title: A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.
abstract: A meta-analysis of 128 studies examined the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. As predicted, engagement-contingent, completion-contingent, and performance-contingent rewards significantly undermined free-choice intrinsic motivation (d = -0.40, -0.36, and -0.28, respectively), as did all rewards, all tangible rewards, and all expected rewards. Engagement-contingent and completion-contingent rewards also significantly undermined self-reported interest (d = -0.15, and -0.17), as did all tangible rewards and all expected rewards. Positive feedback enhanced both free-choice behavior (d = 0.33) and self-reported interest (d = 0.31). Tangible rewards tended to be more detrimental for children than college students, and verbal rewards tended to be less enhancing for children than college students. The authors review 4 previous meta-analyses of this literature and detail how this study's methods, analyses, and results differed from the previous ones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, New York 14627, USA. deci@psych.rochester.edu
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Deci
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koestner
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D009042:Motivation; D012201:Reward