title: Time delay spectrometry for hydrophone calibrations below 1 MHz.
abstract: Knowing the response of miniature ultrasonic hydrophones at frequencies below 1 MHz is important for assessing the accuracy of acoustic pressure pulse measurements in medical ultrasound applications. Therefore, a time delay spectrometry (TDS) system was developed as an efficient means to measure hydrophone sensitivity in this frequency range. In TDS a swept-frequency signal is transmitted. A tracking receiver distinguishes arrivals with different propagation delays by their frequency offset relative to the signal being transmitted, thus eliminating spurious signals such as those reflected from the water surface or tank walls. Two piezoelectric ceramic source transducers were used: a standard planar disk and a disk with varying thickness to broaden the thickness-resonance. This latter design was preferred for its more uniform response without significant sensitivity loss. TDS is not an absolute method, but it was demonstrated to provide efficient, accurate calibrations via comparison with a reference hydrophone using a substitution technique.
authors.affiliation: Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. pmg@cdrh.fda.gov
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gammell
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014159:Transducers; D014465:Ultrasonics