title: Proteoglycan core protein in human urine and its possible role on calcium oxalate urolithiasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are only a few papers reporting on the role of proteoglycan core protein in calcium oxalate stone formation. The present study was carried out to investigate the role of core protein of proteoglycan in human urine on calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proteoglycans were collected from whole human urine. The covalently bound glycosaminoglycans (GAG) of proteoglycans were then digested by GAG lyase. The inhibitory activity on CaOx crystal growth in vitro was measured before and after enzyme digestion of proteoglycans. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the core protein of proteoglycans and the analysis of amino acid sequence were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The core protein showed significant inhibitory activity on CaOx crystal growth, which scarcely changed when compared with that of proteoglycans before enzyme digestion. The SDS-PAGE revealed that the core protein was a single unit with a molecular weight of 26 kDa and amino acid sequencing demonstrated high homology to interalpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) light chain (bikunin) with Kunitz inhibitor domain as a core protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggested that human urine contains proteoglycans and a major part of them is ITI light chain (bikunin). The Kunitz inhibitor domain, a core protein of bikunin, has significant inhibitory activity on CaOx crystallization without GAG bound covalently to the core protein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan. ky135@uro.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsujihata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koide
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okuyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053674:Aggrecans; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000652:urine*; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D008297:Male; D011509:Proteoglycans; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000652:urine*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D011509:Proteoglycans; D002129:Calcium Oxalate