title: Effects of monitoring condition and frequency-altered feedback on stuttering frequency.
abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine stuttering frequency during speaking conditions that are believed to mitigate stuttering frequency both with normal nonaltered auditory feedback (NAF) and a known fluency-enhancing feedback. Specifically, stuttering frequency was examined as a function of three monitoring conditions under NAF and frequency-altered feedback (FAF): no monitoring (i.e., speaking alone, in the absence of audio and visual recording), audiovisual monitoring (i.e., speaking alone with audiovisual recording), and audiovisual monitoring with observers (i.e., speaking with audiovisual recording in the presence of two observers). Seven adults and one adolescent who stutter served as participants. Stuttering frequency was differentially affected across monitoring conditions under each auditory feedback condition (p = .027). Post hoc analyses revealed no significant difference in stuttering frequency between the two conditions in the absence of the observers (i.e., no monitoring vs. audiovisual monitoring) under NAF (p = .45). There was, however, a significant difference in stuttering frequency for the no-monitoring and audiovisual-monitoring conditions relative to the audiovisual-monitoring-with-observers condition (p = .0002). There was no statistically significant difference in stuttering frequency across monitoring conditions under FAF (p > .05). The findings are consistent with the notion that during NAF stuttering frequency varies as a function of hierarchical socio-environmental conditions in which inanimate monitoring conditions constitute one entity. Such a relationship does not exist during FAF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858-4353, USA. kalinowskij@mail.ecu.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kalinowski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wamsley
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Rastatter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004777:Environment; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010507:Periodicity; D011897:Random Allocation; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D013342:Stuttering / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy