title: A comparison of two techniques for cervical plexus blockade: evaluation of efficacy and systemic toxicity.
abstract: We compared two techniques of cervical plexus blockade (CPB) for carotid endarterectomy. Cervical plexus nerve block was performed with a combination of bupivacaine and lidocaine, with injections at the C2-C3, C3-C4, and C4-C5 transverse processes in 11 patients (classical CPB) or with a single injection after localization of the cervical plexus with a nerve stimulator in 12 patients (interscalene CPB). Pain scores were obtained during block placement and at predetermined phases of the operation. Arterial blood was sampled before and 3, 5, 8, 10, 15, 25, 40, and 60 min after CPB for measurement of bupivacaine and lidocaine concentrations. Interscalene CPB was less painful than classical CPB. The techniques appeared equally effective. Patients in both groups required equivalent supplementation with IV fentanyl and additional local infiltration with lidocaine during the most painful stages of surgery. The maximal concentration of bupivacaine was lower in interscalene CPB compared with classical CPB (1.0 microg/mL versus 1.5 microg/mL, P < 0.01). The time required to reach the maximal concentration of bupivacaine was 15 (10-40) min in interscalene CPB and 10 (5-17) min in classical CPB (P < 0.05). Lidocaine maximal concentration was similar in both groups, however the time required to reach the maximal concentration was longer (P < 0.05) in interscalene CPB (15 [10-60] min) than in classical CPB (10 [8-20] min). We conclude that the interscalene CPB is as effective as the classical CPB as a regional technique for carotid endarterectomy and may be associated with a lower systemic absorption of bupivacaine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cervical plexus blockade for carotid endarterectomy can be effectively performed with a single injection after localization of the cervical plexus with a nerve stimulator. This technique is simple and was associated with less systemic absorption of local anesthetic than the multiple-injection technique.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Henri Mondor Hospital, Creteil, France.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Merle
authors.forename: J X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Mazoit
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Desgranges
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abhay
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rezaiguia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dhonneur
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duvaldestin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002572:Cervical Plexus; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine