title: Opposing effects of beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenergic receptors on cardiac myocyte apoptosis : role of a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  beta-Adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) stimulation increases apoptosis in adult rat cardiac (ventricular) myocytes (ARVMs) via activation of adenylyl cyclase. beta(2)-ARs may couple to a G(i)-mediated signaling pathway that can oppose the actions of adenylyl cyclase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In ARVMs, beta-AR stimulation for 24 hours increased the number of apoptotic cells as measured by flow cytometry. beta-AR-stimulated apoptosis was abolished by the beta(1)-AR-selective antagonist CGP 20712A (P<0.05 versus beta-AR stimulation alone) but was potentiated by the beta(2)-AR-selective antagonist ICI 118,551 (P<0.05 versus beta-AR stimulation alone). The muscarinic agonist carbachol also prevented beta-AR-stimulated apoptosis (P<0.05 versus beta-AR stimulation alone), whereas pertussis toxin potentiated the apoptotic action of beta-AR stimulation (P<0.05 versus beta-AR stimulation alone) and prevented the antiapoptotic action of carbachol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In ARVMs, stimulation of beta(1)-ARs increases apoptosis via a cAMP-dependent mechanism, whereas stimulation of beta(2)-ARs inhibits apoptosis via a G(i)-coupled pathway. These findings have implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of myocardial failure.
authors.affiliation: Myocardial Biology Unit and Cardiovascular Division, Boston University Medical Center, Boston Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Communal
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Colucci
mesh_terms: D037361:Adenylate Cyclase Toxin; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D019206:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology*; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D011224:Prazosin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000187:drug effects*; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D037361:Adenylate Cyclase Toxin; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D011412:Propanolamines; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella; C026777:ICI 118551; D002217:Carbachol; C049763:CGP 20712A; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D019206:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go; D007545:Isoproterenol; D011224:Prazosin