title: Further examination of the Xist promoter-switch hypothesis in X inactivation: evidence against the existence and function of a P(0) promoter.
abstract: The onset of X inactivation coincides with accumulation of Xist RNA along the future inactive X chromosome. A recent hypothesis proposed that accumulation is initiated by a promoter switch within Xist. In this hypothesis, an upstream promoter (P(0)) produces an unstable transcript, while the known downstream promoter (P(1)) produces a stable RNA. To test this hypothesis, we examined expression and half-life of Xist RNA produced from an Xist transgene lacking P(0) but retaining P(1). We confirm the previous finding that P(0) is dispensable for Xist expression in undifferentiated cells and that P(1) can be used in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells. Herein, we show that Xist RNA initiated at P(1) is unstable and does not accumulate. Further analysis indicates that the transcriptional boundary at P(0) does not represent the 5' end of a distinct Xist isoform. Instead, P(0) is an artifact of cross-amplification caused by a pseudogene of the highly expressed ribosomal protein S12 gene Rps12. Using strand-specific techniques, we find that transcription upstream of P(1) originates from the DNA strand opposite Xist and represents the 3' end of the antisense Tsix RNA. Thus, these data do not support the existence of a P(0) promoter and suggest that mechanisms other than switching of functionally distinct promoters control the up-regulation of Xist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Warshawsky
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stavropoulos
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008297:Male; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D019076:Transgenes; D014960:X Chromosome
chemical_list: D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D014157:Transcription Factors; C077885:XIST non-coding RNA