Lack of association between acquisition of TT virus and risk behavior for HIV and HCV infection in Vietnam.
BACKGROUND
The search for the cause of chronic hepatitis among individuals with non-A to G hepatitis has led to the discovery of a post-transfusion hepatitis-related DNA virus, designated TT virus (TTV), which, based on viral sequences, belongs to a new virus family. The principal modes of infection with TTV are poorly understood, and its role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is unclear.


OBJECTIVE
To determine if injection drug use (IDU) and high-risk heterosexual activity (HRHA), principal modes of acquiring HIV-1 infection, place individuals at greater risk of acquiring TTV.


METHODS
The authors analyzed DNA, extracted from sera or filter paper-blotted whole blood, obtained during August 1997 and June 1998 from 324 Vietnamese (148 male; 176 female), for TTV sequences by hot-start, heminested polymerase chain reaction.


RESULTS
Prevalence of TTV viremia was similar among individuals engaging in IDU or HRHA (23.4% vs. 20.2%; P > 0.5), with no age- or gender-specific differences. No association was found between TTV viremia and co-infection with HIV-1 or hepatitis C virus (HCV). Phylogenetic analysis of 30 TTV sequences revealed two distinct genotypes and four subtypes that did not segregate according to gender, HIV-1 and HCV risk behaviors, or geographic residence.


CONCLUSIONS
Among HIV-1- or HCV-infected Vietnamese, who presumably acquired their infection by either the parenteral or nonparenteral route, the data indicate no clear association between acquisition of TTV infection and risk behavior for HIV-1 or HCV infection, suggesting that the usual route of TTV transmission in Vietnam is other than parenteral or sexual.
Nerurkar
V R
VR
Retrovirology Research Laboratory, Pacific Biomedical Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96816, USA. nerurkar@hawaii.edu
Woodward
C L
CL
Nguyen
H T
HT
DeWolfe Miller
F
F
Tashima
L T
LT
Zalles-Ganley
A
A
Chua
P K
PK
Peterson
J E
JE
Chi
P K
PK
Hoang
L T
LT
Detels
R
R
Yanagihara
R
R
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D004267:DNA Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D006518:Hepatitis Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology; D014766:Viremia / Q000821:virology
D004279:DNA, Viral