title: Androgens rescue avian embryonic lumbar spinal motoneurons from injury-induced but not naturally occurring cell death.
abstract: The regulation of survival of spinal motoneurons (MNs) has been shown to depend during development and after injury on a variety of neurotrophic molecules produced by skeletal muscle target tissue. Increasing evidence also suggests that other sources of trophic support prevent MNs from undergoing naturally occurring or injury-induced death. We have examined the role of endogenous and exogenous androgens on the survival of developing avian lumbar spinal MNs during their period of programmed cell death (PCD) between embryonic day (E)6 and E11 or after axotomy on E12. We found that although treatment with testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide (FL) failed to affect the number of these MNs during PCD, administration of DHT from E12 to E15 following axotomy on E12 significantly attenuated injury-induced MN death. This effect was inhibited by cotreatment with FL, whereas treatment with FL alone did not affect MN survival. Finally, we examined the spinal cord at various times during development and following axotomy on E12 for the expression of androgen receptor using the polyclonal PG-21 antibody. Our results suggest that exogenously applied androgens are capable of rescuing MNs from injury-induced cell death and that they act directly on these cells via an androgen receptor-mediated mechanism. By contrast, endogenous androgens do not appear to be involved in the regulation of normal PCD of developing avian MNs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and the Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1010, USA.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Burek
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prevette
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Oppenheim
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D019771:Axotomy; D016923:Cell Death; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002642:Chick Embryo; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005485:Flutamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000032:analysis; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; D013739:Testosterone; D005485:Flutamide