title: Flow and oxygenation dependent (FLOOD) contrast MR imaging to monitor the response of rat tumors to carbogen breathing.
abstract: Gradient recalled echo (GRE) images are sensitive to both paramagnetic deoxyhaemoglobin concentration (via T2*) and flow (via T1*). Large GRE signal intensity increases have been observed in subcutaneous tumors during carbogen (5% carbon dioxide, 95% oxygen) breathing. We term this combined effect flow and oxygenation-dependent (FLOOD) contrast. We have now used both spin echo (SE) and GRE images to evaluate how changes in relaxation times and flow contribute to image intensity contrast changes. T1-weighted images, with and without outer slice suppression, and calculated T2, T2* and "flow" maps, were obtained for subcutaneous GH3 prolactinomas in rats during air and carbogen breathing. T1-weighted images showed bright features that increased in size, intensity and number with carbogen breathing. H&E stained histological sections confirmed them to be large blood vessels. Apparent T1 and T2 images were fairly homogeneous with average relaxation times of 850 ms and 37 ms, respectively, during air breathing, with increases of 2% for T1 and 11% for T2 during carbogen breathing. The apparent T2* over all tumors was very heterogeneous, with values between 9 and 23 ms and localized increases of up to 75% during carbogen breathing. Synthesised "flow" maps also showed heterogeneity, and regions of maximum increase in flow did not always coincide with maximum increases in T2*. Carbogen breathing caused a threefold increase in arterial rat blood PaO2, and typically a 50% increase in tumor blood volume as measured by 51Cr-labelled RBC uptake. The T2* increase is therefore due to a decrease in blood deoxyhaemoglobin concentration with the magnitude of the FLOOD response being determined by the vascular density and responsiveness to blood flow modifiers. FLOOD contrast may therefore be of value in assessing the magnitude and heterogeneity of response of individual tumors to blood flow modifiers for both chemotherapy, antiangiogenesis therapy in particular, and radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: CRC Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Division of Biochemistry, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, England. f.howe@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001810:Blood Volume; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010477:Perfusion; D015175:Prolactinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C011700:carbogen; C100003:deoxyhemoglobin; D010100:Oxygen