title: The induction and activation of STAT1 by all-trans-retinoic acid are mediated by RAR beta signaling pathways in breast cancer cells.
abstract: Retinoic acid receptor-beta (RAR beta) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) are important mediators of the antiproliferative and apoptotic actions of retinoids and cytokines/growth factors, respectively. Expression of both RAR beta and STAT1 is lost in most breast cancer cell lines but it can be induced by retinoids in estrogen receptor-positive cells. We investigated a possible functional connection between these two mediators and present evidence supporting RAR beta as a tumor suppressor. First, by using different receptor-selective retinoids, we demonstrated that RAR beta induction in MCF-7 cells by all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) was associated with the activation of STAT1 gene transcription. The direct involvement of RAR beta in atRA-induced STAT1 gene activation was further demonstrated by showing that transfection with an anti-sense RAR beta construct blocked atRA-induced STAT1 expression in MCF-7 cells whereas introduction of a sense-RAR beta construct resulted in STAT1 induction by atRA in MDA-MB 231 cells. In addition, we showed that STAT1 was phosphorylated/activated under atRA treatment of MCF-7 cells; this process required the involvement of RAR beta and protein synthesis. STAT1 phosphorylation/activation was accompanied by increased tyrosine kinase activity that was not due to the activation of JAK1, JAK2 or Tyk 2, suggesting the possible involvement of an unidentified tyrosine kinase.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Baumrucker
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494079:STAT1 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta; D014212:Tretinoin; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases