title: Randomised trial of analgesic effects of sucrose, glucose, and pacifiers in term neonates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess and compare the analgesic effects of orally administered glucose and sucrose and pacifiers. To determine the synergistic analgesic effect of sucrose and pacifiers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised prospective study with validated behavioural acute pain rating scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternity ward.
  
  
  METHODS
  150 term newborns undergoing venepuncture randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups: no treatment; placebo (2 ml sterile water); 2 ml 30% glucose; 2 ml 30% sucrose; a pacifier; and 2 ml 30% sucrose followed by a pacifier.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median (interquartile) pain scores during venepuncture were 7 (5-10) for no treatment; 7 (6-10) for placebo (sterile water); 5 (3-7) for 30% glucose; 5 (2-8) for 30% sucrose; 2 (1-4) for pacifier; and 1 (1-2) for 30% sucrose plus pacifier. Mann-Whitney U test P values for comparisons of 30% glucose, 30% sucrose, pacifier, and 30% sucrose plus pacifier versus placebo (sterile water) were 0.005, 0.01, <0.0001, and <0.0001, respectively. Differences between group median pain scores for these comparisons were 2 (95% confidence interval 1 to 4), 2 (0 to 4), 5 (4 to 7), and 6 (5 to 8), respectively. P values for comparisons of 30% glucose, 30% sucrose, and 30% sucrose plus pacifier versus pacifier were 0.0001, 0.001, and 0.06, respectively. Differences between group medians for these comparisons were 3 (2 to 5), 3 (1 to 5), and 1 (0 to 2), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analgesic effects of concentrated sucrose and glucose and pacifiers are clinically apparent in newborns, pacifiers being more effective than sweet solutions. The association of sucrose and pacifier showed a trend towards lower scores compared with pacifiers alone. These simple and safe interventions should be widely used for minor procedures in neonates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Poissy Hospital, 78300 Poissy, France. carbajal@club-internet.fr
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carbajal
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chauvet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Couderc
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olivier-Martin
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D005947:Glucose / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007224:Infant Care / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013395:Sucrose / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D013395:Sucrose; D005947:Glucose