title: Effects of haloperidol and clozapine on tongue dynamics during licking in CD-1, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In an initial effort to describe how genetic background influences the differential motor effects of haloperidol, a drug with high extrapyramidal side effect (EPS) liability, and clozapine, an antipsychotic low in EPS, both drugs were studied in inbred strains of mice (BALB/c and C57BL/6) previously shown to have differential sensitivities to haloperidol.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Behavioral differences in lick dynamics for male BALB/c, C57BL/6 and CD-1 (an outbred strain) were characterized. Effects of dose ranges of haloperidol and clozapine were then evaluated in the three strains.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mice learned to lick milk from a force-sensing disk during daily 2-min sessions, while a computer counted the number of licks and measured lick peak force and lick rhythm. After training, acute doses of haloperidol (0.08-2.0 mg/kg) or clozapine (0.5-8.0 mg/kg) were administered i.p. 45 min before sessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior to drug treatment, substantial quantitative strain differences in licking behavior were observed: C57BL/6 mice made fewer licks, licked with lower peak force per lick, and had a slower lick rhythm than the BALB/c and CD-1 mice. As in rats, clozapine slowed the lick rhythm in all three mouse strains much more than haloperidol did. Haloperidol produced a 50% greater suppression of number of licks in BALB/c than in C57BL/6 mice (ED50 values were 0.82 mg/kg and 1.22 mg/kg, respectively). For clozapine, lick suppression was greater in the C57BL/6 than in the BALB/c strain (ED50 values were 1.88 mg/kg and 2.65 mg/kg, respectively). Among the three strains examined, CD-1 was the most sensitive to haloperidol's suppression of licking, while its sensitivity to clozapine's lick-suppressing effect was similar to C57BL/6 mice. Clozapine lowered the lick peak force in the CD-1 and BALB/c strains more than in the C57BL/6 strain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the results suggest that genetic variables may influence both mice's tongue dynamics and their alteration by both typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. In addition, while the BALB/c strain was more sensitive to haloperidol's lick-disruptive effects than the C57BL/6 strain, the size of the difference between strains was much smaller than the reported difference between the strains in the catalepsy test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fowler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013045:Species Specificity; D014059:Tongue
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol