title: Chronic exposure to hypoxia attenuates contractile responses in rat airways in vitro: a possible role for nitric oxide.
abstract: We investigated the effect of chronic hypoxia (10% O(2) for 14 days) on airway responsiveness in rats. Chronic hypoxia significantly (P<0. 05, P<0.01, P<0.01, respectively) attenuated contractions evoked by methacholine (10(-9)-3x10(-4) M), endothelin-1 (10(-10)-3x10(-7) M) and potassium chloride (10(-3)-7x10(-2) M) in rat isolated trachea. To investigate this attenuation, we studied the effect of epithelial removal, indomethacin (3x10(-6) M), and L-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10(-4) M), on contractile responses in control and chronically hypoxic rat trachea. Indomethacin did not alter contractions evoked by methacholine or endothelin-1 in control or hypoxic rats. In contrast, epithelial removal and L-NAME both significantly potentiated responses to methacholine and endothelin-1 in trachea from control and chronically hypoxic rats. In separate experiments, tracheal rings were first contracted with methacholine (10(-6) M) and then relaxed, either by the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside or by the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, salbutamol. Sodium nitroprusside was significantly (P<0.001) more effective at reversing induced tone in tracheal rings from chronically hypoxic than control rats. Salbutamol, however, was equally effective in chronically hypoxic and control rats. These results suggest that, in trachea from both control and chronically hypoxic rats, contractile responses to methacholine and endothelin-1 are inhibited by nitric oxide, probably released from the epithelium. The attenuation of contractile responses in airways from chronically hypoxic rats may be due to an enhanced guanylyl cyclase activity and hence, an increased response to nitric oxide.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroscience and Biomedical Systems, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nally
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: MacLean
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: McGrath
mesh_terms: D000420:Albuterol / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D016085:Bronchoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000502:physiology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D016210:Methacholine Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D016085:Bronchoconstrictor Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D019332:Endothelin-1; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016210:Methacholine Chloride; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000420:Albuterol; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D007213:Indomethacin