title: Short-arm (1.9 m) +2.2 Gz acceleration: isotonic exercise load-O2 uptake relationship.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The deconditioning syndrome from prolonged bed rest (BR) or spaceflight includes decreases in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), muscular strength and endurance, and orthostatic tolerance. In addition to exercise training as a countermeasure, +Gz (head-to-foot) acceleration training on 1.8-2.0 m centrifuges can ameliorate the orthostatic and acceleration intolerances induced by BR and immersion deconditioning.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Study A was designed to determine the magnitude and linearity of the heart rate (HR) response to human-powered centrifuge (HPC) acceleration with supine exercise vs. passive (no exercise) acceleration. Study B was designed to test the hypothesis that moderate +Gz acceleration during exercise will not affect the respective normal linear relationships between exercise load and VO2max, HR, and pulmonary ventilation (VEBTPS). Study C: To determine if these physiological responses from the HPC runs (exercise + on-platform acceleration) will be similar to those from the exercise + off-platform acceleration responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Study A, four men and two women (31-62 yr) were tested supine during exercise + acceleration and only passive acceleration at 100% [maximal acceleration (rpm) = Amax] and at 25%, 50%, and 75% of Amax. In Studies B and C, seven men (33+/-SD 7 yr) exercised supine on the HPC that has two opposing on-platform exercise stations. A VO2max test and submaximal exercise runs occurred under three conditions: (EX) exercise (on-platform cycle at 42%, 61%, 89% and 100% VO2max) with no acceleration; (HPC) exercise + acceleration via the chain drive at 25%,50%, and 100% Gzmax (35%, 72% and 100% VO2max); and (EXA) exercise (on-platform cycle at 42%, 61%, 89%, and 100% VO2max) with acceleration performed via the off-platform cycle operator at +2.2+/-0.2 Gz [50% of max (rpm) G].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study A: Mean (+/-SE) Amax was 43.7+/-1.3 rpm (mean = +3.9+/-0.2, range = 3.3 to 4.9 Gz). Amax run time for exercise +acceleration was 50-70 s, and 40-70 s for passive acceleration. Regression of X HR on Gz levels indicated explained variances (r2) of 0.88 (exercise) and 0.96 (passive). The mean exercise HR of 107+/-4 (25%), to 189+/-13 (100%) bpm were 43-50 bpm higher (p < 0.05) than comparable passive HR of 64+/-2 to 142+/-22 bpm, respectively. Study B: There were no significant differences in VO2, HR or VEBTPS at the submaximal or maximal levels between the EX and EXA runs. Mean (+/-SE) VO2max for EX was 2.86+/-0.12 L x min(-1)(35+/-2 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1)) and for EXA was 3.09+/-0.14 L x min(-1) (37+/-2 ml-min(-1) x kg(-1)). Study C: There were no significant differences in the essentially linear relationships between the HPC and EXA data for VO2 (p = 0.45), HR (p < 0.08), VEBTPS (p = 0.28), or the RE (p = 0.15) when the exercise load was % VO2max.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of + 2.2 Gz acceleration does not significantly influence levels of oxygen uptake, heart rate, or pulmonary ventilation during submaximal or maximal cycle ergometer leg exercise on a short-arm centrifuge.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Human Environmental Physiology, Physiology, NASA, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA. jgreenleaf@mail.arc.nasa.gov
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Greenleaf
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Stad
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Leftheriotis
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Arndt
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Simonson
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Barnes
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration / Q000009:adverse effects; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D018493:Cardiovascular Deconditioning; D002498:Centrifugation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005080:Exercise Test; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007551:Isotonic Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D013026:Space Flight; D016683:Supine Position / Q000502:physiology; D018544:Weightlessness Countermeasures