title: 2'Halo-ATP and -GTP analogues: rational phasing tools for protein crystallography.
abstract: The solution of the crystallographic macromolecular phase problem requires incorporation of heavy atoms into protein crystals. Several 2'-halogenated nucleotides have been reported as potential universal phasing tools for nucleotide binding proteins. However, only limited data are available dealing with the effect of 2'-substitution on recognition by the protein. We have determined equilibrium dissociation constants of 2'-halogenated ATP analogues for the ATP binding proteins UMP/CMP kinase and the molecular chaperone DnaK. Whereas the affinities to UMP/CMP kinase are of the same order of magnitude as for unsubstituted ATP, the affinities to DnaK are drastically decreased to undetectable levels. For 2'-halogenated GTP analogues, the kinetics of interaction were determined for the small GTPases p21ras(Y32W) (fluorescent mutant) and RabS. The rates of association were found to be within about one order of magnitude of those for the nonsubstituted nucleotides, whereas the rates of dissociation were accelerated by factors of approximately 100 (p21ras) or approximately 10(5) (Rab5), and the resulting equilibrium dissociation constants are in the nm or microM range, respectively. The data demonstrate that 2'halo-ATP and -GTP are substrates or ligands for all proteins tested except the chaperone DnaK. Due to the very high affinities of a large number of GTP binding proteins to guanine nucleotides, even a 10(5)-fold decrease in affinity as observed for Rab5 places the equilibrium dissociation constant in the microM range, so that they are still well suited for crystallization of the G-protein:nucleotide complex.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Physikalische Biochemie, Dortmund, Germany. grun@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gruen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beste
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reinstein
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Scheidig
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Goody
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray / Q000379:methods*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006219:Halogens; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007700:Kinetics; D009703:Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D020696:rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006219:Halogens; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D011506:Proteins; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C023276:uridine monophosphate kinase; C019979:cytidylate kinase; D009703:Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase; C063842:dnaK protein, E coli; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D020696:rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins