title: Conventional radiography, CT, and MR imaging in patients with hyperflexion injuries of the foot: diagnostic accuracy in the detection of bony and ligamentous changes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to compare the capabilities of conventional radiography, CT, and MR imaging in revealing ligamentous and bony changes in patients after hyperflexion injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine patients with hyperflexion injuries of the foot were included in our study. Conventional radiography, weight-bearing radiography, CT, and MR imaging were performed. All images were reviewed with respect to ligamentous and bony abnormalities and alignment alterations. Eleven patients with joint malalignment underwent surgery, which is considered the gold standard in these patients. Five patients with joint malalignment refused surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all 49 patients, conventional radiographs revealed 33 metatarsal and 20 tarsal fractures. Eight patients presented with tarsometatarsal joint (Lisfranc's joint) malalignment. Weight-bearing radiographs showed joint malalignment in the same eight patients only. CT showed 41 tarsal fractures and 53 metatarsal fractures. Joint malalignment was evident in 16 patients. MR imaging revealed 41 metatarsal fractures and 18 metatarsal bone bruises. Tarsal bones were fractured at 39 sites and there were nine tarsal bone bruises. Metatarsal fractures were mostly localized in the second metatarsal bone; tarsal fractures, in the cuboid. Joint malalignment was evident in 16 patients; in 11 of these 16 patients, Lisfranc's ligament was disrupted. Surgery confirmed bony and ligamentous changes and joint malalignment in 11 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conventional radiographs including weight-bearing images are not sufficient for routine diagnostic workup of patients with acute hyperflexion injuries of the foot. CT should serve as the primary imaging technique for such patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Karl Franzens University of Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Preidler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peicha
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lajtai
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Seibert
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fock
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Szolar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D018409:Foot Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology