title: Slow deep breathing prevents the development of tachygastria and symptoms of motion sickness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to see if slow deep breathing, a non-pharmacological procedure known to increase parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity, would prevent the development of gastric dysrhythmias and symptoms of motion sickness when subjects were exposed to a rotating optokinetic drum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participating in this study were 46 healthy males and females aged 17-26 who were pre-tested in the rotating drum and found to be susceptible to motion sickness. They were randomly placed into one of the following three conditions: Slow Deep Breathing (n = 18), Counting Breaths (subjects were asked to count their breaths and asked for the count every 3 min, n = 16), and Control (subjects breathed normally, n = 12). Electrogastrograms were recorded from all subjects during a 6-min baseline and a 16-min rotation period. Subjects were asked about their symptoms every 3 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant difference in percent tachygastria from baseline to rotation was found between the three conditions. Percent tachygastria increased during rotation for the Counting Breaths group and the Control group, but remained the same as baseline for the Slow Deep Breathing group. The Slow Deep Breathing group (5.3) reported significantly fewer symptoms than the Counting Breaths group (9.0), but not the Control group (7.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, slow deep breathing in a situation previously demonstrated to provoke tachygastria prevented the development of gastric dysrhythmias and decreased symptoms of motion sickness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Jokerst
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gatto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fazio
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004568:Electrodiagnosis; D005260:Female; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017120:Nystagmus, Optokinetic; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012399:Rotation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires