title: Propofol hemisuccinate protects neuronal cells from oxidative injury.
abstract: Oxidative stress contributes to the neuronal death observed in neurodegenerative disorders and neurotrauma. Some antioxidants for CNS injuries, however, have yet to show mitigating effects in clinical trials, possibly due to the impermeability of antioxidants across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol), the active ingredient of a commonly used anesthetic, acts as an antioxidant, but it is insoluble in water. Therefore, we synthesized its water-soluble prodrug, propofol hemisuccinate sodium salt (PHS), and tested for its protective efficacy in neuronal death caused by non-receptor-mediated, oxidative glutamate toxicity. Glutamate induces apoptotic death in rat cortical neurons and the mouse hippocampal cell line HT-22 by blocking cystine uptake and causing the depletion of intracellular glutathione, resulting in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). PHS has minimal toxicity and protects both cortical neurons and HT-22 cells from glutamate. The mechanism of protection is attributable to the antioxidative property of PHS because PHS decreases the ROS accumulation caused by glutamate. Furthermore, PHS protects HT-22 cells from oxidative injury induced by homocysteic acid, buthionine sulfoximine, and hydrogen peroxide. For comparison, we also tested alpha-tocopherol succinate (TS) and methylprednisolone succinate (MPS) in the glutamate assay. Although TS is protective against glutamate at lower concentrations than PHS, TS is toxic to HT-22 cells. In contrast, MPS is nontoxic but also nonprotective against glutamate. Taken together, PHS, a water-soluble prodrug of propofol, is a candidate drug to treat CNS injuries owing to its antioxidative properties, low toxicity, and permeability across the BBB.
authors.affiliation: Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sagara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hendler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khoh-Reiter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gillenwater
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carlo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D024505:Tocopherols; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006710:Homocysteine; C007956:homocysteic acid; D014810:Vitamin E; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D024505:Tocopherols; D008775:Methylprednisolone; D015742:Propofol