title: Severe adverse life events and depressive symptoms among women with, or at risk for, HIV infection in four cities in the United States of America.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine frequency and predictors of severe adverse life events and depressive symptoms among HIV-infected women and a comparison group of uninfected women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of baseline data collected from HIV-infected and uninfected women in a prospective cohort study of HIV infection and women, the HIV Epidemiologic Research Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample of 871 HIV-infected and 439 demographically and behaviorally similar uninfected women were recruited from four metropolitan areas in the USA. Women provided interview information that included sociodemographic characteristics, sexual and drug-using behaviors, and social and psychological functioning. The outcome measures were number of severe adverse life events (e.g., insufficient money for necessities, physical attack or rape, death of a person close to them) and levels of depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV-infected and uninfected women reported numerous adverse life events and high levels of depressive symptoms. The two groups, however, did not differ on either outcome measure. Low socio-economic status, injecting drug and crack cocaine use, and high risk sexual activity were related to reports of more adverse events and depressive symptoms for both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-infected and uninfected women in socially and economically disadvantaged environments experience many adverse events and high levels of depressive symptoms. HIV infection, at least during the early phase, may be less important than socio-environmental factors in predicting negative psychosocial outcomes for women.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schuman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schoenbaum
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boland
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States