title: Effects of the multidrug-resistance-reversing agents verapamil and CL 347,099 on the efficacy of ivermectin or moxidectin against unselected and drug-selected strains of Haemonchus contortus in jirds (Meriones unguiculatus).
abstract: The development of anthelmintic resistance is making parasite control in small ruminants problematic. Following the discovery that the drug transporter P-glycoprotein may be involved in macrocyclic lactone resistance in Haemonchus contortus, we determined the effect of two multidrug-resistance modulators, verapamil and CL347,099, on the efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin against unselected and drug-selected strains of H. contortus. CL347,099 is an analog of verapamil that has multidrug-resistance properties but weaker calcium-channel-blocking activity than the parent drug. The combinations of verapamil with either ivermectin or moxidectin significantly reduced worm counts of the selected strains as compared with the untreated controls, whereas ivermectin or moxidectin alone did not significantly reduce worm counts as compared with the untreated controls. The CL347,099 plus moxidectin combination was significantly more efficacious than moxidectin alone against the ivermectin-selected strain. The drug-combination regimes were without adverse effect on the jirds. However, higher levels of verapamil (> or =40 mg/kg) produced some toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Molento
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Prichard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005849:Gerbillinae; D006188:Haemonchiasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000187:drug effects; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018942:Macrolides; D014700:Verapamil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000969:Antinematodal Agents; C510004:CL 347099; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D018942:Macrolides; D007559:Ivermectin; D014700:Verapamil; C027837:moxidectin