title: Neural correlates of eye tracking deficits in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients: a positron emission tomography study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schizophrenia is thought to arise from the interaction of genetically mediated and environmentally triggered abnormalities in brain function. Reduced frontal activation, reported in schizophrenic patients, may be one expression of genetic risk. The present study investigated whether frontal activation in relatives of schizophrenic patients would be related to eye tracking deficits (ETD), which are considered a behavioral marker of risk for schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients (n = 17) and controls (n = 11). Relatives were divided into those with normal and abnormal pursuit based on qualitative ratings. Subjects were scanned using positron emission tomography and the H(2)15O bolus subtraction technique while performing smooth pursuit and fixation. Brain areas more active in pursuit than fixation were identified in the 3 groups. Correlations were used to investigate the relationship between activation of pursuit regions and pursuit gain in the relatives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controls significantly activated frontal eye fields (FEFs) and posterior areas, including the motion processing area, V5, and cuneus. The 2 groups of relatives activated the same posterior regions as controls, but differed from each other in activation of FEFs. Relatives with normal tracking activated right dorsal FEFs while relatives with ETD did not. Individual subtractions revealed that 90% of controls and 100% of the relatives with normal tracking activated FEFs during pursuit compared with 42% of relatives with ETD (P = .009). Pursuit gain was significantly and selectively associated with percent activation of right dorsal FEFs (r = 0.74).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subtle frontal dysfunction seems to be a pathophysiological substrate of ETD in relatives of schizophrenic patients, and may be one aspect of genetically mediated differences in brain function relevant to schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: O'Driscoll
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benkelfat
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Florencio
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Joober
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D005133:Eye Movements / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005190:Family; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D011698:Pursuit, Smooth / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D014867:Water