title: CO2 digital subtraction angiography for renal artery angioplasty in high-risk patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The efficacy of CO2 digital subtraction angiography for performing renal artery angioplasty in high-risk patients was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1997 to July 1998, 21 high-risk patients underwent 29 renal artery angioplasties using carbon dioxide as the principal contrast agent. Six patients had a known allergy to iodinated contrast material and 15 had elevated levels of creatinine. Iodinated contrast material was used only if necessary. All periprocedural allergic reactions were recorded. Before and 24 hr after the procedure, serum creatinine levels were obtained. If the creatinine level had become significantly elevated (>0.5 mg/dl), the creatinine level was acquired a second time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one patients (13 men and eight women) underwent 29 angioplasties (two were bilateral and six were repeated). Four kidney transplantation patients had ostial stenosis and the remaining 17 patients had nonostial stenosis. For all patients except one angioplasty initially was a technical success, as defined by a residual stenosis of less than 30%. Supplemental iodinated contrast material was used in only six patients (average dose, 8.5 ml). A range of 80-200 ml of carbon dioxide per procedure was used (average dose, 114.6 ml). One renal artery dissection occurred, which was unrelated to the carbon dioxide. There were no allergic reactions. The level of serum creatinine remained the same after 11 procedures, decreased after 12 procedures, and increased minimally after four procedures (<0.5 mg/dl).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of our preliminary findings in a small group of patients, using carbon dioxide as an intravascular contrast agent to perform renal artery angioplasty in patients who have an allergy to iodinated contrast material or who suffer from renal insufficiency is safe and efficacious.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Caridi
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Stavropoulos
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D002245:Carbon Dioxide