title: Ventilatory and heart rate responses to exercise : better predictors of heart failure mortality than peak oxygen consumption.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An abnormally low chronotropic response and an abnormally high ventilatory response (V(E)/V(CO2)) to exercise are common in patients with severe heart failure, but their relative prognostic impacts have not been well explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consecutive patients with heart failure referred for metabolic stress testing who were not taking beta-blockers or intravenous inotropes (n=470) were followed for 1.5 years. The chronotropic index was calculated while peak V(O2) and V(E)/V(CO2) were directly measured. Chronotropic index and peak V(O2) were considered abnormal if in the lowest 25th percentiles of the patient cohort, whereas V(E)/V(CO2) was considered abnormal if in the highest 25th percentile. For comparative purposes, a group of 17 healthy controls underwent metabolic testing as well. Compared with controls, heart failure patients had markedly abnormal ventilatory and chronotropic responses to exercise. In the heart failure cohort, there were 71 deaths. In univariate analyses, predictors of death included high V(E)/V(CO2) low chronotropic index, low V(O2), low resting systolic blood pressure, and older age. Nonparametric Kaplan-Meier plots demonstrated that by dividing the population according to peak V(E)/V(CO2) and peak V(O2), it is possible to identify low, intermediate, and very high risk groups. In multivariate analyses, the only independent predictors of death were high V(E)/V(CO2) (adjusted relative risk [RR] 3.20, 95% CI 1.95 to 5.26, P<0.0001) and low chronotropic index (adjusted RR 1.94, 95% CI 1.18 to 3.19, P=0.0009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ventilatory and chronotropic responses to exercise are powerful and independent predictors of heart failure mortality.
authors.affiliation: George M. and Linda Kaufman Center for Heart Failure, Desk F25, Department of Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Pashkow
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Snader
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoercher
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lauer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012119:Respiration; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen