title: Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarise quantitatively the association between moderate alcohol intake and biological markers of risk of coronary heart disease and to predict how these changes would lower the risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analysis of all experimental studies that assessed the effects of moderate alcohol intake on concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A I, fibrinogen, triglycerides, and other biological markers previously found to be associated with risk of coronary heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women free of previous chronic disease and who were not dependent on alcohol. Studies were included in which biomarkers were assessed before and after participants consumed up to 100 g of alcohol a day.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alcohol as ethanol, beer, wine, or spirits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A I, Lp(a) lipoprotein, triglycerides, tissue type plasminogen activator activity, tissue type plasminogen activator antigen, insulin, and glucose after consuming an experimental dose of alcohol for 1 to 9 weeks; a shorter period was accepted for studies of change in concentrations of fibrinogen, factor VII, von Willebrand factor, tissue type plasminogen activator activity, and tissue type plasminogen activator antigen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  61 data records were abstracted from 42 eligible studies with information on change in biological markers of risk of coronary heart disease. An experimental dose of 30 g of ethanol a day increased concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol by 3.99 mg/dl (95% confidence interval 3.25 to 4.73), apolipoprotein A I by 8.82 mg/dl (7.79 to 9.86), and triglyceride by 5.69 mg/dl (2.49 to 8.89). Several haemostatic factors related to a thrombolytic profile were modestly affected by alcohol. On the basis of published associations between these biomarkers and risk of coronary heart disease 30 g of alcohol a day would cause an estimated reduction of 24.7% in risk of coronary heart disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol intake is causally related to lower risk of coronary heart disease through changes in lipids and haemostatic factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. eric.rimm@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fosher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Criqui
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood*; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides