title: Relationship of endothelial function to birth weight in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low birth weight has been associated with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease in adult life, but the precise mechanism is debated. The endothelium is thought to play a pivotal role in each of the above conditions with abnormalities being detectable before the development of overt disease. To investigate the possibility that endothelium has a role in mediating the excessive risk of adult vascular disease associated with low birth weight, endothelial function was assessed in young healthy adults who were either of low or normal birth weight at term.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve low birth weight (2.2 +/- 0.05 kg, mean +/- SEM) subjects (six men/six women; age 28 +/- 0.2 years) and twelve age- and sex-matched normal birth weight (3.3 +/- 0.07 kg) control subjects were studied. The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway was assessed in the forearm vascular bed by using venous occlusion plethysmography during intra-arterial brachial infusion of acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, norepinephrine, and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA). Von Willebrand factor, a noninvasive marker of endothelial dysfunction, was also measured. Comparisons were made using Student's t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Von Willebrand factor was significantly elevated in low birth weight compared with normal birth weight subjects (136.9 +/- 12.7 vs. 95.6 +/- 9.5%; P = 0.016). The groups did not differ in the responses to acetylcholine (P = 0.76), sodium nitroprusside (P = 0.84), norepinephrine (P = 0.21), or L-NMMA (P = 0.35).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding of elevated von Willebrand factor in low birth weight subjects is suggestive of endothelial cell injury but does not appear to be associated with dysfunction of the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway.
authors.affiliation: Sir George E. Clark Metabolic Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: McAllister
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McCance
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D001724:Birth Weight; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000109:Acetylcholine