title: Advances in the application of prostate-specific antigen in the detection of early-stage prostate cancer.
abstract: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has revolutionized the detection of prostate cancer. PSA-based screening has been shown to be effective in detecting prostate cancer at an early, potentially curable stage; however, this tumor marker is limited by appreciable false-positive and false-negative results. This is especially problematic when the PSA level is in the upper limit of normal (2.5 to 4.0 ng/mL) or the intermediately increased range (4.1 to 10.0 ng/mL). Several PSA-related indexes and assays have been proposed in an attempt to improve the power of PSA in the early detection of prostate cancer: PSA density (PSAD), age-referenced PSA, volume-referenced PSA, PSAD of the transition zone (PSA-TZ), ProstAsure Index, (Global Health Net, Savannah, GA) and percent free PSA. These indexes may improve the sensitivity and specificity of PSA-based screening, facilitating the early detection of prostate cancer and reducing the number of unnecessary biopsies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamoi
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Babaian
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D001706:Biopsy; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen