title: Piracetam in the treatment of schizophrenia: implications for the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a growing interest in investigating the role of glutamate receptors in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Indeed, the hyperdopaminergic theory of schizophrenia can explain only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, whereas the glutamate hypothesis may provide a more comprehensive view of the illness. We undertook a trial to investigate whether the combination of haloperidol with piracetam, a nootropic agent which modulates the glutamate receptor positively was more effective than haloperidol alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients who met the DSM IV criteria for schizophrenia completed the study. Patients were allocated in a random fashion, 14 to haloperidol 30 mg/day plus piracetam 3200 mg/day and 16 to haloperidol 30 mg/day plus placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although both protocols significantly decreased the score of the positive symptoms, the negative symptoms, the general psychopathological symptoms and the total score of PANSS scale over the trial period, the combination of haloperidol and piracetam showed a significant superiority over haloperidol alone in the treatment of schizophrenic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Piracetam, a member of the nootropic class of drugs and a positive modulator of glutamate receptor, may be of therapeutic benefit in treating schizophrenic patients in combination with typical neuroleptics. However, a larger study to confirm our results is warranted
authors.affiliation: Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Noorbala
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akhondzadeh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davari-Ashtiani
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amini-Nooshabadi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010889:Piracetam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000502:physiology*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000502:physiology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010919:Placebos; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D006220:Haloperidol; D010889:Piracetam