title: Characterization of PaxA and its operon: a cohemolytic RTX toxin determinant from pathogenic Pasteurella aerogenes.
abstract: Pasteurella aerogenes is known as a commensal bacterium or as an opportunistic pathogen, as well as a primary pathogen found to be involved in abortion cases of humans, swine, and other mammals. Using broad-range DNA probes for bacterial RTX toxin genes, we cloned and subsequently sequenced a new operon named paxCABD encoding the RTX toxin PaxA in P. aerogenes. The pax operon is organized analogous to the classical RTX operons containing the activator gene paxC upstream of the structural toxin gene paxA, which is followed by the secretion protein genes paxB and paxD. The highest sequence similarity of paxA with known RTX toxin genes is found with apxIIIA (82%). PaxA is structurally similar to ApxIIIA and also shows functional analogy to ApxIIIA, since it shows cohemolytic activity with the sphingomyelinase of Staphylococcus aureus, known as the CAMP effect, but is devoid of direct hemolytic activity. In addition, it shows to some extent immunological cross-reactions with ApxIIIA. P. aerogenes isolated from various specimens showed that the pax operon was present in about one-third of the strains. All of the pax-positive strains were specifically related to swine abortion cases or septicemia of newborn piglets. These strains were also shown to produce the PaxA toxin as determined by the CAMP phenomenon, whereas none of the pax-negative strains did. This indicated that the PaxA toxin is involved in the pathogenic potential of P. aerogenes. The examined P. aerogenes isolates were phylogenetically analyzed by 16S rRNA gene (rrs) sequencing in order to confirm their species. Only a small heterogeneity (<0.5%) was observed between the rrs genes of the strains originating from geographically distant farms and isolated at different times.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. peter.kuhnert@vbi.unibe.ch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuhnert
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heyberger-Meyer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicolet
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frey
mesh_terms: D000034:Abortion, Veterinary / Q000382:microbiology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009876:Operon; D010325:Pasteurella / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D018805:Sepsis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C402669:PaxA protein, Pasteurella aerogenes; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S