title: Cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries, Florida, 1996.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Until 1995, infection with Cyclospora cayetanenis, a parasite that causes gastroenteritis, was diagnosed in the US primarily in overseas travelers; its modes of transmission were largely unknown. In 1995, 45 cases of cyclosporiasis were diagnosed in Florida residents who had no history of recent foreign travel, but an investigation could not pinpoint a source for the parasite. In 1996, a North American outbreak of cyclosporiasis resulted in more than 1400 cases, 180 of them in Florida. The authors investigated the 1996 Florida outbreak to identify the vehicle of transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a matched case-control study in which each of 86 laboratory-confirmed sporadic cases was matched with up to four controls. They also investigated nine clusters of cases associated with common meals and attempted to trace implicated foods to their countries of origin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the case control study, eating raspberries was strongly associated with cyclosporiasis (matched odds ratio = 31.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.4, 138.2). In the cluster investigation, raspberries were the only food common to all nine clusters of cases; a summary analysis showed a strong association between consumption of raspberries and confirmed or probable cyclosporiasis (risk ratio = 17.6; 95% CI 1.9, 188.8). Guatemala was the sole country of origin for raspberries served at six of nine events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Guatemalan raspberries were the vehicle for the 1996 Florida cyclosporiasis outbreak. Cyclospora is a foodborne pathogen that may play a growing role in the etiology of enteric disease in this country as food markets become increasingly international.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. dkatz@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malecki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lowdermilk
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Koumans
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hopkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D005638:Fruit / Q000469:parasitology*; D006801:Humans; D007411:Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012621:Seasons