title: Identification and expression of mutations in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene causing acute intermittent porphyria (AIP).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), an autosomal dominant inborn error, results from the half-normal activity of the heme biosynthetic enzyme hydroxymethylbilane synthase (EC 4.3.1.8; HMB-synthase). This disease is characterized by acute, life-threatening neurologic attacks that are precipitated by various drugs, hormones, and other factors. The enzymatic and/or biochemical diagnosis of AIP heterozygotes is problematic; therefore, efforts have focused on the identification of HMB-synthase mutations so that heterozygotes can be identified and educated to avoid the precipitating factors. In Spain, the occurrence of AIP has been reported, but the nature of the HMB-synthase mutations causing AIP in Spanish families has not been investigated. Molecular analysis was therefore undertaken in nine unrelated Spanish AIP patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA was isolated from affected probands and family members of nine unrelated Spanish families with AIP. The HMB-synthase gene was amplified by long-range PCR and the nucleotide sequence of each exon was determined by cycle sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three new mutations, a missense, M212V; a single base insertion, g4715insT; and a deletion/insertion, g7902ACT-->G, as well as five previously reported mutations (G111R, R116W, R149X R167W, and R173W) were detected in the Spanish probands. Expression of the novel missense mutation M212V in E. coli revealed that the mutation was causative, having <2% residual activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies identified the first mutations in the HMB-synthase gene causing AIP in Spanish patients. Three of the mutations were novel, while five previously reported lesions were found in six Spanish families. These findings enable accurate identification and counseling of presymptomatic carriers in these nine unrelated Spanish AIP families and further demonstrate the genetic heterogeneity of mutations causing AIP.
authors.affiliation: Biochemical Laboratory, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Solis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lopez-Echaniz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sefarty-Graneda
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Astrin
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Desnick
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D018899:CpG Islands; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011163:Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010375:Pedigree; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017118:Porphyria, Acute Intermittent / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D011163:Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase