title: Inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production in Leishmania infantum-infected human macrophages stimulated with interferon-gamma and bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: Nitric oxide produced by an inducible nitric oxide synthase constitutes one of the main microbicidal mechanisms of murine macrophages and its importance is now being recognized for human macrophages. In this study we evaluated inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, nitric oxide release, and parasitocidal ability of Leishmania infantum-infected monocyte-derived human macrophages. The inducible nitric oxide synthase was detected by immunofluorescence and western blotting and nitric oxide production was measured by the Griess reaction for nitrites. Parasite killing was microscopically evaluated by fluorescent dyes. Experiments were performed on macrophages with or without previous stimulation with recombinant human interferon-gamma and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide release were higher in Leishmania-infected stimulated macrophages than in uninfected cells or infected cells without previous stimulation. Nitric oxide production and parasitocidal activity against Leishmania infantum were reduced in macrophages treated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-N(G) monomethylarginine. These results suggest a microbicidal role for nitric oxide in human leishmaniasis, with the possible practical application of immunological or pharmacological regulation of nitric oxide synthesis in the treatment of this infection.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Anatomia Umana Normale, University of Bari, Policlinico, I-70124, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Panaro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Acquafredda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lisi
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Lofrumento
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Trotta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Satalino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saccia
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mitolo
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Brandonisio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D018314:Leishmania infantum / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011994:Recombinant Proteins
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II