title: Cytologic examination to detect clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina or cervix.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of cytopathologic examination for the detection of vaginal or cervical clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic collection in the Dutch automated nationwide pathology archive of all cytology and histology data of women with CCA, born in The Netherlands after 1947 was performed. All cytologic examinations within 2 years prior to histological diagnosis of CCA were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety patients with CCA have been registered. Forty-nine of these patients had cytologic examinations prior to histology. Eighty-five percent of cervical CCAs were preceded by a positive cervical smear. One hundred percent of vaginal CCAs were preceded by a positive vaginal smear. Cervical smears are relatively insensitive to detect vaginal CCA. Vaginal smears were often omitted. Only 2 apparently false-negative smears were found. The mean numbers of smears in diethylstilbestrol (DES)-exposed and nonexposed women were minimally different: 1.0 and 0.8, respectively. This suggests an only modest impact of the awareness of DES as a risk factor. FIGO tumor stage I was preceded more frequently by cytology than the higher tumor stages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of CCA cases can be detected at an early stage by yearly clinical and cytological examinations, which must comprise cervical as well as vaginal sampling. Since CCA may also occur in postmenopausal women, for the purpose of secondary prevention of CCA regular cytologic examinations of DES-exposed women must be continued after menopause.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands. t.hanselaar@pathol.azn.nl
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hanselaar
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Boss
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Massuger
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bernheim
mesh_terms: D018262:Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D003581:Cytodiagnosis; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D014625:Vaginal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears
chemical_list: D004054:Diethylstilbestrol