title: Resistance to gap repair of the transposon Tam3 in Antirrhinum majus: a role of the end regions.
abstract: The extremely homogeneous organization of the transposon family Tam3 in Antirrhinum majus is in sharp contrast to the heterogeneity of the copies constituting many other transposon families. To address the issue of the Tam3 structural uniformity, we examined two possibilities: (1) recent invasion of Tam3 and (2) failure of gap repair, which is involved in conversion from autonomous forms to defective forms. The phylogenetic analysis of 17 Tam3 copies suggested that the invasion of Tam3 into the Antirrhinum genome occurred at least 5 mya, which is sufficiently long ago to have produced many aberrant copies by gap repair. Thus, we investigated gap repair events at the nivea(recurrens:Tam3) (niv(rec)::Tam3) allele, where Tam3 is actively excised. We show here that the gap repair of de novo somatic Tam3 excision was arrested immediately after initiation of the process. All of the identified gap repair products were short stretches, no longer than 150 bp from the ends. The Tam3 ends have hairpin structures with low free energies. We observed that the gap repair halted within the hairpin structure regions. Such small gap repair products appear to be distributed in the Antirrhinum genome, but are unlikely to be active. Our data strongly suggest that the structural homogeneity of Tam3 was caused by immunity to gap repair at the hairpins in both of the end regions. The frequency of extensive gap repair of de novo excision products in eukaryotic transposons was found to be correlated with the free energies of the secondary structures in the end regions. This fact suggests that the fates of transposon families might depend on the structures of their ends.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takano-Shimizu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mikami
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kishima
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D018983:DNA Footprinting; D004260:DNA Repair; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019895:Transposases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018744:DNA, Plant; D019895:Transposases