title: The delta 2-opioid receptor antagonist naltriben reduces motivated responding for ethanol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given that alcoholics drink for different reasons, it is not likely that a single pharmacotherapeutic agent will be equally effective for all alcoholics. Hence, the development of new pharmacotherapeutic agents that are capable of reducing alcohol intake remains an important focus in the field of alcohol research.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of the delta 2 receptor antagonist naltriben (0.60-4.0 mg/kg) on operant responding maintained by the presentation of ethanol (EtOH) or saccharin in alcohol-preferring (P) rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  P rats were trained under a concurrent schedule [fixed ratio (FR)4-FR4] to press one lever for EtOH (10% v/v) and another for saccharin (0.0125-0.05% w/v) during a 60-min session. Naloxone, a non-specific opioid receptor antagonist, served as a reference antagonist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When responding maintained by EtOH and saccharin were equated under baseline conditions, naloxone (0.003125-0.75 mg/kg) reduced levels of EtOH-maintained responding by 46-82%. None of the naloxone doses significantly reduced responding maintained by saccharin. Naltriben (0.9-4.0 mg/kg) reduced EtOH-maintained responding by 44-76%, while saccharin-maintained responding was reduced only by the highest dose of naltriben (4.0 mg/kg). Analysis of the EtOH within-session response pattern revealed that naloxone suppressed EtOH-maintained responding during the entire operant session and led to early termination of responding. Low doses of naltriben (0.90 mg/kg and 1.2 mg/kg) suppressed responding during the latter portion of the operant session, while higher doses (2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mg/kg) decreased responding during the entire session and led to early termination of responding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study strengthen previous reports from our laboratory suggesting that naltriben, the selective delta 2 opioid receptor antagonist, suppresses EtOH self-administration in rats selectively bred for high EtOH consumption. The results also suggest that naltriben may be a potential candidate for use as a pharmacotherapeutic agent in the treatment of EtOH dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Purdue School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: June
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: McCane
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Zink
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Portoghese
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Froehlich
mesh_terms: D000427:Alcohol Deterrents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D000818:Animals; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D009042:Motivation; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule
chemical_list: D000427:Alcohol Deterrents; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; C068868:naltrindole benzofuran; D009270:Naloxone; D000431:Ethanol; D009271:Naltrexone