title: Effectiveness of a social influences smoking prevention program as a function of provider type, training method, and school risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study determined the effect of provider (nurse or teacher) and training method (workshop or self-preparation) on outcomes of a social influences smoking prevention program.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred elementary schools were stratified by school risk score (high risk = high smoking rate among senior students) and assigned randomly to conditions: (1) teacher/self-preparation, (2) teacher/workshop, (3) nurse/self-preparation, (4) nurse/workshop, and (5) control. Intervention occurred in grades 6 to 8. Smoking status at the end of grade 8 was the primary endpoint variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intervention reduced grade 8 smoking rates in high-risk schools (smoking rates of 26.9% in control vs 16.0% in intervention schools) but not in low-risk schools. There were no significant differences in outcome as a function of training method and no significant differences in outcome between teacher-provided and nurse-provided interventions in high- and medium-risk schools. Although nurses achieved better outcomes than did teachers in low-risk schools, neither provider type achieved outcomes superior to the control condition in those schools.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Workshop training did not affect outcomes. Teachers and nurses were equally effective providers. Results suggest that programming should target high-risk schools.
authors.affiliation: Health Behaviour Research Group, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. cameron@healthy.uwaterloo.ca
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Pelkman
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Madill
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Manske
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Payne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012306:Risk; D012572:School Health Services; D012573:School Nursing; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012931:Social Environment