title: Clinimetric issues of screening for responsiveness to intrathecal baclofen in dystonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study we address clinimetric issues that pertain to the screening of responsiveness to intrathecal baclofen (ITB) in dystonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients with severe dystonia, who did not respond to oral medication, were evaluated in a double-blind placebo controlled ascending dose screening procedure, which included a randomised sequence of injections of 25, 50 and 75 microg baclofen and placebo. Self-assessments of dystonia severity on a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Dyskinesia Rating Scale (DRS) were carried out at baseline 1, 4 and 8 hours after a bolus injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the VAS, the DRS lacked responsiveness in all patients. Baseline scores of the VAS scores varied considerably between and within patients and underscore the need to express response scores in relation to the baseline. After placebo administration some patients showed a persistent improvement of about 30% across the day, while at some assessments improvements of >50% were noted. Based on the aforementioned findings, a responsiveness coefficient was used which relates the baclofen effect size to the non-specific score changes that may occur as a placebo effect or as random fluctuations in dystonia. Four patients with a responsiveness coefficient >2 received pump implantation and did well on continuous infusion of ITB. Several side effects occurred during the screening procedure, but none interfered with the execution of the screening procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates important clinimetric issues that need to be taken into account when screening for responsiveness to ITB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. jvhilten@neurology.azl.nl
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Hilten
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Thang
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: van de Meerakker
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Voormolen
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Delhaas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001418:Baclofen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004421:Dystonia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000523:psychology*; D015990:Placebo Effect
chemical_list: D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D001418:Baclofen