title: Optimizing contrast-enhanced abdominal CT in infants and children using bolus tracking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Manual administration of IV contrast material results in unpredictable injection rates. Our purpose was to determine the effect of bolus tracking on overall abdominal helical CT scan quality, particularly on hepatic enhancement, in children with manually administered contrast media.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared 33 abdominal helical CT scans of 29 children in whom bolus tracking was used with 22 CT scans of a control group of 21 children in whom bolus tracking was not used. All contrast material was administered by manual injection. Qualitative assessment was made of organ and vessel enhancement and overall scan appearance. Quantitative assessment using region-of-interest cursors was performed at three anatomic levels, and the results for the two groups of children were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Qualitative comparison of enhancement parameters between the bolus tracking group (number given first) and the control group (number given second) yielded the following: splenic artifact in 9% versus 23% (p = .24); inferior vena cava flow artifact in 3% versus 27% (p = .01); scanning during the nephrographic phase in 89% versus 59% (p = .02); and good quality grade in 79% versus 64% (p = .23). Significantly greater hepatic enhancement (as measured in mean Hounsfield units) was achieved in the bolus tracking group than in the control group at the superior (48.5 versus 28.6; p < .001), middle (47.9 versus 32.3; p < .001), and inferior (48.2 versus 36.5; p = .01) levels. Hepatic enhancement increased significantly from the superior to the inferior level in the control group (p < .02), whereas enhancement was homogeneous in the bolus tracking group (p > .50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bolus tracking provides improved contrast enhancement, including significantly greater hepatic enhancement, during abdominal helical CT in children in whom the rate of injection of contrast material is unpredictable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Frush
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: DeLong
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Bisset
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media