title: Photoplethysmographic assessment of pulse wave reflection: blunted response to endothelium-dependent beta2-adrenergic vasodilation in type II diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine whether a simple index of pressure wave reflection may be derived from the digital volume pulse (DVP) and used to examine endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with type II diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The DVP exhibits a characteristic notch or inflection point that can be expressed as percent maximal DVP amplitude (IP(DVP)). Nitrates lower IP(DVP), possibly by reducing pressure wave reflection. Response of IP(DVP) to endothelium-dependent vasodilators may provide a measure of endothelial function.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DVP was recorded by photoplethysmography. Albuterol (salbutamol) and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) were administered locally by brachial artery infusion or systemically. Aortic pulse wave transit time from the root of the subclavian artery to aortic bifurcation (T(Ao)) was measured by simultaneous Doppler velocimetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brachial artery infusion of drugs producing a greater than threefold increase in forearm blood flow within the infused limb was without effect on IP(DVP), whereas systemic administration of albuterol and GTN produced dose-dependent reductions in IP(DVP). The time between the first and second peak of the DVP correlated with T(Ao) (r = 0.75, n = 20, p < 0.0001). The effects of albuterol but not GTN on IP(DVP) were attenuated by N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine. The IP(DVP) response to albuterol (400 microg by inhalation) was blunted in patients with type II diabetes mellitus as compared with control subjects (fall 5.9 +/- 1.8% vs. 11.8 +/- 1.8%, n = 20, p < 0.02), but that to GTN (500 microg sublingually) was preserved (fall 18.3 +/- 1.2% vs. 18.6 +/- 1.9%, p = 0.88).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IP(DVP) is influenced by pressure wave reflection. The effects of albuterol on IP(DVP) are mediated in part through the nitric oxide pathway and are impaired in patients with type II diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, King's College, London, United Kingdom. p.chowienczyk@umds.ac.uk
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chowienczyk
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: MacCallum
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Millasseau
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Gosling
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Anggård
mesh_terms: D058666:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017156:Photoplethysmography; D011674:Pulse; D013348:Subclavian Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D058666:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents