title: Incidence and occurrence of total (first-ever and recurrent) stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has recently been hypothesized that the figure of approximately half a million strokes substantially underestimates the actual annual stroke burden for the United States. The majority of previously reported studies on the epidemiology of stroke used relatively small and homogeneous population-based stroke registries. This study was designed to estimate the occurrence, incidence, and characteristics of total (first-ever and recurrent) stroke by using a large administrative claims database representative of all 1995 US inpatient discharges.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, release 4, which contains approximately 20% of all 1995 US inpatient discharges. Because the accuracy of International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) coding is suboptimal, we performed a literature review of ICD-9-CM 430 to 438 validation studies. The pooled results from the literature review were used to make appropriate adjustments in the analysis to correct for some of the inaccuracies of the diagnostic codes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 682 000 occurrences of stroke with hospitalization (95% CI 660 000 to 704 000) and an estimated 68 000 occurrences of stroke without hospitalization. The overall incidence rate for occurrence of total stroke (first-ever and recurrent) was 259 per 100 000 population (age- and sex-adjusted to 1995 US population). Incidence rates increased exponentially with age and were consistently higher for males than for females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conservatively estimate that there were 750 000 first-ever or recurrent strokes in the United States during 1995. This new figure emphasizes the importance of preventive measures for a disease that has identifiable and modifiable risk factors and for the development of new and improved treatment strategies and infrastructures that can reduce the consequences of stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes Management and Research, Knoll Pharmaceutical Co, Mount Olive, NJ 07046, USA. willar4@basf.com
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Matchar
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Samsa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012008:Recurrence; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017678:Sex Distribution; D020521:Stroke / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology