title: Incidence rates of first-ever ischemic stroke subtypes among blacks: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the incidence rates of ischemic stroke subtypes among blacks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitalized and autopsied cases of stroke and transient ischemic attack among the 187 000 blacks in the 5-county region of greater Cincinnati/northern Kentucky From January 1, 1993, through June 30, 1993, were identified. Incidence rates were age- and sex-adjusted to the 1990 US population. Subtype classification was performed after extensive review of all available imaging, laboratory data, clinical information, and past medical history. Case-control comparisons of risk factors were made with age-, race-, and sex-matched control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annual incidence rates per 100 000 for first-ever ischemic stroke subtypes among blacks were as follows: uncertain cause, 103 (95% confidence interval [CI], 80 to 126); cardioembolic, 56 (95% CI, 40 to 73); small-vessel infarct, 52 (95% CI, 36 to 68); large vessel, 17 (95% CI, 8 to 26); and other causes, 17 (95% CI, 9 to 26). Of the patients diagnosed with an infarct of uncertain cause, 31% underwent echocardiography, 45% underwent carotid ultrasound, and 48% had neither. Compared with age-, race-, and sex- (proportionally) matched control subjects from the greater Cincinnati/northern Kentucky region, the attributable risk of hypertension for all causes of first-ever ischemic stroke is 27% (95% CI, 7 to 43); for diabetes, 21% (95% CI, 11 to 29); and for coronary artery disease, 9% (95% CI, 2 to 16). For small-vessel ischemic stroke, the attributable risk of hypertension is 68% (95% CI, 31 to 85; odds ratio [OR], 5.0), and the attributable risk of diabetes is 30% (95% CI, 10 to 45; OR, 4.4). For cardioembolic stroke, the attributable risk of diabetes is 25% (95% CI, 4 to 41; OR, 3.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stroke of uncertain cause is the most common subtype of ischemic stroke among blacks. Cardioembolic stroke and small-vessel stroke are the most important, identifiable causes of first-ever ischemic stroke among blacks. The incidence rates of cardioembolic and large-vessel stroke are likely underestimated because noninvasive testing of the carotid arteries and echocardiography were not consistently obtained in stroke patients at the 18 regional hospitals. Most small-vessel strokes in blacks can be attributed to hypertension and diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Environmental Health, and Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267-0525, USA. daniel.woo@uc.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gebel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kothari
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brott
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salisbury
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pancioli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jauch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Broderick
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001344:Autopsy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D007629:Kentucky / Q000453:epidemiology; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology