title: Direct versus indirect signs of traumatic aortic injury revealed by helical CT: performance characteristics and interobserver agreement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative value of and interobserver agreement on direct versus indirect (hematoma) signs of traumatic aortic injury using helical CT.
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 1994 through January 1997, 40 patients who were suspected to have traumatic aortic injury and who underwent contrast-enhanced helical CT had subsequent proof or exclusion of aortic injury. All available CT scans of these patients were combined with CT scans of 13 randomly chosen patients that had been initially interpreted as negative, and clinical follow-up showed no evidence of aortic injury. Two emergency radiologists and a nonemergency radiologist who were unaware of clinical outcome performed independent review of these cases to evaluate for mediastinal hematoma, periaortic hematoma, and direct signs of aortic injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Direct signs of injury were seen on helical CT by both emergency radiologists in all 17 cases of aortic injury with no false-positive interpretations. The nonemergency radiologist failed to observe subtle direct signs in two cases of aortic injury, but patient management would not have been adversely affected. All observers had more false-negative interpretations for both mediastinal hematoma and periaortic hematoma than for direct signs. Interobserver agreement was higher for direct signs (kappa = .93) than for either mediastinal hematoma (kappa = .65) or periaortic hematoma (kappa = .71).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, helical CT revealed direct signs of traumatic aortic injury that were more accurate and more often observed than were indirect signs. Emphasis on direct signs should improve confidence in using helical CT to evaluate traumatic aortic injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nuñez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001011:Aorta / Q000293:injuries*; D001027:Aortography; D003287:Contrast Media; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008482:Mediastinum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media