title: Efficient cleavage of conjugates of drugs or poisons by immobilized beta-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase in columns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cleavage of conjugates is an important step in toxicological analysis, especially of urine samples. The aim of this study was to combine the advantages and to reduce the disadvantages of acid hydrolysis and conventional enzymatic hydrolysis procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  beta-Glucuronidase (GRD; EC 3.2.1.31) and arylsulfatase (ARS; EC 3.1.6.1) were purified and coimmobilized on an agarose gel matrix and packed into columns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In columns packed with GRD and ARS, the test conjugates 4-nitrophenyl glucuronide and 4-nitrophenyl sulfate added into urine could be completely cleaved within 25 min. Even the relatively stable morphine conjugates could be completely hydrolyzed within 60 min in authentic urine samples. Therefore, an incubation time of 1 h is recommended. Enzyme inhibition by matrix or by rather high concentrations of acetaminophen conjugates was tested and found to be up to 50%. However, a large excess of GRD and ARS was used. The immobilizate columns could be reused for at least 70 incubations and had a storage stability of at least 12 weeks. Carryover of analytes in reused columns could be avoided by rinsing with 200 mL/L methanol in acetate buffer. Thus, five drugs known to be contaminants added in very high concentrations into urine could be completely removed from the columns. A study on the applicability in systematic toxicological analysis showed that 120 different drugs and/or their metabolites could be detected in 35 different authentic urine samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of immobilized and column-packed GRD and ARS is an efficient alternative for the cleavage of urinary conjugates in clinical toxicology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Toennes
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Maurer
mesh_terms: D001192:Arylsulfatases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000191:economics; D005965:Glucuronates; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000737:chemistry; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D011042:Poisons / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000652:urine; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D005965:Glucuronates; D020719:Glucuronides; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011042:Poisons; C002730:4-nitrophenylglucuronide; C023379:4-nitrophenyl sulfate; D009020:Morphine; D001192:Arylsulfatases; D005966:Glucuronidase