title: Sexual behaviors and reproductive health outcomes: associations with wife abuse in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wife abuse has been associated with a variety of health concerns. Associations between abuse and reproductive health in India are not well known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine relationships between men's reports of wife abuse and reproductive health issues in northern India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured face-to-face interviews were conducted as part of the male reproductive health supplement of the PERFORM System of Indicators Survey, a systematic multistage survey conducted in 1995-1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  The northern state of Uttar Pradesh, one of the least developed states in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 6632 married men aged 15 to 65 years who lived with their wives and completed all survey questions for the study variables reported here.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physically and sexually abusive behaviors toward wives, sexual activities outside marriage, sexually transmitted disease (STD) symptoms, contraception use, unplanned pregnancies, and sociodemographic characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four percent of men reported not abusing their wives, while 17% reported physically but not sexually abusing their wives, 22% reported sexual abuse without physical force, and 7% reported sexual abuse with physical force. Abuse was more common among men who had extramarital sex (for sexual abuse using force: odds ratio [OR], 6.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.98-9.72). Similarly, men who had STD symptoms were more likely to abuse their wives (with current symptoms: OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.73-3.42). Unplanned pregnancies were significantly more common among wives of abusive men, especially sexually abusive men who used force (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.91-3.60).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wife abuse appears to be fairly common in northern India. Our findings that abusive men were more likely to engage in extramarital sex and have STD symptoms suggest that these men may be acquiring STDs from their extramarital relationships, thereby placing their wives at risk for STD acquisition, sometimes via sexual abuse. These abusive sexual behaviors also may result in an elevated rate of unplanned pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7400, USA. sandra_martin@unc.edu
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kilgallen
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maitra
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Kupper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003267:Contraception / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003625:Data Collection; D005114:Extramarital Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*