title: A phase I-II trial of escalating doses of mitoxantrone with fixed doses of cytarabine plus fludarabine as salvage therapy for patients with acute leukemia and the blastic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytarabine is an essential drug for inducing remission of acute myelogenous leukemia, and it is also one the most effective drugs used as salvage therapy for patients with all types of relapsed acute leukemia. Nevertheless, there is considerable room for improvement in the treatment of patients with relapsed leukemia in terms of both the reinduction rate and the duration of response. Fludarabine has been shown to augment responses to cytarabine, possibly by increasing the intracellular concentrations of the active metabolite cytarabine triphosphate. Higher-than-standard doses of mitoxantrone have been shown to augment responses to cytarabine, possibly by increasing the DNA strand breaks induced by topoisomerase II; these strand breaks cannot be effectively repaired in the presence of cytarabine triphosphate. This preliminary study was designed to determine whether moderately high doses of mitoxantrone could be added to the combination of fludarabine and cytarabine in an attempt to improve the combination's antileukemic efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five adults with relapsed or refractory acute leukemia or the blastic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) received salvage therapy with the FLAM regimen, which consisted of fludarabine, cytarabine, and increasing doses of mitoxantrone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even with doses of mitoxantrone escalated to as much as 60 mg/m(2) over 4 days, dose-limiting toxicity was not observed. Overall, the complete response rate was 27.3% (15 of 55 patients, including 4 of 17 with acute myelogenous leukemia [AML], 4 of 12 with acute lymphocytic leukemia [ALL], and 7 of 26 with the blastic phase of CML). The median time to complete response was 42 days. Toxicity other than myelosuppression was manifested primarily as hyperbilirubinemia, which was reversible in all cases. Poor performance status and undifferentiated blastic phase of CML were poor prognostic factors for response to FLAM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FLAM regimen is an active salvage regimen and should be formally evaluated in Phase II studies of patients with AML, ALL, and the myeloid and lymphoid blastic phases of CML.
authors.affiliation: Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Koller
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kantarjian
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Estey
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keating
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001752:Blast Crisis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004249:DNA Damage; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014740:Vidarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D003561:Cytarabine; D008942:Mitoxantrone; D014740:Vidarabine; C024352:fludarabine