title: The effect of etonogestrel on VEGF, oestrogen and progesterone receptor immunoreactivity and endothelial cell number in human endometrium.
abstract: Contraceptive use often leads to disrupted endometrial bleeding patterns in women. In this study, two different contraceptive regimes (Mircette, a monophasic oral contraceptive and Implanon, a long-acting gestagen) were used and their effects on the immunoreactivity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and endothelial cell number were determined. During the untreated normal cycle, there was a significant increase (P = 0.005) in glandular VEGF immunoreactivity and a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in PR immunoreactivity in the mid- and late secretory phases compared with the proliferative phase. There was a significant positive correlation (gamma = 0.38, P = 0.046) between stromal VEGF immunoreactivity and endothelial cell number. This correlation was also apparent during treatment with Implanon, but not with Mircette. Disrupted bleeding patterns were associated with Implanon and, to a lesser extent, with Mircette. Both contraceptives significantly reduced glandular VEGF immunoreactivity. Implanon significantly increased (P = 0.016) glandular PR staining, but Mircette significantly reduced (P = 0.027) stromal PR staining when compared with secretory before-treatment biopsies. There were no changes in endothelial cell number or glandular or stromal ER during the normal cycle, or with use of either contraceptive. There was no association between the parameters measured with bleeding patterns and histological category.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2SW, UK.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Macpherson
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Charnock-Jones
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Makkink
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002452:Cell Count / Q000187:drug effects; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000494:pharmacology; D017135:Desogestrel / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004717:Endometrium / Q000166:cytology*; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D004727:Endothelium / Q000166:cytology*; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D008598:Menstruation / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; C044815:etonogestrel; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; C034653:Oviol; D017135:Desogestrel