title: Aluminium hydroxide adjuvant initiates strong antigen-specific Th2 responses in the absence of IL-4- or IL-13-mediated signaling.
abstract: Previous studies demonstrate that aluminium hydroxide adjuvant (alum) produces increased Th1 responses in IL-4-deficient mice compared with wild-type animals, although the continued production of IL-5 by spleen cells from these mice also indicates that Th2 responses are induced. In the present study, we demonstrate that alum can induce Th2-associated IL-4 and IL-5 production in the absence of IL-4 signaling in mice deficient in either IL-4Ralpha or Stat6. The Th2 responses observed could not be due to IL-13 as IL-13 responses are also impaired in IL-4Ralpha- and Stat6-deficient mice. We also detected higher levels of IL-4 in IL-4Ralpha gene-deficient, though not Stat6-deficient, mice compared with their wild-type counterparts. The increased levels of IL-4 could be explained by the IL-4R being unavailable to neutralize this cytokine in IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice. While levels of IL-5 production in IL-4Ralpha- or Stat6-deficient mice were similar to IL-4-deficient and wild-type mice, other type 2-associated responses, which are largely or wholly IL-4 dependent, such as the production of IgG1 or IgE Abs, were either reduced or absent. We conclude that alum adjuvants can induce IL-4 production and Th2 responses independently of IL-4 or IL-13, negating the requirement for an early source of IL-4 in the Th2 response induced by this adjuvant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Scotland, United Kingdom. j.m.brewer@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conacher
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohrs
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brombacher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000502:physiology*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012995:Solubility; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D016207:Cytokines; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018793:Interleukin-13; D015847:Interleukin-4; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide; D010047:Ovalbumin