title: Fluoride-induced interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 synthesis in human epithelial lung cells.
abstract: Exposure to fluorides has been associated with asthmatic symptoms among workers in the aluminium industry. In a recent experimental study hydrogen fluoride (HF) was found to induce a weak inflammatory response in humans. In the present study the potential of sodium fluoride (NaF) and HF to induce cytokine response was examined and how these responses are modulated by Al3+ in a human epithelial lung cell line (A549). Dose-response experiments showed a maximal release of IL-6 and IL-8 at a concentration of 5 mM NaF 24 h after addition. The responses to HF were of a similar magnitude as for NaF. Time-course experiments showed a NaF-induced IL-6 response at 5 h, whereas an IL-8 response was observed after 10 h. Cycloheximide treatment completely abolished the NaF-induced cytokine responses. A marked increase in the mRNA level for IL-6 was observed already 2 h after exposure to 5 mM NaF, and presumably is a prerequisite for the subsequent increase of IL-6. The fluoride-induced effects on IL-6 and IL-8 release were strongly reduced by pretreatment with deferoxamine (an Al3+-chelator), and enhanced by addition of Al3+. This indicates that an AlF4-- complex, a known activator of GTP-binding proteins, is involved in fluoride-induced IL-6 and IL-8 responses in A549 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, National Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Torshov, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Refsnes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Becher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lâg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skuland
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Schwarze
mesh_terms: D000077410:Aluminum Chloride; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000633:toxicity*; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors
chemical_list: D000077410:Aluminum Chloride; D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D002712:Chlorides; D003676:Deferoxamine; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors