title: Percutaneous endoscopic recanalization of the catheter: a new technique of proximal shunt revision.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proximal ventricular catheter obstruction by the choroid plexus is a frequent occurrence in children with shunted hydrocephalus. In some cases, the flow is obstructed owing to membranous occlusion by a small amount of tissue. It has been shown that only a few of the multiple catheter openings need be patent to maintain adequate shunt function. Recent advances in technology have improved our ability to perform intraluminal endoscopic catheter dissection and minimize the morbidity associated with shunt maintenance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percutaneous endoscopic shunt recanalization was performed in 20 cases (18 children) under institutional review board study protocol. The mean age was 32 months, and all children had signs and symptoms of shunt malfunction, confirmed by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and verified by shunt taps. Under aseptic conditions in the operating room, the Rickham reservoir was entered with a 16-gauge intravenous catheter, and the obstruction was visualized with a fiber endoscope (0.5-0.8 mm). Intraluminal dissection using electrocautery was performed with endoscopic guidance to visualize the catheter and flushing of the valve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a mean follow-up time of 20 months (range, 15-29 mo), the children are doing well, with computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging confirmation of adequate ventricular decompression in the 17 successful cases (85%). There were three failures in the study, necessitating a standard open shunt revision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The percutaneous endoscopic shunt recanalization procedure can be used successfully to treat proximal shunt malfunction.
authors.affiliation: Wade's Center for Hydrocephalus Research, Health Research Institute, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children and Women, Orlando Regional Healthcare System, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Pattisapu
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Trumble
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kovach
mesh_terms: D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002831:Choroid Plexus; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed