title: Nuclear matrix attachment regions antagonize methylation-dependent repression of long-range enhancer-promoter interactions.
abstract: The immunoglobulin intragenic mu enhancer region acts as a locus control region that mediates transcriptional activation over large distances in germ line transformation assays. In transgenic mice, but not in transfected tissue culture cells, the activation of a variable region (V(H)) promoter by the mu enhancer is dependent on flanking nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs). Here, we examine the effects of DNA methylation, which occurs in early mouse development, on the function of the mu enhancer and the MARs. We find that methylation of rearranged mu genes in vitro, before transfection, represses the ability of the mu enhancer to activate the V(H) promoter over the distance of 1.2 kb. However, methylation does not affect enhancer-mediated promoter activation over a distance of 150 bp. In methylated DNA templates, the mu enhancer alone induces only local chromatin remodeling, whereas in combination with MARs, the mu enhancer generates an extended domain of histone acetylation. These observations provide evidence that DNA methylation impairs the distance independence of enhancer function and thereby imposes a requirement for additional regulatory elements, such as MARs, which facilitate long-range chromatin remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Forrester
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grosschedl
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015257:DNA-Cytosine Methylases / Q000378:metabolism; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D007148:Immunoglobulin mu-Chains / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D015530:Nuclear Matrix / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D006657:Histones; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region; D007148:Immunoglobulin mu-Chains; C081573:DNA modification methylase SssI; D015257:DNA-Cytosine Methylases