title: Surgery may be curative for patients with a localized perforation of rectal carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perforation at the time of operation adversely affects the prognosis of rectal cancer. These procedures have been termed 'palliative' or 'non-curative'. The long-term outcome of generalized perforations may be different from that of localized or contained perforations. Although the oncological results may be compromised when the tumour is perforated, results in cases where the perforation is contained may not be as bad as previously thought. An attempt was made to examine the intermediate and long-term results for locally contained perforated rectal cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Some 848 patients with rectal cancer were operated on between March 1989 and December 1995. Of these, 42 (5 per cent) had a locally contained perforation of the rectum. Median follow-up was 23 (range 12-74) months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survival of patients with locally contained tumour perforation who underwent resection without macroscopic residual disease (40 per cent at 5 years) was significantly better than that of patients with metastatic disease at the time of surgery (zero at 4 years) (P < 0.01). The survival of patients in whom the tumour was inadvertently perforated during operation was similar to that of patients with locally contained spontaneous tumour perforations. The incidence of local recurrence in these perforated cases was low provided that a wide tumour clearance was achievable at the time of operation. Operative mortality and morbidity rates were not significantly different but the incidence of postoperative wound infection was marginally higher among patients with perforation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If clear margins can be obtained at the time of operation the prognosis of locally contained perforated rectal cancers is good and approaches that of a potentially curative resection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Kagda
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Nyam
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Eu
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Seow-Choen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007416:Intestinal Perforation / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011379:Prognosis; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous; D016019:Survival Analysis