title: Impact of cigarette smoking on the incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men: the Osaka Health Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of cigarette smoking on the incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in middle-aged Japanese men.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study enrolled 6250 men aged 35-60 years and free of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and hypertension at entry. Type 2 DM was defined by a fasting plasma glucose level > or =7.0 mmol/l or physician-diagnosed Type 2DM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred and fifty cases of Type 2 DM were confirmed during the 60904 person-years follow-up. After adjustment for multiple covariates, including age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, physical activity, parental history of diabetes and the level of fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and haematocrit, the relative risk of Type 2 DM among current smokers compared with non-smokers was 1.47 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14-1.92). Men who smoked >30 cigarettes/day had a multivariate-relative risk of 1.73 (95% CI 1.20-2.48) compared with non-smokers. The number of cigarettes smoked daily and the pack-year values were positively related to the development of Type 2 DM in a dose-dependent manner (P for trends = 0.0026 and 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A cigarette smoking habit is an independent risk factor for Type 2 DM.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uchimoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsumura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Suematsu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol