title: Different mechanisms of protection against apoptosis by valproate and Li+.
abstract: Acute treatment with valproate and Li+ was found to protect cultured cerebellar granule cells against apoptosis induced by low K+ (5 mM). Because the protection was unaffected by MK801 (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor inhibitor), an increase in glutamate release cannot be responsible for the observed neuroprotection. Insulin also protects against low-K+-induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells. This protection is totally dependent on LY294002 (a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor). These results suggest a role for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the neuroprotection induced by insulin. Likewise, and in contrast with the results observed with Li+, the protection induced by valproate is also dependent on insulin and LY294002. Moreover, valproate (a branched-chain fatty acid) does not change the plasma membrane microviscosity under physiological conditions. These results suggest that valproate protects against low-K+-induced apoptosis by acting in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. The protection by Li+ is independent of this transduction pathway.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: González-Polo
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Centeno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008094:Lithium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008560:Membrane Fluidity / Q000187:drug effects; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007328:Insulin; D009025:Morpholines; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D014635:Valproic Acid; D008094:Lithium; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011188:Potassium