title: Cardiovascular risk factors and the neighbourhood environment: a multilevel analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This article examines whether the neighbourhood environment influences intermediate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, such as obesity (body mass index [BMI]), and lifestyle factors, such as no physical activity and smoking, when adjusted for the individual socioeconomic status (SES).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consists of face-to-face interviews from the Swedish Annual Level of Living Survey (SALLS) matched with the social status of the respondents' residential areas measured by two composite indices, the Care Need Index (CNI) and the Townsend score. The response rate was about 80%. This study was limited to the residents aged 25-74 years and consists of 9240 interviews from the years 1988-1989, when there were extended items in the SALLS about health and lifestyle. The data were analysed using a hierarchical logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a gradient within every SES group so that respondents with a low (or intermediate or high) educational level exhibited an increasing proportion of daily smokers, physically inactive people and obese individuals with increasing neighbourhood deprivation. The multilevel model showed that respondents living in the most deprived neighbourhoods had an increased risk for being a daily smoker, engaging in no physical activity and being obese when adjusted for the individual SES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed that the area level has an important influence on risk factors for CVD which goes beyond the individual educational attainment. An increased level of living standard, more resources for primary health care and health promotion targeting the community level should be beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Center for Research in Disease Prevention, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA. jan.sundquist@smi.mas.lu.se
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundquist
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malmström
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012924:Social Conditions; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015996:Survival Rate; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology