title: MR blood oxygenation level-dependent signal differences in parenchymal and large draining vessels: implications for functional MR imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One major limitation of current functional MR (fMR) imaging is its inability to clarify the relationship between sites of cortical neuronal activation, small parenchymal venules that are in close proximity to these sites, and large draining veins distant from the active parenchyma. We propose to use gradient-echo blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMR time courses to differentiate large draining veins from parenchymal microvasculature.
  
  
  METHODS
  In eight research subjects, five of whom presented with space-occupying lesions near the central sulcus, gradient-echo fMR imaging was performed during alternating periods of rest and motor activation. MR signal time courses from parenchymal regions and draining veins of different diameters, which were identified using contrast-enhanced T1-weighted scans, were evaluated. Percent signal changes (deltaS) and the time to the onset of MR signal rise (T0) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean delta(S) for all subjects was 2.3% (SD+/-0.7%) for parenchymal activation, 4.3% (SD +1.0%) for sulcal macrovasculature, and 7.3 (SD+/-1.1%) for large superficial bridging veins. The mean time to onset of MR signal increase was 4.4 seconds for parenchymal task-related hemodynamic changes and 6.6 seconds for venous hemodynamic changes, regardless of vessel size. Both the differences in delta(S) and T0 were statistically significant between venous and parenchymal activation (P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gradient-echo fMR imaging reveals hemodynamic task-related changes regardless of vessel size and therefore might show macrovascular changes distal to the site of neuronal activity. MR-signal time-course characteristics (delta(S) and T0) can be used to differentiate between small parenchymal and larger pial draining vessels, which is especially important in presurgical planning of neurosurgical procedures involving functionally important brain regions. The knowledge about the differences in (delta)S and T0 between micro- and macrovasculature might lead to a more accurate description of the spatial distribution of underlying neuronal activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of the Technical University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krings
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Erberich
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roessler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reul
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thron
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen