title: Effects of ambient air pollution and environmental tobacco smoke on respiratory health of non-smoking women in Hong Kong.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two-thirds of complaints received by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department in 1988 were related to poor air quality. In July 1990 legislation was implemented to reduce fuel sulphur levels. The intervention led to a reduction in respiratory symptoms and bronchial hyperresponsiveness of primary school children. The objectives of this study were to investigate the differences in respiratory health between non-smoking women living in the more polluted district (Kwai Tsing) and those living in the less polluted district (Southern); to assess the impact of the government air quality intervention; and to study the effect of environmental tobacco smoke on respiratory health in non-smoking women in both districts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3405 non-smoking women, aged 36.5 years (standard deviation = 3.0), from two districts with good and poor air quality respectively before the intervention were followed yearly from 1989 to 1991. Binary latent variable modelling was used to summarize the six respiratory symptoms and to estimate the effects of risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1989, living in the polluted district was associated with poor respiratory health (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-2.17, P < 0.01). After the intervention, in the polluted district only, sulphur dioxide levels fell by up to 80% and sulphate concentrations in respirable particulates by 38%. Between 1989 and 1990-1991, there was no significantly greater decline (P > 0.241) in the more polluted compared with the less polluted district for poor respiratory health. In 1989, the effects on poor respiratory health for exposure to two or more categories of smokers relative to none in the home (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.15-2.83, P < 0.01) were higher but not significantly than those for living in polluted relative to less polluted district (95% CI of the two effects overlapping each other).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and outdoor air pollution had independent adverse effects on respiratory health of non-smoking women and improvement in air quality had produced some but non-significant benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Z G
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hedley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution