title: Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease in children: otolaryngologic manifestations and management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection after solid organ and bone marrow transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a retrospective analysis of cases with a diagnosis of PTLD at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients were identified. Seven of 10 cases (70%) were associated with bone marrow transplantation and 3 with solid organ transplantation. Three patients (30%) died of PTLD. The average time to development of PTLD after transplantation was 120 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Otolaryngologic symptoms and findings are often the first manifestations of PTLD. Associated findings in this series included tonsillar necrosis, tonsillitis, airway obstruction, lymphadenitis, sinusitis, and otitis media. Diagnosis generally requires pathologic evaluation of tonsillar or adenoid tissue. Surgical intervention may also be important for relief of airway obstruction when present. Prompt recognition, diagnosis, and intervention with reduction in immunosuppression and antiviral therapy are essential to reduce the mortality of PTLD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53201, USA.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Posey
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kerschner
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Conley
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome