title: Nasal challenge with diesel exhaust particles can induce sensitization to a neoallergen in the human mucosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) increase in vivo IgE and cytokine production at the human upper respiratory mucosa, exacerbating allergic inflammation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the ability of DEP exposure to lead to primary sensitization of humans by driving a de novo mucosal IgE response to a neoantigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten atopic subjects were given an initial nasal immunization with 1 mg of KLH followed by 2 biweekly nasal challenges with 100 microg of KLH. Identical nasal KLH immunization was then performed on 15 different atopic subjects, but DEPs were administered 24 hours before each KLH exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to KLH alone led to the generation of an anti-KLH IgG and IgA humoral response, which was detected in nasal fluid samples. No anti-KLH IgE appeared in any subjects. In contrast, when challenged with KLH preceded by DEPs, 9 of the 15 subjects produced anti-KLH-specific IgE. KLH-specific IgG and IgA at levels similar to that seen with KLH alone could also be detected. Subjects who received DEPs and KLH had significantly increased IL-4, but not IFN-gamma, levels in nasal lavage fluid, whereas these levels were unchanged in subjects receiving KLH alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies demonstrate that DEPs can act as mucosal adjuvants to a de novo IgE response and may increase allergic sensitization.
authors.affiliation: Hart and Louise Lyon Laboratory, Division of Clinical Immunology/Allergy, Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1680, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diaz-Sanchez
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jyrala
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saxon
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006433:Hemocyanins / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008974:Mollusca; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D009299:Nasal Provocation Tests; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000485:Allergens; D000941:Antigens; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D006433:Hemocyanins; C032808:keyhole-limpet hemocyanin