title: The effect of clutch cooling rate on starling, Sturnus vulgaris, incubation strategy.
abstract: In avian species where only one parent incubates, that parent must divide its time between the mutually exclusive activities of incubation and foraging in such a way as to maintain both body condition and clutch temperature within certain limits. In a uniparental incubator, the starling, we experimentally reduced the rate at which unattended clutches of eggs cooled down and monitored the resulting changes in the parent's incubation strategy. Opposite to the predictions of standard models of time allocation during incubation, parents spent a much greater percentage of each 24-h period incubating when the rate of clutch cooling was reduced. Incubation bouts lasted significantly longer on experimental nests than on control nests, both during the daytime and overnight. Mean foraging bout duration did not differ between the two groups of nests. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that parental foraging success cues the end of a foraging bout, and that parental energy level cues the end of an incubation bout. However, most previous studies suggest that parents spend less time incubating when the rate of clutch cooling is slow. If parental energy level cues departure, these results can be explained only if the amount of time available for incubation is constrained in these cases by the time a parent must spend foraging in order to maintain body condition. Such parents should take more time away from incubation when the unattended clutch cools slowly, as this is when the cost of being absent is minimized. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Glasgow
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Monaghan
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Ruxton