title: Elevated TCDD in chicken eggs and farm-raised catfish fed a diet with ball clay from a Southern United States mine.
abstract: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) terminated the use of ball clay from a mine in Mississippi as an additive in animal feed after discovering nanogram per gram concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD). The FDA collected chicken eggs and farm-raised catfish in affected areas and throughout the remaining continental United States to assess levels of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. A new method using quadrupole ion storage tandem-in-time mass spectrometry (QISTMS) measured the 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels in 42 catfish fillet composites, 3 Tilapia fillet composites, 46 chicken egg samples, and 6 chicken feeds. Six catfish composites and 20 egg samples had 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations significantly above 1.0 pg/g wet weight of fillet or whole egg. Farm-raised catfish not exposed to feed containing ball clay had a mean 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentration of 0.12 pg/g. The TCDD isomer pattern in ball clay differed from the TCDD isomer pattern in a fly ash sample and from the "chick edema factor" TCDD pattern in a sample of reference toxic fat used as a feed ingredient in the 1950s.
authors.affiliation: US Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20204, USA. dhayward@bangate.fda.gov
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nortrup
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clower
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D000077215:Clay; D004531:Eggs; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D008906:Mining; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000032:analysis*; D015144:Southeastern United States; D017210:Tilapia
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D000077215:Clay