title: Colonization and tissue tropism of Helicobacter pylori and a novel urease-negative Helicobacter species in ICR mice are independent of route of exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In humans, Helicobacter pylori is known to colonize the stomach and to induce persistent gastritis; selected reports also suggest it causes extragastric disease, including hepatitis. H. pylori and a novel urease-negative Helicobacter sp. induce gastritis and typhlocolitis, respectively, when inoculated orally into mice. Experimental typhlocolitis and hepatitis have been caused by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of H. hepaticus, H. bilis, and the novel Helicobacter spp. However, the route by which i.p.-inoculated organisms localize to specific areas of the gastrointestinal system is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether Helicobacter spp. can be isolated from blood, can preferentially colonize specific tissues, and can cause pathological changes, we inoculated 6-week-old outbred mice orally or intraperitoneally with H. pylori or a novel Helicobacter sp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When these mice were inoculated by the i.p. route, H. pylori was cultured from lungs, spleen, liver, cecum, and stomach on day 1 after inoculation, from liver and stomach mucosa on day 3 after inoculation, and from the stomach on day 30 after inoculation, suggesting preferential colonization of the stomach. After inoculation by the i.p. route, the novel intestinal Helicobacter sp. was cultured from the blood, lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, cecum, and feces but not from stomach mucosa on day 1 after inoculation. By day 30 after inoculation, the novel Helicobacter sp. was cultured from cecum and feces only, suggesting that it had preferentially colonized the lower bowel. By the i.p. route, the novel Helicobacter sp. induced hepatitis that persisted for 30 days after inoculation. Though mice inoculated intraperitoneally with H. pylori developed an acute hepatitis, the liver lesion began to resolve 30 days after inoculation. Mice inoculated orally with either H. pylori or the novel Helicobacter sp. did not have hepatitis on day 30 after inoculation but developed 100% colonization of stomach and cecum, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The isolation of H. pylori and the novel Helicobacter sp. from multiple tissues infers that a transient helicobacter bacteremia occurs when Helicobacter spp. are injected intraperitoneally, but organisms are cleared rapidly from nontarget tissues and preferentially colonize specific regions of the gastrointestinal tract.
authors.affiliation: Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: McCathey
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Shomer
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Schrenzel
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Whary
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology; D003470:Culture Media; D004064:Digestive System / Q000382:microbiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D016998:Helicobacter / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000032:analysis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009928:Organ Specificity; D014510:Urease / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D003470:Culture Media; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D014510:Urease