title: Heart dimensions may influence the occurrence of the heart rate deflection point in highly trained cyclists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the heart rate (HR) response to exercise in 21 highly trained cyclists (mean (SD) age 25 (3) years) was related to their heart dimensions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before performing an incremental exercise test involving a ramp protocol with workload increases of 25 W/min, each subject underwent echocardiographic evaluation of the following variables: left ventricular end diastolic internal diameter (LVIDd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end diastole (LVPWTd), interventricular septal wall thickness at end diastole (IVSTd), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), left atrial dimension (LAD), longitudinal left atrial (LLAD) and right atrial (LRAD) dimensions, and the ratio of early to late (E/A) diastolic flow velocity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HR response showed a deflection point (HRd) at about 85% VO2MAX in 66.7% of subjects (D group; n = 14) and was linear in 33.3% (NoD group; n = 7). Several echocardiographic variables (LVMI, LAD, LLAD, LRAD) indicative of heart dimensions were similar in each group. However, mean LPWTd (p<0.01) and IVSTd (p<0.05) values were significantly higher in the D group. Finally, no significant difference between groups was found with respect to the E/A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HR response is curvilinear during incremental exercise in a considerable number of highly trained endurance athletes-that is, top level cyclists. The departure of HR increase from linearity may predominantly occur in athletes with thicker heart walls.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas y Fisiología, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lucía
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carvajal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boraita
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serratosa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoyos
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chicharro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004452:Echocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D016276:Ventricular Function / Q000502:physiology*