title: Imaging features of leptomeningeal metastases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the range of appearances, and accuracy of various methods of diagnosing leptomeningeal metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective study, the notes and imaging of all patients with a radiological and/or CSF cytological diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) were identified, and assessed for the following: age and sex, primary tumour type, presenting symptoms, initial radiological and cytological diagnosis, radiological appearances and length of survival following diagnosis. Discordance between the CSF cytology and radiological diagnosis of LM was also noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  41 positive cases (36 female) of LM were identified over a 2.7 year period (diagnosis based on: imaging only--19 cases, cytology only--6, both--16 cases). The average age was 48 years, and the most frequent primary tumour was breast carcinoma (27/41). Two thirds of patients presented with at least one cranial or spinal nerve palsy. Where performed, contrast-enhanced CT was normal in 40% (10/25), with LM mistaken for parenchymal disease in a further 24% (6/25). CSF cytology was positive in 85% (22/26). Gadolinium-enhanced MRI was positive in all cases where it was performed (25/25). Pial enhancement and nodularity was the commonest finding (67%), but other manifestations included nodular disease, neural enhancement and white matter changes. Prognosis was uniformly poor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leptomeningeal metastatic disease has a poor prognosis, and treatment regimen may differ from those of parenchymal CNS metastases. CT is normal or misleading in two thirds of patients, and CSF cytology may also be negative. Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI complements CSF cytology, and is the investigation of choice in patients with a non-haematological primary tumour and suspected LM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Collie
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Brush
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lammie
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kunkler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gregor
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sellar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001099:Arachnoid; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed