title: Delay and discontinuity--a survey of TB patients' search of a diagnosis in a diversified health care system.
abstract: METHODS
  Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe delay to diagnosis; to compare diagnostic procedures and referral routines used by private and public health care providers; and to examine associations between contact with various types of providers and risk of delay to TB diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey of new patients in the National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP). Retrospective assessment of health seeking and diagnostic procedures used by previously contacted health care providers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four weeks after first symptom, 81% of patients had sought help outside the household. Four weeks after first health care contact, 47% had been diagnosed with TB. Private physicians used X-rays, sputum smears, and referrals significantly less often than public health care providers. Patients who had turned first to a private pharmacy, a private physician or a public hospital were significantly more likely to have a long provider delay than those who turned first to the NTP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Delay to diagnosis of TB in HCMC is due more to inability among health care providers to detect TB than to under-utilisation of health care services. Diagnostic procedures need to be improved and referral chains need to be strengthened in HCMC, particularly among private providers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Göteborg University, Sweden. knut.lonnroth@socmed.gu.se
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lönnroth
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Thuong
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Linh
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Diwan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017149:Private Sector; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013997:Time Factors; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014744:Vietnam