title: Feedback inhibition of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) activity by extracellular signal-regulated kinases.
abstract: G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)-mediated receptor phosphorylation and beta-arrestin binding uncouple G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) from their respective G proteins and initiates the process of receptor internalization. In the case of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor and lysophosphatidic acid receptor, these processes can lead to ERK activation. Here we identify a novel mechanism whereby the activity of GRK2 is regulated by feedback inhibition. GRK2 is demonstrated to be a phosphoprotein in cells. Mass spectrometry and mutational analysis localize the site of phosphorylation on GRK2 to a carboxyl-terminal serine residue (Ser(670)). Phosphorylation at Ser(670) impairs the ability of GRK2 to phosphorylate both soluble and membrane-incorporated receptor substrates and dramatically attenuates Gbetagamma-mediated activation of this enzyme. Ser(670) is located in a peptide sequence that conforms to an ERK consensus phosphorylation sequence, and in vitro, in the presence of heparin, ERK1 phosphorylates GRK2. Inhibition of ERK activity in HEK293 cells potentiates GRK2 activity, whereas, conversely, ERK activation inhibits GRK2 activity. The discovery that ERK phosphorylates and inactivates GRK2 suggests that ERK participates in a feedback regulatory loop. By negatively regulating GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation, beta-arrestin-mediated processes such as Src recruitment and clathrin-mediated internalization, which are required for GPCR-mediated ERK activation, are inhibited, thus dampening further ERK activation.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pitcher
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Tesmer
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Capel
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lefkowitz
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002845:Chromatography; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D048728:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000502:physiology*; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000378:metabolism; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051552:beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases
chemical_list: D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012694:Serine; D012243:Rhodopsin; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D051552:beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048728:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; C482576:MAP3K1 protein, human; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins