title: Effect of hydroquinone, hydroxocobalamin and carboxy-PTIO on non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nerve mediated relaxations of the rat duodenum.
abstract: Relaxation induced by NANC-nerve stimulation is reduced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors but not by superoxide generators or NO scavengers, casting doubts on the precise nature of the neurotransmitter being released by these nerves. The lack of effect of superoxide anion generators to inhibit nitrergic nerve-mediated relaxations has been attributed to the protective action of high tissue levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD). The effects of hydroquinone, hydroxocobalamin and carboxy-PTIO, three NO inactivators which do not depend on superoxide anion generation, upon nitrergic nerve-mediated relaxations of the rat proximal duodenum were determined in order to elucidate whether they are mediated by free NO. GABA and nicotine caused relaxations of isolated segments of the rat proximal duodenum in a concentration-dependent manner that were abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX). Similarly, transmural electrical stimulation (TES) caused frequency-dependent relaxations that were also abolished by TTX. The NOS inhibitors L-NAME and L-NOARG reduced in a concentration-dependent manner nerve-mediated relaxations elicited by TES, nicotine and GABA. The effect of NOS inhibitors was prevented by L-arginine but not D-arginine. NO caused concentration-dependent relaxations that were not affected by TTX or L-NOARG but were abolished by hydroquinone, hydroxocobalamin and carboxy-PTIO. In contrast, these compounds failed to affect TES-, nicotine- and GABA-induced relaxations. The lack of effect of hydroquinone, hydroxocobalamin and carboxy-PTIO upon nerve-mediated relaxations was unaltered by pretreatment with the SOD irreversible inhibitor DETCA. The present findings show that nitrergic nerve-mediated relaxations of the rat duodenum are unaffected by NO inactivators that do not generate superoxide anion. It is suggested that either a NO-containing molecule that is unreactive with the inactivators tested is the inhibitory neurotransmitter released by nitrergic nerves or that NOS activity fulfills another role in nitrergic nerves which could be related to the release of an still unidentified transmitter.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ballejo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*; D001565:Benzoates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004386:Duodenum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006397:Hematinics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006879:Hydroxocobalamin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D006397:Hematinics; D006873:Hydroquinones; D007093:Imidazoles; C079393:1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole; D019335:Nitroarginine; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D006879:Hydroxocobalamin; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; C031927:hydroquinone