title: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted methoctramine-related polyamines as muscular nicotinic receptor noncompetitive antagonists.
abstract: The universal template approach to drug design foresees that a polyamine can be modified in such a way to recognize any neurotransmitter receptor. Thus, hybrids of polymethylene tetraamines and philanthotoxins, exemplified by methoctramine (1) and PhTX-343 (2), respectively, were synthesized to produce novel inhibitors of muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Polyamines 3-25 were synthesized and their biological profiles were evaluated at frog rectus abdominis muscle nicotinic receptors and guinea pig left atria (M(2)) and ileum longitudinal muscle (M(3)) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. All of the compounds, like prototypes 1 and 2, were noncompetitive antagonists of nicotinic receptors while being, like 1, competitive antagonists at muscarinic M(2) and M(3) receptor subtypes. Interestingly, polyamines bearing a low number of methylenes between the nitrogen atoms, as in 3, 6, and 7, displayed a biological profile similar to that of 2: a noncompetitive antagonism at nicotinic receptors in the 7-25 microM range while not showing any antagonism for muscarinic receptors up to 10 microM. Increasing the number of methylenes separating these nitrogen atoms in methoctramine-related tetraamines resulted in a significant improvement in potency at nicotinic receptors. The most potent tetraamine was 19, bearing a 12 methylene spacer between the nitrogen atoms, which was 12-fold and 250-fold more potent than prototypes 1 and 2, respectively. Tetraamines 9-11, bearing a rather rigid spacer between the nitrogen atoms instead of the very flexible polymethylene chain, displayed a profile similar to that of 1 at nicotinic receptors, whereas a significant decrease in potency was observed at muscarinic M(2) receptors. This finding may have relevance in understanding the mode of interaction with these receptors. Similarly, the constrained analogue 12 of methoctramine showed a decrease in potency at nicotinic and muscarinic M(2) receptors, revealing that the tricyclic system, which incorporates the 2-methoxybenzylamine moiety of 1, does not represent a good pharmacophore for activity at these sites. A most intriguing finding was the observation that the photolabile tetraamine 22 was more potent than methoctramine at nicotinic receptors and, what is more important, it inhibited a closed state of the receptor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Budriesi
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bixel
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bolognesi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiarini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hucho
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krogsgaard-Larsen
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Mellor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minarini
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tumiatti
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Usherwood
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Melchiorre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura; D003959:Diamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D015195:Drug Design; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019920:Photoaffinity Labels; D011073:Polyamines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003959:Diamines; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D019920:Photoaffinity Labels; D011073:Polyamines; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; C054938:methoctramine