title: Management of phenylketonuria for optimal outcome: a review of guidelines for phenylketonuria management and a report of surveys of parents, patients, and clinic directors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development of guidelines for phenylketonuria (PKU) management in the United Kingdom has resulted in much discussion in the community of parents and PKU clinics and parents have asked why the United States does not have such guidelines. The objective of this report is to discuss PKU management in the United States, the British guidelines on PKU management, and the feasibility, suitability, and mechanism of developing PKU management guidelines in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Members of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Genetics (COG) reviewed the literature and conducted surveys of parents of children with PKU, young adults with PKU, and directors of PKU clinics in the United States. A meeting was held at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to review the AAP/COG efforts at reviewing the status of PKU management and guideline development in the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The British guidelines are more stringent than the PKU management practices in many parts of the United States. Evidence exists that stricter management improves developmental outcome. The parents who responded to the surveys indicated willingness to comply with more stringent dietary management if that would improve outcome. They also identified problems that make such management difficult. The clinic directors supported the timeliness of the review. Some had begun a trend toward more stringent control of blood phenylalanine concentrations, at least in the first 4 years of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AAP Committee on Genetics will complete its subject review of the management of PKU. Guidelines for care of PKU in the United States probably would look quite similar to the existing guidelines in other countries. The parents surveyed supported more stringent PKU management, but information from a broader distribution of parents would provide a more representative view. The status of the US health care system creates problems for improved PKU management in the United States that do not exist in the countries already following stricter guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Riley Hospital for Children, Section of Pediatric Metabolism/Genetics, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wappner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kronmal
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schuett
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Seashore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D001290:Attitude; D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection; D004035:Diet Therapy / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D010290:Parents; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000097:blood; D010661:Phenylketonurias / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D010820:Physicians; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D010649:Phenylalanine