title: Gender differences in subjective distress attributable to anticipation of combat among U.S. Army soldiers deployed to the Persian Gulf during Operation Desert Storm.
abstract: This study compares perceptions of stress, cohesion, and psychological well-being among 856 male soldiers and 169 female soldiers from combat support and combat service support units deployed to the Persian Gulf during Operation Desert Storm. Three different types of stressors were measured: anticipation of combat, operational stress, and personal stress. Female soldiers scored higher than male soldiers on all three measures of stress but scored lower than males on horizontal and vertical cohesion. In a stepwise discriminant function analysis, anticipation of combat was the most significant discriminator between the genders, followed by horizontal cohesion. Anticipation of combat was a significant predictor of increased psychological symptoms for both genders, but it had a greater effect on the psychological symptoms of female soldiers compared with male soldiers.
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Washington, DC 20307-5100, USA.
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marlowe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bartone
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gifford
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008877:Middle East; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014857:Warfare