title: Treatment of liver metastases from colon carcinoma with autologous tumor vaccine expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In preclinical studies, tumor cells genetically altered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can generate systemic antitumor immunity. Clinically relevant immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of colorectal cancer should address efficacy within the liver, a common site of metastatic disease. We investigated the effect of irradiated colon cancer cells engineered to produce GM-CSF on protecting from and treating established liver metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a model of liver metastasis by intrahepatic injection of CT-26 murine colon carcinoma cells in syngeneic BALB/c mice, GM-CSF-producing irradiated cells were given as an intradermal vaccine either 14 days prior to hepatic challenge or in animals with early established tumor (days 5 and 10). The presence of tumor, tumor volume, and survival were endpoint determinants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animals receiving GM-CSF-producing vaccination demonstrated significant protection from subsequent hepatic challenge of viable tumor cells, even at the highest challenge doses. In animals with early established tumors, a significant response was seen with prolongation in survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that GM-CSF autologous tumor vaccination was effective for the treatment of hepatic colorectal metastases in this murine model. These findings provide support for immunotherapeutic approaches for metastatic liver cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Ajou Univeristy School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piantadosi
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Yazdi
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Pardoll
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brem
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Choti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor