title: Full text reading with a central scotoma: pseudo regressions and pseudo line losses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the reading strategy of a patient with central scotoma, using several preferred retinal loci (PRL).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 47 year old man with Stargardt's disease was asked to decipher texts projected onto his retina using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. A recording of the fundus image, on which the projected texts were superimposed, was analysed frame by frame.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The subject used a combination of three PRL, located above the scotoma and laterally to the left and right of it. He first used his left PRL to search for the beginning of a line, then switched to his right PRL, thus performing an apparent regression which was called "pseudo regression", to read the line with successive rightward saccades. To decipher a particularly difficult word, he switched to his upper PRL, showing an apparent line loss which was called ("pseudo line loss"), and then used his three PRL in combination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patient used a complex, well structured reading strategy. These data showed that backward saccades and unexpected line losses, hitherto thought to be inappropriate and uneconomical, may in fact represent purposeful changes of PRL. It is thought that this is the first structured reading behaviour ever identified in such a condition. Such adaptive oculomotor behaviour should be taken into account when considering rehabilitation procedures.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Safran
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Duret
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Issenhuth
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mermoud
mesh_terms: D005133:Eye Movements; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D011932:Reading; D012438:Saccades; D012607:Scotoma / Q000503:physiopathology*