title: A scale to assess activities of daily living in persons affected by leprosy.
abstract: The aim of this study was to develop a scale for identifying disability among people in the rural areas of developing countries. The studies were carried out in the Green Pastures Hospital and the leprosy field programme of the Western Region of Nepal. With the help of staff experienced in working with people with disability, a 68-question questionnaire was made, based on the International Classification of Impairments, Activities and Participation (ICIDH-2). A survey was carried out of 269 people affected by leprosy who had impairments, as well as a sample of those who were unimpaired. The survey results were used to develop the questionnaire into a scale, using standard scale development methods. This included checking of criterion validity, discrimination and reliability and stability using weighted kappa statistics. Of the 68 questions, 38 were included in the second draft of the instrument. Eight questions were added to identify difficulty in relationships, about the use of aids and about occupation and employment. The sum score of the scale against the expert score gave a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.72. Intra- and inter-interviewer reliability coefficients were 0.77 (95% CI 0.73-0.81) and 0.61 (95% CI 0.56-0.67), respectively. The stability test gave an overall kappa of 0.76 (95% CI 0.70-0.82). Four questions with particularly poor results were omitted from the final draft of the instrument. An interview-based instrument was developed for identifying limitations in activities of daily living (disability) in people living in a rural setting in a developing country--the Green Pastures Activity Scale (GPAS). The scale performed well during validity and reliability testing. It consists of 34 activity questions, five relationship questions, and three questions on the use of aids, occupation and employment.
authors.affiliation: INF RELEASE Project, Pokhara, Nepal. wvbrakel@iname.com
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: van Brakel
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Wörpel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saiju
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sherpa
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sunwar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gurung
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Boer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scholten
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007918:Leprosy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009390:Nepal; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires