title: Increase in congenital rubella occurrence after immunisation in Greece: retrospective survey and systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the events leading to the epidemic of congenital rubella syndrome in Greece in 1993 after a major rubella epidemic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective survey and systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Greece (population 10 million), 1950-95.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children, adolescents, and women of childbearing age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Around 1975 in Greece the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine started being given to boys and girls aged 1 year without policies to attain high vaccination coverage and to protect adolescents and young women. During the 1980s, vaccination coverage for rubella remained consistently below 50%, and the proportion of pregnant women susceptible to rubella gradually increased. In 1993 the incidence of rubella in young adults was higher than in any previous epidemic year. The epidemic of congenital rubella that followed, with 25 serologically confirmed cases (24.6 per 100 000 live births), was probably the largest such epidemic in Greece after 1950.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With low vaccination coverage, the immunisation of boys and girls aged 1 year against rubella carries the theoretical risk of increasing the occurrence of congenital rubella. This phenomenon, which has not been previously reported, occurred in Greece.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Paediatrics, Institute of Child Health, Agia Sophia Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece. tpan@ath.forthnet.gr
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Panagiotopoulos
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Antoniadou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valassi-Adam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000009:adverse effects; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; D009108:Mumps Vaccine / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012410:Rubella Syndrome, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012411:Rubella Vaccine / Q000009:adverse effects; D017778:Vaccines, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D008458:Measles Vaccine; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; D009108:Mumps Vaccine; D012411:Rubella Vaccine; D017778:Vaccines, Combined