title: Thymic hormones, cancer and behavioural adaptive responses.
abstract: The effects of thymic hormones are not restricted within the immune system but are rather pleiotropic. Through neuropeptides the neuroendocrine system participates in the regulation of homeostasis as well as in the control of stress response and behavioural outputs. Thymic hormones increase spontaneous behaviour, inhibit anxiety-like responses and improve resistance to stress in tumour-bearing mice. In addition, thymic hormones modulate secretion of pituitary adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and beta-endorphin in both primates and rodents. In turn, both ACTH and beta-endorphin influence stress response and behaviour. Besides their neuroendocrine effects, thymic hormones have radioprotective effects either when administered alone or when associated with other radioprotective agents. Thymic hormones are possibly able to reduce postirradiation tissue damage in the bone marrow and in the central nervous system. Finally, evidence suggests a potentiating effect of thymic hormones when associated with current anticancer drugs. From the data reviewed it seems reasonable to conclude that the combination of thymic hormones with cancer therapy is associated with improvement of behaviour and well-being status, protection of tissues from detrimental effects of cancer treatment, and possibly also with potentiation of the antiproliferative effects of other drugs. Thus, thymic hormones could be envisioned as a valuable adjunct to actual cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology, University of Catania School of Medicine, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lempereur
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cantarella
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Murabito
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiarenza
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zappalà
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bernardini
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013951:Thymus Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D013951:Thymus Hormones