title: Intraarticular, epidural, and intravenous analgesia after total knee arthroplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After total knee arthroplasty, patients regularly suffer from severe pain. It is unclear whether epidural or systemic pain therapy is superior in terms of postoperative pain relief, patients' comfort and side effects. A new therapeutic approach, intraarticular opioids, has been suggested with the detection of opioid receptors in inflamed tissue. This method has proven suitable for clinical use in small operations (e.g. knee arthroscopy). In this study, we compared epidural analgesia and intraarticular application of morphine plus "on-demand" intravenous analgesia to "on-demand" intravenous analgesia alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven patients, scheduled for total knee arthroplasty, were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: in group 1 (EPI) patients received bolus doses of morphine via an epidural catheter; in group 2 (IA) an intraarticular bolus of 1 mg of morphine was applied at the end of the operation with subsequent use of a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump; group 3 (Control), in which only PCA was provided, served as control for both analgesic procedures. Main outcome measures included visual analogue pain scales, total morphine consumption, and stress hormones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant differences in visual analogue pain scales could be detected between the three groups. Application of intraarticular morphine did not reduce the amount of analgesics required for postoperative analgesia as compared to intravenous analgesia alone. Application of epidural morphine significantly suppressed beta-endorphine release, but did not significantly influence other stress hormones as compared to the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidural and intravenous analgesia after total knee arthroplasty are equivalent methods of pain relief. In major orthopaedic procedures, application of intraarticular morphine does not reduce analgesic requirements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Klasen
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Opitz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Melzer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hempelmann
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001615:beta-Endorphin; D009020:Morphine; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone