title: Airway abnormalities in patients with Arnold-Chiari malformation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal was to determine the incidence and types of airway abnormalities in patients with Arnold-Chiari malformation (ACM).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a retrospective chart review of 24 patients with ACM who were evaluated and treated between November 1991 and August 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen (75%) and 6 (25%) of the 24 patients had types I and II ACM, respectively. Three (12.5% of 24 patients) of the type II ACM patients had vocal cord impairment: 1 bilateral paralysis, 1 bilateral paresis, and 1 unilateral paralysis. None of the type I ACM patients had vocal cord impairment. Tracheotomy was necessary in 3 of the 24 patients and all in patients with type II ACM. Central sleep apnea was found in 5 of 6 type II ACM patients, but not in any of the type I ACM patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vocal cord impairment and sleep apnea were found in 12. 5% and 21%, respectively, of this ACM population. When type II ACM patients were considered separately, the incidences of vocal cord impairment and sleep apnea were 50% and 83%, respectively. Type II ACM patients tend to have a higher incidence of airway abnormalities and other neurologic dysfunctions. Flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy is recommended in the airway evaluation of ACM patients. Early recognition, diagnosis, and management of these abnormalities may be lifesaving.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Zalzal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001139:Arnold-Chiari Malformation / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000209:etiology*; D020182:Sleep Apnea, Central / Q000209:etiology; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000209:etiology*