title: Measuring instructional quality in community-orientated medical education: looking into the black box.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Decentralizing medical education to community settings has raised issues of instructional quality. The need to evaluate community-based instruction accents the need to adopt a systems perspective, moving beyond factors known to comprise general clinical teaching effectiveness to include factors that focus on instruction as a process. Application of evaluation models using traditional input-output analysis can be flawed. This approach--dubbed the 'black box'--typically examines inputs and outputs, but often ignores throughputs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this article we open the black box, using theory to examine the underlying processes that define community-based medical education. We first describe the components and processes of an instructional model that is framed by the philosophy of quality and grounded in experiential learning theory. Without examining the critical processes at work inside the black box - i.e. how students come to acquire clinical knowledge and how behaviours are influenced - it is difficult to assess which programme features contribute to success. Tensions created by the absence of consensus on the outcomes of instruction and the challenge of developing adequate measures are highlighted.
  
  
  METHODS
  State University of New York at Buffalo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinician-teachers, learners and patients in the environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude with describing a tool for evaluating community-based instruction that is guided by the context of our model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Erie County Medical Center, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, CC Building Room 166, 462 Grider Street, Buffalo, New York 14215, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shipengrover
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D003154:Community Medicine / Q000193:education*; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005194:Family Practice / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D017145:Models, Educational; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care