title: Screening for a prothrombotic diathesis in patients attending family planning clinics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  1. To determine the frequency of prothrombotic markers in young women seeking a new or a repeat prescription of the oral contraceptive pill and perceived to be at high risk of thrombosis. 2. To assess cost-effectiveness of thrombophilia testing within this population. 3. To determine the frequency of acquired activated protein C (APC) resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Results of thrombophilia testing were retrospectively reviewed on 220 consecutively referred patients' plasmas. Women tested were clients attending local family planning clinics for a new or repeat contraceptive prescription. Samples for testing were collected by the Community Laboratory Service. Investigations included: antithrombin III (AT III), protein C, protein S, APC resistance, factor V Leiden mutation analysis and anti-cardiolipin antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormalities were detected in 35 (15.9%) of the 220 women tested. No patient had all tests performed. The most frequently detected abnormality was an increased APC resistance in 6.8% of the women tested. Three of the 13 patients with an abnormal APC resistance had a discrepancy between the low APC ratio and a negative mutation analysis result for factor V Leiden, suggesting acquired APC resistance. Deficiency of protein C was found in 1.2% (of 162), protein S in 2.0% (of 140), antithrombin III in 0.6% (of 159). Low-titre anti-cardiolipin antibodies were detected in 13.9% of this group (115 tested).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of abnormal thrombophilia markers detected in this cohort of young women is not significantly different from that seen in a control population. This low incidence suggests that testing has been applied on a population screening basis, rather than preselecting a high-risk group. Thrombophilia screening in this patient group cannot be justified when the clinically relevant end-point is death from pulmonary embolism. The cost of preventing one fatal pulmonary embolism arising as a consequence of screening for activated protein C resistance due to the commonly occurring factor V Leiden is a minimum $25,000,000. This compares very unfavourably with the estimated cost per life saved in the National Breast Screening Programme.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Auckland Hospital.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalev
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Van de Water
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ockelford
mesh_terms: D020016:Activated Protein C Resistance / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D000075202:Contraindications; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008403:Mass Screening; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral