title: Assessment of type 1 and type 2 cytokines in HIV type 1-infected individuals: impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: Although the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on HIV-1 replication has been established, the mechanisms involved in restoration of immune responses and reconstitution remain unknown. This study provides evidence of changes in expression of type 1 and type 2 cytokine-specific mRNA occurring during HIV-1 infection, before and after initiation of HAART. Unstimulated PBMCs from nine HIV-1-infected individuals obtained at different time intervals before and after the initiation of HAART were assessed for specific IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 mRNA expression, using RT-PCR. Correlation with CD4+ T cell counts and viral load was also carried out. Before initiation of HAART, in all patients, little expression of specific IFN-gamma and IL-2 (type 1 cytokine) mRNA was noted. In contrast, expression of specific IL-4 and/or IL-10 (type 2) mRNA was readily detectable in the majority of patients. After initiation of HAART there was a continuous increase in IFN-gamma and IL-2 mRNA expression, although the latter occurred in lower amounts. This paralleled a dramatic reduction in viral load and increase in CD4+ T cell counts. Type 2 cytokine-specific mRNA expression fell to undetectable levels and in some cases reappeared later in the course of HAART. Predominant expression of type 2 cytokine mRNA, before initiation of HAART, concurs with previous findings of a dominant antiproliferative, type 2 cytokine profile during HIV-1 infection. Reversion of the cytokine profile, after HAART, to a strong type 1 profile suggests that in addition to suppressing virus replication directly the immune system may be given a chance to recover.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Chelsea and Westminister Hospital, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. n.imami@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Imami
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antonopoulos
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gazzard
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Gotch
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D007378:Interleukins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral; D007371:Interferon-gamma