title: Effects of repeated skin exposure to low nickel concentrations: a model for allergic contact dermatitis to nickel on the hands.
abstract: We studied the effects of repeated daily exposure to low nickel concentrations on the hands of patients with hand eczema and nickel allergy. The concentrations used were chosen to represent the range of trace to moderate occupational nickel exposure. The study was double-blinded and placebo controlled. Patients immersed a finger for 10 min daily into a 10-p.p.m. nickel concentration in water for the first week, and during the second week into a 100-p.p.m. nickel concentration. This regimen significantly increased (P = 0.05) local vesicle formation and blood flow (P = 0.03) as compared with a group of patients who immersed a finger into water. The nickel concentrations used also provoked significant inflammatory skin changes on sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)-treated forearm skin of the patients, whereas inflammatory skin changes were not observed in healthy volunteers without hand eczema and nickel allergy, either on normal or on SLS-treated forearm skin. The present study strongly suggests that the changes observed were specific to nickel exposure. Standardized methods to assess trace to moderate nickel exposure on the hands, and the associated effects in nickel-sensitized subjects, are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Niels Andersensvej 65, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Menné
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Borg
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Poulsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000209:etiology*; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000209:etiology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010328:Patch Tests; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D009532:Nickel