title: Characterization and management of paraesophageal hernias in children after antireflux operation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the important factors in the development and subsequent treatment of postoperative paraesophageal hernia (PPEH).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was performed in 464 consecutive children (ages 3 days to 18 years) for PPEH after a primary antireflux operation performed at a Children's Hospital and University Hospital between 1985 and 1997. All operations included a crural repair, but the Nissen fundoplication was performed with (n = 162) and without (n = 70) plication of the esophagus to the crus at 3 points. Patients with and without PPEH were compared with respect to the type of antireflux operation, the patient's age at operation, and the preoperative and postoperative clinical courses. A preoperative corrected gastric emptying value was obtained from a radionuclide gastric emptying study in 289 patients. The treatment of PPEH also was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of PPEH in our patients was 4.5% (21 of 464). Although there was a lower incidence of PPEH in patients with crural plication compared with patients without crural plication during Nissen fundoplication (5 of 162, 3% v 7 of 70, 10%; P = .035), 2 patients with crural plication had a postoperative esophageal leak. Patients with PPEH had a significantly increased prevalence of gagging before the initial antireflux operation compared with patients without PPEH (3 of 21, 14.3% v 7 of 443, 1.6%; P = .007). A higher prevalence of slow corrected gastric emptying preoperatively also was seen in patients with PPEH compared with patients without PPEH (8 of 15, 53% v 79 of 274, 29%; P = .046). The prevalences of central nervous system disease, young age (<6 months) at initial operation, and a particular type of antireflux operation were not higher in patients with PPEH. Nine patients with a small PPEH treated by simple observation alone subsequently had resolution of symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who have gagging or slow corrected gastric emptying before an antireflux operation are at higher risk for a postoperative paraesophageal hernia. Patients with a small postoperative paraesophageal hernia can be treated nonoperatively. Crural plication of the esophagus during Nissen fundoplication reduces the occurrence of postoperative paraesophageal hernia, but also may result in significant morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Sunrise Hospital and Medical Center, University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Avansino
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hendrickson
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Jolley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000601:surgery*; D006551:Hernia, Hiatal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome