title: A comparison of different ways to approximate time-to-line crossing (TLC) during car driving.
abstract: Three experiments are presented in which the accuracy of different methods to approximate time-to-line crossing is assessed the first experiment TLC was computed, using a trigonometric method, during normal driving while the vehicle stayed in lane. The minima of TLC were compared with two approximations and it was found computing TLC as lateral distance divided by lateral velocity gave poor results. It was concluded that this simple approximation is not suitable for measuring TLC minima in studies of driver behaviour. A way of computing TLC that takes account of the curved path of the vehicle resulted in a good fit of TLC minima. In two other experiments the vehicle exceeded the lane boundary, either intentionally as a result of a lane change manoeuvre, or unintentionally as a result of impaired driving. In these cases no TLC minima exists since these only occur as a result of correcting steering actions to stay within the lane. In contrast to normal lane keeping, it was found that prior to crossing the lane boundary, the simple approximation resulted in more accurate estimation of available time before the lane boundary is exceeded compared to the more complex approximation. This indicates that for lane keeping support systems and systems that detect when the driver has fallen asleep and drifts out of lane, a simple algorithm for TLC estimation may give reliable results, while this algorithm is not accurate enough for more fundamental studies of driver behaviour. However, the reliability of the approximation is only satisfactory over a very short time range before the lane boundary is actual exceeded. This may result in warnings that come too late and result in too little time to respond for the driver.
authors.affiliation: TNO Human Factors Research Institute, Soesterberg, The Netherlands. vanwinsum@tm.tno.nl
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Winsum
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Brookhuis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Waard
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009426:Netherlands; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012894:Sleep Stages; D013997:Time Factors