title: Treatment in Kenyan rural health facilities: projected drug costs using the WHO-UNICEF integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) guidelines.
abstract: Guidelines for the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) in peripheral health facilities have been developed by WHO and UNICEF to improve the recognition and treatment of common causes of childhood death. To evaluate the impact of the guidelines on treatment costs, we compared the cost of drugs actually prescribed to a sample of 747 sick children aged 2-59 months in rural health facilities in western Kenya with the cost of drugs had the children been managed using the IMCI guidelines. The average cost of drugs actually prescribed per child was US$ 0.44 (1996 US$). Antibiotics were the most costly component, with phenoxymethylpenicillin syrup accounting for 59% of the cost of all the drugs prescribed. Of the 295 prescriptions for phenoxymethylpenicillin syrup, 223 (76%) were for treatment of colds or cough. The cost of drugs that would have been prescribed had the same children been managed with the IMCI guidelines ranged from US$ 0.16 per patient (based on a formulary of larger-dose tablets and a home remedy for cough) to US$ 0.39 per patient (based on a formulary of syrups or paediatric-dose tablets and a commercial cough preparation). Treatment of coughs and colds with antibiotics is not recommended in the Kenyan or in the IMCI guidelines. Compliance with existing treatment guidelines for the management of acute respiratory infections would have halved the cost of the drugs prescribed. The estimated cost of the drugs needed to treat children using the IMCI guidelines was less than the cost of the drugs actually prescribed, but varied considerably depending on the dosage forms and whether a commercial cough preparation was used.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Public Health Training, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Boulanger
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Odhacha
mesh_terms: D002662:Child Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends*; D005544:Forecasting; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007630:Kenya; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D014944:World Health Organization