title: Effect of beta-adrenoreceptor blockade with nadolol on the duration of local anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  beta-adrenoreceptor blockers, or beta-blockers, are drugs commonly prescribed for hypertension, angina and migraine headaches. In a patient taking beta-blocker medication, administration of a local anesthetic containing a vasoconstrictor could result in an adverse interaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled study to test the hypothesis that a nonselective beta-blocker--nadolol--enhances vasoconstriction induced by the epinephrine contained in local anesthetic, thus resulting in an increased duration of anesthesia. Ten healthy male volunteers were given either a placebo or a single, standard oral dose of nadolol (80 milligrams). The upper lateral incisor teeth were anesthetized using lidocaine with or without epinephrine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of pulpal and soft-tissue anesthesia was increased in subjects who took nadolol compared with those who took placebo by 17 minutes (58 percent) and 16.5 minutes (19 percent), respectively, when they received 1 milliliter of lidocaine containing 1:100,000 epinephrine. These differences were both clinically and statistically significant (P = .007). Using lidocaine without epinephrine produced no clinically or statistically significant difference in duration of pulpal or soft-tissue anesthesia in the two groups of subjects. The authors noted no significant changes in blood pressure or pulse rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of local anesthetic containing epinephrine to subjects receiving a beta-blocker increased the duration of pulpal and soft-tissue anesthesia. There was no difference in duration of anesthesia between groups when local anesthetic without epinephrine was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of local anesthetic containing a vasoconstrictor should be avoided in patients taking beta-blocker medication because of a possible adverse drug interaction. However, when a vasoconstrictor is indicated for hemostasis, the local anesthetic should be administered slowly and in small amounts as pulse rate and blood pressure are being monitored. The patient should be informed that the duration of anesthesia might be prolonged.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Banting
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Gelb
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D009248:Nadolol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013997:Time Factors; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D009248:Nadolol; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine