title: Retinoic acid stimulates plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 production by blood mononuclear cells and inhibits urokinase-induced extracellular proteolysis.
abstract: Retinoids have been shown to modulate several functions of mononuclear phagocytes. We investigated the in vitro effect of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) on the production of two major fibrinolytic components, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and PA inhibitor 2 (PAI-2), by human blood mononuclear cells (MNC). ATRA caused a dose-dependent (range 0.01-10 microM) accumulation of PAI-2 antigen and activity into the cell culture medium, with a maximal increase (about 5-fold over control) at a concentration of 1-10 microM. Similarly, a dose-dependent increase in PAI-2 antigen was observed in cell extracts upon ATRA stimulation. Northern blot analysis showed a parallel increase in the amount of PAI-2 mRNA in ATRA-treated cells. Time-course experiments with 1 microM ATRA showed enhanced PAI-2 mRNA expression as early as 2 h, reaching a maximum at 4-6 h and then declining at 18-24 h, and a time-dependent increase in PAI-2 antigen in the cell culture medium. At variance with PAI-2, u-PA was not influenced by the drug. To establish whether ATRA-induced changes influenced the fibrinolytic process, we evaluated the effect of MNC stimulated with ATRA on u-PA-induced degradation of diluted plasma clots. ATRA-treated cells markedly inhibited clot lysis induced by low concentrations of u-PA. The effect was due to enhanced extracellular PAI-2 accumulation since it was observed with conditioned medium from ATRA-treated cells; it was abolished by the addition of neutralizing anti-PAI-2 antibodies and was negligible when single-chain t-PA was used instead of u-PA. Since monocyte/macrophage-mediated, plasminogen-dependent extracellular proteolysis has been proposed as an important mechanism of tissue damage in several inflammatory states, our findings might contribute to better explain the anti-inflammatory properties of retinoids.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Sezione di Patologia Generale, Università di Bari, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montemurro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barbuti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conese
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gabriele
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colucci
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Semeraro
mesh_terms: D015152:Blotting, Northern; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D017396:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013997:Time Factors; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D017396:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2; D014212:Tretinoin; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator