title: Craniofacial imaging in orthodontics: historical perspective, current status, and future developments.
abstract: Rapid and substantial advances in imaging methods and technology have not always been expediently or adequately communicated to the practicing orthodontist. In this review we highlight contemporary imaging techniques and innovations in imaging that, in the future, are likely to greatly improve the depiction of craniofacial structures for use in diagnosis and treatment planning. In order to provide an appropriate background for this topic, we first discuss the evolution of craniofacial imaging in orthodontics and review the limitations of current methods, including the two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional anatomy, depiction as a patchwork of site-specific images, associated geometric errors, and images that have a limited point of view and are static in space and time. Three-dimensional computed tomography can be considered a partial solution to these limitations, but imaging costs, radiation exposure, and lack of soft tissue representation may make it unacceptable for routine orthodontics. A more complete solution might be achieved through digital processing of contemporary imaging technologies that would extend their capabilities, overcome many of their limitations, and result in an increase in the amount of relevant information obtained. Digital processes are currently being developed that create accurate multidimensional models that integrate form and function. These models will be interactive, linked to knowledge databases, and will provide the clinician with answers to pertinent questions. These advances in imaging are likely to enhance the accuracy and reliability of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, and will be of importance in both clinical practice and research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Growth and Development, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0640, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Quintero
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trosien
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hatcher
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapila
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009970:Orthodontics / Q000266:history / Q000639:trends; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital / Q000379:methods; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic / Q000379:methods; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019112:Teleradiology; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods