title: Growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations in captive male orangutans: implications for understanding developmental arrest.
abstract: There are two morphs of reproductive male in orangutans. Both morphs span the age range from adolescent to adult, but "subadult" males are smaller in size and lack secondary sexual features. In this study, urine samples were collected over a 2 year period from 23 captive male orangutans in order to define the endocrinology of this apparent arrest of secondary sexual development. Three males were juveniles, 3 to 5 years of age; seven males showed no secondary sexual trait development and were over 7 years of age; six males were in the process of developing secondary sexual features, with the youngest male being 6 years of age; and seven males were fully mature adults. Morning samples were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for levels of growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and group hormone profiles were compared by analysis of variance. GH is the primary hormone of growth and development and its increase in teenage boys is associated with the adolescent growth spurt. TSH stimulates the thyroid to produce and secrete hormones that have metabolic effects and required for normal growth and development. Results show that arrested adolescent male orangutans have a GH level about 1/3 that of developing adolescents (P = .0006). TSH levels do not differ significantly between arrested and developing adolescents. These data complement other endocrine data showing significantly lower levels of sex steroids and luteinizing hormone (LH) in arrested males than developing males [Maggioncalda, 1995a,b; Maggioncalda et al., 1999]. Together with documented behavioral differences between reproductive males with and without secondary sexual features, these endocrine data support the hypothesis that in male orangutans there are alternative developmental pathways and corresponding alternative reproductive strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropological Sciences, Stanford University, California 94305-2145, USA. anmagg@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Maggioncalda
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Czekala
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Sapolsky
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D011148:Pongo pygmaeus / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D011863:Radioimmunoassay / Q000662:veterinary; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000502:physiology; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D013972:Thyrotropin; D013006:Growth Hormone; D003404:Creatinine