title: Voltage-dependent block of normal and mutant muscle sodium channels by 4-Chloro-m-Cresol.
abstract: 1 The effects of 4-Chloro-m-Cresol (4-CmC) were examined on heterologously expressed wild type (WT), Paramyotonia Congenita (R1448H) and Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (M1360V) mutant alpha-subunits of human muscle sodium channels. 2 Block of rested sodium channels caused by 4-CmC was concentration-dependent with an ECR50 of 0.40 mM in WT, 0.45 mM in R1448H and 0.49 mM in M1360V. 3 Inactivation significantly promoted 4-CmC-induced sodium channel block in all clones indicated by 4-CmC-induced shifts of steady-state availability curves, reflecting a higher proportion of channel block at depolarized membrane potentials. Channel block was almost complete (>90%) at concentrations close to the ECR50 (0.5 mM) on application of an inactivating prepulse before the test pulse. 4 4-CmC accelerated the current decay following depolarization and prolonged recovery from inactivation in all clones. Of these, R1448H, the mutant which displayed severely impaired inactivation in the controls, responded to 4-CmC with the most pronounced acceleration of inactivation. Control experiments revealed enhanced recovery from inactivation in the mutants, which was restored to normal in 0.1 mM 4-CmC. 5 4-CmC induced no additional frequency-dependent block. 6 Our results clearly demonstrate that 4-CmC is as effective as lidocaine (Fan et al., 1996) in blocking muscle sodium channels. Low concentrations of the compound (</=ECR50) were able to restore pathologically accelerated recovery from inactivation and impaired inactivation in the mutants to the WT value.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Hannover Medical School, D-30623 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haeseler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leuwer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kavan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Würz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dengler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piepenbrock
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D002460:Cell Line; D003408:Cresols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006801:Humans; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry; D009154:Mutation; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003408:Cresols; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D015222:Sodium Channels; C006984:chlorocresol