title: A prospective cohort study of women after primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter laceration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to prospectively assess subjective anorectal symptoms by questionnaire and to prospectively assess the integrity of the anal sphincter by physical and ultrasonographic examination in women with and without obstetric anal sphincter laceration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen subjects who sustained obstetric anal sphincter lacerations at the time of vaginal delivery were matched with 15 control subjects and followed up prospectively. Women underwent physical and ultrasonographic evaluations and answered questionnaires regarding anorectal symptoms at 6 weeks and at 4 months post partum. Data were evaluated with the Fisher exact test, the Wilcoxon exact and signed rank tests, and the McNemar test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On postpartum examination the subjects with lacerations had more separated sphincters and decreased anal resting and squeeze tones with respect to control subjects (P <.05). According to ultrasonographic evaluation the anal sphincters were more commonly disrupted in the laceration group than in the control group (external anal sphincter, 40% vs 20%; P =.43; and internal anal sphincter, 47% vs 7%; P =.035). Subjective rating of fecal incontinence was significantly greater in the laceration group than in the control group (P <.05). There was no correlation between fecal incontinence symptoms and the integrity of the external anal sphincter. At the 4-month visit, fecal incontinence was resolved in 36% of subjects; however, continued anorectal dysfunction was reported by 43% of subjects in the laceration group versus only 7% of the control subjects (P =.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reports of fecal incontinence were significantly greater among women with a history of primarily repaired obstetric anal sphincter lacerations than among control subjects. Ultrasonographic examination revealed separated anal sphincters in 40% of the women with obstetric anal sphincter lacerations, despite repair at the time of delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico Hospital Health Sciences Center 87131, USA.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Kammerer-Doak
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Wesol
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Dorin
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004841:Episiotomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000145:classification; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography