title: An oral formulation of nicotine for release and absorption in the colon: its development and pharmacokinetics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ulcerative colitis is predominantly a disease of nonsmokers and transdermal nicotine has therapeutic value in active disease; however side-effects are troublesome. The aim of this study was to develop an oral formulation of nicotine which would be slowly released in the colon over 6 h, and to examine its pharmacokinetic profile in 12 healthy volunteers, with measurements of serum nicotine and cotinine, its principal metabolite.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nicotine was combined with a polyacrylic carbomer, Carbopol 974P which was incorporated into 13 different vehicles and their release profiles examined in vitro. The polyglycolized glyceride, Gelucire 50/13, was chosen for subsequent kinetic studies because it consistently produced a suitable release pattern which was linear. Capsules containing 3 mg nicotine, combined with carbomer in Gelucire 50/13, were coated with an acrylic resin Eudragit L; this ensured the capsule would remain intact until the ileum. On 2 separate days, 6 and 15 mg nicotine, contained in 2 and 5 capsules, respectively, were administered to 12 subjects, all nonsmokers, mean age 28 years. Serial blood measurements were taken for 36 h, serum nicotine and cotinine concentrations were measured by gas liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was considerable intersubject variability in the nicotine and cotinine values. Plasma nicotine levels began to rise about 4 h after ingestion of the capsules, corresponding with the oro-caecal transit time. Cmax nicotine values were 2.2 and 5 ng ml-1, obtained 7 h after the ingestion of 6 and 15 mg, respectively, of the formulation. The corresponding Cmax values for cotinine were 37 and 94.4 ng ml-1, occurring after 9-10 h. The mean for elimination half-lives in the 24 studies, including the 6 and 15 mg doses, for nicotine were 4.3+/-2.7 h and for cotinine 16.8+/-7.5 h. With 6 mg nicotine-carbomer, only 1 of 12 volunteers had possible side-effects, but with the 15 mg dose 11 out of the 12 reported adverse effects which were systemic or gastrointestinal in nature-their timing corresponded with peak serum concentrations of nicotine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An oral formulation of nicotine has been developed; in the ileum and colon, this becomes available for slow linear release over 6 h and delivers high concentrations of nicotine for topical effect on the colon. 6 mg Nicotine was well tolerated, whilst 15 mg gave both systemic and gastrointestinal side-effects. High concentrations of topical nicotine in the colon are achieved with relatively low systemic bioavailablity-reflected by the Cmax and AUC values for nicotine. This, or comparable formulations, may be of therapeutic value in ulcerative colitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ranshaw
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feyerabend
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D002214:Capsules; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005989:Glycerides / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000737:chemistry*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D002214:Capsules; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants; D005989:Glycerides; D011145:Polyvinyls; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; C006912:carboxypolymethylene; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine