title: Effects of dark-rearing on triphenyl phosphate-induced neuropathy in the visual system of the developing European ferret (Mustela putorius furo).
abstract: Results of a previous study in our lab (Tanaka et al., 1994) suggested that the onset of susceptibility to the organophosphorus compound triphenyl phosphite (TPP) in the developing ferret visual system might be closely related to eye opening and the onset of light stimulation. In order to explore this idea further, TPP was administered to ferret kits that had been raised for varying periods of time in total darkness to assess whether a delay in the onset of light stimulation to the visual system might also result in a delay in its susceptibility to TPP. Ferret kits were raised from birth either in total darkness or in open-sided sheds exposed to ambient light, injected subcutaneously with TPP (888 mg/kg body weight) at 5.5, 7.5, 9.5, or 21.5 wk of age, euthanized, and perfused transcardially with a 10% formalin-saline solution 4 d after injection. Brains were sectioned parasagittally at a thickness of 40 microm and subsequently processed with the Fink-Heimer silver impregnation technique to reveal the presence of degenerating axons and terminals, and with cresyl violet stain to delineate nuclear boundaries and cell soma morphology. Comparisons among degeneration patterns present in light-reared and dark-reared kits at the four ages examined revealed that the time of onset, extent, and density of TPP-induced axonal and terminal degeneration seen in the lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex did not differ significantly between light- and dark-reared groups, with the possible exception of dark-reared kits exposed to TPP at 7.5 wk of age. In addition, neurons in the primary visual cortex showed shrinkage and increased packing densities in kits exposed to TPP in both light and dark environments, as well as in dark-reared non-injected kits. The results of this study indicate that dark-rearing does not delay the onset or lessen the severity of TPP-induced axonal and terminal degeneration in the developing visual system of the ferret. Data suggest that light activation and stimulation of the retino-geniculo-striatal visual pathway is not a necessary prerequisite for the onset of visual system susceptibility to the axonopathic effects of triphenyl phosphite.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lipsitz
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Aulerich
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bursian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D003624:Darkness / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005289:Ferrets / Q000502:physiology*; D005829:Geniculate Bodies / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D008027:Light; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D017905:Phosphites / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D017905:Phosphites; C013318:triphenyl phosphite