title: Spinal cord vascular disease: characterization with fast three-dimensional contrast-enhanced MR angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Noninvasive characterization of spinal vascular lesions is essential for guiding clinical management, and several MR angiographic techniques have been applied in the past with variable results. The purpose of our study was to assess the potential of a dynamic 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiographic sequence to characterize spinal vascular lesions and to identify their arterial feeders and venous drainage.
  
  
  METHODS
  A contrast-enhanced gradient-echo 3D pulse sequence providing angiographic information within 24 seconds was applied prospectively in 12 consecutive patients with a presumed spinal vascular lesion. The images were evaluated for visibility of the arterial feeder, and the results were compared with those of conventional angiography performed the next day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MR angiographic findings proved that the lesions were correctly characterized as spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) (n = 6), spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) (n = 3), a hemangioblastoma (n = 1), a teratoma (n = 1), and a vertebral hemangioma (n = 1). The arterial feeder was visible in all six AVMs and in the hemangioblastoma, corresponding to conventional angiographic findings. In two of three spinal dural AVFs, an enlarged draining medullary vein was seen within the neural foramen, providing correct localization. The third fistula could not be seen owing to reduced image quality from motion artifacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fast 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography is a noninvasive technique with high accuracy in the characterization of spinal vascular disease. Visibility of the arterial pedicles corresponds well with that of digital subtraction angiography, facilitating the management of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Binkert
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kollias
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valavanis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D001158:Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D018325:Hemangioblastoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis; D006391:Hemangioma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply*; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D013120:Spinal Cord Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000175:diagnosis; D013724:Teratoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis; D014680:Veins / Q000473:pathology