title: Hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotropin (invasive trophoblast antigen) immunoassay: A new basis for gestational Down syndrome screening.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and hCG free beta-subunit tests are used in combination with unconjugated estriol and alpha-fetoprotein in the triple screen test, and with the addition of inhibin-A in the quadruple marker test for detecting Down syndrome in the second trimester of pregnancy. These tests have a limited detection rate for Down syndrome: approximately 40% for hCG or free beta-subunit alone, approximately 60% for the triple screen test, and approximately 70% for the quadruple marker test, all at 5%, or a relatively high, false-positive rate. New tests are needed with higher detection and lower false rates. Hyperglycosylated hCG (also known as invasive trophoblast antigen or ITA) is a new test. It specifically detects a unique oligosaccharide variant of hCG associated with Down syndrome pregnancies. We evaluated this new Down syndrome-directed test in prenatal diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hyperglycosylated hCG was measured in urine samples from women undergoing amniocentesis for advanced maternal age concerns at 14-22 weeks of gestation, 1448 with normal karyotype and 39 with Down syndrome fetuses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median hyperglycosylated hCG value was 9.5-fold higher in Down syndrome cases (9.5 multiples of the normal karyotype median). The single test detected 80% of Down syndrome cases at a 5% false-positive rate. Urine hyperglycosylated hCG was combined with urine beta-core fragment (urine breakdown product of serum hCG free beta-subunit), serum alpha-fetoprotein, and maternal age-related risk. This urine-serum combination detected 96% of Down syndrome cases at a 5% false-positive rate, 94% of cases at a 3% false-positive rate, and 71% of cases at a 1% false-positive rate. These detection rates exceed those of any previously reported combination of biochemical markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperglycosylated hCG is a new base marker for Down syndrome screening in the second trimester of pregnancy. The measurement of hyperglycosylated hCG can fundamentally improve the performance of Down syndrome screening protocols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. larry@hCGlab.com
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahabi
authors.forename: U A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Oz
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Bahado-Singh
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mahoney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000649:Amniocentesis; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000652:urine*; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; C024889:glycosylated HCG