title: Neisseria gonorrhea infections in girls younger than 12 years of age evaluated for vaginitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the prevalence of gonorrhea in girls <12 years of age who presented with vaginitis and in whom sexual abuse was not suspected.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, consecutive patient series was performed in a pediatric emergency department with 90 000 visits per year and in 2 affiliated pediatric continuity clinics. All girls (Tanner I or II) between the ages of 12 months and 12 years, presenting with a chief complaint of vaginal discharge, burning, pain, or itching, were enrolled (n = 93). Patients were excluded (n = 6) if there was a history of sexual abuse. The presence or absence of vaginal discharge, vaginal erythema, or trauma was recorded. Physicians were instructed to collect cultures for Neisseria gonorrhea (GC), Chlamydia trachomatis, and bacteria/yeast. Wet prep, urinalysis, urine culture, serum rapid plasma reagin, and fungal culture were obtained at the physician's discretion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the girls, 43 had a vaginal discharge on examination. Of these girls, 4 (9%) had GC, 9 (26%) had group A, B, or F streptococcus and 1 had Staphylococcus aureus. Of the girls, 44 had no discharge on examination. In this group, 3 had streptococcus infection and 2 had Candida albicans. Both children with C albicans had been treated recently with systemic antibiotics. Those girls with a vaginal discharge on examination had a microbial etiology significantly more often than did those without discharge. All of the girls with infection were Tanner I on genital examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of unsuspected GC infection was high and emphasizes the importance of culturing Tanner I girls for GC when they have a vaginal discharge along with routine bacterial cultures. Testing and/or treating for C albicans should be considered when there has been recent antibiotic use. Girls with vaginal complaints but without vaginal discharge may have a bacterial infection, but such diagnoses occur less frequently than with girls who have a discharge.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. robert.shapiro@chmcc.org
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Siegel
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D002181:Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D019522:Vaginal Discharge / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014627:Vaginitis / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents