title: Heterocyclic amine content of cooked meat and risk of prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some epidemiologic studies have described positive associations between prostate cancer risk and meat consumption, but underlying mechanisms have not been identified. Heterocyclic amines are mutagens formed during the cooking of meat. Well-done meat has been associated with increased risks of colorectal and breast cancers in humans. This study examined associations between prostate cancer risk and 1) estimated daily intake of heterocyclic amines from cooked meat and 2) level of cooked-meat doneness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based, case-control study involving 317 case patients with prostate cancer and 480 age-matched control subjects was carried out in Auckland, New Zealand. Levels of meat doneness and daily intake of heterocyclic amines were determined from self-reported dietary data and experimentally measured heterocyclic amine levels in locally sourced meat samples cooked under controlled conditions to varying degrees of doneness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The heterocyclic amines found in the highest concentrations in meat samples were 2-amino-1,6-dimethylfuro[3,2-e]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (IFP) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) from well-done chicken and pork and very well-done beefsteak. Meat doneness was weakly and inconsistently associated with prostate cancer risk for individual types of meat, but increased risk was observed for well-done beefsteak (relative risk = 1.68; 95% confidence interval = 1.02-2.77; two-sided P for trend =.03). A weak positive gradient of increased risk was associated with estimated daily exposure to IFP but not with the other major heterocyclic amines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Meat doneness and estimated intake of heterocyclic amines from cooked meat were not clearly associated with prostate cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: (Department of Community Health), University of Auckland, New Zealand. a.norrish@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Norrish
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Knize
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Felton
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000588:Amines / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003296:Cooking; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis; D009520:New Zealand; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D009153:Mutagens