title: Skin delivery of oestradiol from deformable and traditional liposomes: mechanistic studies.
abstract: Deformable vesicles and traditional liposomes were compared as delivery systems for oestradiol to elucidate possible mechanisms of drug delivery through human skin. Accordingly, epidermal permeation of oestradiol from optimized deformable vesicles and traditional liposome formulations was studied under low dose non-occluded conditions. Five mechanisms were investigated. A free drug mechanism compared low-dose permeation through skin with drug release determined after separation of the free drug. Penetration enhancement was researched by studying skin pretreatment with empty vesicles. Improved drug uptake by skin was monitored by dipping stratum corneum into different formulations for 10 min and determining drug uptake. The possibility that intact vesicles permeate through the epidermis was tested by comparing permeation from 136-nm vesicles with that from >500-nm vesicles, assuming that penetration depends on vesicle size. The possibility that different entrapment efficiencies in alternative formulations could be responsible for the difference in delivery was also evaluated. Lipid vesicles improved the skin delivery of oestradiol compared with delivery from an aqueous control. Maximum flux (Jmax) was increased 14- to 17-fold by use of deformable vesicles and 8.2- to 9.8-fold by use of traditional liposomes. Deformable vesicles were thus superior to traditional liposomes. Drug release was negligible over the period during which skin flux was maximum. Pretreatment with empty vesicles resulted in an enhancement ratio of 4.3 for pure phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles but the enhancement ratio ranged from only 0.8 to 2.4 for other formulations. Vesicles increased drug uptake into the stratum corneum 23- to 29-fold. Relative flux values obtained from small and large vesicles were similar. No correlation was found between entrapment efficiency and skin delivery. The results showed no evidence of a free drug mechanism, but revealed a possible penetration-enhancing effect for pure PC vesicles, although this was not the only mechanism operating. The positive uptake suggested that lipid vesicles increased drug partitioning into the skin. The data provided no evidence for in-vitro liposome penetration through skin as distinct from vesicle penetration into the stratum corneum.
authors.affiliation: Drug Delivery Group, Postgraduate Studies in Pharmaceutical Technology, The School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, UK.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: El Maghraby
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Barry
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001692:Biological Transport; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008081:Liposomes; D008297:Male; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes; D004958:Estradiol