title: Green tea protects against psoralen plus ultraviolet A-induced photochemical damage to skin.
abstract: The use of psoralens combined with exposure to ultraviolet A radiation is a major form of treatment for psoriasis and a number of other common skin diseases. Although psoralen plus ultraviolet A treatment is highly effective, careful follow-up cohort studies have shown that it greatly increases risk for the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. Strategies to reduce the risk of cancer development in psoralen plus ultraviolet A-treated populations are highly desirable. In prior studies, we demonstrated that green tea and constituent polyphenols protect against ultraviolet B-induced carcinogenesis and reduce the growth rate of established tumors in skin. In this study, we show that pre- and post-treatment with standardized green tea extract in psoralen plus ultraviolet A treatment populations abrogates the psoralen plus ultraviolet A-induced photochemical damage to skin. Intact mouse and human skin and reconstituted human skin were employed to assess the effect of both topical and oral administration of standardized green tea extract against psoralen plus ultraviolet A-induced photodamage. Oral administration of standardized green tea extract prior to and during multiple psoralen plus ultraviolet A treatments reduced hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis in murine skin. Standardized green tea extract treatment also inhibited accumulation of c-fos and p53 protein induction following a single exposure to psoralen plus ultraviolet A. c-fos and p53 positive cells in psoralen plus ultraviolet A-treated skin were found to be increased by 55.4 +/- 13. 6% and 62.3 +/- 10.5%, respectively, compared with saline-treated unexposed control skin. Oral administration of 0.4 or 0.8% standardized green tea extract inhibited c-fos protein accumulation by 18.5% and 46.2% (p < 0.05), respectively, and p53 protein accumulation by 26.1% and 54.3% (p < 0.05), respectively. Similarly proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining, a marker of cell proliferation was induced (73.7%) in psoralen plus ultraviolet A-treated skin. Oral administration of 0.4% or 0.8% standardized green tea extract 1 d after psoralen plus ultraviolet A treatment was effective in reducing psoralen plus ultraviolet A-induced inflammatory responses including erythema and edema formation. When standardized green tea extract was applied to EpiDerm, a reconstituted human skin equivalent, psoralen plus ultraviolet A-induced 8-methoxypsoralen-DNA adduct formation and p53 protein accumulation were inhibited. Topical application of 0.2 mg 8-methoxypsoralen per cm2 followed by exposure to ultraviolet A (2.5 J per cm2) resulted in delayed erythema formation in human subjects. Pretreatment of human skin with topical application of 0.2 mg standardized green tea extract per cm2 30 min prior to psoralen plus ultraviolet A treatment resulted in an almost complete abrogation of psoralen plus ultraviolet A-induced erythema. In summary, these data demonstrate that standardized green tea extract protects against psoralen plus ultraviolet A-induced phototoxicity by inhibiting DNA damage and diminishing the inflammatory effects of this modality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: X H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Athar
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Santella
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bickers
authors.forename: Z Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004249:DNA Damage; D017484:Dermatitis, Phototoxic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D011701:PUVA Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000032:analysis; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*; D013662:Tea; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D013662:Tea; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53