title: Neuro-hormonal control of bone metabolism: vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates alkaline phosphatase activity and mRNA expression in mouse calvarial osteoblasts as well as calcium accumulation mineralized bone nodules.
abstract: Based upon the immunohistochemical demonstration of neuropeptides in the skeleton, including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), we have addressed the question of whether neuropeptides may exert regulatory roles on bone tissue metabolism or not. In the present communication, we have investigated if VIP can affect anabolic processes in osteoblasts. Osteoblasts were isolated from neonatal mouse calvariae by time sequential enzyme-digestion and subsequently cultured for 2-28 days in the presence of VIP and other modulators of cyclic AMP formation. VIP (10(-6) M) stimulated ALP activity and calcium content. The cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors ZK 62 711 (10(-4) M) and isobutyl-methylxanthine (10(-4) M) stimulated ALP activity and synergistically potentiated the effect of VIP. Neither VIP, nor isobutyl-methylxanthine or ZK 62 711, in the absence or presence of VIP, affected cell number. The stimulatory effect of VIP on ALP activity, in the presence of ZK 62 711, was dependent on time and concentration of VIP. The stimulatory effects of VIP and ZK 62 711 on ALP activity was seen also in cells stained for ALP. VIP (10(-6) M), in the presence of ZK 62 711 (10(-6) M), significantly enhanced mRNA for tissue non-specific ALP. VIP (10(-6) M), in the presence of ZK 62 711, stimulated cyclic AMP production. Forskolin and choleratoxin stimulated ALP activity and cyclic AMP formation in a concentration-dependent manner, without affecting cell number. VIP (10(-6) M) and ZK 62 711 (10(-5) M) stimulated, and their combination synergistically enhanced, calcium content in bone noduli. These data show that VIP, without affecting cell proliferation, can stimulate osteoblastic ALP biosynthesis and bone noduli formation by a mechanism mediated by cyclic AMP. Our observations suggest a possibility that anabolic processes in bone are under neurohormonal control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Cell Biology, Umeå University, Sweden. Pernilla.Lundberg@oralbio.umu.se
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lundberg
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Boström
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mukohyama
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bjurholm
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smans
authors.forename: U H
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Lerner
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002118:Calcium; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D005576:Colforsin / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012886:Skull / Q000166:cytology; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005576:Colforsin; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium