title: Persistence of depressive symptoms and cardiovascular death among patients with affective disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies of both community and clinical samples have associated depressive symptoms with risks for subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Because the physiological mechanisms thought to underlie this link would be cumulative in their effects, the following analyses tested the prediction that risks for cardiovascular death would increase in proportion to the persistence of depressive symptoms in a long-term follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline assessment was performed as patients sought treatment for major depressive disorder, mania, or schizo-affective disorder. Follow-up evaluations occurred semiannually for the next 5 years and annually thereafter. The 903 patients described, observed for a mean of 11.0 years (SD = 5.2 years), were divided into thirds according to the proportion of follow-up weeks in episodes of major depressive disorder, schizoaffective disorder, or intermittent depressive disorder. The resulting groups were then compared by cumulative risks of cardiovascular death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients whose depressive symptoms were the most persistent were no more likely to die of cardiovascular causes than were those with the fewest weeks ill. A regression analysis showed that older age and the presence of cardiovascular disease at baseline, but not the subsequent chronicity of depressive symptoms, predicted cardiovascular death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The physiological concomitants of depressive illness apparently do not promote cardiovascular mortality in a cumulative manner. Efforts should be directed toward identification of risk factors common to both lifetime depressive symptoms and cardiovascular morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA. william-coryell@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Coryell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Turvey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Maser
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Endicott
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology