title: Progression of retinopathy after improved metabolic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Relation to IGF-1 and hemostatic variables.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of improved glycemic control on the development and progression of retinopathy after the institution of insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and to assess the relation to IGF-1 and hemostatic variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective observational study, 45 type 2 diabetic patients were examined at baseline and 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after change to insulin therapy. Retinopathy was graded on fundus photographs using the Wisconsin scale; HbA1c, IGF-1, and hemostatic variables were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the observation period of 2 years, 23 patients progressed in the retinopathy scale; 8 progressed > or = 3 levels. After 2 years of insulin treatment, HbA1c and IGF-1 were significantly lower than at baseline, whereas the hemostatic variables had not changed significantly. Progression of retinopathy > or = 3 levels was related to the degree of HbA1c reduction, the duration of diabetes, a higher prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 levels (F1 + 2), but not to other hemostatic variables or IGF-1. The relative risk for progression > or = 3 levels was 2.6 when HbA1c had been reduced > or = 3 percent units (95% CI 1.1-6.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The magnitude of improvement of HbA1c by the institution of insulin treatment over a 2-year period may be associated with progression of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Malmö, Sweden. m.henricsson@angelholm.mail.telia.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henricsson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berntorp
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berntorp
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fernlund
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sundkvist
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I