title: Diacyl glyceryl ester prodrugs for slow release in the skin: synthesis and in vitro degradation and absorption studies for naproxen derivatives.
abstract: Diacyl glyceryl ester derivatives of naproxen were synthesized and tested for transdermal and dermal administration. Diacyl derivatives of aliphatic acids of various chain length were compared. The pharmaceutical properties of these compounds, such as lipophilicity, hydrolysis in a buffer solution at various pH values and degradation in human serum and hairless mouse skin homogenate, were investigated. All the diacyl derivatives were relatively stable in a neutral buffer solution, but were rapidly degraded to release naproxen in human serum and hairless mouse skin homogenate. The diacyl compounds could not penetrate hairless mouse skin in vitro. However, significant absorption into the skin could be measured, and this increased with increasing lipophilicity. A more than 100-fold difference in absorption was observed. The prodrugs were slowly hydrolyzed to naproxen inside the skin. The release of naproxen to the receptor compartment of diffusion cells showed that this type of prodrug could be used for controlled drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thorsteinsson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Másson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loftsson
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Haraldsson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stefánsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002021:Buffers; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009288:Naproxen / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002021:Buffers; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004075:Diglycerides; D011355:Prodrugs; D009288:Naproxen