title: Development of an infection-resistant LVAD driveline: a novel approach to the prevention of device-related infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infection remains the single most important challenge to extended left ventricular assist device (LVAD) use and often arises from the percutaneous driveline exit site. We evaluated the ability of an LVAD driveline prototype impregnated with chlorhexidine, triclosan, and silver sulfadiazine to resist bacterial and fungal colonization.
  
  
  METHODS
  The spectrum and duration of antimicrobial activity were evaluated in vitro by daily transfer of driveline segments embedded on agar plates inoculated with 10(8) colony-forming units (CFU) of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphlococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Psuedomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, and then measuring zones of inhibition around the sample subsequent to 24 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C. Antimicrobial activity was demonstrated against all organisms for greater than 14 days, and for over 21 days for gram-positive bacteria. To demonstrate in vivo efficacy of the treated driveline, 3-cm segments of driveline were implanted in the dorsal and ventral surface of rats. The exit site was inoculated with 10(6) CFU of S. aureus. After 7 days, driveline segments were aseptically explanted and assayed for bacterial colonization and retention of antimicrobial activity. One hundred percent of control segments were colonized (10(5) CFU S. aureus/cm) as against 13% of the test explants (< or = 330 CFU/cm; p < 0.0001).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subcultures of the insertion site and driveline pocket tissue resulted in 10(3) to 10(5) CFU per swab culture for control rats and 0 to 10(2) CFU/swab for test animals. Test drivelines retained 80% of anti-S. aureus activity. Gross and histological examination of the driveline and surrounding pocket revealed minimal tissue reactivity with positive signs of tissue ingrowth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An antimicrobial driveline may prevent early infections and facilitate ingrowth of tissue to provide long-term stability and protection against late infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Choudhri
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Pillarisetty
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sampath
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Caraos
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Brunnert
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Oz
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Modak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000382:microbiology; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley