title: Does what nurses do affect clinical outcomes for hospitalized patients? A review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Through a review of the literature, to identify and describe (1) empirical studies of inpatient nursing care quality that evaluate links between nursing care processes and health-related patient outcomes, (2) nursing care processes for which process-outcome links have been established, and (3) important nursing care processes that have not yet been evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published empirical studies of inpatient nursing care quality that evaluated links between processes of nursing care and health-related patient outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This literature review used a five-step article search and review method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 257 data-based studies of nursing care quality identified, 135 investigated a process-outcome link but only 17 met study inclusion criteria. The literature provides evidence that the quality of nursing care processes affects health-related patient outcomes during and after hospitalization. Gaps in the literature that evaluates nursing quality are identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although some nursing care processes affect health-related patient outcomes, the full extent of nursing process-outcome links is relatively understudied. Further evaluation of the interrelationships between nursing care processes and outcomes is critical.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor 48109-0482, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009736:Nursing Process; D015399:Nursing Research; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome