title: Influence of the additional injection of host-type bone marrow on the immune tolerance of minor antigen-mismatched chimeras: possible involvement of double-negative (natural killer) T cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has previously been demonstrated that adding T cell-depleted (TCD) host bone marrow (BM) to an MHC-mismatched BM inoculum allows for induction of long-term stable chimeras without graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) even when non-TCD allogeneic BM was used.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was undertaken to investigate immune tolerance mechanisms in minor antigen-mismatched allogeneic BM chimeras when host-type BM was added to the BM inoculum.
  
  
  METHODS
  C3H (H2k, Thy 1.2, Mls 2a) recipients were conditioned with 9.5 gray (Gy) of total body irradiation. To exclude any interference with possible subclinical GVHD, 5x10(6) TCD AKR (H2k, Thy 1.1, Mls 1a) BM cells were injected with (syn + allo) or without (allo) 5x 10(6) TCD C3H BM cells. Chimerism, clonal deletion, and T lymphocyte subsets were scored using FACS and anti-mouse Thy, Vbeta6, Vbeta3, CD3, CD4, or CD8 monoclonal antibodies. The stability of tolerance was studied by investigating mixed lymphocyte reaction and cytotoxic T cell induction in chimeras after immunization with host, donor, or third-party (BALB/c) splenocytes. Breaking of chimerism was attempted by injecting nontolerant 40x10(6) host-type splenocytes 2 months after BM transplantation. Cytokines and Valpha14 mRNA were assayed using real time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction at 4 and 48 hr, respectively, after injection of nontolerant host-type splenocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups of mice became long-term stable mixed chimeras without any clinical sign of GVHD. Neither group was able to produce antihost nor antidonor cytotoxic T cells, even after immunization. The addition of syngeneic BM to the allogeneic inoculum reduced the overall level of allogeneic chimerism (from approximately 70% or approximately 85% in peripheral blood lymphocytes and spleen, respectively, in allo chimeras versus approximately 35% and approximately 60% in syn + allo chimeras). Moreover, it resulted in complete clonal deletion of both host-reactive (Vbeta3) and donor-reactive (Vbeta6) lymphocytes in syn + allo chimeras in contrast to in allo chimeras, in which only donor-reactive lymphocytes were completely deleted. After nontolerant C3H splenocyte injection, high levels of interleukin 2 mRNA were produced and chimerism decreased in syn + allo chimeras. In contrast, in allo chimeras, this maneuver was followed by the production of higher levels of interleukin 4 and interferon-gamma, and of Valpha14 mRNA, as well as by the proliferation of CD3+CD4-CD8- (double-negative) T cells and by an increase of donor chimerism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of host-type BM to the allogeneic inoculum has an influence on the level of chimerism, the extent of clonal deletion, and the reaction of chimeras after the injection of nontolerant host-type splenocytes. In the latter phenomenon, cytokine production and proliferation of Valpha14+ CD3+CD4-CD8- (double-negative, natural killer T) lymphocytes may be involved.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Transplantation, University of Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sefrioui
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Billiau
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Overbergh
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rutgeerts
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000276:immunology; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000276:immunology; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D008285:Major Histocompatibility Complex / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D018183:Transplantation Chimera; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens