title: Differences in program implementation between nurses and paraprofessionals providing home visits during pregnancy and infancy: a randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined differences between nurses and paraprofessionals in implementation of a home visiting program for low-income, first-time parents during pregnancy and the first 2 years of the child's life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers were randomly assigned to either a nurse-visited (n = 236) or a paraprofessional-visited (n = 244) condition. Nurse- and paraprofessional-visited families were compared on number and length of visits, topics covered, number of program dropouts, and relationship with home visitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, nurses completed more visits than paraprofessionals (28 vs 23; P < .001) and spent a greater proportion of time on physical health issues during pregnancy (38% vs 27%; P < .001) and on parenting issues during infancy (46% vs 32%; P < .001). Paraprofessionals conducted visits that lasted longer and spent a greater proportion of time on environmental health and safety issues (15% vs 7% pregnancy; 15% vs 8% infancy; P < .001). While home visitors were viewed equally positively by mothers, nurses had fewer dropouts than did paraprofessionals (38% vs 48%; P = .04). More paraprofessional-visited families than nurse-visited families experienced staff turnover.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses and paraprofessionals, even when using the same model, provide home visiting services in different ways.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA. jkorfmacher@erikson.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Korfmacher
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hiatt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Olds
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003120:Colorado; D003150:Community Health Workers; D005260:Female; D006284:Health Plan Implementation; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016015:Logistic Models; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017146:Models, Organizational; D009726:Nurses; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D015397:Program Evaluation