title: [Metabolic control in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus type I in Berne: a cross-sectional study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In diabetes mellitus type I, good glycaemic control is crucial in preventing long-term diabetic complications. The aim of this study was to determine the current level of metabolic control in children and adolescents in our diabetes outpatient clinic at the University Children's Hospital, Berne. Furthermore, the impact of different factors such as age, pubertal stage, sex, duration of diabetes and insulin regimen on glycaemic control was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional, prospective study 168 children and adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus (f:m = 87:81; prepubertal 48 [mean age 4.4 years, mean duration of diabetes 2.8 years]; pubertal 120 [mean age 9.4 years; mean duration of diabetes 5.2 years]) were studied for three months. Clinical data and HbA1c levels (latex immunoagglutination test) were recorded, statistically analysed and compared with the international literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our type I diabetic children and adolescents the overall HbA1c was 8.07 +/- 1.15% (mean +/- SD; test-specific norm for healthy subjects: 4.1-6.1%). Glycaemic control was significantly worse in the pubertal group compared to the prepubertal (HbA1c 8.22 +/- 1.25% vs. 7.81 +/- 0.87%; p < 0.01). In addition, we found better metabolic control in patients with duration of diabetes below 2 years in children and adolescents (HbA1c prepubertal < 2 years: 7.45 +/- 0.67% vs. > 2 years: 8.05 +/- 0.93%, p < 0.05; pubertal < 2 years: 7.62 +/- 0.75% vs. > 2 years: 8.31 +/- 1.29%, p < 0.005). Importantly, sex and insulin regimen did not significantly influence glycaemic control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current level of metabolic control in our children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus type I is comparable to the glycaemic control of the intensively treated adolescent group of the DCCT-study, in whom decreased risk of long-term diabetic complications was found. In contrast, our patients were intensively treated in terms of frequent contacts with the diabetes team, but were not necessarily on an intensified insulin regimen. The impact of biopsychosocial support from multidisciplinary diabetes team on good metabolic control in children and adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus and their families seems to be very important.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Pädiatrische Diabetologie und Endokrinologie, Universitäts-Kinderklinik, Inselspital, Bern.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Flück
authors.forename: B V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Kuhlmann
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Mullis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011627:Puberty
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin
vernacular_title: Stoffwechselkontrolle bei Berner Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes mellitus Typ I: eine Querschnittstudie.