title: Biochemical and molecular genetic characteristics of the severe form of tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Recently, mutations were identified in cases of autosomal recessive dopa-responsive dystonia and infantile parkinsonism. We describe a patient with severe symptoms and a new missense mutation in TH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant metabolites in urine and cerebrospinal fluid were measured by HPLC with fluorometric and electrochemical detection. All exons of the TH gene were amplified by PCR and subjected to single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Amplimers displaying aberrant migration patterns were analyzed by DNA sequence analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient presented with severe axial hypotonia, hypokinesia, reduced facial mimicry, ptosis, and oculogyric crises from infancy. The major metabolite of dopamine, homovanillic acid, was undetectable in the patient's cerebrospinal fluid. A low dose of L-dopa produced substantial biochemical but limited clinical improvement. DNA sequencing revealed a homozygous 1076G-->T missense mutation in exon 10 of the TH gene. The mutation was confirmed with restriction enzyme analysis. It was not present in 100 control alleles. Secondary structure prediction based on Chou-Fasman calculations showed an abnormal secondary structure of the mutant protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe a new missense mutation (1076G-->T, C359F) in the TH gene. The transversion is present in all known splice variants of the enzyme. It produces more severe clinical and biochemical manifestations than previously described in TH-deficient cases. Our findings extend the clinical and the biochemical phenotype of genetically demonstrated TH deficiency.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital, Department of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Diseases, D-35037 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bräutigam
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Steenbergen-Spanjers
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dionisi-Vici
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smeitink
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wevers
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003241:Consanguinity; D006801:Humans; D018476:Hypokinesia / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000652:urine; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase