title: Therapy-related malignancies following treatment of germ cell cancer.
abstract: Given the young age at which testicular cancer is treated and the excellent prognosis for patients suffering from this disease, therapy-related malignancies represent a significant problem. Therapy-related solid tumors are associated mainly with the use of radiation therapy. The risk for developing a therapy-related solid tumor is approximately 2- to 3-fold increased compared with the general population. Therapy-related leukemias are associated predominantly with chemotherapy, particularly with the use of topoisomerase-II inhibitors and alkylating agents. In general, the cumulative incidence of therapy-related leukemia is low. It is approximately 0.5% and 2% at 5 years of median follow-up for patients receiving etoposide at cumulative doses < or = 2 g/m2 and > 2 g/m2, respectively. High cumulative doses of etoposide given over a short period of time appear to be less leukemogenic than a similar dose of etoposide given over a longer period of time. There might, additionally, be a synergistic effect of cisplatin and etoposide on the induction of therapy-related leukemia. For patients who receive high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell support, the risk of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia appears to be substantially lower compared with that reported in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy. The transplantation procedure itself does not appear to add to the therapy-related leukemia risk. The risk-benefit analysis in patients with testicular cancer clearly favors the use of current treatment regimens including high-dose chemotherapy. However, even the acceptably low number of therapy-related leukemias should encourage the search for equally effective but less toxic therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Germany. cnkollma@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kollmannsberger
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kanz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bokemeyer
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D018237:Germinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents