title: Analysis of nicotine, 3-hydroxycotinine, cotinine, and caffeine in urine of passive smokers by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A method is described for the simultaneous analysis of nicotine and two of its major metabolites, cotinine and 3-hydroxycotinine, as well as for caffeine from urine samples. The method was developed to assess exposure of restaurant and hotel workers to environmental tobacco smoke.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method includes sample pretreatment and reversed-phase HPLC separation with tandem mass spectrometric identification and quantification using electrospray ionization on a quadrupole ion trap mass analyzer. Sample pretreatment followed standard protocols, including addition of base before liquid-liquid partitioning against dichloromethane on a solid matrix, evaporation of the organic solvent using gaseous nitrogen, and transferring to HPLC vials using HPLC buffer. HPLC separation was run on-line with the electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The detection limits of the procedure were in the 1 microg/L range, except for nicotine (10 microg/L of urine). Still lower detection limits can be achieved with larger sample volumes. Recoveries of the sample treatment varied from 99% (cotinine) to 78% (3-hydroxycotinine).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method described is straightforward and not labor-intensive and, therefore, permits a high throughput of samples with excellent prospects for automation. The applicability of the method was demonstrated in a small-scale study on restaurant employees.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Indoor Air & Environment Program of the FIOH, Uusimaa Regional Institute, Arinatie 3A, 00370 Helsinki, Finland. tapani.tuomi@occuphealth.fi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuomi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johnsson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reijula
mesh_terms: D002110:Caffeine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D005387:Finland; D019649:Food Industry; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009538:Nicotine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C001381:hydroxycotinine; D002110:Caffeine; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine