title: Mitochondrial potassium channel opener diazoxide preserves neuronal-vascular function after cerebral ischemia in newborn pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) elicits neuronally mediated cerebral arteriolar vasodilation that is reduced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). This sequence has been preserved by pretreatment with the ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel opener aprikalim, although the mechanism was unclear. In the heart, mitochondrial K(ATP) channels (mitoK(ATP)) are involved in the ischemic preconditioning-like effect of K(+) channel openers. We determined whether the selective mitoK(ATP) channel opener diazoxide preserves the vascular dilation to NMDA after I/R.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pial arteriolar diameters were determined with the use of closed cranial window/intravital microscopy in anesthetized piglets. Vascular responses to NMDA were assessed before and 1 hour after 10 minutes of global cerebral ischemia induced by raising intracranial pressure. Subgroups received 1 of the following pretreatments before I/R: vehicle; 1 to 10 micromol/L diazoxide; and coapplication of 100 micromol/L 5-hydroxydecanoic acid (5-HD), a K(ATP) antagonist with diazoxide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NMDA-induced dose-dependent pial arteriolar dilation was not affected by diazoxide treatment only but was severely attenuated by I/R. In contrast, diazoxide dose-dependently preserved the NMDA vascular response after I/R; at 10 micromol/L, diazoxide arteriolar responses were unaltered by I/R. The effect of diazoxide was antagonized by coapplication of 5-HD with diazoxide. Percent preservation of 100 micromol/L NMDA-induced vasodilation after I/R was 53+/-19% (mean+/-SEM, n=8) in vehicle-treated controls versus 55+/-10%, 85+/-5%, and 99+/-15% in animals pretreated with 1, 5, and 10 micromol/L diazoxide (n=8, n=8, and n=12, respectively) and 60+/-15% in the group treated with 5-HD+diazoxide (n=5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mitoK(ATP) channel opener diazoxide in vivo preserves neuronal function after I/R, shown by pial arteriolar responses to NMDA, in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, activation of mitoK(ATP) channels may play a role in mediating the protective effect of other K(+) channel openers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Domoki
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Perciaccante
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veltkamp
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bari
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Busija
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001160:Arterioles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003652:Decanoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006880:Hydroxy Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D010841:Pia Mater / Q000098:blood supply; D010847:Picolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D011714:Pyrans / Q000494:pharmacology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003652:Decanoic Acids; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D006880:Hydroxy Acids; D010847:Picolines; D015221:Potassium Channels; D011714:Pyrans; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C061043:aprikalim; C052853:5-hydroxydecanoic acid; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D003981:Diazoxide