title: Growth factors regulate expression of osteoblast-associated genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The goal of periodontal regenerative therapies is to reconstruct periodontal tissues such as bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament cells (PDL). The need to establish predictable treatment modalities is important for reconstruction of these tissues. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a low molecular extract of bovine bone protein (BP) containing bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, and 13, alone or in combination with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and/or insulin-like growth factor (IGF) on osteoblast differentiation in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  BP, mixed with a collagen matrix, was added to a poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) polymer (PLG) and placed at orthotopic sites in the skullcaps of Sprague-Dawleys rats. At day 28, rats were sacrificed for histological analysis. All sites treated with the polymer/BP produced bone while control sites (without BP) showed no bone formation. Having established the biological activity of BP, in vitro studies were initiated using MC3T3-E1 cells, a mouse osteoprogenitor cell line. The ability of BP and other growth factors to alter cell proliferation was determined by Coulter counter, and differentiation was determined by Northern analysis for specific genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared with cells treated with 2% serum alone, PDGF enhanced cell numbers at 10 and 20 ng/ml; IGF produced no significant effect at these doses; and BP at 10 and 20 microg/ml decreased cell proliferation. Northern analysis revealed that PDGF blocked gene expression of osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OCN), while BP and IGF promoted gene expression of bone sialoprotein (BSP) and OPN. The combination of BP and IGF enhanced expression of OPN beyond that of either BP or IGF alone. PDGF was able to block the effects of IGF on gene expression, but not those of BP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that BP, PDGF, and IGF influence cell activity differently, and thus raise the possibility that combining factors may enhance the biological activity of cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1078, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Strayhorn
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Benedict
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Somerman
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein; D051379:Mice; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D053495:Osteopontin; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006133:Growth Substances; C546872:Ibsp protein, mouse; C546873:Ibsp protein, rat; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; C506896:Spp1 protein, mouse; C506897:Spp1 protein, rat; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015675:Osteocalcin; D053495:Osteopontin; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II