title: Liver transplantation for glycogen storage disease types I, III, and IV.
abstract: Glycogen storage disease (GSD) types I, III, and IV can be associated with severe liver disease. The possible development of hepatocellular carcinoma and/or hepatic failure make these GSDs potential candidates for liver transplantation. Early diagnosis and initiation of effective dietary therapy have dramatically improved the outcome of GSD type I by reducing the incidence of liver adenoma and renal insufficiency. Nine type I and 3 type III patients have received liver transplants because of poor metabolic control, multiple liver adenomas, or progressive liver failure. Metabolic abnormalities were corrected in all GSD type I and type III patients, while catch-up growth was reported only in two patients. Whether liver transplantation results in reversal and/or prevention of renal disease remains unclear. Neutropenia persisted in both GSDIb patients post liver transplantation necessitating continuous granulocyte colony stimulating factor treatment. Thirteen GSD type IV patients were liver transplanted because of progressive liver cirrhosis and failure. All but one patient have not had neuromuscular or cardiac complications during follow-up periods for as long as 13 years. Four have died within a week and 5 years after transplantation. Caution should be taken in selecting GSD type IV candidates for liver transplantation because of the variable phenotype, which may include life-limiting extrahepatic manifestations. It remains to be evaluated, whether a genotype-phenotype correlation exists for GSD type IV, which may aid in the decision making.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liver transplantation should be considered for patients with glycogen storage disease who have developed liver malignancy or hepatic failure, and for type IV patients with the classical and progressive hepatic form.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3528, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matern
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Starzl
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Arnaout
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bynon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhawan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Emond
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Haagsma
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hug
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lachaux
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005953:Glycogen Storage Disease Type I / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D006010:Glycogen Storage Disease Type III / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D006011:Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000188:drug therapy; D011379:Prognosis