title: Replicative senescence in human uroepithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Normal human uroepithelial cells (HUCs) proliferate rapidly in culture during early passage and then spontaneously undergo replicative senescence. We previously reported that the cyclin D1-CDK4/6 inhibitor, p16INK4a, is elevated at senescence in HUCs. Hence, we proposed that p16INK4a may play a critical role in mediating senescence in this cell type. In the current study, we further characterized the senescent state in HUCs. We also tested the possible roles of changes in other cell cycle proteins, including p53, p21WAF1, pRb, and cyclin D1 in HUC senescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal HUCs cultured from explants of ureteral mucosa were used for these studies. Senescence associated-beta-galactosidase activity (SA-beta-gal) was used to identify cells in senescence. Flow cytometric analysis was used to determine changes in cell cycle distribution at senescence. Response of cells to serum stimulation was determined by Northern analysis of c-fos. Western analysis was used to assess changes in p53, p21WAF, p16INK4a, cyclin D1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels at senescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  beta-gal-positive HUCs were blocked at G1/S in senescence and failed to show c-fos induction in response to serum stimulation. As previously reported, senescent HUCs also showed elevated p16INK4a. However, unlike human fibroblasts, neither p53 nor p21WAF1 elevation accompanied HUCs senescence. PAI-1 levels were also not elevated in HUC senescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support a model in which elevation of p16INK4a, but not p53 or p21WAF1 plays a critical role in HUC replicative senescence. These findings elucidate the tumor suppressor mechanism of p16INK4a and the frequent loss of either p16INK4a or pRb in invasive human bladder tumors.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison 53792, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Puthenveettil
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Reznikoff
mesh_terms: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000502:physiology*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D019459:Urothelium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D019938:Cyclin D1