title: Effects of N-6 essential fatty acids on glioma invasion and growth: experimental studies with glioma spheroids in collagen gels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intracranial infusions of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an essential fatty acid, have been used as an adjuvant therapy following malignant glioma resection; however, little is known about the dose response of glioma cells to this therapy. In this in vitro study the authors address this important pharmacological question.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glioma spheroids derived from U87, U373, MOG-G-CCM, and C6 cell lines were grown in collagen gel and exposed to a range of GLA concentrations (0-1 mM) for 5 days. The diameter of glioma spheroids was measured, the apoptotic index was assessed using both the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling technique and cell morphological testing, and the levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen were also measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dose-response patterns were similar for all four glioma spheroids. Low concentrations of GLA (<100 microM) increased both apoptosis and proliferation with a net increase in tumor growth and invasion, whereas high-dose GLA (>100 microM) significantly impaired spheroid cell growth. The proliferative effects of low-dose GLA could be a hazard in the clinical treatment of malignant glioma; however, because of the low toxicity of GLA against normal cells, local delivery of millimolar doses of GLA could significantly reduce tumor size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Wharton
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Leaver
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Whittle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000473:pathology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects*; D017965:gamma-Linolenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017965:gamma-Linolenic Acid