title: Postmenopausal weight status, body composition and body fat distribution in relation to parameters of menstrual and reproductive history.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study the association between menstrual and reproductive history patterns and weight status, fat distribution and body composition during postmenopause was tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 106 healthy postmenopausal women ranging in age from 48 to 58 years (x = 53.7 year) the weight status was classified according to the recommendations of the WHO. Additionally body composition was estimated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and fat distribution was calculated using the fat distribution index. Weight status, body composition and fat distribution were correlated with self-reported parameters of menstrual and reproductive history (age at menarche, average cycle length, number of births, age at first and last birth, average pregnancy weight gain, age at menopause).
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was shown that number of births, age at first birth and pregnancy weight gain were related significantly to the postmenopausal weight status, body composition and fat distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An early first birth a low number of births and a high weight gain during pregnancies can be assumed as risk factors for overweight, a higher amount of adipose tissue, android fat patterning and therefore for the development of the metabolic syndrome during postmenopause. In contrast no adverse effect of menstrual and reproductive parameters on postmenopausal bone mass was found.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Human Biology, University of Vienna, Austria. sylvia.kirchengast@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kirchengast
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sator
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huber
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D002979:Climacteric / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*