title: Ultrasonic measurement of the thickness of human articular cartilage in situ.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the present study was to explore the possibility of using the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique for the non-invasive measurement of cartilage thickness in situ during a joint arthroscopic examination. The accuracy of the ultrasonic measurement was assessed in vitro against that of an established needling technique which is destructive.
  
  
  METHODS
  The velocity of sound in articular cartilage was measured in an in vitro study of one set of ipsilateral human ankle and hip joints at 69 test sites. Its variability was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The velocity of sound in human articular cartilage measured in situ varied widely (1419-2428 m/s; mean: 1892 m/s; S.D. 183 m/s) and therefore the error in the thickness of cartilage obtained from ultrasonic measurement based upon a constant velocity of sound could be as large as 33.6% (mean 7. 38%; S.D. 6.25%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ultrasonic pulse-echo technique is not accurate for the measurement of the thickness of cartilage in situ. An alternative (albeit minimally invasive) would be the needling technique. This requires the development of a specialized probe.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Rheumatology & Rehabilitation Research Unit, Research School of Medicine, University of Leeds, 36 Clarendon Road, Leeds LS2 9NZ, UK.
authors.forename: J Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Seedhom
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001182:Arthroscopy; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D014463:Ultrasonography