title: Allergic inflammation in upper and lower airways.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary reason for this review is to discuss the relationship between upper and lower airways at various levels with the emphasis on common pathophysiologic mechanisms, and how treatment of the upper airways will benefit the lower airways.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main source of information is derived from original articles and books, with an extensive bibliography included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were derived almost exclusively from articles and reviews in peer-reviewed journals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of rhinitis and asthma are both increasing. Common to both the upper and lower airways are the triggers, many of the inflammatory cells and mediators, and the treatment modalities. By contrast, there are organ-specific differences in the reaction to various stimuli in the nose or lung, with each organ manifesting its own vocabulary of response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are meaningful relationships between upper and lower airways at various levels of our understanding. Differential responses to medications help us better understand pathogenic mechanisms in rhinitis and asthma. Further, treatment of the upper airways provides additional benefit to the lower airways.
authors.affiliation: UCLA, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Spector
mesh_terms: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003888:Desensitization, Immunologic; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013256:Steroids
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D013256:Steroids