title: MR imaging findings of enteroviral encephaloymelitis: an outbreak in Taiwan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An outbreak of enterovirus infection occurred in Taiwan from late spring to early fall of 1998. Most of the pediatric infections presented as hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina. A small portion of patients had symptoms of polio-like encephalitis and paralysis. The purpose of this study was to review the MR imaging findings in CNS involvement of enterovirus infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients who had HFMD and clinical encephalitis were examined with MR imaging. T1-weighted and T2-weighted MR images were obtained. From the rectum, throat, CSF, and peripheral blood, the presence of enterovirus 71 (EV 71) was determined by virus culture, immunofluorescent microscopy, immunologic dot blotting, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MR imaging studies of 20 patients showed hyperintensity in the brain stem and spinal cord in 15 patients, as seen on T2-weighted images. The major CNS lesions were in the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and the dentate nuclei of the cerebellum. In some cases, the lesions involved the spinal cord (three cases) as well as the thalamus (two cases) and putamina (one case). Five patients had normal MR imaging results. After the appropriate management for tachycardia and tachypnea, 18 patients recovered within 1 to 2 weeks. In the follow-up MR imaging examination of five patients, the lesions completely disappeared within 2 weeks to 2 months. In two patients who were still respirator-dependent, MR imaging showed the tissue destruction in the posterior portions of the medulla, pons, and the ventral horns of cervical spinal cord. In one patient, most of midbrain was damaged. The presence of EV 71 was detected in specimens from 18 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because EV 71 was identified in 18 patients, and no other virus was detected, EV 71 was determined to be the major causative agent of this encephalomyelitis. Brain stem and cervical spinal cord involvement are characteristic findings of enteroviral encephalomyelitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, China Medical College Hospital and School of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D001933:Brain Stem / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004679:Encephalomyelitis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006232:Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology; D013624:Taiwan