers was inadequate to determine the nature or severity of disease or appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy. 97% (95% CI = 91.5-99.4%) of retailers dispensed unnecessary antimicrobials in diarrhoea, while only 44% (95% CI = 34.1-54.3%) recommended oral rehydration therapy and only 3% (95% CI = 0.6-8.5%) suggested evaluation by a physician. 38% (95% CI = 28.5-48.2%) gave antimicrobials in dysuria, yet only 4% (95% CI = 1.1-9.9%) adequately covered cystitis. None covered upper urinary tract or sexually transmitted infections, conditions which could not be ruled out based on the interviews, and only 7% (95% CI = 2.9-13. 9%) referred for a medical history and physical examination necessary to guide therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although legislation in Nepal mandates a medical prescription for purchase of antibiotics, unauthorized dispensing is clearly problematic. Drug retailers in our study did not demonstrate adequate understanding of the disease processes in question to justify their use of these drugs. Risks of such indiscretion include harm to individual patients as well as spread of antimicrobial resistance. More intensive efforts to educate drug retailers on their role in dispensing, along with increased enforcement of existing regulations, must be pursued.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, USA. dwatcher@salud.unm.edu
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wachter
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rimal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003556:Cystitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009390:Nepal; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents