title: Two common, functional polymorphisms in the promoter region of the beta-fibrinogen gene contribute to regulation of plasma fibrinogen concentration.
abstract: Plasma fibrinogen is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. There is evidence that genetic variation in the beta-fibrinogen gene contributes to the rate of synthesis of fibrinogen, but the molecular mechanism underlying the genetic heritability of the plasma fibrinogen concentration is largely unknown. We evaluated the physiological roles of 5 common nucleotide substitutions in the promoter region of the beta-fibrinogen gene at positions -148, -249, -455, -854, and -993 from the transcriptional start site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed distinct differences in the binding characteristics of nuclear proteins between wild-type and mutant fragments of both the -455G/A and -854G/A polymorphisms, whereas no clear differences were observed for the -148C/T, -249C/T, and -993C/T sites. Transfection studies in HepG2 cells showed increased basal rates of transcription for both the G-to-A substitution at position -455 (+50%, P<0.05) and the G-to-A substitution at -854 (+51%, P<0.05). Additional transfection studies using proximal promoter constructs confirmed that both the -455A and -854A alleles independently enhance the basal rate of transcription of the beta-fibrinogen gene. The rare alleles of the nonrelated -455G/A and -854G/A polymorphisms were also associated with significantly increased plasma fibrinogen levels in healthy middle-aged men. Overall, the 2 polymorphisms together explained approximately 11% of the variation in plasma fibrinogen concentration. It is concluded that the -455G/A and -854G/A polymorphisms of the beta-fibrinogen gene are physiologically relevant mutations with a significant impact on the plasma fibrinogen concentration.
authors.affiliation: Atherosclerosis Research Unit, King Gustaf V Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: van 't Hooft
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: von Bahr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iliadou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamsten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005838:Genotype; D018197:Hepatoblastoma; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017354:Point Mutation; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D005340:Fibrinogen