title: Cost analysis of second-line therapies for platinum-refractory ovarian cancer: reimbursement dilemmas for Medicare patients.
abstract: Currently used options for salvage therapy for epithelial ovarian cancer include intravenously administered paclitaxel or topotecan and orally administered altretamine or etoposide. The response rates for these agents are similar (14-26%), whereas the type and incidence of adverse events differ. Under current legislation, Medicare will reimburse intravenous outpatient chemotherapy regimens only or oral regimens with a marketed intravenous formulation, despite that 89% of cancer patients prefer oral therapies. To compare the out-of-pocket costs and costs to the Medicare system, a cost minimization analysis of treatment with these agents was conducted using published phase II and phase III data. The total cost of treatment was $15,767 for paclitaxel, $18,635 for topotecan, $4477 for altretamine, and $5016 for etoposide. The out-of-pocket costs to the patient were $83, $37, $4477, and $6, respectively. Although a physician's first consideration in choosing a therapy is efficacy and toxicity, current Medicare reimbursement policies restrict patient options for cancer care. Because Medicare adopts managed care and health maintenance organizations into the management of patient care, cost effectiveness will likely become an important consideration in the treatment of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Lakeside VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Stinson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lurain
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002945:Cisplatin