title: Proinflammatory mediators stimulate neutrophil-directed angiogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; vascular permeability factor) is one of the most potent proangiogenic cytokines, and it plays a central role in mediating the process of angiogenesis or new blood vessel formation. Neutrophils (PMNs) recently have been shown to produce VEGF.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The acute inflammatory response is a potent stimulus for PMN-directed angiogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neutrophils were isolated from healthy volunteers and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and anti-human Fas monoclonal antibody. Culture supernatants were assayed for VEGF using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Culture supernatants from LPS- and TNF-alpha-stimulated PMNs were then added to human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human microvessel endothelial cells and assessed for endothelial cell proliferation using 5-bromodeoxyuridine labeling. Tubule formation was also assessed on MATRIGEL basement membrane matrix. Neutrophils were lysed to measure total VEGF release, and VEGF expression was detected using Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lipopolysaccharide and TNF-alpha stimulation resulted in significantly increased release of PMN VEGF (532+/-49 and 484+/-80 pg/mL, respectively; for all, presented as mean +/- SEM) compared with control experiments (32+/-4 pg/mL). Interleukin 6 and Fas had no effect. Culture supernatants from LPS- and TNF-alpha-stimulated PMNs also resulted in significant increases (P<.005) in macrovascular and microvascular endothelial cell proliferation and tubule formation. Adding anti-human VEGF-neutralizing polyclonal antibody to stimulated PMN supernatant inhibited these effects. Total VEGF release following cell lysis and Western blot analysis suggests that the VEGF is released from an intracellular store.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activated human PMNs are directly angiogenic by releasing VEGF, and this has important implications for inflammation, capillary leak syndrome, wound healing, and tumor growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Professorial Unit, Cork University Hospital, Ireland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCourt
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sookhai
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Redmond
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000502:physiology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000502:physiology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000502:physiology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000502:physiology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000276:immunology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008222:Lymphokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D019014:fas Receptor