title: Penetrating eye injury in war.
abstract: The percentage of penetrating eye injuries in war has increased significantly in this century compared with the total number of combat injuries. With the increasing use of fragmentation weapons and possibly laser weapons on the battle-field in the future, the rate of eye injuries may exceed the 13% of the total military injuries found in Operations Desert Storm/Shield. During the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), eye injuries revealed that retained foreign bodies and posterior segment injuries have an improved prognosis in future military ophthalmic surgery as a result of modern diagnostic and treatment modalities. Compared with the increasing penetrating eye injuries on the battlefield, advances in ophthalmic surgery are insignificant. Eye armor, such as visors that flip up and down and protect the eyes from laser injury, needs to be developed. Similar eye protection is being developed in civilian sportswear. Penetrating eye injury in the civilian sector is becoming much closer to the military model and is now comparable for several reasons.
authors.affiliation: Anesthesia Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Biehl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valdez
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Hemady
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Steidl
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bourke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D015807:Eye Injuries, Penetrating / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005135:Eye Protective Devices; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008877:Middle East; D008889:Military Personnel; D014481:United States; D014857:Warfare