title: Considerations for osmolality measurement under elevated pCO(2): comparison of vapor pressure and freezing point osmometry.
abstract: Osmolality increases with pCO(2) in bioreactors with pH control, and it has been shown that osmolality compensation by decreasing the basal NaCl concentration partially mitigates the adverse effects of elevated pCO(2) on animal cell growth, protein production, and glycosylation. Thus, measurement of osmolality is important for a complete characterization of the culture environment under elevated pCO(2). However, osmolality measurement may be compromised by CO(2) evolution. Freezing point depression and vapor pressure depression osmometry were directly compared for the measurement of osmolality in samples at elevated pCO(2) (up to 250 mmHg) and at a variety of pH values (6.7-7.5). More extensive degassing may be expected with the vapor pressure osmometer due to the smaller sample volume and larger surface area employed. However, both types of osmometer yielded similar results for all pCO(2) and pH values studied. Moreover, the measured values agreed with osmolality values calculated using a semi-empirical model. Further analysis showed that, while sample degassing may result in a large decrease in pCO(2), there is little associated decrease in osmolality. The great majority of total CO(2) in solution is present as bicarbonate (HCO(3)(-)). Although a small amount of HCO(3)(-) is converted to CO(2) to compensate for CO(2) evolution, further depletion of HCO(3)(-) is inhibited by the associated increase in medium pH and by the need for HCO(3)(-) to maintain charge neutrality in solution. This explanation is consistent with the observed similarity in osmolality values for the two types of osmometer. It was also observed that osmolality did not change in samples that were frozen at -20 degrees C for up to 1 year.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Schmelzer
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: deZengotita
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019149:Bioreactors; D016466:CHO Cells; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006224:Cricetinae; D003470:Culture Media; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D005615:Freezing; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011312:Pressure; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D011506:Proteins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide