title: Non-small cell lung cancer: prognostic factors in patients treated with surgery and postoperative radiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine survival outcomes, to identify adverse prognostic factors for relapse, and to compare American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) staging systems in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with surgery and postoperative radiation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1980 and 1995, 211 patients with NSCLC underwent surgery and postoperative radiation therapy. Surgery consisted of wedge resection (12.5%), lobectomy (67.8%), or pneumonectomy (19.7%). Pathologic stages (1992 AJCC) included I (n = 22), II (n = 70), IIIA (n = 104), and IIIB (n = 12). Indications for radiation therapy included compromised margins (n = 81) and/or positive mediastinal nodes (n = 55). Prognostic factors were identified by using univariate and multivariate models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 3-year survival for patients with stage I, II, and IIIA cancer was 58.9%, 44.1%, and 43.2%, respectively. Older age (P = .008), male sex (P = .021), large primary tumor (P = .004), and multiple positive mediastinal nodes (P = .046) were associated with worse rates of survival. Actuarial risk of local-regional relapse (36 patients) was 21.4% at 3 years. In a multivariate model, use of wedge resection (P = .001), positive margins (P = .010), and larger pathologic tumor (P = .059) were risk factors for local-regional recurrence. Actuarial rate of distant failure was 55.2% at 3 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local-regional control can be achieved with surgery and radiation therapy in approximately 80% of patients; however, the rate of distant metastasis remains unacceptably high. Other variables, such as multiple positive nodes, may serve to identify patients at higher risk for relapse and poorer survival. Methods for improving treatment outcomes in these patients should be pursued.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Machtay
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Friedberg
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: McKenna
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate