title: Straddling tricuspid valve as a sign of ventriculoatrial malalignment: A morphometric study of 19 postmortem cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Straddling tricuspid valve, despite extensive investigation, remains an incompletely understood form of complex congenital heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A morphometric study of 19 postmortem cases of straddling tricuspid valve was performed, and the results were compared with 32 normal control heart specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In straddling tricuspid valve, marked malalignment of the ventricles was always found relative to the atria. The angle between the ventricular septum and the atrial septum in the short-axis projection averaged 61 degrees +/- 24 degrees, the normal ventriculoatrial septal angle averaging 5 degrees +/- 2 degrees (P <. 001). The right ventricular sinus (inflow tract) was significantly smaller than the left (P <.01). A ventricular septal defect was present in 79%: atrioventricular canal type in 42%, atrioventricular canal type confluent with a conoventricular defect in 26%, and a conoventricular defect in 11%. When the straddling tricuspid valve adhered to the crest of the muscular ventricular septum (n = 4 cases, 21%), the 2 salient findings were (1) an intact ventricular septum and (2) double-outlet right atrium. The nonstraddling part of the tricuspid valve opened into the small right ventricle. The straddling part of the tricuspid valve opened into the larger left ventricle. The mitral valve also opened into the left ventricle. Hence hearts with double-outlet right atrium had 3 atrioventricular valves. Congenital mitral stenosis was present in 26% of this series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Straddling tricuspid valve was always characterized by marked ventriculoatrial malalignment, indicated by an abnormally large ventriculoatrial septal angle, best seen in the short-axis projection.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology and Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pessotto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Padalino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubino
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadoba
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Büchler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Praagh
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000473:pathology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology