title: Potent, orally active GPIIb/IIIa antagonists containing a nipecotic acid subunit. Structure-activity studies leading to the discovery of RWJ-53308.
abstract: Although intravenously administered antiplatelet fibrinogen receptor (GPIIb/IIIa) antagonists have become established in the acute-care clinical setting for the prevention of thrombosis, orally administered drugs for chronic use are still under development. Herein, we present details from our exploration of structure-activity surrounding the prototype fibrinogen receptor antagonist RWJ-50042 (racemate of 1), which was derived from a unique approach involving the gamma-chain of fibrinogen (Hoekstra et al. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 1582). Our analogue studies culminated in the discovery of RWJ-53308 (2), a potent, orally active GPIIb/IIIa antagonist. To progress from RWJ-50042 to a suitable candidate for clinical development, we conducted a series of optimization cycles that employed solid-phase parallel synthesis for the rapid, efficient preparation of nearly 250 analogues, which were assayed for fibrinogen receptor affinity and inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by four different activators. This strategy produced several promising analogues for advanced study, including 3-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzene)-beta-amino acid analogue 3 (significant improved in vivo potency) and 3-(3-pyridyl)-beta-amino acid 2 (significantly improved potency, oral absorption, and duration of action). In dogs, 2 displayed significant ex vivo antiplatelet activity on oral administration at 1.0 mg/kg, 16% systemic oral bioavailability, minimal metabolic transformation, and an excellent safety profile. Additionally, 2 was found to be efficacious in three in vivo thrombosis models: canine arteriovenous (AV) shunt (0.01-0.1 mg/kg, iv), guinea pig photoactivation-induced injury (0.3-3 mg/kg, iv), and guinea pig ferric chloride-induced injury (0.3-1 mg/kg, iv). On the basis of its noteworthy preclinical data, RWJ-53308 (2) was selected for clinical evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Drug Discovery and New Product Research, The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA. whoekstr@prius.jnj.com
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Maryanoff
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Damiano
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andrade-Gordon
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Costanzo
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Haertlein
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Hecker
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hulshizer
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kauffman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: McComsey
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yabut
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D004285:Dogs; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009557:Nipecotic Acids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011392:Proline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D009557:Nipecotic Acids; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D011725:Pyridines; C030278:nipecotic acid; C402922:elarofiban; D011392:Proline; C010983:homoproline